Datasets:

charris

/

wikipedia-filtered2

like 0

37158695

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%20Turney

Meg Turney

Megan LeeAnn Turney (born March 12, 1987) is an American streamer, internet personality, cosplayer, glamour model, and vlogger. She became an internet personality through her hosting work, formerly with SourceFed and Rooster Teeth's The Know. She also maintains a personal YouTube channel where she posts vlogs and Let's Play videos and live streams. In addition to her work with online media, Turney also cosplays at various conventions, such as Comic-Con. Cosplay modeling Through a friend's invitation to Ushicon 1, Turney was introduced to cosplaying and anime conventions in 2002. Turney's first cosplay was of Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon from the anime, Sailor Moon. On her first cosplay, Turney recalled, "I failed terribly. I couldn’t make half the costume, it was incredibly difficult, but I was as happy as a clam." Since then, Turney became recognized for her cosplaying and was able to generate a following large enough to turn cosplaying into her full-time career. The Vancouver Sun wrote that "Turney is an internet mainstay. She has her own YouTube channel and her Patreon fan site is an earner." When she began to receive cover in online publications, Turney's Faye Valentine, Princess Leia, and Psycho cosplays were particularly recognized. Turney's notability as a cosplayer led her to appear on the Syfy series Heroes of Cosplay and a commercial for Guild Wars 2. She hosted a cosplay contest in 2013 at SXSW. Turney was also a special guest at the 2016 edition of Fan Expo Vancouver. Her cosplaying has been noted by various media publications to be racy and erotic. Turney's online content majorly includes images of her cosplaying and modeling, with Inquisitr writing that "she has a tendency to upload photos that push the boundaries of Instagram's community guidelines regarding nudity." On sexuality in cosplay, Turney has stated, "I think there is an element of sexuality for cosplay and for some people there is no sexuality whatsoever. I think it is all about how you approach it. I think that is true of any community really." Turney also maintains that there is more work involved in her cosplaying than showing off her body, such as costume designing, and stated "I think some people just go, 'She [fellow cosplayer Jessica Nigri] has boobs, that's why she's popular.' But that's not really the case." In January 2015, Playboy ranked Turney at number 10 on its "25 Hottest YouTube Stars" listing. In April 2015, FHM placed Turney at number 20 on its annual "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list. Having worked with various photographers, Turney also has experience modeling outside of cosplay. In June 2015, Playboy conducted a photoshoot with Turney. One of her cosplays was of her boyfriend Gavin's character from Rooster Teeth's show X-Ray and Vav, with Ashley Jenkins joining her as X-Ray at RTX 2014. Ray and Gavin themselves had attended the Achievement Hunter panel of the previous year's RTX in costume as the duo, which had originally started out as an intro flub on Gavin's part for a Halo 4 achievement guide. Gallery Online media career Career beginnings and SourceFed (2012–2014) Turney registered her YouTube channel in November 2009 but began posting vlogs in 2012. During the early years of her online media career, Turney hosted event coverage for deviantART and appeared as a featured host on CraveOnline's TechKnow show. In July 2012, Turney would break through as an online media host, making her debut appearance on SourceFed, alongside Steve Zaragoza, in which the two discussed Star Wars, Comic-Con, and cosplaying. Later that year Turney was alongside Elliott Morgan and Philip DeFranco during SourceFed's videos for YouTube's "Election Hub." In February 2013, Turney and her SourceFed co-hosts won an Audience Choice Streamy Award for Series of the Year. Along with being a co-host of the channel, Turney was also a writer for the SourceFed website. Turney would remain a host of the channel, as well as its Nerd spinoff, until April 2014, when she announced she would be leaving SourceFed. During her time with SourceFed, Turney appeared as a host of other series including the AMA's On Demand, as well as Nerdist News. Additionally, in August 2013, Turney discussed Hollywood portrayals about life on Mars, alongside Bobak Ferdowsi, Matt Mira, and Kevin Lieber. Work with Rooster Teeth (2014–2016) After departing from SourceFed, Turney was announced as a new host for Rooster Teeth's news channel, The Know, on May 30, 2014. On joining Rooster Teeth, Turney claimed, "They have been pioneers in the industry for many years, and their level of originality and just plain fun in their content is unmatched in the space." On June 1, 2014, Turney made her first appearance on The Know. In July 2014, Rooster Teeth distributed the music video for "Did I Say That Out Loud?" by Barenaked Ladies, in which Turney portrays the exasperated girlfriend of Gavin Free's character. In August 2014, Turney began co-hosting The Know It All: Leaderboard, a collaborative series between Rooster Teeth and The Daily Dot. Turney also voiced Neon Katt in the animated series RWBY, and was a regular host on The Patch, Rooster Teeth's weekly gaming podcast. On June 27, 2016, Turney announced that she had left Rooster Teeth on good terms. Twitch streaming and gaming (2016–present) In October 2014, Turney was involved in a controversy when live streaming video website Twitch updated its rules of conduct telling users to not shoot videos in "lingerie, swimsuits, pasties, and undergarments". Some news websites reported that Turney was the first user banned for violating the updated rules of conduct. Turney clarified on Twitter, stating, "Dear everyone writing articles saying I was banned from Twitch, I wasn't. I've never been banned. I was told to change my picture," adding "while we're on the subject I've never done any 'sexy broadcasts'. I've never even streamed from that account." Additionally, Turney also provided her opinion that the rule was not unfair to women, but just unfair in general, stating, "If someone has a big push-up bra and a low-cut shirt while they play [League of Legends] or a guy streams shirtless, who cares?" In June 2016, Turney began streaming on Twitch. In the years since leaving SourceFed and Rooster Teeth, Turney has continued to upload video game commentaries and streams, as well as cosplay-related vlogs on her personal YouTube channel. In April 2019, Turney signed with talent agency Abrams Artists, joining its gaming roster. In June 2020, Turney moved from Abrams to TalentX Gaming, where she is currently represented. In October, she participated in a Dead by Daylight tournament hosted by Twitch Rivals. Turney currently streams Dead by Daylight regularly, along with a variety of other games, and celebrated 5 years of Twitch partnership in June 2021. Turney's YouTube channel also became primarily used as a selection of highlights from her Twitch streams. OnlyFans (2020–present) In March 2020, Turney created an OnlyFans account to supplement her Patreon account. At the time, Patreon was her primary venue for releasing her modeling work while OnlyFans was there primarily to share older photosets that were no longer available on Patreon, but in October 2020, Turney announced on her Twitter that she was moving all of her content to OnlyFans and that the site would be her new primary content hub. After releasing her book of topless photos on her personal website, she began creating boudoir content full time on her OnlyFans. Turney still releases Cosplay photosets on her OnlyFans, but most of her content is boudoir photography. Personal life Turney has openly spoken about her bisexuality with her audience. In a video interview with the YouTube channel VlogBrothers, she further discussed being bisexual, and spoke about how she was teased for her sexual orientation. At VidCon 2013, Turney spoke during the convention's "Being LGBT on YouTube" panel. She has been in a relationship with Gavin Free since 2013. Home invasion On January 26, 2018, a man armed with a handgun broke into Turney's and Free's home, breaking a window to enter and firing one round as he did. Turney and Free hid in a closet and called police. When the man could not find the couple, he left but was confronted by police outside. The suspect fired one shot and police returned fire; when officers approached the suspect's vehicle, they found him dead. Turney and Free were unharmed during the incident. It has been assessed the suspect was a fan who had developed an obsession with Turney, and he was attempting to cause harm to Free, against whom he felt resentment. Turney ceased updating her YouTube channel for nearly half a year following the incident, citing concern for her safety in sharing her life with an audience. Filmography Web series Film References External links 1987 births 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century American actresses 21st-century LGBT people Actresses from Austin, Texas American bloggers American podcasters American voice actresses American women bloggers American women podcasters Bisexual actresses Cosplayers Female models from Texas Female YouTubers Gaming YouTubers Glamour models LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT models LGBT people from Texas LGBT YouTubers Living people OnlyFans creators Rooster Teeth people Screenwriters from Texas SourceFed people Twitch (service) streamers Video game commentators Women video bloggers YouTubers from Texas YouTube vloggers

37224567

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20Ma%C3%A7on

Jeremy Maçon

Jeremy Martin Maçon is a Jersey politician who was first sworn in as a Deputy on 8 December 2008. He was re-elected as Deputy in the 2011 elections. Education Maçon was educated at La Pouquelaye School, Haute Valleé, Hautlieu School, and Highlands College. He has a degree in Joint Social Sciences from Plymouth University. Political career Maçon was an unsuccessful senatorial candidate in the 2008 elections, however he was elected as a Deputy for St Saviour No. 1 district. In 2011 he was re-elected for another term as a Deputy. On the 24th of March 2021 Deputy Maçon stepped down from office as the Children's Minister following allegations by the States of Jersey Police. Deputy Macon maintained his innocence throughout the investigation, stating publicly that he "should make it plain that, despite taking the decision to resign from [his] Ministerial post, [he] do[es] not accept guilt in relation to any allegation", and that his resignation was due to the "considerable negative impact on both me and my family" and he "would not want this continuing situation to be used to undermine... the excellent work being done by this Government." On 7 June 2021 Deputy Maçon resigned from office as Children’s and Education minister but continues to serve in the States Assembly as a Deputy in St Saviour. On the 31st of August, the States of Jersey Police confirmed that the six-month police investigation against Deputy Maçon had not resulted in any charges On the 14th of September, Maçon spoke publicly for the first time since the beginning of March, thanking friends, family and members of the community for their support during the investigation. During this statement, Maçon stated that he had been the victim of "an extremely vicious and politically motivated attack, designed to smear my character, damage my reputation and hurt me personally". He went on to highlight the importance of following procedure, as he noted that he had been subject to "all manner of vile speculation based on prejudice and bigotry" as he was "put on trial by some sections of the media, together with many on social media, who have taken advantage of a time when I could not defend myself or comment publicly on the situation for legal reasons whilst the investigation was underway". Electoral reform referendum On 19 March 2013, Maçon proposed a minimum turnout threshold of 40% of the electorate, in respect of the Jersey electoral reform referendum of 2013 and that if this threshold is not met the result of the referendum should not be used by the Assembly. In July 2013, Maçon was elected as chairman of the Privileges and Procedures Committee, replacing Connétable Crowcroft who resigned after members rejected reform plans based on the outcome of the referendum. References External links Record of service to the States Deputies of Jersey Living people People educated at Hautlieu School People educated at Highlands College, Jersey People from Saint Saviour, Jersey Alumni of the University of Plymouth Year of birth missing (living people)

37491861

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Place%20to%20Call%20Home%20%28TV%20series%29

A Place to Call Home (TV series)

A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama series created by Bevan Lee for the Seven Network. It premiered on 28 April 2013. Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War, it follows Sarah Adams (Marta Dusseldorp), who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh (Noni Hazlehurst). The main cast also includes Brett Climo (George Bligh), Craig Hall (Dr. Jack Duncan), David Berry (James Bligh), Abby Earl (Anna Bligh), Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood (Olivia Bligh), Aldo Mignone (Gino Poletti), Sara Wiseman (Carolyn Bligh), Jenni Baird (Regina Standish), Tim Draxl (Henry Fox), and Frankie J. Holden (Roy Briggs). It has been described as a "compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s". The show was cancelled after its second season, but obtained further funding and concluded successfully after a total of six seasons in 2018. Cast and characters Main continuing characters Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams, who despite a strict Catholic upbringing, moved to Paris to be with the man she loved, and adopted his Jewish faith. She comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family, whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them back to Australia from Europe. Later, she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II, and her life again spins into troubled times. Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh, the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family. She at first worries that Sarah will endanger the Bligh family's social position, but she mellows over time. She intuits James' homosexuality, since her own husband also had affairs with men, but she pressures James to stay in the marriage as she had done in her own past. Later in the series, she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn, and becomes a less-domineering, more-relaxed person. Brett Climo as George Bligh, Elizabeth's son, a good-hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her. He is Elaine's widower and father to James and Anna, although it eventually emerges that Anna is the secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack; she was taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal. His high expectations of James puts his son in danger, until eventually George remembers having once seen his own father kissing another man. George later runs for public office and takes over as lord of the estate. In later years, he has a child by Sarah. Craig Hall as Jack Duncan, the secret, past lover of Carolyn and secret father to Anna, who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family. He is compassionate and generous, despite his episodic personal problems with addiction and depression, and devotes his energy to helping others. Over the series, he and Carolyn connect with their daughter Anna and reconnect with each other. David Berry as James Bligh (regular: seasons 1–4, 6; recurring: season 5), the only son of George and Elaine, who grows up believing Anna is his sister. In spite of his homosexual relationships with local farmhand Harry and fellow student William, he marries William's sister Olivia but, still tormented by his gay desires, he tries to commit suicide. During Olivia's pregnancy, he undergoes electroconvulsive therapy and aversion therapy in attempts to change his sexuality. He feels betrayed when Olivia has an affair, but returns to Ash Park to live for his son. He gets involved with Henry, his father's physician, and later moves to the Riviera in France with William, where he feels he can be fully himself. Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood as Olivia Bligh, James' wife, a newlywed from England at the start of the series. She does not know that James is secretly in love with her brother, William. She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection, but eventually tries to come to terms with his sexuality in the interests of their son, Georgie, and of the family estate. She hides for many months the fact that her baby with James died in the womb and that the baby she brought home is not really theirs. Abby Earl as Anna Bligh, the secret child of Carolyn and Jack, who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine. Anna marries a local farmer, Gino, after rebelling against the expectations of the Bligh family. The marriage faces difficulties, however, when Gino goes into debt, and his attempts to expand the farm fail. Anna becomes a novelist and later has a child with Henry. Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs, a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start. He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town, eventually offering her a refuge in his small home. They develop an easy, informal, mutually-supportive friendship. Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh (regular: season 2–6; recurring: season 1). Much like her secret daughter Anna, Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation. For a long time, she gave up on any relationship with the Bligh family, and has had little contact for years. Once her secret is revealed, she is reunited with her long-separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before. Later on, Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett, encountering new problems. Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox (regular: season 3–6), the physician who helps to save George's life after he is shot. Henry befriends James, and they realize their mutual attraction is stronger than mere friendship. Henry helps James learn how to be gay without attracting attention, and the Bligh family eventually accepts their relationship as beneficial for James' mental stability. Henry falls under the devious control of Regina, when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction. He moves to Inverness to be with James, but is devastated when James abandons him to live in Europe with an old flame. In the end of season 5, he has a one-night-stand with Anna Bligh. Towards the end of season 6, Anna gives birth to their daughter, Elaine Elizabeth Bligh, and she & Henry agree to co-parent. Eventually, Henry connects with Harry & begins a romantic relationship. In the series finale, we find out that Henry and Harry got legally married in 2018, both of them in their 90's. Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins (regular: season 4–6; recurring: seasons 1–3), the most widely-known member of the Inverness village, who seems omnipresent on her bicycle. Although she means well, her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive. Sarah dislikes her at first, but as time goes on, finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village. Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson (regular: season 1 & 6; recurring: season 4), Amy Polson's gay brother, who had had a furtive romantic involvement with James when they were teens. Harry again kisses James, which is observed by Bert, who then beats him up, kicks him out, and blackmails James' family. After another severe beating, Sarah helps Harry to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness. Eventually, Harry connects with Henry & begins a romantic relationship. In the series finale, we find out that Harry & Henry got legally married in 2018, both of them in their 90's. Aaron Pedersen as Frank Gibbs, an Aboriginal Australian man, a war veteran broken by the effects of his service and by racist treatment. He paints watercolours and is discovered by Carolyn who encourages him to show his work. Frank and Jack bond over their shared military experience. Early in their friendship, Jack remarks that "a bullet can’t tell the colour of your skin. We all took the same risks". Both men learn to trust each other and begin to break free of their self-imposed prisons. Main departed characters Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti (seasons 1–4), the young, handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna's heart on fire. He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody, but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful. Jenni Baird as Regina Standish (season 1–5), the widowed, wealthy, but still money-hungry sister of George's late wife, Elaine. Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been: cold, bitter, and scheming, she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah. Regina has now set her sights on the widower George's inheritance, and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle. After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman, Regina is released in 1958. She returns to the town and helps Sarah and George fight Sir Richard's cruel intentions. She succumbs to an overdose of morphine, administered by Sir Richard, at the end of season 5. He then dumps her body in the river, and it is first thought that she committed suicide. Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson (guest: season 6; regular: season 2; recurring: season 1), a somewhat-entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh. Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann (regular: season 3; recurring: season 2), the long-lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams. First seen only in flashback, Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris, and had disappeared without a trace. Later, when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive, she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture. Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life, and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him. Much of his behavior is attributable to shrapnel in the brain. Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell (regular: season 4; recurring: season 3) Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard, a retiree who operates a club for Australian war veterans. He marries Elizabeth Bligh but dies in season 5. Recurring characters Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson, the wealthy friend of Elizabeth. Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney. As a member of Sydney's upper class, she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party. Judi Farr as Peg Maloney, the aunt of Sarah Adams, who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney. She and Sarah have grown very close, and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action, she asks Peg for help. Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson, the maid of the Bligh household, sister to Harry and sister-in-law to Bert. When Regina suspects that James is gay, she manipulates Amy into spying for her, which eventually forces Elizabeth to dismiss Amy with great sorrow. After James's aversion therapy, Amy's face reminds him of her brother Harry, causing him to develop intense nausea. Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti, the mother of Gino. She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son, saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic. But when George accedes, she does so as well. Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti, the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker (driver) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis-Parker, a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment, who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves. Erica Lovell as Eve Walker, sister of Amy Polsen and Harry Polsen, in a turbulent relationship with Bert Ford. Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford, Amy and Harry's brother-in-law, a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight. His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target, as are the Italian Poletti family, and Harry and James, whose attraction Bert uses to blackmail the Blighs. Bert is found dead in the lake, and the unknown circumstances surrounding his death haunt his former victims. Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett, a rich and powerful, but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper. He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess, including the people around him. Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard, Douglas' son who returns to town after his father's death. He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him. Avital Greenberg-Teplitsky as Leah Goldberg/Gold (Seasons 1 & 2) Madeleine Clunies-Ross as Leah Gold, a young Jewish woman living in Inverness Elliot Domoney as David Bligh, George and Sarah Bligh's Son. (Seasons 5 & 6) Production Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his "domestic trilogy" (Always Greener, Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers). He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind (1956) and All That Heaven Allows (1955). Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance-driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people's lives in the present are "relatively bland". He said: "At the end of the day, conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict-free society. I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt; after the war there was." The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson. Noni Hazlehurst (Elizabeth Bligh) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home, on 18 June 2012. Marta Dusseldorp (Sarah Adams), Brett Climo (George Bligh) and Frankie J. Holden (Roy Briggs) were announced a month later, with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast. Newcomers David Berry (James Bligh), Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood (Olivia Bligh), Abby Earl (Anna Bligh) and Aldo Mignone (Gino Poletti), made up the rest of the main cast. A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate "Ash Park" and the nearby fictional country town of "Inverness" in New South Wales. Inverness was also used as the country setting of Always Greener. Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness. Ash Park is actually Camelot, a heritage-listed property located at Kirkham, on the outskirts of Camden. Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, is a third location where major events occur, but most city scenes are filmed indoors, aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012. Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera, the first Australian television production to do so. In June 2013, Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season. Abby Earl told McWhirter, "We're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September, so there's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna's shoes." The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014. TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned. In June 2014, however, the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series, and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season. On 15 October 2014, it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee, produced by Seven Productions, but aired on Foxtel. On 25 October 2014, The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015, airing on Foxtel channel, SoHo. It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return. On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on 27 September 2015 on SoHo. Season 4 premiered on Foxtel's Showcase channel on 11 September 2016. Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016. The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958. Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017. Season 5 premiered on Foxtel's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017. A sixth and final season was announced by Foxtel on 6 December 2017, which was noted to be the last in March 2018. The final season began airing on 19 August 2018 and the final episode aired 21 October 2018. Release Broadcast When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012, A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles. Seven Network's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012, but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless "casting and other elements" were right. The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes. The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013, in the 8:30 pm time slot (previously occupied by Downton Abbey). International Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand. Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014, series three on 25 February 2016, and series four on 13 February 2017. The fifth series was promoted to a BBC1 daytime slot, and began airing daily on 13 March 2018. The sixth and final series begins on BBC1 on 11 February 2019. All six seasons are available for streaming in the US and Canada on Acorn TV. The first four seasons were also distributed to television stations by American Public Television. In 2020, all six seasons were made available for streaming in Sweden on SVT Play until 17 September, in Norway on NRK TV and in Finland on YLE TV1. In 2020, the entire series began screening in Greece on ERT2 weekdays from 29 June as "Μια Καινούργια Αρχή" (A New Start). Home media Box sets Notes Soundtrack A Place to Call Home – Music from Seasons 1–5 was released on 20 October 2017 Reception Awards and nominations Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Equity Ensemble Awards Logie Awards References External links 2013 Australian television series debuts 2018 Australian television series endings Australian drama television series Australian LGBT-related television shows Costume drama television series English-language television shows Period television series Seven Network original programming SoHo (Australian TV channel) original programming Showcase (Australian TV channel) original programming Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Australian television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales 2010s LGBT-related drama television series

37691273

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter%20Gennett

Scooter Gennett

Ryan Joseph "Scooter" Gennett (born May 1, 1990) is an American professional baseball second baseman who is currently a free agent. He previously played for the Milwaukee Brewers, Cincinnati Reds and San Francisco Giants. On June 6, 2017, he became the 17th player in major league history to hit four home runs in a single game. Professional career Minor league Gennett was born in Cincinnati, and lived there until his family moved to Florida when he was nine. He was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 16th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft out of Sarasota High School in Sarasota, Florida. Milwaukee Brewers Gennett represented the Brewers at the 2012 All-Star Futures Game. On June 3, 2013, he was recalled from the Nashville Sounds, and made his major league debut against the Oakland Athletics. Gennett collected his first major league hit, a single to right-center, in the bottom of the ninth inning, off of pitcher Jesse Chavez, on June 5. Gennett hit his first major league home run on June 14, against Bronson Arroyo, in his birthplace of Cincinnati. Gennett was the left-handed part of a Milwaukee second base platoon (with Rickie Weeks) in 2014. The platoon ranked fourth in the National League in Wins Above Replacement at the All-Star Break. Gennett did well against right-handed pitching, but keeping with what became problematic for him as he moved up through the minors, he struggled against same-handed opponents with only four hits and one walk in 37 plate appearances versus lefties through the All-Star Break. On June 25, 2014, against the Washington Nationals, Gennett hit his first career grand slam off Stephen Strasburg. He finished the season in the majors. After Weeks departed, Gennett started for the Brewers for the start of the 2015 season on Opening Day. In the game, he was the Brewers' primary second baseman. He started the season batting below .200 before going on the 15-day disabled list after cutting his hand in the shower. He was sent down to the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, the new Brewers AAA team. After spending about one month in the minors, he was recalled to the majors. Gennett and the Brewers avoided salary arbitration on December 3, 2016, by agreeing to a one-year, $2.525 million contract for 2017. Cincinnati Reds On March 28, 2017, Gennett was claimed off of waivers by the Cincinnati Reds. On April 3, 2017, Gennett hit a two-out, two-run home run in the bottom of the ninth on Opening Day against the Philadelphia Phillies. On June 6, 2017, Gennett hit a record-tying four home runs (including a grand slam) and had a career-high 10 RBI against the St. Louis Cardinals. He is the 17th player in MLB history and first in Reds history to hit four home runs in a game, and the seventh to hit home runs in four consecutive at bats in the same game. In the same game, he set a club record with 17 total bases. On August 14, 2017, Gennett hit his 20th home run of the season and pitched one inning. He became the second player in MLB history to hit their 20th home run of the season in the same game they pitched in (after Babe Ruth). For the season, Gennett established his best career offensive season, hitting 27 home runs along with 97 RBIs and a .295 batting average. Batting .326 with 14 home runs and 58 RBIs, Gennett was named to the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In the bottom of the ninth inning, Gennett hit a game-tying 2-run home run off Edwin Díaz, but the N.L. lost to the A.L. 8–6. He finished the season with 23 home runs, 92 RBIs, and a .310 average that ranked second in the National League. Gennett's strong seasons with the Reds led to a one-year, $9.78 million deal with the team, but he began the 2019 campaign on the injured list with a severely strained groin. Upon coming back, he only hit .217 with no home runs and five RBIs in 22 games. San Francisco Giants On July 31, 2019, Gennett was traded to the San Francisco Giants for a player to be named later. Gennett's arrival preceded the Giants' decision to let go of long-time second baseman Joe Panik, who was designated for assignment on August 6, 2019. Gennett struggled with the Giants, hitting .234 with two home runs and six RBIs in 21 games, to go along with 21 strikeouts in 64 at-bats. On August 27, 2019, the Giants released Gennett, less than a month after acquiring him. He ultimately did not play for any team during the COVID-19 pandemic-shortened 2020 season. Personal life Gennett gained his nickname Scooter from the character "Scooter" on the show Muppet Babies after a childhood incident with the police. As a kid, he would constantly remove his seat-belt while traveling in the car, angering his mother. His mother took Scooter to a police station to attempt to scare him into keeping the seat-belt on. When the policeman asked Gennett his name, he replied "Scooter"; his mother asked him, "Where did you come up with that?" He replied, "The Muppets", and has gone by that name ever since. In 2017, Gennett was nominated for the Roberto Clemente Award for his efforts with the Athletes Brand charity campaign titled "K Poverty." Athletes Brand and Food for the Hungry partnered with Major League Baseball Players to help mitigate poverty in the Dominican Republic. Gennett grew up a Reds fan. Gennett and his wife, Kelsey, were married during the 2015 season in Milwaukee. They reside in Parrish, Florida. See also List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders References External links 1990 births Living people Baseball players from Cincinnati Major League Baseball second basemen Milwaukee Brewers players Cincinnati Reds players San Francisco Giants players Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players Brevard County Manatees players Peoria Javelinas players Huntsville Stars players Nashville Sounds players Colorado Springs Sky Sox players National League All-Stars

37706930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Jackson-Lipkin

Miles Jackson-Lipkin

Miles Henry Jackson-Lipkin, GCLJ, QC, SC, JP (, 24 May 1924 – 18 February 2012) was a British barrister-at-law based in Hong Kong, serving as a High Court judge between 1981 and 1987. In January 2007, he became the first former judge to be convicted and sent to prison in Hong Kong's history for social welfare fraud charges against him and his wife Lucille Fung. Jackson-Lipkin was admitted to the English bar in 1951. Since 1969, he had practised mainly in Hong Kong and had been involved in a number of famous court cases including the horse poisoning scandal of the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club and the corruption charges against former police superintendent Ernest Hunt. He took silk in 1974 and was appointed a High Court judge in 1981. However, he was forced to resign from the High Court on health grounds when a news report revealed that he had falsified his date of birth, years of service in the Royal Navy and the retiring rank in his own biographical entry in the 1983 and 1984 editions of the International Who's Who. He continued to live in Hong Kong after the resignation. Jackson-Lipkin, who was said to be a lavish and odd person, fraudulently, but successfully, applied for Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, the major social benefits scheme in Hong Kong, with his wife from the Social Welfare Department in September 2003, despite the fact that the couple possessed assets totalling at nearly 2 million HKD. The couple was further allotted, again, fraudulently, a public housing flat at Wah Fu Estate in the following year. Their fraud was exposed in February 2005 and they were arrested and charged by the police following in September. The couple effectively postponed their trial repeatedly on various excuses such as health problems. And it was already October 2006 when their trial formally commenced. In January 2007, the couple was convicted on three criminal charges and was sentenced to eleven months in prison. In the court hearing on their appeal in May the same year, nevertheless, the presiding judge set them free at once on grounds of old age and their production of two appeal letters written by two senior judges from the United Kingdom. Their early release sparked much controversy and criticism. References "Funeral set for judge who landed in jail", The Standard, 8 March 2012. 1924 births 2012 deaths People educated at Harrow School Alumni of the University of Liverpool Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford Members of the Middle Temple Hong Kong Senior Counsel Hong Kong criminals Hong Kong judges Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 Barristers of Hong Kong Hong Kong politicians convicted of crimes Hong Kong justices of the peace Hong Kong Queen's Counsel

37723562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Randall%20%28actor%29

Stuart Randall (actor)

Stuart Randall (born Clarence Maxwell, July 24, 1909 – June 22, 1988) was an American actor of film and television who appeared on screen between 1950 and 1971. Early years Randall was born in Brazil, Indiana, the son of Walter Maxwell and Allie Ball Maxwell. He attended Brazil High School. Career He is best known for his recurring role as Sheriff Mort Corey in thirty-four episodes which aired between April 4, 1961, and April 20, 1963, of the western television series, Laramie. He appeared in three earlier Laramie episodes under different character names. Randall's first role was also as a sheriff in the 1950 Roy Rogers film, Bells of Coronado. He appeared in Pickup on South Street as a police commissioner. In 1954, he played a sheriff in the episode "Belle Starr" of the syndicated television series Stories of the Century, starring and narrated by Jim Davis. In 1955, he portrayed Tom Garvey in "Cattle Drive to Casper" on the NBC anthology series, Frontier, narrated by Walter Coy. His co-stars in the episode included Jack Elam, Beverly Garland, and Ray Teal. He appeared in 1958–59 as Sheriff Art Sampson on an earlier NBC series, Cimarron City. Other roles Randall guest starred on at least nine other NBC westerns, seven times on The Virginian and in six episodes of Bonanza and John Payne's The Restless Gun, three times on Riverboat (once as General Winfield Scott in the 1960 episode "The Quota"), twice on Wagon Train, and once each on Overland Trail, Daniel Boone and The High Chaparral, all in assorted roles of mostly law enforcement officers, other authority figures, or ranchers. He appeared seven times on ABC's The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, three times on the Will Hutchins ABC/Warner Brothers western Sugarfoot, twice each on ABC's Colt .45, Cheyenne, Lawman, and The Rifleman, and once each on the network's Maverick, Destry (as Sheriff Denton in "Big Deal at Little River"), and The Big Valley. From 1959 to 1967, Randall appeared eleven times on CBS's Lassie, three in the 1967 role of Len Briggs. His other CBS appearances were on Schlitz Playhouse, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater, The Texan, Yancy Derringer, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Dundee and the Culhane, Lancer (as Sheriff Dundee in "The Measure of a Man"), Tightrope, Checkmate, and Perry Mason, as he played Sheriff Max Taylor in the 1964 episode "The Case of the Fifty Millionth Frenchman." He appeared in the 1962 episode entitled "Jeopardy" of the NBC family drama series, National Velvet. His later roles were as Captain O'Loughlin in the 1969 episode "Let Ernest Come Over" of the ABC medical drama Marcus Welby, M.D., starring Robert Young, and as Jack Campbell in the 1971 episode "In the Line of Duty" of NBC's Ironside, starring Raymond Burr. His final television appearance was on November 1, 1971, as Deputy Attorney General Hawkins in the episode "Dreadful Sorry Clementine" of the ABC western Alias Smith and Jones. In June 1969, Randall was grand marshal of the Hesperia Days Parade in Hesperia, California. Personal life Randall married Alma Miller on November 16, 1955, in Kern County, California. Death Randall died in 1988, aged 78, in San Bernardino, California, from undisclosed causes. Filmography References External links 1909 births 1988 deaths People from Brazil, Indiana Male actors from Indiana American male film actors American male television actors 20th-century American male actors

37808729

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20in%20the%20United%20States

2013 in the United States

Events in the year 2013 in the United States. Incumbents Federal government President: Barack Obama (D-Illinois) Vice President: Joe Biden (D-Delaware) Chief Justice: John Roberts (New York) Speaker of the House of Representatives: John Boehner (R–Ohio) Senate Majority Leader: Harry Reid (D–Nevada) Congress: 112th (until January 3), 113th (starting January 3) Events January January 1 New laws that go into effect on January 1: Maryland's voter-approved same-sex marriage law goes into effect. Performing a "wheelie" on a motorcycle is banned in Illinois. Illinois bans the sale of shark fins. The Senate approves a deal to avert general tax hikes and spending cuts known as the "fiscal cliff". January 2 – President Barack Obama signs the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, intended to prevent the "fiscal cliff". January 3 – Subaru issues a recall for nearly 634,000 vehicles in the U.S. due to a lighting problem. January 4 – Congress officially declares President Obama the winner of the 2012 presidential election. January 6 – In ice hockey, the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players' Association reach an agreement that ends the 113-day lockout and averts the cancellation of the 2012-13 season. January 7 For $8.5 billion, ten banks settle to stop mortgage foreclosure process audits. The United States government regulators had been engaged in a loan-by-loan review of home loan practices during The Great Recession. Bank of America, Citigroup Inc, JPMorgan Chase & Co, Wells Fargo & Co, MetLife Bank, Aurora Bank FSB, PNC Financial Services Group Inc, Sovereign Bank NA, SunTrust Banks Inc, and U.S. Bancorp settle with regulators to pay out cash up to $125,000 to homeowners whose homes were being foreclosed when the paperwork problems emerged. Further, Bank of America agrees to pay $11.6 billion to government mortgage finance company Fannie Mae. 2013 BCS National Championship Game: Number one ranked Notre Dame Fighting Irish plays number two ranked Alabama Crimson Tide at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Alabama defeats Notre Dame, 42–14. January 9 In baseball, no living candidates are elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame for the first time since 1996. Some candidates, such as Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens, receive few votes due to allegations of steroid use. Retired British businessman Christopher Tappin is sentenced to 33 months in prison by a U.S. court after pleading guilty to selling weapon parts to Iran. January 10 – 85th Academy Awards: Nominations are announced at Samuel Goldwyn Theater. The Best Picture nominees are Amour, Argo, Beasts of the Southern Wild, Django Unchained, Life of Pi, Lincoln, Les Misérables, Silver Linings Playbook, and Zero Dark Thirty. January 12 – Mallory Hagan, Miss New York 2012, wins the 86th Miss America pageant. January 14 – Mike Pence is inaugurated as the 50th governor of Indiana, succeeding Mitch Daniels. January 15 New York becomes the first state to pass a law relating to guns since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. The new law bans possession of high-capacity magazines, requires a state-registry for assault-class weapons, and requires background checks. The Associated Press reports that the road cyclist Lance Armstrong has admitted to doping in his career during his interview with Oprah Winfrey. January 16 – Boeing 787 aircraft are grounded worldwide over concerns about the safety of their lithium-ion batteries. January 18 – Ray Nagin, who was the Mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana when Hurricane Katrina killed 1,577 Louisianan people (most of whom drowned), is indicted on 21 different counts including fraud, embezzlement, money laundering, bribery, and tax evasion. January 20 – President Barack Obama begins his second term, being sworn in to office in the Blue Room of the White House. Vice President Joe Biden begins his second term, being sworn into office at his official residence. January 21 – Second Inaugural Address: The public portion of President Obama's and Vice President Biden's second inaugural takes place in Washington, D.C., a day after they were officially sworn into office. January 23 – Previously-valued $2 billion video game company THQ sells most of its assets for $72 million after last month filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. January 24 Defense Secretary Leon Panetta lifts the ban upon women serving in combat. Congress will have a month to review the decision before it goes into effect, and could block lifting the rule. David Headley is sentenced to 35 years in prison for his role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. January 24 – August 14 – The North Korea crisis begins. There is extreme escalation of rhetoric by the new North Korean Kim Jong-un regime, and actions strongly implying imminent warfare against South Korea and the United States with nuclear weapons. January 29 Hermilo Moralez, an illegal immigrant to the United States from Belize is convicted of the 2010 murder of Joshua Wilkerson and sentenced to life imprisonment in Texas. The Alabama bunker hostage crisis occurs after Vietnam War era veteran, Jimmy Lee Dykes, shoots and kills school bus driver Charles Albert Poland, Jr. January 31 – A judge sentences Russell Wasendorf, a founder of Peregrine Financial Group, to 50 years in prison for stealing $215.5 million from investors over 20 years. February February 1 – Secretary of State Hillary Clinton submits her resignation. She is replaced by John Kerry after his confirmation by the Congress. February 3 – After a 34-minute delay in the game's second half caused by a power outage, the Baltimore Ravens defeat the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XLVII by a score of 34–31. February 4 – Seven people are killed and thirty others are injured after a bus is struck by two vehicles and flips over in Yucaipa, California. February 5 Dell announces it will go private after a $24 billion leveraged buyout deal with a consortium led by founder Michael Dell. Standard & Poor's is hit with a $5 billion lawsuit by the US government over its assessment of mortgage bonds prior to the subprime mortgage crisis. February 6 The United States Postal Service announces that it will no longer deliver first-class mail on Saturdays as of August 5. Authorities in the United States and United Kingdom fine The Royal Bank of Scotland more than $610 million for its role in manipulating the London Interbank Offered Rate or Libor. February 7 – February 9 – The death toll from a nor'easter across the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada is 18, with 40 inches of snow reported from Hamden, Connecticut. More than 900,000 customers lost power at the height of the storm, while airports in the region cancelled over 5,300 flights. February 10 – February 14 – A Carnival Triumph Cruise Liner docks in Mobile, Alabama after an engine room fire caused the ship to lose power and propulsion at sea. The standard rated capacity of passengers is 3,143 and of crew is 1,100. February 12 An assailant believed to be Christopher Jordan Dorner kills a sheriff's deputy and injures another in and around Big Bear Lake, California. He then barricades himself in a cabin, which catches on fire during a police assault. It is believed that Dorner dies in the fire, however this is later dismissed by law enforcement officials. Ultimately he is named as a suspect wanted in connection to a series of shootings that occurred throughout Southern California that killed four people and wounded three others. On February 14, it is announced by the San Bernardino Sheriff's Office that the body discovered in the cabin had been positively identified by medical examiners as that of Dorner. President Barack Obama delivers his fourth State of the Union Address. February 14 US Airways and the bankrupt American Airlines announce a merger to form the world's largest air carrier trading as American Airlines. Berkshire Hathaway and 3G Capital announce that they are allying to buy H.J. Heinz for $28 billion. February 20 – A federal grand jury in Georgia indicts four employees of bankrupt Virginia-based Peanut Corporation of America for the 2009 salmonella outbreak that killed nine people and infected hundreds. The 75–count indictment describes contaminated or misbranded food by company owner Stewart Parnell, his brother and company vice president Michael Parnell, and two company managers. The charges are conspiracy, wire fraud, and obstruction of justice. This infection triggered the most extensive food recall ever in United States history. February 21 Retired police sergeant Drew Peterson, whose fourth wife, Stacy Peterson, disappeared in 2007, is sentenced by the state of Illinois to 38 years incarceration for the 2004 murder of his third wife, Kathleen Savio. A watchdog group releases a report that details write-downs of $19 billion on more than 168,000 properties by five United States banks. Under terms of a federal and state settlement of foreclosure-processing violations reached one year ago in March, Bank of America lost the most and had $13.5 billion in homeowner debts written off. The other banks are Citigroup Inc, JPMorgan Chase & Co, Wells Fargo & Co, and Ally Financial Inc. February 23 The Air Force grounds its entire $400 billion fleet of 51 F – 35 jets due to a major engine technical issue. During a routine inspection of the aircraft, maintenance personnel detected a cracked engine blade. On February 28, the Defense Department lifts the grounding after an investigation concludes that the cracks in that particular engine resulted from stressful testing, including excessive heat for a prolonged period during flight, and did not reflect a fleetwide problem. The total cost of all retrofits for problems found in flight testing is now $1.7 billion. A crash during the final lap of the NASCAR DRIVE4COPD 300 auto race at Daytona International Speedway in Florida, sends debris flying into the stands, injuring 33 spectators. February 24 In stock car racing, Jimmie Johnson wins the Daytona 500. Danica Patrick finishes eighth, marking the highest ever finish by a woman. 85th Academy Awards: The ceremony, hosted by Seth MacFarlane, is held at Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, with Ben Affleck's Argo winning Best Picture. With his portrayal of the title character in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, Daniel Day-Lewis becomes the only actor to have won the Academy Award for Best Actor three times. Ang Lee's Life of Pi wins four awards, including Lee's second for Best Director, while Lincoln leads in nominations with 12. The telecast garners nearly 40.4 million viewers. February 25 – A study from Spain published in the New England Journal of Medicine finds that following a Mediterranean diet high in olive oil, nuts, fish and fresh fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of heart disease. Patients were followed with either a Mediterranean or standard low-fat diet for five years. The study is later retracted. February 26 – Pediatric clinical trials of Amgen's Sensipar, used to treat various hyperparathyroidism problems which result in abnormal levels of serum calcium, are halted in the United States after a 14-year-old patient dies. February 27 – Chuck Hagel is sworn in as Secretary of Defense, replacing Leon Panetta. February 28 Jack Lew is sworn in as the new Secretary of Treasury, succeeding Timothy Geithner. United States v. Manning: Private First Class Chelsea Manning pleads guilty to 10 counts out of 22 against her for leaking classified material in the WikiLeaks case. ESPN reports that the seven Catholic schools that have announced plans to leave the Big East Conference will do so in July 2013, and will keep the "Big East" name. Butler University and Xavier University will reportedly leave the Atlantic 10 Conference to join the new Big East, and Creighton University may leave the Missouri Valley Conference to join as well. March March 1 SpaceX's CRS – 2 is launched. This launch is the fourth flight for the uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft. The launch is also the fifth overall and final flight for the company's two-stage Falcon 9 v1.0 launch vehicle. CRS – 2 is the second SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services contract of 12 total. Once in orbit, CRS – 2 encounters thruster issues, but they are ultimately resolved. 2013 Sequestration: A budget sequestration begins in the government. March 5 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches a new record high close of 14,253.77, last set in October 2007, on the back of more positive indicators about the US economy. March 7 – Senator Rand Paul ends a 13-hour filibuster to block voting on the nomination of John O. Brennan as the Director of the CIA, questioning President Barack Obama and his administration's use of drones, and the stated legal justification for hypothetical lethal use within the United States targeting against noncombatants. Attorney General Eric Holder states that combat drones would not be used to target and kill, without due process, Americans not engaged in combat on American soil. March 9 A house fire kills five children (ages 10 months to 3 years) and two adults (including a pregnant woman) in the Gray community of Knox County, Kentucky, cause undetermined and under investigation. Google will pay a $7 million penalty to settle an investigation into the collection of e-mails, passwords and other sensitive information sent over wireless networks from 2007 to 2010 in the United States. Google company cars taking street-level photos for its online mapping service also had been vacuuming up personal data transmitted over wireless networks that weren't protected by passwords. March 10 – Daylight saving time goes into effect. March 11 – Former Mayor of Detroit Kwame Kilpatrick is convicted on corruption charges. March 12 Former New York City police officer Gilberto Valle is found guilty of plotting to kidnap, kill, and eat women. The Secret Service launches an investigation after hackers post what they claim is personal data and credit information of celebrities, including First Lady Michelle Obama, online. March 18 Seven Marines are killed and eight others are injured when a mortar explodes during a training exercise in the Hawthorne Army Depot in Hawthorne, Nevada. Because of the accident, the Pentagon has banned this type of shell. The FBI states that they know who carried out the greatest art heist in American history at Boston's Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in 1990. March 19 A suspect, Qari Abdul Saeed, is arrested in Pakistan for the 2002 beheading of The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. American musician Richard Hinds is sentenced to between five and ten years in prison for the murder of Irish tourist Nicola Furlong in Japan. In Ohio, T. J. Lane receives three life sentences for the child murders at Chardon High School that he committed on February 27, 2012 as a 17-year-old. Lane curses and makes obscene gestures at the victims' families during the sentencing. The Supreme Court holds in a 6–3 decision that the first-sale doctrine applies to the domestic sale of foreign copies of copyrighted work lawfully made abroad. The first-sale doctrine (also known as the "exhaustion rule") is a core feature of both copyright and patent law. The doctrine holds that intellectual property rights associated with a particular copy of a work are exhausted once there is an authorized sale or manufacture of that copy. Although the decision does not mention patent law, the case also has obvious implications for patents. The case may also have some implications for streaming of copyrighted content based on national origin. A Thailand man, Supap Kirtsaeng, had moved to the US and set up a side business of importing textbooks from Thailand and reselling them on eBay in the US for a substantial profit. The imported books were not counterfeit but actual publisher-printed versions of textbooks. The publisher, John Wiley & Sons sued for copyright infringement and argued that the first-sale doctrine did not apply to its authorized foreign sales. March 23 – The Senate approves its first budget in four years by a margin of 50 – 49. March 26 – T-Mobile USA removes the contract requirement from its mobile phone payment plans, becoming the first of the four major national wireless carriers in the U.S. to do so. March 29 A study published in the Journal of Pediatrics confirms that there is no scientific evidence of a link between vaccines and autism. North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un orders preparations for strategic rocket strikes on the US mainland at an overnight meeting with top army commanders, in response to the use of nuclear-capable B-2 Stealth Bombers in joint US-South Korea military drills. China appeals for calm on all sides. Lalaloopsy debuts on Nickelodeon. April April 2 Six people, including multiple elected officials, are arrested on charges of fraud for allegedly attempting to rig the 2013 New York City mayoral election. Tonya S. Bundick is charged in connection with seventy arsons in Virginia. April 3 Thirty-five teachers and administrators from Atlanta, Georgia are indicted on fraud charges for allegedly facilitating cheating on standardized tests dating back to 2001. Disney announces that it is shutting down its LucasArts computer game making division. April 4 – A group of Washington University scientists announce in a study published in the journal Neuron that they have identified a number of genetic markers that are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. April 8 – The Louisville Cardinals win the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament defeating the Michigan Wolverines by a score of 82 – 76. April 10 – The United States Post Office is forced by the United States Congress to continue mail service on Saturdays. April 11 – Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley approves a stormwater management fee derisively known as the rain tax. April 13 A disgraced former jurist, Eric Williams, and his wife, Kim Williams, are charged with three counts of homicide for the murders of two Texas prosecutors and one wife. Disneyland announces that it would temporarily close three of its attractions at its California theme park due to multiple OSHA-related violations. April 14 – In golf, Adam Scott becomes the first Australian to win the Masters Tournament by defeating Ángel Cabrera in a sudden-death final. April 15 – April 19 – Two explosions near the finish line of the Boston Marathon leave 3 people dead and 260 injured. Authorities have found clear video images of two possible suspects carrying black backpacks and with their faces visible, each possible suspect separately at the scene of one of the two explosions. A campus police officer is shot dead in his vehicle at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Boston Police Department chases two carjacking suspects in the MIT campus shooting to the nearby suburb of Watertown where, after a gunfight that included explosives, one MBTA officer is injured, one suspect is killed, and the other is still at large. The suspects are brothers. The at-large suspect is identified as Kyrgyzstan-born Cambridge resident 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. The deceased brother is identified as 26-year-old Tamerlan Tsarnaev. A number of YouTube videos, posted by the suspects, surface that seek Muslim takeover of Chechnya. A tip leads police to the backyard-stored boat at a home in the Boston suburb of Watertown, Massachusetts, where the second suspect is captured after an exchange of gunfire and a brief standoff. The Boston Bruins home game against the Ottawa Senators scheduled for that day is postponed. April 16 – April 27 – 2013 ricin attacks: Mail to the US Senate is suspended after letter sent to U.S. Senator Roger Wicker (R-MS) tests positive for the poisonous substance ricin at an offsite Congressional mail facility. The letter is being sent to the FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia, for further testing. After release of a previous suspect without charge, an adversary of his, Everett Dutschke of Mississippi, has been arrested for mailing letters containing ricin to the President of the United States, a senator, and a federal judge. April 17 – 15 people are dead and 160 injured after the Texas fertilizer plant explosion in West, Texas, United States. April 19 The FAA has approved a fix of the lithium-ion battery in Boeing's 787s, clearing the way for its resumption of service. The Boston Bruins postpone their scheduled home game against the Pittsburgh Penguins due to the manhunt for the Boston marathon bombing suspect. April 20 Five people are killed and 17 are injured in Vail, Arizona when a car accident occurs during a U.S. Border Patrol pursuit. 3 Doors Down bass player Todd Harrell is charged in Nashville, Tennessee with vehicular homicide by intoxication after being involved in a car crash which killed another driver. April 23 The United States stock market undergoes a flash crash (similar to 2010) of 1 percent when the Twitter feed from the Associated Press news agency is hacked and erroneously states that several explosions have injured President Barack Obama. Teen Titans Go! debuts on Cartoon Network. April 25 – In American football, the 2013 NFL Draft begins with Kansas City Chiefs selecting Eric Fisher in New York City's Radio City Music Hall. April 30 NASA extends its contract with the Russian Federal Space Agency, paying $424 million for the RKA to deliver and receive astronauts shuttled to the ISS through 2016. Apple initiates the largest ever non-bank bond offering, valued at $17 billion. May May 1 – Boston Police state that three more individuals are arrested in connection with the Boston Marathon bombing. May 2 – Rhode Island becomes the tenth state to legalize same-sex marriage. May 3 – Iron Man 3, directed by Shane Black, is released by Marvel Studios as the seventh film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) the first in its "Phase Two" slate and the direct sequel to 2008's Iron Man and 2010's Iron Man 2. It becomes the fifth highest-grossing film of all time at the time of release (currently the 20th). May 4 – In horse racing, Dominican Joel Rosario rides Orb to win the Kentucky Derby. Other noteworthy entrants were Kevin Krigger who was aboard Goldencents, trying to become the first black jockey to win since Jimmy Winkfield in 1902. Rosie Napravnik's fifth-place finish aboard Mylute made her the highest finishing female jockey in the race's history. May 5 The world's first gun produced by Defense Distributed using a 3-D printer is fired successfully in Austin, Texas. Security officials worry that such plastic weapons could evade detection at airport screenings. Five women are killed and four others are injured after a limousine catches fire on the San Mateo Bridge in Hayward, California. May 6 Bank of America agrees to pay $1.6 billion to insurer MBIA to settle a long-running dispute between MBIA and two companies Bank of America had since acquired. Singer Lauryn Hill is sentenced to prison for three months after being convicted of tax evasion. Three women missing (Michele Knight, Amanda Berry, Georgina DeJesus) for more than a decade are found alive in Cleveland, Ohio, while a man, Ariel Castro, is charged with four counts of kidnapping and three counts of rape. May 7 Delaware becomes the eleventh state to legalize same-sex marriage. Singer Tim Lambesis is arrested on charges of attempting to hire a hit man to kill his wife. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 15,000 for the first time, at 15,056.20 gaining 87.31 points. May 8 – Jodi Arias is convicted of the first-degree murder of her boyfriend by a court in Arizona. May 9 – It is revealed today that in February hackers stole $45 million from worldwide bank ATM's with large numbers of criminals using fraudulent debt cards. May 10 Boston Marathon bombing: Evidence mounts that Tamerlan Tsarnaev is involved in an unsolved triple murder in Massachusetts from September 11, 2011 - one of the victims, Brendan Mess, was once a roommate of Tamerlan. After several years of construction, the spire is installed on New York's One World Trade Center, making it the sixth tallest freestanding structure, at a symbolic 1,776 ft. May 12 – Gunmen open fire on people marching in a neighborhood Mother's Day parade in New Orleans, Louisiana, wounding nineteen. May 13 Kermit Gosnell, a U.S. abortion physician, is found guilty in Pennsylvania of three counts of murder of newborn infants, one count of involuntary manslaughter, and various other charges. In a plea bargain later he trades away his appeals in exchange for a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Attorney General Eric Holder, acting for the Obama Administration, testifies before the House Judiciary Committee that he was not party to the U.S. Justice Department's secret seizure of telephone records of the news agency the Associated Press. The Justice Department seized two months worth of telephone records from AP offices and reporters. The U.S. Department of Treasury may probe why Bloomberg News reporters were monitoring how investment bank employees searched their site for financial information, including U.S. Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. May 14 Minnesota becomes the twelfth state to legalize same-sex marriage. The United States fines the Indian pharmaceutical company Ranbaxy Laboratories $500 million after they are found guilty of selling adulterated drugs to the United States. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service admits that it targeted conservative groups for special scrutiny. May 20 – A tornado kills 24 people and wounds over 300 in Moore, Oklahoma. May 23 The Boy Scouts of America lifts its longstanding ban on gay youth members. A bridge near Mount Vernon, Washington collapses after a truck full of drilling equipment bumps into the bridge's steel framework. May 24 – Eight year old boy Gabriel Fernandez dies after being fatally beaten and tortured by his mother Pearl Fernandez, and her boyfriend, Isauro Aguirre. The pair are later convicted of murder, with the case highlighting numerous failings by social services in Los Angeles County.<ref.https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gabriel-fernandez-update-boy-8-died-amid-numerous-missed-warning-signs-of-abuse-report-says/</ref> May 25 – Two freight trains collide fifteen miles southwest of Cape Girardeau, Missouri causing a highway overpass to collapse; causing seven injuries. May 26 – May 31 – An outbreak of tornadoes affects the Great Plains, particularly Oklahoma and Kansas. Around 76 tornadoes were reported in the event including the widest tornado ever recorded near El Reno, Oklahoma at a very large 2.6 miles in width. A total of ten confirmed fatalities were reported with the outbreak. May 26 – Avengers Assemble debuts on Disney XD. June June 5 – An abandoned building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania collapses onto a thrift store killing six people, injuring fourteen others. June 6–June 20 – The 2013 NBA Finals finishes the championship series of the 2012–13 NBA season and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat defeated the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs to win their second straight title. The Finals began with Game 1 on June 6, and ended with Game 7 on June 20. June 7 – A spree shooting occurs at Santa Monica College in California, with six deaths and more than four injuries. Shooter John Zawahri killed his father and brother and set their house on fire before going on a rampage, ending with him being shot dead by police. June 9 – Published in the journal Nature, using the petascale supercomputer Blue Waters, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Physics Professor Klaus Schulten, UIUC Postdoctoral Researcher Juan R. Perilla, and their colleagues, with the aid of previous research, and data from the University of Pittsburgh and Vanderbilt University, publish a structure of the AIDS-causing human immunodeficiency virus capsid, potentially useful for drug and vaccine development. June 12 – June 24 – The 2013 Stanley Cup Finals finishes the championship series of the National Hockey League (NHL) season, and the conclusion of the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Western Conference playoff champion Chicago Blackhawks defeated the Eastern Conference playoff champion Boston Bruins in six games to capture their fifth Stanley Cup in team history. June 13 The Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring human genes may not be patented, with significant implications for future medical research. An ethylene- and propylene- manufacturing chemical plant explosion kills two and injures 75 others in Geismar, Louisiana. June 13 – June 16 – Justin Rose wins the 113th edition of the U.S. Open with a score of 281 (1 over par). He is the first English player to win the U.S. Open since Tony Jacklin in 1970. June 14 – Man of Steel, directed by Zack Snyder, is released in theatres as the first film in the DC Extended Universe. June 21 – Pixar Animation Studios' 14th feature film, Monsters University, a prequel to 2001's Monsters, Inc., is released in theaters. June 25 – In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court strikes down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Section 4 had required states with a history of discrimination to get permission from the federal government to change their election procedures in any way. June 26 In a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court strikes down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act as unconstitutional, allowing legally married gay couples to receive over 1,000 federal benefits and privileges. In a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court rules that supporters of California Proposition 8 did not have legal standing in federal court, allowing same-sex marriages to resume in California. June 28 The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit lifts its stay on gay marriages in California, making the state the thirteenth to legalize same-sex marriage. Gay marriage in the state of California is legalized after the stay held on the unconstitutional California Proposition 8 is lifted. Two women who successfully challenged Proposition 8 in the Supreme Court of the United States are married in San Francisco. Australia-based News Corp. completes a planned split into two companies, creating 21st Century Fox. June 30 – 19 elite firefighters are killed trying to contain a wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona. July July 6 – Three Chinese nationals are killed when Asiana Airlines Flight 214, from Seoul, South Korea's Incheon International Airport bound for San Francisco, California, crashes upon attempting to land at San Francisco International Airport. July 7 – Ten people are killed when an Alaskan Air Taxi crashes. July 8 – A prisoner hunger strike in California begins, with upwards of 29,000 inmates protesting solitary confinement practices. July 10 – With still two years until its closest approach, NASA's New Horizons team releases the spacecraft's first high resolution view of the Pluto/Charon dwarf planet system. July 11 – Sharknado airs for the first time on Syfy. July 12 – 648 counts are added to the previous 329 counts, for 977 total, against the Cleveland kidnapper. July 13 – George Zimmerman, the man charged with the killing of Trayvon Martin, is acquitted of all charges after a trial. July 17 – Rolling Stone Magazine editors approve a cover photo to glamourize Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. July 18 – The city of Detroit, Michigan files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection against debts of $18.5 billion. July 26 – Kidnapper Ariel Castro pleads guilty in exchange for life imprisonment. August August 11 – American golfer Jason Dufner wins the 2013 PGA Championship played at the Oak Hill Country Club in Pittsford, New York. August 12 American mob boss Whitey Bulger is convicted of racketeering. PAW Patrol debuts on Nickelodeon. August 19 – A B-1B Lancer with the United States Air Force's 28th Bomb Wing crashes near Broadus, Montana during a routine training mission. August 22 Former New England Patriots tight end Aaron Hernandez is indicted for the murder of 27-year-old Odin Lloyd. The American electronic stock exchange NASDAQ shuts down for 3 hours due to a computer problem. August 23 Former U.S. Army Major Nidal Hasan is convicted of multiple murder and attempted murder counts in the 2009 Fort Hood shooting. Former U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Bales is sentenced to life in prison without parole for the killing of 16 Afghan civilians in March 2012. Bob Filner, mayor of San Diego, California, agrees to resign on August 30 over sexual harassment allegations. August 27 – The Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park grows to about 281 square miles. August 28 – Former U.S. Army Major and psychiatrist Nidal Malik Hasan is sentenced to death for the November 5, 2009, Fort Hood massacre that killed 13 and wounded 32 others. He will be granted an automatic appeal; the Army general (convening authority) who will review the case can grant him life without parole; any eventual military execution would need presidential approval. August 29 – The NFL reaches a $765 million settlement of concussion-related lawsuits. August 30 – Syrian civil war: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry says that Syrian government forces killed 1,429 people in the August 21st chemical weapons attack. September September 2 The new eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge opens to the public ahead of the schedule after more than a decade of construction to replace the old span which was damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Verizon Communications agrees to acquire Vodafone's stake in Verizon Wireless for $130 billion, the third largest M&A deal ever. September 3 The Cleveland, Ohio kidnapper Ariel Castro dies, apparently committing suicide by hanging. Microsoft purchases Nokia's mobile device division for $7.2 billion. September 8–9 – In US Open tennis, Serena Williams wins the women's singles final, and Rafael Nadal wins the men's singles final the following day. September 9–16 – In Colorado at least eight people are dead, 648 unaccounted for, and $2 billion in property losses from flooding. September 14 – In the Syrian civil war, the United States and Russia reach a deal on Syrian chemical weapons. September 15 – Nina Davuluri, Miss New York 2013, wins the 87th Miss America pageant. September 16 – A gunman opens fire at Washington, D.C.'s Naval Yard; with twelve victims killed and eight injured. The perpetrator, Aaron Alexis, was killed by arriving police officers. It is the second worst shooting a military base after the 2009 Fort Hood Shooting. September 18 – Cygnus 1 (also known as Orbital Sciences COTS Demo Flight) launches the first planned flight of the Orbital Sciences' uncrewed cargo spacecraft Cygnus, its first flight to the International Space Station and the second launch of the company's Antares launch vehicle. The flight is under contract to NASA as Cygnus' demonstration mission in the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. The launch site is MARS on the Delmarva Peninsula in Virginia. September 22 – The 65th Primetime Emmy Awards are held in Los Angeles, California, with Breaking Bad winning the best drama and Modern Family winning the best comedy. September 23 – The Blacklist debuts on NBC. September 24 – Marvel’s Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., The Goldbergs, Trophy Wife and Lucky 7 premieres on ABC. October October 1–16 – Debt-ceiling crisis: Following tensions between the largely Democratic Senate and the largely Republican House of Representatives regarding the Affordable Care Act while voting on the mandatory budget for the 2014 fiscal year, Congress ultimately reaches a stalemate, resulting in a shutdown of all federal government departments deemed nonessential by the Antideficiency Act. Hundreds of thousands of federal government workers in these departments are temporarily furloughed. The juxtaposition of the shutdown poses a major threat to the United States economy, as it looms very closely to the date of the mandatory raising of the debt ceiling. The shutdown ends with Congress voting to postpone debates over the debt ceiling until February 2014. It is the first federal government shutdown since the 1995-96 shutdown under the Clinton administration. October 3 Miriam Carey, a 34-year-old woman with a history of mental health issues, who was a New York and Connecticut-licensed dental hygienist, is shot and killed by police in Washington, D.C. The incident leads to a lockdown in the city. Adobe reveals that 2.9 million customers' data was stolen in security breach which included credit card information. October 8 – The new, increased security, United States $100 bill is released into circulation. October 9 – The FBI raids a warehouse in Edison, New Jersey and arrests 9 members of a gang that had been kidnapping and torturing Jewish men who refused to grant their wives religious divorces. The ringleader of the gang, Mendel Epstein, was arrested separately in Brooklyn, New York. October 11 – The two-year-old son of NFL player Adrian Peterson (2012 AP NFL MVP) dies at a Sioux Falls, South Dakota, hospital due to injuries sustained during an alleged assault by the boyfriend of the child's mother, Joseph Robert Patterson. October 14 – The Thundermans debuts on Nickelodeon. October 18 - 12 Years a Slave, a movie about Solomon Northup. A free man living in the North in New York gets kidnapped and sold into slavery. This is a significant event for this time period because the movie came out during a time when the United States had the first African American president, Barack Obama. The film got nominated and won many awards for its accurate portray of slavery. October 21 – New Jersey becomes the fourteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage. October 30 – In Major League Baseball, the Boston Red Sox win the World Series defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 4 games to 2. This is the first series to be won in Boston by the Red Sox since 2004 World Series, see also 1918. November November 1 – A gunman suspected to be 23-year-old Paul Ciancia opens fire at the Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California, killing one Transportation Security Administration officer and injuring an additional six people. The apprehended suspect sustains several gunshot wounds from police officers and survives. A handwritten note is later found in Ciancia's bag describing his desire to kill TSA officers and "pigs". A text message sent to one of his siblings suggests he was suicidal. November 3 – Daylight saving time ends. November 8 – Thor: The Dark World, directed by Alan Taylor, is released by Marvel Studios as the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the sequel to 2011's Thor. November 13 Hawaii becomes the fifteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage. Legal marriages begin on December 2. Four U.S. Marines are killed in an accident involving an unexploded ordnance at Camp Pendleton in San Diego County, California. Two Marines and one Navy hospital worker nearby sustain minor injuries. November 18 – MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) launches as a space exploration mission to send a space probe to orbit Mars and study its atmosphere. After its scheduled September 22, 2014 Martian orbital insertion, it will help determine what caused the Martian atmosphere—and water—to be lost to space, making the climate increasingly inhospitable for life. November 19 – In the largest-ever settlement with the U.S. government, banking giant JPMorgan Chase agrees to pay $13 billion and admits to making serious misrepresentations over mortgage-backed securities. November 20 – Illinois becomes the sixteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage. Provisions of the bill will not go into effect until June 1, next year. November 21 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes 16,000 for the first time and gaining 109.17 points at 16,009.99. November 22 Crystal Mangum, the false rape accuser in the Duke lacrosse case is found guilty of murdering her boyfriend Reginald Daye and sentenced to 14–18 years in prison. Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd feature film, Frozen, is released in theatres. Considered by some to be on the level of the studio's Renaissance-era output, the film receives critical acclaim and is by far their biggest commercial success at that point, grossing $1.280 billion in worldwide revenue throughout its run. December December 1 – At least four are dead and 63 others injured following a Metro-North Railroad train derailment near Spuyten Duyvil, The Bronx, New York City. Preliminary reports by the NTSB determine that the train was traveling at 82 miles per hour; the speed limit for the section of track involved is 30 miles per hour. December 2 – In the New Hampshire's U.S. District Court, the former medical technician David Kwiatkowski is sentenced to 39 years in prison for infecting unknown numbers of patients in various states with hepatitis C through the reuse of his contaminated syringes. December 6 The United States Labor Department says that unemployment rate fell to 5-year low of 7 percent as employers added 203,000 jobs. A record cold wave strikes with at least a dozen deaths due to ice storms. December 9 – American Airlines Group is formed from the merger of AMR Corporation and US Airways Group and begins trading on the NASDAQ. December 12 An ammonia cooling pump on the International Space Station malfunctions, requiring suspension of some non-critical systems. The United States Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, the federal bus safety regulator, shuts down 52 busline companies in a major nationwide crackdown on unsafe outfits. December 13 A gunman identified as Karl Pierson opens fire at Arapahoe High School in Centennial, Colorado. Pierson kills one girl before committing suicide. The U.S. National Security Agency is secretly piggybacking on the tools that enable internet advertisers to track consumers, such tools are known as cookies; specifically, Google cookies are being tracked in order to determine targets for hacking. December 14 – Florida State University quarterback Jameis Winston wins the Heisman Trophy as the most outstanding player in U.S. college football. December 15 – Japanese-born British and American actress Joan Fontaine, best known for her two roles under Alfred Hitchcock (Rebecca, Suspicion), and the sister of Olivia de Havilland, dies at the age of 96. December 16 – For an undisclosed price, Google acquires the robot-making company Boston Dynamics which had previously been contracted by the U.S. military. December 17 Six American troops die after their helicopter crashes in Afghanistan. A gunman is dead after shooting and killing one person and wounding two others at the Renown Regional Medical Center in Reno, Nevada, United States. A report by the American nonprofit investigative news organization The Center for Public Integrity details that the U. S. Federal Election Commission was hacked by China during the October 2013 federal government shutdown. December 18 – An EPA employee who committed fraud regarding his vacation pay is sentenced to 32 months in prison. John C. Beale had perpetrated a scam whereby he disappeared from work for years at a time saying he was a covert CIA agent. December 19 Target Corporation and the United States Secret Service say that more than 40 million credit and debit cards used in Target stores may have been compromised due to a data breach. Same-sex marriage is legalized in the U.S. state of New Mexico. December 20 Utah becomes the eighteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage when District Court Judge Robert J. Shelby strikes down Amendment 3 of Utah's Constitution. At least five dead as part of a 35 state storm system causes heavy snow along with air and road traffic congestion. December 22 – Blackmarket sales begin of credit and debit card data which was compromised due to a Target Corporation data breach. December 24 American Express is ordered to pay $75.7 million in restitution and fines to customers and federal regulators over billing people for services they never received. Two NASA astronauts at the International Space Station complete a series of spacewalks to replace a faulty ammonia coolant pump. Today is the deadline for U.S. residents to sign up without penalty for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare. December 25 – An unnamed gunman shoots three teenagers, two fatally, in a neighborhood near Interstate 78 in Newark, New Jersey. This occurs shortly after three other men are killed and two more wounded by a shooting at a strip club in Irvington. Details on both cases have not been released to the public yet. December 26 – President Barack Obama signs the 2013 bipartisan budget deal, which successfully passed through the mostly Republican House and the mostly Democratic Senate, easing spending cuts and including a projected $85 billion in savings for the next two years. Ongoing War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Deaths January January 1 – Patti Page, singer (b. 1927) January 2 Angelo Coia, American football player (b. 1938) Lee Eilbracht, American baseball coach (b. 1924) January 4 – Pete Elliott, American college football player and coach (b. 1926) January 5 Bruce McCarty, architect and educator, designed the Knoxville City-County Building (b. 1920) Jeff Lewis, American football player (b. 1973) Barbara Werle, actress and singer (b. 1928) Richard McWilliam, businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Upper Deck Company (b. 1953) Chandler Williams, American football player (b. 1985) January 6 – John Ingram, American lawyer and politician (b. 1929) January 7 Richard Ben Cramer, journalist and author (b. 1950) David R. Ellis, film director (b. 1952) Ada Louise Huxtable, curator and critic (b. 1921) Harvey Shapiro, poet (b. 1924) January 9 – James M. Buchanan, American Nobel economist (b. 1919) January 10 Geoffrey Coates, British chemist, died in Laramie, Wyoming (b. 1917) Evan S. Connell, novelist, poet, and short story writer (b. 1924) January 11 – Aaron Swartz, computer programmer and internet activist (b. 1986) January 14 – Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (b. 1923) January 16 – Pauline Phillips, a.ka. Dear Abby, columnist, radio show host, and twin sister of Ann Landers (b. 1918) January 17 – James Hood, American civil rights activist (b. 1942) January 19 Milt Bolling, baseball player and scout (b. 1930) John Braheny, singer-songwriter (b. 1938) Stan Musial, baseball player (b. 1920) Frank Pooler, conductor and composer (b. 1926) January 20 Ron Fraser, baseball player and coach (b. 1933) Dolores Prida, Cuban-American journalist and playwright (b. 1943) January 21 – Jake McNiece, American veteran (b. 1919) January 23 – Ed Bouchee, baseball player (b. 1933) January 31 – Jean Giambrone, American sports journalist (b. 1921) February February 1 Helene Hale, American politician (b. 1918) Ed Koch, 105th Mayor of New York City from 1978 till 1989. (b. 1924) February 2 – Chris Kyle, soldier, writer, and murder victim (b. 1974) February 4 – Donald Byrd, American trumpet player (b. 1932) February 6 – Ronnie "Fast Eddie" Allen, pool player (b. 1938) February 7 – John Livermore, geologist and engineer (b. 1918) February 8 Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, writer and academic (b. 1922) Maureen Dragone, writer and journalist (b. 1920) February 10 – Petro Vlahos, engineer and film special effects inventor (b. 1916) February 12 – Christopher Dorner, police officer and murderer (b. 1979) February 14 ** Mary Brave Bird, writer, civil rights activist, and wife of Leonard Crow Dog (b. 1954) Richard J. Collins, television and film screenwriter and producer, and husband of Dorothy Comingore (b. 1914) Ronald Dworkin, philosopher and lawyer, died in London, United Kingdom (b. 1931) Walt Easley, American football player (b. 1957) Shadow Morton, songwriter and record producer (b. 1940) T. L. Osborn, evangelist and author (b. 1923) February 15 Kenneth Dement, American football player and lawyer (b. 1933) Pat Derby, British-born American animal trainer and rights activist (b. 1942) February 16 – Ernie Vossler, American golf player and course designer and husband of Marlene Hagge (b. 1928) February 17 Phil Henderson, American basketball player (b. 1968) Sophie Kurys, American baseball player (b. 1925) Georg Luck, Swiss academic, died in Towson, Maryland (b. 1926) Mindy McCready, singer (b. 1975) February 18 Jerry Buss, basketball and hockey team owner, real estate investor, and chemist (b. 1933) B.G. Dyess, minister and politician (b. 1922) Damon Harris, singer (b. 1950) Shayle R. Searle, New Zealand mathematician, died in Ithaca, New York (b. 1928) February 19 Armen Alchian, economist (b. 1914) Robert Coleman Richardson, Nobel physicist (b. 1937) Donald Richie, writer and film director, died in Tokyo, Japan (b. 1924) Jane C. Wright, surgeon (b. 1919) February 20 – David S. McKay, geologist (b. 1936) February 21 – Cleotha Staples, singer (b. 1934) February 22 – Claude Monteux, musician and conductor (b. 1920) February 23 – Paul McIlhenny, businessman (b. 1944) February 25 – C. Everett Koop, 13th Surgeon General of the United States from 1982 till 1989. (b. 1916) February 26 – Randolph Bromery, geologist, World War II airman, and college administrator (b. 1926) February 27 Van Cliburn, pianist (b. 1934) Dale Robertson, actor and World War II soldier (b. 1923) Richard Street, singer, songwriter, and dancer (b. 1942) February 28 – Donald A. Glaser, Nobel physicist, molecular biologist, neurobiologist, and business executive (b. 1926) March March 1 – Bonnie Franklin, actress (b. 1944) March 3 – Bobby Rogers, singer, songwriter, and husband of Wanda Young (b. 1940) March 5 Arthur Storch, American actor (b. 1925) Paul Bearer, American professional wrestling manager (b. 1954) March 13 Ducky Detweiler, baseball player Cartha DeLoach, FBI agent and author (b. 1920) March 14 – Jack Greene, country musician (b. 1930) March 16 – Jason Molina, singer-songwriter (b. 1973) March 19 – Harry Reems, pornographic actor (b. 1947) March 20 – Nicholas C. Petris, lawyer and politician (b. 1923) March 21 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, died in Boston, Massachusetts (b. 1930) March 23 – Joe Weider, Canadian-American bodybuilder and publisher (b. 1919) March 24 – Deke Richards, songwriter and producer (b. 1944) March 28 Hugh McCracken, musician, producer, and arranger (b. 1942) Bob Teague, journalist and American football player (b. 1929) Gus Triandos, American baseball player (b. 1930) Robert Zildjian, businessman (b. 1923) April April 1 David Burge, pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1930) William H. Ginsburg, lawyer (b. 1943) Jack Pardee, American football player and coach (b. 1936) April 2 Chuck Fairbanks, American football player and coach (b. 1933) Duke Kimbrough McCall, pastor and activist (b. 1914) April 4 – Roger Ebert, film critic and writer (b. 1942) April 8 – Annette Funicello, film and television actress and singer (b. 1942) April 9 – Paolo Soleri, Italian-born American architect (b. 1919) April 10 – Jimmy Dawkins, singer and guitarist (b. 1936) April 11 – Jonathan Winters, film and television actor and comedian (b. 1925) April 15 – Joe Francis, American football player and coach (b. 1936) April 16 Jack Daniels, baseball player (b. 1927) George Horse Capture, anthropologist and author (b. 1937) Francis Leo Lawrence, academic and scholar (b. 1937) Pat Summerall, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1930) April 19 Allan Arbus, American actor and photographer (b. 1918) Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Russian-American terrorist (b. 1986) April 20 Peter Kane Dufault, soldier and poet (b. 1923) Rick Mather, American-English architect (b. 1937) Howard Phillips, politician (b. 1941) April 21 – Chrissy Amphlett, Australian singer and songwriter, died in New York City (b. 1959) April 22 – Richie Havens, American folk singer (b. 1941) April 24 Richard Everett Dorr, judge (b. 1943) Larry Felser, journalist (b. 1933) Dave Kocourek, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1937) Gary L. Lancaster, lawyer and judge (b. 1949) April 26 William L. Guy, soldier and politician, 26th Governor of North Dakota (b. 1919) George Jones, singer, songwriter, and guitarist, and husband of Tammy Wynette (b. 1931) Marion Rushing, American football player (b. 1936) Mary Thom, journalist and author (b. 1944) Jim Tucker, journalist and author (b. 1934) April 28 – János Starker, Hungarian-born American cellist (b. 1924) April 30 – Mike Gray, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1935) May May 2 – Jeff Hanneman, American guitarist (b. 1964) May 4 – Mario Machado, Chinese-American journalist and actor (b. 1935) May 7 Ray Harryhausen, film producer, director, and creator of special effects, died in London, United Kingdom (b. 1920) Romanthony, American singer (b. 1967) May 8 Jeanne Cooper, American actress (b. 1928) Asaph Schwapp, American football player (b. 1987) Hugh J. Silverman, American philosopher and theorist (b. 1945) Dallas Willard, American philosopher and academic (b. 1935) May 9 – Malcolm Shabazz, criminal (b. 1984) May 11 Jack Butler, American football player (b. 1927) Marianne Ferber, economist and author (b. 1923) May 12 Mr. Kenneth, hairdresser (b. 1927) Kenneth Waltz, political scientist and academic (b. 1924) May 13 – Joyce Brothers, psychologist, columnist, and actress (b. 1927) May 15 – Linden Chiles, actor (b. 1933) May 17 Penne Hackforth-Jones, American-Australian actress (b. 1949) Alan O'Day, singer-songwriter (b. 1940) Albert Seedman, police officer (b. 1918) May 20 Ray Manzarek, musician, died in Germany (b. 1939) Zach Sobiech, singer and viral video performer (b. 1995) May 23 – Flynn Robinson, American basketball player (b. 1941) May 26 – Jack Vance, American novelist (b. 1916) May 27 – Cullen Finnerty, American football player (b. 1982) May 30 – Reveille VII, notable mascot (b. 2000) May 31 – Jean Stapleton, American actress (b. 1923) June June 1 Mott Green, businessman (b. 1966) Edward Cornelius Reed Jr., sergeant and judge (b. 1924) June 3 Will D. Campbell, American minister, author, and activist (b. 1924) Arnold Eidus, American violinist and producer (b. 1922) Deacon Jones, American football player and actor (b. 1938) Frank Lautenberg, American politician (b. 1924) June 6 Maxine Stuart, actress (b. 1918) Esther Williams, American actress and swimmer (b. 1921) June 7 Charlie Coles, basketball player and coach (b. 1942) Richard Ramirez, murderer (b. 1960) June 8 Paul Cellucci, politician, 69th Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1948) Richard J. Seitz, military commander (b. 1918) June 11 – Robert Fogel, American Nobel Prize-winning economic historian (b. 1926) June 12 Jason Leffler, American race car driver (b. 1975) Joseph A. Unanue, American sergeant and businessman (b. 1925) June 15 – Stan Lopata, baseball player (b. 1925) June 19 James Gandolfini, American actor, died in Rome, Italy (b. 1961) Kim Thompson, Danish-American publisher (b. 1956) June 20 – Diosa Costello, Puerto Rican-American actress and singer (b. 1913) June 23 Bobby Bland, American singer and songwriter (b. 1930) Richard Matheson, American author and screenwriter (b. 1926) June 26 – Marc Rich, Belgian-born American commodities trader and criminal (b. 1934) June 29 – Jim Kelly, American martial artist and actor (b. 1946) July July 2 – Douglas Engelbart, American computer scientist and inventor (b. 1925) July 4 James Fulton, dermatologist and academic (b. 1940) Charles A. Hines, general (b. 1935) July 12 – Amar Bose, American engineer and entrepreneur (b. 1929) July 14 – Bill Warner, motorcycle racer (b. 1969) July 18 John R. Deane Jr., general (b. 1919) Francis X. Kane, colonel and engineer (b. 1918) Willie Louis, witness in the Emmett Till murder trial (b. 1937) July 20 – Helen Thomas, American journalist (b. 1920) July 22 Hugo Black Jr., lawyer and author (b. 1922) Dennis Farina, American actor (b. 1944) July 23 – Emile Griffith, American welterweight boxer (b. 1938) July 25 – Walter De Maria, American sculptor and composer (b. 1935) July 26 – JJ Cale, American singer and songwriter (b. 1938) July 28 Eileen Brennan, American actress and singer (b. 1932) Frank Castillo, baseball player and coach (b. 1969) George Scott, baseball player (b. 1944) July 31 – Michael Ansara, American actor (b. 1922) August August 1 – Gail Kobe, actress (b. 1932) August 4 – Art Donovan, American football player (b. 1924) August 5 – George Duke, American keyboardist (b. 1946) August 8 Karen Black, actress (b. 1939) Jack Clement, record and film producer, songwriter and singer (b. 1931) August 15 Lisa Robin Kelly, American actress (b. 1970) Bert Lance, businessman and civil servant, 23rd Director of the Office of Management and Budget (b. 1931) William S. Livingston, political scientist and academic (b. 1920) August Schellenberg, Canadian-American actor (b. 1936) August 16 – Ray B. Sitton, general and pilot (b. 1923) August 19 Cedar Walton, American pianist (b. 1934) Lee Thompson Young, actor (b. 1984) August 20 – Elmore Leonard, American novelist (b. 1925) August 21 – C. Gordon Fullerton, American astronaut (b. 1936) August 24 Julie Harris, actress (b. 1925) Muriel Siebert, stockbroker (b. 1928) September September 1 – Tommy Morrison, American boxer (b. 1969) September 2 – Frederik Pohl, American writer (b. 1919) September 3 – Ariel Castro, criminal (b. 1960) September 11 Marshall Berman, American philosopher, author, and critic (b. 1940) Virgil A. Richard, American general (b. 1937) September 12 – Ray Dolby, American engineer and inventor (b. 1933) September 18 – Ken Norton, American boxer (b. 1943) September 22 – David H. Hubel, Canadian-born American Nobel neuroscientist (b. 1926) September 27 Gates Brown, baseball player and coach (b. 1939) Elvin R. Heiberg III, general and engineer (b. 1932) A. C. Lyles, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1918) October October 1 – Tom Clancy, American writer (b. 1947) October 3 Bob Chance, American baseball player (b. 1940) Frank D'Rone, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932) Chuck Smith, American pastor, founded the Calvary Chapel movement (b. 1927) October 10 – Scott Carpenter, astronaut and naval aviator (b. 1925) October 11 Johnny Kovatch, American football player and coach (b. 1912) William H. Sullivan, diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (b. 1922) October 12 – Malcolm Renfrew, American chemist and academic (b. 1910) October 16 – Ed Lauter, American actor (b. 1938) October 20 – Lawrence Klein, American Nobel economist (b. 1920) October 22 – Andy Lopez, notable victim (b. 2000) October 24 – Brooke Greenberg, notable victim of rare congenital disease (b. 1993) October 25 Bill Sharman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926) Marcia Wallace, actress and comedienne (b. 1942) October 27 – Lou Reed, American singer, songwriter, and musician (b. 1942) October 28 Nalini Ambady, Indian-American psychologist and academic (b. 1959) Ike Skelton, lawyer and politician (b. 1931) November November 2 – Walt Bellamy, American basketball player (b. 1939) November 4 – Lois Graham, materials engineer (b. 1925) November 10 – Richie Jean Jackson, American author, teacher, and civil rights activist (b. 1932) November 12 – Al Ruscio, American actor (b. 1924) November 13 – Todd Christensen, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1956) November 15 T. J. Jemison, minister and activist (b. 1918) Mickey Knox, actor and screenwriter (b. 1921) Mike McCormack, American football player and coach (b. 1930) November 16 Robert Conley, journalist (b. 1928) Oscar Lanford, mathematician and academic (b. 1940) Louis D. Rubin Jr., author, critic, and academic (b. 1923) Charles Waterhouse, painter, sculptor, and illustrator (b. 1924) November 18 – Bennett Reimer, American author and academic (b. 1932) November 20 – Joseph Paul Franklin, murderer (b. 1950) November 23 Jay Leggett, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1963) Peter B. Lewis, businessman and philanthropist (b. 1933) Wayne Mills, singer-songwriter (b. 1969) November 25 – Chico Hamilton, drummer and bandleader (b. 1921) November 30 – Paul Walker, American actor (b. 1973) December December 2 – William Allain, soldier and politician, 58th Governor of Mississippi (b. 1928) December 9 – Eleanor Parker, American actress (b. 1922) December 10 Jim Hall, American guitarist and composer (b. 1930) Don Lund, baseball player and coach (b. 1923) December 12 Tom Laughlin, American actor, director, screenwriter, author, educator and activist (b. 1931) Audrey Totter, American actress (b. 1917) December 15 Harold Camping, American evangelist (b. 1921) Joan Fontaine, Japanese-born British American actress (b. 1917) December 16 – Ray Price, American singer and songwriter (b. 1926) December 20 – Lord Infamous, American rapper (b. 1973) December 21 Eli Beeding, pilot (b. 1928) Rodolfo P. Hernández, soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1931) December 22 – Ed Herrmann, baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1946) December 23 – Yusef Lateef, American jazz musician and composer (b. 1920) December 26 – Marta Eggerth, Hungarian-American singer and actress (b. 1912) December 28 – Joseph Ruskin, American actor (b. 1924) December 31 – James Avery, American actor (b. 1945) See also 2013 in American music 2013 in American soccer 2013 in American television List of American films of 2013 Timeline of United States history (2010–present) References External links Years of the 21st century in the United States 2010s in the United States United States United States

37814933

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripper%20Street

Ripper Street

Ripper Street is a British TV series set in Whitechapel in the East End of London starring Matthew Macfadyen, Jerome Flynn, Adam Rothenberg, and MyAnna Buring. It begins in 1889, six months after the infamous Jack the Ripper murders. The first episode was broadcast on 30 December 2012, during BBC One's Christmas schedule, and was first broadcast in the United States on BBC America on 19 January 2013. Ripper Street returned for a second eight-part series on 28 October 2013. On 4 December 2013, it was reported that a third series would not be made due to low viewing figures for the second series. Then on 11 December 2013, Variety reported negotiations between the show's producer Tiger Aspect and LoveFilm to fund future episodes, similar to Netflix's funding episodes of Arrested Development. On 26 February 2014, it was confirmed that Amazon Video would resurrect the show. Filming began in May 2014. The third series began streaming on Amazon UK Prime Instant Video on 14 November 2014 but was not immediately made available on Amazon's US site. The third series began airing on BBC America on 29 April 2015 and on BBC One on 31 July 2015. In June 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth and fifth series. In 2016, it was announced that the show would end with the fifth series. The fourth series premiered on Amazon UK on 15 January 2016, on BBC America on 28 July 2016, and in the United Kingdom on BBC Two from 22 August 2016. The concluding fifth series' six episodes were released on Amazon UK on 12 October 2016. Plot Series 1 The series begins in April 1889, five months since the last Jack the Ripper killing, and in Whitechapel the H Division is responsible for policing one and a quarter square miles of East London: a district with a population of 67,000 poor and dispossessed. The men of H Division had hunted the Ripper and failed to find him. When more women are murdered on the streets of Whitechapel, the police begin to wonder if the killer has returned. Among the factories, rookeries, chop shops (food establishments), brothels and pubs, Detective Inspector Edmund Reid (Matthew Macfadyen) and Detective Sergeant Bennet Drake (Jerome Flynn) team up with former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent Captain Homer Jackson (Adam Rothenberg) to investigate the killings. They frequently cross paths with Tenter Street brothel madam Long Susan (MyAnna Buring), who came to London with Jackson from America and lets him reside at the brothel. Their relationship becomes strained due to Jackson's attraction to one of her most profitable girls, Rose Erskine (Charlene McKenna), and because of his close involvement with Reid and H Division. Reid and his wife Emily (Amanda Hale) only have one daughter, Mathilda, who was lost and presumed deceased, some months before the series begins, in a river accident during the hunt for the Ripper. The newspaper reporter, Fred Best (David Dawson), knows a dark secret about her death. Although still troubled, and despite her husband's reservations, Emily is determined to make a new life for herself by helping the fallen women of Whitechapel. Series 2 The second series is set in 1890. Emily has left Reid after he gave her false hope that Mathilda might not have drowned. Rose Erskine has left Long Susan's brothel to work as a waitress at the music hall, Blewett's Theatre of Varieties. Sergeant Drake has married another of Susan's girls, Bella. A new detective constable, Albert Flight (Damien Molony), is introduced. Reid crosses swords with the ruthless Inspector Jedediah Shine (Joseph Mawle). Ten years an Inspector on the Hong Kong police force, Shine has used that experience to exert a firm grip over Limehouse's neighbouring "K" Division and the emergent Chinatown that grows within it. Long Susan, happy as brothel keeper, is in debt to Silas Duggan (Frank Harper), who lent her funds to start the business, unbeknownst to Jackson who wants to leave London. Historical backdrops to episodes in the second series include Chinese immigration, the London matchgirls' strike of 1888, electrical war of the currents, the Cleveland Street scandal, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Joseph Merrick (known as "the Elephant Man"), and the Baring crisis. Series 3 In 1894, a train accident in Whitechapel kills fifty-five civilians. At the scene of the accident, Reid, Drake, Jackson, Rose Erskine and Long Susan are reunited after a long period of separation. Reid investigates the derailment and discovers that it was caused by a heist. The organiser is Susan's solicitor, Ronald Capshaw. His intention is to steal US bearer bonds in order to bail out their financially stricken Obsidian Estates and to continue in their attempt to gentrify Whitechapel. Mathilda is discovered by Capshaw to be still alive, although Reid is told by Susan that she has died since being rescued. Mathilda escapes and is picked up by Harry Ward, a teenage pimp. Receiving a tip-off where she was last seen, Reid and Drake find her, but she runs away. Reid returns to his home and father and daughter reunite. Series 4 Series 4 opens in 1897, the year of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. Reid has now given up his detective work and is living in Hampton-on-Sea with Mathilda. He is drawn back to Whitechapel after a visit from Deborah Goren, who urges him to return to investigate the murder of a rabbi at the hand of Isaac Bloom, whom she believes innocent. Meanwhile, Drake is now head inspector of Whitechapel and still employs Jackson, who has given up his drinking and gambling in order to save money to free Susan, who is now sentenced to hang for her crimes. When his attempts to legally free her fail, he helps to fake her death, forcing her to give up their son to be raised by Drake and his wife Rose, while Susan hides out of sight and Jackson pretends to be a grieving widower to his friends. Series 5 Series 5 continues the events of series 4. Following Drake's murder and the exposure of their various crimes, Reid, Jackson and Susan hide out in Whitechapel with the aid of Mimi Morton. The trio covertly attempt to expose the true Whitechapel Golem, Nathaniel Dove, and bring his brother, assistant commissioner Augustus Dove, to justice. An unstable Jedediah Shine becomes the head of H Division and vows to capture Reid, while Mathilda now lives with Sergeant Drummond. Production A joint BBC and BBC America production written by Richard Warlow, Julie Rutterford, Declan Croghan and Toby Finlay and directed by Andy Wilson (4 episodes), Colm McCarthy (2 episodes) and Tom Shankland (2 episodes). The series includes scenes of the seedier side of life during the late Victorian era, including bare-knuckle boxing, early pornography, and prostitution. Tom Shankland said of the series, "Whitechapel's not an area that was short of vicious murders and any woman found murdered with a knife in the consequent months was held up as a Ripper murder... So we’ll touch on Ripper in that way but not dig anybody up or change the canonical five... All the period depictions I’d seen of that particular crime story had almost been a bit too well behaved in a slightly slower way and shots have to be a bit wider to show off the nice furniture, but if you can think of something awful, it was happening [in Victorian London]." Casting The three leads of the show, Macfadyen, Flynn and Rothenberg, have discussed how they got the roles in interviews. Macfadyen claims his involvement was all down to his interest in the 'fresh' script: "I had a few months of nothing, then a load of scripts all came at once, and this was by far the best. It's such terrific writing; it just barrelled along. I saw the title and thought, 'This has been done before', but it was so fresh, and it had all the qualities, interest and depth of a period drama." Rothenberg's involvement in the show was more straightforward, as he auditioned during pilot series. In an interview with both Flynn and Rothenberg, the latter states: "I auditioned for it, got it, and then showed up. That’s as simple as it was for me," to which Flynn chimes in, claiming: "It was very funny, though, 'cause when he [Rothenberg] did show up, he was like, 'I don’t know how the fuck I got here!'" Flynn's casting experience was similar: "It was pretty basic for me. The writer, Richard Warlow, had seen me in Game of Thrones, playing Bronn, and asked about casting me." Filming The series was filmed entirely in Dublin, Ireland, in locations that included the former Clancy Barracks beside Clancy Quay and Trinity College, Dublin. The Leman Street police station and "The Brown Bear" pub are still on Leman Street. The Jews Orphan Asylum still exists, however it has been renamed and relocated, first to Norwood, and then to Stanmore. Cast Main cast Matthew Macfadyen as Detective Inspector Edmund Reid, the commander of East London's H Division. Reid is a workaholic driven by his failure to capture Jack the Ripper and the presumed death of Mathilda, his daughter. Deserted by his wife, Emily, Reid works most nights in his office at Leman Street. Reid retires when his daughter is found, but becomes restless when she matures and no longer needs his care. He eventually returns to Leman Street, where he must work under Drake. Jerome Flynn as Detective Sergeant, later Detective Inspector, Bennet Drake (series 1–4; guest series 5), Reid's right-hand man. After his marriage to reformed prostitute Bella and her subsequent demise, returning from Manchester, where he had transferred after her death, he is a changed man. Following Reid's retirement, Drake becomes the commander of H Division. Adam Rothenberg as Captain Homer Jackson, a former US Army surgeon and Pinkerton agent. He is H Division's forensic expert. Jackson, who is married to Long Susan, a brothel madam, is really Matthew Judge, a fugitive from America. When his marriage to Susan breaks down, he reverts to being a drunken womaniser. MyAnna Buring as "Long" Susan Hart/Caitlin Swift Judge, wife of Homer Jackson and daughter of a wealthy American industrialist. Susan owns a brothel in Tenter Street for much of the first and second series, though she later attempts to diversify and legitimize her businesses. Her attempts at legitimate business results in a train derailment and multiple deaths. She is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death, surviving only through Jackson's ingenuity. Believed hanged, she lives first at the Thames wharf and then in Mimi Morton's theatre. She and Jackson have a son, Connor, while she is in prison. Charlene McKenna as Rose Erskine (later Drake), a prostitute in Long Susan's house, who decides to turn her life around and becomes a music hall singer. Rose later serves as a police informant, and marries Bennet Drake after a long on-and-off romance. With Drake, she raises Connor Judge after Susan is seemingly executed, but gives the child to Augustus Dove and leaves Whitechapel after Drake's murder. David Threlfall as Abel Croker (series 4), a crooked Thames wharfinger and protector of Nathaniel Dove. When Croker is later murdered by Augustus, he produces evidence to suggest Croker was responsible for Nathaniel's crimes. David Warner as Rabbi Max Steiner (series 4). Additional cast Series 1 David Wilmot as Sergeant Donald Artherton (series 1–3), the long-standing desk sergeant of H Division who is forced to retire after contracting a serious case of gout. David Dawson as Fred Best (series 1–3; guest series 5), editor of the local newspaper, who often irritates the men of H Division by imposing on ongoing investigations in the hope of obtaining a story. Clive Russell as Detective Chief Inspector Frederick Abberline (series 1–3, 5), former commander of H Division and lead investigator in the Ripper murder case. Abberline and Reid have a somewhat on/off relationship, often differing in opinion on methods of investigation. Jonathan Barnwell as Police Constable Dick Hobbs, a junior constable assigned to H Division who is murdered in the line of duty by a serial offender whilst trying to protect a woman from being abducted. Lucy Cohu as Deborah Goren (series 1 and 4), head of the Jewish orphanage, who becomes involved with Edmund Reid in the first series after she offers him hope of finding his missing daughter. Amanda Hale as Emily Reid, Edmund Reid's wife. Their marriage is strained by the disappearance and presumed death of Mathilda, something which Emily blames her husband for, choosing to neglect her marriage in favour of charitable works. She is incarcerated in a mental institution between series 1 and 2, where she dies between series 2 and series 3. Gillian Saker as Bella Drake (series 1 and 2), a prostitute working for Long Susan, and later Bennet Drake's wife, who dies after being brainwashed by a cult which she was involved in several years previously, which saw her bear a child to the cult leader. Ian McElhinney as Theodore P. Swift (series 1 and 3), father of Long Susan/Caitlin Swift, who is the owner proprietor of a U.S. bank which falls into heavy debt, resulting in his need to flee the country and protect all of his remaining wealth in unregistered bearer bonds. Series 2 Damien Molony as Detective Constable Albert Flight, a junior constable just out of uniform who is assigned to H Division by Chief Inspector Abberline. Joseph Mawle as Detective Inspector Jedediah Shine (series 2 and 5), the feared inspector of K Division whom Reid tries to unveil as the man responsible for a string of untimely murders. Shine later returns in the fifth series to take up the position of Inspector of H division. Leanne Best as Jane Cobden (series 2 and 3), a local councillor who first comes to prominence as the opposing candidate for Walter De Souza, who is abducted in the line of duty for his part in the match girls' strike of 1888. Alicia Gerrard as Charity (series 2 and 3), a prostitute working for Long Susan, who later goes on to become receptionist at the clinic following the closure of the brothel. Frank Harper as Silas Duggan, property owner and barber who owns the building in which Long Susan operates her brothel. When she tries to offer Duggan the business in order to repay her debts so that she can leave London, he denies her the opportunity. Series 3 John Heffernan as Ronald Capshaw, solicitor to Long Susan who persuades her to rob one of her father's cargo trains, which is carrying $350,000 in unclaimed bearer bonds. However, this mistakenly results in the death of 55 innocent victims. Louise Brealey as Dr Amelia Frayn, senior physician at the clinic opened by Long Susan following the closure of her brothel. Frayn also cares for Mathilda Reid in the early days after her release from captivity. Lydia Wilson as Hermione "Mimi" Morton (series 3 and 5), girlfriend of Homer Jackson and sister of Edgar Morton, current fiancé and employer of Rose Erskine. Later, she becomes protector of Reid, Jackson and Susan when they become fugitives attempting to outrun the law. Josh O'Connor as Police Constable Bobby Grace, junior constable in H Division. Anna Burnett as Mathilda Reid (series 3–5), Reid's long lost daughter with whom he is reunited after she is discovered to have been held captive since her disappearance some six years previously in the SS Princess Alice disaster on the Thames. Series 4 and 5 Killian Scott as Assistant Commissioner Augustus Dove, a senior officer at Scotland Yard. Dove is known to have participated in corrupt activity, predominately associated with his long-lost brother, Nathaniel. Matthew Lewis as Sergeant/Inspector Samuel "Drum" Drummond, desk sergeant of H division who replaces the outgoing Sergeant Atherton. Drum is later promoted to Inspector by Augustus Dove. Benjamin O'Mahony as Detective Sergeant/Sergeant Frank Thatcher, Drake's right-hand-man. When Thatcher takes a disliking to Drake's successor, Inspector Shine, he is demoted and made desk sergeant. Anna Koval as Rachel Castello, a local reporter who takes over as editor of the Star newspaper following the murder of Fred Best by Theodore Swift. Jonas Armstrong as Nathaniel Croker, also known as Nathaniel Dove, Abel Croker's assistant and Augustus Dove's long-lost brother. Known as the "Whitechapel Golem", Nathaniel is responsible for a string of murders whereby the victims are bitten to death. Kahl and Kye Murphy as Connor Judge, son of Homer Jackson and Long Susan, who is born during her years of incarceration. Episodes Reception Ripper Street was well received by critics upon release. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On another review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 90%, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 7.39/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Gritty, sinister, and visually striking, Ripper Street is a gripping thriller, with well-crafted characters and compellingly lurid plotlines." The second, third, and fifth seasons hold approval ratings of 86%, 100%, and 100% respectively. Critical reception of the initial two episodes was divided, with some praising the show's gritty script and good acting performances, and others feeling the show was a mix of ITV's Whitechapel and Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes. In his weekly review of the show, Jamie-Lee Nardone wrote of its continued improvements, "more of this please, just perhaps not before dinner", referencing the show's gory nature. Sam Wollaston of The Guardian discussed the pros and cons of the show, claiming "It would be easy to be negative about Ripper Street. Do we really need more on a story that's been not just done to death, but then carved up, and had its insides torn out?" but he concludes his review stating "[the] script is real, alive and human. It's beautifully performed, and beautiful to look at – stylish, and stylised. The bare-knuckle fight scenes are brutal and memorable. It's proper, character-based crime drama, gripping, and yes – I'm afraid – ripping as well". Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph reviewed the first episode positively, praising the performances of the three leads, which he said compensated for the "dull grind of all the exposition" and "tedious" historical references. PopMatters reviewed the debut episode, remarking: The effects of such moments are shaped by writer/creator Richard Warlow and episode director Tom Shankland’s attention to the period details: streets are sooty, gaslight creates flickering shadows, and stone floors make footsteps seem chilling. These details help make Ripper Street a compelling procedural, its long form narrative and deliberate pace different from the CSI and Law & Order clones. But the show also bears traces of contemporary influences: an underground boxing club sequence in the first episode resembles similar scenes in Sherlock Holmes (2009) so much that a coincidence is hard to imagine. Equally derivative, some overt efforts to shock viewers deliver graphic violence and some nudity, courtesy of the evolving technology of photography, as it’s inspiring an evolving "smut" industry. Ahead of its debut in the US, IGN's Roth Cornet reviewed the first episode, discussing how "the setting is handled with absolute care and a razor-sharp attention to detail, from costume and production design to the varied vocal cadences of the players, the texture and flavor of London's East End are brought to vivid life." The review continues to discuss the show's depiction of London's streets in the Victorian era: Ripper Street provides a gritty look at the evolving streets of London and the advent of technology at the time; be it the "moving-picture-machine" that is featured in "I Need Light" or the introduction of early forensics that follows through the series. More interesting still is that it is the dirt and bones look at the uses of said technology that is in play here. This is no wink-wink "look at how charming early cameras were" depiction, but rather a portrayal of the underbelly of what those cameras would have been used for. Additionally, there is engaging interplay between those who would usher in necessary change and those who are, as Jackson says, "the barriers to progress." The Hollywood Reporter gave it significant praise: "Ripper Street is a well-acted, well-written and compelling mystery series. And even better, there’s no waiting around, wishing it would improve. It’s alluring from the start." Los Angeles Times called it "Well-written and acted." Some female critics have not been so positive about the show, disappointed by its two-dimensional portrayal of women as either repressed wives and mothers or prostitutes. Grace Dent of The Independent was more satirical about the show, but was still unamused by the portrayal of women, stating "centuries may shift and fashions may change, yet raping and murdering women has really never been as popular." The show was later voted best show of 2013 in a UK public poll for the Radio Times TV guide and magazine shortly after the series had ended, ahead of Doctor Who. Home media Series 1 was released on a region 2 (Europe) 3-disc DVD set and 3-disc BD on 18 March 2013, with the same DVDs being released in region 1 (Canada/US) on 12 March 2013. The series 2 DVD-set, plus a 6-disc box set containing both series 1 & 2, was scheduled to be released on 27 January 2014, with region 1 DVDs of series 2 to be released on 15 April 2014. See also Sergeant Cork (1963–1968), a British detective television series (66 episodes) and police procedural which followed the efforts of two police officers and their battle against crime in Victorian London. Cribb (1979–1981), a British television detective series (14 episodes) police drama of a sergeant in the newly formed CID in Victorian London. Copper (2012–2013), a BBC America crime series set in 1860s New York City during the American Civil War. Murdoch Mysteries (2008–present), a Canadian detective series set in Victorian Toronto. References External links Ripper Street on the BBC America website Ripper Street on the BBC Media Centre website Richard Warlow, lead writer of Ripper Street, describes series origins, at BBC Online blog Ripper Street visual effects breakdowns on YouTube 2010s British drama television series 2012 British television series debuts 2016 British television series endings BBC television dramas 2010s British crime television series English-language television shows Television series about Jack the Ripper Television series by Endemol Television series set in the 1880s Television series set in the 1890s Television shows set in London Victorian era Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions

37818974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth%20Greene

Beth Greene

Beth Greene is a fictional character from the American horror drama television series The Walking Dead, created by season two showrunner Glen Mazzara, and was portrayed by Emily Kinney. She is the daughter of veterinarian and farmer Hershel Greene and the younger half-sister of Maggie. The character has no specific counterpart in the comic book series on which the show is based. Described as a source of optimism and hope for the group, often singing to help boost morale, Beth is soft-spoken and a devout Christian teenager. After the loss of her mother, Beth attempts suicide but ultimately chooses to live. During the initial outbreak and beyond, Beth is a sheltered girl, but is eventually forced into hard laboring survival after the downfall of the prison, a place that had been a safe haven. She forms a close bond with fellow survivor and group member Daryl Dixon. Her final arc revolves around being held captive under the service of Officer Dawn Lerner in Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, and the subsequent efforts of Rick's group to find and rescue her become the primary driving force behind the first half of the fifth season. Appearances Season 2 Beth Greene is Hershel's (Scott Wilson) second daughter and Maggie's (Lauren Cohan) younger, half-sister. She is introduced in the second-season episode "Bloodletting", alongside her family and boyfriend, Jimmy (James Allen McCune) when Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group come to the family farm. Along with her family, she believes members of her now reanimated family to be sick, until the events of the mid-season finale "Pretty Much Dead Already" where she is forced to watch the undead her family kept in the barn get shot, and in the episode "Nebraska", her own reanimated mother being put down after attacking her. This event drives her nearly to suicide in the episode "18 Miles Out", but she decides to live. After the group are forced to leave the overrun farm in the second-season finale "Beside the Dying Fire", in which several of her loved ones, including her boyfriend are killed, she is forced to deal with the apocalyptic world. Season 3 Beth becomes more self-assured and becomes a contributing member to Rick's group. She sings to help boost morale and spreads optimism among her survivors upon finding a place to live at the prison in the third-season premiere "Seed". When Hershel's leg is amputated after a walker bite in the episode "Sick", Beth chides Maggie for being pessimistic about his chances of survival. Beth devotes much of her time to assisting Hershel throughout his recovery, and also becomes a caretaker for Judith after Lori Grimes (Sarah Wayne Callies)'s death in the episode "Killer Within". Season 4 Beth has developed a relationship with one of the prison newcomers, Zach (Kyle Gallner). When he is killed in a walker attack in the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", she quietly accepts his fate. She opens up to fellow survivor Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) about this loss, and proclaims she doesn't cry anymore. In the episode "Isolation", Beth continues to attempt to repress her sadness to Maggie when the deadly virus at the prison spreads, infecting Glenn (Steven Yeun) and endangering Hershel, who goes to the sick ward to help. During the Governor's (David Morrissey) attack on the prison in the episode "Too Far Gone", Beth and Maggie watch in horror as Hershel is decapitated during the battle, then the sisters are separated and Beth flees with Daryl. In the episodes "Inmates" and "Still", Beth and Daryl travel alone together, where the two come into conflict over the likelihood of other survivors. Beth confronts Daryl on his emotional detachment, forcing him to open up and show faith in the other people who could still be alive. He begins to teach her how to use a crossbow in the episode "Alone" where the two have found a mutual respect for one another. However, this newfound bond is quickly disrupted by walkers swarming the house, forcing her to escape outside where she gets kidnapped. Season 5 Beth spends her time at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, starting with the fifth-season episode "Slabtown". She has been taken in by a group of police officers led by Dawn Lerner (Christine Woods). Kept against her will in a dangerous environment where she is mistreated and abused along with the other patients and wards, Beth devises a plan with Noah (Tyler James Williams) to escape, which involves escaping through the elevator. While Noah is successful, she finds herself caught fighting walkers and is eventually disarmed by the officers who find her. Later, Dawn shows signs of respect for Beth once she takes Noah's place as her ward but Beth openly tells her that she will find another way to escape. As Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride) is wheeled into the hospital injured from a car accident in an attempt to rescue her along with Daryl, Beth devises another plan to retrieve medicine to save her life in the episode "Crossed". In the mid-season finale "Coda", a hostage exchange occurs when Rick's group, who have captured two officers, demand Beth and Carol back. The exchange runs smoothly until Dawn demands that she needs Noah back. However, the group protests. Dawn claims she needs Noah because Beth took his place and she needs him back. Noah reluctantly agrees as does the group until Beth hugs him goodbye before turning to Dawn. She tells Dawn she "[gets] it now", that her act of kindness was a masquerade in order to keep Beth under her subservient order. Beth defiantly plunges a concealed pair of surgical scissors into Dawn's shoulder, causing Dawn to reflexively shoot her in the head by accident, and in turn prompting Daryl to kill Dawn in retaliation. Daryl lifts Beth's corpse and brings her out in time to see that the other survivors have returned, which include Maggie who breaks down in tears seeing Beth killed after only finding out she was alive. Season 9 In Rick's final episode "What Comes After", Beth's voice is heard asking Rick, “What’s your wound?” during a lucid dream state. Beth's corpse appears alongside the corpses of past characters in Rick's hallucination. Development and reception Emily Kinney was cast as a recurring character in Season 2 of The Walking Dead, where she portrayed Beth Greene. Beth is introduced as the 16-year-old sister of Maggie Greene, while Kinney was 25 years old at the time of casting. The second-season episode "18 Miles Out" deals with the aftermath of Beth's suicide attempt. IGN's Eric Goldman commended the development presented in the episode; "While there's no denying that Beth was pretty much a non-entity until this episode, I did like a lot of her material here with Maggie—especially when Maggie said she couldn't handle another funeral and Beth told her, 'You can't avoid it,' which is of course a very sad, very true statement, given the circumstances they're in." Gary Roszko of The Huffington Post affirmed that Beth's interactions with Lori were clichéd, comparing it to "an after school anti-suicide special". New York Starlee Kine was much more pessimistic about the storyline than the general consensus and assailed the melodramatic nature of it. "We just aren’t going to care about the potential death of a character we don’t know," she iterated. "Or if it refused to learn that lesson, maybe it could’ve then learned this one: We are very tired of watching survivors of a still undefined and non-wondered-about apocalypse talk other survivors into not giving up." After being on the show for two years, Kinney received a promotion to series regular for season 4, along with Chad Coleman and Sonequa Martin-Green. The fourth-season episode "Still," which focuses only on Beth and Daryl, garnered praise in particular from television commentators, with viewers of the series having shipped Beth and Daryl as a couple. Writing for IGN, Roth Cornet commended the "Still" episode, stating that "Daryl and Beth revealed themselves to be more perfect a fit than any of the other combinations" and that "[t]hey brought out a raw honesty in one another that yielded what were some of the most grounded and engaging character moments of the season. They are two sides of a coin, and that's not something that had been entirely clear prior to this entry." She additionally commented positively on Kinney's acting, saying it was: "...the strongest acting we've seen from Emily Kinney, particularly in that final exchange on the porch." Kinney said that the show was never clear on whether Beth and Daryl had a romantic or brother-sisterly connection, but that "it was a situation where they were getting to know each other. First, they were just trying to get along" because they did not see "each other's point of view very well" and, later, "as the story went along they maybe became friends" and "it started to sort of go, 'Oh, what more could this be? Could it keep going into something else?'" In his review for Grantland praising the fifth season as a whole, Andy Greenwald had particular praise for the characters of Beth and Tyreese, citing their newly established complexities and character evolution in the fifth season. Regarding Beth's death, critics agree that Dawn did not intentionally shoot her, and that it was rather an accident or a matter of reflex, commenting on Dawn's surprised expression at the trigger having been activated. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix stated that because the season had mostly neglected that Maggie and Beth are sisters, Beth's death in "Coda" does not have the emotional impact it could have when Maggie breaks down in grief at the sight of Beth's lifeless body. Matt Fowler of IGN said that although Beth's death was predictable, it "felt like a big moment and it's always wrenching to see other characters react to the death of their loved ones" and that although he liked Beth, he "still mostly felt bad about her death because Daryl and Maggie (who seemed to have to be reminded this week that Beth being gone at all was a topic she should care about) felt bad about it." Fowler ultimately gave the episode a 7.6 out of 10. Kinney said she understood Maggie not expressing much concern about Beth's whereabouts because it is "a world where they're losing people a lot. And if you're going to survive, you can't sit around mourning for very long," and that Maggie likely had unseen moments where she worried about Beth. Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club stated that the episode ends in "a shocking finale which reminds us that, whatever else it's learned, the show still hasn't given up on its most beloved trick: killing people because it can. Beth's sudden death was a shock, no question, although I imagine some viewers were expecting just such a gut-punch." Rob Bricken, writing for io9, commented negatively on Beth's death. He criticized the deaths of Dawn and Beth as a "wasted opportunity", citing the "childish, ridiculous logic" Dawn had for demanding Noah back even though she had "zero leverage", and Beth's "inexplicable, dumb decision" to stab Dawn in the shoulder. He wondered: So what the hell was [Beth] trying to do? Get Dawn killed indirectly? Free the hospital from her idiotic non-control? Commit suicide by idiot? Whatever she was trying to accomplish — presumably getting rid of Dawn in some manner — weren't there many, many other ways to do it that didn't involve her almost certainly getting shot or potentially turning the hostage trade into a bloodbath? We'll never know, because Beth is dead. For her performance as Beth in the fifth season, Kinney was nominated in 2015 for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television. References External links Farewell to Beth Greene spoiler video at amctv.com Female characters in television Fictional attempted suicides Fictional characters from Georgia (U.S. state) Fictional farmers Fictional murdered people Teenage characters in television Television characters introduced in 2011 The Walking Dead (franchise) characters The Walking Dead (TV series)

37822320

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%20racial%20conflict%20in%20Forsyth%20County%2C%20Georgia

1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia

In Forsyth County, Georgia, in September 1912 two separate alleged attacks on white women resulted in black men being accused as suspects. One white woman accused two black men of breaking into her home in Big Creek Community and one of raping her. Another teenage woman was fatally beaten and raped in the Oscarville Community. Earnest Knox was linked to the Oscarville murder along with his half brother by a hair comb sold to him at the Oscarville store. When confronted, he confessed to the Sheriff and implicated his half brother and mother’s live-in boyfriend. His mother testified against the sons during the jury trial which sentenced both to hanging. 21 days later the sentence was carried out. In the Big Creek assault, a black preacher and his congregation drove to Cumming to demand the release of the men being held for the rape of a young girl from the Big Creek Community. This resulted in a white counter mob showing up in confrontation. Tempers flared and the preacher was harshly beaten for having been heard to suggest that the first woman may have had a consensual relationship with a black man. The Forsyth County Sheriff locked the preacher inside the court house over night to protect him from the mob waiting outside. Rob Edwards was arrested for the second murder and rape and was being held in the small 20x20 foot jail in Cumming. He was taken from the jail by a white mob, shot and beaten to death. His body was hanged from the telephone pole which stood near the entrance of the present City Hall. In all five black men were charged in the second crime, and Rob Edwards who was lynched by a mob. Two youths (aged 16 and 17) in the case were convicted of rape and murder by a jury and sentenced to death by hanging. In 1910 more than 1,000 black people lived in the county, which had more than 10,000 white people. After the trials and executions, bands of white men, known as Night Riders from Cherokee and other nearby counties threatened and intimidated Black inhabitants. These families fled and sold their property at discounted prices with most fleeing to Hall and Gwinnett Counties. Within the next four months, an estimated 98% of the blacks living in the county had left due to Night Rider threats. Night Riders next moved on to Dawson and Hall Counties where they attempted to do the same. They were finally stopped when eleven Night Riders were arrested by the Hall County Sheriff. This racial expulsion or racial cleansing was explored in the documentary Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings, aired on PBS in 2015 in its Independent Lens series. Background After the American Civil War, black slaves in the South were emancipated and granted citizenship and the franchise through constitutional amendments. But by the turn of the 20th century, all Southern states disfranchised blacks by passing constitutions and other laws to impede voter registration and voting. Georgia Democrats passed such a law in 1908, resulting in the disfranchisement of blacks in the state. In addition, the white-dominated Southern legislatures passed laws imposing racial segregation in public facilities, and Jim Crow customs ruled. Most rural blacks worked as sharecroppers on white-owned land, and were seldom able to get free from poverty. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 was waged by whites against blacks, and reflected tensions in a city that was rapidly changing. Dr. Ansel Strickland, a doctor in Cumming, wrote a firsthand account saying that "hundreds of Black were killed" by whites in the Atlanta riot. The rate of lynchings of blacks by whites in Georgia and the South had been high since the late 19th century, and accounts of lynchings were regularly published in the local papers, often maintaining that the blacks were responsible, guilty either of a crime or poor attitude. Lynchings were a means by whites to enforce white supremacy in social affairs, and ensure that blacks stayed in line. In the 1910 census, Forsyth County was recorded as having more than 10,000 whites, 858 blacks and 440 mulattoes (or mixed race). The mixed-race individuals were proof that the official ban against interracial relationships was not absolute; white men had frequently crossed the line with black or mixed-race women. Attack of Ellen Grice On the night of September 5, 1912, Ellen Grice, a 22-year-old white woman and wife of a highly respected farmer, alleged that Toney Howell and his associate Isaiah Pirkle, two black men, attempted to rape her, but were surprised and frightened away by her mother. Within days, Forsyth County Sheriff William Reid detained these two black men, in addition to suspects Fate Chester, Johnny Bates, and Joe Rogers. All five men were placed in the small Forsyth County jail located near the Cumming, Georgia town square. Assault on Grant Smith After the news came out about the attack on Grice, Grant Smith, a black preacher at a local Cumming church, was heard to suggest at a barbecue that maybe the woman had lied about the event after having been caught in a consensual act with a black man. Outraged whites horse-whipped the preacher in front of the courthouse, and by the time Sheriff Reid rescued him and took him inside, Smith was near death. Despite appeals by Sheriff Reid and local ministers for a growing crowd to disperse, angry whites attempted to storm the courthouse. Deputy Sheriff Mitchell Lummus had locked Smith in the large courthouse vault and saved his life. No one was ever arrested or tried for the assault on Smith. Whites patrol streets Based on rumors that blacks at a nearby church barbecue threatened to dynamite the town, armed white men patrolled Cumming to prevent such action. Fearing a race riot, Governor Joseph Mackey Brown declared martial law and activated 23 members of the National Guard from Gainesville, Georgia, who successfully kept the peace. Later that day, Sheriff Reid sent Smith, Howell, Pirkle, and the other three black suspects to the Cobb County jail in nearby Marietta for safety. Fearing that a mob from Cumming was en route, Governor Brown arranged for the prisoners and Smith to be moved again for their protection, this time to the Fulton County jail in Atlanta. No mob formed in Marietta. Toney Howell convicted The police said that Toney Howell had confessed to assaulting and raping Ellen Grice and had also implicated Pirkle as an accomplice. Howell was tried by an all-white jury (blacks were excluded as jurors because they were largely prevented from voting) and convicted in February 1913. Mae Crow assault On September 9, 1912, Sleety Mae Crow, a white girl aged 18, was allegedly attacked in the afternoon by Ernest Knox, age 16. She was walking from home to her aunt's house nearby on Browns Bridge Road along the Forsyth-Hall county line. Knox was said to strike her from behind and drag her down a gully in the woods. Resisting, Crow pulled up a young dogwood tree by the roots. Knox allegedly raped the girl and struck her at least three times in the head with a large stone, crushing her skull. Sleety Mae Crow's death has never been solved. After Knox allegedly told three friends what he had done, they went to see for themselves. They were Oscar Daniel, 17; Oscar's sister Trussie "Jane" Daniel, 22; and Jane's live-in boyfriend Robert "Big Rob" Edwards, 24, a close neighbor. They allegedly discussed disposing of Crow's body in the nearby Chattahoochee River, but reportedly decided that was too risky, leaving her in the woods. These allegations were never proven. The alleged confession and evidence were attained by threatening Knox by drowning him in a well. Arrest of Ernest Knox The next morning, searchers found Mae Crow at 9 a.m. She was half naked, covered with leaves, and lying face down in a pool of dry blood. She was still alive and breathing shallowly. At the scene of the alleged rape, searchers found a small pocket mirror that was said to belong to Ernest Knox. Police arrested him at home, taking him to the Gainesville, Georgia county jail to avoid the recent turmoil of Cumming. On the way Knox, after being subjected to a "form of torture known as mock lynching", confessed to having attacked Crow. When word spread of the attack on Crow, a white lynch mob began to form that afternoon at the Gainesville jail. At midnight police officers took Knox by car to Atlanta to prevent a lynching. Suspects arrested; one lynched Oscar Daniel, Jane Daniel, and Rob Edwards were all arrested the next day as suspects in Crow's attack, as was their neighbor Ed Collins, held as a witness. They were taken to the county jail in Cumming, where an estimated crowd of 2,000 whites had formed by the time Sheriff Reid got them to the jail. Later that day a lynch mob of an estimated several hundred to 4,000 whites attacked the county jail. Some men gained entry and shot and killed Edwards in his cell, then dragged his body through the streets, and hanged him from a telephone pole on the Cumming town square. His body was so mutilated that early newspaper accounts identified it as Ed Collins. A deputy sheriff hid the other suspects in the alleged rape cases from the mob. Sheriff Reid had left the vicinity. Trial Charges against Trussie Daniel and Ed Collins were dismissed; she agreed to a plea bargain and testifying as a state witness against her brother and Knox. Knox and Oscar Daniel stood trial. Each of the youths was quickly convicted of rape and murder by the all-white jury. On the following day, October 4, both teenagers were sentenced to death by hanging, scheduled for October 25. State law prohibited public hangings. The scheduled execution was to be viewed only by the victim's family, a minister, and law officers. Gallows were built off the square in Cumming. A fence erected around the gallows was burned down the night before the execution. A crowd estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 gathered to watch what became a public hanging of the two youths. The total county population was around 12,000 at the time. Aftermath: racial expulsion In the following months, a small group of men called “Night Riders” terrorized black citizens, warning them to leave in 24 hours or be killed. Those who resisted were subjected to further harassment, including shots fired into their homes, or livestock killed. Some white residents tried to stop the Night Riders, but were unsuccessful. An estimated 98% of black residents of Forsyth County left. Some property owners were able to sell, likely at a loss. The renters and sharecroppers left to seek safer places. Those who had to abandon property, and failed to continue paying property tax, eventually lost their lands, and whites took it over. Many black properties ended up in white hands without a sale and without a legal transfer of title. Much of this land was in the village of Oscarville, Georgia. Eventually, this village is now under the waters of the Lake Lanier. This anti-black campaign was widespread across Appalachian Georgia, with Forsyth County being the third to expel its black population after Towns and Union, whilst whites soon afterwards expelled blacks from the surrounding counties of Fannin, Gilmer and Dawson. Representation in other media The racial expulsion or cleansing of Forsyth County was among the events explored in Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings, aired on PBS in 2015 in its Independent Lens series. Patrick Phillips of Drew University wrote Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing In America (2016) about the 1912 events in Forsyth County. Phillips, a longtime resident of the county, said in an interview with Terry Gross that he first heard of the racial cleansing when he arrived in the county at age seven. See also List of expulsions of African Americans, list of similar incidents to the Forsyth expulsion False accusations of rape as justification for lynchings References Further reading External links Banished: American Ethnic Cleansings, 2015, Independent Lens, PBS Forsyth County, Georgia Lynching in the United States Racially motivated violence against African Americans White American riots in the United States 1912 in Georgia (U.S. state) People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state) Lynching deaths in Georgia (U.S. state) September 1912 events African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state) Ethnic cleansing in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Georgia (U.S. state) African-American history of Georgia (U.S. state) 1912 murders in the United States

37854651

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal%20transmission%20of%20HIV%20in%20the%20United%20States

Criminal transmission of HIV in the United States

The criminal transmission of HIV in the United States varies among jurisdictions. More than thirty of the fifty states in the U.S. have prosecuted HIV-positive individuals for exposing another person to HIV. State laws criminalize different behaviors and assign different penalties. While pinpointing who infected whom is scientifically impossible, a person diagnosed with HIV who is accused of infecting another while engaging in sexual intercourse is, in many jurisdictions, automatically committing a crime. A person donating HIV-infected organs, tissues, and blood can be prosecuted for transmitting the virus. Spitting or transmitting HIV-infected bodily fluids is a criminal offense in some states, particularly if the target is a prison guard. Some states treat the transmission of HIV, depending upon a variety of factors, as a felony and others as a misdemeanor. In October 2012, the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA) of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) called for the repeal of statutes that criminalize HIV-related behavior, writing: "Policies and laws that create HIV-specific crimes or that impose penalties for persons who are HIV-infected are unjust and harmful to public health around the world." It argued that such laws contribute to stigmatization and discrimination that inhibit diagnosis and result in "harsh sentencing for behaviors that pose little to no risk of HIV transmission." It advised that "All state and federal policies, laws and regulations ... be based on scientifically accurate information regarding HIV transmission routes and risk." In 2017 the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that those who are on HIV medication and have undetectable viral loads can no longer transmit the virus while their viral load is undetectable, but the possibility for a person to not use a prescription and continue to infect others remains. They did not specify how long after an undetectable viral load test a person can guarantee that they are still undetectable, as viral loads can rise very quickly. Federal law and policy National HIV/AIDS strategy In July 2010, the White House announced a major change in its HIV/AIDS policy; the "National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States" stated that "the continued existence and enforcement of these types of laws [that criminalize HIV infection] run counter to scientific evidence about routes of HIV transmission and may undermine the public health goals of promoting HIV screening and treatment." The administration's strategy cited a 2008 paper by Scott Burris and Edwin Cameron, a South African judge: "The use of criminal law to address HIV infection is inappropriate except in rare cases in which a person acts with conscious intent to transmit HIV and does so." In September 2010, the Center for HIV Law and Policy launched the Positive Justice Project, a campaign to combat HIV-related stigma and discrimination against people with HIV by the US criminal justice system. In November the Project released a 293-page manual detailing HIV-specific laws and prosecutions in the 50 states, District of Columbia, U.S. Territories, Federal government, and the U.S. military. On March 15, 2014, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) along with the Centers for Disease Control published a study of HIV-specific state laws called "Prevalence and Public Health Implications of State Laws that Criminalize Potential HIV Exposure in the United States". On July 15, 2014, the DOJ released a paper called "Best Practices Guide to Reform HIV-Specific Criminal Laws to Align with Scientifically-Supported Factors", designed to guide states in updating their statutes to "reflect contemporary understanding of HIV transmission routes and associated benefits of treatment" and to establish policies that "do not place unnecessary burdens on individuals living with HIV/AIDS". Proposed federal legislation REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act was the abbreviated name of the 'Repeal Existing Policies that Encourage and Allow Legal HIV Discrimination Act' (H.R. 3053), also called the REPEAL Act, proposed legislation that was introduced in the U.S. Congress on September 23, 2011, by Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA). It called for review of all federal and state laws, policies, and regulations regarding the criminal prosecution of individuals for HIV-related offenses. It was the first piece of federal legislation to address HIV criminalization and provided incentives for states to reconsider laws and practices that target people with HIV for consensual sexual activity and conduct that poses no risk of HIV transmission. The bill had 41 cosponsors and was referred in September/October 2011 to three subcommittees, where it died. Barbara Lee re-introduced the REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act 2013 as H.R. 1843 in May 2013 with 42 cosponsors, and it again died in three subcommittees. Senator Chris Coons introduced the legislation as S.1790 on December 10, 2013, and it did not make it out of the Judiciary Committee. Immigration In 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) used the conviction of Jose Luis Ramirez, an HIV-positive immigrant, of solicitation for oral sex as an argument for his deportation, calling it a "particularly serious crime". An immigration judge ordered his deportation, but the DHS withdrew its argument and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) reversed the deportation order on May 31, 2013. State law and policy Statutes As of 2019, at least 29 states criminalize "nondisclosure, exposure or transmission" of HIV, while an additional 5 states use this to justify enhancements for sentences for other crimes. As of 2008, 33 states had laws regarding the criminalization of HIV transmission. The following states may currently have laws that prosecute individuals for criminal exposure of HIV: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. Minnesota has a statute that criminalizes the transmission of certain communicable diseases including HIV. Under that statute, Daniel James Rick, despite having informed his sexual partner of his HIV status, was charged with attempted first-degree assault with great bodily harm. His conviction in the trial court was overturned on appeal, and the Supreme Court of Minnesota on August 21, 2013, agreed that the prosecutor had misapplied the statute's provision meant to address the transmission of a communicable disease in non-sexual contexts, such as sperm or organ donations. Iowa Code 709c was one of the most severe criminal transmission of HIV law in the country until 1 May 2014. For 16 years it allowed anyone with HIV exposing another person without disclosing his or her positive status, whether infection occurred or not, to be convicted of a class B felony, i.e. up to 25 years in prison and mandated registration as a sex offender. It has been called "draconian". According to the Iowa Department of Public Health, Iowa ranks second in prosecutions behind Tennessee of persons with HIV, despite having a relatively small number of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Efforts to modernize had been underway since at least 2009, led by Community HIV/Hepatitis Advocates of Iowa Network (CHAIN) and 12 other Iowa medical professional, public health, civil rights and stakeholder organizations. Senate File 2297 redefines crimes for transmission of HIV, but also hepatitis, tuberculosis and meningococcal disease and introduces a tiered-system of sentencing: Intentional transmission remains a class B felony, but if there is intent and no transmission it is a class D felony, the same as unintentional transmission. It also includes defense in court, if following a treatment regimen and physician’s advice and no longer requires sex offender registration. On 27 February 2014, SF2297 passed the Iowa Senate by a 48-0 margin attracting national media attention. The House Judiciary passed an amended version on March 13, 2014 reintroducing "too much of the existing law". Senate File 2297 remained on the House’s list of unfinished business and was passed after going virtually unmentioned just in time before the legislature's adjournment in the early hours of 1 May 2014. Prosecutions Prosecutions have included: Thomas Guerra, who became the first person in the state of California to be convicted for intentionally infecting another individual with HIV. In court, prosecutors presented 11,000 text messages and 36 audio clips to support their case against Guerra. Since then, Guerra has been accused of intentionally exposing dozens of other men to the HIV. Nick Rhoades, an HIV-positive man living in Iowa, who had an undetectable viral load, was sentenced to 25 years after a single sexual encounter during which he used a condom but did not disclose his HIV status (Rhoades v. State of Iowa). In 2014, the Iowa Supreme Court reversed the sentence, recognizing the evolving understanding of HIV transmission. An HIV-positive man was sentenced to 10 years in prison for aggravated assault after biting a police officer. His saliva was considered to be the dangerous instrument for the purpose of the "aggravated" portion of the charge (People v. Plunkett, New York Court of Appeals). However the sentence was later vacated by the Court of Appeals. A man in Oregon was convicted of ten counts of attempted murder and ten counts of attempted assault based on allegations that he engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse without disclosing his medical condition (State of Oregon v. Hinkhouse). An HIV-positive 25-year-old serving in the U.S. Army, was ordered in November 2006 to inform any sexual partner of his HIV status. After he had sex with a 17-year-old male who became infected, he was charged in June 2007 with "crimes against nature, assault and assault with a deadly weapon". He pleaded guilty in November to 3 counts of "aggravated assault by means likely to cause grievous bodily harm or death" and other charges. He was sentenced to serve 40 months in military prison, a reduction in rank to private, and a dishonorable discharge. An HIV-positive U.S. Navy officer and Catholic priest pleaded guilty in December 2007 to several crimes committed against U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen he was counseling, including forcible sodomy and indecent assault. Charges of assault were changed to aggravated assault because of his HIV status. An Air Force sergeant was apprehended in 2010 for allegedly having unprotected sex at parties while knowing he was HIV-positive. He was convicted of aggravated assault, but the conviction was overturned in 2015 by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. The Center for HIV Law and Policy has documented 168 cases of prosecution between January 2008 and June 2013. See also Criminal transmission of HIV Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Nushawn Williams, a man who was prosecuted for criminal transmission of HIV Prison rape in the United States#Sexually transmitted infections HIV/AIDS in American prisons The Center for HIV Law and Policy References External links Positive Justice Project State-by-State: HIV Laws List of HIV Transmission Cases Criminal transmission of HIV United States criminal law Health policy in the United States HIV/AIDS in the United States

38072711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%201915

July 1915

The following events occurred in July 1915: July 1, 1915 (Thursday) Forces with the Union of South Africa under command of General Louis Botha defeated German colonial forces at the Battle of Otavi in German South West Africa with assistance from Canada, Great Britain, Portugal and Portuguese Angola. The result would soon put an end to German resistance in southwest Africa and allow South Africa to occupy the region until March 1990. Battle of Gully Ravine — Ottoman forces under command of officer Faik Pasa and Albay Refet launched counterattacks to prevent British forces from encircling their right flank on the Gallipoli peninsula. During the intense, bloody fighting, Captain Gerald Robert O'Sullivan and Corporal James Somers of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers were both awarded the Victoria Cross for recapturing a trench taken by the Ottomans during a counterattack. German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens became the first person to shoot down another plane using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear, which allowed him to shoot through a turning propeller without hitting its blade. His victory started a period referred to as the "Fokker Scourge," as Fokker M.5 airplanes outfitted with machine guns took a heavy toll on Allied aircraft over the Western Front. Wintgens himself would down two more enemy planes in July. A Russian naval squadron under command of Rear Admiral Mikhail Bakhirev intercepted a message that a German squadron was laying mines around Åland in the Baltic Sea and moved to engage them. A second inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Lusitania was held at the urging of survivor Joseph Marichal who threatened to sue the Cunard ocean line for "poor handling" of the disaster, but was soon discredited when the British government found unfavourable details of his background and leaked them to the press. The French Navy seaplane carrier Pas-de-Calais was commissioned, the first paddle steamer to serve as an aviation vessel. The United States Department of the Navy established an Office of Naval Aeronautics, the first formal recognition of naval aviation within the United States Navy. The Royal Australian Survey Corps of the Australian Army was established. The Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design was established in Halle, Germany. The United States Forest Service combined the Jemez National Forest and Pecos National Forest in northern New Mexico to establish the Santa Fe National Forest. The Moapa National Forest was absorbed into the Toiyabe National Forest in Nevada. New York City established in the Child Welfare Board. American poet Alfred Kreymborg launched Others: A Magazine of the New Verse with Skipwith Cannell, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams. The magazine — which featured poetry, other writing and visual art — ran until 1917. The association football club Avenir Beggen was formed as "Daring Beggen" before changing to its current name a year later, in Beggen, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. The association football club Japonês was formed in Rio de Janeiro, but renamed a year later as Olaria after the neighbourhood it was established in to attract more supporters. Lierne, Norway was divided into the municipalities of Nordli and Sørli, and the municipality of Leirfjord was created when it was split from Stamnes. All three were amalgamated again in 1964. The Wharton Reef Lighthouse officially began operating in Princess Charlotte Bay off Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. It was deactivated in 1990 and donated to the region's museum, making it the only surviving lighthouse during the "Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses" from 1913 to the early 1920s. Born: Nguyễn Văn Linh, Vietnamese state leader, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 1986 to 1991, in Hưng Yên, Vietnam (d. 1998; Rolf Hauge, Norwegian army officer, commander of the No. 10 Commando unit with the Free Norwegian forces during World War II, recipient of the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch, Defence Medal, Military Cross and France and Germany Star, in Bergen, Norway (d. 1989) Born: Jean Stafford, American writer, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for the anthology The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford (d. 1979); Willie Dixon, American blues musician, known for his collaborations with Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Chuck Berry and Buddy Guy, in Vicksburg, Mississippi (d. 1992) Died: William M. Walton, American politician, 13th Texas Attorney General (b. 1832) July 2, 1915 (Friday) The British Parliament passed the Munitions of War Act to address the shortage of artillery shells in Great Britain needed for the war effort. David Lloyd George was appointed Minister of Munitions to oversee the effort. The Russian naval squadron of the Baltic Sea attacked a German squadron laying mines in the Baltic Sea at the Battle of Åland Islands. The German cruiser was hit and ran aground, with 27 sailors dead and another 49 wounded. German cruisers and sailed to assist the German squadron, but British submarine torpedoed Prinz Adalbert and forced it to limp to shore. Battle of Gully Ravine — The Ottoman 1st Division led by Lieutenant Colonel (Kaymakam) Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez staged a second counterattack and got within 30 metres of British trenches before losses became unbearable to continue. Ottoman commanding officer Faik Paşa then ordered Ottoman to dig defenses to prevent further losses, violating orders from General Otto Liman von Sanders. As a result, Paşa was replaced with Mehmet Ali Paşa. German-American anarchist Eric Muenter planted a timed bomb with three sticks of dynamite in the Senate reception room of the United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., which detonated just before midnight with no casualties. Muenter had tried to plant the bomb in the Senate chamber but found it locked. He sent a letter under an alias to The Washington Star after the bombing, explaining he hoped the explosion would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war. This explosion is an exclamation point in my appeal for peace." The 69th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was established. The submarine Guacolda was launched by the Fore River Shipyard at Quincy, Massachusetts. Originally, the submarine was commissioned to the Royal Navy but because of United States neutrality during World War I, it was commissioned instead to the Chilean Navy. The Canungra railway line opened between Logan Village and Canungra, Queensland, Australia. The symphonic composition Taras Bulba by Czech composer Leoš Janáček was published. Born: Hal Wagner, American baseball player, catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics, Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, and Philadelphia Phillies from 1937 to 1949, in East Riverton, New Jersey (d. 1979) Died: Porfirio Díaz, Mexican state leader, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1830) July 3, 1915 (Saturday) After setting off a bomb at the United States Capitol, German-American anarchist Eric Muenter fled to New York City where he planted another homemade bomb on munitions ship SS Minnehaha. He then traveled to the home of banker J. P. Morgan Jr. in Glen Cove, New York, with more dynamite and two revolvers. He invaded the house intending to take the family hostage and force the Morgan company to stop financing munitions shipments to Europe for the Allied war effort in exchange for their release. However, Morgan was at home along with his wife as well as their butler and the three were able to subdue Muenter despite the anarchist shooting Morgan twice in the groin and leg (he fully recovered within a month). Ruenter was arrested by the New York police department immediately afterward. The La Jolla Recreational Center opened at a children's playground and recreation center in the La Jolla neighbourhood of San Diego. Born: Ted Swales, South African air force officer, member of the No. 582 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Victoria Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross, in Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (d. 1945, killed in action) July 4, 1915 (Sunday) Ottoman troops and Arab tribesmen attacked the British-held town of Lahij in South Arabia (now Yemen). A force of six German Navy airships attempted an attack on a Royal Navy squadron conducting an aerial reconnaissance in the German Bight. Bad weather prevented each side from attacking the other. The heavy seas made it impossible for British seaplanes to launch and pursue the airships, and the airships could not get close enough to fire on the ships. The first border raid by bandits was made on a ranch in Cameron County, Texas, as part of a campaign to create civil unrest large enough for the U.S. border states to secede to Mexico. The recently opened rail station in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania had the honor of hosting the famous Liberty Bell as it was transported across the United States to be displayed at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. July 5, 1915 (Monday) Battle of Gully Ravine — A final attempt to recapture ground from the British ended in failure for Ottoman Empire forces defending the Gallipoli peninsula. Facing losses that were four times more than the British, with estimates ranging between 14,000 and 16,000 casualties, General Otto Liman von Sanders caved to Ottoman officers pleas to stop the assaults and ended the bloodiest part of the Gallipoli campaign. British forces gave up Lahij, South Arabia to Ottoman troops and fell back to Al Kawr (now part of Yemen). German-American anarchist Eric Muenter committed suicide while in New York police custody, shortly after he was identified as being behind the bombing three days earlier in Washington, D.C. His estranged wife reported to police that she learned through a letter sent from Muenter before his arrest that he had hid a bomb on the SS Minnehaha and that it was set to explode on July 7. The Hotel Macdonald, one of Canada's chateau-styled hotels, opened in Edmonton. A rail station was opened in Leeuwarden, Netherlands to serve the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway. It closed twice, first in 1940 before it was reopened in 1954. It closed again in 2018. Born: John Woodruff, American track athlete, gold medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Connellsville, Pennsylvania (d. 2007); Babe Paley, American socialite, wife to CBS president William S. Paley, in Boston (d. 1978) July 6, 1915 (Tuesday) Battle of Rufiji Delta — After concealing from British ships for nearly eight months within the jungles surrounding the Rufiji River in German East Africa (now Tanzania), German cruiser SMS Königsberg exchanged fire with British monitor ships HMS Mersey and HMS Severn and forced both vessels to withdraw. German fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke claimed his first victory, by shooting down a Blériot aircraft while flying an Albatros two-seater biplane, setting him on to eventually become a flying ace. English composer Edward Elgar premiered his composition Polonia at a charity relief concert for Polish war victims in Queen's Hall, London. The composition mixed Polish music influences as a patriotic tribute to the people, similar to Carillon that premiered in December 1914 to celebrate the struggles of Belgium during the first months of World War I. Born: Leonard Birchall, Canadian air force officer, commander of the 413 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Order of the British Empire, in St. Catharines, Ontario (d. 2004) Died: Lawrence Hargrave, British-Australian aeronautics engineer, developed many prototypes used for hang gliding and paragliding (b. 1850); John O'Reily, Australian clergy, first Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Pirie and second Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide (b. 1846) July 7, 1915 (Wednesday) First Battle of the Isonzo — An attempt by Italy to break through the Austro-Hungarian line in the Alps failed. Despite superior numbers on the Italian side, Austria-Hungary had better equipment, highly trained soldiers, and superior geographic advantages. The Italians sustained over 14,000 casualties while the Austro-Hungarians received 9,950 casualties. Armenian genocide — Swedish diplomat Cossva Anckarsvärd, stationed in Constantinople, released a two-page report to Stockholm stating "persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions" and concluded the solution to the "Armenian question" within the Ottoman Empire would "consist of the extermination of the Armenian nation." Italian cruiser was torpedoed and sunk at Pola, Austria-Hungary by German submarine with the loss of 67 of her 684 crew. French General Joseph Joffre held the first military conference for the Allies — known as the Chantilly Conferences —in Chantilly, Oise, France, shortly after Italy entered the conflict against the Central Powers. Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris was executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false. He became a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement. A bomb planted by the late German-American anarchist Eric Muenter exploded on munitions ship SS Minnehaha despite efforts by crew to locate it. Fortunately, the bomb was not near the munitions depot that the ship was carrying and damage was minimal. The ship itself would not survive World War I, and would be sunk by a German U-boat in 1917. The Guards Reserve Corps of the Imperial German Army was reestablished after it had been disbanded six months earlier. The II Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps for the Imperial German Army was disbanded when its headquarters was upgraded to the South Army for action on the Eastern Front. American Civil War veteran and landowner John N. Ballard deeded a small plot that had been part of the battlefield of Chantilly, Virginia, for the purpose of allowing persons or groups the opportunity to erect monuments or markers in remembrance to those who fought in the battle, leading to the eventual establishment of Ox Hill Battlefield Park in October. The Women's Christian College was established in Chennai, India. The first edition of the Norwegian newspaper Østerdalens Arbeiderblad was published, primarily as the organ for the Labour Party of Norway. Born: Margaret Walker, American poet and writer, part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago, author of Jubilee, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1998); Reynaldo Guerra Garza, American judge, first Hispanic to be appointed to the United States Court of Appeals, in Brownsville, Texas (d. 2004) July 8, 1915 (Thursday) The Army of the Bug of the Imperial German Army (named after Bug River in Poland) was established to serve on the Eastern Front. The Women's Peace Army was established in Melbourne in protest to Australia's involvement in World War I. Born: Lowell E. English, American marine officer, commander of the 3rd Marine Division during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, in Fairbury, Nebraska (d. 2005); Neil D. Van Sickle, American air force officer, commander of United States Air Force operations in Taiwan during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, in Minot, North Dakota (d. 2019) July 9, 1915 (Friday) Victor Franke, commander of the German forces in German South West Africa, along with 2,000 of his men surrendered to the Allies. The first casualty in the Mexican border raids occurred when a raider was shot dead by a ranch hand during a raid on King Ranch near Kingsville, Texas. July 10, 1915 (Saturday) Battle of Manzikert — A Russian force of 22,000 troops attempted to capture strategic hills west of the town of Malazgirt, Turkey, assuming defenses were weak. In actuality, a force of 40,000 Ottoman troops was defending the area. Japanese Government Railways extended the Ban'etsu East Line in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan with stations Akai and Ogawagō serving the line. Died: Vazha-Pshavela, Georgian poet, known for his epic poems including Host and Guest (b. 1861) July 11, 1915 (Sunday) Battle of Rufiji Delta — German cruiser was scuttled in the Rufiji River, German East Africa following battle damage inflicted by Royal Navy ships HMS Mersey and HMS Severn. Thirty-three crew men were killed and another 45 were wounded, including Captain Max Looff. Pablo Falcon, a local deputy of Mexican-American heritage, was shot and killed by Mexican rebels in Brownsville, Texas. He was the first victim of the Plan of San Diego, a plan to create unrest among border towns in Texas during the Mexican Revolution. Cardinal Francis Bourne dedicated the St Benedict's Church in Warrington, England. The weekly Lithuanian liberal paper News of Riga, edited by founder Liudvikas Jakavičius, ceased publication after six years of operation. Born: Cecil Isbell, American football player, quarterback for the Green Bay Packers from 1938 to 1942, NFL Champion in 1939, in Houston (d. 1985) Died: Thomas J. Walsh, Canadian politician, one of the main lobbyists for the amalgamation of Edmonton and Strathcona, Alberta, served as alderman for Edmonton City Council from 1912 to 1913 (b. 1875) July 12, 1915 (Monday) Gallipoli campaign — A force of 7,500 soldiers from 155th and 157th Brigades of the British 52nd Division attacked the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ("Bloody Valley") on the peninsula. The assault gained very little ground and resulted in ; along with from the Royal Naval Division and from a supporting French unit. The Ottoman Empire had and . The Ferrovia Centrale Umbra rail line opened in Umbria, Italy. July 13, 1915 (Tuesday) The Central Powers renewed their offensive on the Eastern Front and were able to push the entire southern wing of the Russian line back 160 km (99 mi) to the Bug River in Galicia (now southern Poland). The Castle Mountain Internment Camp for 660 Canadian citizens deemed enemy aliens under the War Measures Act was established in Banff National Park, Canada. The second regiments of the 1st and 2nd Foreign Regiments merged to form the single Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion. Born: Robert L. McNeil Jr., American chemist, creator of the pain reliever Tylenol, in Bethel, Connecticut (d. 2010) Died: Richard Mohun, American explorer, commercial agent for the United States in Angola and the Belgian Congo, lead the expedition to lay telegraph wire from the Nile to Lake Tanganyika in Central Africa (b. 1864) July 14, 1915 (Wednesday) Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, began a letter correspondence on steps to achieve Arab independence from the Ottoman Empire. The VII Corps was formed under command of Lieutenant-General Thomas Snow as part of the British Third Army. The 1st Australian Heavy Artillery Battery was established to support the First Australian Division at Gallipoli. The association football club América was formed in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The African Police Medal for Meritorious Service for recognition of service for non-European police officers serving in the British African colonies. The medal was awarded until 1938 when it was replaced with the Colonial Police Medal and the Colonial Police Long Service Medal. Born: Louis Gonzaga Mendez Jr., American army officer, commander of the 508th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division during World War II, three-time recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and Distinguished Service Cross, in Denver (d. 2001); John W. Mitchell, American air force officer, commander of the 70th Fighter Squadron during World War II and leader of Operation Vengeance, three-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Legion of Merit, Navy Cross and Bronze Star Medal, in Enid, Mississippi (d. 1995) Died: Elizabeth Barrows Ussher, English missionary, one the key witnesses of the Armenian Genocide (b. 1873) July 15, 1915 (Thursday) The oldest active branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was formed in New Orleans. Armenian leader Krikor Zohrab was murdered between July 15 and July 20 in the outskirts of Urfa during the height of the Armenian genocide. The Brownhill Creek Recreation Park, located south of Adelaide, South Australia, was established to protect the most unique and sensitive portions of the Brown Hill Creek. The Morialta Falls Reserve was established northeast of Adelaide, Australia. Shinano Railway extended the Ōito Line in the Nagano Prefecture, Japan, with station Hotaka serving the line. Literary magazine Blast put out its second and last edition. The cover featured a woodcut by Wyndham Lewis (who also edited the magazine) and contained a short play by Ezra Pound and poetry by T. S. Eliot. Plans for a further issue fell through as World War I placed personal and public pressures on all artists involved, even though Lewis had plans as late as 1919 to publish. German composer Max Reger completed one of his last compositions, Der Einsiedler, in Jena, Germany, and dedicated it to conductor Philipp Wolfrum. It would premier the following year after his death. Wolf Point, Montana was incorporated. Born: Albert Ghiorso, American physicist, discovered a record 12 elements for the periodic table of elements, in Vallejo, California (d. 2010); Harrison Storms, American aeronautical engineer, project manager of the Apollo command project from 1961 to 1967, in Chicago (d. 1992); Scott Cutlip, American academic, developer of public relations education, in Buckhannon, West Virginia (d. 2000) July 16, 1915 (Friday) Battle of Manzikert — The Ottoman Third Army under command of Abdul Kerim Pasha counterattacked invading Russian forces. With the Ottomans outnumbering the Russians 3–1, they were able to force the invading force back to Malazgirt, Turkey. The Yaskawa Electric Corporation was established in Kitakyushu, Japan as an electric parts manufacturer. The company eventually became known throughout the 20th century for its mobile control devices and an innovator in robotics and information technology in the 21st century. The National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America — Order of the Arrow — was founded by Scouts field director E. Urner Goodman. L. Frank Baum released his ninth Land of Oz book, The Scarecrow of Oz. It was said to be Baum's favorite of all the Oz books. Born: David Campbell, Australian poet, known for poetry collections such as The Miracle of Mullion Hill, in Adelong, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1979); Annie Llewelyn-Davies, British politician, first woman to hold Chief Whip in the House of Lords from 1974 to 1979, in Birkenhead, England (d. 1997) Died: Ellen G. White, American religious leader, co-founder of Seventh-Day Adventism, most translated American author (b. 1827) July 17, 1915 (Saturday) Russian forces on the central-north of the Eastern Front sustained up to 80 percent of losses and were forced to retreat across the Narew River in Galicia (now northeastern Poland) to avoid annihilation. William Creen, an inmate at the state prison in Milledgeville, Georgia, tried to kill Leo Frank, who was serving a commuted life sentence for the murder of 13-year old Mary Phagan. Creen slashed Frank's throat using a kitchen butcher knife but Frank survived the attack. According to The New York Times, Creen told authorities he attacked Frank "to keep the other inmates safe from mob violence, Frank's presence was a disgrace to the prison, and he was sure he would be pardoned if he killed Frank." The 1st and 2nd Australian Siege Artillery Batteries left Melbourne to serve on the Western Front. Australasian Films released its first feature film The Hero of the Dardanelles, a war film directed by Alfred Rolfe and starring Guy Hastings. The film recreated the landing at Gallipoli using 1,000 actual Australian soldiers from Liverpool Camp at Tamarama Beach in Sydney. The film was popular at the box office and screened to the Prime Minister of Australia and Premier of Victoria. A copy was later placed in the archives of the Australian Federal Parliament. Born: Fred Ball, American movie executive and actor, executive board member of Desilu Productions, brother of comedian Lucille Ball, in Jamestown, New York (d. 2007); Arthur Rothstein, American photographer, best known for his coverage of the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression, in New York City (d. 1985); Katherine Sanford, American medical researcher, lead researcher in cancer and Alzheimer's disease research for the National Cancer Institute, in Chicago (d. 2005) Died: Francis Delafield, American physician, first president of the Association of American Physicians (b. 1841) July 18, 1915 (Sunday) Second Battle of the Isonzo — A force of 250,000 troops from the Italian Second and Third Armies engaged in brutal hand-to-hand combat with 78,000 Austro-Hungarian troops, who were better equipped and holding well-defended positions in the Alps. Italian cruiser was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea southeast of Dubrovnik, Serbia by Austro-Hungarian submarine with the loss of 53 of her 559 crew. Born: Phil Graham, American news executive, publisher for The Washington Post, husband to Katharine Graham, in Terry, South Dakota (d. 1963) Died: Frank Tarr, British rugby player, centre for the England national rugby union team from 1909 to 1913 (killed in action at the Second Battle of Ypres (b. 1887) July 19, 1915 (Monday) French fighter pilot Georges Guynemer shot down his first enemy aircraft, a German Aviatik, while flying a Morane-Saulnier L monoplane nicknamed Vieux Charles. Guynemer would eventually earn the flying ace for downing 54 more enemy aircraft. Albert Jacka became the first Australian to win the Victoria Cross during World War I. U.S. Navy battleship was severely damaged by fire at Camden, New Jersey. She was subsequently repaired and re-entered service in May 1916. Besant Theosophical College opened in Madras as an affiliate of the University of Madras, the oldest active college in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The United States Forest Service broke up the Paulina National Forest in Oregon and merged it with three other national forests in the region. A rail station was opened in North Wollongong, New South Wales to serve the South Coast line in Australia. The Board of Invention and Research of the Royal Navy met for the first time in London to recruit scientists and engineers to assist with emerging technical and logistical challenges in wartime naval operations. The Australian silent war drama Within Our Gates premiered throughout the country, being the first film to depict the Gallipoli campaign. The Taos Society of Artists was established in Taos, New Mexico, where it would be instrumental in bringing the Taos art colony to the international stage. July 20, 1915 (Tuesday) Battle of Manzikert — The Ottoman Army pushed the Russians out of Malazgirt, Turkey. The 28th Indian Brigade, supported by two British artillery companies under command of A. M. S. Elsmie attacked and retook the town of Sheikh Othman, South Arabia (now Yemen) after it fell to the Ottoman Empire weeks earlier. German submarine was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British submarine with the loss of 24 of her 34 crew. A strike at the Bayonne refinery in New Jersey became violent after Mayor Pierre Prosper Garven of Bayonne, New Jersey allowed the city's police force to be used to enforce picket lines set by Standard Oil of New Jersey (the mayor was also on the oil company's payroll as an attorney). Following an initial walk-out of 1,200 refinery works over pay and working conditions, a riot broke out on the picket lines between the strikers and the police, leading to the shooting death of 19-year-old striker John Sterancsak. The Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway opened an electric railway station in Immingham, England. The station was closed in 1955. July 21, 1915 (Wednesday) U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued Germany an ultimatum in the third and final letter related to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in May, warning any subsequent sinkings would be perceived by the United States as "deliberately unfriendly". British submarine slipped through an anti-submarine net in the Dardanelles. Violence stemming the shooting death of a striking worker yesterday escalated during the strike at the Bayonne refinery when a mob attacked and attempted to set fire to the Tidewater Petroleum in Bayonne, New Jersey. Violence would continue for another week, resulting in the deaths of five more strikers as well as several injuries and significant property damage caused by arson. Order was eventually restored. Investigation onto the initial riot led to the superintendent of the Tidewater refinery and 32 guards being charged for inciting a riot. Ross Sea party — Ice pressure on the sides of the drifting British polar ship Aurora in the Ross Sea damaged the vessel's rudder beyond repair, forcing first officer Joseph Stenhouse to consider abandoning ship but he belayed the order when ice movements shifted the following day. Voters in Alberta, Canada voted in favor of prohibiting the sale and distribution of alcohol within the province, the second time the region went dry (the first prohibition was lifted in 1892 when Alberta was part of the Northwest Territories). Just over 58,000 voted in favour of prohibition while 37,000 voted against. Prohibition was implemented July 1, 1916. Seventeen-year old British soldier Herbert Burden was executed for desertion, the youngest ever to be executed by the British Army. Burden testified during his court-martial that he had not deserted his unit after he had been discharged from a British Hospital on June 26, but he was visiting a friend in a neighboring unit who had lost a comrade in battle and intended to return to his post, arguably making it a case of absent without leave. He was pardoned posthumously by the British government in 2006 along with 300 other executed soldiers. July 22, 1915 (Thursday) The Great Retreat was ordered on the Eastern Front as forces with the Central Powers crossed the Vistula River in Galicia (now Poland). Battle of Manzikert — Bad communications delays kept Russian general Nikolai Yudenich from learning that the Russians had retreated from Manzikert, Turkey. In all, the Russian force lost between 7,000 and 10,000 men. The British government introduced the Elections and Registration Act which required all British citizens aged 15 to 65 to be registered by August 15. The British Army established the 119th Brigade. The Breton-Prétot machine was approved to by the French War Department to cut through barbed wire defenses on the Western Front. Died: Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and surveyor, developed the time zone system (b. 1827) July 23, 1915 (Friday) No. 21 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was established at Netheravon, England. The North Western State Railway opened the Wazirabad–Narowal Branch Line in British India (now Pakistan), connecting Wazirabad with Narowal. Born: Hugo Bagnulo, Uruguayan association football player and manager, member of the Uruguay national football team in 1942, led the Peñarol club to five national league titles from 1973 to 1975 and 1982 to 1983, in Montevideo (d. 2008); Horace Hahn, American lawyer, assistant to Robert H. Jackson during the Nuremberg trials (d. 2003) July 24, 1915 (Saturday) The steamer capsized in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives. German submarine SM U-36 was sunk in the North Atlantic by British Q-ship (armed merchant vessel) HMS Prince Charles with the loss of 18 out of the 34 crew. It was the first time a militarized merchant ship was able to sink an enemy vessel without the aid of a fellow submarine. Born: Ralph S. Locher, Romanian-American politician, 50th mayor of Cleveland, in Moreni, Romania (d. 2004); Hillel Kook, Lithuanian-Israeli activist, prominent member of the Irgun Zionist paramilitary group, in Kriukai, Lithuania (d. 2001) July 25, 1915 (Sunday) Second Battle of the Isonzo — Members of the Italian Second and Third Armies occupied the Cappuccio Wood south of Mount San Michele, which had been used as bridgehead by the Austro-Hungarian army, but failed to hold the mountain itself. Royal Flying Corps pilot Lanoe Hawker shot down three German aircraft while on patrol over Passchendaele, Belgium, including the aircraft piloted by Hans Roser, and became the first airman to be awarded the Victoria Cross for combat against enemy airplanes. Mexican border raiders burned a railway bridge belonging to St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, leading Texas Governor James E. Ferguson to order a unit of Texas Rangers to assist local law in keeping order in the area. The association football Olympic Club was formed in Barbacena, Brazil. Born: Enrique Fernando, Filipino judge, 13th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, in Malate, Manila, Philippines (d. 2004); Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American air naval officer, son of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy, member of Operation Aphrodite, recipient of the Navy Cross, in Hull, Massachusetts (d. 1944, killed in action); Milton Rosen, American space engineer, lead developer of the Viking and Vanguard rockets for the Apollo program, in Philadelphia (d. 2014) Died: Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, French socialite, famously modeled for the painting Portrait of Madame X by John Singer Sargent (b. 1859) July 26, 1915 (Monday) French submarine was scuttled in the Dardanelles, with 31 crew taken as prisoners of war. The vessel attempted to slip through the same anti-submarine net British sub was able to do five days earlier, but failed to negotiate it and subsequently was forced to surface. Shore batteries spotted the sub and shelled the conning tower before it could submerge. German destroyer was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy submarine with the loss of five of her crew. The 2nd Division was established as part of the First Australian Imperial Force to fight at Gallipoli, with the 5th, 6th, and 7th Brigades serving in it. The submarines Tegualda and Rucumilla were launched by Fore River Shipyard at Quincy, Massachusetts. Originally, both submarines were commissioned to the Royal Navy but because of United States neutrality during World War I, they were commissioned instead to the Chilean Navy. Norwegian clipper Cimba was wrecked in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence due to heavy fog while en route from Matane, Quebec, to Liverpool, the last ship ever to be wrecked in the area. The first edition of South African national newspaper Die Burger was published. Born: K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yoga master, developed the Ashtanga yoga style in Mysore, India, in Hassan district, India (d. 2009) July 27, 1915 (Tuesday) Battle of Kara Killisse — Following Russia's defeat from the Battle of Manzikert, Russian General Nikolai Yudenich regrouped the retreating Caucasus Army and engaged the pursuing Ottoman Third Army at Kara Killisse (now Ağrı, Turkey). During the advance, the Ottomans captured the Russian-held town of Muş, Turkey. Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, President of Haiti, ordered the execution of his predecessor Oreste Zamor along with 160 other political prisoners in Port-au-Prince. The brutal mass execution became the tipping point for the nation after months of violent oppression under the regime, resulting in a citizen uprising the same day. Sam took refuge in the French embassy but a mob broke in the following day and killed him. Born: Jack Iverson, Australian cricketer, batsman for the Australia national cricket team from 1950 to 1951, in Melbourne (d. 1973); Josef Priller, German air force officer, commander of the Jagdgeschwader 26 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Ingolstadt, Germany (d. 1961) July 28, 1915 (Wednesday) The United States occupation of Haiti began when U.S. President Woodrow Wilson authorized 330 U.S. Marines to land at Port-au-Prince to safeguard the interests of American businesses operating in the country, following the lynching and murder of Haitian president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. The occupation would last until 1934. Norwegian ocean liner was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Shetland, Great Britain by German submarine . Her passengers and crew were rescued by a sailing ship. The Bayonne refinery strike in New Jersey ended as workers returned on promises of increased pay and the institution of an eight-hour day. British cruiser HMS Castor was launched at Cammell Laird at Birkenhead, England, and would see action during World War I and the Russian Civil War. The prototype of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 model was first flown at Farnborough Airport, England, and went to wide production in August to combat the Fokker airplanes used by the Imperial German Army. The British government created by Order in Council the Committee for Scientific and Industrial Research at the recommendation President of the Board of Education. The committee would was ordered to pursue establishing a permanent government organization dedicated to scientific research and innovation, and eventually formed the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research the following year. Born: Dick Sprang, American comic book artist, best known for his artwork for Batman during the Golden Age of Comic Books, in Fremont, Ohio (d. 2000); Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician, known of polka hits "Just Because" and "Blue Skirt Waltz", in Davis, West Virginia (d. 1998) Born: Charles H. Townes, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the maser, in Greenville, South Carolina (d. 2015); Richard Kerry, American civil servant, lawyer for the Bureau for United Nations Affairs, father to Cameron and John Kerry, in Brookline, Massachusetts (d. 2000) July 29, 1915 (Thursday) The British Elections and Registration Act was passed by both houses of British Parliament and received royal assent. Irish Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, took over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference, causing Douglas Hyde to resign as its president. Adolfo Munoz, a Mexican living in Cameron County, Texas, was arrested in San Benito, Texas, for "scheming to rob a local bank and having connections with armed raiders." A masked lynch mob abducted Munoz from police custody, and he was found dead the following day from multiple gunshot wounds. It was unknown whether the lynch mob were local vigilantes or Mexican rebels. Born: Francis Sargent, American politician, 64th Governor of Massachusetts, in Hamilton, Massachusetts (d. 1998); Bruce R. McConkie, American religious leader, member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1972 to 1985, in Ann Arbor, Michigan (d. 1985) Died: Martina Bergman-Österberg, Swedish-British educator and activist, promoter of fitness among women and founder of the Ling Association (b. 1849) July 30, 1915 (Friday) Armenian genocide — Armenian partisan fighter and political leader Hampartsoum Boyadjian was hanged along with 12 other comrades at a prison in Kayseri, Turkey. The flamethrower was used for the first time in combat, with German forces using it to flush out British soldiers from their trenches at Hooge, Belgium. British cargo ship was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean southwest of the Fastnet Rock by German submarine with the loss of seven crew. Lieutenant Charles Becker of the New York City Police Department was executed by electrocution for the 1912 murder of gambler Herman Rosenthal. It was the first time an American police officer had received the death penalty. The Iwate Light Railway was extended in the Iwate Prefecture, Japan, with stations Kashiwagidaira and Masuzawa serving the line. July 31, 1915 (Saturday) Battle of Kara Killisse — The Russian Caucasus Army routed the Ottoman Third Army at Kara Killisse (now Ağrı, Turkey), using 20,000 reinforcements from Cossack units. Battle of Jastków — The Imperial Russian Army and Polish Legions clashed at the village of Jastków in what is now eastern Poland, the largest battle between the two armies. Lamington National Park was established in the McPherson Range that runs between Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. The park was named after Lord Lamington, former Governor of Queensland. The Joshin Electric Railway extended the Jōshin Line in the Gunma Prefecture, Japan, with station Niiya serving the line. The town of Raceland, Kentucky, was incorporated. Born: Herbert Aptheker, American historian, author of the seven-volume series Documentary History of the Negro People, in New York City (d. 2003) Died: Billy Geen, Welsh rugby player, member of the Oxford and Wales national rugby union team from 1910 to 1913, killed in action at Hooge, Belgium (b. 1891) References 1915 1915-07 1915-07

38072844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201919

June 1919

The following events occurred in June 1919: Sunday, June 1, 1919 The soviet republics in Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania-Belorussia, Latvia, and the Crimea formed a military union. Third Anglo-Afghan War – The London Regiment, along with British Indian and Sikh units under the command of Reginald Dyer punched through a line of tribal resistance fighters with artillery on their way to relieve besieged forces at Thall, British India (now Pakistan), but suffered 94 casualties. A mutiny broke out on the Royal Australian Navy battlecruiser shortly after it arrived in Fremantle, Australia, effectively delaying its scheduled departure to Melbourne by one hour. The Hakone Tozan Railway opened the Hakone Tozan Line in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, with stations Hakone-Yumoto, Ōhiradai, Miyanoshita, Kowakidani, Ni-no-Taira, and Gōra serving the line. As well, the Seibu Tamagawa Line was extended with stations Jōkyū serving the line. Several rail stations were reopened in Scotland after being closed down during World War I, including stations in Crosshill, Crookston, and Glasgow. American chemist Irving Langmuir introduced the term covalence in relation to chemical bonding models in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. The Algonquin Round Table, a group of writers, critics and actors that included Alexander Woollcott and Dorothy Parker, began meeting for daily lunches at the Algonquin Hotel in New York City. The group gather would meet regularly for another 10 years before it dissolved. Born: Gisbert Hasenjaeger, German mathematician, known for his research into first-order logic, member of the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht during World War II and the Enigma program, in Hildesheim, Germany (d. 2006) Died: Caroline Still Anderson, American physician, first African-American woman to practice medicine (b. 1848) Monday, June 2, 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War – British forces attacked Afghan regulars west of Thall, British India, despite a notice from Afghanistan for a ceasefire. A message delay from headquarters forced commander Reginald Dyer to reply: "My guns will give an immediate reply, but your letter will be forwarded to the Divisional Commander." The attack forced the Afghan to retreat with the British in pursuit, despite resistance from 400 Afghan tribesmen. Italian anarchists led by Luigi Galleani sent eight mail bombs to prominent American public figures including United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and Cleveland Mayor Harry L. Davis. None of the bombs killed their intended targets, but a night watchman for New York City was killed handling one of the packages. This motivated Palmer to request extra funding from the United States House Committee on Appropriations to investigate and arrest the groups behind the bomb attacks. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the Colonial Office approved a Royal Air Force proposal to send a self-contained air unit to British Somaliland to regain control over the colony from the Dervish State of Diiriye Guure. It would be the first time the concept of "aerial policing" was used to suppress colonial rebellions. The 99th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded at Mitchell Field, New York. Several rail stations were reopened in Scotland after being closed down during World War I, including stations in Burnbank, Esk Bridge, Kelvinside, Mount Vernon, and Roslin. Sports club Germania Hamburg merged with another rival sports club in Hamburg to become Hamburger SV. The club is most famous for its competitive association football program, which included national titles in the German football league system. Sports club Växjö was established in Växjö, Sweden, becoming well known for its women's and disabled sports programs. The borough of Southmont, Pennsylvania, was incorporated. Born: Agustín Ramos Calero, Puerto Rican soldier, most decorated Hispanic soldier for the United States Army during World War II, recipient of the Silver Star and Croix de Guerre, in Isabela, Puerto Rico (d. 1989); Garlin Murl Conner, American army officer, member of the 7th Infantry Regiment during World War II, recipient of the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, four Silver Stars, and the Croix de guerre, in Aaron, Kentucky (d. 1998) Tuesday, June 3, 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War – Facing a general retreat and losing units to capture, Afghanistan pursued an armistice with Great Britain. Some fighting with local militia continued for another two months before a peace treaty was signed on August 8. The Afghans lost 1,000 men while the British recorded 236 killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 deaths from cholera, and 334 deaths from other diseases or accidents. The Philippines held elections for the Senate and the House of Representatives, with the ruling Nacionalista Party increasing their number of House seats. The sports club Central Córdoba was established in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. It is most known for its association football team in the Primera B Nacional. Born: Elizabeth Duncan Koontz, American educator and activist, first African-American woman to be president of the National Education Association and 6th director of the United States Women's Bureau, in Salisbury, North Carolina (d. 1989) Wednesday, June 4, 1919 The United States Congress approved the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sent it to the U.S. states for ratification. The 27th Australian Battalion was disbanded. The 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army was disbanded and absorbed into the 14th Red Army. The One Big Union was established in Calgary in an attempt to organize syndicalist trade unions in Western Canada. It merged with the Canadian Labour Congress in 1956. A group of five British engineering firms formed the corporate conglomerate Agricultural & General Engineers in London, however, allegations of fraud forced the company to be liquidated in 1932. Citroën, a member of Groupe PSA was founded in France. Born: Dorothy Howell Rodham, American matriarch, mother of Hillary Clinton, in Chicago (d. 2011) Died: Tokudaiji Sanetsune, Japanese politician, second Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan (b. 1840); William T. Haines, American politician, 49th Governor of Maine (b. 1854) Thursday, June 5, 1919 Estonian War of Independence and Latvian War of Independence – A southern front in the war opened up when the pro-German Baltische Landeswehr force, supported by German reserve units, advanced against Estonian and Latvian forces in northern Latvia. Khosrov bey Sultanov, governor of the districts of Karabakh and Zangezur in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, ordered troops to subdue rebelling ethnic Armenians in the villages of Khaibalikend, Jamillu, Karkujahan and Pahliul. Over the next two days, soldiers massacred 600 to 700 Armenians, including women and children. An explosion at the Delaware and Hudson Coal Company mine in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, killed 92 miners and injured another 44 men, making it one of the deadliest industrial accidents in Pennsylvania's history. Russian choreographer Léonide Massine premiered his ballet The Fantastic Toyshop at the Alhambra Theatre in London with Ballets Russes performing. Association football club Atlético Grau was established in Piura, Peru, as one of the provincial league teams in the region. Born: James C. Fletcher, American space engineer, 4th and 7th Administrator of NASA, in Millburn, New Jersey (d. 1991); Richard Scarry, American writer and illustrator, best known for his Busytown and Tinker and Tanker book series for children including Best Word Book Ever, in Boston (d. 1994) Died: Manuel Franco, Paraguayan state leader, 26th President of Paraguay (b. 1871) Friday, June 6, 1919 Estonian War of Independence and Latvian War of Independence – Estonian forces crossed the Daugava River and occupied the Latvian town of Jēkabpils while the Baltische Landeswehr took control of Cēsis, setting both forces up for a major confrontation in northern Latvia. The Hungarian National Army was established as the land force for Hungarian Soviet Republic but was renamed the Royal Hungarian Army in 1920 after the soviet government was overthrown and the resulting democratic republic established the Kingdom of Hungary. The Fascist Manifesto by Benito Mussolini was published in the newspaper The People of Italy. The Government of Canada established the Air Board as its national aviation authority, the first country to legislate and implement rules governing the entire domain of aviation within its borders. The association football club Blumenthaler was established in Bremen, Germany. Born: Peter Carington, British politician, cabinet minister for the Edward Heath administration, Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988, in Chelsea, London, England (d. 2018) Died: Inoue Enryō, Japanese academic, founder of Toyo University, creator of Tetsugaku-dō Park (b. 1858); Nicole Girard-Mangin, French physician, first female medical officer to serve in the French Army (b. 1878) Saturday, June 7, 1919 Russian Civil War – The 5th Red Army captured Birsk, Russia from the White Russians. British troops fired on a mob protesting against the colonial government in Malta, killing four people. This resulted in support for political parties closely associated with Italy and increased independence from Great Britain. The date since then has been commemorated as the national holiday of Sette Giugno in Malta. The Desert Mounted Corps of the British Army was officially disbanded in Cairo. The Latvian Air Force was founded to combat German and White Russian forces threatening the country. French aviator Raymonde de Laroche set a women's altitude record of nearly while flying a Caudron G.3 airplane. Commercial luxury transporter Daimler created a commercial airline arm that became Daimler Airway, a short-lived luxury commercial airline in England. The thirteenth book in the Oz series, The Magic of Oz, was published a month after the death of author L. Frank Baum. Sales for it and the previous book The Tin Woodman of Oz were strong, likely due his recent death. The rugby team Two Blues was established in Cabramatta, New South Wales, Australia. Died: Henning von Holtzendorff, German naval officer, architect of unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I, recipient of the Order of the Black Eagle and Pour le Mérite (b. 1853) Sunday, June 8, 1919 Royal Air Force Fairey seaplanes attacked four armed Soviet Steamboats on Lake Onega, Russia, during the Russian Civil War. Although the attack did little damage, the Soviet boats were surprised and forced to flee, pursued by four smaller and less-well-armed Royal Navy torpedo boats. Belgian cyclist Hector Tiberghien won the 14th edition of the Paris–Tours cycling race, completing the 342 km route in 12 hours, 35 minutes. Italian cyclist Costante Girardengo won the 7th edition of the Giro d'Italia cycling race, completing the route with a winning time of 112 hours, 51 minutes, 29 seconds. The Pi Epsilon Delta honor society for drama students was established at the University of Wisconsin. It became known as the National Collegiate Players when it merged with other drama honor societies in 1922. The Rio Branco Football Club was established in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. The sports club Essinge was established in Stockholm, with programs in association football, bandy, handball and ice hockey. Born: Abdirashid Shermarke, Somalian state leader, second President and third Prime Minister of Somalia, in Harardhere, Somalia (d. 1969, assassinated); John R. Deane Jr., American army officer, commander of the 173rd Airborne Brigade during the Vietnam War, two-time recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross and three-time recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, in San Francisco (d. 2013) Born: Isaac Boleslavsky, Ukrainian chess player, runner-up in the 1951 World Chess Championship, in Zolotonosha, Ukraine (d. 1977); Guy Overton, New Zealand cricketer, batsman for the New Zealand national cricket team from 1953 to 1954, in Dunedin, New Zealand (d. 1993); Bill Newton, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 22 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in St Kilda, Victoria, Australia (d. 1943, executed) Monday, June 9, 1919 Russian Civil War – The Red Army captured Ufa, Russia, from the White Russians. The Ukrainian National Council was dissolved after most of the sovereign territory of West Ukrainian People's Republic was overrun by forces from First Czechoslovak Republic. The Philippine Women's University was established in Manila to provide women access to college and university level education. The town of Altheimer, Arkansas, was incorporated, named after two prominent merchant brothers Joseph and Louis Altheimer of Darmstadt-Eberstadt, Germany. Tuesday, June 10, 1919 The states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan became the first three states to ratify the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote. Winnipeg general strike – The Canadian federal government ordered the arrest of eight Winnipeg strike leaders including J. S. Woodsworth and A. A. Heaps. American aviator Ruth Law broke the women's altitude record set days earlier by Raymonde de Laroche, flying to . Born: Kevin O'Flanagan, Irish association football and rugby player, forward for Bohemian from 1936 to 1945, the Republic of Ireland national football team from 1937 to 1947, and the Ireland national rugby union team from 1942 to 1947, in Dublin (d. 2006); César Luis González, Puerto Rican-American air force officer, first Puerto Rican pilot for the United States Army Air Forces, recipient of the Air Medal, in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico (d. 1943, killed in action) Died: Mieczysław Garsztka, Polish air force officer, commander of the Polish 7th Air Escadrille (killed in a plane crash near Lwów, Poland) (b. 1896) Wednesday, June 11, 1919 Hungarian forces invaded the small independent Hutsul Republic in Rakhiv (now part of western Ukraine) and dissolved the country. Thoroughbred racehorse Sir Barton, ridden by Johnny Loftus, won the 51st running of the Belmont Stakes with a winning time of 2:17.4, becoming the first American racehorse to win the Triple Crown. Born: Richard Todd, Irish actor, best known for his film roles in The Hasty Heart and The Dam Busters, in Dublin (d. 2009); Suleiman Mousa, Jordanian historian, best known his biographies on Hussein bin Ali and T. E. Lawrence, in Al Rafeed, Jordan (d. 2008) Died: John Coit Spooner, American politician, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1885 to 1891, and 1897 to 1907 (b. 1843) Thursday, June 12, 1919 New York City police raided the offices of the Russian Soviet Government Bureau on West 40th Street, which had been set up as a trade and information agency between Soviet Russia and the United States. The raid was backed by the Lusk Committee of the New York State Legislature to investigate what it deemed alleged communist activities within the United States. Not to be outdone by American rival Ruth Law, French aviator Raymonde de Laroche regained her top standing by breaking the women's altitude record again, flying to a height of . Pro golfer Walter Hagen defeated challenger Mike Brady by a single stroke to win his second and final U.S. Open at the Brae Burn Country Club in West Newton, Massachusetts. Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos completed Symphony No. 3, the first in the trilogy of symphonies covering the themes of war, victory, and peace. The second composition, Symphony No. 4, was completed in September. Born: Ahmed Abdallah, Comoran state leader, first President of the Comoros, in Domoni, Anjouan, Comoros (d. 1989); Uta Hagen, German-American actress and instructor, recipient of the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Country Girl and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, author of Respect for Acting and A Challenge for the Actor, in Göttingen, Germany (d. 2004) Friday, June 13, 1919 Cher Ami, the United States Army homing pigeon that provided critical information that ultimately saved the embattled 77th Infantry Division from being overwhelmed during the Meuse–Argonne offensive at the close of World War I, succumbed to injuries and passed away while at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Prior to her death, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre, with her caregiver Enoch Clifford Swain of the U.S. Signal Corps receiving the decoration on her behalf. The 163d and 278th Aero Squadrons of the United States Army Air Service were disbanded at Mitchell Field, New York. The 3rd Ukrainian Soviet Army was disbanded and became part of the 12th Red Army. The town of Vero, Florida, was established; it officially changed its name to Vero Beach in 1925. The village of Rimbey, Alberta, was incorporated. Born: Leo Brewer, American chemist, member of the Manhattan Project, in St. Louis (d. 2005); Lê Quang Tung, Vietnamese army officer, commander of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces, architect of the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids in 1963, in Hương Trà, French Indochina (d. 1963, assassinated) Saturday, June 14, 1919 The National Assembly of Soviets was established as the legislative branch of the Hungarian Soviet Republic but would only remain active for about two months, until the soviet government was overthrown in August. British pilot John Alcock and navigator Arthur Whitten Brown left St. John's, Newfoundland, flying a Vickers Vimy in the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Navy pilot Charles Hammann died in an aircraft crash at Langley Field, Virginia. He would receive the Medal of Honor posthumously the following year for a heroic action during World War I, retroactively becoming the first U.S. aviator ever to receive the award. Robert Munro, Secretary of State for Scotland, opened new hospital buildings to treat patients with tuberculosis in East Kilbride, Scotland, eventually becoming University Hospital Hairmyres. Weekly newspaper The Leven Lever was first published in Ulverstone, Tasmania and ran for about a year before folding in 1920. Association football club Orijent was established in the disputed port city of Fiume, before it became part of Rijeka, Croatia. Born: Sam Wanamaker, American theatrical director, credited for restoring Shakespeare's Globe in London, founder of Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, in Chicago (d. 1993); Gene Barry, American actor, best known for his lead roles in 1960s television series Bat Masterson and Burke's Law, in New York City (d. 2009) Born: Jack Riley, Canadian hockey player and sports executive, first general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins, in Toronto (d. 2016); James Allen Ward, New Zealand air force officer, member of the No. 75 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Victoria Cross, in Whanganui, New Zealand (d. 1941, killed in action) Died: Weedon Grossmith, English writer, co-author with brother George Grossmith of The Diary of a Nobody (b. 1854); Ernest Lister, American politician, 8th Governor of Washington (b. 1870) Sunday, June 15, 1919 Russian Civil War – The Ukrainian Front was abolished. The Maurist Party gained majority of the seats for the Congress of Deputies and Senate during elections for the 18th Cortes Generales (legislative houses) of Spain. Equal suffrage was applied to men and women in Czechoslovakia for municipal elections. British pilot John Alcock and navigator Arthur Whitten Brown completed the first nonstop 16-hour flight across the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Clifden, County Galway, Ireland. They won £10,000 from the Daily Mail and received knighthoods later that year. Pancho Villa lead a force of 9,500 men to attack Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, where a force of 7,300 Carrancistas were garrisoned. When the bullets began to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment totaling 8,600 men crossed the border to repulse Villa's forces away from American territory. Villa lost 150 men while the opposing Mexican-American side lost 69 men, plus another 27 civilians killed. Villa's defeat ended any other attempts to stage offensives near the Mexican-American border, making it the last major battle of the Border War between Mexican revolutionary and American forces. Frederick Handley Page established Handley Page Transport as one of the first British commercial airlines. Charlie Chaplin released his third film through First National Pictures, a comedy short titled Sunnyside with regular co-star Edna Purviance. The comic strip Old Doc Yak, created by Sidney Smith, was published for a final time, with the title character purposely selling off his trademark car to his neighbours The Gumps so he could move away "to start life all over again". The association football Central Sport Club was established in Caruaru, Brazil. Born: Charles Kaman, American aeronautical engineer, known for his research into developing the helicopter, in Washington D.C. (d. 2011); Van T. Barfoot, American army officer, commander of the 157th Infantry Regiment during World War II, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action in France, the Silver Star and Bronze Star Medal, in Edinburg, Mississippi (d. 2012) Died: Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza, Austrian noble, collaborated with Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro to overthrow the First Portuguese Republic (b. 1879) Monday, June 16, 1919 Paris Peace Conference – The Allies submitted to Germany an ultimatum to accept a draft of the peace treaty within five days or risk renewed warfare. Russian Civil War – White Russian forces began a general retreat from the Eastern Front. Invading Hungarian forces established the Slovak Soviet Republic in the Prešov, Czechoslovakia, as the region was predominantly ethic Hungarian. The states of Kansas, Ohio, and New York ratified the 19th Amendment. The 39th stage of the U.S. National Championships for women was held at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City. The 28th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded in Garden City, New York. The St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre, an outdoor amphitheater better known at The Muny, opened to the public with a performance of the comic opera Robin Hood by Reginald De Koven. Born: V. T. Sambanthan, Malaysian politician, 5th President of the Malaysian Indian Congress, in Sungai Siput, Malaysia (d. 1979) Died: Fernando Figueroa, Salvadoran state leader, 22nd President of El Salvador (b. 1849) Tuesday, June 17, 1919 Greek soldiers massacred 200 ethnic Turkish civilians, and wounded 200 more, at the town of Menemen, İzmir Province, Turkey. The dead included mayor Kaymakam Kemal Bey. Some 400 soldiers with the Canadian Army rioted and assaulted the police station in Epsom, England in an attempt to release one of their own members who was incarcerated. Sixteen English police officers were involved in defending the station, with eleven injured and another dying from a head injury the following day. Eight Canadian soldiers were later arrested and put on trial, with four convicted of manslaughter. Their sentences were commuted by the Prince of Wales and all were allowed to return to Canada. Illinois had to reconfirm ratification of women's suffrage due to the error in the text of the initial resolution, but still retained the prestige of being the first U.S. state to ratify the 19th Amendment. The 139th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded at Hazelhurst Field, Mineola, New York. The comic strip Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, created by Billy DeBeck, debuted in the Chicago Herald and Chicago Examiner. Born: Beryl Reid, English actress, known for her film roles including The Killing of Sister George and television roles including Smiley's People, recipient of the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Killing of Sister George, in Hereford, England (d. 1996); Kingman Brewster Jr., American diplomat and academic, 17th President of Yale University, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1977 to 1981, in Longmeadow, Massachusetts (d. 1988); Herbert Gentry, American painter, noted ex-pat of the Expressionism movement in Europe, in Pittsburgh (d. 2003) Died: Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre, French noble, naval officer for the United States Navy and French Navy, grandson to Louis Philippe I (b. 1845) Wednesday, June 18, 1919 White Russian forces under command of Yakov Slashchov landed at Koktebel, Crimea and forced the government of the Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic to flee the capital of Simferopol. German Rear-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter circulated an order among the remaining 1,700 sailors of the High Seas Fleet interned at Scapa Flow to scuttle all the remaining 74 ships of the fleet rather than have them handed over to the Allies should Germany sign the proposed peace treaty at the Paris Peace Conference, tentatively scheduled for June 21 (but postponed later to June 28). The Dáil Éireann established the National Arbitration Courts in Ireland. Winnipeg general strike – Eight strike leaders were arrested, with seven members brought to trial and convicted of political crimes, including future politicians J. S. Woodsworth, George Armstrong, William Ivens, and John Queen, the future Mayor of Winnipeg. The Liga Deportiva Alajuelense was founded in Costa Rica, becoming the biggest association football club in Central America. Zionist leader Isaac Leib Goldberg began publishing the Hebrew newspaper Hadashot Ha'aretz (News of the Land), later known as Haaretz, in Jerusalem. Thursday, June 19, 1919 Battle of Cēsis – Estonian and Latvian forces attacked the Baltische Landeswehr near Cēsis, Latvia, in what would be the decisive battle for the Estonian and Latvian wars for independence. Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando resigned and dissolved his cabinet following his inability to acquire the Croatian city of Fiume for Italy in the peace settlement at the Paris Peace Conference, despite 90% of the population being ethnic Italian. The Pennsylvania State Senate ratified the 19th Amendment. National Workers Bank was established by trade unions and the Social Democrats of Denmark in Copenhagen to become the country's seventh largest bank. The association football club Salernitana was established in Salerno, Italy. Born: Pauline Kael, American film critic, best known for her film columns in The New Yorker, author of I Lost It at the Movies and Raising Kane, in Petaluma, California (d. 2001) Died: Petre P. Carp, Romanian state leader and author, 21st Prime Minister of Romania, co-founder of the Junimea club (b. 1837) Friday, June 20, 1919 Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann resigned from his position as head of the Weimar Republic in Germany and dissolved his government in protest over the Allied ultimatum to accept the draft of the peace treaty submitted by the Paris Peace Conference. Battle of Cēsis – The Baltische Landeswehr attempted to capture Limbaži, Latvia, held by Estonian and Latvian forces but achieved only limited success. Five sailors serving on the Royal Australian Navy battlecruiser were charged with leading a mutiny on June 1 when the ship was anchored in Fremantle, Australia, but public sympathy forced the navy to reduce sentences for the participants in September. Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman won her fourth national title, defeating Marion Zinderstein 6–1, 6–2 in the women's singles at the U.S. National Championships. However, Zinderstein defeated Wightman in women's doubles, when she and partner Eleanor Goss defeated Wightman and her partner Eleonora Sears 10–8 and 9–7. Zinderstein also won mixed doubles with partner Vincent Richards, defeating Florence Ballin and Bill Tilden 2–6, 11–9, 6–2. Roy W. Allen opened a root beer and burger stand in Lodi, California. In four years, he partnered with one of his employees and opened the first A&W Restaurant in Sacramento, California. Three football clubs were established the same day in Europe: Elinkwijk in Utrecht, Netherlands, Lavagnese in Lavagna, Italy, and Skövde in Skövde, Sweden. Born: Anna Mac Clarke, American army officer, first African-American female commanding officer for the Women's Army Corps, in Lexington, Kentucky (d. 1944) Died: William Stephen Devery, American law enforcer, first police chief of the New York City Police Department (b. 1854) Saturday, June 21, 1919 German Rear-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered the entire German High Seas Fleet interned in Scapa Flow off the coast of Scotland to be scuttled rather than have the ships seized by the Allies under the terms negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference. Before a Royal Navy squadron could intervene, 15 flag ships were sunk along with 32 destroyers and four light cruisers. Nine German sailors retreating from the sinking ships in lifeboats were shot and killed by the Royal Navy and another 16 were wounded. A total 1,774 German sailors were picked up and transported to Royal Navy battleships. Well known German battleships destroyed included: Gustav Bauer formed a government for Germany following the resignation of the Philipp Scheidemann administration the previous day. Battle of Cēsis – The Baltische Landeswehr launched their main attack against Latvia and Estonia, breaking through the Latvian defense line before Estonian reinforcements halted their advance. Winnipeg general strike – Royal Northwest Mounted Police fired a volley of bullets into a crowd of 30,000 strikers protesting the arrest of the strike leaders, killing two and injuring between 35 and 45 people, in what was later referred to as "Bloody Saturday". The fourth annual Aerial Derby was held in London, the first since the start of World War I. Sixteen participants flew over the same 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit used previously, but did it twice since aircraft were now faster than in 1915. The overall winner was G. Gathergood, who completed the race in 1 hour 27 minutes 42 seconds in an Airco DH.4 with no handicap. H. A. Hammersley won the handicap competition in an Avro Baby with a time of 2 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds. Born: Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, founder of the Cosanti foundation, designer of the experimental town of Arcosanti, Arizona, in Turin (d. 2013); Ernie Blandin, American football player, tackle for the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts from 1946 to 1953, in Augusta, Kansas (d. 1968); Forest K. Ferguson, American football player, defensive end for the Florida Gators football team from 1939 to 1941, in South Jacksonville, Florida (d. 1954) Died: Franz von Liszt, German judge, promoter and developer of international law (b. 1851); Gustaf Retzius, Swedish physician, noted for his research into the nervous system (b. 1842) Sunday, June 22, 1919 A tornado struck Fergus Falls, Minnesota, killing 57 people and causing $4 million in damages. It would be the second deadliest tornado in the state's history. German Chancellor Gustav Bauer sent a telegram to the Paris Peace Conference saying Germany would sign a peace treaty provided certain articles detriment to Germany's security and economy were removed. The Allies responded with an ultimatum that if the treaty was not signed, Allied forces would cross the Rhine within 24 hours. The Inter-Allied Games were held in the newly built Pershing Stadium at Bois de Vincennes, just outside Paris, with over 1,500 military athletes from 18 nations competing. The United States dominated the games with 18 wins. Willingdon College was established in Sangli, India, named after former Governor of India Lord Willingdon. The British Drama League held its inaugural meeting at Theatre Royal in Haymarket, London, England. The association football club Hünfelder was established in Hünfeld, Germany. Born: Henri Tajfel, Polish-British psychologist, known for his research into social identity theory and prejudice, founding member of the European Association of Social Psychology, in Włocławek, Poland (d. 1982); Gower Champion, American choreographer and film director, known his collaboration with wife Marge Champion on film musicals including Mr. Music and Show Boat, in Geneva, Illinois (d. 1980) Monday, June 23, 1919 Battle of Cēsis – The Estonian Army launched a successful counterattack against the Baltische Landeswehr, recapturing Cēsis, Latvia, and forcing the pro-German force to retreat towards Riga. The Landeswehr suffered 274 casualties. The Estonians sustained more casualties than the Latvians, with 110 dead and 295 wounded, compared the Latvians who only lost 13 dead and 30 wounded. The battle proved so decisive in maintaining an independent Estonia and Latvia that the date is commemorated as Victory Day in Estonia. Francesco Saverio Nitti became the Prime Minister of Italy and formed a new government. His replacement of outgoing Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was notable as the two leaders had a long-standing rivalry within their party. Faced with a prospect of a new war against the Allies, German Chancellor Gustav Bauer sent another telegram confirming a German delegation would travel to Paris to sign a peace treaty. The White Russian Volunteer Army began a series of pogroms against Jewish communities around Kiev, starting with the Jewish village of Skvira, Ukraine, where insurgents killed 45 people and raped 35 women. The first and only elections were held in the First Republic of Armenia, with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation winning a majority of the seats. Voter turnout was 71% despite the election being boycotted by the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and Armenian Populist Party. Women voted for the first time and three female candidates were elected to office, including Perchuhi Partizpanyan-Barseghyan. Lomer Gouin was elected to his fourth term as Premier of Quebec, defeating challenger Arthur Sauvé in the Quebec provincial election. Many of the surviving German Zeppelins from World War I were destroyed by their own crews in order to prevent them from falling into Allied hands. Out of the 84 built for the war, 60 had been destroyed. The 4th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was reactivated at Hazelhurst Field in New York before it was eventually mobilized in Hawaii. The 39th staging of the Wimbledon Championships were held in London after a four-year hiatus due to World War I. The Museum of Western and Oriental Art in Kiev was given state museum status to house the art collection donated by the estate of Bogdan Khanenko, the largest collection of foreign art in the Ukraine. The Women's Engineering Society was established in London to address the growing number of women entering the engineering field. Several rail stations were reopened in England after being closed down during World War I, including stations in Coalbrookdale. The Poplar Recreation Ground Memorial was unveiled by Major General Edward Ashmore, commander of London Air Defence Area, on East India Dock Road in Poplar, London as a memorial to the 18 schoolchildren killed in the first daylight German bombing raid in 1917. Born: Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian state leader, 4th President of Algeria, in Ouled Madhi, Algeria (d. 1992, assassinated); Lafayette G. Pool, American army officer, tank commander with the 32nd Armored Regiment during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, Legion of Merit, and Silver Star, in Odem, Texas (d. 1991) Tuesday, June 24, 1919 The Social Democratic Party of Hungary attempted but failed to overthrow the government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Pennsylvania House of Representatives ratified the 19th Amendment, making it the seventh state to endorse extending voting rights to women. Born: Al Molinaro, American actor, best known for his television comedy roles on Happy Days and The Odd Couple, in Kenosha, Wisconsin (d. 2015); Earl E. Anderson, American marine officer, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1972 to 1975, recipient of the Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, and Bronze Star Medal, in Morgantown, West Virginia (d. 2015) Wednesday, June 25, 1919 Massachusetts House of Representatives ratified the 19th Amendment by a vote of 185 in favor and 47 against and the Massachusetts Senate by 34 for and 5 against, making the state the eighth to ratify the federal amendment. Winnipeg general strike – The general strike committee voted to end the strike and call on all 30,000 strikers to return to work. An American platoon of 72 men repelled an attack by a Red Army force of 400 men at their base camp in Romanovka, Siberia, Russia, killing between 41 and 57 Russian soldiers while suffering 24 killed and 25 wounded. The 1st Ukrainian Soviet Army was disbanded and became part of the 12th Red Army. The world's first all-metal commercial airplane, the Junkers F 13, flew for the first time. The Genetics Society was established in London by biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders to become the longest running society dedicated to the study of genetics. The weekly newspaper Australian Town and Country Journal released its final issue in Sydney after nearly 50 years of publication. Association football club Eendracht Aalst was established in Aalst, Belgium. The village of Minburn, Alberta, was incorporated. Died: William Martin Murphy, Irish publisher, founder of the Sunday Independent, leader of employer's syndicate in the Dublin lock-out (b. 1844) Thursday, June 26, 1919 White Russian forces occupied all of Crimea. British Foreign Office official St John Philby and T. E. Lawrence were flown into Cairo for discussions about Arab unrest in Egypt by Canadian pilot Harry Yates in a Handley Page bomber. American publisher Joseph Medill Patterson founded the Illustrated Daily News, the first tabloid newspaper in New York City. It was eventually renamed the New York Daily News and became the ninth most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. Born: Freddie Mills, English boxer, World Light Heavyweight Champion from 1948 to 1950, in Bournemouth, England (d. 1965, suicide); M. Brewster Smith, American psychologist, promoter of deinstitutionalisation in mental health services, famously argued against racial segregation in education in Brown v. Board of Education, in Syracuse, New York (d. 2012) Friday, June 27, 1919 American entrepreneur Marcus Garvey established the Black Star Line as the first shipping line run by African Americans. The Lithuanian Riflemen's Union was established as a paramilitary nonprofit organization specializing in weapons training and sport shooting. The weekly journal Irish Statesman began publication as the mouthpiece for the Irish Dominion League. Edited by Warre B. Wells, the magazine received contributions from leading Irish literary figures including W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, and George William Russell. Born: Howard Leeds, Canadian-American television producer, known for popular television shows The Brady Bunch, Diff'rent Strokes, The Facts of Life and Small Wonder, in Winnipeg (d. 2017) Saturday, June 28, 1919 The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Paris Peace Conference to formally end all international hostilities between the Allies and the Central Powers, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led directly to World War I. With the signing of the treaty, the following conditions occurred: The charter of the Covenant of the League of Nations was established. Germany gave up of territory and 7 million people, most notably losing the Greater Poland region to Poland, the Alsace-Lorraine region to France, and having East Prussia cut off from Germany when the port city of Danzig was ceded to Polish control. The former German African colonies fell under Allied control through the League of Nations mandate, with Togoland and German Cameroon to France, Ruanda-Urundi to Belgium, German South West Africa to South Africa and German East Africa to Great Britain. As well, the German colonies in the Pacific Ocean were divided up with German New Guinea going to Australia, German Samoa to New Zealand, and Palau and other islands to Japan. Germany accepted responsibility for the damages and losses caused by the war and would make reparation payments to the Allies; the Reparations Committee in 1921 would set total reparation payments to gold marks or $5 billion in gold. The Little Treaty of Versailles was signed between Poland and the League of Nations, the first of many Minority Treaties to be signed between the intergovernmental organization and countries signing on for membership. The International Labour Organization was established, becoming an agency of the League of Nations and eventually of the United Nations. The International Opium Convention, signed originally in 1912, became the first internationally enforced drug control treaty until it was superseded in 1961 by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The British Summary Court was established with the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission to oversee Allied occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. The Texas House of Representatives ratified the 19th Amendment, making it the ninth state to approve women's suffrage. The 11th Northern Division of the British Army was disbanded. The 5th Light Horse Regiment was disbanded after returning to Australia. The sports club I. SSK Maribor was established in Maribor. The association football club Zeeburgia was established in Amsterdam. Born: Edward John Carnell, American theologian, second President of the Fuller Theological Seminary, member of the Evangelicalism movement in the United States, in Antigo, Wisconsin (d. 1967) Sunday, June 29, 1919 Voters in Switzerland rejected granting women the right to vote. The Tour de France began after a four-year absence due to World War I. The West Virginia State Police was established. The Polish Chemical Society was established in Warsaw. Born: Slim Pickens, American actor, best known for comedic film roles in Dr. Strangelove and Blazing Saddles, in Kingsburg, California (d. 1983); Maurice Britt, American army officer, commander of Company K, 3rd Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment during World War II, recipient of the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, Silver Star, and Bronze Star Medal, in Carlisle, Arkansas (d. 1995); Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican clergy, Archbishop of Mexico City from 1977 to 1994, in Tampico, Mexico (d. 2008) Died: José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan physician, known for his charitable medical work for the poor in Venezuela (killed in a vehicle accident) (b. 1864) Monday, June 30, 1919 The ANZAC Mounted Division was disbanded after the last units returned to Australia and New Zealand. The Auckland, Canterbury, and Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiments were disbanded after leaving the Suez Canal for New Zealand. The 33rd Infantry Division of the British Army was disbanded. The Tottenham Royal Engineers of the British Army was disbanded. The 100th, 186th, 213th, and 354th Aero Squadrons of the United States Army Air Service were disbanded at Hazelhurst Field in Mineola, New York. The Eastlake Avenue Bridge in Seattle was renamed University Bridge. It was opened earlier in the year to traffic. Conrad Veidt starred in his first noteworthy film Different from the Others opposite Reinhold Schünzel, written, produced and directed by Richard Oswald. Its open stance against German laws against homosexuality made it one of the first pro-gay films released. Born: Ed Yost, American inventor, developed the modern hot air balloon, in Bristow, Iowa (d. 2007); Din Joe Buckley, Irish Gaelic football player, left corner-back for the Glen Rovers from 1938 to 1949, in Blackpool, Cork, Ireland (d. 2009) Died: John William Strutt, English physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of argon and the concept of Rayleigh scattering (b. 1842); Vladimir Guerrier, Russian historian, promoter of academic education for women, founder of the Moscow State Pedagogical University (b. 1837) References 1919 1919-06 1919-06

38072855

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%201919

September 1919

The following events occurred in September 1919: September 1, 1919 (Monday) American communist leaders C. E. Ruthenberg and Louis C. Fraina formed the Communist Party of America after splintering from the Socialist Labor Party of America during the national convention in Chicago. Edward, Prince of Wales opened the third parliamentary session of the 13th Canadian Parliament. The 59th Infantry Division of the British Army was disbanded along with its mortar brigade. The Royal Air Force disbanded air group No. 15. The Baku State University was established in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Forestry Commission was established in the United Kingdom. Russian filmmaker Vladimir Gardin founded the Moscow Film School (now the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography), which continues to be the longest-running active film school in the world. United Artists released their first film, His Majesty, the American starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Joseph Henabery. New subway stations were added to the BMT Broadway Line in New York City, including Fifth Avenue and Lexington Avenue. The Norwegian newspaper Agder Tidend began publishing in Kristiansand, Norway. Sports club Vidar was established in Oslo, where it is known for its track and field, triathlon and archery programs. Born: Gladys Davis, Canadian baseball player, shortstop and outfielder of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League from 1943 to 1946, in Toronto; Mahmud Ali, Pakistani politician, founder of the Ganatantri Dal political party, in Sunamganj, British India (d. 2006) September 2, 1919 (Tuesday) A tropical cyclone formed east of Guadeloupe in the Atlantic Ocean. Stagehands with theatrical companies across the United States joined in support of the actors' strike. The Danish-Baltic Auxiliary Corps, a military volunteer unit to assist Estonia and Latvia achieve independence from Russia, was officially disbanded. Born: Marge Champion, American actress and choreographer, known for her collaboration with husband Gower Champion on film musicals including Mr. Music and Show Boat, and her work on the 1970s television miniseries The Awakening Land, in Los Angeles (d. 2020) September 3, 1919 (Wednesday) Jan Smuts became the second Prime Minister of South Africa. Axeman of New Orleans – Nineteen-year old Sarah Laumann was attacked while she slept in her home. Neighbors discovered her lying unconscious on her bed with head injuries and a bloody ax was found in front of her house. Laumann recovered but could not recall any details from the attack. The German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic was established during a political convention in Teplice, Czechoslovakia. American economist Roger Babson founded a private business school later referred to as Babson College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. September 4, 1919 (Thursday) The Turkish National Movement assembled in Sivas, Turkey to discuss formation of a future Turkish government following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Bill Johnston defeated Bill Tilden 6–4, 6–4, 6–3 in the men's singles at the U.S. National Championships while Norman Brookes and Gerald Patterson defeated Tilden and Vincent Richards 8–6, 6–3, 4–6, 4–6, 6–2 in the men's doubles. The football club Kapfenberger was established in Kapfenberg, Austria. Born: Howard Morris, American actor, best known for the role of Ernest T. Bass in the 1960s television comedy The Andy Griffith Show, in New York City (d. 2005); Émile Bouchard, Canadian hockey player, defenceman for the Montreal Canadiens from 1941 to 1956, four-time Stanley Cup champion, in Montreal (d. 2012); Phil Terranova, American boxer, World Featherweight Champion in 1943, in New York City (d. 2000) September 5, 1919 (Friday) Died: Joseph Ivess, Irish-New Zealand politician, member of the New Zealand House of Representatives for Wakanui from 1882 to 1887 (b. 1844) September 6, 1919 (Saturday) A United States Army motor convoy arrived in San Francisco to complete a nearly two-month continental journey by vehicle across the United States. Information collected during the trek contributed to the development of the U.S. Highway System. The actors' strike ended with the Producing Managers' Association signing a new basic agreement with the Actors' Equity Association and dropping all lawsuits. The Socialist Party of Transylvania was established in Sibiu, Romania. The George-Étienne Cartier Monument, sculpted by George William Hill, was unveiled in Mount Royal, Montreal. Born: Lee Archer, American air force officer, commander of the 332d Fighter Group, also known as the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, nine Air Medals, and two Commendation Medals, in Yonkers, New York (d. 2010) Died: Lord Charles Beresford, British naval officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross for action during the Anglo-Zulu War, Order of the Bath and Royal Victorian Order (b. 1846) September 7, 1919 (Sunday) The first Waldorf school opened in Stuttgart, Germany with 256 students enrolled. The school's curriculum was based on anthroposophy developed by German philosopher Rudolf Steiner. The independent school has grown to its present size of 1,150 schools in 75 countries. Fairmount Bagel, the first bagel bakery in Montreal, opened in the Mile End neighbourhood of the Plateau-Mont-Royal borough on Saint-Laurent Boulevard. It moved to its current location on 74 Fairmount Avenue West in 1949. Popular comic duo Roscoe Arbuckle and Buster Keaton released their next film hit Back Stage through Paramount Pictures. Born: Louise Bennett-Coverley, Jamaican poet, promoter of Jamaican Patois, in Kingston, Jamaica (d. 2006); Johanna von Trapp, sixth child of Georg von Trapp and member of the Trapp Family Singers, in Zell am See, Austria (d. 1994) September 8, 1919 (Monday) A hurricane struck the Caribbean, resulting in the sinking of Spanish steamship Valbanera with the loss of all 488 passengers and crew on-board off Cuba, while British steamer Corydon ran aground and sank off The Bahamas with 27 crew killed. Minnesota ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which gave voting rights to women. British soldiers rioted in Fermoy, Ireland following an inquest on the previous death of a British soldier that failed to produce any murder charges. Chemical manufacturer Daicel was established in Osaka from a merger of eight regional companies. Born: Manfred Meurer, German air force officer, commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Hamburg (d. 1944, killed in action); Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, Russian actress, known for her film roles including Ivan the Terrible, recipient of the People's Artist, in Astrakhan, Russia (d. 1992) September 9, 1919 (Tuesday) The majority of the 1,500 officers with the Boston Police Department went on strike after Police Commissioner Edwin Upton Curtis denied them the right to form a union. John Howatt Bell became Premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing Aubin-Edmond Arsenault following his defeat by Bell in provincial elections held in July. Born: Maria Lassnig, Austrian painter, member of the Hundsgruppe, first female recipient of the Grand Austrian State Prize and the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art, in Kappel am Krappfeld, Austria (d. 2014); Barbara Fiske Calhoun, American comic book artist, pioneer female artist during the Golden Age of Comic Books, co-founder of the Quarry Hill Creative Center, in Tucson, Arizona (d. 2014); John Ljunggren, Swedish speed walker, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics, and silver medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Forsheda, Sweden (d. 2000) Died: John Mitchell, American labor leader, president of the United Mine Workers from 1898 to 1908 (b. 1870) September 10, 1919 (Wednesday) The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, formally ending World War I for Austria-Hungary and dissolving the Austrian Empire. The borders of Austria were reduced further with articles forbidding the country from unifying with Germany, leading to the establishment of the First Austrian Republic. It also granted sovereignty to Carpathian Ruthenia using territory in what is now western Ukraine and eastern Slovakia. A hurricane struck Goulds, Florida before moving through the Florida Keys, killing 600 people in the Florida Keys and Corpus Christi, Texas. Most of the casualties, roughly 500, were caught in one of 10 boats caught out at sea during the hurricane. Boston experienced an overnight spike in crime at the onset of the police strike, forcing Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge to order 5,000 State Guards to retain order in the city. The New Hampshire Senate ratified the 19th amendment with a vote of 14 for and 10 against. The first Veterans Day Parade was held in New York City, with General John J. Pershing of the American Expeditionary Forces in attendance. Public sympathy for five sailors convicted of mutiny while serving on Royal Australian Navy battlecruiser in June forced the navy to reduce sentences for the participants. The 1919 Schneider Trophy race, the first since 1914, was flown at Bournemouth, England. However, poor weather conditions forced many of the competing planes to ground for safety, including Schneider Cup favorite Harry Hawker who was forced to land his Sopwhich seaplane due to heavy fog. Other planes making debuts at the competition but were grounded that day included the Avro 539, Grahame-White Bantam, and the Sea Lion. The sports club Desamparados was established in San Juan, Argentina. It is most known for its association football team in the Torneo Argentino B. The football club Spartak Pleven was established in Pleven, Bulgaria. September 11, 1919 (Thursday) Russian Civil War – The White Army foiled attempts by the Red Army to recapture the city of Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). This ultimately led to the end of the counteroffensive. Violence peaked during the Boston Police Strike, with riots and disorder. At one point, mounted State Guards charged a crowd, resulting in one death. In total, nine people were killed in violence around the city. The Turkish National Movement established the Committee of Representation in Sivas, Turkey as the executive branch of the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire. Italian World War I ace Giovanni Ancillotto made a six-hour nonstop flight from Rome to Warsaw, where Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Prime Minister of Poland greeted him personally upon his arrival. Ultimately, the flight resulted in Italy selling 75 Ansaldo biplanes to the Polish Air Force. Archbishop Michael Gallagher of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit established the Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit. Born: Daphne Odjig, Canadian indigenous artist, member of the Indian Group of Seven, in Wiikwemkoong, Ontario (b. 2016); Reed Whittemore, American poet, 28th United States Poet Laureate, in New Haven, Connecticut (d. 2012) September 12, 1919 (Friday) Russian Civil War – General Anton Denikin of the White armies ordered his troops to concentrate on breaking the Red Army on the Southern Front in his attempt to capture Moscow. Nationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio lead 2,600 Italian irredentist troops against a mixed force of Allied soldiers to occupy the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) where he announced it had been annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The Dáil Éireann was declared illegal by the British authorities, leading to raids on Sinn Féin centres and resulting in Irish nationalist leader Ernest Blythe being arrested. First gold fixing took place in London. Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, called for an end to the Boston Police Strike on the basis the city would suspend judgement on whether the police force could form a union, which was accepted by the police. The Babeș-Bolyai University was established in Cluj-Napoca, Romania as one of the five elite universities in the country. The Women's Peace Society was established in the United States after several members of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom resigned in protest over "a fundamental lack of unity in the membership as a whole and in the executive committee". The Academia Mexicana de la Historia was established in Mexico City to research and promote the history of Mexico. The film Country Maiden, directed and produced by José Nepomuceno, became the first domestic cinematic production to be released in the Philippines. Died: Leonid Andreyev, Russian writer, author of plays and fiction including He Who Gets Slapped and Poor Murderer (b. 1871); Thomas Frederick Price, American missionary, co-founder of Maryknoll (b. 1860) September 13, 1919 (Saturday) The Boston Police Strike formally ended with most of the 1,100 striking police officers fired and replaced with more than 1,500 new officers from a pool of World War I veterans, despite objections from the Mayor of Boston and Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge. A massive fire broke out at an oil refinery operated by Standard Oil in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York City. Over a thousand firefighters fought the blaze over the next three days, with 300 treated for burns and minor injuries. Total damages were estimated at $5,000,000 ($ in ). The Royal Air Force disbanded squadron No. 261 at Felixstowe, England. The General Confederation of Labour was established in Portugal. The Australian Imperial Force cricket tour wrapped in England against the Mitcham Cricket Club, winning the match by five wickets. The Australians would tour next in South Africa. Born: Milton Rubenfeld, American air force officer, co-founder of the Israeli Air Force, father of Paul Reubens, in Peekskill, New York (d. 2004); Olle Anderberg, Swedish wrestler, silver medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics and gold medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics, in Asmundtorp, Sweden (d. 2003) Born: George Weidenfeld, Austrian-English publisher, co-founder of Weidenfeld & Nicolson, in Vienna (d. 2016); Mary Midgley, English philosopher, promoter of animal rights and environmentalism, author of Beat and Man, in London (d. 2018) September 14, 1919 (Sunday) Hurling team St. Finbarr's defeated Blackrock 5–3 to 4–1 to win the 32nd staging of the Cork Premier Senior Hurling Championship, their fifth championship title overall. The sports venue Stade Joseph Marien opened in Brussels and would host association football for the 1920 Summer Olympics. The football club Gonsenheim was established in Mainz, Germany. Born: Gil Langley, Australian cricketer, batsman for the Australia national cricket team from 1945 to 1956, in North Adelaide, Australia (d. 2001) September 15, 1919 (Monday) The Daily newspaper began publication in Athens. The football club Alsenborn was established in Enkenbach-Alsenborn, Germany. Born: Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist, five-time winner of the Giro d'Italia, two-time winner of the Tour de France and 1953 UCI World Champion, in Castellania Coppi, Italy (d. 1960) Died: Khai Kam, Burmese revolutionary leader, lead a rebellion against the British in Chin Hills, Burma (now part of Thailand) (b. 1864) September 16, 1919 (Tuesday) The Turkish National Movement held a nine-day congress in Alaşehir, Turkey to discuss further means to retain sovereignty from Greece in the Turkish War of Independence. Sports club Egersund was established in Egersund, Norway with programs in association football, handball and athletics. Born: Andy Russell, American singer, known for Latin and adult contemporary hit including "What a Diff'rence a Day Made" and "It's Such a Pretty World Today", in Los Angeles (d. 1992); Bill Daley, American football player, linebacker for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football club and Michigan Wolverines football club in 1942 and 1943, in Melrose, Minnesota (d. 2015); Lawrence Dobkin, American television director, best known as the narrator for the 1960s television crime series Naked City, in New York City (d. 2002) Died: Alfred Parland, Russian architect, designer of many churches in Moscow including Church of the Savior on Blood (b. 1842) September 17, 1919 (Wednesday) Russian Civil War – The White armies captured the towns of Sumy, Oboyan, and Stary Oskol in their advance on Moscow. The Alabama House of Representatives rejected ratification of the 19th Amendment with a vote of 60 against and 31 in favor. The state would not ratify the amendment until 1953. The first Girls Amateur Golf Championship was held in Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire, England with 16 golfers competing. September 18, 1919 (Thursday) The Netherlands granted women the right to vote. The right to stand in election had previously been granted in 1917. The University of Ljubljana was established in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and remains the oldest and largest university in the country. The film company AB Svensk Filmindustri was founded in Stockholm, and became the largest film studio in Sweden. The Ufa-Palast am Zoo in Berlin reopened as a permanent cinema with the première of Ernst Lubitsch's film Madame Dubarry. The film itself grossed $1 million to become fourth highest-grossing film of 1919. The Romanian National Opera was established with the official opening of the new Romanian National Theatre in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The football club Batatais was established in Batatais, Brazil. September 19, 1919 (Friday) Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA) commenced a regular service between Paris and London, using ex-military Bréguet 14 aircraft. The Banat Social Democratic Party was established in Banat, Romania, evolving into the Banat Socialist Party the following year. Born: Josiah Zion Gumede, Zimbabwean state leader, first President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, in Bubi District, Southern Rhodesia (d. 1989); Ned Harkness, Canadian-American hockey coach, managed the RPI Engineers men's ice hockey and Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey teams from 1949 and 1970, coach and administrator for the Detroit Red Wings from 1970 to 1974, in Ottawa (d. 2008) Born: Mike Holovak, American football player and coach, fullback for the Boston College Eagles football team in 1942, and Los Angeles Rams and Chicago Bears from 1946 to 1948, coach for the Boston Patriots and New York Jets from 1951 to 1976, general manager for Houston Oilers from 1989 to 1993, in Lansford, Pennsylvania (d. 2008); Roy Marlin Voris, American naval air force officer, commander of the VFA-101 and VFA-2 squadrons during World War II, founder of the Blue Angels demonstration squadron, three-time recipient of Distinguished Flying Cross and eleven Air Medals, in Los Angeles (d. 2005) September 20, 1919 (Saturday) Babe Ruth scored four runs for the Boston Red Sox against the Washington Senators in Fenway Park, tying the single season record of 27 home runs set by Ned Williamson in 1884. He broke record four days later against the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds and set a new season record of 29 with a homer against Senators again. The Red Sox, however, finished the season in sixth place. East Perth 10.8 (68) defeated East Fremantle 7.4 (46) to win their first West Australian Football League championship. Pro golfer Jim Barnes successfully defended his title against challenger Fred McLeod, defeating him 6 & 5 in the final PGA championship at the Engineers Country Club in Roslyn Harbor, New York. A rail station opened to serve the Frankston railway line in Edithvale, Victoria, Australia. The football club Cray Valley was established, playing their first game against Hamilton House and winning 7–0. Born: William Crumm, American air force officer, commander of the 3rd Air Division during the Vietnam War, two-time recipient of the Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, four Air Medals , and the Bronze Star Medal, in New York City (d. 1967, killed in an airplane crash) Died: Ramón Barros Luco, Chilean state leader, 16th President of Chile (b. 1835); J. W. Comer, American industrialist, plantation and mine owner in Barbour County, Alabama, brother to B. B. Comer (b. 1845); Cy Seymour, American baseball player, outfielder and pitcher for the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, and Boston Braves from 1896 to 1913 (b. 1872) September 21, 1919 (Sunday) Russian Civil War – White forces captured the city of Kursk, Russia. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers attempted to organize in the United States steel industry by calling a general strike. Authorities in Kaunas, Lithuania arrested and charged 117 people involved in an attempt to overthrow the government of Mykolas Sleževičius. The conspiracy had been backed by the Polish Military Organisation and support of the Józef Piłsudski government in Poland. Chicago White Sox first baseman Chick Gandil conspired with seven other teammates at The Ansonia hotel in New York City to intentionally lose the upcoming World Series against the Cincinnati Reds in exchange of gambling money from racketeer Arnold Rothstein that in some cases was nine times the actual baseball club's salary. Hurling team Cork defeated Dublin 6–4 to 2–4 in front of the crowd of 14,300 spectators at Croke Park, Dublin to win the 33rd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The British Symphony Orchestra made its public debut at Royal Albert Hall in London. The football club Mačva Šabac was established in Šabac, Serbia. Born: Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani theologian, promoter of liberalism and progressivism within Islam, in Hazara District, British India (d. 1988); Mario Bunge, Argentine-Canadian philosopher, developed concepts such as sociotechnology and systemics, in Buenos Aires (d. 2020) Born: Jonas M. Platt, American marine officer, assistant division commander of the 3rd Marine Division during the Vietnam War, recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Silver Star, and Bronze Star Medal, in New York City (d. 2000); Jim McCairns, British air force officer, member of the No. 56 and No. 3 Squadrons as well as the Special Operations Executive during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Military Medal, and Croix de Guerre, in Niagara Falls, New York (d. 1948, killed in a plane crash) September 22, 1919 (Monday) The Committee of 48 announced that a national conference on forming a third political party in the United States would be held in St. Louis. The Swedish crime thriller film Sir Arne's Treasure, directed by Mauritz Stiller and starring Richard Lund, went into wide release. The Asociación Amateurs de Football was established in Buenos Aires as a dissident sports organization from the Argentine Football Association, until both merged in 1926. September 23, 1919 (Tuesday) Sports club Belenenses was established in Lisbon, and became well known for its long-running association football team. The municipality of Notre-Dame-du-Nord, Quebec was established. Born: Hyman Minsky, American economist, known for his research into the characteristics of the financial crisis, in Chicago (d. 1996) Died: Seth Bullock, Canadian-American law enforcer, sheriff of Deadwood, South Dakota and builder of the Bullock Hotel (b. 1849) September 24, 1919 (Wednesday) The Red Army of Turin, a paramilitary group set up to protect socialist groups, engaged in a firefight with police and soldiers in Turin after authorities fired on crowds attending a banned protect demonstration by the Socialist Party of Turin against Italian nationalists seizing the port city of Fiume in Croatia. An Italian Savoia 13 became the only competing aircraft to complete the 1919 Schneider Trophy race after poor weather grounded so many others, but it was disqualified for missing a turning buoy. When judges asked pilot Guido Janello to complete another lap, he ran out of fuel. The first meeting of the National Catholic Welfare Council was held at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., with Edward Joseph Hanna, Archbishop of San Francisco, elected as the first chair. Born: Spurgeon Neel, American army medical officer, first commander of the United States Army Health Services Command, best known for pioneering medical evacuation for battlefield casualties using aircraft, recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, and Bronze Star Medal, in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 2003) Died: Frank Laver, Australian cricketer, batsman for the Australia national cricket team from 1899 to 1909 (b. 1869) September 25, 1919 (Thursday) U.S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered his last public speech in Pueblo, Colorado before he collapsed. He returned to Washington, D.C. to recover but would suffer a debilitating stroke days later that rendered him unable to make public appearances. The 74th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded at Langley Field, Virginia. The Socialist Workers Party was established in Jaffa, Palestine, the precursor to the Palestine Communist Party. Moravian composer Leoš Janáček established the Brno Conservatory in Brno, Moravia (then part of Czechoslovakia). The football club Reggiana was established in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Born: Tom Carnegie, American sports broadcaster, longtime public announcer for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1946 to 2006, in Norwalk, Connecticut (d. 2011) Died: Charles Lang Freer, American industrialist, founder of the American Car and Foundry Company, amassed an art collection of over 5,000 pieces that were donated to the Smithsonian Institution (b. 1854) September 26, 1919 (Friday) Russian Civil War – The Black Army under command of Nestor Makhno defeated a White Russian force southeast of Uman, Ukraine, inflicting 4,000 casualties. The success began to provide needed relief for the besieged Bolsheviks in Moscow as more White troops had to be directed south to answer the Black Army threat. The fifth cabinet of the Ion I. C. Brătianu administration was dissolved in Romania and replaced by a cabinet under the Artur Văitoianu administration. Born: Barbara Britton, American actress, leading female role in Westerns with Randolph Scott, Joel McCrea, and Gene Autry, and the female title character in the radio and television mystery series Mr. and Mrs. North, in Long Beach, California (d. 1980); Ezio Loik, Italian association football player, midfielder for Torino and the Italy national football team from 1942 to 1949, in Fiume, Italian Regency of Carnaro (d. 1949, killed in the Superga air disaster) Died: Francis Bertie, British diplomat, Ambassador to Italy from 1903 to 1905, and Ambassador to France from 1905 to 1918 (b. 1844) September 27, 1919 (Saturday) Russian Civil War – Faced with the possibility of losing Moscow to the White Army, the Red Army Southern Front was split in two and the Southeastern Front was established. An underground party committee was set up within the Russian capital while the public face of the Soviet government began evacuating to Vologda, Russia. The Amherst Internment Camp, the largest POW camp in Canada during World War I, was closed in Amherst, Nova Scotia. The National Union of Railwaymen called on all railway workers in the United Kingdom to strike. The Oslo Philharmonic performed their first concert in Oslo with Finnish musician Georg Schnéevoigt as conductor. Sturt and North Adelaide drew 5.9 (39) apiece in the South Australian Football League Grand Final. Born: Charles H. Percy, American politician, U.S Senator of Illinois from 1967 till 1985, in Pensacola, Florida (d. 2011); Sandy Gunn, Scottish air force officer, member of the No. 1 Photo Reconnaissance and escape team from the German POW camp Stalag Luft III, in Auchterarder, Scotland (d. 1944, executed); Johnny Pesky, Major League Baseball player, played in 1942 and 1946–1954, played for Boston, Detroit, and Washington, all-star in 1946, led the league in hits 3 times, member of the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame. (d. 2012, cause unknown) Died: Luisa Cappiani, Austrian opera singer and educator, founding member of the American Federation of Musicians and Music Teachers National Association (b. 1835); Gardner Dow, American college football player for the Connecticut Aggies, after sustaining a traumatic brain injury in a game (b. 1898); Adelina Patti, Italian opera singer, known for her opera recordings for the Gramophone Company (b. 1843) September 28, 1919 (Sunday) Red Summer – A mob of 10,000 whites overran the police station and courthouse in Omaha, Nebraska and lynched black prisoner Will Brown, who was alleged to have raped a white woman despite conflicting evidence. The resulting violence lead to over $1 million in property damages. Mayor Edward Parsons Smith was nearly killed from an attempted hanging; Smith had been at the courthouse and ventured out to try to reason with a crowd when a gunshot rang out that the crowd assumed had come from him. Federal troops under command of Leonard Wood arrived and quelled the violence the following day. Despite over a hundred arrests, none of the white rioters were ever convicted. The majority of voters in a referendum in Luxembourg voted to retain the monarchy with Grand Duchess Charlotte as head of state and an economic union with France. The University of Latvia was established in Riga. Gaelic football team Kildare defeated Galway 2–5 to 0–1 in front of the crowd of 32,000 spectators at Croke Park, Dublin to win the 33rd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. Belgian cyclist Léon Devos won the ninth Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycling race, completing the 237 km racing route in 9 hours, 20 minutes, 30 seconds. The Lithuanian Labour Federation was established as the national trade union center of Lithuania. The Indian Cane Growers Association was established in Ba Province, Fiji. Born: Nicholas Goodhart, British aviation engineer, designer of the optical landing system used on aircraft carriers, in Inkpen, England (d. 2011); Tom Harmon, American football player, halfback for the Michigan Wolverines football team in 1941 and the Los Angeles Rams from 1946 to 1947, in Rensselaer, Indiana (d. 1990) September 29, 1919 (Monday) The Italian Parliament was dissolved following fights that erupted in the Chamber of Deputies during a debate about the annexation of Fiume. Elections were then called for November 16. The Utah State Senate ratified the 19th Amendment. Red Summer – A white mob lynched two discharged African-American soldiers in Montgomery, Alabama following rumors they assaulted two white women in separate incidents. The Société Générale de Belgique of Belgium established the Banque Générale in Luxembourg City, and remains the second largest employer in Luxembourg. The German Ceramic Society was established in Cologne. Born: Masao Takemoto, Japanese gymnast, silver and bronze medalist at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, and gold and silver medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Hamada, Shimane, Japan (d. 2007) September 30, 1919 (Tuesday) Red Summer – Spurned by rumors that an attempt to form a sharecroppers union in Elaine, Arkansas was a cover for a "socialist" insurrection, a clash between whites and blacks outside a black church resulted in the shooting death of a white man. Hundreds of white men formed a militia and began attacking rural black communities, resulting in 100 to 237 black deaths over two days before requested federal troops arrived to disarm the rioters. Because the white militia had claimed they were stopping a rebellion, federal troops arrested nearly 300 blacks and 122 were convicted in court, including 12 for murder. The NAACP intervened and appealed the 12 convictions through the Supreme Court of the United States, who overturned the convictions on the basis the mob-dominated trials deprived the defendants of due process. The Utah House of Representatives followed the state senate and ratified the 19th Amendment. The 3rd Operation Group of the United States Army Air Service was established for service in the Panama Canal Zone. The John Brown University officially opened for classes in Siloam Springs, Arkansas. The stage comedy The Gold Diggers by Avery Hopwood premiered on Broadway with Ina Claire in the lead role. The play was a hit with 720 performances and grossing $1.9 million. Many credit the play for popularizing the term "gold digger" to refer to women who seek wealthy men as marriage partners. Born: Patricia Neway, American opera singer, best known for her collaboration with New York City Opera, in New York City (d. 2012); William L. Guy, American politician, 26th Governor of North Dakota, in Devils Lake, North Dakota (d. 2013) References 1919 1919-09 1919-09

38072873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%201920

August 1920

Sunday, August 1, 1920 In British India, independence activist Mohandas K. Gandhi began the first of four stages of his non-cooperation movement with the British colonial government, as an extension of his Satyagraha (passive resistance) movement, by "giving up all titles and honors conferred by the Crown" because Britain had failed to modify terms its policies regarding its Asian colonies Gandhi began by returning the medals granted him by the Crown. Each stage was to be more severe, starting with resignation of Indian Muslims and Hindus from government jobs; resignation of officers and soldiers from the British Army; and finally, refusal to pay taxes. Gandhi had announced the August 1 deadline in late June The Civil Service Retirement Act, establishing a retirement system for United States government employees, went into effect. Radium treatment, at no cost, for victims of cancer was announced by New York's State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, with treatments to begin at the research clinic of the American Association for Cancer Research in Buffalo, New York, on October 15. The state had recently purchased 2.25 grams of radium for $225,000 for human research. Although isotopes of radium (such as radium-223) are still used in for certain cancers in radiation therapy, the effects of long-term radiation exposure on technicians and patients had not yet been studied. Born: Thomas McGuire, U.S. Army Air Forces ace fighter pilot (38 kills) and posthumous Medal of Honor winner; in Ridgewood, New Jersey (killed, 1945) Sammy Lee, Asian-American physician and two time Olympic gold medalist in diving competition; in Fresno, California (d. 2016) Ken Bald, American comic book and comic strip artist known for the "Dr. Kildare" daily strip; in New York City (d. 2019) Died: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 64, the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement, called "the Maker of Modern India" by Mahatma Gandhi and "The father of Indian unrest" by British colonial authorities Frank Hanly, 57, American politician and anti-alcohol crusader, was killed in an auto accident near Dennison, Ohio. After serving as Governor of Indiana (1905 to 1909), he organized the Flying Squadron of America on a campaign for the prohibition of alcohol sales, and was the Prohibition Party's presidential candidate in 1916. Hanly was a passenger in a car that was crossing a double railroad track when the vehicle was driven "back of one freight train and directly in front of another." Monday, August 2, 1920 The first international meeting of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) at New York's Madison Square Garden before a crowd of about 15,000 people who had come to hear an address by Marcus Garvey in favor of the Back-to-Africa movement. "[A]ttired in a gorgeous robe of purple, gold and green", the Jamaican-born Garvey said "The hour has come for the 400,000,000 negroes to claim Africa as their home. Africa shall be the home of the black peoples of the earth. We pledge our sacred blood on the fields of Africa for our liberty and our freedom." Italy, financially burdened by its administration of Albania as a protectorate, signed an agreement at the Albanian capital of Tirana, withdrawing its troops from all Albanian territory except for the island of Suseno, and ending the protectorate that had been established on June 23, 1917. The U.S. Association of Railway Executives announced that the cost of interstate passenger railroad travel would take effect on August 20, and the cost for shipping freight would rise on August 25. Rates for travel and shipping within a state were controlled by the individual state governments. William Bross Lloyd, a Chicago attorney and financial backer of the Communist Labor Party of America, was found guilty of violating the Sedition Act of 1918 in their anti-government speeches. He and 19 other Communists were tried by a single jury in a state court in Chicago, and all received jail sentences ranging from one to five years. Special Prosecutor Frank Comerford told reporters that the decision was "a history-making verdict which will silence sedition." Governor Esteban Cantú Jiménez of the Mexican federal territory of Baja California declared that he was in "open revolt" against the Mexican national government. In announcing the revolt, the Mexican government assured the United States that it was sending troops to the territory, but that it would not permit fighting near the U.S. border. The U.S. State Department, in turn, announced that it had denied Cantú permission to purchase weapons in the United States. In Los Angeles, film comedian Charlie Chaplin was sued for divorce by his wife, actress Mildred Harris, who cited as her causes "extreme mental cruelty" and "bodily injury". Mrs. Chaplin's lawyer also asked the court to issue an injunction to prevent Chaplin from selling his ownership rights to his films, valued at $750,000, without accounting to the court for a fair division of marital property. Born: Hugh Hickling, British colonial administrator who drafted the Internal Security Act 1960 for Malaysia; in Derby (d. 2007) Died: Ormer Locklear, 28, American stunt pilot and action film star, was killed in a fiery plane crash, along with his co-pilot "Skeets" Elliot, during the filming of The Skywayman Tuesday, August 3, 1920 Lige Daniels, a 16-year old African American, was lynched by an angry mob in Center, Texas, where he had been held in jail since the July 29 murder of a 45-year old white woman While the Shelby County sheriff was out of town, having taken the keys to the jail with him, a mob of more than 1,000 men broke into the courthouse, battered down the steel doors of the jail, then hanged him from an oak tree in front of the building As with many lynchings at the time, a photograph of the event was widely circulated as a postcard. The Daniels lynching would be forgotten for almost 80 years until the postcard's appearance in 1999 on the cover of Without Sanctuary, a book by Atlanta antique store owner James Allen, who had collected 68 lynching postcards for a revelation of an ignored chapter of American history The Daniels photo continues to be seen in references to the era. Rear Admiral Cary T. Grayson, the personal physician to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, went on vacation after 10 months, signaling that the president was out of danger. Wilson had suffered a stroke on October 2 and gradually recovered under Dr. Grayson's care Born: Helen Thomas, American journalist who represented United Press International and Hearst Newspapers in the White House press corps from 1961 to 2010; in Winchester, Kentucky (d. 2013) P. D. James (Phyllis Dorothy James), British detective novelist known for her Adam Dalgliesh mysteries; in Oxford (d. 2014) John Figueroa, Jamaican poet, in Kingston (d. 1999) Wednesday, August 4, 1920 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered U.S. Navy destroyers to block the laying of a Western Union telegraphic cable that would have connected Miami to Barbados to be linked to a cable to Brazil. A British ship equipped for the purpose, the cable layer Colonia, had been chartered by the company to bring the undersea cable line to the Miami harbor, without having waited for the U.S. government to act on its application. On August 6, two U.S. Navy admirals and a U.S. Army colonel boarded Colonia and warned it to stay three miles from shore, outside of U.S. territorial waters. The dispute would drag on for almost two years, until the approval of Western Union's application on June 25, 1922 President Adolfo de la Huerta of Mexico, a general in the Mexican Army, removed all military officers from his cabinet except for his Minister of War, and sent them out of the country on diplomatic appointments. President Wilson proclaimed December 21 to be honored as "Pilgrim's Day" to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Mayflower in America. The British cabinet first discussed the possibility of King Faisal of Syria, recently deposed by France, to become the puppet ruler for the British Mandate of Iraq as "King of Mesopotamia". Born: Adolph Dubs, American diplomat and U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan who was kidnapped and killed; in Chicago (d. 1979) Thursday, August 5, 1920 Germany's Foreign Minister, Dr. Walter Simons, told the Reichstag that Germany would not allow the Allies to send their troops across German territory to help Poland in the Polish-Soviet War The Executive Council of the League of Nations announced that the first international financial congress would be held at Brussels, starting on September 24. Friday, August 6, 1920 At Moscow, the "Twenty-one Conditions" for admission to the Communist International (Comintern) were adopted by the delegates to the organization's second World Congress, which had opened on July 19 The House of Commons passed the "Irish Crimes Act", 206 to 18. One of the Irish MPs, Joseph Devlin, was suspended when he shouted "I hate, loathe and despise you all!" at his fellow members of parliament U.S. troops were ordered to stop rioting in Denver, Colorado, after five people had been killed and 50 injured (including the Denver police chief, hospitalized after being hit in the head by a brick), during a strike against the Denver Tramway Company. Born: Ella Raines, American film and television actress who starred in the 1944 film noir Phantom Lady and later in the short-lived syndicated TV show Janet Dean, Registered Nurse; in Snoqualmie Falls, Washington (died of throat cancer, 1988) Selma Diamond, Canadian-born American comedian, known for portraying bailiff Selma Hacker on the TV series Night Court; in London, Ontario (died of lung cancer, 1985) Saturday, August 7, 1920 The first World Scout Jamboree came to an end in London at the Olympia Exhibition Hall in West Kensington. Sir Robert Baden-Powell, who had founded the Boy Scouts in 1907, was celebrated by the 8,000 children and adults who had come from around the world with "the shout of pure hero worship... acclaiming their one and undisputed chief and founder" with the honor of Chief Scout of the World. A successor would note later, "This had not been planned as a part of the Jamboree program but was a spontaneous decision by the assembled Scouts." The swastika was adopted as the official symbol of Germany's Nazi Party at a conference held in neighboring Austria in Salzburg. Lithuania's parliament voted to ratify the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty that had been signed on July 12. In return, the Soviet Union ordered its remaining troops to leave the Lithuanian Republic. Following up on a June 28 announcement, Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts called the state legislature into special session, to begin on August 9, to consider ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Ohio Governor and Democrat presidential nominee James M. Cox formally began his nationwide campaign by delivering his acceptance speech at festivities in his hometown of Dayton, Ohio. "We are in a time which calls for straight thinking, straight talking and straight acting," Cox said, adding "This is no time for wabbling." Cox pledged to bring the United States into the League of Nations, but only on condition that the U.S. would enter only "to maintain peace and comity". "This was the old order of procedure when the action of the national convention was formalized by the candidate being officially told he was the candidate," Cox would write in his memoirs. "With the coming of radio, the old method is passing out; nevertheless, acceptance day as an event took on the appearance and character of a festival day in Ohio at that time." Born: Francoise Adret, French ballet dancer and choreographer; in Versailles (d. 2018) Sunday, August 8, 1920 Two all-metal air mail planes completed "the first transcontinental aerial mail delivery on record" as they arrived at Oakland, California, after an 11-day flight from New York City. Two days later, another bag of mail was brought from San Francisco to New York in four days, 14 hours and 43 minutes— by automobile. Born: Leo Chiosso, Italian lyricist and singer known for the songwriting duo of Buscaglione e Chiosso; in Chieri (d. 2006) Jimmy Witherspoon, African-American jump blues singer; in Gurdon, Arkansas (d. 1997) Died: Eduard Birnbaum, 65, Polish-born German cantor; in Königsberg Monday, August 9, 1920 British authorities arrested Irish-born Australian cleric Daniel Mannix, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne taking him from the liner RMS Baltic while the vessel was in port at the English port of Queenstown at Blackpool, Lancashire. HMS Wivern, a Royal Navy destroyer, then transported Mannix to Penzance and told him that although he was technically under arrest, he was "free to go anywhere in England except for Liverpool or Manchester. Representatives of Britain's Trades Union Congress announced that the union "feels certain that a war is being engineered between the Allied Powers and Soviet Russia on the issue of Poland, and declares that such a war would be an intolerable crime against humanity," then added, "It therefore warns the Government that the whole industrial power of the organised workers will be used to defeat this" and that affiliated unions would be "advised to instruct their members to down tools" for a nationwide strike Lloyd George and France's Prime Minister Millerand then announced at a conference in Hythe that although the blockade of Russia and supplying of weapons to Poland would continue, no Allied troops would be sent to intervene in the war. The House of Lords passed the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920, commonly called the "Irish Crimes bill", and sent it to King George V, who gave the law Royal Assent on the same day. The law provided for Irish nationalists to be tried by court-martial in military courts, rather than by jury in criminal courts. After his recent surrender to Mexico's president de la Huerta, Pancho Villa and his disarmed followers returned in triumph to San Pedro in the Coahuila state. Villa told the crowd of 3,000 "I surrendered because further fighting in Mexico meant intervention by the United States. They call me a bandit. They call me the worst man in Mexico, but I would preserve our nationality by avoiding intervention." Born: Milton Henschel, American evangelist for the Jehovah's Witnesses and president of the Watch Tower Society from 1992 until his death; in Pomona, New Jersey (d. 2003) Died: Sir Samuel Griffith, 75, the first Chief Justice of Australia, who served from 1903 to 1919 Tuesday, August 10, 1920 Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceremony was held "in the display room of a Sevres china factory just outside of Paris" The full details of the division of the Ottoman Empire by Britain, France and Italy, were not be revealed until almost three months later. African-American singer Mamie Smith & the Jazz Hounds recorded "Crazy Blues", a bestselling song for OKeh Records that made history by making her the first of many successful black recording artists, becoming recognized as a milestone for the Jazz Age, and serving as one of the first recorded songs to be purchased across racial lines In 1993, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences would induct Smith into the Grammy Hall of Fame and describe "Crazy Blues" as a song that "is often cited as the first blues recording.". U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby announced the American position in the Polish-Soviet War, declaring that although the U.S. would not recognize the legitimacy of the Soviet government in Moscow, it would ask for an international agreement to preserve Russia's territory from being split up and to withdraw all foreign troops, including the U.S. Army, from Russian territory. The note, originally addressed to Italy's Ambassador to the U.S., was made public as a declaration of policy. "That the present rulers of Russia do not rule by the will or the consent of any considerable proportion of the Russian people is an incontestable fact," Colby wrote, and went on to say "It is not possible for the Government of the United States to recognize the present rulers of Russia as a Government with which the relations common to friendly Governments can be maintained.". The U.S. Railway Labor Board granted a wage increase of $30 million to 75,000 railway express workers, retroactive to May 1, an average increase of 16 cents per hour. U.S. President Wilson called an August 13 meeting, in Cleveland, of union representatives and coal operators to discuss the adjustment of inequalities in the Bituminous Coal Commission Award Born: William "Red" Holzman, American pro basketball player and NBA coach who guided the New York Knicks to two NBA championships; in New York City (d. 1998) Died: Adam Politzer, 84, Hungarian-Austrian physician and a founder of the specialty of otology James O'Neill, 72, Irish-born American stage and film actor and the father of playwright Eugene O'Neill. Wednesday, August 11, 1920 The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty was signed in Riga at 12:30 in the afternoon local time, with the Soviet government of Russia recognizing the independence of Latvia The Soviets agreed to renounce all claims to Latvia "in eternity" and would do so for almost twenty years before creating the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and annexing it into the USSR on August 5, 1940 Charles Wilson, a prisoner at the county jail in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, died after a hunger strike of 43 days. Wilson did not reveal his reasons, and the jail administration took the position that "No forcible efforts will be made to feed him, it having been decided that a man may lawfully starve himself to death if he wants to." Thursday, August 12, 1920 Terence MacSwiney, the Mayor of Cork was arrested by British troops and charged with sedition, to be tried in military court, for holding a meeting of the Sinn Féin in the Cork City Hall. Within five days, he was court-martialed, convicted, and put on board a ship to be taken to a prison in England In prison, he would begin a hunger strike and die of starvation. Charles Ponzi was arrested for defrauding investors of seven million dollars, after surrendering to federal authorities at the Boston federal courthouse. Greece's Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos was wounded in an assassination attempt by Greek royalists while in France at the Lyons railway station. Bullets struck him in the left shoulder and left thigh before the attackers were subdued and beaten by bystanders Died: Hermann von Struve, 64, Russian-born German astronomer and the developer of the Struve function Friday, August 13, 1920 The Battle of Warsaw began as Soviet troops closed within of Poland's capital Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia entered into treaty negotiations to create a "Little Entente" among Balkan nations The Tennessee State Senate voted, 25 to 4, to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which had been ratified by 35 of the 48 states and required only one more to become the law of the land The measure then moved on to the 100-member state house of representatives. The red, black and green Pan-African Flag was first introduced, as part of the proceedings of the Universal Negro Improvement Association convention at Madison Square Garden Born: Neville Brand, American film and TV actor, known as the star of the TV western Laredo; in Griswold, Iowa (d. 1992) Saturday, August 14, 1920 The 1920 Summer Olympics were opened at Antwerp in Belgium, with 1,612 athletes and officials, representing 27 nations The Mexican state of Jalisco joined Baja California in the rebellion against the Huerta government. Sunday, August 15, 1920 The "Miracle of the Vistula" (Cudem nad Wisłą) took place as the Army of Poland turned the tide of the Polish–Soviet War, just as Soviet Russian armies had approached to within only of the capital at Warsaw near the Vistula River. Under the command of General Józef Piłsudski, Polish forces lured General Mikhail Tukhachevsky's approaching Russian divisions into spreading out too far, then outflanked and surrounded them, stopping the Russians from encircling Warsaw. One historian, Jerzy Borzęcki, later described the turning point of the battle as the recapture of the Warsaw suburb of Radzymin by units led by General Lucjan Żeligowski, followed by General Wladyslaw Sikorsky ordering one of the two defending armies to attack the stronger Russian force. Borzęcki wrote "This unusual tactic would most likely have ended in catastrophe if not for an unexpected lucky turn," when a Polish regiment destroyed the radio center of the Russian 4th Army, commanded by Aleksandr Shuvayev. Shuvayev's troops were unable to communicate with General Tukhachevsky, and continued their westward march "instead of striking at Sikorski's left flank". An attack on Sikorsky at that point "would most likely have spelled his utter defeat.". The Viscount D'Abernon would write in 1931, "Had Pilsudski and Weygand failed to arrest the triumphant advance of the Soviet Army at the Battle of Warsaw, not only would Christianity have experienced a dangerous reverse, but the very existence of Western civilisation would have been imperilled... it is probable that the Battle of Warsaw saved Central and parts of Western Europe from a more subversive danger-the fanatical tyranny of the Soviet. On the essential point, there can be little room for doubt; had the Soviet forces overcome Polish resistance ... Bolshevism would have spread throughout Central Europe and might well have penetrated the whole continent." An attempt to arrest Democratic presidential nominee James M. Cox was made by police in Jacksontown, Ohio, after the Ohio Governor's chauffeur drove him through the town on the way from Wheeling, West Virginia, back to the state capital at Columbus, Ohio. Two constables on motorcycles stopped the cars and one, Joe Shipley, demanded "I want you fellows to come back to town and go to court. You've been speeding." Cox told the constable, "If you want me you will find me at the State House in Columbus," then ordered his chauffeur to drive him onward. Ohio's state adjutant general, Roy E. Layton, issued a statement charging that Republican officials in Jacksontown had acted in a "plot to cause the Governor's humiliation"; the town was famous in Ohio as a "speed trap". Manuel Gondra was inaugurated as the new President of Paraguay. Monday, August 16, 1920 Baseball shortstop Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians was struck in head while at bat against pitcher Carl Mays of the New York Yankees, and became the first and only Major League Baseball player to be fatally injured during a game. Chapman died the next day, at the age of 29 When the fifth inning began, the Indians had a 3 to 1 lead and Chapman was the first player up to bat. He had one ball and one strike and was attempting to dodge the next pitch, "a fast underhand throw", when he was hit in the left side of the head. According to the Associated Press, "The crack of the ball as it struck the player's head was so loud the spectators and players thought it hit his bat.". The ball bounced back on to the infield and Mays "unaware that he had injured the batter", fielded the ball and threw it to Wally Pipp at first base for the out. Chapman collapsed and was taken to St. Laurence Hospital. After midnight, Chapman was in surgery from for more than an hour for emergency surgery and died at 4:50 in the morning. Born: Charles Bukowski, German-born American writer; as Heinrich Karl Bukowski in Andernach (d. 1994) Died: Norman Lockyer, 84, English astronomer who was the co-discoverer of helium and the founder and first editor of the British scientific journal Nature. Tuesday, August 17, 1920 Members of the International Longshoremen's Association voted to end a strike of the ports on the U.S. east coast, and announced that they would return on Thursday at the pay same received before the walkout, 65 cents per hour and a one dollar per hour for overtime. The strike had started on March 12, and had become worse in April when unionized truck drivers began boycotting the piers that were on strike With only one more state's ratification necessary to make the 19th Amendment part of the United States Constitution and permitting women nationwide the right to vote, the North Carolina state senate voted, 25 to 23, to postpone consideration until after the November elections. A the same time, it was unclear whether the Tennessee state house of representatives would follow the state senate in voting for ratification Born: Maureen O'Hara, Irish-born American film actress and leading lady, remembered as John Wayne's co-star in multiple films; as Maureen FitzSimons in Ranelagh (d. 2015) Died: Ray Chapman, 29, American baseball player after being struck in the head during a major league game. Wednesday, August 18, 1920 By a final vote of 50 to 46, the Tennessee state House of Representatives approved the Senate resolution to ratify the 19th Amendment. Taken first was a vote to table consideration of whether to concur in the Senate vote until the next session of the legislature and, after a 48 to 48 tie, the attempt failed and the members were asked to vote yes or no on whether to concur. Harry T. Burn, a 24-year old legislator, had been one of the members who had voted to table the resolution, but having made a promise to his mother to support suffrage if it came up for a vote, surprised the crowd by switching sides to join the 48 legislators in favor of ratification. Banks Pearson Turner, another legislator who had favored tabling the matter, passed when the roll was called and, a reporter noted, "Visibly a great battle was going on within him as to what he should do." When the last legislator on the roll, J. H. Womack, voted yes, the vote was 48 in favor and 47 against, with Pearson asked whether to vote against (for a 48-48 deadlock) or for the amendment. Pearson went in favor and the vote was 49 to 47 for ratification. House Speaker Seth Walker then switched his vote from no to yes, giving the ratification a 50 to 46 majority. French Army troops at Kattowitz in Germany (now Katowice in Poland) were attacked by striking German coal miners. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 10 of the miners. Born: Shelley Winters, American film, stage and TV actress and two-time Academy Award winner; as Shirley Schrift in St. Louis (d. 2006) Thursday, August 19, 1920 The Polish residents of Upper Silesia rose up against the area's German occupiers at Kattowitz (modern-day Katowice) and Beuthen (modern Bytom). Reportedly, 11 civilians were killed at Beuthen and eight at Kattowitz The uprising would last for almost a week, coming to an end on August 25. The Tambov Rebellion , one of the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War began as Alexander Antonov organized a resistance to the forced confiscation of grain by Soviet Russian authorities. Antonov's army would grow to 40,000 fighters before its suppression a year later. Friday, August 20, 1920 The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK, began operations in Detroit. It was owned by William E. Scripps, owner of The Detroit News, and operated from the second floor of the Detroit News building. Elton Plant, an office boy at the News, opened the broadcast as the first U.S. radio announcer "because he had a good speaking and singing voice.". The initial broadcast was "thought to have been heard by listeners in at least 30 Detroit homes". In 1921, 8MK would change its call letters to WBL and is now WWJ, an all-news radio station. Twenty-nine people were killed in the sinking of the American freighter SS Superior City after it collided with another ship, the Willis L. King while sailing on Lake Superior. One of the four survivors reported that "members of her crew were calmly donning life belts and waiting for the orders" to board the lifeboats when the ship's boilers suddenly exploded. The ship went down two minutes later Four professional football team owners in Ohio met at the offices of Ralph Hay in Canton, Ohio, to come to an agreement about what would become the first pro football league, with plans to invite owners of more teams for a second meeting on September 17 The "American Professional Football Conference" (APFC) was made up of the Canton Bulldogs, Akron Pros, the Cleveland Tigers and the Dayton Triangles, who decided on a six-game schedule to play each other at home-and-away, an agreement to respect each other's player contracts, and to take a stand against signing college students whose class had not yet graduated. Democratic Party presidential candidate James M. Cox said in a speech at South Bend, Indiana, that wealthy members of the Republican Party were trying to "buy the presidency" with a $15,000,000 donation to Republican candidate Warren G. Harding Paul Hymans, the Foreign Minister of Belgium, was elected to preside over the first assembly of the League of Nations, scheduled for November 15 in Brussels. "Had America been in the League," a wire service noted, "Mr. Wilson [the U.S. president] or the senior of the American delegates would have been chosen, but in the absence of America, Mr. Hymans was selected. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia signed the treaty to create the mutual defense pact nicknamed "The Little Entente", in a ceremony at Belgrade. Saturday, August 21, 1920 The first wireless radio transmission from the world's most powerful station, the Lafayette transmitter in France, was made. Located at Marcheprime, near Bordeaux, the station had been completed by the United States Navy at French government expense and would be turned over to the French government after completion of tests. Listening in Washington, D.C., U.S. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels was among those to hear the initial transmission, which proclaimed that "This is the first wireless message to be heard around the world, and marks a milestone on the road of scientific achievement." Alaa al-Din al-Durubi, who had recently been appointed as the Prime Minister of Syria, was murdered, along with the Minister of War, the Minister of the Interior, and 27 other people when the train he was on stopped at Darat Izza and a group of killers boarded, shot the group, and left. Twelve schoolchildren in Mahim, a suburb of Bombay in British India, were drowned while attending a picnic organized by the American mission there. Reportedly, the children waded out to a sand bank and were caught by surprise by a sudden wave at high tide Ten coal miners were killed in an explosion near Wilburton, Oklahoma, after ventilation fans in one of the mines shafts ceased working Having served its function of controlling wartime distribution of food in the United States during World War One, and relief to starving nations after the end of the War, the United States Food Administration was abolished by . The federal agency had been established three years earlier, on August 10, 1917, four months after the American entry into the ongoing world war. Born: Christopher Robin Milne, English son of author A. A. Milne and his father's inspiration for the Winnie-the-Pooh books; later the owner and operator of a bookstore in Devonshire; in Chelsea, London (d. 1996) Sunday, August 22, 1920 The Salzburg Festival was inaugurated, as an annual celebration of culture, by playwright Max Reinhardt with the performance of his play, Jedermann (Everyman) on Cathedral Square in front of the Austrian city's old cathedral In Lisburn, a suburb of Belfast, Irish nationalists shot and killed the Royal Irish Constabulary policeman charged by a grand jury with the March 20 murder of Cork Mayor Tomas Mac Curtain Inspector Oswald Swanzy was walking home from church services when three armed men with rifles confronted him and opened fire. When Swanzy fell down, they fired again, and then left in a waiting taxicab. Swanzy was the eighth RIC officer to be shot and killed during the week. Rioting followed and, in retaliation, Catholic owned businesses in Lisburn were burned down. In the days that followed, homes in Belfast's predominantly Roman Catholic Shankhill District were burned and 17 people, both Catholic and Protestant had died in rioting. Hannes Kolehmainen of Finland won the marathon at the Summer Olympics at Antwerp and set a new world's record of 2 hours, 32 minutes and 35.8 seconds despite racing "through mud and rain". The record would stand for more than five years before being broken by Albert Michelsen of the U.S. on October 12, 1925. In the nearly 100 years since Kolehmainen's run, the race has been run more than 30 minutes more quickly, with Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya holding the current record of 2 hours, 1 minute and 39 seconds. The first woman to best Kolehmainen's mark was Joan Samuelson of the U.S. in 1980. Born: Ray Bradbury, American science fiction author; in Waukegan, Illinois (d. 2012) Died: Anders Zorn, 60, Swedish portrait painter and sculptor Monday, August 23, 1920 At a bullring in Barcelona, six amateur bullfighters were killed by an enraged bull. According to reports from the Daily Mail of London and the Washington Herald, some of the victims were gored and others were trampled by the animal before it could be stopped. Carl Mays of the New York Yankees pitched for the first time since accidentally killing Ray Chapman a week earlier, with a 10 to 0 win over the visiting Detroit Tigers. According to news reports,. Born: Jim Leavelle, American homicide detective remembered for escorting accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald when the latter was killed by Jack Ruby; near the town of Detroit, Texas, in Red River County (d. 2019) Tuesday, August 24, 1920 After 55 hours of flying time, four U.S. Army Air Service airplanes landed safely at Nome, in the Alaskan Territory, at 5:30 in the afternoon local time, completing a journey that had started from the New York City aerodrome at Mineola, New York, on Long Island. Altogether, the journey had taken 40 days, with multiple stops, after departing on July 15 With four DeHavilland DH-4 aircraft, the "Black Wolf Squadron" had been organized by U.S. Army Brigadier General Billy Mitchell, to promote the role of the airplane in national defense The penultimate step in universal women's suffrage in the United States took place as Tennessee's Governor Albert H. Roberts signed the resolution ratifying the 19th Amendment, and then arranged for its delivery to the U.S. Department of State for certification. Born: Herbert Haft, American discount business entrepreneur who built the Dart Drugs chain of pharmacies, followed by the Dart Group conglomerate other low-cost outlets like Shoppers Food Warehouse and Trak Auto; in Baltimore (d. 2004) Wednesday, August 25, 1920 The postage meter was first approved by the United States Post Office Department for use by business offices in place of postage stamps. Previously, postage meters had been used only by the post offices themselves. The Pitney Bowes company, which previously had provided meters to the post offices, was given exclusive recognition for use by businesses of the Model M, its simpler "mail marking machine and postage meter", which had been awarded a patent on July 18 The Red Army was defeated by Polish defenders in the Battle of Warsaw. The American gunboat USS Sacramento was dispatched to the Honduras port of La Ceiba to protect American citizens. Thursday, August 26, 1920 U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby proclaimed the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, eight days after Tennessee had voted to ratify, and two days after Tennessee Governor Roberts signed the resolution. Despite requests from the press and from suffragists for a ceremony at the State Department offices, Colby waited until he got a phone call from his office about the arrival of the request from Tennessee and asked for the necessary paperwork to be brought to his home at 1507 K Street N.W. in Washington, and signed the proclamation at 8:00 in the morning. Colby and two State Department officials, F. K. Nielsen and Charles L. Cook, were the only witnesses to the signing The price of railroad tickets for interstate passenger travel and freight shipping increased for the first time since the First World War. A 20 percent increase in passenger fares was allowed, and the standard cost of a trip from Madison, Wisconsin, to San Francisco went from $76.33 to $91.61 (equivalent to $1,220 in 2020). Additional charges for a bed on a Pullman car increased by half, becoming 35 percent added to the train fare; the $91.61 trip would cost an additional $32 for Pullman services, about $425 extra in current dollars. Born: Richard E. Bellman, American mathematician and computer scientist who developed dynamic programming for in the early 1950s; known also for the Bellman equation, the Bellman–Ford algorithm, and other contributions to the field; in New York City (d. 1984) Prem Tinsulanonda, prime minister of Thailand from 1980 to 1988, briefly the regent of Thailand for seven weeks after the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and the proclamation of Vajiralongkorn as King in 2016; in Songkhla Province (d. 2019) Died: James Wilson, 85, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1897 to 1913. Wilson was the longest-serving member of a U.S. presidential cabinet, working for three consecutive presidents (William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Taft) before being replaced by David F. Houston two days into the administration of Woodrow Wilson. Friday, August 27, 1920 The first radio broadcast from what one source describes as "the oldest radio station in the world" began at 9:00 in the evening when the Sociedad Radio Argentina aired a live performance of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires. Roughly 20 homes had radios at the time. The first voting in the U.S. to be conducted under the protections of the 19th Amendment took place in the city of South St. Paul, Minnesota, where voters were presented the question of whether to approve a bond issue for an $85,000 water line extension. While women in some states had been allowed to vote in all elections prior to 1920, women in other ratifying states (including Minnesota) were only allowed to vote in the presidential election. Marguerite Newburgh voted moments after the polls opened at 6:00 in the morning. Four days of voting began in Guatemala for a new president, and Carlos Herrera, the acting president since April, was approved for a six-year term. Herrera would serve only 15 months before being overthrown in a coup d'état. Irish-American longshoremen in New York City, and many of their co-workers, showed their disagreement with the jailing of Cork Mayor MacSweeney by refusing to work on freight ships that were coming from or going to Great Britain Saturday, August 28, 1920 The All-Russia Population Census, the first since 1897, was taken. The results would be published in 1922 The population was reported as being approximately 131,546,000 of which 70,517,000 was female and 61,029,000 was male Spain's national soccer football team played its first international match, defeating Denmark, 1 to 0, at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Patricio Arabolaza scored the first goal. Spain would get the gold medal in Olympic competition. Sunday, August 29, 1920 Pope Benedict XV became the first pontiff to invite a motion picture crew into the Vatican for "the most complete pictures ever taken of Vatican ceremonies." The Pope cooperated with American photographers and newsreel filmmakers in conjunction with a mass for the American Knights of Columbus The baggage carriers' strike in New York ended with a 22% pay raise and an increase of 25 cents per piece of luggage. Born: Otis Boykin, African-American electronics inventor known for the creation of the heart pacemaker; in Dallas (d. 1982) Charlie Parker, African-American jazz saxophonist and composer, Grammy Award winner and enshrinee in the Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame; in Kansas City, Kansas (d. 1955 of cirrhosis) Monday, August 30, 1920 Islamic clerics in the Muntafiq district of Mesopotamia (now the Dhi Qar Governorate of Iraq) called for a jihad against the British mandate administrators. U.S. President Wilson announced his approval of the Anthracite Wage Commission recommendation for wage increases of at least 17% for anthracite coal miners. In Italy, 300 metal-working plants were seized by employees. The tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Provincetown, Massachusetts, was observed, with representatives from Britain, France and the Netherlands in attendance. Born: Ali Sabri, prime minister of Egypt from 1962 to 1965; in Maadi (d. 1991) Tuesday, August 31, 1920 The first radio news broadcast was made from Detroit's station 8MK, with an announcer telling results of that day's Republican primary election voting in Michigan and around Detroit. On the day of the broadcast, 8MK's owner, the Detroit News, informed radio owners that the program could be heard within a radius of Detroit and could be heard by tuning receivers to the 200 meter wavelength (equivalent to 1500 kHz on AM radio). Three days after the 19th Amendment took effect nationwide, members of the Tennessee House of Representatives attempted to take back their vote for ratification that had made their state the necessary 36th of 48 to give women the right to vote in all states. With a quorum present for the first time since the August 18 approval had been voted, the House voted, 47 to 24 (and 20 abstaining), in favor of a resolution that "expunged from its journal all record of ratification of the federal suffrage amendment" and to "nonconcur" in the ratification vote of the state senate. No attempt was made, however, to attempt to get the state senate (which had voted 25 to 4 for ratification) to join in reversing the decision. The first election for office to be held after the 19th Amendment took effect was conducted in Hannibal, Missouri, and 147 women who had recently been given the right of suffrage took part. In a vote to fill a vacancy in the Hannibal City Council, the 147 women were among 503 people to cast ballots. Four days earlier, women in South St. Paul, Minnesota, had participated in a yes/no vote for financing a water project, but the Missouri vote was the first to present a choice between candidates. W. H. McDonald was elected an alderman in the election Marie Ruoff Byrum was the first woman to exercise her new rights to vote for a candidate when the precinct opened at 7:00 in the morning. John Lloyd Wright was granted U.S. Patent Number 1,351,086 for interlocking wooden pieces under the identification "Toy-cabin construction", a toy that would be marketed as Lincoln Logs. The Philadelphia Phillies, in last place in baseball's National League, defeated the Chicago Cubs in what seemed like an ordinary game. Four days later, though, Cubs owner William Veeck called for an investigation on suspicion that gamblers had paid some of the Cubs players to lose the game. The Chicago grand jury investigation that followed would find no evidence pointing to the Cubs, but would lead to a scandal involving Chicago's other team, the White Sox Italian poet Gabriele D'Annunzio made public the text of a constitution that he had written for the port of Fiume to be declared an independent nation as "The Italian Regency of Quarnero". D'Annunzio, whose constitution was reportedly "written in poetic style", said that the question of whether Fiume would become its own state would be decided on September 11. French Army General Henri Gouraud, France's administrator for the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, signed Formal Decree number 318, establishing the boundaries of the future nation of Lebanon, a day before proclaiming the "State of Greater Lebanon" The border between Lebanon and the future state of Israel was the existing dividing line between French Syria and British Palestine. In separating Lebanon from Syria, Gouraud set the Nahr al-Kabir as Lebanon's northern border and the range of the "Anti-Lebanon Mountains" as the eastern limit. Died: Wilhelm Wundt, 88, German psychologist and pioneer in experimental psychology. References 1920 1920-08 1920-08

38096223

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionists%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

Resurrectionists in the United Kingdom

Resurrectionists were body snatchers who were commonly employed by anatomists in the United Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries to exhume the bodies of the recently dead. Between 1506 and 1752 only a very few cadavers were available each year for anatomical research. The supply was increased when, in an attempt to intensify the deterrent effect of the death penalty, Parliament passed the By allowing judges to substitute the public display of executed criminals with dissection (a fate generally viewed with horror), the new law significantly increased the number of bodies anatomists could legally access. This proved insufficient to meet the needs of the hospitals and teaching centres that opened during the 18th century. Corpses and their component parts became a commodity, but although the practice of disinterment was hated by the general public, bodies were not legally anyone's property. The resurrectionists therefore operated in a legal grey area. Nevertheless, resurrectionists caught plying their trade ran the risk of physical attack. Measures taken to stop them included the use of increased security at graveyards. Night watches patrolled grave sites, the rich placed their dead in secure coffins, and physical barriers such as mortsafes and heavy stone slabs made extraction of corpses more difficult. Body snatchers were not the only people to come under attack; in the public's view, the 1752 Act made anatomists agents of the law, enforcers of the death penalty. Riots at execution sites, from where anatomists collected legal corpses, were commonplace. Matters came to a head following the Burke and Hare murders of 1828. Parliament responded by setting up the 1828 Select Committee on anatomy, whose report emphasised the importance of anatomical science and recommended that the bodies of paupers be given over for dissection. In response to the discovery in 1831 of a gang known as the London Burkers, who apparently modelled their activities on those of Burke and Hare, Parliament debated a bill submitted by Henry Warburton, author of the Select Committee's report. Although it did not make body snatching illegal, the resulting Act of Parliament effectively put an end to the work of the resurrectionists by allowing anatomists access to the workhouse dead. Legal background Human cadavers have been dissected by physicians since at least the 3rd century BC, but throughout history, prevailing religious views on the desecration of corpses often meant that such work was performed in secrecy. The Christian church forbade human dissection until the 14th century, when the first recorded anatomisation of a cadaver took place in Bologna. Until then, anatomical research was limited to the dissection of animals. In Britain, human dissection was proscribed by law until 1506, when King James IV of Scotland gave royal patronage to the Barber-Surgeons of Edinburgh, allowing them to dissect the "bodies of certain executed criminals". England followed in 1540, when Henry VIII gave patronage to the Company of Barber-Surgeons, allowing them access to four executed felons each year (Charles II later increased this to six felons each year). Elizabeth I granted the College of Physicians the right to anatomise four felons annually in 1564. Several major hospitals and teaching centres were established in Britain during the 18th century, but with only a very few corpses legally available for dissection, these institutions suffered from severe shortages. Some local authorities had already attempted to alleviate the problem, with limited success; in 1694, Edinburgh allowed anatomists to dissect corpses "found dead in the streets, and the bodies of such as die violent deaths ... who shall have nobody to own them". Suicide victims were given over, as were infants who had died while being born and also the unclaimed bodies of abandoned children. But even though they were supported by the common law, anatomists occasionally found it difficult to collect what was granted to them. Fuelled by resentment of how readily the death penalty was used, and imbued with superstitious beliefs, crowds sometimes sought to keep the bodies of executed felons away from the authorities. Riots at execution sites were commonplace; worried about possible disorder, in 1749 the Sheriff of London ignored the surgeons and gave the dead to their relatives. These problems, together with a desire to enhance the deterrent effect of the death penalty, resulted in the passage of the Murder Act 1752. It required that "every murderer shall, after execution, either be dissected or hung in chains". Dissection was generally viewed as "a fate worse than death"; giving judges the ability to substitute gibbeting with dissection was an attempt to invoke that horror. While the Act gave anatomists statutory access to many more cadavers than were previously available, it proved insufficient. Attempting to bolster the supply, some surgeons offered money to pay the prison expenses and funeral clothing costs of condemned prisoners, while bribes were paid to officials present at the gallows, sometimes leading to an unfortunate situation in which corpses not legally given over for dissection were taken anyway. Commodification Documented cases of grave robbery for medical purposes can be found as far back as 1319. The 15th-century polymath Leonardo da Vinci may have secretly dissected around 30 corpses, although their provenance remains unknown. In Britain, the practice appears to have been common early in the 17th century. For example, William Shakespeare's epitaph reads "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones" and in 1678, anatomists were suspected of being involved in the disappearance of an executed gypsy's body. Contracts issued in 1721 by the Edinburgh College of Surgeons include a clause directing students not to become involved in exhumation, suggesting, according to historian Ruth Richardson, that students had already done the exact opposite. Pupils accompanied professional body snatchers as observers, and were reported to have obtained and paid for their studies with human corpses, perhaps indicating that their tutors were complicit. The unauthorised removal of bodies from London graveyards became commonplace and by the 1720s, probably as a direct result of the lack of legally available bodies for anatomical research, fresh corpses had likely undergone commodification. Corpses and parts thereof were traded like any other merchandise: packed into suitable containers, salted and preserved, stored in cellars and quays and transported in carts, waggons and boats. Encouraged by fierce competition, anatomy schools usually paid more promptly than their peers, who included individual surgeons, artists and others with an interest in human anatomy. As one body snatcher testified, "a man may make a good living at it, if he is a sober man, and acts with judgement, and supplies the schools". In London, late 18th-century anatomists may have delegated their grave-robbing almost entirely to body snatchers, or, as they were commonly known, resurrectionists. A fifteen-strong gang of such men, exposed in Lambeth in 1795, supplied "eight surgeons of public repute, and a man who calls himself an Articulator". The report into their activities lists a price of two guineas and a crown for a dead body, six shillings for the first foot, and nine pence per inch "for all it measures more in length". These prices were by no means fixed; the black market value of corpses varied considerably. Giving evidence to the 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy, the surgeon Astley Cooper testified that in 1828 the price for a corpse was about eight guineas, but also that he had paid anything from two to fourteen guineas previously; others claimed they had paid up to twenty guineas per corpse. Compared to the five shillings an East End silk weaver could earn each week, or the single guinea a manservant to a wealthy household was paid, these were considerable sums of money and body snatching was therefore a highly profitable business. Surgeons at the Royal College in Edinburgh complained that resurrectionists were profiteering, particularly when local shortages forced prices up. One surgeon told the Select Committee that he thought the body snatchers were manipulating the market for their own benefit, though no criticism was made of the "Anatomy Club", an attempt by anatomists to control the price of corpses for their benefit. Prices also varied depending on what type of corpse was for sale. With greater opportunity for the study of musculature, males were preferable to females, while freaks were more highly valued. The body of Charles Byrne, the so-called "Irish Giant", fetched about £500 when it was bought by John Hunter. Byrne's skeleton remains on display at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Children's bodies were also traded, as "big smalls", "smalls" or foetuses. Parts of corpses, such as a scalp with long hair attached, or good quality teeth, also fetched good prices—not because they held any intrinsic value to the anatomist, but rather because they were used to refurbish the living. With no reliable figures for the number of dissections that took place in 18th-century Britain, the true scale of body snatching can only be estimated. Richardson suggests that nationally, several thousand bodies were robbed each year. The 1828 Select Committee reported that in 1826, 592 bodies were dissected by 701 students. In 1831, only 52 of 1,601 death penalties handed down were enacted, a number far too small to meet demand. Since corpses were not viewed as property and could neither be owned nor stolen, body snatching remained quasi-legal, the crime being committed against the grave rather than the body. On the rare occasions they were caught, resurrectionists might have received a public whipping, or a sentence for crimes against public mores, but generally the practice was treated by the authorities as an open secret and ignored. A notable exception occurred in Great Yarmouth in 1827, with the capture of three resurrectionists. At a time when thieves were regularly transported for theft, two of the body snatchers were discharged and the third, sent to London for trial, was imprisoned for only six months. Resurrectionists were also aided by the corpse's anatomisation; since the process also destroyed the evidence, a successful prosecution was unlikely. Resurrection Method Resurrectionists usually found corpses through a network of informers. Sextons, gravediggers, undertakers, local officials; each connived to take a cut of the proceeds. Working mostly in small gangs at night with a "dark lanthorn", their modus operandi was to dig a hole—sometimes using a quieter, wooden spade—down to one end of the coffin. To disguise this activity, the spoil was sometimes thrown onto a piece of canvas at the side of the grave. A sound-deadening sack was placed over the lid, which was then lifted. The weight of soil on the remainder of the lid snapped the wood, enabling the robbers to hoist the body out. The corpse was then stripped of its clothing, tied up, and placed into a sack. The entire process could be completed within 30 minutes. Moving the corpse of a pauper was less troublesome, as their bodies were often kept in mass graves, left open to the environment until filled—which often took weeks. If caught in the act, body snatchers could find themselves at the mercy of the local population. A violent confrontation took place in a Dublin churchyard in 1828, when a party of mourners confronted a group of resurrectionists. The would-be body snatchers withdrew, only to return several hours later with more men. The mourners had also added to their number, and both groups had brought firearms. A "volley of bullets, slugs, and swan-shot from the resurrectionists" prompted a "discharge of fire-arms from the defenders". Close-quarters fighting included the use of pick axes, until the resurrectionists retreated. In the same city, a man caught removing a corpse from a graveyard in Hollywood was shot and killed in 1832. In the same year, three men were apprehended while transporting the bodies of two elderly men, near Deptford in London. As rumours spread that the two corpses were murder victims, a large crowd assembled outside the station house. When the suspects were brought out to be transported to the local magistrates, the approximately 40-strong force of police officers found it difficult to "prevent their prisoners being sacrificed by the indignant multitude, which was most anxious to inflict such punishment upon them as it thought they deserved." Gangs As many as seven gangs of resurrectionists may have been at work in 1831. The 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy believed that there were about 200 London resurrectionists, most of them working part-time. The London Borough Gang, which operated from about 1802 to 1825, at its peak consisted of at least six men, led first by a former hospital porter named Ben Crouch, and later by a man called Patrick Murphy. Under the protection of Astley Cooper, Crouch's gang supplied some of London's biggest anatomical schools, but relations were not always amicable. In 1816 the gang cut off supplies to the St Thomas Hospital School, demanding an increase of two guineas per corpse. When the school responded by using freelancers, members of the gang burst into the dissecting rooms, threatened the students and attacked the corpses. The police were called, but worried about adverse publicity, the school paid their attackers' bail and opened negotiations. The gang also attempted to put rivals out of business, sometimes by desecrating a graveyard (thereby rendering it unsafe to rob graves from for weeks thereafter) and other times by reporting freelance resurrectionists to the police, recruiting them once freed from prison. Joshua Naples, who wrote The Diary of a Resurrectionist, a list of his activities from 1811–1812, was one such individual. Among entries detailing the graveyards he plundered, the institutions he delivered to, how much he was paid and his drunkenness, Naples diary mentions his gang's inability to work under a full Moon, being unable to sell a body deemed "putrid", and leaving a body thought to be infected with smallpox. Violent mobs were not the only problems body snatchers faced. Naples also wrote of how he met "patrols" and how "dogs flew at us", references to some of the measures taken to secure graves against his ilk. The aristocracy and very rich placed their dead in triple coffins, vaults and private chapels, sometimes guarded by servants. For the less wealthy, double coffins were available, buried on private land in deep graves. More basic defences included the placing of heavy weights over the coffin, or simply filling the grave with stones rather than soil. Such deterrents were sometimes deployed in vain; at least one London graveyard was owned by an anatomist who, it was reported, "obtained a famous supply [of cadavers] ... and he could charge pretty handsomely for burying a body there, and afterwards get from his pupils from eight to twelve guineas for taking it up again!" Ever more elaborate creations included The Patent Coffin, an iron contraption with concealed springs to prevent any levering of its lid. Corpses were sometimes secured inside their caskets by iron straps, while other designs used special screws to reinforce metal bands placed around the coffin. In Scotland, iron cages called mortsafes either encased buried coffins, or were set in a concrete foundation and covered the whole grave. Some covered more than one coffin, while others took the form of iron lattices fixed beneath large stone slabs, buried with the coffin. They may not have been secure enough; as one 20th-century writer observed, an empty coffin found beneath a buried mortsafe in Aberlour had probably been "opened during the night succeeding the funeral, and carefully closed again, so that the disturbance of the soil had escaped notice or had been attributed to the original burial." Other methods Occasionally, resurrectionists paid women to pose as grieving relatives, so that they might claim a body from a workhouse. Some parishes did little to stop this practice, as it reduced their funeral expenditure. Bodies were also taken from dead houses; Astley Cooper's servant was once forced to return three bodies, worth £34 2s, to a dead house in Newington parish. Bribes were also paid, usually to servants of recently deceased employers then lying in state, although this method carried its own risks as corpses were often placed on public display before they were buried. Some were taken from private homes; in 1831 The Times reported that "a party of resurrectionists" burst into a house in Bow Lane and took the body of an elderly woman, who was being waked' by her friends and neighbours". The thieves apparently "acted with the most revolting indecency, dragging the corpse in its death clothes after them through the mud in the street". Bodies were even removed—with no legal authority—from prisons and naval and military hospitals. While some surgeons eschewed human cadavers in favour of facsimiles, plaster casts, wax models and animals, bodies were also taken from hospital burial grounds. Recent excavations at the Royal London Hospital appear to support claims made almost 200 years earlier that the hospital's school was "entirely supplied by subjects, which have been their own patients". Dissection and anatomy Public view The moving in 1783 of London's executions, from Tyburn to Newgate Prison, reduced the likelihood of public interference and strengthened the authorities' hold over felons. However, society's view of dissection remained unequivocal; most preferred gibbeting to the laying open of a corpse. Martin Gray, sentenced to death in 1721 for returning early from transportation, was "greatly frighted, least his Body should be cut, and torn, and mangled after Death, and had sent his Wife to his Uncle to obtain some money to prevent it." Vincent Davis, convicted in 1725 of murdering his wife, said he would rather be "hang'd in Chains" than "anatomiz'd", and to that effect had "sent many Letters to all his former Friends and Acquaintance to form a Company, and prevent the Surgeons in their Designs upon his Body". There are cases of criminals who survived the short drop, but dissecting the body removed any hope of escape from death's embrace. Anatomists were popularly thought to be interested in dissection only as enactors of the law, a relationship first established by kings James IV and Henry VIII. Thomas Wakley, editor of The Lancet, wrote that this lowered "the character of the profession in the public mind." It was also thought that the anatomists' work made the body's owner unrecognisable in the afterlife. Therefore, while less hated than the resurrectionists they employed, anatomists remained at risk of attack. Relatives of a man executed in 1820 killed one anatomist and shot another in the face, while in 1831, following the discovery of buried human flesh and three dissected bodies, a mob burnt down an anatomy theatre in Aberdeen. The theatre's proprietor, Andrew Moir, escaped through a window, while two of his students were chased through the streets. Some aspects of the popular view of dissection were exemplified by the final panel of William Hogarth's The Four Stages of Cruelty, a series of engravings that depict a felon's journey to the anatomical theatre. The chief surgeon (John Freke) appears as a magistrate, watching over the examination of the murderer Tom Nero's body by the Company of Surgeons. According to author Fiona Haslam, the scene reflects a popular view that surgeons were "on the whole, disreputable, insensitive to human suffering and prone to victimis[ing] people in the same way that criminals victimised their prey." Another popular belief alluded to by Hogarth was that surgeons were so ignorant of the respect due to their subjects, that they allowed the remains to become offal. In reality, the rough treatment exacted by body snatchers on corpses continued on the premises they delivered to. Joshua Brookes once admitted that he had kicked a corpse in a sack down a flight of stairs, while Robert Christison complained of the "shocking indecency without any qualifying wit" demonstrated by a male lecturer who dissected a woman. Pranks were also common; a London student who jokingly dropped an amputated leg down a household chimney, into a housewife's stewpot, caused a riot. Anatomy Act 1832 In March 1828, in Liverpool, three defendants charged with conspiracy and unlawfully procuring and receiving a corpse buried in Warrington were acquitted, while the remaining two were found guilty of possession. The presiding judge's comment, that "the disinterment of bodies for dissection was an offence liable to punishment", prompted Parliament to establish the 1828 Select Committee on Anatomy. The committee took evidence from 40 witnesses: 25 members of the medical profession, 12 public servants and 3 resurrectionists, who remained anonymous. Discussed were the importance of anatomy, the supply of subjects for dissection and the relationship between anatomists and resurrectionists. The committee concluded that dissection was essential to the study of human anatomy and recommended that anatomists be allowed to appropriate the bodies of paupers. The first bill was presented to Parliament in 1829 by Henry Warburton, author of the Select Committee's report. Following a spirited defence of the poor by peers in the House of Lords, it was withdrawn, but almost two years later Warburton introduced a second bill, shortly after the execution of John Bishop and Thomas Williams. The London Burkers, as the two men were known, were inspired by a series of murders committed by William Burke and William Hare, two Irishmen who sold their victims' bodies to Robert Knox, a Scottish surgeon. Even though Burke and Hare never robbed graves, their case lowered the public's view of resurrectionists from desecraters to potential murderers. The resulting wave of social anxiety helped speed Warburton's bill through Parliament, and despite much public opprobrium, with little Parliamentary opposition the Anatomy Act 1832 became law on 1 August 1832. It abolished that part of the 1752 Act that allowed murderers to be dissected, ending the centuries-old tradition of anatomising felons, although it neither discouraged nor prohibited body snatching, or the sale of corpses (whose legal status remained uncertain). Another clause allowed a person's body to be given up for "anatomical examination", provided that the person concerned had not objected. As the poor were often barely literate and therefore unable to leave written directions in the event of their death, this meant that masters of charitable institutions such as workhouses decided who went to the anatomist's table. A stipulation that witnesses could intervene was also abused, as such witnesses might be fellow inmates who were powerless to object, or workhouse staff who stood to gain money through wilful ignorance. Despite the passage of the Anatomy Act, resurrection remained commonplace, the supply of unclaimed paupers' bodies at first proving inadequate to fulfil the demand. Reports of body snatching persisted for some years; in 1838, Poor Law Commissioners reported on two dead resurrectionists who had contracted an illness from a putrid corpse they had unearthed. By 1844, the trade mostly no longer existed.An isolated case was noted in Sheffield, Wardsend Cemetery in 1862 See also Anatomy murder History of anatomy The Fortune of War Public House, a pub famous for its role as a meeting place where resurrectionists would sell cadavers to surgeons Jerry Cruncher, a resurrectionist featured in Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities References Footnotes Notes Bibliography Further reading For the 1828 Select Committee report on Anatomy, see For a study of the theft and dissection of the body parts of famous people, see External links Persons involved with death and dying Body snatching Burials Medical education in the United Kingdom

38117003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Birthday%20Honours

1996 Birthday Honours

Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty. The 1996 Queen's Birthday honours list for the United Kingdom and Commonwealth was announced on 14 June 1996 for Australia was announced 9 June 1996, and the list for New Zealand was announced on 3 June 1996. Recipients of honours are shown below as they were styled before their new honour. United Kingdom Life Peers Baroness Dame June Kathleen Lloyd, D.B.E., Nuffield Professor of Child Health, British Postgraduate Medical Federation, London University, 1985-1992; now Emeritus Professor. Barons Marmaduke James Hussey, lately Chairman, Board of Governors, BBC. Field Marshal Sir Richard Frederick Vincent, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O., lately Chairman of the Military Committee, NATO. Privy Counsellors James Gordon Brown, M.P., Member of Parliament for Dunfermline East. Robin Finlayson Cook, M.P., Member of Parliament for Livingston. David Maurice Curry, M.P., Member of Parliament for Skipton and Ripon and Minister of State, Department of the Environment. Donald Campbell Dewar, M.P., Member of Parliament for Glasgow Garscadden. Don Dixon, M.P., Member of Parliament for Jarrow. Lord James Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, M.P., Member of Parliament for Edinburgh West and Minister of State, Scottish Office. John Jackson, Baron MacKay of Ardbrecknish, Minister of State, Department of Social Security. Sir Geoffrey Johnson Smith, D.L., M.P., Member of Parliament for Wealden and Vice Chairman of the 1922 Committee. Knights Bachelor Philip Martin Bailhache, Bailiff of Jersey. For services to the community in Jersey. James David Francis Barnes, C.B.E., Chief Executive Officer, Zeneca Group plc. For services to the Pharmaceuticals Industry. Professor Michael Victor Berry, F.R.S., Royal Society Research Professor, University of Bristol. For services to Physics. William Brown, C.B.E., lately Chairman, Scottish Arts Council and of Scottish Television. For services to the Arts and to Broadcasting. Leonard John Chalstrey, Lord Mayor of London. For services to the City of London. John Anthony Craven, Chairman, Morgan Grenfell Group plc. For services to Banking and to the City. Richard Harry Evans, C.B.E., Chief Executive, British Aerospace plc. For services to the Aerospace and Defence Industries. Harry Fang Sin-yang, C.B.E., J.P. For services to orthopaedic and rehabilitative medicine in Hong Kong. Professor David Paul Brandes Goldberg, Director of Research and Development, Institute of Psychiatry. For services to Medicine. James Hann, C.B.E. For services to Industry in Scotland. Robert Hicks, M.P., Member of Parliament for Cornwall South-East. For political service. Stanley James Allen Hill, M.P., Member of Parliament for Southampton Test. For political service. Jeremy Isaacs, General Director, Royal Opera House. For services to Broadcasting and to the Arts. Elgar Spencer Jenkins, O.B.E. For political and public service. David Robert Corbett Kelly, C.B.E. For political and public service. William Herbert Laming, C.B.E., Chief Inspector, Social Services Inspectorate, Department of Health. For services to the Social Services. George Henry Martin, C.B.E., Chairman, Air Studios. For services to the Recording Industry. Brian Scott Moffat, O.B.E., Chairman and Chief Executive, British Steel plc. For services to the Steel Industry. Professor Peter John Morris, F.R.S., Nuffield Professor of Surgery, Chairman of Surgery and Director, Oxford Transplantation Centre, University of Oxford. For services to Medicine. Professor James Duncan Dunbar-Nasmith, C.B.E. For services to Architecture. Raymond Powell, M.P. For services to the House of Commons. Anthony Nigel Russell Rudd, Chairman, Williams Holdings plc. For services to the Manufacturing Industry. James Sharples, Q.P.M., Chief Constable, Merseyside Police. For services to the Police. Roger Edward Sims, M.P., Member of Parliament for Chislehurst. For political service. John James Skehel, F.R.S., Director, National Institute for Medical Research. For services to Science. Professor Trevor Arthur Smith. For services to Higher Education. Clive Malcolm Thompson, Group Chief Executive, Rentokil Group plc. For services to Industry. Alexander Trotman. For services to British-American commercial relations. His Honour Stephen Tumim, lately H.M. Chief Inspector of Prisons in England and Wales. Rodney Myerscough Walker, Chairman, the Sports Council. For services to Sport. Order of the Bath Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Air Marshal David Cousins, C.B., A.F.C., Royal Air Force. Graham Allan Hart, C.B., Permanent Secretary, Department of Health. Lieutenant General Robert John Hayman-Joyce, C.B.E., late Royal Hussars. William Kennedy Reid, C.B., Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration and Health Service Commissioner for England, Scotland and Wales. Vice Admiral Jonathan James Richard Tod, C.B.E. Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Rear Admiral John Patrick Clarke, L.V.O., M.B.E. Major General Philip James Gladstone Corp, late Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Major General Alasdair Ian Gordon Kennedy, C.B.E., late The Gordon Highlanders. Major General Michael Dalrymple Regan, O.B.E., late The Light Infantry. Air Vice-Marshal Nigel Bruce Baldwin, C.B.E., Royal Air Force. Air Vice-Marshal John Bartram Main, O.B.E., Royal Air Force (Retired). Civil Division Kenneth Richard Ashken, lately Grade 3, Crown Prosecution Service. Christopher John Andrew Barnes, lately Grade 3, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Valerie June, Mrs Bayliss, lately Grade 3, Department for Education and Employment. John Frederick Brindley, Grade 3, Lord Chancellor's Department. Robert Charles Dobbie, Grade 3, Office of Public Service. John Albert Gulvin, Grade 3, Ministry of Defence. Anthony John Langford, Chief Executive, Valuation Office Agency, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. David Henry Loades, Grade 3, Government Actuary's Department. Thomas Richard Harman Luce, Head of Social Care Policy, Department of Health. Kenneth John MacKenzie, Grade 2, Scottish Office. Miss Eileen Alison Mackay (Mrs Russell), lately Grade 3, Scottish Office. Marilynne Ann, Mrs Morgan, Solicitor and Legal Adviser, Department of the Environment. Sydney George Norris, Grade 3, Home Office. Miss Margaret Ellen Peirson, Grade 3, Department of Social Security. Alexander William Russell, Deputy Chairman, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. George Warren Staple, Director of the Serious Fraud Office. Andrew Donald Whetnall, Grade 3, Cabinet Office. William Brian Willott, Chief Executive, Export Credits Guarantee Department. Order of St Michael and St George Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Sir Christopher Leslie George Mallaby, G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., H.M. Ambassador, Paris. Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) Michael Douglas McWilliam, Director, School of Oriental and African Studies, London University. For services to Higher Education. David Rolland Spedding, C.V.O., O.B.E., Chief of Secret Intelligence Service. John Stephen Wall, C.M.G., L.V.O., UK Permanent Representative to the European Union, Brussels. David John Wright, C.M.G., L.V.O., H.M. Ambassador, Tokyo. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Merrick Stuart Baker-Bates, H.M. Consul-General, Los Angeles. Bishop Bernard Patrick Devlin. For services to the community in Gibraltar. Gordon Aldridge Duggan, High Commissioner, Singapore. Richard George Hopper Fletcher, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Ian Duncan Hendry, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. James William Hodge, Minister, H.M. Embassy, Peking. David Christopher Kelly, Deputy Chief Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence. Neil Maidment. For services to British commercial interests in Hong Kong and China. Francis Joseph Savage, L.V.O., O.B.E., Governor, Montserrat. Peter Graham Wilmott, lately Director General (Customs and Indirect Taxation), Commission of the European Union. Royal Victorian Order Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) Major Sir Shane Gabriel Basil Blewitt, K.C.V.O., Keeper of the Privy Purse and Treasurer to The Queen. The Right Honourable Sir Robert Fellowes, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., Private Secretary to The Queen. Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) The Very Reverend Thomas Eric Evans, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. James Hugh Neill, C.B.E., T.D., lately Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire. Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) Charles Vernon Anson, L.V.O., Press Secretary to The Queen. James Gerald Gulliver, lately Trustee, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme. Robert Matthew Morris, lately Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Criminal Justice and Constitutional Department, Home Office. Kenneth William Parsons, L.V.O., lately Surveyor of the Lands for the South Survey, Duchy of Lancaster. Thomas Andrew Shebbeare, Executive Director, The Prince's Trusts. Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) Richard Winston Arbiter, Director of Media Affairs, Royal Collection. Major Nicholas Michael Lancelot Barne, Private Secretary to Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester and The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester. Commander Hugh Blyth Daglish, Royal Navy. Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia. Cecil William Lavery Graham, O.B.E., lately Vice-Chairman of the Board, The Prince's Trust. Katharine Joan, Mrs Harvey, Lady in Waiting to Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester. Commander Jonathan Mortimer Collingwood Maughan, Royal Navy. Lately of Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia. Miss Jane Katharine Walker-Okeover, Extra Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Ian Richard Parsons, Surveyor of Lands for the Lancashire and Crewe Surveys, Duchy of Lancaster. Harold Geoffrey Roberts, lately Director of Information, Welsh Office. Thomas Woodcock, Somerset Herald, College of Arms. Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) Kathleen Elizabeth, Mrs Brown. For services to The Crown in Canada. Major Colin Neville Burgess, lately Temporary Equerry to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Miss Wendy Dorothea Button, Personal Assistant (Auxiliary) to the Governor-General of Australia. Miss Maria Cicutto. For services to The Crown in Australia. Miss Sandra Evelyn Cochrane, Personal Assistant to the Governor-General of Australia. Sergeant Brian Edward Ford, Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department, Metropolitan Police. Sergeant Jeffrey Alan Fuller, Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department, Metropolitan Police. Daniel Neil Glasser. For services to The Crown in Australia. Miss Jean Catherine Gray, Secretary, Household of The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. Bernard Rushmer Jones, lately Chairman of the Board of The Prince's Youth Business Trust. Edwin Alfred Andrew Norton, Maintenance Manager, Windsor Castle. Major Albert Victor Smith, M.B.E., Superintendent of the Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace. Terence Hector Summers, Partner, Smith-Woolley. Patricia, Mrs Wilde, Assistant to the Lieutenancy of Hereford and Worcester. Brian Wilson, lately Head Forester, Duchy of Cornwall. Royal Victorian Medal (RVM) Royal Victorian Medal (Gold) Leslie Robert Simmons, R.V.M., lately Agricultural Worker, Sandringham Estate. Bar to the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) Leslie Frank Cribbett, R.V.M., lately Member of the Princetown Works Department, Duchy of Cornwall, Dartmoor. Roy Thomas William Howling, R.V.M., Farm Foreman, Sandringham Estate. Royal Victorian Medal (Silver) John Alan Brown, Agricultural Worker, Sandringham Estate. Philip Shaun Croasdale, Palace Steward, Buckingham Palace. Edward Esson, Farm Grieve, Balmoral Estate. David Albert Griffin, Head Chauffeur, Buckingham Palace. Keith Howard Griffiths, Senior Dining Room Assistant, Buckingham Palace. Leading Seaman (Missile) Paul Andrew Hale, Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia. Sergeant Major John Glyn Hook,[The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard. Acting Charge Chief Marine Engineering Artificer John Gordon Mace. Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia. Local Acting Chief Petty Officer Communications Yeoman Christopher Ian Plows. Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia. James Charles Edward Rough, Electrician, Buckingham Palace. Dennis Harold Tadd. Standsman, Members' Enclosure, Ascot Racecourse. Dennis Wilkinson, lately Messenger Sergeant Major, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard. James Douglas Winn, Parks Worker, The Crown Estate, Windsor. Divisional Sergeant Major Ernest James Woodman, M.B.E., The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard. Companion of Honour (CH) The Right Honourable Richard Edward Geoffrey, Baron Howe of Aberavon, Q.C. For political service. Order of the British Empire Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Fiona, Mrs Caldicott, Chairman, the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and President, the Royal College of Psychiatrists. For services to Medicine. Felicity Ann Emwhyla Lott, C.B.E. For services to Opera. Sheila Valerie Masters, Partner, KPMG. For services to the Financial Industry. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Lieutenant General Alexander George Hamilton Harley, C.B., O.B.E. (471272), late Royal Regiment of Artillery. Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Captain Peter Roland Davies, M.B.E., Royal Navy. Commodore Alan Duncan Ferguson, Royal Navy. Captain Richard Somerton Wraith, Royal Navy. Colonel Ian Charles Irvine, T.D., late The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army. Brigadier (Acting Major General) Kevin O'Donoghue, late Corps of Royal Engineers. Brigadier Anthony John Raper, M.B.E., late Royal Corps of Signals. Air Commodore Peter Clarence Ayee, Royal Air Force. Group Captain Christopher Granville-White, Royal Air Force. Civil Division Mary Margaret Anderson, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Lewisham Hospital. For services to Medicine. John Alexander Armitt, Chief Executive, Union Railways Ltd. For services to the Railway Industry. Geoffrey Armstrong, Director-General, Institute of Personnel and Development. For services to Industrial Relations. John Lionel Beckwith, Vice President, Royal National Institute for the Blind and Patron, Teenage Cancer Trust. For charitable services. Robert Beresford, Group Chairman, Mott MacDonald Group Ltd. For services to Engineering and to Export. Professor Alexander Boksenberg, F.R.S., lately, Director, the Royal Observatories. For services to Astronomy. Trevor Courtnay Bonner, Managing Director, GKN Automotive and Agritechnical Products, GKN plc. For services to the Automotive Components Industry. Christopher William Brasher, Life President, London Marathon and Vice President, British Orienteering Federation. For services to Sport. Beata Ann Brookes. For political service. Ewan Brown, Director, Noble Grossart. For services to Banking and to Public Life in Scotland. Richard St John Vladimir Burton. For services to Architecture. Professor Donald Carruthers, lately Director of Roads, Strathclyde Regional Council. For services to Local Government. Professor Peter John Bell Clarricoats, F.R.S., Head, Department of Electronic Engineering, Queen Mary and Westfield College. For services to the Ministry of Defence. Colonel John Alistair Clemence, T.D., lately Regimental Colonel, London Scottish Regiment, Territorial Army. For services to the Territorial Army. Julia Charity Cleverdon (Mrs Garnett), Chief Executive, Business in the Community. For services to Training and to Equal Opportunities. Tim William George Collins. For political service. Patrick Laurence Combes, lately Professional and Technology Director Grade A, Ministry of Defence. Peter John Cook, Director, British Geological Survey. For scientific services to industry. Allan Gerald Corless, lately Chief Executive, West Glamorgan County Council. For services to Local Government. Dan Crompton, Q.P.M., Her Majesty's Inspector of Constabulary. For services to the Police. Derek Lewis Davies. For services to Business and to the community in North West England. Miss Edna Nansi Margaret Davies, lately Grade 5, Welsh Office. Michael Shillito Trevelyan Dower, lately Director General, Countryside Commission. For services to Conservation and Countryside Recreation. Archibald Hugh Duberly , lately National President, Country Landowners' Association. For services to the Rural Community. Professor Evelyn Algernon Valentine Ebsworth, Vice Chancellor and Warden, University of Durham. For services to Higher Education. Professor Andrew Elkington, President, Royal College of Ophthalmologists. For services to Medicine. The Reverend Donald English. For services to World Methodism. Alun Evans, O.B.E., Chairman, British Wool Marketing Board and Chairman, Welsh Food Promotions. For services to Agriculture. Professor Lawrence David Freedman, Professor of War Studies, King's College, London. For services to Defence Studies. Christopher Michael Gable, Artistic Director, Northern Ballet Theatre. For services to Dance. Paul Gallagher, lately Health and Safety Commissioner. For services to Health and Safety. Jack Gee, lately Grade 5, Department of the Environment. Arthur Benjamin Norman Gill, Deputy President, National Farmers' Union. For services to Agriculture. Harvey Anthony Goldsmith, Chief Executive, The Allied Entertainment Group. For services to Entertainment. Brian James Hanson. For political service. Professor Frank Harris, Dean and Professor of Paediatrics. University of Leicester Medical School. For services to Medicine. Gary Leon Hewitt, Chief of Manufacturing, Atomic Weapons Establishment. For services to the Defence Industry. John William Hougham, Chairman, Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. For service to Industrial Relations. Professor Judith Ann Kathleen Howard, Foundation Professor to Structural and Materials Chemistry, University of Durham. For services to Science. Leslie Howell, Chairman, Merseyside Training and Enterprise Council. For services to Training. Terence Hunt. National Director, NHS Supplies Authority. For services to the NHS. Professor Ian Isherwood. For services to Radiology. Professor Kenneth James Ives, Emeritus Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College, London. For services to the Environment. David Lewis Jacobs, D.L. For services to Broadcasting and for charitable services. James Alexander Mercer Kerr. For public service. James Anthony King, Grade 5, Ministry of Defence. Ralph Richard Land, O.B.E. For services to Export to Eastern Europe. Professor Donald Frederick Leach, Principal, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh. For services to Education. James Clarke Macfarlane, O.B.E., Chairman, Tayside Health Board. For services to the NHS in Scotland. John Edward Maguire. For services to Industrial Tribunals. Alfred David Malpas, Managing Director, Tesco plc. For services to the Food Retail Industry. Robert John Margetts, Executive Director, ICI Group. For services to the Chemical and Engineering Industries. Douglas Keith Matthews, Deputy Controller, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. William Thomas McCarter. For services to Industry. Michael William McCrum. For services to Education and to the Cathedrals Fabric Commission. Cameron McLatchie, O.B.E., Chairman and Chief Executive, British Polythene Industries plc. For services to the Polythene Industry. Michael Rodney Newton Moore. For services to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Annette, Mrs Noskwith, O.B.E. For political and public service. James Geoffrey Parker, Chairman, Teacher Training Agency. For services to Education. John Alan Parkes, lately Chief Executive, Humberside County Council. For services to Local Government. Simon Frank Perry, Chief Executive, British Screen Finance. For services to the Film Industry. Professor Deanna Sheila Petherbridge, Professor of Drawing, Royal College of Art. For services to the Draughtsmanship. Professor James Colquhoun Petrie, Professor of Pharmacology and Head, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen and Co-Director, Health Services Research Unit, Aberdeen. For services to Medicine. Rosina May, Mrs Pink. For political and public service. David Ernest Plowright, Deputy Chairman, Channel 4. For services to the Broadcasting Industry. Donald Andrew Porter. For political service. Roger Allan Pratt. For political service. Arthur Leolin Price, Q.C. For services to the Institute of Child Health. David Brookhouse Price, lately Grade 4, Department for Education and Employment. David Henry Probert, Chairman, Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations. For services to Business. Brian Quinn, lately Director, Bank of England. For services to Banking. Roy Henry Ranson, Managing Director and Actuary, Equitable Life Assurance Society. For services to the Insurance Industry. Miss Marjorie Ethel Reeves, Honorary Fellow, St Anne's and St Hugh's Colleges, Oxford. For services to History. Ruth Barbara, Mrs Rendell, Novelist. For services to Literature. Norman Richardson, Vice President, Northumbria Tourist Board. For services to Tourism. George Francis Robertson, President, Rent Assessment Panel for Scotland. For services to the Community. Brian Gordon Robinson, Q.F.S.M., Chief Fire Officer and Chief Executive, London Fire and Civil Defence Authority. For services to the Fire Service. Hedley Stephen Salt. For services to Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council and to Local Government. Coral Cynthia, Mrs Samuel. For charitable services to the Arts. Bryan Moile Sandford. For services to the Church of England. Kenneth Douglas Schofield, Executive Director, PGA European Tour. For services to Golf. John Shannon, O.B.E., Chairman, York Civic Trust. For services to the community in York. Gillian Anne, Mrs Shaw. For services to the Community. Richard James Simmonds. For political service. John Michael Corbet-Singleton. For political and public service. Kenneth Peter Ross Smart, Grade 4, Department of Transport. John Michael Smethurst, lately Deputy Chief Executive, the British Library. John William Sorrell, Chairman, Design Council. For services to Industrial Design. Brian John Stewart, Chief Executive, Scottish and Newcastle plc. For services to the Brewing Industry. The Honourable Sir Richard Storey, Bt. For services to the Newspaper Industry. John Sydney Sutton, General Secretary, Secondary Heads Association. For services to Education. Christopher Anthony Swan. For services to the Citizen's Charter. Stephen Robin Temple, Grade 4. Department of Trade and Industry. Nigel Cooper Thompson, Deputy Chairman, Ove Arup and Partners. For services to the Construction Industry. Peter Kai Thornton. For services to the Sir John Soane's Museum. Derek Adrian Truman, lately Grade 5, H.M. Treasury. David George Vaisey. For services to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. David Anthony Vicary, Chairman, Chamber of Coal Traders and Chairman, National Association of Solid Fuel Wholesalers. For services to the Coal Industry. Professor David James Wallace, F.R.S. For services to Parallel Computing. Major General Michael John Hatley Walsh, C.B., D.S.O. For services to the Voluntary Sector. Leonard John Warwick, Member, Securities and Investments Board. For services to Financial Regulation. Robin Glover Wendt, D.L., Secretary, Association of County Councils. For services to Local Government. John Granville Wilkins. For political service. John Frederick Coplin. For services to British interests in Indonesia. John Wilfred Sword Fletcher. For services to British interests in Asia. Ellis Martin Goodman. For services to British exports to the USA. John Albert Sidney Jackson, M.B.E., IP, President of the Senate, Bermuda. Professor (Mrs) Ma Chung Ho-kei, O.B.E., J.P. For services to the development of medicine in Hong Kong. Ronald Neame. For services to the British film industry. Philip John Priestley, lately H.M. Consul-General, Geneva. James So Yiu-Cho, O.B.E., J.P., Secretary for Recreation and Culture, Hong Kong. Mr Justice Woo Kwok-hing. For services as Chairman, Boundary and Election Commission, Hong Kong. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Division Commander Timothy Harold Boycott, Royal Navy. Commander Alan Kenneth Grant, Royal Navy. Commander Michael Ian Horrell, Royal Navy. Commander Charlotte Elizabeth Manley, Royal Navy. Commander Howard McFadyen, Royal Navy. Commander Richard John Thornton Pallister, Royal Navy. Commander William Ross Rennison, Royal Navy. Lieutenant Colonel Peter Reginald Cloudesley Dixon, The Royal Anglian Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Paul Fraser, The Royal Logistic Corps. Lieutenant Colonel (Acting Colonel) Shane Crisp Hearn, The Royal Green Jackets. Lieutenant Colonel (Acting Colonel) Thomas Michael Fitzalan Howard, Scots Guards. Acting Colonel David Edwin King, Oxfordshire Army Cadet Force. Lieutenant Colonel Nigel Anthony Lampard, The Royal Logistic Corps. Lieutenant Colonel Hubert Kelly McAllister, T.D., Royal Army Dental Corps, Territorial Army. Lieutenant Colonel Brian Mervyn Semple, Corps of Royal Engineers. Wing Commander Peter Basil Akehurst, L.V.O., Royal Air Force. Wing Commander Peter Raymond Bowen, Royal Air Force (Retired). Wing Commander Hugh Richard Corney, Royal Air Force. Wing Commander Gordon James Goodman, Royal Air Force. Wing Commander Keith Robert Colin Greaves, Royal Air Force. Wing Commander (now Acting Group Captain) Maurice Ian Pettifer, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader John Edward Rands, Royal Air Force. Wing Commander Jonathan Kim Wheeler, Royal Air Force. Civil Division Ian Simpson Thomson Adam, Q.F.S.M., Firemaster, Central Scotland Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. Professor Ian Douglas Aitken, Director, Moredun Research Institute. For services to Agricultural Science. Laurence John Albon, Chairman and Chief Executive, Albon Engineering and Manufacturing plc. For services to the Automobile Components Industry. Philip Andrew, lately Chief Executive, British Coal Enterprise Ltd. For services to the Coal Industry. Miss Patricia Margaret Andrews, Grade 5, Cabinet Office. John Ardley, lately Deputy Controller of Plant Variety Rights, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Timothy Preston Astill, Group Director, National Pharmaceutical Association. For services to the Pharmaceutical Profession. Howard Baderman, Consultant in Charge, Accident and Emergencies, University College Hospital, London. For services to Medicine. Robert Ernest Bailie. For services to the Printing Industry. Andrew Eric Joseph Banfield, President, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health. For services to Environmental Health. John Reginald Barrell, T.D., Chief Executive, Institution of Occupational Safety and Health. For services to Health and Safety. Bernard Daniel James Barton. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Surrey. Trevor John Bayley. For services to Medical Education. John Anthony Beaumont, Chief Executive, Institute of Grocery Distribution. For services to the Food Industry. John Irving Besent, Superintendent, Epping Forest. For services to Epping Forest and to the Corporation of London. Archibald Anderson Bethel, lately Chief Executive, Lanarkshire Development Agency. For services to Enterprise in Lanarkshire. Alastair Ross Biggart. For services to the Construction and Tunelling Industries. Geoffrey Bernard Blacker, lately Chief Executive and Director of Finance, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. For services to Local Government. Irene, Mrs Bloor, lately Chairperson, War Widows' Association. For services to War Widows. Professor Jennifer Ruth Pryse Boore. For services to Nursing. Michael John Booth. For services to International Trade. Gillian Evelyn, Viscountess Brentford. For humanitarian services and for services to the community in London. Marion Helen, Mrs Brighton, Chairman, Lincolnshire Tourism and lately Member, East Midlands Tourist Board. For services to Tourism in Lincolnshire and South Humberside. James Douglas Brown, Chairman, South Ayrshire Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. Terence Walter Brownlow, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Ministry of Defence. Miss Dora May Bryan, Actress. For services to Drama. Mirza Michael John Bukht (Michael Barry), Programme Controller, Classic FM. For services to Radio and Television Broadcasting. Miss Antonia Janette Bunch, lately Director, Scottish Science Library, National Library of Scotland. Neville Edmund Bunting, Grade 7, Department of Social Security. Peter Victor Burden, lately Chief Crime Correspondent, Daily Mail. For services to Crime Journalism and to Crime Prevention. Michael Burn, lately Grade 7, Department of the Environment. Miss Susan Mary Burr, Royal College of Nursing Adviser on Paediatric Nursing. For services to Nursing. Peter John Burton, Grade 6, Overseas Development Administration. Annette Lorimer Knox, Mrs Cadbury, D.L. For service to the community in Gloucestershire. Lieutenant Colonel Harrison Harvey Cail, Executive Secretary, Independent Tank Storage Association. For services to the Oil and Chemical Industries. Peter Gavin Caldwell, Grade 7, Health and Safety Executive, Department of the Environment. Miss Clare Dixon-Carter. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Scotland. Bernard Oliver Clampton. For services to the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen. Peter Clark, Controller, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Denis Oliver Cole, lately Chairman, Shaftesbury Housing Association. For services to the housing Association Movement. Philip Collcutt, Grade 7, Cabinet Office. Miss Sheila Gillian Colvin, General Director, Aldeburgh Foundation. For services to the Arts. William Elwyn Conway. For services to Local Government in Wales. Graham Hamilton Cooper, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence. John Edward Cooper, Grade 7, Department for Education and Employment. Richard Ernest Cooper. For services to the Magistracy in Buckinghamshire. Colin James Craig, Director, Robert Fleming and Company Ltd. For services to the Ministry of Defence. Joy Carol, Mrs Cross, Grade 7, Department for Education and Employment. Alan George Curtis. For charitable services to Ex-servicemen and Women, and for services to the Airborne Initiative. Maurice Dale, lately Grade 7, Ministry of Defence. Adrian Marten George Darby, Chairman, Plantlife. For services to Nature Conservation. Margaret Wilmett, Mrs Davey. For services to Continuing Education and Training in the London Borough of Croydon. Constance Ann Gillian, Mrs Davies, Administrator, the Allen Lane Foundation. For charitable services. Colonel Norman Thomas Davies, M.B.E., lately Registrar, General Dental Council. For public service. Peter Roger Davies. For services to Education. Dennis Tyrone Davis, Q.F.S.M., Chief Fire Officer, Cheshire Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. Peter Dawson, Senior Crown Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service. Richard Anthony Dennis, Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. John Elliott Christopher Dicks. For services to the Newspaper Industry. Patrick Brian O'Cahir Doherty. For political service. John Roland Donovan, Grade 7, Ministry of Defence. Andrew Patrick Dougal. For services to Health Care. Miss Caroline Elizabeth Anne Dudley, Director, Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro. For services to Museums and Galleries. James Andrew Cameron Dunlop, Dairy Farmer. For services to Agriculture. John Leeper Dunlop. For services to Horse Racing. Prudence, Mrs Earle. For services to the Board of Visitors, HM Prison Blakenhurst. Lieutenant Colonel John Halifax Patrick Emerson, Honorary Secretary, Indian Army Association. For services to Ex-Servicemen and Women. Professor John Davies Evans, lately Chairman, Treasure Trove Reviewing Committee. For services to Archaeology. John Ewington. For services to the Guild of Church Musicians. James Angus Gordon Fiddes, Member, Glenrothes Development Corporation. For services to Business. David Arthur Ewart Finch. For political and public service. Miss Betty Lilian Finch, Member, Boards of Visitors' Co-ordinating Committee. For services to Prisoner Welfare. John Fish. For services to the Civil Service Retirement Fellowship. Patricia Hilbery, Mrs FitzPatrick. For political service. James Angus Ford, Consultant Paediatrician, Rutherglen Maternity Hospital and Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow. For services to Medicine. John Charles Foster, lately Managing Director and Chief Executive, USM Texon Ltd. For services to the Shoe Industry. John Fraser, Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. Miss Jeane Freeman, Director, Apex Scotland Ltd. For services to the Rehabilitation of Offenders. Bernard Frowd, lately Chief Executive and City Treasurer, Exeter City Council, Devon. For services to Local Government. Mary Rhoda, Mrs Fyfe. For political service. The Reverend Peter John Galloway. For services to the Order of the British Empire. Jeremy Peter Gee, Grade 7, Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Peter Graham Gething, lately Grade 6, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. George Allison Gill, H.M. Inspector, Office for Standards in Education. St John Rosslyn Goff, B.E.M. For services to the Magistracy in Gwent. Peter Golds. For political service. Charles Richard Browne Goldson, Commercial Director, North and West, British Railways Board. For services to the Railway Industry. Alexander Goodall, Headteacher, Wester Hailes Education Centre, Edinburgh. For services to Education. Ian Gordon, Grade 6, Highways Agency, Department of Transport. The Reverend George Gordon Graham. For services to Botany. Alan Roy Gray, Chief Fire Officer, Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire Service. Alexander Gray For services to Rheumatology and Cancer Relief. Ann, Mrs Hallett. For political service. Walter Weir Sommerville Halley, District Inspector, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Patrick Gerard Hamill. For services to Education. The Venerable Alan Edwin Thomas Harper. For services to Conservation. Ronald Arthur Harris, Assistant Chief Investigation Officer, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Laurence Hardy Harwood, Adviser on Coast and Countryside Strategy Plans, National Trust. For services to Conservation. Major Alastair John Crafton Hewat, lately Chairman, Scottish River Purification Boards Association and Chairman, Tweed River Purification Board. For services to Conservation. Patrick Joseph Higgins. For public service. Anita Mary Clarke, Mrs Higham, Principal of Banbury School, Oxfordshire and Director, Heart of England Training and Enterprise Council. For services to Education and Training. Sheila Margaret, Mrs Holden, Senior Principal Engineer (Transportation), East Sussex County Council. For services to Transportation Planning. John Frederick White Holdich. For political and public service. Miss Shana Clare Hole, Special Adviser to the Government Chief Whip. Desmond James Hollis, Director of Finance, Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. For services to the Police. David Hood, Chairman and Joint Managing Director, Pace Micro Technology Ltd. For services to the Satellite Receiver Industry. Lieutenant Colonel Robert William Edward House, M.B.E. For services to War Pensions Committees in Kent. Alan Peter Howcroft, lately Principal Professional and Technology Officer, Welsh Office. John Anthony Howick, lately Grade 7, Department of Transport. Robert Howie, Grade 7, Department of Social Security. Kenneth Hudson. For services to Museums. Zulfikar Alibhai Jadavji, Audit Manager, National Audit Office. John Douglas James, Chief Executive, Woodland Trust. For services to Nature Conservation. Harry Jepson. For services to Rugby League Football. Michael Denis Jepson, Chairman, Brecon Cathedral 900th Anniversary Appeal. For charitable services. Nicholas Jonas, D.L. For services to the community in Hampshire. Alan David Jones, Managing Director, TNT Express UK Ltd. For services to the Transport Industry. Christopher Frederick Jones, Chief Clerk, Central Office, Royal Courts of Justice. Haydn Hugh Griffiths Jones. For services to the community in Dinas Powis, Vale of Glamorgan. Leslie David Jones, lately Regional General Manager (Thames), National Rivers Authority. For services to Conservation. Robert Gwilym Pritchard-Jones. For services to the Magistracy in Wales. Roger Spencer Jones, Managing Director, Penn Pharmaceuticals Ltd. For services to Industry in Wales. Stephen Francis Waley Joseph, Executive Director, Transport 2000. For services to Transport and to the Environment. Cyril Russell Julian. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade in Cornwall. Martin Newman Karmel, Consultant, British Bankers' Association. For services to Banking. Charles Fitzroy Coogan Kaye, lately Chief Executive, Special Hospitals Service Authority. For services to Health Care. James Keight, Leader, Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council. For services to Local Government. Ann Elaine, Mrs Kennedy, Grade 6, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Joan, Mrs Keogh. For services to Industrial Tribunals. Richard Henry Kimberlin. For services to Animal Health. Clifford King, Director, Trafalgar House Corporate Development Ltd. For services to Engineering Exports. Ronald Peter Kirby, Director of Public Affairs, the Engineering Council. For services to Engineering. Professor Malcolm Harold Lader. For services to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Robin James Oliver Lavery, Grade 7, Department of Trade and Industry. Anne Deirdre, Mrs Leece. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association in West Sussex. Clifford Lees, European Patent Attorney. For services to the Patent Industry. Donald John Lewin, Chairman, Clinton Cards. For services to the Greeting Cards Industry. Cyril Mervyn Lewis, Principal and Chief Executive, Swansea College. For services to Further Education in Wales. Hywel Eifion Lewis, lately Chairman, Assembly of Welsh County Councils. For services to Local Government in Wales. James Frazer Lindsay, lately Head of Information, Forestry Commission. Hugh Patrick Linehan. For services to Agriculture. Peter Arthur Lister, Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Health and Safety Executive. Moir Lockhead, Chief Executive and Deputy Chairman, First Bus plc. For services to the Bus Industry. James Logan, Actor, comedian and entertainer. For services to Entertainment. Samuel Morrell Lyons. For services to Medicine. James Brian Chambers Lyttle. For services to the Rehabilitation of Offenders. Pamela Mary, Mrs Mackay. For political service. Miss Patricia Kathleen Randall Mann (Mrs Walker). For services to the Food Advisory Committee. George Hugh Marriage, Grade 6, Home Office. Peter John Dixon Marshall. For charitable services to the community in Yorkshire. Terence William Marshall, Grade 6, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Patrick William Bussell Masefield. For services to the Arts. David Leslie Mason. For services to Health Charities. Manmohan Singh Matharu, Consultant in Public Health Medicine. For services to Medicine. Bernard Brian McCann, Chairman, South East Asia Committee, British Overseas Trade Board. For services to Export. William Gerard Vincent McCarney. For services to the Magistracy. Hugh Montgomery McIlvanney. For services to Sports Journalism. John Charles McIntosh, Headmaster, The London Oratory School, Fulham. For services to Education. Althea Icolyn, Mrs McLean. For services to Community Relations in Watford, Hertfordshire. John David Alexander McWilliam, Deputy Vice Chancellor, University of Greenwich. For services to Education. Manubhai Bhogilal Mehta, lately Chief Executive, Torfaen Borough Council. For services to Local Government in Wales. Rob Mellors, Team Leader, Pilot District Support Project, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. For humanitarian services. Professor Hugh Graham Miller, Head, Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen. For services to Forestry. Alan Mills. For services to Lawn Tennis. Thomas Gerald John Moag. For services to Education. Ian Charles Hugh Moody, D.L., Chairman, St John Council for Devon. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade. David Gordon Morgan. For political and public service. Ivan Morrison, Songwriter, Singer and Musician. For services to Music. Peter Francis Morrisroe, Managing Director, Airport Co-ordination Ltd. For services to the Aviation Industry. Ian Forbes Mortimer, Fine Printer. For services to Printing. William Mountain, Team Leader, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Bernard Patrick Murphy. For public service. David Spencer Baird-Murray, D.L. For services to Tourism in Wales. Peter Murray, Founder and Executive Director, Yorkshire Sculpture Park. For services to Sculpture. Helen Ruth, Mrs Ostrycharz, Chairman, Ayrshire, Inverclyde and Argyll Committee for the Employment of People with Disabilities. For services to Disabled People. Richard Eric Painter, Chief Executive, ADT Education Trust Ltd. For services to Education. Colin Murray Parkes, President, Cruse Bereavement Care. For services to Bereaved People. Sylvia, Mrs Peach, Chairman, Board of Visitors, H.M. Prison Winchester. For services to Prisoner Welfare. Michael Stuart Pickering, Chairman, Agricultural Advisory Panel for Wales. For services to Agriculture. Brian Alexander Martin Piggott, Grade 6, Department of Trade and Industry. David Alan Pinder. For political service. Derek Robert Pollard, National Commissioner for Adult Support, Scout Association. For services to Scouting. Professor James Alfred Powell, Director, Graduate School, University of Salford. For services to Science and to Engineering Education. Daphne June, Mrs Priestley, D.L. For services to the Magistracy in Berkshire and to the Thames Valley Police Authority. Miss Maureen Lilian Purvis, Grade 6, Department of Health. Malcolm Andrew Rae, Nurse Adviser, Mental Health Services, Salford NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. Herbert H. Raphael. For charitable services in Greater Manchester. Professor Desmond Rea. For services to Local Government. Francis Vaughan Rees, lately Grade 7, Department of National Heritage. Grahame Hughes Rees, lately Group Leader, Theory and Future Projects, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. For services to Particle Acceleration Theory. Margaret Jane, Mrs Rees, Principal, Coventry Technical College. For services to Further Education. Barbara Brand Laing, Mrs Reid. For services to Children's Panels and to Young People in Scotland. Frederick Brian Rennie, Personnel Adviser, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Michael George Richards, lately Grade 7, Welsh Office. Christopher Keith Richardson, M.B.E., Principal Consultant, Roke Manor Research Ltd. For services to the Defence Industry. Ian Billington Ritchie, Regional Director, Thames Water. For services to the Water Industry and to Export. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Ian McLaren Robinson. For services to the Army Benevolent Fund. Maureen, Mrs Rooney. For services to Women's Issues. Colonel Peter George Rosser, M.B.E. For political service. Malcolm Spencer Rudkin, D.L. For political and public service. Colin Anthony Rugg. For services to the Services Sound and Vision Corporation. Alan Gray Rutherford, Scotch Whisky Production Director, United Distillers plc. For services to the Scotch Whisky Industry. Professor Eric Edward Sainsbury. For services to the community particularly voluntary organisations, in Sheffield. Joan Mary, Mrs Sallis, President, Campaign for State Education. For services to Education. Bryan Campbell Sewell, lately Deputy Director of Works, House of Commons. Paul Anthony Shaw, Chief Executive, Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority. For services to Health Care. Albert James Sherrard. For services to the Health Care Industry. John Bourne Shropshire, Managing Director, the Shropshire Group. For services to the Horticulture Industry and to Export. Miss Janet Helen Silver (Mrs Albu), lately Principal Optometrist, Moorfields Eye Hospital Nhs Trust. For services to Health Care. Indarjit Singh. For services to Urban Regeneration. Hugh Drew Sloan, Managing Director, Semex UK. For services to the Dairy Industry. Ian Reid Dykes Smillie, lately Chief Executive, Kyle and Carrick District Council. For services to Local Government. David Arthur George Smith, Headmaster, Bradford Grammar School, West Yorkshire. For services to Education. Miss Sally Belinda Smith, Divisional Design Director, Clothing Division, Coats Viyella plc. For services to the Clothing Industry. Clive Roderick Sneddon, lately Leader of the Administration, North East Fife District Council. For services to Local Government in Scotland. Michael Lawrence Somers. For services to the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences and to Sonar Surveying. Captain Herbert Franklin Spencer, R.N. (Retd), Co-ordinator, ODA's Emergency Engineering Unit. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. Roy Staples, T.D. For services to the community in Spalding, Lincolnshire. John Carwin Stewart, lately Director of Finance and Deputy Chief Executive, Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council. For services to Local Government. Thomas Stuttaford. For political service. Robin James Harry Sumpter, Chairman, Scunthorpe Social Security Tribunal. For services to the community in Scunthorpe, Humberside. Peter Charles Swain, Director, Living Options East Devon. For services to Disabled People. Marney Jane, Mrs Swan. For political service. Peter Simon Tanner, Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Defence. David Scott Tennet, Managing Director, GEC Marconi Defence Systems. For services to the Defence Industry. Brian Thaxter, D.L. For services to the community in Merseyside. Bernard Thomas, lately Works Director, Sekisui. For services to Industry in South Wales. John Hugh Thomas. For services to Music in Wales. Roger John Thompson, Chairman and Managing Director, Guide Friday Ltd. For services to Tourism. Thomas Walter Thompson, Director of Planning and Transportation, Leicestershire County Council. For services to Civil Engineering and to Highway Maintenance. Edward David Macrae Tod, President, National Association of Fundholding Practices. For services to Medicine. Helen Patricia, Mrs Toft, Chief Waste Regulation Officer. For services to Waste Regulation. Graham Alfred Treadwell, Grade 7, Home Office. Miss Joanna Trollope, Novelist. For services to Literature. Barbara, Mrs Vaughan, Chair, Scottish Community Education Council and Team Leader of Public Administration, Leisure and Tourism, Angus College. For services to Education. The Reverend Michael David Vockins. For services to Cricket. (Graeme) Murray Walker. For services to Broadcasting and to Motor Sports. John Walton, Deputy District Valuer, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Leslie Howard Walton, Headteacher, Norham Community High School, North Tyneside. For services to Education. George McIlroy Wanless, lately Chairman, East Lothian District Council. For services to Local Government in Scotland. (Arthur) Ronald Dare Watkins. For services to the Globe Theatre. Cecilia Emily, Mrs Wells, Equal Opportunities Commissioner. For services to Equal Opportunities. Eric Welsh, Managing Director, Tees Dockyard Ltd. For services to the Shipbuilding Industry. Ronald Edmund Weston, lately Member, National Rivers Authority. For services to Conservation. Alan Reynolds Westwell, Chief Executive and Managing Director, Greater Manchester Buses North Ltd. For services to Public Transport in Greater Manchester. Frank Westwell, Grade 6, Department of Health. Sir James Herbert Ingham Whitaker, Bt. For services to Atlantic College, West Glamorgan and to Young People. Raymond Carson White, B.E.M. For services to the Police. Robert Ian Kirkland White, lately Chief Estates Officer, Scottish Office. Joan Marie, Mrs Wiggall, M.B.E. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Hertfordshire. Henry Russell Wilkinson, lately Director of Accounting Practice, Audit Commission. For services to Accountancy and to Local Government. John Kenneth Williams. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association. Michael Ian Willis, Chief Executive, West Country Ambulance Services NHS Trust. For services to the Ambulance Service. Anthony Wilfred Wilshaw, Grade 7, Department for Education and Employment. Catherine Mary, Mrs Wilson, Director, Norfolk Museums Service. For services to Museums and Galleries. David Thomas Robison Wilson. For political and public service. Derrick Raymond Wilson. For services to the Coal Trade Benevolent Association. Dinah Mary, Mrs Winstone, Head of Radiography, Breast Test Wales. For services to Health Care. Anthea, Mrs Worsdall, Secretary, Anti-Counterfeiting Group. For services to Industry. Peter Gerard Allan. For services to British commercial interests in France. Robin Grenville Baylis, M.V.O., Resident Acting High Commissioner, Antigua. John William Beith. For services to British commercial interests in Brazil. George Benedict Joseph Pascal Busby, lately First Secretary, H.M. Embassy, Belgrade. James Cavin Alexander McLaughlan Clephane, First Secretary, British High Commission Bandar Seri Begawan. David Stanley Davies. For voluntary services to community welfare in Hong Kong. Miss Beryl Delve-Sanders. For services to relief work in Zaire. Rodney Gordon Franks. For services to British commercial interests in Malaysia. Peter Alexander Gardiner. For services to British commercial interests in the USA. Graham Mitchell Harris. For services to British commercial and financial interests in Japan. Claus-Christian Henning, Director, British Council, Romania. John Barry Hodson. For services to British exports in the USA. Professor Ralph Lainson. For services to parasitology in Brazil. Billy Lam Chung-lun, J.P., Director, New Airport Projects Co-ordination Office, Hong Kong. Margaret Kelly, Mrs Leibovici. For services to entertainment and charity. John Leong Chi-yan, J.P. For services to health education and the community, Hong Kong. The Honourable Eric Li Ka-cheung, J.P. For distinguished public service, Hong Kong. Anthony Donald Lilley. For services to English language teaching in Egypt. Franklyn Vere Michael, Permanent Secretary, Chief Minister's Office, Montserrat. Ernest George Montado. For distinguished public service, Gibraltar. Christopher Roger Moss. For services to the Mass Transit Railway Corporation and to community welfare, Hong Kong. Frederick Pett, L.V.O. First Secretary, British High Commission, Islamabad. Gordon Andrew Pirie, First Secretary and DHM, H.M. Embassy Rabat. Gerald Preskey. For services to British commercial interests in Russia. Charles Edward Arthur Ripley, First Secretary, H.M. Embassy, Tokyo. George Albert Shearing. For services to music and Anglo-American relations. The Honourable Gerald Dennis Edison Simons. For services to public and environmental interests in Bermuda. The Reverend (Miss) Betty Margaret Slader, M.B.E. For welfare services to the community in Fiji. Kevin Gerald Spears. For services to British Council work in India and South Asia. Miss Catherine Anne Stephens, lately Deputy Director, British Council, Indonesia. John Takield. For services to British commercial interests in Switzerland. John Telford, IP. For public service, Hong Kong. Hubert Ward, Headmaster, English College, Prague. Donald McFarlane Watson, Q.P.M., C.P.M., Commissioner, Customs and Excise, Hong Kong. Charles Hugo Wheatley. For services to education, British Virgin Islands. Miss Margaret Rose Willock. For services to broadcasting, Montserrat. Simon Jules Wilson, First Secretary, H.M. Embassy, Zagreb. Louis Kar-chit Wong. For services to trade and exports, Hong Kong. Peter Joseph Woods. For services to British commercial interests in Japan. Michael York. For services to acting and to charity. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Division Lieutenant Commander Richard John Charge, Royal Navy. Warrant Officer Class 2 Frank Taylor Connelly, Royal Marines. Warrant Officer Graham Barry Cudmore. Captain (Local Major) Edward Grant Martin Davis, Royal Marines. Warrant Officer Peter David Dismore. Lieutenant Commander Robin Edward Drewett, Royal Navy. Charge Chief Weapon Engineering Artificer Wim James Michael Egging. Warrant Officer Class 1 (Regimental Sergeant Major) Colin Frederick Grice, Royal Marines. Warrant Officer Peter Harris. Warrant Officer Class 1 John Martin Kimbrey, Royal Marines. Charge Chief Weapon Engineering Artificer Jeffery Paul Lloyd. Warrant Officer David Neil Lovatt. Chaplain Brian Richard Madders, Royal Navy. Lieutenant Brian Henry Marsh, Royal Navy. Warrant Officer Robert Arthur Henry Matthews. Warrant Officer Peter McGarrity. Lieutenant Commander Ian McLaren, Royal Navy. Warrant Officer Mervyn James Meekins. Chief Petty Officer Weapons Engineering Mechanic (Radio) Stephen Anthony Morrish. Lieutenant Neil Riches, Royal Navy. Lieutenant Harry Charles Roberts, Royal Navy. Warrant Officer Michael Gerrard Sullivan. Wren Writer 1st Class Natalie Ruth Swan. Warrant Officer Class 1 James McCallum Archibald, The Highlanders. Captain David Thomas Attwood, The King's Regiment. Major David Christopher Bowen, Corps of Royal Engineers. Warrant Officer Class 2 John Austin Caldwell, The Royal Logistic Corps. Warrant Officer Class 2 John Carroll, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Major Ronald Clemison, Scots Guards. Warrant Officer Class 1 David Cooper, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Acting Major Francis Neil Cooper, Royal Grammar School High Wycombe Combined Cadet Force. Sergeant (Acting Colour Sergeant) Ernest Clive Gwynn Davies, The Parachute Regiment. Captain (Acting Major) Denis Nigel Dillon, The Royal Logistic Corps. Captain John James Dineen, The Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. Warrant Officer Class 2 Stephen John Dinley, Small Arms School Corps. Captain Graeme Ferguson, B.E.M., Corps of Royal Engineers. Major John Wickham Filmer, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Warrant Officer Class 2 George Albert Firth, Royal Corps of Signals. Staff Sergeant Paul Edward Fisher, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Warrant Officer Class 2 David Doddridge Fox, Royal Corps of Signals. Major Michael Anthony Gallagher, The Royal Logistic Corps. Warrant Officer Class 1 Paul Clifford Gardner, The Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. Major William Eric Gawler, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, Territorial Army. Acting Lieutenant Colonel Michael Howard Gerrish, Northumberland Army Cadet Force. Captain Patrick Joseph Gill, The Royal Logistic Corps, Territorial Army. Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Rodney Shane Foster Greene, Corps of Royal Engineers. Major Paul David Greeves, The Parachute Regiment. Major John Stanley Grinstead, The Royal Logistic Corps. Major (Gurkha Commissioned Officer) Milanchandra Gurung, The Queen's Gurkha Engineers. Major (Gurkha Commissioned Officer) Udaibahadur Gurung, The Royal Gurkha Rifles. Warrant Officer Class 2 Martin Neil Harmer, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Major Grant Jonathan Leslie Holdom, Royal Regiment of Artillery. Major John William Hornby, Royal Corps of Signals. Major Christopher Royston Howse, The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment. Captain (Acting Major) Philip James Ingram, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Warrant Officer Class 2 Eric Leonard Jones, The Royal Green Jackets. Major William John Kintrea, The Highlanders. Major Graham John Lacey, Small Arms School Corps. Major Barry John Le Grys, Corps of Royal Engineers. Major (Queen's Gurkha Officer) Chandraprasad Limbu, The Royal Gurkha Rifles. Warrant Officer Class 2 Martin John Stuart Lock, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Sergeant Angus Macpherson, Royal Corps of Signals. Warrant Officer Class 1 Gerald Madine, The Royal Logistic Corps. Major Arup Mahanty, The Royal Logistic Corps. Corporal Catherine Bernadette McCurry Munro, Adjutant General's Corps (SPS). Major Nigel John Hugh Naylor, Royal Corps of Signals. Major Henry Shaun O'Neill, The Light Dragoons. Warrant Officer Class 1 David George Anthony Parish, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Territorial Army. Sergeant Ronnie Pearsall, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Lieutenant Colonel David Gordon Reddin, Adjutant General's Corps (Als). Major Philip Spencer Russell, The Parachute Regiment. Warrant Officer Class 1 Stephen Carl Sabellini, Adjutant General's Corps (SPS). Warrant Officer Class 1 William Shaw, Adjutant General's Corps (RMP). Major Ian Barry Smeaton, Royal Regiment of Artillery. Major Robin Staveley, Royal Regiment of Artillery. Warrant Officer Class 1 William Sumpter, Adjutant General's Corps (RMP). Major Christopher Wakerley, Royal Corps of Signals. Captain Roy Keith Burgess Walker, The Royal Logistic Corps. Corporal Stuart William Walker, The Royal Logistic Corps. Major Adrian Christopher Dickenson Walton, T.D., The Staffordshire Regiment, Territorial Army. Major Matthew William Whitchurch, Corps of Royal Engineers. Major Alexander David Thompson Whitfield, Adjutant General's Corps (Ets). Lieutenant Colonel Peter Douglas Ashton-Wickett, Royal Regiment of Artillery. Captain Siu Ying Wu, The Royal Logistic Corps. Major George Moore Wylie, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army. Major Gordon William Alexander Young, The Parachute Regiment. Sergeant Terance Michael Young, The Royal Green Jackets, Territorial Army. Chief Technician (Acting Flight Sergeant) William Batson, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Stanley Beighton, A.E., Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Sergeant Philip Bushe, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Clifford Karl Christensen, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Brian Finbarr Coleby, Royal Air Force. Warrant Officer Bryan Michael Cross, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant Derek John Cunningham, Royal Air Force. Warrant Officer Derek Alan Granger, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Peter George Hicks, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant Alan Arthur Howard, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training). Warrant Officer Peter John Julian, Royal Air Force. Sergeant Michael George Larkman, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Paul Frederick Lindsay, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader (now Wing Commander) William John Mccarthy, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Peter Godfrey Miles, Royal Air Force. Flight Sergeant Kathryn Joy Needham, Royal Air Force. Squadron Leader Barry Mark North, Royal Air Force. Sergeant Charles Paffett, Royal Air Force Regiment. Squadron Leader Ian Steven Pollitt, Royal Air Force. Junior Technician Brian Mark Powell, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant Derek Redman, A.E., Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Retired). Flight Lieutenant Bryan Thomas Richardson, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant Philip Arthur Thomas Shaw, A.E., Royal Auxiliary Air Force (Retired). Sergeant Grenville John Smith, Royal Air Force (Retired). Sergeant Barry Raymond Tanswell, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant David Stewart Webster, Royal Air Force. Flight Lieutenant Raymond Garden Whittingham, Royal Air Force. Civil Division Betty, Mrs Abbott, Voluntary Services Co-ordinator, East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. Joan Mary, Mrs Abbott. For services to the community in and around West Wittering, West Sussex. Robina Gordon, Mrs Addison. For services to the community in Montrose, Angus. Daphne Jean, Mrs Agnew, Admissions Manager, Housing Department, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government. Farhad Ahmed, Divisional Officer, Metropolitan Special Constabulary. For services to the Police. Philip John Aindow, T.D., Higher Executive Officer, Department of Social Security. Russell Ainsley, Executive Officer, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Shireen, Mrs Akbar, Head of Adult and Community Education, Victoria and Albert Museum. Miss Diana Marie, Alderson. For services to the community in Haddenham, Buckinghamshire. Dylis, Mrs Allen, Youth Worker, Talaton, Devon. For services to Young People. Evlyn Mae Thomson, Mrs Allsop, Lately Headteacher, Kennoway Primary and Community School, Fife. For services to Education. Harry Rodney Alpin, Group Medical Adviser, Yorkshire Electricity Group plc. For services to Occupational Health. Gordon Herbert Ambler. For services to the community in Woodhouse Eaves, Leicestershire. Ilona Anne, Mrs Anderson. For services to the Duchess of Kent Residential Home, Guernsey. Rita Roberta, Mrs Angrisani, lately Personal Secretary, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Derek Ivison Armitage, lately Quality Manager, Ultra Electronics Ltd. For services to the Aerospace and Defence Industries. Captain Alexander Davidson Auld, Trustee, Peterhead Harbour Board. For services to the Fishing Industry. Benjamin Bagshawe. For services to the Bureau of Analysed Samples Ltd. Francis John Baillie. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. John Bainbridge. For services to the Territorial, Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association in the North of England. Betty, Mrs Baines. For services to the community in Carnforth, Lancashire. Ernest Edwin Baines. For services to the Bognor Regis War Memorial Hospital, West Sussex. Miss Margaret Emily Baker. For services to the British Red Cross Society. Richard Balharry, Promotions Officer, Scottish Natural Heritage. For services to Nature Conservation. Sheila, Mrs Banham, lately Senior Executive Officer, Intervention Board Executive Agency. Elizabeth Jane, Mrs Barrance. For services to the community in Moggerhanger Bedfordshire. Joan, Mrs Barratt, Executive Officer, Insolvency Service, Department of Trade and Industry. Michael John Barratt. For services to Disabled People in East Sussex. Dorothy, Mrs Bartet, School Nurse, Langside School, Dorset. For services to Young People. Maximilian Gort-Barten, Chairman, DUALIT. For services to the Catering Industry. Michael James Bayliss, lately Highways Inspector, Hereford City Council. For services to Highway Maintenance. David Leslie Beacock,. Chief Clerk of Works, G Maunsell & Partners. For services to Civil Engineering. Margaret Mary Ann, Mrs Beales, Support Grade 1, H.M. Treasury. Malcolm Beaumont, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Social Security. Myrtle Doreen, Mrs Beck. For services to the National Association for the Relief of Paget's Disease. Hardip Singh Bedi, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Health. Douglas McGibney Bell, lately Craftsman, Scottish Power plc. For services to the Electricity Industry. Judith Margaret, Mrs Bell, Honorary Fellow, University of Sheffield. For services to Education Research. Philip John Reginald Bell, General Medical Practitioner, Leicester. For services to Medicine. Ronald Leslie Bell, Chief Cashier, Power Systems Plant, Lucas Industries. For services to the Defence Industry. George Bennett. For services to the Rehabilitation of Offenders. Edith, Mrs Bentley. For services to Elderly People in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Jack Berry. For charitable services and for services to Horseracing. Bryan Biggs, Director, Bluecoat Arts Centre, Liverpool. For services to the Arts in Liverpool. Margaret Lily, Mrs Bingham. For services to the community in Pilsley, Derbyshire. Peter John Bisson, Coxswain, St Peter Port Lifeboat, RNLI. For services to Safety at Sea. Gordon Forman Blackie, Retained Station Officer, Lothian and Borders Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. Kate, Mrs Blackman. For services to the Care and Resettlement of Offenders in Hampshire. Raymond George Blackman, Sales and Marketing Manager, GQ Parachutes Ltd. For services to the Parachute Industry. Alan Herbert Vawser Bloom. For services to Horticulture. Dorothy, Mrs Boggis. For services to the community in Lowestoft, Suffolk. Ernest William Bolton. For services to the community in Flintshire. Jennifer Margaret, Mrs Bone, Pro Vice-Chancellor, University of the West of England, Bristol. For services to Higher Education. William John Boston For services to the community in Wigan, Greater Manchester. William Bottomley. For services to Training in Staffordshire. Miss Betty Westwood Linnell Boughton. For political and public service. Amethyst Vivienne, Mrs Bowrin, lately Administrative Officer, Department of Health. Jane Inman, Mrs Boyd, Custodian, Moffat Museum. For services to the community in Moffat, Dumfriesshire. George Kenneth Boyden. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade and to the community in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Richard John Braddon. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade. John Michael Brennan. For services to Link Radio and to Elderly People in Essex. Miss Anne Valerie Bretherick. For political service. Dorothy Freda, Mrs Broaderwick. For services to the Magistracy in Warley, West Midlands. Brian William Broadhead, lately Managing Director, Coal Contractors Ltd. For services to the Coal Industry. Arthur Bromley. For services to Angling for People with Disabilities. Claude Basil Brooks, Chairman, Angilla Improvement Association, West Indian Standing Committee, Slough. African/Caribbean Co-ordinating Committee. For services to Community Relations. Duncan Brown. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire. George Joseph Brown, lately Area Manager, Hales Waste Control Ltd. For services to Waste Management. Isabel, Mrs Brown. For services to the Oxfordshire Association for the Blind. Miss Margaret Ann Brown. For services to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge. Norah Sophia, Mrs Brown. For services to Tourism. Paul Glyn Browning, Special Constabulary Commandant and Scenes of Crime Officer, Kent County Constabulary. For services to the Police. Miss Amy Louise Browse. For services to the community in Willand, Devon. Nancy C, Mrs Bruce, Assistant Headteacher, Kelso High School, Roxburghshire. For services to Education. Richard Frank Brundle. For political service. Angus Findlay Brymer, Traincrew Leader, Hereford, Transrail Ltd, British Railways. For services to the Railway Industry. Derek James Budd, Director, Mental Health Services, Eastbourne and County Healthcare Trust, East Sussex. For services to Health Care. Elsa Violet, Mrs Bulmer. For services to the community in Petersfield, Hampshire. Anthony Burgess, Prison Officer, H.M. Prison Ford. Miss Lyndall Burnham, Sub Divisional Telephonist, Leicestershire Constabulary. For services to the Police. Ralph Bernard Burquest, Force Statistical Officer, Merseyside Police. For services to the Police. James Sydney Burrows. For services to the community in Islington, London. Miss Kate Florence Burton. For services to the community in Croydon, Surrey. Priscilla Margaret, Lady Burton. For services to SCOPE and to the community in Ipswich, Suffolk. Vera Rimmelion, Mrs Bush. For services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire. Ann, Mrs Butler, Chairman, Dersingham Phobbies Club. For services to Disabled People in Norfolk. Nigel Christopher Butler, Operations Director, Spectra-Tek UK Ltd. For services to the Computer and Energy Industries. Richard Keith Butler, Director, Dalmellington and District Conservation Trust. For services to Conservation. Nora Elizabeth, Mrs Byng. For services to the community in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Miss Margery Edith Cadman. For services to the Royal British Legion in Wickham Market, Suffolk. Helen, Mrs Cameron. For services to the Multiple Sclerosis Society in the Borders. John Campbell. For services to the Police. Murdina, Mrs Campbell, Chairwoman, Lochbroom Community Council. For services to the community in Ullapool and Lochbroom, Ross-shire. David Capel, lately Manager, Repair Engineering, Product Support, Rolls Royce Commercial Aeroengines Ltd. For services to Engineering. Nora, Mrs Carlisle. For services to Road Safety. Donald Boys Carman, Member, Ditton Parish Council, Aylesford, Kent. For services to Local Government. Gladys Evelyn, Mrs Carmichael. For services to the community in Holywell, Flintshire. Frank Carnall. For services to the Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool. Kathleen M, Mrs Carrigan. For political service. Trevor Maurice Cartwright, Personnel Manager, Systems Group, Vosper Thornycroft (UK) Ltd. For services to the Defence Industry. Miss Helen Margaret Cattanach. For services to the Royal Air Forces Association in Scotland. Prashun Kumar Chakraverty, Senior Executive Officer, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Anne Elizabeth, Mrs Charles, Warden, Gorran Haven Sheltered Housing Unit, Restormel Borough Council. For services to Elderly People. Robert Arthur Chenery, Head, Borough Liaison and Development, London Tourist Board. For services to Tourism in London. Alan Arthur Chesters. For services to the Barr Hill Lads Club and to Association Football in Salford, Greater Manchester. Alan William Chilvers. For charitable services and services to the community in Outwood, Surrey. Anthony Hugh Chivers. For charitable services to the Dental Profession. Neville John Churcher. For services to Architecture. Michael David Clack, Principal Lecturer, School of Music, Colchester Institute, Essex. For services to Music Education. Ronald Wilfred Clargo, Managing Director, Alfred Maltby Bookbinders. For services to Bookbinding. Miss Gillian Margaret Clark. For services to Badminton. Michael John Clarke, Senior Executive Officer, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Geoffrey Malcolm Clarkson. For services to Angling. John Bruce Clayton. For services to the Cheshire County Libraries. Bernard Cecil Clewes, President, West Kent Battalion, Boys' Brigade. For services to Young People. John Ernest Clifton. For services to Athletics. Miss Alice May Clough. Administrative Officer, Department of Social Security. John Henry Clutterbuck. For services to St Michael's School, Barnstaple, Devon. John Grant Cobb. For services to the community, particularly Disabled People, in the West Midlands. Norman Isaac Cohen. For services to the Jewish community in Cardiff. Gladys Nellie, Mrs Coley. For services to the Sunshine Club, Cradley Heath, West Midlands. Nancie, Mrs Colling. For services to Women's Bowls. Philip Howard Collins, Engineering Director, Smiths Industries plc. For services to Engineering. William John Frank Collins. For services to the Not Forgotten Association. Miss Daphne Margaret Connelly, lately Economic Adviser, British Printing Industries Federation. For services to the Printing Industry. Stanley James Alan Cook, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence. Keith William Cornford. For services to the community, particularly Scouting, in the West Midlands. Pauline Mary, Mrs Cornwall. For services to the community in Sundon, Bedfordshire. William Alfred Corten For services to the Mobility of Disabled People in Derbyshire. Cynthia Mary Margaret, Mrs Courtney. For charitable services in Newport, Gwent. Michael John Cowan, Principal Prison Officer, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Feltham. Gilbert Kirkwood Cox, D.L. For services to the community in Airdrie, Strathclyde. Gwendoline Mary, Mrs Cox. For services to the Royal National Institute for the Blind. Colin Joseph Craig. For services to the community. Gladys Doreen, Mrs Crawford. For services to Education. Jean Barbara Violet, Mrs Cream, lately Administrative Officer, Department of Transport. John Charles Edward Cripps, Emergencies Warehouse Manager, OXFAM. For humanitarian services in Rwanda. Miss Marie R. Cross. For services to Bell Ringing and to the community in Oxfordshire. Roger Edward Cross, Technical Consultant, BAe Defence. For services to the Defence Industry. James Henry Crowe, Director, Railway Community Network, British Railways Board. For services to the Railway Industry. Joseph Cumming, lately Member, West Lothian District Council. For services to Local Government in Scotland. Ian Ralph Cunningham, lately Senior Executive Officer, H.M. Treasury. Sheila Ada, Mrs Cutajar, Occupational Health Manager, Allied Steel and Wire Ltd. For services to Health and Safety in the Steel Industry. Sandra, Mrs Dale, PB8, Department for Education and Employment. Bhagabat Charan Das, President, Indian Senior Citizens' Centre, Manchester. For services to the community. Patricia Ellen, Mrs Davey, Local Officer 2, Department of Social Security. Alexander Hugh Ririe Davidson, Pipe Major and Chief Piping Instructor, Central Regional Council. For services to Music. William Davidson. For services to the community in Burghead, Morayshire. Miss Irene Mina Davies, President, South Caernarfonshire Ladies' Guild, RNLI. For services to the RNLI. Terence Davies. For services to Young People in Caerphilly, South Wales. Wendy Mary, Mrs Davis, Matron and Manager, Maesteg Community Hospital, Bridgend. For services to Health Care. Alfred Edward Alan Day, D.L., Voluntary Observer, Meteorological Office, Kent. The Reverend Gaulter Rose Holland Isaac Moraes-Lobo de Mello. For services to the Community of Reconciliation and Fellowship, Hackney, London. Rose Lilian, Mrs Dean. For services to Deaf People in Bexley, Kent. Robert Alan Deeming. For charitable services in Tyne and Wear. Miss Alison Deering. For services to the community in Haversham, Buckinghamshire. Jennifer, Mrs Dennis, Headteacher, Garboldisham Primary School, Norfolk. For services to Education. Miss Rosemary Devine. Higher Executive Officer, House of Lords. Lawrence Dewar, Chief Executive, Scottish Grocers' Federation. For services to the Grocery Trade. Gurdip Singh Dhillon, Member and former Mayor, London Borough of Greenwich. For services to Local Government. Eric Stanley Dixon. For services to the community in Kirklees, West Yorkshire. Gordon Bowes Dixon, Governor 4, H.M. Prison Winchester. Margaret, Mrs Dixon. For services to the British Red Cross Society in Greater Manchester. Rita Agnes, Mrs Dixon. For services to the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society. Norman Dodson. For services to the community in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Valerie Lyn, Mrs Doodson, Higher Scientific Officer, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. For services to Science. Esther, Mrs Dowling. For public service. Miss Hilary Brenda Drury. For public service. Angela, Mrs Dunbar, Non-executive Director, North Ayrshire and Arran NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. David McGechie Duncan, lately General Medical Practitioner, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. For services to Medicine. Olwyn, Mrs Duncan. For political service. Edna Florence, Mrs Dunn, Support Manager 2, H.M. Treasury. Jack John Dunn. For services to the Church Lads and Church Girls Brigade in Bootle, Merseyside. Miss Maureen Jane Dupuch. For services to the Institute of Arable Crops Research. John Kenneth Bloomfield Durrant. For services to the community in Newton St Cyres, Devon. Audrey Patricia, Mrs Earp. For services to Elderly People in Bushey, Watford, Hertfordshire. Kenneth John Edwards, Executive Officer, Welsh Office. Walter C. Edwards. For services to the community in the Isle of Wight. Carole Frances, Mrs Eley For services to the Naval Personnel and Family Services, Portsmouth. Arthur Henry Albert Elliott. For services to the Norfolk Zipper Club. Norman Elliott, lately Railway Chargeman, Stowmarket Station, Anglia Railways, British Railways. For services to the Railway Industry. Phyllis Mary, Mrs Ellis. For services to Nature Conservation in Norfolk. Marjorie Emily, Mrs Elphick, Chairwoman, Eastbourne and Hailsham Police Court Mission. For services to Prisoner Welfare. Dennis John Emes. For services to the Royal Air Forces Association in Europe and Christchurch, Dorset. Barry Edward Evans, lately Chief Inspector, West Midlands Police. For services to the Police. David Gwili Evans, Clerk, Llanddarog Community Council. For services to Local Government in Carmarthenshire. Ieuan Cenydd Evans. For services to Rugby Union Football. Marion Alma, Mrs Eveleigh. For services to the community and to Local History in the Vale of Glamorgan. Keith Arthur Fakes. For services to the community, particularly Scouting in Brighton, East Sussex. Eric Farr. For services to Sport in Grampian. Derek James Fawcett. For charitable services to the community in Hampshire. Harold Fearn, Shoe Repairer, Remploy. For charitable services in Derbyshire. David Stuart Ballingall Fellowes, Voluntary Observer Meteorological Office, Nottinghamshire. Teresa Ann, Mrs Felton, Founder and Administrator, Community Shop Trust, Leeds. For services to the community. Edward James Ferris. For services to the British Limbless Ex-Service Men's Association in Buckinghamshire. Jeanette, Sylvia, Mrs Fiore. For services to the Citizen's Advice Bureau. Portsmouth, Hampshire. Peter Fishbourne. For services to the War Pensions Committee, Borders and Lothian. Miss Monica Chloe Ruth Fisher, Clinical Specialist (Infant Feeding), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. For services to Health Care. Reginald Alan Flegg, Member, London Borough of Merton. For services to Local Government. Margaret, Mrs Flett. For services to Guiding in Orkney. Alexander Flinder. For services to the Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites. Lilian Joyce, Mrs Ford. For services to the community in Torbay, Devon. Audrey Mavis, Mrs Forster, County President, Lancashire North West Guides Association. For services to Guiding. Michael Forsyth, lately Higher Executive Officer, Department for Education and Employment. Joyce, Mrs Fowles, Co-ordinator, Woking Victim Support. For services to the community in Surrey. George Fraser, Columnist, Aberdeen Press and Journal. For services to Journalism. Moses Monty Fresco. For services to Photographic Journalism. Richard Clive Frost. For services to the King's Royal Rifle Corps Association. Miss Margaret Mary Gallagher. For services to the Community. Jennifer Ruth, Lady Galsworthy. For services to Health Care and to the community in Cornwall. Alan Garner, Leading Ganger, Forestry Commission. Pamela Rosemary, Mrs Garrad. For services to Nature Conservation in Essex. Irene Gaynor, Mrs Garwood. For services to the Citizen's Advice Bureau, Barry, South Glamorgan. Pamela, Mrs Gelder, Unit Manager, Park View Elderly Person's Home, Lincoln. For services to Elderly People. Miss Margaret Isabel Gibb, Fire Control Officer, Tayside Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. John Joseph Leslie Gilbert. For services to Bell Ringing in Handsworth, South Yorkshire. Alan Thomas Gilling, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence. Linda Ann, Mrs Gittins. For services to Music in Wales. Hazel Margaret, Mrs Glaister. For services to the community in Southrepps, Norfolk. Richard George Neil Godefroy. For services to Forestry in Wales. Jean Ann, Mrs Gordon, Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence. Adam Giles Grant, Farm Grieve. For services to Agriculture in Aberdeenshire. Thomas Brinley Gravell. For services to the community in Cydweli and to the Patagonian Welsh Society. Irene, Mrs Graven, Senior Personal Secretary, Department of Social Security. Duncan MacMillan Gray, Chairman, Wishaw Victim Support Scheme. For services to Victim Support in Lanarkshire. Edwin Green. For services to the community in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire. Walter Ernest Green. For services to the Salvation Army and to the Community in Norwich, Norfolk. Miss Susan Greig. For services to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire. Miss Rosalind Grender. For political service. Frank Colin Gribble. For services to Nature Conservation. Hilda May, Mrs Griffin, Gardener, Mompesson House, Wiltshire. For services to the National Trust. John Brian Griffiths, Conservation, Recreation and Heritage Forester, Forestry Commission. Gerald George Grimmond, General Manager, Camberwell Rehabilitation Association Workshop. For services to Mentally Ill People. John Grimshaw, Director and Chief Engineer, Sustrans Ltd. For services to Cycling, Sustainable Transport and to the Environment. Helen Mary, Mrs Guild. For services to Child Care and to Community Development in Scotland. Desmond Eric Gunner. For services to Agriculture and to Conservation. Margaret, Mrs Hales. For political service. Sheila Buchanan, Mrs Halley, Manager, Dixon Community Halls Day Centre, Glasgow. For services to Elderly People. Miss Joyce Clayton Hamer, Deputy Headteacher, Newtown High School, Powys. For services to Education. Miss Eldora Horton Hamlett, Nursing Auxiliary, Cheshire Community Healthcare Trust. For services to Health Care. Helen Gordon, Mrs Hardie, Auxiliary Coastguard, H.M. Coastguard, Forth Maritime Rescue Sub Centre. For services to Safety at Sea. Raymond Bertram Harding, Neighbourhood Watch Area Co-ordinator, Essex Police. For services to Crime Prevention. Edna Mabel, Mrs Harknett, lately Member, Holderness Borough Council. For services to Local Government. Peter James Amis Harper, Member, Airworthiness Requirements Board and Chairman, Operations Advisory Committee, Civil Aviation Authority. For services to Aviation. Miss Andrea Harris, lately Local Officer 2, Department of Social Security. John Eric Harris, Founder, Helene Harris Memorial Trust. For services to Cancer Research. Peter Joseph Harris, Executive Officer, Lord Chancellor's Department. Elizabeth Marie, Mrs Lucas Harrison. For services to the Royal Air Forces Escaping Society. Francis John Harrison, Headteacher, Loddon Middle School, Norfolk. For services to Education. Martin Hartley, Resident Engineer/Manager, Balfpur Beatty Projects and Engineering Ltd. For services to Export. Robert Ian Harvey, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. For services to the Police. Ann, Mrs Hatton. For services to the community in Norton Grange, Stockton on Tees, Cleveland. Geoffrey Havard. For services to the Tanglewood Social Club for People with Learning Disabilities, Harrow, Middlesex. Julie, Mrs Havard. For services to the Tanglewood Social Club for People with Learning Disabilities, Harrow, Middlesex. Captain George Hayes. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association in Leicestershire. Roland Haythornthwaite. For services to the British Deaf Sports Council. Michael Gordon Heath, Project Co-ordinator, Bus Privatisation, London Buses Ltd. For services to Public Transport in London. Robert John Helleur, Manager, Business Support, Design and Build, British Telecommunications plc. For scientific services to the Telecommunications Industry. David Allan Henderson. For services to Industrial Health and Safety. Keith Henderson. For political service. Frances Margaret, Mrs Herd, Refectory Manageress, Elmwood College, Cupar, Fife. For services to Education. Richard Heyes, President, Central Lancashire Dial-a-Ride. For services to the Mobility of Disabled People. Roy Jack Hickman, Director, Woodrow High House, London Federation of Boys' Clubs. For services to Young People. Reginald Hignett. For services to the community in Tyldesley, Manchester. Judith, Mrs Hiller. For services to the British Diplomatic Spouses' Association. Olga Joan, Mrs Hobson. For services to the community in Maidenhead, Berkshire. Mark Graham Holder, Radio Operator. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. John Albert Holland, Secretary, National Advisory Panel, Advanced Drivers' Association, Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. For services to Road Safety. Peter Michael Holman, Q.P.M., Detective Sergeant, Metropolitan Police. For services to the Police. Lorna Gillian, Mrs Horner. For services to the community in Hargrave, Northamptonshire. Miss Diana Howard, Principal Librarian, Reference and Information Services, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. For services to Librarianship. Group Captain Raymond Frederick George Howard, B.E.M. For services to the community in Essex. Ralph George Howes, Sub-Divisional Commandant, Special Constabulary. For services to the Police. William James Howie. For services to the Dairy Industry. Charles William Hudson. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade in Sussex and to the Bluebell Railway. James Patrick Hughes, Welfare Officer, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Michael John Hughes, Higher Executive Officer, Overseas Development Administration. Vera, Mrs Hughes. For services to the Magistracy in Liverpool, Merseyside. Anne, Mrs Humphrey. For services to Elderly People in Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear. Reginald Harold Humphreys, Driver, Trainload Freight, British Railways. For services to the Railway Industry. Doreen Stella, Mrs Humphries. For political and public service. Doreen, Mrs Hunt. For services to the Citizen's Advice Bureau, Yardley, West Midlands. William Hugh Huntley. For services to the Rotary Movement. Hannah Vera, Mrs Hutchinson. For charitable services in the Isle of Wight. Marie, Mrs Hynes. For services to the community in Macclesfield, Cheshire. Pamela, Mrs Ingham, Manager, Cornerstone. For services to the Buddie Road Estate, Benwell, Newcastle upon Tyne. Ellen Irene, Mrs Inwood. For services to the Mobility of Disabled People in Northamptonshire. James Glendower Irving, Voluntary Observer, Meteorological Office, Looe, Cornwall. Susan, Mrs Irving, Fire Control Officer, Lincolnshire Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. Norman Gwyrosydd Perry James. For services to the St John Ambulance Brigade. Gladys, Mrs Janes, Founder and Organiser, Harrow Community Transport. For services to the Mobility of Disabled People. Anthony Lloyd Jefferis, Regional Estates Surveyor, Anglian Region, the Environment Agency. For services to the Water Industry. Moussa Jogee. For services to Race Relations in Scotland. David Reginald Careilw John. For services to Clwyd Deaf Children's Society. Miss Emma Louise Johnson, Clarinettist. For services to Music. Jean Barbara, Mrs Johnson. For services to the WRVS and to the community in Worcester. Miss Mary Louise Johnson, Higher Executive Officer, Department of Trade and Industry. William Johnson, Member, Bury Metropolitan Borough Council. For services to Local Government. Dennis Owen Jones, Regional Collector, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Gareth Jones, Project Manager, (BAJ Banwell), Meggitt Aerospace. For services to the Defence Industry. Gruffudd Hefin Jones, Leading Firefighter, North Wales Fire Service. For services to the Fire Service. Leonard Harry Jones. For services to the Royal British Legion in Suffolk. Keith Jordan, Assistant Director Technical Services, British Academy of Film and Television Arts. For services to the Film and Television Industries. Subhash Kantilal Joshi, Partner, Pannell Kerr Forster and Chairman, Strathclyde Ethnic Minorities Business Forum. For services to Business and to Race Relations. Geoffrey Arthur Kaley, Managing Director, Computer Cab Company Ltd and Chairman, Licensed Taxi Drivers' Association. For services to the Taxi Industry. Reuben Kandler. For services to the Far East (Prisoner of War and Internees) Fund. Arthur Keith Kendrew, Process and General Supervisory Grade C, Ministry of Defence. James Kennedy, Field Director, War Child, Mostar. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. Margaret Ann, Mrs Kennedy, Revenue Executive Officer, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Derek Kent, Sub Officer (Retained), Humberside Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. Joanna, Mrs Kessler. For services to the community in London. Nigel John King. For services to Deaf People. Brian Knight, Site Manager, Willingdon Trees School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. For services to Education. Miss Sheila Knight, Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence. Miss Beryl Elaine Knotts. For services to OXFAM. John Lackenby, Kielder Water Manager, Northumbrian Water. For services to the Water Industry. John Robert Lamb, Principal Orthotist and Manager, Tayside Orthotics Service. For services to the NHS in Scotland. Sandra Christine, Mrs Lancashire, Local Officer 2, Department of Social Security. David Bryan Laycock, Director, Computer Centre for People with Disabilities. For services to Education and to Disabled People. Sidney Lazarus, lately Forensic Medical Examiner, Metropolitan Police. For services to Forensic Medicine. Captain John Henry Le Page, Warden, Communicare Centre, St Brelade, Jersey. For services to the community. Miss Sarah Imelda Lees, Revenue Executive, H.M. Board of Inland Revenue. Thomas Leggate. For services to the Citizen's Advice Bureau in Bellshill, Scotland. John Leigh, lately Director (North), Commission for New Towns. For services to New Towns. Group Captain Brian John Leonard. For services to the War Pensions Committee, North West England. Peter Linfoot, Inspector of Construction, Health and Safety Executive. Department of the Environment. Brian Little. For services to Ornithological Research. Peter James Little, Senior Executive Officer, Department for Education and Employment. Margaret, Mrs Lowther, MPB5, Department for Education and Employment. Neil James Macdonald, General Medical Practitioner, Aviemore, Inverness-shire. For services to Medicine and to Mountain Rescue. Gary Preston Macfarlane, General Medical Practitioner, Kirkintilloch, Glasgow. For services to Medicine. Lachlan Robertson MacLeod, Constable, Strathclyde Police. For services to the Police and for humanitarian services in Romania. Jean, Mrs Machell. For services to the Cleveland Library Service and to the community in Cleveland. Major Dorothy Jill Machray, Retired Officer 2, Ministry of Defence. Beryl Patricia, Mrs Mackay. For services to the League of Friends, Shenley Hospital, Hertfordshire. Edna, Mrs Mackrill, Support Grade 2, Health and Safety Executive, Department of the Environment. Miss Christina Maclean. For services to Cancer Care in Scotland. Evelyn Margaret, Mrs Magee. For public service. Margretta Rita, Mrs Magowan. For public service. Tony F. C. Man. For services to the community in Croydon, Surrey. Myfanwy, Mrs Margetson. For services to the community, particularly Young People, in Cwmavon, Port Talbot. Kathleen, Mrs Marnoch. For services to the WRVS and to the Community in Kincardine and Deeside. Eileen Esther, Mrs Marshall. For services to the community in North London. Jessie, Mrs Marshall. For services to Blind People. Jean Margaret Burrington, Mrs Marwood. For political and public service. Brian Desmond Mawhinney For services to Scouting. Alan John Mayes, Support Grade 1, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Margaret Patricia, Mrs McCafferty, lately Administrative Assistant, Department for National Savings. Frank McCausland. For services to the community and to the Arts. John Michael McDiarmid, Vice Chairman, Red Deer Commission. For services to Agriculture. Janet Isobel, Mrs McDonagh. For services to the Hosplce Movement and to the community. James Gilbert McDowell. For services to Schools' Association Football. Thomas McFarlane. For services to Higher Education. Annie, Mrs McGrory. For services to St Anne's Primary School, Whitechapel, London. James Edward Hugh McIvor. For services to the Police. Pauline Taylor, Mrs McKeown, Programme Director, Marie Slopes International. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. John McLaughlin, Managing Director, Skylight International Ltd. For services to Industry and to the community in Renfrewshire. James McMillan, lately Member, Argyll and Bute District Council. For services to Local Government in Scotland. Rita, Mrs McMullan, lately Administrative Officer, Home Office. Anne, Mrs McNellan, Managing Director, Scottish Childminding Association. For services to Childminding. Colin Steele McRae. For services to Motor Rallying. James Fleming McRitchie. For charitable services to the Save the Children Fund and to the Scottish Motor Neurone Disease Association. Miss Marie McVeigh. For public service. Margaret, Mrs McVity, Senior Lecturer and Equal Opportunities Officer (Disability), Huddersfield Technical College. For services to Further Education and to Disabled People. Jeffrey Meeten, Account Investigation Adviser, Customer Service South Eastern Electricity plc. For services to the Electricity Industry. Robert Speirs Menzies, Workshop Manager, Beltane Products. For services to Disabled People in Lanarkshire. Patricia Winifred, Mrs Midgley. For services to the North End Trust, King's Lynn, Norfolk. Andrew Millar. For services to Talking Newspapers and to the National Federation of the Blind of the UK. Charles Miller. For public service. Charles Antony Miller, T.D. For services to the British Red Cross Society and to the community in Knutsford, Cheshire. David James Miller, Sector Officer, Coastguard Agency, South Pembrokeshire Sector, Department of Transport. Robert Singleton Miller, lately Leather Worker, Andrew Muirhead and Sons Ltd. For services to the Leather Industry. Maria Antonina, Mrs Miloszewska, lately Higher Executive Officer, Department for Education and Employment. Melvyn Barry Minshull, Principal Engineer, GEC Marconi. For services to the Defence Industry. Charles Robin Wingate Mitchell, lately Health and Safety Officer, Environmental Affairs, British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries. For services to the Construction Industry. Hubert Charles Weston Mitchell. For services to the British Limbless Ex-Service Men's Association in Bristol, Avon. James Mitchell, lately Coxswain, Kirkwall Lifeboat, RNLI. For services to Safety at Sea. William Reginald Mitchell. For services to Journalism and to the community in Yorkshire and Cumbria. Philip John Mobsby, Director, British Meat Manufactures' Association. For services to the Meat Industry. Jacqueline Lucette, Mrs Monbiot, Driver, Government Car Service, Department of the Environment. Hope Mary, Mrs Monks, School Crossing Patrol, Walthamstow, London. For services to Road Safety. Maureen, Mrs Montgomery. For services to the Chartered Surveying Profession. Christopher John Moon. For services to the Halo Trust. Eunice Dorothy, Mrs Moore. For services to Young People in Mold, Flintshire. Paul Moore, Constable, Nottinghamshire Constabulary. For services to the Police and to the Community. David John Elwyn Morgan. For services to the community in South East Wales. James Kingsley Morrison. For services to the community in Broughty Ferry, Dundee. Mary Bewick, Mrs Mossop. For services to the community in Chester-le-Street, Co Durham. Allan Mounsey, Clerical Officer, Site Construction, British Nuclear Fuels plc. For services to the Nuclear Industry. Gordon Alexander Murison, lately Senior Executive Officer, Department for National Savings. Peter Henry Ranee Munday, B.E.M., Higher Instructional Officer, Army School of Ammunition, Ministry of Defence. James Murdock. For services to the Police. Robert Joseph Murray, Prison Officer, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Polmont. Alexander Donald Nelson, lately Vice Chairman, Wigtown District Council. For services to Local Government. Raymond Nethercott. For services to the Rehabilitation of Offenders. Muriel, Mrs Newman. For services to the community, particularly Elderly People, in Nettleham, Lincolnshire. Ronald Archer Newton. For services to the Soldiers' Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association in Co Durham. Bunty, Mrs Nicoll. For services to the community in Angus. David Jeune Nicolle. For political service. James Craig Nicolson, Inspector, Custody Services. Security Facilities Executive, Office of Public Service. Cyril George Noke. For services to the community in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Roger Norman. For services to the community and to Journalism in South East England. Charles Arthur North, lately Rail Operator, North Dulwich Station, Network South Central, British Railways. For services to the Railway Industry. Marilyn, Mrs Noyes, Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence. Patrick O'Connell. For services to the Royal Life Saving Society. Father Francis Aloysias O'Leary, Director, St Joseph's Hosplce Association-Josplce International. For services to the Hosplce Movement. Barbara Joyce, Mrs O'Shea, School Crossing Patrol, Wincham, Cheshire County Council. For services to Road Safety. Dennis William Ogborn. For services to the community. Joseph Henderson Oliver. For services to the Royal Air Forces Association in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. Catherine Joan, Mrs Ollis. For services to the WRVS in Ross on Wye, Herefordshire. Gordon Kaye Ollivere, Director and Chief Executive, Regional Technology Centre North. For services to Business in North East England. Norris Wallington Osborne. For services to the Berkshire Probation Service. Robert Overend. For services to Agriculture. Tommy Wyn Owen, Support Grade 2, Welsh Office. George William Page, lately Car Park Attendant, Norfolk and Norwich Healthcare Trust. For services to Health Care. Stephen Jeffrey Pailes, Constable, Warwickshire Constabulary. For services to the Police and to the Community. John Millar Palmer. For services to the Police. Bryant John Parker, Lock Keeper, Stoke Lock, Stoke Bardolph, Nottinghamshire. For services to British Waterways. Squadron Leader John Joseph Parker, RAF (Rtd), lately Retired Officer 2, Ministry of Defence. Ann, Mrs Parkin, Carer, Home Finding Scheme, Sheffield, South Yorkshire. For services to Disabled People. Horace Henzell Parkyn, Chairman, Brownsea Island Voluntary Wardens Committee. For services to the National Trust. John Stephen Parrott. For charitable services in Merseyside. Edward Henry Parry, Chief Superintendent, Northamptonshire Police. For services to the Police. Anthony Fred Lewis Parsons. For services to National Federation of Retail Newsagents. Josephine Kathleen, Mrs Patmore. For services to the Royal College of Defence Studies. Devora Yaffa, Mrs Peake, President, Boxford Suffolk Farms. For services to the Fruit and Fruit Juice Industries. Ronald Stanley Springfield Pearson, lately Chairman, Stockbury Parish Council, Sittingbourne, Kent. For services Local Government. Matthew Elliot Peat. For services to the Boys' Brigade in Coatbridge, Lanarkshire. Charles Edward Joseph Perea, Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence. Maurice Reginald Perratt. For services to the Submarine Old Comrades Association. John Trevor Perry, Member, Board of Visitors, H.M. Prison Featherstone. For services to Prisoner Welfare. Mary Patricia, Mrs Peterson, Key Keeper, Muness Castle. For services to Conservation in Shetland. Patricia, Mrs Phillips. For services to the British Academy. Ronald Frederick Phillips. For services to the Reading Cygnets Swimming Club, Berkshire. Joan Elizabeth, Mrs Pierce. For services to the WRVS and to the community in Wokingham, Berkshire. Graham Arthur Richard Piper, Typist, Department of Trade and Industry. Arthur Donald Pollard. For political and public service. William Edward Pollitt. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association in Greater Manchester. Thomas Duncan Pollock. For services to the community. John Richard Pool. For charitable services in Bristol, Avon. Irene Maud, Mrs Pottinger. For services to the community in Muswell Hill, London. Anne Grigor, Mrs Powell. For services to the Save the Children Fund in Leicester. Edith, Mrs Powell. For political and public service. Thomas Ernest Eric Pratt. For services to Cricket in Wales. John Prestage, Chairman, Executive Council, Institute of Plumbing. For services to Plumbing. William Georges Price, Senior Head Gardener, Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Margaret Laura, Mrs Pullen. For political service. Rennie William Purvis, Senior Executive Officer, Department of Social Security. Catherine, Mrs Quine, Chair, National Federation of Estate Management Boards. For services to Urban Regeneration. Constance Kewin, Mrs Radcliffe. For services to the Cultural and Literary Heritage of the Isle of Man. Marjorie Mary, Mrs Rains, lately Personal Secretary, Department of Trade and Industry. Miss Susan Patricia Elizabeth Ramsay, Executive Officer, H.M. Board of Customs and Excise. Edward Ramsden, lately Director, Environmental Health Services, Swansea City Council. For services to Local Government in Wales. Diljit Rana. For services to Industry and to the community. Miss Margaret Ann Randall, Secretary, National Gallery Publications Ltd. For services to the National Gallery. Montague Raphael, Doctor, Remploy and formerly Sunelm. For services to Disabled People. Patricia Elizabeth, Mrs Rate. For services to the Royal Naval Association in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Linda, Mrs Reading, PBS, Department for Education and Employment. Nancy, Mrs Reay, Private Secretary, British Coal Corporation. For services to the Coal Industry. Archibald John Christopher Reger, lately Member, Chichester Harbour Conservancy. For services to the Environment. Miss Katherine Chelsea Renton, Programme Development Adviser, Marie Slopes International. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. Edwin Arnold Richards, Chief Engineer, AS90, VSEL. For services to the Defence Industry. Marianne Joan, Mrs Richards, Chief Executive, Port Talbot Co-operative Development Agency. For services to Small Businesses in Port Talbot. Ian Richardson. For services to the community in Laggan, Inverness-shire. Anne Elizabeth, Mrs Riding. For services to the Royal Air Forces Association in London. Marilyn, Mrs Rivers, Head, Grendon Church of England Primary School, Northamptonshire. For services to Education. Miss Gwyneth Parul Roberts. For services to the community in North Wales. Jean, Mrs Roberts, Prison Visitor, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Feltham. For services to Prison Welfare. John Ian Roberts, Temporary Sub Officer, London Fire and Civil Defence Authority. For services to the Fire Service. William John Roberts. For services to the Anglesey Cancer Support Group. Miss Florence Jean Robertson, lately Assistant Secretary, Faculty of Public Health Medicine. For services to Public Health. Robert Robertson, Support Grade 2, Scottish Office. Olive Marjorie, Mrs Robinson. For political service. John William Robson, Chief Executive, Shildon and Sedgefield District Development Agency. For services to Business and to the community in Sedgefield District, County Durham. Jonathan Robson. For political service. Sheila Betty, Mrs Rogers. For services to the Multiple Sclerosis Society in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. Terence George Rolf. For services to the Territorial, Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association in the South of England. Elizabeth, Mrs Ross, Head Banqueting Waitress, Swallow Hotel, Seaburn, Sunderland. For services to Tourism. Janet, Mrs Ross. For services to Bannockburn Hospital, Stirling. Leslie Ross, Senior Presenter, BRMB, Birmingham. For services to Radio Broadcasting. Peter Owen Jeffrey Rowlands, Group Scout Leader, Brecon. For services to Young People. Rachel Annora, Mrs Rowlands. For services to Agriculture in Wales. Vera Elsie, Mrs Geddes-Ruffle. For political service. Pauline Albinia, Mrs Hamilton-Russell. For services to the Citizen's Advice Bureau, Covent Garden, London. Robert Charles (Jack) Russell. For services to Cricket. Wing Commander Robert Noel James Saker, R.A.F. (Rtd). For services to the Ministry of Defence. David Alfred Saunders, Museum Support Grade 1, National Army Museum. Robert Scott, Global Consultant, Engineering, British Petroleum Company Ltd. For services to the Oil Industry. Victor Selwyn. For services to The Salamander Oasis Trust. James Beggs Semple. For services to the Prison Service. Patricia Alice, Mrs Shardlow. For services to the community in Cheddington, Bedfordshire. Michael Thomas Sharman, lately Head of Consultancy, Department of Planning, Transportation and Economic Strategy, Warwickshire County Council. For services to Highway Maintenance. Duncan Frederic Shaw, Member, Council for English Nature and Member, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. For services to Nature Conservation. Joan, Mrs Shaw, Shop Manageress, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. For services to the RSPB in Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire. Caroline Margaret, Mrs Shearer. For services to the Employment Service in Ashington, Northumberland. Iftikhar Hassan Sheikh, Member Croydon Race Equality Council. For services to Race Relations in Surrey. Ann Mary, Mrs Sherwood, Manager, Portage Service, Wandsworth Local Education Authority. For services to Education. Christine Ann, Mrs Shewry, Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence. John Short, Clinical Nurse Specialist, North Durham Acute Hospitals Trust. For services to Health Care. Dorothy, Mrs Sidaway, lately Sub Divisional Officer, South Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police. Miss Kathleen Sidebottom. For services to the Thornton Cleveleys Old People's Welfare Association, Lancashire. Francis William Simpson. For services to Nature Conservation in Suffolk. Joan, Mrs Simpson. For services to the community in Upton St Leonards, Gloucestershire. Thomas Simpson. For services to the British Talking Book Service for the Blind. Audrey Maud, Mrs Sinclair, lately Senior Personal Secretary, Ministry of Defence. Susan, Mrs Singerman. For services to the Understanding of the Holocaust. Geoffrey Smart, Co-founder, Heart Link. For services to Parents of Children with Heart Disease. Anthony Glen Smith, lately Aid Logistician. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. Elizabeth, Mrs Smith. For services to Murroes Primary School, Duntrune, Dundee. Eric Hedley Smith, Chairman, Filton Parish Council and Life President, Filton Town Twinning Association. For services to Local Government and to Town Twinning. Geoffrey Donald Smith, lately Pattern Maker and Joiner. For services to the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester. Miss Olive Hedley-Smith. For services to the Carers National Association and to the community in Torquay, Devon. Patricia Ellen Anne, Mrs Smith. For services to the Soldiers' Widows and Widowers and Single Soldiers' Dependants Funds. Percy Roger Smith, Divisional Officer, Gwent Special Constabulary. For services to the Police. Philip Charles Pendrell Smith. For services to Royal National Institute for the Blind. Robina, Mrs Smith. For services to the community in Arnside, Cumbria. Sybil Mavis, Mrs Snelling. For services to the NSPCC in the Isle of Wight. Miss Muriel Ann Sorbie, lately Higher Executive Officer, Scottish Office. Neville Southall. For services to Association Football. Alec John Spalding. For services to Scouting in Glasgow. Pearl Marie, Mrs Sperring, lately PBS, Department for Education and Employment. Miss Pamela Marian Spofforth, Founder and President, Pro Corda. For services to music for young String players. Roy Orland Charles Spring. For services to Salisbury Cathedral. Peter Leslie Steer. For services to Ostomy Patient Care. Harry Michael Steere, Sub Officer (Retained), Cleveland Fire Brigade. For services to the Fire Service. William Stein. For services to Swimming. Silbourne Howard Stephenson. For services to the community in Bedfordshire. Miss Patricia Agnes Storey, Senior Personal Secretary, Department of Social Security. Miss Tina Wendy Stowell, lately Senior Personal Secretary, Cabinet Office. Jamnadas Virji Sudra, Sub-Postmaster, Chislehurst, Kent. For services to the Post Office and to the community. Miss Peggy Kate Suffield. For services to the community in Wythall, Birmingham. Edgar Robert Swinger. For services to the London Pensions Fund Authority. Helen Elizabeth, Mrs Sword, Trustee, Housing Association for Officers' Families. For services to Ex-Servicemen and Women. Kenneth William Syyret. For charitable services in Jersey. Muriel, Mrs Tabb. For services to Music in St Austell, Cornwall. Jillian Valerie, Mrs Tallon. For services to The Compassionate Friends. Michael Tanner, Manager, Metal Finishing Flight Refuelling Ltd. For services to Materials Technology. Margaret Jane, Mrs Thom, lately Home Care Organiser, Social Work Department, Banff and Buchan Division, Grampian Regional Council Social Work Department. For services to the Community. John Rowland Thomas. For services to the community in North East Powys. William Thomas, Emergency Logistician. For humanitarian services in the former Yugoslavia. David Bernard Thompson, T.D. For services to the community in Canterbury, Kent. Ernest Thompson. For services to People with Learning Disabilities and to Nursing. Margery Jean, Mrs Thomson. For political and public service. Alan Woodburn Thornton, Managing Director, Thor Ceramics. For services to the Ceramics Industry. Charles Thornton. For services to the Guild of Technical Dyers and Dyework and to the Dyeing Industry. Margaret, Mrs Tierney, Support Manager 3, Ministry of Defence. John Henry Timms, Technical Officer, Preston and Mall Residents Association. For services to the community in Middlesex. Frances Alice, Mrs Tolhurst, Youth Worker, Rye Boys Club, East Sussex. For services to Young People. Alan Toogood, Personnel Manager, Lucas Automotive Ltd. For services to Engineering Education and Training. Samuel Robert Torrance. For services to Golf. William John Alexander Tosh, Range Warden, Ministry of Defence. James Tough, Senior Caretaker, Angus College, Arbroath. For services to Education. Jack Tripp, Actor. For services to Pantomime. Albert Frederick Truelove. For services to the community in Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. Myra Shortreed, Mrs Turnbull, lately Chairman, Roxburgh District Council. For services to the community and to Local Government. Cyril Crosbie Turner. For services to the community in Ludford, Lincolnshire. Miss Margery Kay Turvey, lately Principal Occupational Health Nursing Adviser, Occupational Health and Safety Agency, Office of Public Service. Patricia, Mrs Tyler. For services to the John Boag Probation and Bail Hostel, Norwich, Norfolk. David Leslie Tyrrell, Senior Executive Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Colin Urquhart, Cemetery Superintendent and Grounds Maintenance Supervisor, Argyll and Bute District Council. For services to the Community. Vivienne, Mrs Vertefeuille, Personal Assistant and Translator, Ministry of Defence. John Ernest Vickery, lately Sergeant, Avon and Somerset Constabulary. For services to the Police. Alan Voutt, Quarry Foreman, Northern Aggregates Ltd. For services to the Construction Industry. Anthony Alfred Walker. For services to Stonemasonry in Oxford. Judith Mary, Mrs Walker. For services to Riding for People with Disabilities. Gloria Teresa, Mrs Wallis. For political and public service. John Kenneth Walls. For services to Young People. Robert Seddon Walmsley, Director, Chapeltown and Harehills Enterprises Ltd. For services to Urban Regeneration. Joyce, Mrs Walsby, Financial Accounting Manager, Ordnance Survey. Mary Angela, Mrs Ward, Artistic Director, Chicken Shed Theatre Trust. For services to the Arts. Colin Thomas Warwick, Chairman, Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee. For services to the Fishing Industry. John Waters. For services to the HMS Liverpool Association. David Waterson, Leader, Salford Lads' Club, Greater Manchester. For services to Young People. Miss Susan Mary Wates. For services to Child Care and to the community in London. Paul Watson, Director, Bristol Cyrenians. For services to Homeless People. Stewart Watson, Brass Instructor and Brass Band Conductor, Aberdeen. For services to Music. Alan Stewart Watt. For services to the community. Miss Beryl May Jago Webb, Chairman, Ashingdon Parish Council, Essex. For services to Road Safety and to the community. Colin David Webb, lately Delivery Manager, Royal Mail Anglia, Post Office. For services to the Post Office and to the community in Chelmsford, Essex. Michael Huyshe Webber, Executive Director, Tinsley Bridge Ltd. For services to the Motor Industry. Philip Welsh, lately Chairman, West Whitelawburn Housing Co-operative and Member, New Gorbals Housing Association. For services to the Housing Association Movement in Scotland. Joy, Mrs West. For services to the War Widows' Association of Great Britain. Terence John Weston, lately Director of Finance, Ceredigion District Council. For services to Local Government in Wales. Michael John White, Firefighter, Devon Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire Service. Morag Mary, Mrs White. For political and public service. Thomas Patrick White. For services to the Construction Industry. Keith Robert Whitesides. For services to the community in the East Midlands. Norma, Mrs Whittaker. For services to the community in Oldham, Lancashire. Jean Marion, Mrs Whittall, Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence. Mary, Mrs Wilkins. For services to the community in Highley, Shropshire. Frank Willcock, Constable, Greater Manchester Police. For services to the Police and for charitable services. Keith Edward Dare-Williams, Auxiliary Coastguard in Charge, H.M. Coastguard, Plymouth, Devon. For services to Safety at Sea. Thomas John Williams, lately Chairman, Council of Welsh Districts. For services to Local Government in Wales. George Robert Thomas Willis, D.F.C., Non-Executive Director, Business Link in Barnsley and Doncaster. For services to Training. Cecil Edward Austin Willson. For services to the Fleet Air Arm. Arthur John Wilmot, Senior Road Safety Officer, Leicestershire County Council. For services to Road Safety. Miss Maureen Elizabeth Wilsher, Support Grade 1, Ministry of Defence. Hugh D. Wilson. For services to Rural and Agricultural Workers in Scotland. Ronald Wilson. For services to the community in Yorkshire. John Wesley Wilton. For services to the community in Harrowbarrow, Cornwall. Geoffrey George Winkworth, Assistant Chief Officer, Fire Service College. For services to the Fire Service. San Wong. For services to Industry and to the community. David John Wood, Operations Standard Manager, Midlands Zone, Railtrack. For services to the Railway Industry. Professor William Gordon Wood. For services to the Cricklade Music Festival, Wiltshire. Ann, Mrs Woodcock, Supervisor, Clepington Playgroup, Dundee. For services to Race Relations in Dundee. Kathleen Mary, Mrs Woodhead, lately Higher Executive Officer, Department of Health. Timothy Edward James Wren, Prison Officer, H.M. Prison Featherstone. Eileen Lily, Mrs Wright. For political and public service. Rosina, Mrs Wybrow For services to Sir Thomas Abney Primary School, Hackney, London. Gloria, Mrs Yates. For services to the community in Ely, Cardiff. Maureen, Mrs Yeowell, Adviser to BUPA and National Mammography Trainer, BUPA Health Screening Centre, London. For services to Health Care. Peter Michael Young, lately Professional and Technology, Officer, Transport Research Laboratory Executive Agency, Department of Transport. Rena Violet Douglas, Mrs Young, lately Senior Personal Secretary, Scottish Office. Irene, Mrs Younge. For services to Nursing. Peggy Enid Margaret, Mrs Appiah. For services to UK/Ghanaian relations and community welfare. Au Yeung Man-tak. For services to vocational training, Hong Kong. Richard James Austen, Deputy High Commissioner, Banjul. Christopher John Bale. For services to charity, Hong Kong. John Neville Broomfield, C.P.M. For services to police training, Hong Kong. Anthony Jonathan Buckby, Director, British Council, Bologna. Anthony George Chan Shing-kee. For public service, Hong Kong. Simon Cohen, Honorary Consul, Guadalajara, Mexico. Robin Victor Davies, Member, locally engaged staff, H.M. Embassy, Paris. Sheila, Mrs Douglas. For services to the community in Périgueux and the Dordogne. Irvin Bruce Eldemire, District Officer, Little Cayman, Cayman Islands. Michael Stanley Nicholas Farlie. For services to shipping interests in Hong Kong. Mary Charteris Love, Mrs Fraser. For services to primary education in Swaziland. Ian Percy Gale, Chief Security Officer, H.M. Embassy, Manila. Ian Bennett Gibson, Honorary Consul, Kiel, Germany. Terence Ginty. For services to British commercial interests in China. Ann Smith, Mrs Gordon. For charitable services to the community, Bermuda. Monica Marina, Mrs Gore. For voluntary welfare and charitable services in the Cayman Islands. Peter Norman Graham. For services to the Independent Commission against Corruption, Hong Kong. Joan, Mrs Borello Hansen, locally engaged Commercial Assistant, H.M. Embassy, Copenhagen. Brian Walter Hicks. For services to the community and British commercial interests in Bahrain. Ho Kwok-fong. For public service in Hong Kong. Peter Ho Wing-ko. For services to culture and to community welfare, Hong Kong. Elizabeth, Mrs Howard. For services to the British Embassy School, Athens. Victor Hut Chun-fui. For services to youth recreation and social work in Hong Kong. Nell Dorothea, Mrs Johnston. For voluntary service to the community, Bermuda. Miss Margaret Nora Knill. For services to the blind in Afghanistan. Ko Tam-kan. For voluntary community service, Hong Kong. Jeffrey Lam King-fung. For services to industry, Hong Kong. Richard William Evan Law. For services to UK-Italian cultural relations, Florence. Edward Law Wing-tak. For public service, Hong Kong. Joseph Lee Man-kong, J.P., Deputy Commissioner for Census and Statistics, Hong Kong. Miss Sabina Leung Fuk-tai. For services to the mentally handicapped, Hong Kong. Michael Philip Linde. For services to the British community in Switzerland. Helen, Mrs Luk Tuet Siu-wah. For public service, Hong Kong. Farley Ma Man-chiu. For services to recreation and amenities, Hong Kong. William John McClelland. For services to student exchanges with Canada. Marion Calder, Mrs Orr, locally engaged Vice-Consul, Durban. Lystra, Mrs Osborne. For services to the Red Cross, Montserrat. Miss Artemisia Panayiotou. For services to British commercial interests in Cyprus. Barbara Helen, Mrs Parker, locally engaged Personal Assistant, H.M. Consulate-General, San Francisco. James Phillip Peralta. For services to commercial enterprise and the community in Gibraltar. George Zbigniew Podolecki, Honorary Consul, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Poon Kam-kwong. For voluntary community service, Hong Kong. Matthew Prouten, lately of H.M. Embassy, Tokyo. Graham Wightman Reid. For services to education and literature, Macedonia. Margaret, Mrs Reid. For services to education and literature, Macedonia. Graeme Neville Robinson, Honorary Consul, Christchurch. John Augustus Alvarez Louis Charles Rodigas. For services to the British community in Nice. John Crute Rogers. For services to the community and to British business interests in Windhoek. David John Rowson. For services to English language teaching in Tbilisi, Georgia. Audrey, Mrs Rummeli. For services to charity in Ankara. Richard Walter Scott. For services to British and other war veterans in Cameroon. Hannelore Margarethe, Mrs Staples, locally engaged Assistant Management Officer, H.M. Consulate-General, Frankfurt. Timothy David Stew, lately Third Secretary, H.M. Embassy, Sarajevo. Daphne Lucille, Mrs Taylor. For services to the expatriate community in Seoul. Thomas Temple. For voluntary services to charity, Belgium. Kenneth Wang Kuk-kei. For services to manufacturing industry, Hong Kong. Richard Webb, Staff Officer to the Governor, Montserrat. Carrie, Mrs Willis Yau Sheung-mui, Chief Electoral Officer, Hong Kong. Raymond Wong Siu-keung. For public service, Hong Kong. Yip Wah, J.P. For services to the community in Hong Kong. Royal Red Cross Member of the Royal Red Cross (RRC) Major Rosemary Helen Banford, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Associate of the Royal Red Cross (ARRC) Lieutenant Robert Thomas Griffin, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. Acting Chief Petty Officer Enrolled Nurse (General) Rosemary Louise Webb, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. Captain Neil Thompson Frazer, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Staff Sergeant Caroline Russell, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Squadron Leader Janice Oakman, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (Retired). Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service (QPM) England and Wales John William Bennett, Detective Superintendent, Gloucestershire Constabulary. John Noel Blackburn, Detective Chief Superintendent, Kent Constabulary. Allan Charlesworth, Assistant Chief Constable (designate), Humberside Police. Pauline Ann, Mrs Clare, Chief Constable, Lancashire Constabulary. Peter John Coles, Detective Superintendent, Nottinghamshire Constabulary. John Charles Essery, Detective Chief Superintendent, Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Malcolm Forster, Detective Constable, South Yorkshire Police. Raymond Kenneth Hall, Constable, Metropolitan Police. John Patterson Hamilton, Deputy Director General, National Criminal Intelligence Service. Peter Harris, Chief Superintendent, Greater Manchester Police. Peter Hermitage, H.M. Assistant Inspector of Constabulary. Paul Andrew Manning, Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police. William George Nelson, Assistant Chief Constable (designate), Hampshire Constabulary. Anthony Leslie Rowe, Commander, Metropolitan Police. Frederick John Smith, Chief Superintendent, Sussex Police. John Townsend, Commander, Metropolitan Police. David Tucker, Commander, Metropolitan Police. Jack Wilson, Chief Superintendent, Cumbria Constabulary. Northern Ireland William Frederick Reginald Welch Semple, Chief Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary. Overseas Justin Cunningham, Chief Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police. Angus John Delano Stevenson-Hamilton, Assistant Commissioner, Royal Hong Kong Police. Vernon Elroy Malone, Commissioner of Police, British Virgin Islands. Scotland James Gilchrist, Chief Superintendent, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary. John Crispian Strachan, Assistant Chief Constable, Strathclyde Police. Queen's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service (QFSM) England And Wales Peter John Coombs, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, Kent Fire Brigade. Brian Anthony Higton, Temporary Assistant Divisional Officer, Derbyshire Fire Service. Miss Margaret Jean Penton, Principal Fire Control Officer, West Midlands Fire Service. Valerie Ann, Mrs Pluck, Principal Fire Control Officer, Essex Fire Service. Andrew John Walters, Chief Fire Officer, Avon Fire Brigade. Overseas Hsu King-ping, Chief Fire Officer, Royal Hong Kong Fire Service. Scotland James Coyle, Assistant Firemaster, Strathclyde Fire Brigade. Colin Cranston, Firemaster, Lothian and Borders Fire Brigade. Colonial Police and Fire Service Medal for Meritorious Service (CPM) Chan Ping-chiu, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Cheung Tak-yiu, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Iain Charles Grant, Chief Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Francis Edwin Hillier, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Lai Yuen-wing, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Lam Chi-ning, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Lee Kee-cheung, Principal Fireman, Hong Kong Fire Service. Lee Siu-kin, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Leung Sai-kan, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Leung Sheung Man, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Ian Robert Mackness, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Charles William Mitchell, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Ng Chi-keung, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Rodney John Starling, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. John McPhail Thomson, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Colin Frederick Thornborrow, Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Tsang Kwong-kwai, Senior Divisional Officer, Hong Kong Fire Service. Tse Yee-sum, Senior Superintendent (Auxiliary), Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force. Wong Long, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Stuart Wringe, Senior Superintendent, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Yu Shi-cheung, Chief Inspector, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Wu Kang-fuk, Station Sergeant, Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Yu Ah-chu, Principal Fireman, Hong Kong Fire Service. John Yuen Ying-lam, Chief Superintendent, Royal Police Force. Buel Rolphie Braggs, Chief Superintendent, Royal Cayman Islands Police Force. Australia New Zealand Barbados The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) The Honourable John Stanley Bruce Dear, C.H.B. For services to the legal profession and to charity. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) George Eustace Theodore Brancker. For services to Parliament. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Nell Alwyn, Mrs. Wycherley. For services to operatic music. Bahamas Knight Bachelor Durward Randolph Knowles, O.B.E. For services to the community and to sport, particularly sailing. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) The Honourable Arlington Griffith Butler. For services to the social, political, sporting and educational life of the country. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Ruth Rosalie, Mrs. Millar. For public service. Basil Godwin O'Brien. For public service. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Conrad Joseph Knowles. For public services. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Commodore Leon Livingstone Smith. For public service, particularly to the Royal Bahamas Defence Force. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) The Reverend Hands Bain. For services to the community. Vincent Lloyd Ferguson. For services to education. British Empire Medal (BEM) Captain Alphonso Ralph Bowe. for services to the community, particularly Long Island. The Reverend Bertram Newton. For services to the community. Grenada The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Thompson Cedric Crosby. For services to education and the community. Michael Bernard Noel. For services to agriculture (particularly to the banana industry) and to the community. Papua New Guinea The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Misty Baloiloi. For services to the private sector and the University of Papua New Guinea. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) The Most Reverend Bishop Desmond Charles Moore. For services to religion and the community. Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Joseph Bae. For services to business and the copra industry. Natanais Marum. For public service. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Susan, Mrs. Karike. For services in designing the Papua New Guinea national flag. Otto Malatana. For services to broadcasting and the community. Roger Tongai Palme. For services to banking and the community. Chief Superintendent Denis Charles Samin. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary and the community. Peter Tsiamalili. For public service. Mary, Mrs. Umpao. For public service and services to business, the community, charity and women's affairs. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) John Kowan Akau. For public and community services. Kevin Bernard. For services to Government House and to the Government. Chief Inspector John Bonot. For services to the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. Pastor Andrew Kauga. For services to the Church and the community. Sinclare Solomon. For services to journalism. Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO) Aku Kere. For public service. British Empire Medal (BEM) Posi, Mrs Boe. For services to the Police. John Torea Erekofa. For services to the community. Yapi Ropa. For services to the community. Deneng Kana Sam. For services to the Police Department. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Superintendent Peter Aigilo, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM) Fireman Grade 3 Jack Matana, Papua New Guinea Fire Service. Fireman Grade 3 Billson Tesasi, Papua New Guinea Fire Service. Solomon Islands The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Frank Ofagioro Kabui, O.B.E. For services in the legal field. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Frederick Pa-Nukuanca Soakimori, O.B.E., C.P.M. For services to the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) James Tarasele Saliga. For public service. George Milner Tozaka. For public service. Tuvalu The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) The Honourable Houati Iele. For public, community and political services. Saint Lucia Knight Bachelor Professor Fitz-Roy Richard Augier. For services to regional education. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Kenneth Dwight Vincent Venner. For public service in the area of finance. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Hollis Duncan Davidson Bristol. For community service. Marius Alexis Epihane St. Rose. For public service in the area of regional banking and finance. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Rolin Etien Fernand. For services to agriculture. Miss Zenith Claire James. For public service. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Luther Reuben Clifford Robertson. For services to the community. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) George Levi Bailey. For services to Scouting and the community. Antigua and Barbuda The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Reginald Wilfred Lipton Samuel. For public service. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Dr. Albertine Mathurin Jurgensen. For public service. Saint Christopher and Nevis The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) Joseph Nathaniel France, C.B.E. For services to industrial relations and Parliamentary representation. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Eustace Llewellyn John. For public and community service. Charles Egbert Mills. For services to education and Parliamentary representation. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Claude Lennix Woods. For public service and service to agriculture. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Ernest Charles Ashton Amory. For services to commerce and the community. Keeth Lloyd Thomas Arthurton. For services to sport, particularly cricket. References Birthday Honours 1996 awards 1996 awards in the United Kingdom

38131234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling%20Dr.%20Gillespie

Calling Dr. Gillespie

Calling Dr. Gillespie is a 1942 drama film directed by Harold S. Bucquet, starring Lionel Barrymore, Donna Reed and Philip Dorn. This was a continuation of the series that had starred Lew Ayres as Dr. Kildare. Ayres, however, had declared conscientious objector status to World War II, and was taken off the film. Kildare's mentor, Dr. Gillespie, portrayed here and in earlier films by Barrymore, became the lead character. In this first Kildare-less entry, Gillespie has a new assistant, refugee Dutch surgeon Dr. John Hunter Gerniede (Philip Dorn). Plot Finishing school student Marcia Bradburn (Donna Reed) has good news for her boyfriend, Roy Todwell (Phil Brown). Her father has given his permission for their engagement. However, when she refuses to elope with him immediately, Roy inexplicably picks up a flagstone and kills his dog with it, then drives off. Emma Hope (Mary Nash), the head of the school, calls her old friend, Dr. Gillespie. He invites Dr. Gerniede, a surgeon who has repeatedly requested to become a psychoanalyst, to examine Roy (without the latter's knowledge). Roy retains no memory of having killed his pet. Gerniede diagnoses dementia praecox. He and Gillespie strongly recommend treatment in a mental institution, but Roy's parents put their faith in family physician Dr. Kenwood (Charles Dingle), who insists their son is suffering from overwork at college and just needs some rest. Kenwood stands by his diagnosis, even after Roy suddenly goes berserk for no discernible reason and destroys a store toy display while out with Marcia. He does take the precaution of locking Roy in his bedroom for the night. Roy escapes out the window and, believing Gillespie to be his enemy, sends him threatening postcards during his travels. In one city, Roy buys a car. Upon its delivery, he murders the salesman and his assistant. When Marcia spots Roy on the school grounds, Gillespie is put under police protection, but the hospital where he works is far too large and busy for it to be effective. Roy slips in undetected, kills Dr. Kenwood's assistant and masquerades as him. A tense game of cat and mouse ensues. When Roy contacts Marcia, she is able to persuade him to give himself up. Roy, seemingly in one of his sane interludes, is brought to Dr. Gillespie's office. There, however, he pulls out a gun he had previously stashed in Gillespie's desk and states that he has to kill the doctor to become cured. Fortunately, Gerniede manages to signal hospital attendant Joe Wayman (Nat Pendleton) in the next room. Joe comes up from behind undetected and knocks the gun from Roy's hand by throwing a wrench. Roy is sentenced to the penitentiary. When Gillespie visits Marcia, he finds she has a new beau, a soldier. Cast Reception According to MGM records the film earned $419,000 in the US and Canada and $223,000 elsewhere making the studio a profit of $5,000. References External links 1942 films 1942 drama films American films American black-and-white films American drama films English-language films Films about psychiatry Films directed by Harold S. Bucquet Films set in New York City Hospital films Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Films with screenplays by Kubec Glasmon

38179758

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Foulk

Robert Foulk

Robert C. Foulk (May 5, 1908 – February 25, 1989), was an American television and film character actor who portrayed Sheriff H. Miller in the CBS series Lassie from 1958 to 1962. Early years Foulk attended the University of Pennsylvania, studying to be an architectural draftsman. Stage Acting Foulk's Broadway credits include What a Life, Brother Rat (1936), Boy Meets Girl (1935), and two productions of As Husbands Go in 1930 and in 1932. Directing Foulk was an aide to producer-director George Abbott, and he went on to direct productions in places such as Palos Verdes. Television Between 1953 and 1959, Foulk was in thirteen episodes of the NBC anthology series, The Loretta Young Show. From 1954 to 1957, he was in five episodes as Ed Davis in the sitcom Father Knows Best with Robert Young, when the series aired on NBC. In 1956, he played Jackley in the Walt Disney Mickey Mouse Club serial "The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure". In 1957 and 1958, Foulk played the outlaw Curly Bill Brocius in three episodes, "Gunslinger from Galeville", "Ride Out at Noon", and "Skeleton Canyon Massacre", of the western television series Tombstone Territory. In 1958, Foulk portrayed Sheriff Brady in the film, The Left Handed Gun. From 1959 to 1960, he had the recurring role of bartender Joe Kingston in the NBC western series Wichita Town. Foulk appeared in five episodes of The Rifleman. He played the blacksmith in "The Second Witness" (episode 23), "Three Legged Terror" (episode 30) and "Outlaw's Inheritance" (episode 38). He played Johannson in "The Raid" (episode 37) and Herbert Newman in "The Lost Treasure of Canyon Town" (episode 99). Foulk made four appearances on CBS's Perry Mason, all of them as a law-enforcement officer including the 1958 episode 'The Case of the Buried Clock'. He appeared as the sheriff of Cloverville, California in the two-part episode of The Untouchables, "The Big Train," which dealt with the attempt to free Al Capone from the train transporting him to Alcatraz. He made thirteen appearances on NBC's Bonanza, mostly as a sheriff or deputy sheriff. He also had recurring roles as Mr. Wheeler and Roy Trendall, former Hooterville phone company president, in sixteen episodes of CBS's Green Acres. In 1960, he guest starred in the TV Western Bat Masterson, playing Judge Pete Perkins, the town's crooked judge in S2E30's "Welcome To Paradise". In the early 1970s, Foulk made four guest appearances on CBS's Here's Lucy in various roles. Architecture In addition to acting, Foulk worked as an architectural draftsman. An article in the Chicago Tribune reported, "... he keeps his finger in architecture because he finds it good therapy for the tensions that build up while performing." Personal life In the 1930s, Foulk was married to actress Alice Frost. In 1947, he married Barbara Slater, an actress who appeared in two Three Stooges short features. She left Hollywood in the same year. They remained married to each other until his death in 1989. Filmography Film Road House (1948) as Policeman at Road House (uncredited) That Wonderful Urge (1948) as Workman (uncredited) Come to the Stable (1949) as Policeman – New York City (uncredited) White Heat (1949) as Oil Refinery Payroll Guard (uncredited) Thieves' Highway (1949) as Taller Cop at Roadside Bar (uncredited) Johnny Stool Pigeon (1949) as Pete (uncredited) Whirlpool (1950) as Andy – Policeman (uncredited) Love That Brute (1950) as Delivery Man (uncredited) Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950) as Fenney (uncredited) Mystery Street (1950) as Detective O'Hara (uncredited) A Lady Without Passport (1950) as Vice Consul (uncredited) Between Midnight and Dawn (1950) as Fred – Jailer (uncredited) Mister 880 (1950) as Policeman (uncredited) Dial 1119 (1950) as Barnes' Co-Worker (uncredited) The Killer That Stalked New York (1950) as Cop (uncredited) Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone (1950) as Tim (uncredited) Charlie's Haunt (1950) as Joel The Lemon Drop Kid (1951) as Victim (uncredited) Stop That Cab (1951) as Park Manor Doorman (uncredited) Follow the Sun (1951) as Highway Patrolman Jennings (uncredited) Home Town Story (1951) as Electric Company Worker (uncredited) Night into Morning (1951) as Policeman at Fire (uncredited) The Strip (1951) as Deputy (uncredited) The Guy Who Came Back (1951) as Wrestling Manager (uncredited) Chain of Circumstance (1951) as Policeman (uncredited) The Mob (1951) as Thug Beating Mary (uncredited) Saturday's Hero (1951) as McCabe's Butler (uncredited) The Whip Hand (1951) as Guard (uncredited) The Unknown Man (1951) as Sam (uncredited) Elopement (1951) as Bert – Trucker (uncredited) Just This Once (1952) as Busy Line Cafe Owner (uncredited) Deadline - U.S.A. (1952) as Rienzi Associate (uncredited) Singin' in the Rain (1952) as Matt – Policeman (uncredited) Carbine Williams (1952) as Chain-Gang Guard (uncredited) Without Warning! (1952) as Wilson, Motel Manager The Sniper (1952) as Officer Rivers (uncredited) The San Francisco Story (1952) as Thompson The Girl in White (1952) as 2nd Mover (uncredited) The Sellout (1952) as Prisoner (uncredited) Glory Alley (1952) as Bouncer (uncredited) Carrie (1952) as Sven (uncredited) Don't Bother to Knock (1952) as Doorman (uncredited) O. Henry's Full House (1952) as Cop (segment "The Cop and the Anthem") (uncredited) My Pal Gus (1952) as Mr. Evans (uncredited) Androcles and the Lion (1952) as Soldier (uncredited) Stars and Stripes Forever (1952) as Joe – Plainclothesman (uncredited) All Ashore (1953) as Ship's Purser (uncredited) I Love Melvin (1953) as Policeman (uncredited) Code Two (1953) as Police Sergeant at Roll Call (uncredited) The 49th Man (1953) as Commander Jackson Remains to Be Seen (1953) as Officer Miller A Slight Case of Larceny (1953) as Mr. Logan (uncredited) Powder River (1953) as Deputy (uncredited) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) as Passport Official (uncredited) Valley of Head Hunters (1953) as Arco (as Robert C. Foulk) Overland Pacific (1954) as Railroad Worker (uncredited) The Far Country (1954) as Constable Kingman (uncredited) Gunsmoke (1955) as Edward Hinton East of Eden (1955) as Man at Boxcar (uncredited) Blackboard Jungle (1955) as George Katz (uncredited) Wyoming Renegades (1955) as Smithy (uncredited) Strange Lady in Town (1955) as Joe (uncredited) Apache Ambush (1955) as Red Jennings (uncredited) Headline Hunters (1955) as Editor of Daily Star (uncredited) Rebel Without a Cause (1955) as Gene The Spoilers (1955) as Charlie, Bartender Carousel (1956) as Second Policeman (uncredited) Hot Blood (1956) as Police Sgt. Tim McGrossin (uncredited) Backlash (1956) as Sheriff John F. Olson Indestructible Man (1956) as Harry – Bar Owner The Rawhide Years (1956) as Mate The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) as Confederate Gen. Ledbetter (uncredited) A Cry in the Night (1956) as Jack – a Jailer (uncredited) The Great Man (1956) as Mike Jackson, radio engineer Last of the Badmen (1957) as Taylor Hold That Hypnotist (1957) as Dr. Simon Noble Sierra Stranger (1957) as Tom Simmons Untamed Youth (1957) as Sheriff Mitch Bowers Johnny Tremain (1957) as Mr. Larkin (uncredited) Raintree County (1957) as Pantomimist (uncredited) My Man Godfrey (1957) as Motor Cop The Tall Stranger (1957) as Pagones Day of the Bad Man (1958) as Silas Mordigan, Store Keeper Hell's Five Hours (1958) as Jack Fife Quantrill's Raiders (1958) as Hager The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Sheriff Brady Ask Any Girl (1959) as Lt. O'Shea (uncredited) Go, Johnny Go! (1959) as Policeman Born to Be Loved (1959) as Drunk (as Robert C. Foulk) Cast a Long Shadow (1959) as Hugh Rigdon Ocean's 11 (1960) as Sheriff Wimmer Where The Boys Are (1960) as "Elbow Room Bar" Manager (uncredited) Swingin' Along (1961) as Piano Mover (uncredited) All Hands on Deck (1961) as Naval Inspector (uncredited) State Fair (1962) as Mincemeat Judge The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) as The Hunter ('The Cobbler and the Elves') The Man from the Diners' Club (1963) as Policeman (uncredited) Tammy and the Doctor (1963) as Surgeon A Ticklish Affair (1963) as Policeman Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Sheriff Glick Sex and the Single Girl (1964) as Arresting Police Detective (uncredited) Once a Thief (1965) as George (uncredited) Harlow (1965) as Marvin Silver – Producer (uncredited) Lord Love a Duck (1966) as Uniformed Police Sgt. (uncredited) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967) as Tall Cowboy (uncredited) Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) as Taxi Driver (uncredited) Eight on the Lam (1967) as Detective (uncredited) Hell on Wheels (1967) as Sutton The Impossible Years (1968) as Police Captain (uncredited) The Split (1968) as Police Desk Sergeant (uncredited) The Love Bug (1968) as Bice More Dead Than Alive (1969) as Brill The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969) as Police Desk Sergeant (uncredited) Flap (1970) as Railroad Yard Foreman (uncredited) Vanishing Point (1971) as Colorado Communications Officer (uncredited) Skin Game (1971) as Sheriff Bunny O'Hare (1971) as Commissioner Dingle Emperor of the North (1973) as Conductor Win, Place or Steal (1975) as Boardmember Pete's Dragon (1977) as old sea captain (final film role) Television The Lone Ranger, 4 episodes (1952–1955) Fireside Theater, 5 episodes (1952–1954) I Married Joan, 3 episodes (1953–1955) The Loretta Young Show, 13 episodes (1953–1959) Stories of the Century, as Sheriff Peter Grimes in "The Dalton Gang" (1954) City Detective, as Pearson (1954) General Electric Theater, as Bank Guard in "The Face Is Familiar" (1954) The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, 4 episodes as policeman (1954–1956) Gunsmoke, 2 episodes as Fields and Mr. Hinton (1955, 1966) The Great Gildersleeve, 2 episodes as Charlie Anderson (1955) Adventures of Superman, as Big Tom Rufus (1956) December Bride, 2 episodes, including as Jack Schuyler in "Lily the Matchmaker" (1956) The 20th Century Fox Hour, 4 episodes (1955–1957) Cheyenne, 4 episodes (1957–1962) Circus Boy as Ben Farmer in "The Good Samaritans" (1956) The Adventures of Jim Bowie, 2 episodes as Yancey (1956) Sheena, Queen of the Jungle, as Gunther (1956) The Millionaire, 2 episodes (1956–1957) Fury, 2 episodes (1956, 1959) Whirlybirds, 2 episodes (1957–1958) The Silent Service, as Carroll in "Cargo for Cravelle" (1957) Trackdown, as Dan Cutler in "Easton, Texas" (1957) The Gray Ghost, as Jeb in "Charity" (1957) Broken Arrow, as Hank Woodley in "The Doctor" (1957) Telephone Time, as Orrin Henry in "The Man Who Discovered O. Henry" (1957) Maverick, 3 episodes (1957–1961) Man Without a Gun in "Decoy" (1957) Sheriff of Cochise as Hank in "The Relatives" (1957) and under the revised title, U.S. Marshal, as Bob Stryker in "Deer Hunt" (1959) Tales of Wells Fargo, 2 episodes (1957, 1961) How to Marry a Millionaire in "Hit and Run" (1958) Perry Mason, 4 episodes (1958–1965) State Trooper as Jim Granite in "Key to a Killer" (1958) Mike Hammer, as Gus Peters in "So That's Who It Was" (1958) Union Pacific "Indian Treaty" (1958) Richard Diamond, Private Detective as Sal Prince in "Arson" (1958) Jefferson Drum, 2 episodes (1958) Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre, 2 episodes (1958, 1961) Wanted: Dead or Alive, as Harkrader in "Eight Cent Reward" (1958) 26 Men, 4 episodes (1958–1959) The Texan, 3 episodes (1958–1960) Colt .45, 3 episodes (1958–1960) Lassie, 18 episodes, as Sheriff H. Miller (1958–1962) The Restless Gun, as Henry Merser in "The Pawn" (1959) The Rebel, as a sheriff in "The Vagrants" (1959) Walt Disney Presents: Texas John Slaughter and The Swamp Fox (1959) The Real McCoys, as Vance Ambruster in "Grandpa's Private War" (1959) The Rifleman, 5 episodes (1959–1961) Bonanza (1960–1968), 13 episodes as deputy (1960–1968) The Man from Blackhawk, as Hoag Lafitte in "The Ghost of Lafitte" (1960) Overland Trail, as Mining Camp Leader in "The O'Mara's Ladies" (1960) Guestward, Ho!, as a farmer in "The Hootens Fire Lonesome" (1960) Hennesey, as Moose Miller in "The Underfed Fullback" (1960) Riverboat, as Captain Smiley in "Trunk Full of Dreams" (1960) Bat Masterson, as Judge Pete Perkins in "Welcome to Paradise" (1960) The Deputy, 2 episodes (1960–1961) Outlaws, as Sonny's Lawyer in "The Daltons Must Die, Part 1" (1961) The Tall Man, as Gimp in "Time of Foreshadowing" (1961) Adventures in Paradise, as Harris in "Show Me a Hero" (1961) Coronado 9 (1961) 77 Sunset Strip, as Emil Seley in "The Legend of Leckonby" (1961) Hawaiian Eye, as Captain Walker (1961) The Untouchables, as a sheriff (1961) Stagecoach West, as Sam Jason in "The Guardian Angels" (1961) The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, as Mr. Callahan in "The Second Childhood of Herbert T. Gillis" (1961) Mister Ed, 2 episodes (1961, 1963) Frontier Circus, as Logan in "Incident at Pawnee Gun" (1962) The Twilight Zone, as Gatekeeper in "The Hunt" (1962) The Jack Benny Program, as kidnapper Dick Tracy in "Jack Is Kidnapped" (1963) Going My Way, as Sergeant in "Run, Robin, Run" (1963) The Beverly Hillbillies, 2 episodes (1963, 1968) Temple Houston, as O'Garrick in "Toll the Bell Slowly" (1963) Channing, as Otto in "No Wild Games for Sopie" (1963) Kraft Suspense Theatre, as Walker (1964) Walker Daniel Boone, 2 episodes as Otis and Sledge Clayburn (1964, 1967) Lost in Space, episodes as Kraspo and Cragmire (1967–1968) A Man Called Shenandoah, as Mit (1965) Green Acres, 16 episodes, mostly as Roy Trendell (1966–1971) Laredo, as Virgil Porter (1966) Mona McCluskey, as Riley (1966) The Guns of Will Sonnett, 3 episodes (1967–1968) Cimarron Strip, as Ragan (1968) Here's Lucy, 4 episodes (1968) The Big Valley, as Harry (1968) Lancer (1969) The Mod Squad, as Sheriff Considine (1970) Kung Fu, as Moss (1973) The Cowboys, as O.J. Prouty in "A Matter of Honor" (1974) Little House on the Prairie, as Peterson (1975) Barbary Coast'', as Kingsford (1975) References External links 1908 births 1989 deaths American male television actors American male film actors Male actors from Philadelphia Male actors from Los Angeles 20th-century American male actors

38249475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel%20%26%20Gretel%20Get%20Baked

Hansel & Gretel Get Baked

Hansel & Gretel Get Baked (also known as Black Forest: Hansel and Gretel and the 420 Witch) is a 2013 American comedy horror film from Mark Morgan, producer of The Twilight Saga film series. Directed by Duane Journey, it stars Michael Welch, Molly Quinn and Lara Flynn Boyle. The film was released in theaters and on VOD on February 19, 2013. Hansel & Gretel Get Baked is one of several different film adaptations of the classic fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel" released in 2013. The others are Hansel and Gretel, produced by The Asylum, Hansel & Gretel: Warriors of Witchcraft and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters, which star Jeremy Renner and Gemma Arterton. Plot The film begins with an electrician (Cary Elwes) monitoring the electricity box behind an old house. Peering in through a window, he sees a huge marijuana crop. Something pulls him through the window, and we hear him give a dying scream. We then cut to see Gretel (Quinn) and her boyfriend Ashton smoking marijuana in Gretel's room. The marijuana is a new strain called "Black Forest" and is being produced by a little old lady living in Pasadena. When Gretel's older brother Hansel (Welch) comes home, he tantalizes the stoned pair with a box of gingerbread cookie mix. Gretel agrees to bake the cookies while Ashton goes off to buy more Black Forest from the old lady. Ashton is invited into the old lady's house. The lady's name is Agnes (Boyle) and she is a witch. Ashton is drugged and awakens on an operating table guarded by Agnes's demonic dog. Meanwhile, Agnes coats his body in butter before eating parts of his body and eventually sucking out his youth (which restores her youth in turn). Eventually, Hansel and Gretel begin searching for Ashton, but they are ridiculed by the police and the trail ends with Agnes. The siblings interrogate Agnes, but she reveals nothing. Meanwhile, local drug kingpin Carlos (Reynaldo Gallegos) intimidates Agnes' dealer Manny (Eddy Martin) into giving him the address of the house. Manny finds Agnes first to warn her that Carlos is coming, but she just laughs and kills Manny and steals his youth. When Carlos and his two thugs arrive, she easily dispatches Carlos and one of the thugs, while trapping the surviving henchman in a cage. It is also revealed that she can turn her victims into zombies to help in her attacks. Meanwhile, Gretel and Manny's girlfriend Bianca (Bianca Saad) join forces to infiltrate Agnes' house. Before they leave, Gretel emails Hansel that she is going to confront Agnes again. While Bianca distracts Agnes through various means, Gretel sneaks into the basement where she finds the Black Forest crop, the remaining henchman, and the remains of the men Agnes has killed. Gretel leaves a trail of Skittles to help her find her way through the Black Forest. Eventually, Agnes sees through the ruse and the two girls are captured (and Agnes kills the henchman in front of them). Hansel shows up and is confronted by Carlos (now a zombie) after discovering Agnes is a witch. Agnes also shoots two cops who show up to investigate the disappearance of all the teens (but it is later revealed they survived due to wearing bullet proof vests). Although Hansel destroys the zombie, he is knocked out by Agnes and placed in the oven room for cooking preparation. Gretel and Bianca break out of their cage and sing the demonic dog to sleep. They stop Agnes right before she cooks Hansel, but Agnes manages to kill Bianca. During the struggle, Gretel manages to push Agnes into the oven and lock her in. The oven explodes, causing the marijuana crop and house to burn down. Hansel and Gretel manage to escape. As various first responders arrive at the scene, we see a cat strolling about the ashes. One of the first responders picks up the cat and takes it into his van with him, planning to take the feline home. We then hear the responder's howls of agony as he is slaughtered in his van. We see that Agnes (who had shape-shifted into the cat and somehow survived the oven) is now behind the wheel. She smiles at the camera as she drives away from the scene. Cast Michael Welch as Hansel Molly Quinn as Gretel Lara Flynn Boyle as Agnes/The Witch Lochlyn Munro as Officer Ritter Yancy Butler as Officer Hart Cary Elwes as Meter Man Bianca Saad as Bianca Reynaldo Gallegos as Carlos Celestino Cornielle as Octavio (as Celestin Cornielle) Joe Ordaz as Jorge Eddy Martin as Manny Andrew James Allen as Ashton Edward Zo as Teenager #1 Doug Haley as Teenager #2 David Tillman as Norm Danielle Adams as Paramedic Lexie Hofer as Coed #1 Orvis Slack as Paramedic Producers The end credits list Boyle and Quinn as associate producers. Release Hansel & Gretel Get Baked was released in select theaters and on VOD on February 19, 2013. See also Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters – A Paramount/MGM/MTV Films production starring Jeremy Renner, Gemma Arterton and Famke Janssen. Hansel & Gretel – A low-budget film by The Asylum. Note References External links Shock Till You Drop Bloody Disgusting 2013 comedy horror films 2013 independent films 2013 films 2013 horror films American supernatural horror films American comedy horror films American films American films about cannabis Films about cannibalism American independent films American zombie comedy films English-language films Films based on Hansel and Gretel Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films about witchcraft Stoner films 2013 comedy films

38273697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20White

Robert C. White

Robert C. White (born 1953) is a career police officer and the former chief of police of the Denver Police Department, Denver, Colorado. He was appointed in 2011 by Mayor Michael Hancock, he retired in 2018. Early life and education White graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in Public Administration from the University of the District of Columbia in 1993. He earned an M.S. in Applied Behavioral Science in 1996 from Johns Hopkins University. Career White started as a policeman in 1972 with the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.. He rose to the position of assistant chief before retiring after 23 years in 1995. He was then director of the District of Columbia Housing Authority Office of Public Safety from 1995 until 1997, when he returned to the D.C. police department as assistant chief overseeing patrol operations. He left D.C. in 1998 to become chief of police at the Greensboro, North Carolina Police Department. In 2003 he became the chief of police of the newly formed Louisville Metro Police Department, Louisville, Kentucky. In 2011, newly elected Denver mayor Michael Hancock appointed White as the new Denver police chief, one of his first high-profile appointments. Hancock, elected in 2010, had promised during his campaign to bring new leadership to the Denver Police Department, after a number of complaints of excessive force, and allegations of lax discipline for those officers found to have acted improperly. The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) conducted the national search that led to White's hiring from the Louisville police department by Hancock. White was a member of PERF when he was hired by Hancock. During the fall of 2015, White became a member of PERF's Board of Directors. During the national search, White was vetted by both PERF and Hancock concerning controversies to include a drug test that came back positive for marijuana, and intervening at the scene of a traffic stop when his 21-year-old son was being detained for suspected drunk driving. "Cops As Props" Prompts Ethics Inquiry Chief White directed temporary alterations to the Denver Police Academy, and the use of uniformed Denver police officers, to accommodate White House efforts to enhance an address by President Obama to support gun control (attracting national attention because of pushback from some police officers). Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper had recently signed three legislative house bills limiting ammunition magazines, expanding background checks, and charging gun buyers a fee for background checks. The 3 new gun bills were passed by the Democratic-controlled legislature, and signed into law by the Democratic governor but were opposed by Republicans, the County Sheriffs of Colorado, and Second Amendment activists. The controversy eventually led to a special recall election, the first in Colorado's history, to vote out two Colorado Democrats (Angela Giron of Pueblo and John Morse of Colorado Springs) because of their support for this gun law package. Soon after the gun bills were signed, the White House began to communicate with Chief White, via Mayor Michael Hancock's office, concerning an upcoming trip to Denver, by President Obama, to advocate for national gun-control laws (by spotlighting Colorado's recent gun-control legislation). President Obama desired to address 300 – 400 Denver metro-area law enforcement officers at the Denver Police Academy. Chief White authorized both on and off-duty Denver police officers to attend in uniform. At least three Denver police officers, and other law enforcement officers, felt Chief White was using department personnel and facilities as "a vehicle for partisan political influence." Reporting on this story was referred to some in the media as "Cops as Props." On the same day President Obama was scheduled to give his address at the Denver Police Academy, where Denver police officers would be in uniform as a backdrop, sixteen Colorado sheriffs planned a news conference in a nearby park. Some Denver police officers wanted to attend the Colorado Sheriff's event, in uniform, but their request was denied by Chief White. National surveys of law enforcement officer's opinions on gun control are rare, but PoliceOne conducted a 10-day survey that resulted in 15,595 responses from verified police professionals across all ranks and department sizes just before President Obama's visit to the Denver Police Academy. The officers surveyed felt the passage of the White House's proposed legislation (i.e. banning manufacture and sale of assault weapons, high capacity magazines, and non-dealer sales or transfers of firearms) would not improve officer safety nor reduce violent crime. Additionally, these law enforcement officers stated they would not enforce more restrictive gun laws if they were Chief or Sheriff, and would support qualified civilians to carry concealed firearms (to include teachers and school administrators). A Denver police officer filed an inquiry with the Denver Board of Ethics asking if White could use a department building and employees, to publicly support the agenda of one political party, while contemporaneously denying other employees from supporting the agenda of the opposing party at a lawful gathering. The Board responded they did not have jurisdiction over these issues. Calls for resignation after memorial vandalized National attention was again drawn when the Denver Police Protective Association (representing Denver police officers) and the Colorado Fraternal Order of Police (representing law enforcement officers in the state) called for White's resignation after a police memorial was allowed to be vandalized on February 15, 2015. Organized citizens, to include elements of Occupy Denver and Anonymous, organized, planned, and executed a protest in Denver concerning people killed by police nationally (Michael Brown and Eric Garner) and locally (Jessica Hernandez). In preparation for the marching protesters' arrival at the Denver Police Headquarters building, where a memorial for fallen Denver officers is displayed in an outside courtyard, Denver officers were deployed inside the building's lobby. Unidentified protesters lowered and desecrated the American flag, by leaving it lying on the ground, and left adhesive stickers with threatening messages to specific Denver officers on the granite memorial wall. Two additional protesters, Robert Guerrero and Matthew Goldberg, poured red paint over the memorial and spray painted "Fuck The Police" in white. Denver police officers, staged inside the lobby and viewing the vandalism, were ordered not to exit the building to prevent or intervene in the criminal activity. This decision angered the officers viewing the desecration of the American flag and memorial for their fallen co-workers, some to the point of crying. White's Public Information Officer, Sonny Jackson, informed media the American flag was not desecrated and no threats were left behind. Manager of Safety Stephanie O'Malley was asked to resign as more calls for White's resignation followed. A week after the vandalism and desecration, a public rally was held in support of the Denver Police. At the conclusion of the rally, two Denver police officers replaced the desecrated flag, apparently still flying from the week before, in an impromptu ceremony. Veith wrote a satirical piece warning White's administration not to punish the two officers, but reports indicate White's Deputy Chief References External links Robert C. White official web page 1953 births American police chiefs African-American police officers Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia officers University of the District of Columbia alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni Living people 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people

38294389

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201950

June 1950

The following events occurred in June 1950: June 1, 1950 (Thursday) Guam was given the status of a United States Territory, and all of its residents were granted U.S. citizenship. The French government sent a 24-hour ultimatum to the British government, to either accept the proposal for joining what would become the European Coal and Steel, or miss out on the negotiations set to start the next day. At 9:30 pm near Hilo, Mauna Loa in Hawaii started erupting. The Welsh Air Service, the world's first scheduled helicopter service, began operating between Cardiff, Wrexham and Liverpool. Born: Gennadi Manakov, Soviet cosmonaut, in Yefimovka, Orenburg Oblast June 2, 1950 (Friday) At a meeting presided over by Deputy Prime Minister Herbert Morrison in the absence of Prime Minister Clement Attlee, the British cabinet ministers elected not to participate in the talks to create the European Coal and Steel Community. The United States and Canada became associate members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OEEC). June 3, 1950 (Saturday) The European Coal and Steel Community was formed in Paris by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The first "World Series" in the 15-year history of the Roller Derby began at New York's Madison Square Garden, with five teams competing against each other, "headed by the pennant-winning Philadelphia Panthers". The series was a six-night round-robin tournament that also featured the Jersey Jolters, the Brooklyn Red Devils, the Chicago Westerners and the New York Chiefs. The racehorse Citation set a new record for running the mile, with a mark of 1 minute, 33.6 seconds to win the Golden Gate Mile in Albany, California. Citation also set a new record for earnings as the $20,000 prize set his total earnings to $924,630. Annapurna, at feet the tenth highest mountain in the world, was first ascended by the French Annapurna expedition to become the highest peak climbed (and the first 8,000-metre peak climbed) up to that time. The flag of France was planted on the summit by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal. Both Herzog and Lachenal, who made the climb without bottled oxygen and refused to turn back in spite of the onset of frostbite, lost all of their toes, and Herzog lost all of his fingers as well. Born: Deniece Williams, American pop singer, songwriter and four time Grammy Award winner, as June Deniece Chandler in Gary, Indiana Suzi Quatro, American rock musician, singer, bass player and four time Grammy Award winner, as Susan Quatrocchio in Detroit June 4, 1950 (Sunday) Nationwide elections for the House of Councillors in Japan, with the majority Liberal Democratic Party, headed by Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, increased its share, winning 52 of the 132 seats. Voters in Belgium voted for Parliament, determining the fate of King Leopold III if he should return from exile to rule the nation. The Social Christian Party, which favored the King, won 107 seats, while the "anti-Leopold" coalition of Socialists, Liberals and Communists combined for 105 seats. Nazim al-Kudsi formed a government as the new Prime Minister of Syria. Died: Ahmad Tajuddin, 36, Sultan of Brunei since 1924. The Sultan was succeeded by his younger brother, Omar Ali Saifuddien III. Kazys Grinius, 83, President of Lithuania in 1926 George Cecil Ives, 82, British gay rights activist and poet June 5, 1950 (Monday) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Sweatt v. Painter and a companion case, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, that the doctrine of "separate but equal" was invalid unless a state was able to provide equal opportunities to each race. The Allied High Commission returned control to West Germany of that nation's chemical industry, on the condition that the chemicals manufactured would be limited to those used in peacetime. A chartered C-46 airplane operated by Westair had to ditch in the Atlantic Ocean after losing power during a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Wilmington, Delaware, with the loss of 37 of the 65 people on board. Born: Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., Philippine editor who defied the Marcos government; in Manila (d. 1977) June 6, 1950 (Tuesday) The "Red Purge", a political action by the Tokyo government against officials of the Japanese Communist Party, began. Over the next seven months, the purge was extended to party members and sympathizers, and 20,997 public and private employees were fired from their jobs, leftist newspapers were put out of business, and leftist student organizations were raided. Died: Charles S. Howard, 73, millionaire car dealer and owner of the famous racehorse Seabiscuit June 7, 1950 (Wednesday) The Communist governments of Poland and East Germany agreed to set the border between their two nations as the Oder River and the Neisse River, with the Germans relinquishing claims to the territory lost in World War II. Born: Howard Finkel, American pro wrestling ring announcer, in Newark, New Jersey June 8, 1950 (Thursday) The New Jersey Jolters defeated the Brooklyn Red Devils, 24 to 22, to win the first ever "World Series of Roller Derby", before a crown of 16,877 people at New York City's Madison Square Garden. Newspapers in Pyongyang, the capital of Communist North Korea, published the manifesto of the "Central Committee of the United Democratic Patriotic Front", adopted the day before, announcing the goal of reunification of North Korea and South Korea starting with meetings on August 15. Seventeen days later, North Korean troops would invade South Korea. Sir Thomas Blamey became the first, and only Field Marshal in Australian history, less than a year before his death on May 27, 1951. Born: Kathy Baker, American TV and film actress, in Midland, Texas Sônia Braga, Brazilian TV and film actress, in Maringá June 9, 1950 (Friday) In Budapest, 322 priests and monks, and more than 600 nuns, were arrested and transported to various camps within Hungary. Vatican Radio reported the news more than two weeks later, on June 26. Screenwriters Dalton Trumbo and John Howard Lawson were hauled to jail, handcuffed together, after being convicted of contempt of Congress. A landslide buried 70 construction employees at the Japanese village of Kumanodiara while they were working on repair of a railway track, with only 24 people rescued. June 10, 1950 (Saturday) An official of the United Nations Commission on Korea crossed into North Korea and received the text of that nation's proposal for unification with South Korea, bringing back three "peace representatives" from the North. June 11, 1950 (Sunday) NASCAR racer John Edward "Skimp" Hersey, 37, was fatally injured when he lost control of his car during a race at Atlanta's Lakewood Speedway. At the time, it was common for racers to keep a can of extra gasoline in their vehicles in case they ran out far from the pit, and Hersey's car was engulfed in flames. A photographer from the Atlanta Constitution newspaper was the first to reach the scene, and as he took pictures of the burning car, Hersey crawled out of the wreckage on fire. The newsman kept taking photos without making any effort to assist Hersey, and by the time another person was able to douse the flames, the burns were fatal. The remainder of the race was cancelled, and Jack Smith, who had been leading at the time of the accident, was declared the winner. The next day, Hersey died, while the photos of his crash ran on the front page of the Constitution. Houston businessman Stanford B. Twente chose the telecast of a minor league baseball game as his opportunity to commit suicide in front of a TV audience. Twente walked into the broadcast booth, where Dick Gottlieb was narrating the action, sat down, and then shot himself in the head. Viewers heard the shot, and then saw Gottlieb sitting next to Mr. Twente's corpse. Died: Sane Guruji, 50, Indian children's author, novelist and social reformer June 12, 1950 (Monday) The Bank of Korea began operations as the central bank for South Korea, one week after the enabling legislation had been passed, and two weeks before North Korean troops invaded Seoul to start the Korean War. The Philippine province of Mindoro, located on the island of the same name, was divided into Occidental Mindoro (west) and Oriental Mindoro (east). June 13, 1950 (Tuesday) Air France multiple Douglas DC-4 accidents: An Air France DC-4 airplane, with 52 people on board, ditched in the sea near Bahrain after developing engine trouble en route from Karachi to Cairo. Only four people survived. Blame was placed upon the pilot for failing to keep track of his rate of descent during the final approach, and crashing into the sea. Two days later, another Air France DC-4 on the same route crashed into the sea during its approach to Bahrain. Vladimir Houdek, formerly the representative from Czechoslovakia to the United Nations, was given asylum in the United States, nearly a month after resigning his post on May 16. Houdek was admitted despite refusing to renounce his support of Communism. Soviet Finance Minister Arseny Zverev told a joint meeting of the Supreme Soviet that the nation's defense budget for 1950–1951 would be cut by 18.5%. All programs of the CBS Television Network were halted when 400 technicians went on strike in New York and in Hollywood. The three North Korean "peace representatives", who had crossed into South Korea on Saturday, were arrested. June 14, 1950 (Wednesday) U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief Far East, submitted his "Memorandum on Formosa" to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in order to persuade the Truman Administration not to abandon the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan. MacArthur wrote that "Formosa in the hands of the Communists can be compared to an unsinkable aircraft carrier and submarine tender ideally located to accomplish Soviet offensive strategy and at the same time checkmate counteroffensive operations by the United States Forces based on Okinawa and the Philippines." Born: Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury (2002-2012), in Swansea, Wales June 15, 1950 (Thursday) For the second time in two days, an Air France airliner crashed in the Persian Gulf near Bahrain. The Skymaster, which had started in Saigon and stopped at Karachi, signalled that it would make an emergency landing, with only 13 people surviving out of 53 on board. The June 13 crash had occurred at 12:15 am while approaching Bahrain, while the new accident happened at 12:45 am, under the same circumstances. Aviation Safety Network Born: Lakshmi Mittal, Indian-born British billionaire; in Rajgarh, Rajasthan State June 16, 1950 (Friday) The Estádio do Maracanã, with seating for almost 200,000 spectators, opened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a match between the Rio de Janeiro All-Stars beat São Paulo All-Stars (which Rio won, 3-1). Opus Dei received additional recognition within the Roman Catholic Church, with the ratification of its Constitutions with approval of the Vatican. Born: Mithun Chakraborty, Indian film actor, in Barisal, East Bengal June 17, 1950 (Saturday) The first human organ transplant in history was performed at the Little Company of Mary Hospital, in the Chicago suburb of Evergreen Park, Illinois. The surgery was performed by a team led by Dr. Richard M. Lawler. Ruth Tucker, of Jasper, Indiana, received a kidney from an unidentified woman who had died an hour earlier from cirrhosis of the liver. and would survive for five more years after the operation. Actress Judy Garland declined to show up for filming of the MGM musical Royal Wedding, and was fired from her $5,000 per week contract later that day. Garland would be replaced by actress Jane Powell. June 18, 1950 (Sunday) The Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty was signed among the members of the Arab League. The Cleveland Indians set a Major League Baseball record by scoring 14 runs in the first inning of a game against the Philadelphia Athletics, with all of the Indians but one coming up to bat twice before the third out. The Indians would go on to win 21-2. p131 Died: Chen Yi, 67, Republic of China politician who was executed after his plan to surrender to the Communists was discovered June 19, 1950 (Monday) A representative of U.S. secretary of state Dean Acheson told the South Korean legislature that the U.S. would come to South Korea's defense in the event of an attack. Virginia Cassidy Blythe married car salesman Roger Clinton. Her 3-year-old son, William, then joined them as they moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas, eventually taking his stepfather's surname and, later, becoming the 42nd President of the United States as Bill Clinton Born: Ann Wilson, lead singer of the rock band Heart, in San Diego, California June 20, 1950 (Tuesday) The fastest electronic computer up to that time, SEAC (Standards Electronic Automatic Computer), went into operation for the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Baseball's New York Giants signed Willie Mays to a contract. At the time, Mays was a high school student playing for the Birmingham Black Barons in the Negro American League. The U.S. Senate voted 81-2 to revise the Social Security Act, doubling the monthly payment and adding the number of persons eligible, although permanent disability was still not covered. Secretary of State Dean Acheson told a U.S. Senate committee that it was unlikely that North Korea would go to war with South Korea. The invasion of South Korea would take place five days later. Born: Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq 2006-2014; in Hindiya June 21, 1950 (Wednesday) The U.S. Senate voted, 42-29, to remove an amendment to the legislation renewing the military draft, that would have restored racially segregated units to the U.S. armed forces. Proposed by U.S. Senator Richard Russell of Georgia, and adopted unanimously by the Senate Armed Services Committee, the amendment would have reversed the 1948 integration of the services ordered by President Truman, by giving draftees the option to serve in an all-white or all-black unit. Senate Majority Leader Scott W. Lucas, of Illinois, then presented the counter-legislation to remove the Russell Amendment. Born: Joey Kramer, American rock musician and drummer for Aerosmith, in the Bronx Vasilis Papakonstantinou, Greek singer, in Vastas June 22, 1950 (Thursday) "American Business Consultants", an anti-Communist organization operated by three former FBI men, issued the booklet Red Channels. Subtitled "The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television", the book was a list of names of actors, directors, writers and producers that the Consultants identified either as members of the Communist Party, or sympathizers ("fellow travelers"). David Greenglass, a technician with the Oak Ridge and Los Alamos facilities in the American nuclear program, was arrested and charged with spying for the Soviet Union. He implicated his sister and her husband (Ethel Rosenberg and Julius Rosenberg), as the persons who recruited him to the espionage. He agreed to testify against both of them, and would draw a reduced prison sentence. His wife, Ruth Greenglass, was never charged despite being identified as a Soviet agent. Greenglass would be released in 1960, and live until 2014. His sister and brother-in-law would be executed in 1953. The Walt Disney live-action adventure film Treasure Island starring Bobby Driscoll and Robert Newton had its world premiere in London. Died: Jane Cowl, 66, American film and stage actress June 23, 1950 (Friday) Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501, a DC-4 airplane on its way from New York to Minneapolis, crashed into Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, after running into storms. All 58 persons on board were killed. More than sixty years later, neither the wreckage of the plane, nor any of the 58 people, had been located; the only trace of the plane was a blanket with the Northwest Airlines logo. The University of California Board of Regents approved the firing of 157 faculty members who had refused to sign an oath against Communism. June 24, 1950 (Saturday) French Prime Minister Georges Bidault and his cabinet resigned after losing a vote of confidence in Parliament, 230-352. The 1950 FIFA World Cup competition, first in 12 years, opened at the new Estadio do Maracana in Rio de Janeiro, as 81,000 fans turned out to watch host nation Brazil defeat Mexico 4-0. Born: Nancy Allen, American actress best known as Officer Lewis in the Robocop film series; in New York City Janet Farrar, British author on witchcraft and Wiccan priestess; in Clapham June 25, 1950 (Sunday) The Korean War began at 4:00 in the morning KST (June 24 – 7pm UTC), South Korean army bases near the border with North Korea, at Yeoncheon, came under fire without warning. After 45 minutes of shelling, North Korean troops invaded with six infantry divisions, an armored brigade and three border brigades coming across the 38th parallel. With many of their personnel on weekend leave, the four South Korean divisions in the area were quickly overwhelmed, and the invaders proceeded toward the South Korean capital of Seoul, 40 miles to the south. In response to the North Korean invasion, United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 was voted upon, calling for "an immediate cessation of hostilities" and for "North Korea to withdraw forthwith their armed forces to the 38th parallel". The vote was 9-0, with the USSR absent and Yugoslavia abstaining. June 26, 1950 (Monday) The African National Congress held a "National Day of Protest" with black South Africans turning out to demonstrate against the recently enacted Suppression of Communism Act. Brigadier General Yi Hyong Gun, commander of the Second Division of the South Korean Army, decided against making a counter-attack against invading North Korean troops after determining "that the situation was out of control" and ordered a retreat toward Seoul. "His action", it would be noted later, "meant that there were no means to block the advancing North Korean People's Army", but General Yi would receive a promotion afterward. General Haj Ali Razmara became Prime Minister of Iran. Described by a later historian as "the wrong man at the wrong time for the wrong job", he would be assassinated on March 7, 1951. All 29 people on board an Australian National Airways flight were killed when the engines failed and the Douglas DC-4 was attempting to return to Guildford Airport near Perth. June 27, 1950 (Tuesday) By 7:30 pm, the 9th Regiment of the North Korean Army's Third Division had reached the suburbs of Seoul, the South Korean capital; by 9:30 pm, sixty-seven hours after the attack had started, North Korean tanks had arrived at the gardens of the Changdeokgung Palace. The Battle of Suwon Airfield was fought over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield, resulting in United Nations victory. U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered warships of the United States Seventh Fleet to assist South Korean forces in their resistance of the North Korean invasion. At the same time, President Truman ordered the Seventh Fleet to the coast of Communist China in order to prevent an attack upon the Nationalist Chinese outpost on the island of Taiwan, reversing his previous decision not to intervene in the Chinese Civil War. With North Korea refusing to withdraw its forces from South Korea, United Nations Security Council Resolution 83 was voted upon, as a recommendation that "the Members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack". The vote was 7-1, with Yugoslavia opposing, Egypt and India abstaining, and the USSR — a permanent member which could have vetoed the resolution —absent because it had walked out of the UN on January 10. June 28, 1950 (Wednesday) The bombing of the Hangang Bridge was carried out by the South Korean Army as hundreds of refugees were still fleeing across it, in an effort to prevent invading North Korean troops from advancing any further. As the North Korean Army approached the Han River, engineers of the Republic of Korea (ROK) Army of South Korea had rigged explosives. In the meantime, South Korean civilians and soldiers were fleeing across to avoid being trapped behind enemy lines. Detonation of the bombs at the main bridge, at Hangang, had been set for 1:30 a.m. General Kim Pak Il, the ROK Deputy Chief of Staff, delayed the blast for 45 minutes, but at 2:15 a.m., the blast order was given, destroying two spans of the Hangang Bridge and dropping thousands of persons in a 75-foot plunge to the river, killing at least 500 people ; a railroad bridge across the river remained standing, however. The ROK Chief Engineer, Choi Chang-sik, would be blamed for the mistake and executed. North Korean forces captured Seoul at noon, three days and eight hours after the invasion began. The U.S. Air Force used jet airplanes in battle for the first time, when Lt. Bryce D. Poe II flew an RF-80F on a reconnaissance mission; the first use of American jets in combat would take place on July 3. June 29, 1950 (Thursday) In the group stage round of the 1950 FIFA World Cup competition, the United States national soccer football team upset the heavily favored England team, 1-0, in the 1950 World Cup in Belo Horizonte, with Joe Gaetjens scoring the winning goal past Bert Williams in the 39th minute of play. The win went almost unnoticed in the American sports press. For the first time since it had been elevated to Test status in 1928, the West Indies cricket team defeated England. The victory came on England's home ground at Lord's Cricket Ground in London, with the West Indies winning by 326 runs (326-151 in the first innings, 425-274 in the second) U.S. President Harry S. Truman held a press conference, where the phrase "police action" was first used to describe the Korean War. One reporter prefaced a question with the statement, "Mr. President, everybody is asking in this country, are we or are we not at war?" to which Truman replied, "We are not at war." Another reporter, not identified in the record, followed up a few minutes later with the question, "Mr. President, would it be correct, against your explanation, to call this a police action under the United Nations?", and Truman responded, "Yes. That is exactly what it amounts to." One observer would note later that "Truman was constrained to answer that way", in that he had not asked the U.S. Congress to declare war and "did not want to validate the charge that he had circumvented the Constitution". Born: Don Moen, American gospel music producer and singer, in Minneapolis June 30, 1950 (Friday) The last of the 1,200 residents of the town of Dawson, New Mexico, moved away. The Phelps Dodge Corporation, which owned the town's land and which had built the houses and businesses for use by its employees and their families, had issued a notice on March 31, announcing that its Dawson Mine would close on April 28 and that "All residents of Dawson will be expected to vacate their premises on or before June 30, 1950." At its height, the town had 9,000 people. U.S. President Truman signed a law extending the drafting of men into the military, days before the selective service program had been scheduled to expire. The bill, passed by Congress the day before, initially exempted veterans of World War II from being called up, and covered all men between the ages of 19 and 25, for up to twenty-one months of military service. Robert Dale Segee, a patient in a mental institution and former circus worker, confessed to the Ohio State Fire Marshal as having been the person who caused the Hartford circus fire, which killed 167 people on July 6, 1944. Segee would later recant the confession, and in 1993, a Connecticut State Police investigation would conclude that the blaze had been started by accident. Nine minutes before he was scheduled to die in the gas chamber at 10:00 am, convicted child rapist Claude Shackleford got a temporary reprieve from North Carolina Governor W. Kerr Scott, when the victim informed the state Parole Commissioner that she hadn't told the whole truth. Three weeks later, after presenting no new evidence, Shackleford was executed on July 21. U.S. warplanes began bombing installations in North Korea and in Communist held South Korean territory, with 27 attacks on the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Born: Leonard Whiting, British actor and Golden Globe winner for his 1968 portrayal of Romeo in the Franco Zeffirelli production of Romeo and Juliet References 1950 1950-06 1950-06

38331402

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20New%20York

2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014 to elect the 27 U.S. Representatives from the state of New York, one from each of the state's 27 congressional districts. The elections coincided with other elections to the United States Senate and House of Representatives and various state and local elections, including the Governor of New York, Attorney General of New York, and Comptroller of New York. Overview By district Results of the 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New York by district: District 1 The 1st district was located in eastern Long Island and includes most of central and eastern Suffolk County. The incumbent was Democrat Tim Bishop, who had represented the district since 2003. He was re-elected with 52% of the vote in 2012, and the district had a PVI of R+2. Bishop ran for re-election and received the Democratic, Independence, and Working Families nominations. County Republican committees designated State Senator Lee Zeldin, who was the nominee for the seat in 2008, as their nominee. On June 24, 2014, Zeldin defeated former prosecutor George Demos, who had challenged him in a primary. Republican primary General election Polling Results District 2 The 2nd district was based along the South Shore of Long Island and includes southwestern Suffolk County and a small portion of southeastern Nassau County. The incumbent was Republican Peter T. King, who had represented the district since 2013 and had previously represented the 3rd district from 1993 to 2013. He was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012. The district had a PVI of R+1. King received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. Nassau County District Attorney Kathleen Rice was a potential Democratic candidate, but chose to run in the neighboring 4th district instead. Civic Association President and former health-care executive Patricia Maher received the Democratic nomination. William D. Stevenson received the Green nomination. General election Results District 3 The 3rd district included most of the North Shore of Long Island. It extended from northwestern Suffolk County across northern Nassau County and into far northeastern Queens. The incumbent was Democrat Steve Israel, who had represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 2nd district from 2001 to 2013. He was re-elected with 58% of the vote in 2012. The district had an even PVI. Like King in the neighboring 2nd district, Israel had consistently performed well despite his district's swing nature. He has received the Democratic, Independence and Working Families nominations. Attorney Grant Lally, who was the nominee for the 5th district in 1994 and 1996, received the Republican and Conservative nominations. Republican primary General election Results District 4 The 4th district was located in central and southern Nassau County. The incumbent was Democrat Carolyn McCarthy, who had represented the district since 1997. She was re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2012. The district had a PVI of D+3. Democratic primary On January 8, 2014, McCarthy announced that she would not seek re-election due to complications from lung cancer. Nassau County District Attorney Kathleen Rice was endorsed by McCarthy and by the Democratic and Working Families Parties. Results Republican primary Attorney Frank Scaturro, who lost the Republican primary for the seat in 2010 and 2012 and was the Conservative Party nominee in 2012, received the Conservative Party nomination, but dropped out of the race. Former Nassau County Legislative Majority Leader and Presiding Officer Bruce Blakeman, who was the Republican nominee for New York State Comptroller in 1998 and the Tax Revolt Party nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2010, received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. Republican Nassau Legislator and nominee for the seat in 2010 and 2012 Fran Becker and Hempstead Town Supervisor Kate Murray considered running, but did not run. Results Conservative primary General election Polling Results District 5 The 5th district was mostly located within Queens in New York City, but also included a small portion of Nassau County. The incumbent was Democrat Gregory Meeks, who had represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 6th district from 1998 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 90% of the vote. The district had a PVI of D+35. Joseph Marthone, who ran against Meeks in the primary in 2012, ran against Meeks again, but lost the primary. Meeks ran unopposed for re-election. Meeks also received the Working Families Party nomination. Democratic primary General election Results District 6 The 6th district is located entirely within Queens in New York City. The incumbent is Democrat Grace Meng, who has represented the district since 2013. She was elected in 2012, winning the Democratic primary with 53% of the vote and the general election with 68% of the vote. The district has a PVI of D+13. John Liu, the former New York City Comptroller and a candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2013, had considered challenging Meng in the primary. However, he decided against it (instead opting to run for New York State Senate) and endorsed her for re-election. She has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations and is unopposed for re-election. General election Results District 7 The 7th district is located entirely in New York City and includes parts of Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan. The incumbent is Democrat Nydia Velázquez, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 12th district from 1993 to 2013. She was re-elected in 2012 with 95% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+34. Velázquez has received the nomination of the Working Families Party and Attorney Jeff Kurzon is challenging her in the Democratic primary. John Liu, the former New York City Comptroller and a candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2013, also considered challenging Velázquez in the primary; but he decided not to run. Allan E. Romaguera has received the Conservative nomination and Jose Luis Fernandez has received the Republican nomination. Democratic primary General election Results District 8 The 8th district is located entirely in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The incumbent is Democrat Hakeem Jeffries, who has represented the district since 2013. He was elected in 2012, winning the Democratic primary with 71% of the vote and the general election with 90% of the vote, succeeding retiring Democrat Edolphus Towns. The district has a PVI of D+35. Jeffries has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Businessman Alan Bellone, a Republican nominee for the State Assembly in 2008 and 2010 and a candidate for the district in 2012, has received the Republican nomination. General election Results District 9 The 9th district is located entirely within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The incumbent is Democrat Yvette Clarke, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 11th district from 2007 to 2013. She was re-elected in 2012 with 87% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+32. Clarke has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Daniel J. Cavanagh, the Republican nominee for the seat in 2012, has received the Conservative Party nomination. General election Results District 10 The 10th district is located in New York City and includes the Upper West Side of Manhattan, the west side of Lower Manhattan, including Greenwich Village and the Financial District, and parts of Brooklyn, including Borough Park. The incumbent is Democrat Jerrold Nadler, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 8th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 17th district from 1992 to 1993. He was re-elected in 2012 with 90% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+23. Nadler has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Lolita M. Ferrin has received the Independence Party nomination and Ross Brady, a former Republican nominee for the State Assembly and former Conservative nominee for the state senate and the State Supreme Court, has received the Conservative Party nomination. General election Results District 11 The 11th district is located entirely in New York City and includes all of Staten Island and parts of southern Brooklyn. The incumbent is Republican Michael Grimm, who has represented the district since 2011. He was elected in 2010, defeating incumbent Democrat Michael McMahon with 51% of the vote. The district has a PVI of R+2. Grimm, who has been indicted on charges including mail fraud and wire fraud due to ongoing campaign finance investigations from his successful run for the 13th district in 2010, has received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. The only way he can be removed from the ballot is by moving out of the state, running for a judgeship or being convicted before the general election. Should Grimm be removed from the ballot, potential Republican candidates include former U.S. Representative Vito Fossella, State Senator Andrew Lanza, State Assemblywoman Nicole Malliotakis, State Assemblyman Joseph Borelli, former state assemblyman Matthew Mirones, Richmond County District Attorney and nominee for New York Attorney General in 2010 Daniel M. Donovan, Jr., Staten Island Borough President James Oddo, New York City Council Minority Leader Vincent M. Ignizio and New York City Councilman Steven Matteo. Potential Democratic candidates include State Assemblyman Michael Cusick, former U.S. Representative Michael McMahon, State Senator Diane Savino, New York City Councilwoman Debi Rose and State Assemblyman Matthew Titone. McMahon considering a rematch against Grimm, but decided against it. Domenic Recchia, a former member of the New York City Council, and Erick Salgado, Pastor of the Church of Iglesia Jovenes Cristianos and candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2013, were running for the Democratic nomination. However, Salgado was removed from the ballot after failing to file enough nominating petition signatures. Recchia thus won the Democratic nomination unopposed. General election Polling Results District 12 The 12th district is located entirely in New York City and includes several neighborhoods in the East Side of Manhattan, Greenpoint and western Queens. The incumbent is Democrat Carolyn Maloney, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 14th district from 1993 to 2013. She was re-elected in 2012 with 80% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+27. Maloney has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Nicholas S. Di Iorio has received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. General election Results District 13 The 13th district is located entirely in New York City and includes Upper Manhattan and a small portion of the western Bronx. The incumbent is Democrat Charles B. Rangel, who has represented the district since 2013, after previously representing the 15th district since 1993. The district has a PVI of D+42. Democratic primary Polling Results General election Polling Results District 14 The 14th district is located in New York City and includes the eastern Bronx and part of north-central Queens. The incumbent is Democrat Joseph Crowley, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 7th district from 1999 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 83% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+26. Crowley has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Elizabeth Perri, a Conservative nominee for the state senate in 2012 and the Republican nominee for Bronx borough president in 2013, has received the Conservative nomination. General election Results District 15 The 15th district is located entirely within The Bronx in New York City and is the smallest district by area in the entire country. The incumbent is Democrat José E. Serrano, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 16th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 18th district from 1990 to 1993. He was re-elected in 2012 with 97% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+43. Serrano has received the Working Families nomination. Eduardo Ramirez, a candidate for the State Assembly in 2012 and the New York City Council in 2013, has received the Conservative nomination. William Edstrom, a candidate for the State Assembly in 2012, has received the Green nomination. Democratic primary New York City Councilwoman Annabel Palma had considered challenging Serrano in the primary, but decided against it. Democratic state senator Rubén Díaz, Sr. has also declined to run against Serrano. Chess player and perennial candidate Sam Sloan is running against Serrano in the Democratic primary. Results General election Results District 16 The 16th district is located in the northern part of The Bronx and the southern half of Westchester County, including the cities of Mount Vernon, Yonkers and Rye. The incumbent is Democrat Eliot Engel, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 17th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 19th district from 1989 to 1993. He was re-elected in 2012 with 76% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+21. Engel has received the nominations of the Democratic and Working Families parties. Patrick A. McManus, a perennial candidate for office, was the Conservative nominee, but the board rejected his petition as invalid, taking him off of the ballot for the primary election. Therefore, Engel is un-opposed for re-election. General election Results District 17 The 17th district contains all of Rockland County and the northern and central portions of Westchester County, including the cities of Peekskill and White Plains. The incumbent is Democrat Nita Lowey, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 18th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 20th district from 1989 to 1993. She was re-elected in 2012 with 64% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+5. Lowey has received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. Chris Day, an army veteran of the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars and private equity/venture capital investment professional, is challenging her as the Republican and Conservative Party nominee. The Independence Party line will not be active in this election after Lowey's ballot access petitions were rejected by the Board of Elections. General election Results District 18 The 18th district is located in the northern suburbs and exurbs of New York City and includes all of Orange and Putnam counties, as well as parts of southern Dutchess and northeastern Westchester counties. The incumbent is Democrat Sean Patrick Maloney, who has represented the district since 2013. He was elected in 2012, defeating Republican incumbent Nan Hayworth with 52% of the vote and the district has an even PVI. Hayworth is seeking a rematch with Maloney. State Senator Gregory R. Ball declined to seek the Republican nomination, praising Maloney in a statement: "We have a great working relationship and he and his office are to be applauded, for they have bent over backwards to mutually assist shared constituents." He formally endorsed Maloney in September 2014, praising his work on veterans' issues. Another Republican state senator, Bill Larkin, also cited veterans' issues as the reason for his endorsing Maloney. Hayworth has received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations and Maloney has received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. Independence primary General election Polling Results District 19 The 19th district is located in New York's Hudson Valley and Catskills regions and includes all of Columbia, Delaware, Greene, Otsego, Schoharie, Sullivan and Ulster counties, and parts of Broome, Dutchess, Montgomery and Rensselaer counties. The incumbent is Republican Chris Gibson, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 20th district from 2011 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 53% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+1. Sean Eldridge, an investment fund president and political activist, has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations and Gibson has received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. General election Polling Results District 20 The 20th district is located in the Capital District and includes all of Albany and Schenectady counties, and portions of Montgomery, Rensselear and Saratoga counties. The incumbent is Democrat Paul Tonko, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 21st district from 2009 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 68% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+7. Tonko has received the Democratic, Working Families and Independence Party nominations. Businessman Jim Fischer has received the Republican and Conservative Party nominations. General election Results District 21 The 21st district, the state's largest and most rural, includes most of the North Country and borders Vermont to the east. The incumbent was Democrat Bill Owens, who had represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 23rd district from 2009 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 50% of the vote and the district has an even PVI. Owens, who has been in Congress since winning a 2009 special election, announced he would not seek re-election on January 14, 2014. Democratic primary For the Democrats, former Republican assemblywoman Dede Scozzafava, chairman of the Essex County Board of Supervisors Randy Douglas, Assemblywoman Addie Jenne Russell, Plattsburgh Town Supervisor Bernie Bassett, director of economic development for Senator Kirsten Gillibrand Jonathan Cardinal, former Oswego Mayor John T. Sullivan, Jr. and former Congressman Scott Murphy all declined to run. Former state senator Darrel Aubertine initially left open the possibility of running but also eventually declined. The Democratic county committee chairs in the district thus nominated Aaron Woolf, a relatively unknown grocery store owner and filmmaker with a home in Elizabethtown, as their nominee at a meeting on February 12, 2014. In response, Macomb town councilman Stephen Burke declared his candidacy, but he was removed from the ballot after he filed insufficient ballot petition signatures. Green candidate Donald Hassig was also removed for the same reason. Woolf has received the Working Families Party nomination. Candidates Nominee Aaron Woolf, grocery store owner and filmmaker (designated party nominee) Removed from ballot Stephen Burke, Macomb town councilman Declined Darrel Aubertine, former state senator Bernie Bassett, Plattsburgh Town Supervisor Stuart Brody, former Essex County Demcocratic Chairman Jonathan Cardinal, director of economic development for Senator Kirsten Gillibrand Randy Douglas, chairman of the Essex County Board of Supervisors Lee Kindlon, attorney Scott Murphy, former U.S. Representative Bill Owens, incumbent U.S. Representative Addie Jenne Russell, state assemblywoman Dede Scozzafava, former Republican state assemblywoman John T. Sullivan, Jr., former Oswego Mayor Republican primary The county Republican committees endorsed Elise Stefanik, a former aide in the George W. Bush Administration, as their designated candidate in a meeting on February 7, 2014. Michael Ring, a broadcast engineer and political activist from Jefferson County, and Jamie Waller, a former Marine and political consultant, both initially entered the race but withdrew in March. Former 2012 nominee Matt Doheny entered the race. Actor John James, Warren County District Attorney Kate Hogan, State Senator Betty Little and 2009 and 2010 Conservative Party nominee Doug Hoffman did not run. Joseph Gilbert, the former emergency services director for St. Lawrence County and a local Tea Party activist, withdrew from the Republican primary on April 11, 2014, due to personal and family problems. He may still run in the general election under the banner of the Constitution Party if he can resolve those problems by June. Doheny and Stefanik also sought the Conservative and Independence Party nominations. Stefanik won the Conservative endorsement and Doheny won the Independence nomination, but after he lost the Republican primary, announced his support for Stefanik. He was eventually removed from the ballot and Stefanik took the Independence Party nomination. Candidates Declared Matt Doheny, investment fund manager, nominee for the seat in 2012 and nominee for New York's 23rd congressional district in 2010 (defeated in primary) Elise Stefanik, former George W. Bush administration aide (designated party nominee; also received Conservative Party nomination); (has received the Independence Party nomination). Withdrew Joe Gilbert, retired army major and Tea Party activist (still in the general election; has received the Constitution Party nomination) Michael Ring, broadcast engineer and computer consultant Jamie Waller, former Marine and political consultant Declined Doug Hoffman, Conservative Party nominee for New York's 23rd congressional district in 2009 and Republican candidate for the seat in 2010 Kate Hogan, Warren County District Attorney John James, actor Betty Little, state senator Paul Maroun, mayor of Tupper Lake and Franklin County Legislator Endorsements Polling Results Green primary Candidates Declared Matt Funicello, bakery owner and political activist Removed from ballot Donald Hassig, environmental activist and nominee for the seat in 2012 General election Polling ^ Internal poll for the Matt Doheny campaign Results District 22 The 22nd district is located in Central New York and includes all of Chenango, Cortland, Madison and Oneida counties, and parts of Broome, Herkimer, Oswego and Tioga counties. Republican primary The incumbent is Republican Richard L. Hanna, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 24th district from 2011 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 61% of the vote and the district has a PVI of R+3. Republican state assemblywoman Claudia Tenney ran against Hanna in the Republican primary, but Hanna defeated Tenney in the primary election. No Democrat filed to run for the seat. Hanna has also received the Conservative and Independence Party nominations as well. Results General election Polling Results District 23 The 23rd district includes all of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tompkins and Yates counties, along with parts of Ontario and Tioga counties. The incumbent is Republican Tom Reed, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 29th district from 2009 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 52% of the vote and the district has a PVI of R+3. Reed has received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. Democrat Martha Robertson, the chairman of the Tompkins County legislature, has received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. General election Polling Results District 24 The 24th district includes all of Cayuga, Onondaga and Wayne counties, and the western part of Oswego County. The incumbent is Democrat Dan Maffei, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 25th district from 2009 to 2011. He was re-elected in 2012 with 49% of the vote, defeating Republican incumbent Ann Marie Buerkle, who had beaten Maffei in 2010. The district has a PVI of D+5. Maffei has received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. Buerkle initially considered challenging Maffei again in 2014, but declined to run in September 2013. Instead, the Republicans endorsed U.S. Attorney John Katko. Retired Army Lieutenant Colonel John Lemondes had considered running against Katko in the Republican primary, but decided against it. Katko also has the Conservative and Independence Party nominations. General election Polling Results District 25 The 25th district located entirely within Monroe County, centered on the city of Rochester. The incumbent is Democrat Louise Slaughter, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 28th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 30th district from 1987 to 1993. She was re-elected in 2012 with 57% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+7. Due to Slaughter's age and recent health problems, there was speculation that she might retire, with Rochester Mayor Lovely A. Warren considered likely to run for the Democrats. On January 15, 2014, Slaughter confirmed that she was running again. She has received the Democratic and Working Families nominations. Republican Mark Assini, the Town Supervisor of Gates and the Conservative nominee for the seat in 2004, has received the Republican and Conservative Party nominations. Independent Tim Dean is also running. General election Results District 26 The 25th district located in Erie and Niagara counties and includes the cities of Buffalo and Niagara Falls. The incumbent is Democrat Brian Higgins, who has represented the district since 2013, and previously represented the 27th district from 2005 to 2013. He was re-elected in 2012 with 75% of the vote and the district has a PVI of D+12. Higgins has received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. Kathy Weppner, a former talk radio host, has received the Republican and Conservative Party nominations. General election Results District 27 The 27th district is located in Western New York and includes all of Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming and Livingston counties, and parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara and Ontario counties. The incumbent is Republican Chris Collins, who has represented the district since 2013. He was elected in 2012, defeating Democratic incumbent Kathy Hochul with 51% of the vote. The district has a PVI of R+8. Collins received the Republican, Conservative and Independence Party nominations. Hochul ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 2014. Jim O'Donnell, a Buffalo police officer, received the Democratic and Working Families Party nominations. General election Results See also 2014 United States House of Representatives elections 2014 United States elections References External links U.S. House elections in New York, 2014 at Ballotpedia Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org New York 2014 United States House of Representatives

38401292

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius%20%28given%20name%29

Darius (given name)

Darius () is a male given name. Etymologically, it is the English-language transliteration of the Persian name Dariush, meaning "he possesses" or "rich and kingly". The name also has another meaning: "He who holds firm to good." Origin The origin of the name is the , , composed of 'to hold' + 'good', meaning "he who holds firm the good", from Proto-Indo-European *, 'to hold' and analogous to: Aramaic: Elamite: Akkadian: Shorter forms include: Latin: Ancient Greek: Aramaic: Elamite: Akkadian: Egyptian: Lycian: Old Persian: Notable people with the given name "Darius" include Historical people Darius I (the Great) (521–486 BCE), Persian king Darius II (423–404 BCE), Persian king Darius III (Codomannus) (336–330 BCE), Persian king Darius I of Media Atropatene, Persian prince Darius Painter, Italian vase painter Darius of Pontus, Persian monarch Darius the Magnificent, Mughal prince Darius the Mede, King of Babylon Darius (praetorian prefect), Praetorian prefect of the East in 436 to 437 CE A Darius Adamczyk (born 1966), American businessman Darius Adams (born 1989), Bulgarian-American basketball player Darius Allen (born 1992), American football player Darius Anderson (born 1997), American football player B Darius L. Bancroft (1819–??), American politician Darius Bazley (born 2000), American basketball player Darius Bea (1913–2001), American baseball player Darius Blandford (1843–1917), Canadian blacksmith Darius Botha (1955–2018), South African rugby union footballer Darius Boyd (born 1987), Australian rugby league footballer Darius Bradwell (born 1997), American football player Darius Florin Brăguși (born 1993), Romanian tennis player Darius Brooks (born 1963), American musician Darius Brown (disambiguation), multiple people Darius Brubeck (born 1947), American musician Darius Buia (born 1994), Romanian footballer Darius Butkus (born 1972), Lithuanian footballer Darius Butler (born 1986), American football player C Darius Campbell (born 1980), Scottish singer-songwriter Darius Charles (born 1987), English footballer Darius Ciraco (born 1996), Canadian football player Darius Clark (1798–1871), American physician and politician Darius Clemons (born 1960), American basketball player Darius Cobb (1834–1919), American painter Darius N. Couch (1822–1897), American soldier Darius Cox (born 1983), Bermudian footballer Darius Crosby (1768–1818), American politician Darius Crouter (1827–1910), Canadian minister Dárius Csillag (born 1995), Hungarian footballer D Darius Paul Dassault (1882–1969), French general Darius Days (born 1999), American basketball player Darius Defoe (born 1984), British basketball player Darius Degutis, Lithuanian diplomat Darius de Haas (born 1968), American actor Darius Dhlomo (1931–2015), South African footballer Darius Dimavičius (born 1968), Lithuanian basketball player Darius Draudvila (born 1983), Lithuanian decathlon athlete Darius D'Silva (born 1998), Emirati cricketer Darius D'Souza (born 1989), Indian-Canadian cricketer E Darius Elias, Canadian politician Darius Eubanks (born 1991), American football player F Darius Fisher, British film producer Darius Fleming (born 1989), American football player G Darius Garland (born 2000), American basketball player Darius Goff (1809–1891), American textile manufacturer Darius Grala (born 1964), Polish sports car racing driver Darius Gray (born 1945), American religious speaker Darius Grigalionis (born 1977), Lithuanian swimmer Darius Grosu (born 2002), Romanian footballer Derrius Guice (born 1997), American football player Darius Guppy (born 1964), Anglo–Iranian businessman Darius Gvildys (born 1970), Lithuanian footballer H Darius Hadley (born 1973), American football player Darius Haili, Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer Darius Hamilton (born 1993), American football player Darius Hanks (born 1989), American football player Darius D. Hare (1843–1897), American soldier Darius Harris (born 1996), American football player Darius Helton (1954–2006), American football player Darius Henderson (born 1981), English footballer Darrius Heyward-Bey (born 1987), American football player Darius Hill (born 1985), American football player Darius Hillary (born 1993), American football player Darius Hodge (born 1998), American football player Darius Holbert (born 1974), American musician Darius Holland (born 1973), American football player I Darius Ishaku (born 1954), Nigerian architect J Darius Jackson (born 1993), American football player Darius James (born 1954), American author and performance artist Darius Jennings (born 1992), American football player Darius Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people Darius Johnson-Odom (born 1989), American basketball player Darius Jokarzadeh (born 1993), Welsh weightlifter Darius Jones (disambiguation), multiple people K Darius Kaiser (born 1961), Polish-German cyclist Darius Kaleb, American actor Darius Kampa (born 1977), German footballer Darius Kasparaitis (born 1972), Lithuanian–American ice hockey player Darius Kazemi (born 1983), American computer programmer Darius Khondji (born 1955), French-Iranian cinematographer Darius Kilgo (born 1991), American football player Darius Kinsey (1869–1945), American photographer Darius Knight (born 1990), English table tennis player Darius Koski (born 1971), American guitarist L Darius Labanauskas (born 1971), Lithuanian darts player Darius Latham (born 1994), American football player Darius Leonard (born 1995), American football player Darius Lewis (born 1999), American-Trinidadian footballer Darius Lukminas (born 1968), Lithuanian basketball player M Darius Maciulevičius (born 1973), Lithuanian football midfielder Darius Madison (born 1994), American soccer player Darius Makaria (born 1993), Romanian handballer Darius Marshall (born 1989), American football player Darius Maskoliūnas (born 1971), Lithuanian basketball player Darius Mažintas (born 1982), Lithuanian politician Darius Msagha Mbela, Kenyan politician Darius McCollum (born 1965), American bus driver Darius McCrary (born 1976), American actor Darius McGhee (born 1999), American basketball player Darius Mead (1787–1864), American politician Darius Mead (Michigan politician) (1798–1859), American politician Darius Miceika (born 1983), Lithuanian footballer Darius Miles (born 1981), American basketball player Darius Milhaud (1892–1974), French composer Darius Miller (born 1990), American basketball player Darius Miller (railroad president) (1859–1914), American railway executive Darius Ogden Mills (1825–1910), American banker and philanthropist Darius Juozas Mockus (born 1965), Lithuanian entrepreneur Darius Clark Monroe (born 1980), American writer Darius A. Monsef IV (born 1981), American entrepreneur Darius Moon (1851–1939), American architect Darius A. Moore (1833–1905), American merchant and politician Darius Morris (born 1991), American basketball player Darius Mutamba (born 1991), Zimbabwean visual artist N Darius Nggawa (1929–2008), Indonesian bishop O Darius A. Ogden (1813–1889), American lawyer and politician Darius Olaru (born 1998), Romanian footballer Darius Osei (born 1996), English footballer P Darius Paul (born 1994), American basketball player Darius J. Pearce (born 1972), Jersey politician Darius Perkins (1964–2019), Australian actor Darius Phillips (born 1996), American football player Darius Philon (born 1994), American football player Darius Powe (born 1994), American football player Darius Prince (born 1990), American football player Q Darius Quimby (??–1791), American police officer R Darius Rafat (born 1977), Canadian producer Darius Regelskis (born 1976), Lithuanian footballer Darius Rejali (born 1959), Iranian-American political scientist Darius Reynaud (born 1984), American football player Darius Reynolds (born 1989), American football player Darius Rice (born 1982), American basketball player Darius Rochebin (born 1966), Iranian-Swiss journalist Darius Roy (born 1998), American basketball player Darius Rucker (born 1966), American musician Dárius Rusnák (born 1959), Slovak ice hockey player S Darius Sanajevas (born 1977), Lithuanian footballer Darius Sanders (born 1983), American football player Darius Scholtysik (born 1966), German footballer Darius Semaña (born 1973), Filipino guitarist Darius Sessions (1717–1809), British politician Darius Shu (born 1994), British cinematographer Darius Šilinskis (born 1984), Lithuanian basketball player Darius Sinathrya (born 1985), Swiss-Indonesian actor Darius Sirtautas (born 1970), Lithuanian basketball player Darius Škarnulis (born 1977), Lithuanian race walker Darius Slay (born 1991), American football player Darius Slayton (born 1997), American football player Darius S. Smith (1833–1913), American politician Darius Songaila (born 1978), Lithuanian basketball player Darius Stills (born 1998), American football player Darius Strolė (born 1974), Lithuanian cyclist T Darius Theus (born 1990), American basketball player Darius Thompson (born 1995), American basketball player V Darius Vâlcov (born 1977), Romanian politician Darius Van Arman, American businessman Darius van Driel (born 1989), Dutch golfer Darius Vassell (born 1980), English footballer Darius Victor (born 1994), American football player Darius Vinnett (born 1984), American football player W Darius Walker (born 1985), American football player Darius B. Warner (1832–1917), American army officer Darius Washington Jr. (born 1985), Macedonian-American basketball player Darius Watts (born 1981), American football player Darius White (born 1992), American football player Y Darius Young (1938–2021), American sharpshooter Darius Yuen (born 1969), Hong Kong banker Darius Yektai (born 1973), American-Iranian Painter Z Darius Zagorskis (born 1969), Lithuanian chess Grandmaster Darius Žutautas (born 1978), Lithuanian footballer Surname Adam Darius (1930–2017), American dancer Claudia Darius, German soprano Donovin Darius (born 1975), American football player Eric Darius (born 1982), American saxophonist Steponas Darius (1896–1933), Lithuanian-American pilot Vincent Darius (1955–2016), Grenadian bishop Fictional characters Darius (Highlander), an Immortal from Highlander: The Series Darius, a character from Fullmetal Alchemist Darrius, a character from Mortal Kombat Darius, a character from Need for Speed: Carbon Darius, the Hand of Noxus, a playable champion character in the multiplayer online battle arena video game League of Legends Darius, a character from The Hunger Games Darius, the wolf character from the Patrick Carman books The Land of Elyon. Darius Britt, the female main character from Safety Not Guaranteed Darius, main character from Party Hard (video game) Darius, character from the Assassin's Creed franchise Darius, character from the TV show Atlanta (TV series) See also Darius (horse) (1951–1968), British Thoroughbred racehorse Dara, Darab, the New Persian forms of the word Daria References Lithuanian masculine given names

38513612

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20McCarthy

Garry McCarthy

Garry Francis McCarthy (born May 4, 1959) is a former U.S. law enforcement officer, politician and previous Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. He was a candidate for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 Chicago mayoral election. Early life McCarthy was born and raised in the Bronx. He attended Cardinal Spellman High School and graduated in 1977. In 1981, he graduated from SUNY Albany with a BA in History. Law enforcement career New York Police Department McCarthy joined the New York City Police Department in 1981 at age 22. He rose through the ranks and became Deputy Commissioner of Operations in 2000. McCarthy was in the middle of ground zero during the September 11 attacks, working closely with then-Mayor Rudy Giuliani to operate an emergency response command post. While with the NYPD, he held a variety of positions around the city, served as commander of several different precincts and eventually was in charge of the NYPD's CompStat program. Newark Police Department In 2006, McCarthy left his position with the New York Police Department to take over the Police Department of Newark, New Jersey. He was chosen for this role by Mayor Cory Booker, and appeared with Booker in addition to his daughter Kyla McCarthy in the documentary series Brick City. McCarthy presided over a sharp reduction in crime during his tenure in Booker's administration in Newark with homicides declining 28 percent, shootings declining 46 percent, and overall crime declining 21 percent. (During the 2020 Democratic Primary debates, Vice-President Biden nick-named McCarthy as "Giuliani's guy" in an attack towards Senator Booker.) Chicago Police Department McCarthy was hired by Mayor Rahm Emanuel to take over the Chicago Police Department shortly after Emanuel's election in early 2011. McCarthy was the City of Chicago's highest paid public employee, earning an annual salary of over $260,000. The number of crimes and murders in Chicago declined during his tenure (with murders declining from 525 in 2011 to 505 in 2012 to 415 in 2013). In an investigative article by Chicago Magazine reporters David Bernstein and Noah Isackson, it was asserted that the decline was in part due to the unjustified re-categorization of murders as undetermined and then if it is later determined to be a murder, tallying the total to the prior years' statistics. McCarthy responded that the article is "patently false" and criticized its reliance on anonymous sources. A 2012 audit by the Chicago Inspector General determined that the Chicago Police Department had under-counted aggravated assault and aggravated battery victims by 25 percent by not following state guidelines by counting each incident rather than each victim. McCarthy attributed the error to the administration of the prior police superintendent, Jody Weis. Termination On October 20, 2014, Laquan McDonald was murdered by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke. Laquan McDonald, a young black boy, was 17 years old and was shot 16 times. A cover-up of this incident occurred, lasting 400 days, yet McCarthy had seen the video footage a few days after the murder occurred. When the video was released to the public following a court order, activists condemned police violence, the code of silence, and racism in the Chicago Police Department and called on Mayor Emanuel, State's Attorney Anita Alvarez and Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy to resign. McCarthy did not resign, but was terminated by Rahm Emanuel. 2019 Chicago mayoral candidacy On March 21, 2018, McCarthy announced he would officially run for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 election, against incumbent Mayor Emanuel. At the time, he resided in Chicago with his three children, Kyla McCarthy, Kimberly, and Kiernan. July 2018 polling indicated that McCarthy was the leading challenger to the incumbent. In September 2018, Emanuel announced he would not be running for reelection. McCarthy eventually conceded the election to Lori Lightfoot. His campaign had been anticipated when Emanuel was still in the race, but the dynamics changed for McCarthy when Emanuel dropped out and was no longer a target for attacks. McCarthy alluded to how more than a dozen others ran for the office when Emanuel announced he wouldn’t seek a third term. Though he had often been in the public spotlight, the race was McCarthy's first bid for public office. He now heads his own security consulting firm. During his candidacy, when meeting with the Chicago Sun-Times editorial board unsuccessfully seeking their endorsement (which ultimately went to Lori Lightfoot), McCarthy made news for proposing, to address the issues of population loss and budgeting the city's pension obligations, that Chicago should annex nearby suburban communities such as Evergreen Park, Norridge, Oak Lawn and Oak Park. The leaders of some of the suburbs balked at the notion. Electoral history See also Chicago Police Department References External links 1959 births Living people People from the Bronx People from Chicago New York City Police Department officers Superintendents of the Chicago Police Department Activists from New York (state) Activists from Illinois Illinois Democrats University at Albany, SUNY alumni

38615470

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Person%20of%20Interest%20characters

List of Person of Interest characters

This is a list of characters in the American science fiction crime drama television series Person of Interest. Main characters John Reese John Reese (played by Jim Caviezel) is the name adopted by the former U.S. Army Special Forces soldier and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer who serves as Finch's armed enforcer used to stop future crimes. Presumed dead following a failed CIA operation in China, Reese's real name is unknown. He was nicknamed "The Man in the Suit" by law enforcement, who know him only in terms of the description given by witnesses. Harold Finch Harold Finch (played by Michael Emerson) is a reclusive billionaire software engineer who built a machine that predicts future crimes and outputs either the victim's or perpetrator's Social Security number. He is known by a series of bird-themed aliases such as Harold Wren, Harold Crow, and Harold Swift. Finch is very secretive and highly conscious of digital security, and has successfully erased his own digital footprint. A frequent companion of Finch is a dog named Bear (played by Graubaer's Boker). Bear is a Belgian Malinois with military training who Reese rescues from Aryan Nationalists, who were using him as an attack dog. Sameen Shaw Sameen Shaw (played by Sarah Shahi) is a former U.S. Marine and a US Army ISA operative, first seen as an assassin working for "The Program", the section of the Government dealing with the "relevant" numbers found by The Machine (S2 Ep16, "Relevance"). Her ISA partner Cole begins to have doubts after one of their targets proves to be an engineer working for the government; the assassination is part of the cover-up that conceals the existence of The Machine. As a result, her employers targets her and her partner and plans a trap to assassinate them. Shaw and Cole's numbers were given to Reese and Finch. That night, Cole is killed. Reese and Finch continues to try helping her and although she initially declines a couple of times, she ends up subsequently working with them on a regular basis. She likes dogs and buys Bear an expensive collar and other presents. Shaw witnessed her father's death in an automobile accident at a young age but did not exhibit typical emotional reactions to it. In her first appearance, she claims that she has an Axis II (psychology)Personality disorder and alexithymia, making her unable to feel and/or express common human emotions like fear or sadness. Shaw attended Med School and once trained as a surgeon; although very technically capable, she was criticized by her superiors for her indifference and lack of sensitivity to her patients and it is implied that she was removed from the program before she could complete her surgical training because of the lack of these emotional characteristics. She is capable of deducing emotionally correct actions, such as rescuing Fusco's son rather than Fusco (S3 Ep9, "The Crossing") and taking on Genrika as her unofficial ward (S3 Ep5, "Razgovor"). She unexpectedly reveals a hint of emotion by passionately kissing Root before sacrificing herself to save the team (S4 Ep11, "If-Then-Else"). She is later revealed to be alive and is used by Samaritan to bait a trap for the team. ("Asylum") Greer then has Shaw subjected to over 7,000 simulations in an attempt to turn her on the team but Shaw is able to escape, killing Jeremy Lambert in the process. ("Reassortment") Shaw returns to New York a week later, but because of the amount of simulations she went through, has a hard time distinguishing reality from simulation. Root is able to get her to rejoin the team, however, which now includes a fully knowledgeable Fusco. ("Sotto Voce") Following Finch's cover being blown, Shaw works with Root to protect him but is separated by a gunfight. She is later devastated in her own way to learn of Root's death. ("The Day the World Went Away") Following Root's death, the Machine reassigns Root's rotating identities to Shaw and she works with Reese and Fusco to stop a Presidential assassination by domestic terrorists. ("Synecdoche") She then infiltrates Fort Meade with Reese to back up Finch in deploying the ICE-9 virus into Samaritan. (".exe") As the world falls apart from the ICE-9 virus, Shaw visits Root's grave in an attempt to say goodbye, but is unable to. She is then contacted by the Machine who uses Root's voice and She aids her in escaping a Samaritan ambush. During the final battle with Samaritan, Shaw works with Fusco to defend the Machine, capturing Samaritan agent Jeffrey Blackwell in the process. Shaw realizes Blackwell is Root's killer and shows her cold rage but she first decides to listen to the Machine. Before Shaw and Fusco leave the Machine per Her request, the Machine passes on a final message from Root to Shaw who is able to finally say goodbye to Root. A few moments later Blackwell escapes after seriously wounding Fusco. A week later, Shaw hunts down and kills Blackwell in revenge for Root. She then meets a recovering Fusco in a café, neither of them knowing if Reese or Finch survived. Shaw then takes Bear and walks down the street before being contacted by the Machine's copy, still using Root's voice, and smiles at a near by camera. ("return 0") It appears that Shaw, chosen again as the Machine's Primary Asset and now also somewhat of an Analog Interface, will continue working numbers with the Machine. Root Root (played by Amy Acker), born Samantha "Sam" Groves, is a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer, obsessed with Finch and the Machine. Aside from her extraordinary intelligence, she has also displayed an uncanny ability in the use of firearms, a very high threshold for pain (S2 Ep2, "Bad Code", where she gets physically assaulted by Denton Weeks; S3 Ep12, "Aletheia", where she is severely tortured but not broken by Control) and a proficiency for social engineering. She has successfully posed as a high-end psychiatrist (S1 Ep23, "Firewall"), an assistant to the United States Special Counsel (S2 Ep15, "Booked Solid") and as a legitimate FBI agent (showing up in Lionel Fusco's New York City Police Department 8th Precinct with a legitimate warrant and an FBI badge, S3 Ep17, "Root Path"). She was raised in Bishop, Texas, where she lived until her mother's death. According to Sam, in discussions with Finch, her mother told her to "follow her talents" — and she was good at inflicting harm on others without guilt or remorse. Also, as a child, computers made more sense to Sam than people, who she sees as "bad code"; admitting she has been waiting for someone who shared her understanding of technology her whole life. In 1991, Sam and her friend, Hanna Frey, were playing computer games in the local library until it closed for the day. After her friend left, Sam stayed a little longer successfully finishing The Oregon Trail. When she was ready to leave the library, she saw Hanna getting into a car that belonged to Trent Russell, a local man who was a member of the book club. She recognized his car and told the librarian, Barbara, (played by Margo Martindale), who later married Trent Russell, what she had seen. However, as Barbara was in love with Trent, she kept the information to herself to protect him. Two years after Hanna disappeared, Sam hacked into the bank account of a drug lord, and stole $100,000, using the money to frame Trent for the robbery, setting him up to be killed, as revenge for killing Hanna. Sam later moved out of Texas and became a professional assassin and ruthless hacker-for-hire under the alias "Root". Although she doesn't necessarily enjoy it, she has no qualms about torturing or murdering people to get whatever she wants. She was hired by Pete Matheson to assassinate Congressman Michael Delancey. Through the use of a patsy, Scott Powell, Root was successful. However, her plan to kill Powell afterwards was foiled by John Reese. Ultimately, the operation fell apart as Reese took out one of her men and stole his phone while Finch provided a phone recording to the FBI proving Matheson's involvement. Realizing this, Root killed her client and staged it as a suicide out of guilt for his actions, exonerating Powell. Root cleared out of her location, the dorm room of an uninvolved college student away on winter break, before the FBI, acting on an "anonymous" tip (from Finch) could apprehend her. She had a brief instant message conversation with Finch, acknowledging him as a worthy opponent and said she was looking forward to the next time. She ended the conversation with "Harold", letting him know that she knew who he was. As part of Root's plan to come face to face with Finch, Root anonymously contacted HR and put a hit on herself, using the pseudonym "Dr. Caroline Turing". Turing's Social Security number appeared through the Machine, making her a person of interest. Reese, discovering Turing was a psychologist, became one of her patients. Later that night, Turing was attacked by four assassins hired by Simmons. Reese managed to get her to safety in a hotel for the night, and the two were unknowingly caught on the FBI's radar. Under Donnelley's supervision, the FBI staged a full-scale assault on the hotel, while HR was trying to get to Turing. With the help of Joss Carter and Finch, Turing was led to a tunnel system under the hotel. Reese instructed her to find Finch at the end of the tunnel, while he was holding off the HR hit men. As Finch was confronted by Alicia Corwin regarding his involvement with the Machine, Root shot Corwin dead. Introducing herself as Root, she tells Harold they have a lot to talk about. Finch drove away at gunpoint, with Corwin's body left behind. Planning to escape with Finch to Texas, Root stopped in Maryland where she gained access to Denton Weeks' house. She lured him there to overpower and question him about the whereabouts of the Machine. After he told her what she wanted to know, she shot him dead. She did not know that Reese had already tracked her down through her friend Hanna's case. While holding him captive, Root explained to Finch that she does not want to control the Machine but to "set it free" to usher in a posthuman future. At the train station, Reese managed to save Finch and Root escaped. She called him on his mobile phone later that day to thank him for solving Hanna's case and told him that she would be in touch. Several months later, Root, to gain information, began working, as "Miss May", an assistant to the Special Counsel at the Office of Special Counsel. She continues to find information on the Machine's location and learns about the virus and "reset". She beats Decima to it and receives admin access of the Machine for 24 hours. However, by the time Root, Finch, Reese, and Shaw get to the place where the Machine was stored, She had already moved herself to unknown locations. Root, losing her purpose, is devastated and sent to a Stoneridge Hospital by Finch. While being kept there, the Machine contacts her and Root becomes chosen as the Machine's "Analog Interface". And after going through Machine's reformation project, she starts to work for the Machine and often times collaborates with Reese, Shaw, and Finch. She learns and changes her "bad code" ideology throughout S3 and in Root Path. ("/", 3x17) Throughout S3, she begins to fall in love with Shaw, who unknowingly becomes a part of the reason for Root's reformation. By the end of S3, she is technically full member of the team. In Season 4, Root continues to work on little projects with the Machine, preparing for the big war with Samaritan. She continues to make attempts to convince Finch to be more of an active player against Samaritan. In "If-Then-Else," she loses Shaw who sacrifices herself to save her and the team. Root then goes on a warpath in search of Shaw for the rest of S4, partially going back to the version of herself before reformation. When the Machine tells Root to "stop" searching for Sameen, she shows disappointment and sadness, leaving the team with a goodbye. She comes back a couple months later and again helps the Machine preparing for the war. She learns that Shaw is still alive and is being kept somewhere in Samaritan's hands. She infiltrates Samaritan's base knowing it's a trap and as a result she is captured. The Machine releases her and Finch by making a deal with Samaritan: giving up the location of Herself. Root then works with Finch and Reese to protect the Machine from being killed by Samaritan and successfully migrates a copy of the Machine in a laptop and custom made suitcase Root prepared in advance. Once the Machine is successfully decompressed, she and Finch work on debugging the Machine for 2 months. Once it's up and running an open system, the first thing she does is to search for Shaw but is disappointed to find that there were 0 search results. She and Finch get a copy of Samaritan's code and create a mini-clone of Samaritan to run simulations of the war. In "QSO", she finally is able to get the Machine's help to send a message to Shaw via a secret communication channel that is connected to all Samaritan facilities. Root's message, "4A", stops Shaw from attempting to kill herself and leads her to re-plan an escape. Root finally reunites with Shaw after 11 months of separation in "Sotto Voce". However, in just a week after reunion, Root dies trying to protect Finch from being assassinated. The Machine then chooses Root's voice to talk to Finch and Shaw. The Machine later shows that She not only chose Root's voice but also as Her avatar/proxy in "Return 0". Root was chosen, again by the Machine and continues to "live as long as the Machine lives." Lionel Fusco Lionel P. Fusco (played by Kevin Chapman) is a homicide detective who was previously working in the NYPD 51st Precinct Vice Squad. He has an ex-wife and a young son, Lee Fusco. Fusco was a member of the criminal organization HR, although he did it for personal loyalty rather than greed. John Reese gave him a chance for redemption. At first, John had to blackmail him with the death of a murdered fellow officer, but later he arranged for him to be transferred to the 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force where he worked with Carter. Gradually during the first season, Fusco became a loyal friend. Until the finale of the first season, he and Carter are unaware that they have both been helping Finch and Reese. Fusco remained unaware of the Machine's existence until "Sotto Voce". He calls everyone by nickname: "Wonder Boy", "Glasses", "Looney Tunes", and "Cocoa Puffs" are nicknames he uses for Reese, Finch, Shaw, and Root, respectively. Joss Carter Jocelyn "Joss" Carter (played by Taraji P. Henson) is a detective in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force. She is a single mother of one son, Taylor, whom she is close to. Formerly a Warrant Officer and an interrogator in the U.S. Army, she did two tours of duty, one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan. She passed the bar examination in 2004, but gave up practicing law to become a police officer. In 2005, she had graduated from the police academy and started working in the NYPD as a patrol officer. In 2008 she was promoted to a detective and since 2010 she has worked in the Homicide Task Force at the 8th Precinct. Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese ("Pilot") following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway, but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious "Man in the Suit". Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest (a person not formally accused of a crime) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions. However, when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process, she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead. For nine episodes in season 3, Carter is demoted to a beat officer after the crime organization HR frames her for shooting an unarmed suspect at the end of season 2. This incident, and the death of two of her fellow detectives – Bill Szymanski and Cal Beecher – motivate her to go against HR and arrest its mastermind, Alonzo Quinn, without resorting to the vigilante justice of Reese and Finch. By doing so, she restores her status as a detective. Tragically, soon afterwards, she is killed by Patrick Simmons, the last surviving member of HR, who was trying to ambush Reese. Her death sends Reese and Shaw on a bloody vengeance spree. During most of her screen time, she is unaware of the Machine's existence and does not know where the tips come from. Only after Carter's status as a detective is restored does she conclude that Finch must be receiving his info from a computer. Recurring characters Friends & Family of Team Machine The following is a list of friends and relatives of Team Machine. Jessica Arndt Jessica Arndt (played by Susan Misner) was John Reese's ex-girlfriend and Peter Arndt's wife. Jessica dated John Reese for approximately six months prior to September 2001 ("Pilot"). At this time, she was living in Tacoma, Washington ("Many Happy Returns"). While on a vacation in Mexico on September 11, 2001, Jessica jokingly asked Reese to quit the United States Army, unaware that he already had. Moments later, she witnessed the news coverage about the attacks on the World Trade Center ("Pilot"). Years later, Jessica ran into Reese at an airport, and he told her that he had found a new job. She told him that she was engaged to a man named Peter and was moving back East, though she would wait for him if he told her to. Without a response, Reese turned and left. ("Mission Creep"). Later on, while operating illegally in New York, Reese met with Peter, who was now married to Jessica, at a bar. As Jessica arrived, Kara convinced Reese to leave just before Peter could "introduce" her to him ("Blue Code"). Reese and Stanton are in Morocco interrogating a suspect. While Stanton is busy with the suspect, Reese receives a voicemail from Jessica, who sounds distraught. Reese calls Jessica back and Reese can tell something is wrong, something she is not telling him. He informs her that he will be in New York to see her the next day. However, Reese is denied leave, as he and Stanton are commissioned on a special assignment to China by Agent Snow. Later that month, Peter assaulted and accidentally killed Jessica by bashing her head against their kitchen counter. He originally intended to call an ambulance, but later decided to cover up her death by staging a car accident. After escaping from a trap set by his CIA handlers in China, Reese returned to the US and looked for Jessica. He went to the hospital she had worked at in New Rochelle to inquire about her, but discovered she had died two months prior. Without knowing it, he encountered a wheelchair-bound Finch in the hospital after learning the news. The Machine had been giving Finch Jessica's number over the years, but he had originally been unable to ascertain why it kept appearing. He eventually discovered that it was because she was living with someone who was an imminent threat to her. Jessica's death had a significant impact on Reese, leading him to alcoholism and contemplating suicide before his meeting with Finch ("Pilot"). Carter began investigating Jessica's death after the FBI invited her to help investigate Jessica's husband, whom they believed was murdered by Reese for owing money to a loan shark. Although the official autopsy report suggested Jessica's death was caused by a car accident, Carter's investigation leads her to discover Jessica was abused by her husband and was killed prior to the "accident". She also discover's Jessica's past relationship with Reese and destroys the evidence to keep the FBI from finding out. Grace Hendricks Grace R. Hendricks (played by Carrie Preston) was Finch's former fiancée who believed him to be dead. Grace was born on April 12, 1969, in Columbia, South Carolina. In 1987, she enrolled in Rhode Island School of Design and graduated four years later with a Bachelor of Fine Arts, followed by a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University in 1994 ("The High Road"). She spent her college junior year in Venice, Italy ("Til Death"). While demonstrating the progress of the Machine to Nathan Ingram, Harold Finch was directed by the computer to Grace, who was painting in a park. Finch assumed the Machine's direction of him to her was a glitch ("The High Road"). After seemingly correcting the glitch, and returning to the park on another day while she was painting, the Machine directed Finch to Grace again. Harold discovered that, because he had asked the Machine to direct him to people who had characteristics one would not expect, it had directed him to Grace because she was the only person in the park who had no "dark secrets", plus with her interest for Charles Dickens ("The High Road"). In January, Grace was painting in the park again when Harold approached her eating an ice cream cone. He asked her if she wanted one, too ("The High Road"). They started dating soon after. On her birthday in April, Finch sent her on a scavenger hunt taking her to the Guggenheim Museum where he surprised her with her favorite painting ("Til Death"). In 2010, Finch proposed to Grace. He later tells Ingram about it, as well ("Zero Day"). After the bombing that killed Ingram and injured Finch, Grace comes to the hospital looking for him. Finch realizes that if the government finds out that Finch is alive, they will kill him and Grace, as well. Concerned for Grace's safety, Finch pretends that he is dead and leaves the hospital ("God Mode"). Grace is working as a cover illustrator for The Boroughs magazine. She keeps a photograph of herself and Harold in her living room unaware that he is watching her from afar in order to protect her from the people protecting the machine. It is implied that, even though her work as a non-digital illustrator is falling out of practice in modern culture, Harold has been assuring that she will always have work through his many business connections ("No Good Deed"). In 2013, Grace is chased by Decima Technologies in order to get at Finch. She is eventually captured and traded for Finch. During the trade, Grace stumbles and is caught by Finch, but because she's blindfolded, remains unaware of just who helped her. She later leaves for a new life in Italy arranged by Finch. ("Beta") In 2016, the Machine simulated that in a world where it never existed, Finch would've never met Grace. (".exe") In 2016, after Samaritan is destroyed, Finch tracks Grace down in Italy where she is painting in a public location. Grace is shocked to see Finch but visibly pleased. ("return 0") Nathan Ingram Nathan C. Ingram (played by Brett Cullen) is Harold Finch's deceased collaborator and business partner who co-created the Machine, and died under circumstances not known until "God Mode". Ingram is the founder of IFT and acted as the interface between the government and their company while the Machine was under development. Ingram was born on June 16, 1962, in Freeport, Texas. He enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1980 and left with an incomplete Bachelor of Science degree in computer science in 1983 ("The High Road"). He founded his company in 1983 ("The High Road") along with his best friend and MIT classmate Harold Finch (known to him as Harold Wren), who disguised himself as an ordinary employee ("Ghosts"). On September 11, Ingram visits Finch while he is working on a new program, in order to break the tragic news of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center earlier that day. As they both watch the news in shock, Ingram tells Finch that while they have changed as they aged, the world has not until this moment. Ingram proposes that they try to change the world for the better ("One Percent"). Ingram at some point made contact with the U.S. Government to build the Machine. Ingram acted as the public face of IFT and was the man with whom the government dealt, keeping up the facade that he alone was building the Machine, while in fact, Finch covertly began building it. On June 10, 2002, following another ceremony, and after dismissing half of his company's staff, Ingram arrived at an abandoned office floor in the building, and discovered Finch's progress with the Machine. Supplied with the feeds from the NSA, the Machine could track and listen to all the citizens of New York. Finch told Ingram the next step would be teaching the Machine to pick out the terrorists from the general population ("Ghosts"). Ingram met with Alicia Corwin, a government worker who supplied the Machine's various feeds. Corwin requested information regarding the progress of the Machine, and Ingram handed her the Social Security number of a DIA agent. The agent was later found to have been in collusion with the Iranian government to sell weapons-grade uranium. After meeting with Denton Weeks to discuss the fact that the Machine could not track specific people, Weeks threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine. He was dismayed to find that Ingram was providing it for a minuscule one US dollar. Ingram later celebrated with Finch about the Machine's success in discovering a traitor and got a closer look at how the Machine operated. It was at this time that the Machine considered Ingram as the subject of a potential threat ("Super"). Ingram learns of the Machine's programming to ignore any "irrelevant" crimes; any attacks of a smaller scale than those that present a threat to the nation. Every night at midnight, the Machine would erase the list of potential crimes. Clearly disturbed by this piece of information, Ingram stood by as Finch stated that the Machine was not built to save "someone", but rather "everyone" ("Ghosts"). Ingram came to realize that the people who were to receive the Machine were not entirely trustworthy. During a meeting with Alicia Corwin, he accidentally let slip that eight people knew about the Machine rather than seven. Later, he tried to convince Finch to make a back door into the machine, only for Finch to refuse. Just prior to shipping the Machine, Ingram used his administrative access to install a new function named "contingency". After creating the back door, the Machine was relocated to its new home ("No Good Deed"). After the Machine is shipped out on a freight train, Ingram meets with Finch in their now empty laboratory. Finch and Ingram get into an argument that the Machine does not save enough lives, and Finch responds that the Machine is gone. Ingram implies he built a back door into it, which angers Finch as they had agreed not to. He tells Ingram that they agreed not to play God, but Ingram reveals that he is not proud of that agreement. Finch argues that they did what they set out to do, and that "either we move onto the next thing together, or we don't" ("One Percent"). Ingram leaves the meeting and the Machine sends him the number of a woman named Anna Sanders. Ingram researches and follows her, discovering that she has a restraining order out against her ex-boyfriend because of domestic violence. While watching her from his car one night, he sees a suspicious looking man with a hood and hat concealing his face. Ingram pulls out a pistol and gets ready to follow them ("One Percent"). In 2010, Finch confronts Ingram about the Contingency, and once again tells him that they can not be playing God. He shuts down the back door and lets the irrelevant list be deleted. Later, they agree to meet up on a ferry. Unknown to them, government assassin Hersh has brought in a terrorist named Asif, who is a suicide bomber. He has explosives in his van, and as Ingram greets Finch, the bombs detonate, killing Ingram and severely injuring Finch, which is the reason behind his present-day injuries that force him to limp and make him unable to turn his head. Finch goes to access the irrelevant list and is horrified to find that Nathan was part of it. He begins to consider that his friend's idea was not so crazy after all, and reopens the back door that allows him access to the irrelevant list ("God Mode"). Will Ingram William "Will" Ingram (played by Michael Stahl-David) is Nathan Ingram's son. After his father's death, Will began to delve into what kind of work his father was working on. Will managed to unearth the name of Alicia Corwin, an employee of the White House who dealt with his father. Will met with Corwin outdoors and asked her about the Machine as well as the one dollar transaction. She claimed that IFT was on the verge of bankruptcy and that Corwin struck a deal for Ingram's patents. Upon her telling him to let it go, he claimed she sounded just like his "Uncle Harold". Spooked, she ended the meeting and fled. Unsatisfied with what he found, Will got an offer to work in Sudan to continue his health services. Accepting, he bade farewell to Finch and left ("Wolf and Cub"). Taylor Carter Taylor Carter (played by Kwoade Cross) is Detective Joss Carter's teenaged son, he was kidnapped by Carl Elias after his mom started an investigation into him but was later freed by John Reese. He was sent away to live with his father when his mom decided to go after the HR organization. Lee Fusco Lee Fusco (played by Sean McCarthy) is Detective Lionel Fusco's son, he was held hostage by HR when Fusco refused to say where Carter and Reese (who had kidnapped the head of HR) were. Sameen Shaw managed to save him in time but had to sacrifice saving Fusco, but he had luckily managed to get free by himself. Daniel Casey Daniel Casey (played by Joseph Mazzello) is a computer hacker who becomes an asset of the Machine. After uncovering and stealing part of the Machine's code in 2010, he is labelled a traitor and becomes a target of both Decima and CIA agents John Reese and Kara Stanton. Casey is eventually confronted by Reese, who ultimately lets him escape and go into hiding. He is later found by Root and he helps reprogram seven computer servers so that he and the other assets of the Machine can hide in plain sight when Samaritan goes online. Jason Greenfield Jason Greenfield (played by Michael Esper) is a computer hacker and former member of Vigilance who becomes an asset of the Machine. With Vigilance after him, the CIA fakes Greenfield's death and he is secretly held at a black site awaiting rendition. Root and Shaw manage to free him and then send him into hiding to await the Machine's orders. He is later called upon by Root and helps reprogram seven computer servers so that he and the other assets of the Machine can hide in plain sight when Samaritan goes online. Daizo Daizo (played by Alex Shimizu) is an asset of the Machine who was recruited by Root. He helps reprogram seven computer servers so that he and the other assets of the Machine can hide in plain sight when Samaritan goes online. Romeo Romeo (played by Andreas Damm) is the leader of a group of thieves that covertly use an online dating app to recruit new members. Bored with her cover identity as a department store cosmetics counter employee, the Machine helps Shaw become the getaway driver for Romeo's gang of thieves. Despite many successful heists, she is eventually forced to quit when Romeo and his men nearly get her arrested. Later, he is found and tortured by Martine Rousseau for information about Shaw's identity. Persons of Interest This is a list of characters who were in danger and helped out by Team Machine. They become allies to the Team in future episodes. Zoe Morgan Zoe Morgan (played by Paige Turco) is a fixer who specializes in crisis management and a possible love interest of John Reese, whom Reese and Finch helped save. She returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require her skills. Morgan grew up in a nice house in Yonkers, New York. Her father was a city official who got ensnared in a corruption case. The press camped out on her lawn for weeks, only dispersing when a man the party had sent to "fix" things showed up. This was what prompted her to become a fixer. She spent the rest of her childhood in a small apartment in Queens with her mother. When Zoe's number came up, Reese took a job as her driver to investigate. Zoe was hired by Mark Lawson, the CFO of Virtanen Pharmaceuticals, to retrieve an incriminating recording, purportedly revealing an affair. When she returned it to his men, they attempted to kill her, but she was saved by Reese's intervention. Using her own sources, independent of Reese and Finch, Zoe figured out that the woman in the recording was Dana Miller, a former employee of Virtanen, who was going to blow the whistle about one of their drugs and was killed for her trouble. She chose to take down Virtanen with her information because she knew a girl once whose situation "kind of reminds [her] of Dana" (and only partially because they tried to kill her). When she and Reese were captured, Zoe appeared to betray him with a kiss, but used the opportunity to slip him a paper clip so that he could escape his handcuffs. She led Mark Lawson to a navy yard, but he figured out that she had never really sent the recording to anyone else. Before he could do anything with this information, Reese showed up to rescue Zoe. She gave Virtanen's competitor Beecher Pharmaceuticals a tip about the drug, then donated a large sum of the money she earned to Dana Miller's family for their lawsuit against Virtanen. Zoe helps Reese and Finch again when Finch calls upon her to help him solve a case. She helps Finch and Reese clear the name of a man framed for murder. At the end of the episode, she sees Mr. Reese briefly and flirtatiously suggests he might consider buying her a drink as payment for her services. She later comes to the rescue again while investigating a hit on a professional therapist through HR, but too late. She is the one who discovers that the therapist, Caroline Turing, is really "Root," and therefore the perpetrator, framing herself as the victim. She tells Finch to be careful because she would hate if anything happened to their "mutual friend", Mr. Reese. After Finch is rescued from Root, Zoe once again assists Reese with his latest person of interest, Maxine Angelis, by posing to be one of John's ex-girlfriends. Maxine recognizes her and commented that every reporter in town would love to interview her. Maxine later had John call her in regards to finding out who the head of HR is and gave them information on two former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents who are working for him. Zoe is called upon again, but this time to pose as John's wife while living in the suburbs. While "married" to John they played poker and kept an eye on Graham Wyler. After Zoe helps John and Harold spot an assassin targeting a maid in a hotel and the danger has ended, John invites Zoe to stay with him in the penthouse suite as Harold has bought the hotel and they can spend some time together. Leon Tao Leon Tao (Ken Leung) is a former forensic accountant and financial criminal, as well as a three-time person of interest, who has assisted Reese and Finch in some cases. Leon was targeted to die by the Aryan Brotherhood and the Russian Mafia and is saved both times by the timely intervention of Reese and Finch. Tao returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require his skills. After receiving a Master of Business Administration from New York University, Tao began working as an accountant at the firm of Bear Stearns, until he was downsized when the firm was sold to JPMorgan Chase when the recession hit. He then took a job at what he believed was a small start-up business, which was in fact the corporate arm of the Aryan Brotherhood, and he was laundering money from their methamphetamine sales. The Machine produced his number after he stole eight million dollars from his employers and lost a large portion of it in the stock market. It is hard to say how much he actually lost, as he repeatedly lied about the actual amount. Tao took one million in bearer bonds and attempted to run away. He was captured by operatives of the Aryan Brotherhood, but Reese helped him escape ("The Contingency"). Tao's number came up again after he got involved in gold farming and subsequently found himself in trouble with the Russian Mafia. Reese took care of the assailants after they threw Tao through a window. Tao was then blindfolded and brought to the Library, because Reese did not know how else to protect him while he and Finch were out saving another number. Tao eventually made himself useful by helping Finch track down the people threatening Madeleine. He also made friends with Bear by sharing a bowl of instant noodles with him. After he successfully assisted Finch and Reese, he told them that he was not the kind of guy to let them down ("Critical"). Tao posed as an emergency medical technician to help Finch and Reese "abduct" Sameen Shaw after she was supposedly murdered by Hersh ("Relevance"). Harper Rose Harper Rose (played by Annie Ilonzeh) a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears as a person of interest when she tries to independently double-cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood. At the end of the episode "Skip", it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset. In "Synecdoche", it's revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for the Machine in Washington, D.C. with former persons of interest Joey Durban and Logan Pierce. Caleb Phipps Caleb Phipps (played by Luke Kleintank) is a computer genius, and an irrelevant number in Season 2. Originally a high school student hiding his true genius, Caleb is protected by Finch and Fusco while Reese is locked up. Finch discovers that Caleb is writing a revolutionary compression algorithm and is secretly a drug lord, but the true danger to Caleb proves to be Caleb himself who is suicidal following the accidental death of his older brother. Finch talks the young man out of suicide and he returns in Season 4 as the head of a tech company Root goes to work at. Finch and Root later attempt to steal Caleb's algorithm to save the Machine from destruction, but he provides them with it as thanks for Finch saving his life. Root also takes some of Caleb's experimental hard drives to store the Machine's core code on. Logan Pierce Logan Pierce (played by Jimmi Simpson) is an eccentric genius and billionaire who created a social networking site called Friendsczar. In season 2 he is an irrelevant number whom Reese is trying to protect from a potential threat. Logan proves to be surrounded by multiple people who want him dead, including his lawyer and his own best friend. After the threat is eliminated, Logan is removed as CEO of his company, but decides to go into business with his rival instead. Reese realizes that Logan knew about the threat from his friend the whole time, but didn't warn Reese as he wanted to see how Reese works. Logan presents Reese with an expensive watch as a gift that is accurate to the nanosecond, but Finch smashes it and uncovers a hidden tracking device. Finch and Reese realize that Logan is just curious enough to be dangerous, especially with his bottomless pockets and endless need to know things. Logan is reclassified by the Machine as "threat to Admin" as a result. Finch later gives the watch Logan gave them to Lou Mitchell so that he can fix it up and sell it to get the money Lou needs to buy his favorite diner. Logan returns in season 5 where he is mentioned on the news as refusing to give the government access to his clients' personal data. Logan helps Reese get into a function by buying him a fifty thousand dollar ticket, claiming that he is "championing a new cause," but his presence during a thwarted terrorist attack and Logan's subsequent disappearance cause Reese to suspect Logan as the culprit. After Reese, Shaw and Fusco thwart a Presidential assassination, they meet with Logan, Harper Rose and Joey Durban who reveal that they are working for the Machine as another team fighting crime, the new cause Logan had previously mentioned. While Team Machine was assigned to protect the relevant number of the President, Logan's team was given the irrelevant number of Reese's cover identity and positioned themselves strategically to help out. In Logan's case, along with getting Reese into the function, he knocked out power to the house being used as the terrorists' base of operations, allowing Shaw and Fusco to take them down and anonymously alerted the Secret Service to the threat. Logan provides the team with a traffic camera picture of the missing Finch before departing with Harper and Joey to take care of their next number. Joey Durban Joey Durban (played by James Carpinello) is a former member of the US Army and one of the first numbers investigated by Reese. Feeling guilty for the death of a friend overseas, Joey joins a gang of robbers whose leader eventually kills the members after promising them profitable retirements. While working with the gang, Joey helps to steal the file on the murder of gang boss Carl Elias' mother and is saved from death by Reese. Joey is then convinced by Reese to leave to find a new life with his fiancé Pia. In the fifth season, Joey returns as Team Machine protects the President of the United States from an attempted assassination. Joey reveals that he has since turned his life around and married Pia, but Reese is forced to brush him off. After the assassination is stopped, Joey, dressed in an army uniform, rescues Reese and Shaw from three of the terrorists and provides them uniforms to use to escape. Joey, Harper Rose and Logan Pierce are then revealed to be working for the Machine as a second team who were sent the irrelevant number of Reese's cover identity while Team Machine were sent the relevant number of the President and depart to chase after their next number while Reese, Shaw and Fusco go after the missing Finch. Organised Crime figures Carl Elias Carl G. Elias (played by Enrico Colantoni), also known as Charlie Burton, is a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti. Elias is determined to revive the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob, with the assistance of HR. In 1981, a young Carl Elias was implied to have been living with a foster family. He was being treated for wounds sustained during a fight which broke out after he was called a bastard due to his lack of a father. He asked his foster mother if she was willing to help him research his father, but she asked him to let it go ("Flesh and Blood"). In 1991, Elias formally met his father, Don Gianni Moretti, at a restaurant. Moretti recognized his son and promised Elias a place in his organization as long as he remained loyal, tenacious, and capable. Later, Elias found out that Moretti double-crossed him and had ordered his execution. Before he could be executed, Elias fought back. He managed to kill his executioners and escape, though he sustained a wound which later scarred his hands after grabbing razor wire meant for his throat. Elias first showed up on Reese and Finch's radar when he had Sam Latimer have his men, including an undercover John Reese, retrieve a file titled "Elias, M." Latimer delivered the file to him, but to cover his trail, Elias had him killed and fled. After Elias acquired the file, he found the name of the man who killed his mother and sought revenge on Vincent DeLuca. Elias went to Vincent's house and stabbed him to death with the same knife he used to kill Elias' mother, Marlene Elias. Later when Elias realized that the detective investigating the case was on his trail, he went to retired detective Bernie Sullivan's house and killed him. Unfortunately for Elias, Detective Carter was on her way, and a shootout occurred where Elias' blood was left at the scene. Reese came into direct contact with Elias for the first time while Elias was pretending to be Charlie Burton, a school teacher trying to avoid getting killed by a rival Russian crime family. Although Elias was to be murdered, Reese was unaware that Elias was a murderer himself. He and Reese became friends while trying to escape from the men that were after Elias. When Reese and Elias succeeded, Elias turned on Reese. Elias captured one of the sons of the rival family that was after him and shot him in the leg. He then forced Reese to tie himself up and left the scene. He was later seen escaping with his men as he expressed his goal to reunite the five crime families of New York City.() Elias was a main suspect when Detective Carter's number came in from the Machine. It was revealed he was indirectly involved by hiring her confidential informant to complete the hit. Elias left a vase of flowers on Carter's desk with a message mourning her loss and stole a file marked Elias from her desk. Carl Elias resurfaced after Reese called him using a phone left in a trash can by Anthony "Scarface" Marconi who was impersonating a police officer. Upon his father's release from prison, Elias ordered some of his men to kidnap his father. His plan failed when Carter and Reese intervened and took Moretti into protective custody. Reese later called Elias, requesting his help to find a child kidnapped by an Eastern European gang. Elias agreed to help but threatened the child himself once Reese had found her. Reese was forced to give up Moretti's location in exchange for the child's life, and Elias let them both go. Although Reese tried to save Moretti, Elias succeeded in capturing his father. Elias's plan to unite the five families required him to kill the five Dons. He recruited HR, a cabal of corrupt cops, and used them to help him take down the Dons. After killing one Don with a car bomb planted by Scarface and gunning one Don down in front of Carter, Detectives Carter and Fusco took the remaining three into protective custody, barely escaping Elias's men. Elias then personally went to where they were hiding out with some HR cops and ordered the kidnapping of Taylor Carter. He was unaware however, that Harold Finch had shown Officer Simmons, an HR cop, photos of Elias's men watching the families of HR cops. The HR cops severed their ties with Elias and several clean police officers came to the hideout. Carl Elias was forced to surrender. After being processed and put in jail, Elias made one final phone call to Gianni Moretti, telling his father he wished he could be there to see. Moretti's car was then blown up by Scarface, killing Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti, Jr. Elias hung up the phone with a slight grin. Several weeks later, Elias received a visit from Finch who asked for his help in one of their cases involving several mafia groups and hit men. Being thankful that Finch and Reese had saved his life, Elias took advantage of his power even from behind bars and helped them. In return, he asked Finch to play chess with him. After several more weeks of living at Rikers Island, Elias noticed that Reese had been arrested on suspicion of being "The Man in the Suit". He told Reese that he knew all about FBI's investigation and that he would help Reese in any way that he could. When Reese is dumped into the general population in an attempt to get him to reveal his true identity, he is attacked by an inmate and because Reese could not fight back, Elias broke up the fight. When HR attempts to have the Russians kill Elias, Carter rescues him from the trap and helps him to a secure location. She keeps his presence quiet as she goes to him for information. Elias helps Carter take down HR by setting the Russians against the dirty cops, but she rejects his offer to just kill everyone for her. After Carter is murdered by Simmons, Elias pays the debt by having Simmons executed in his hospital bed as he watches. Throughout season 4, Elias is at war with Dominic Cordell and the Brotherhood. Due to their own war with Samaritan, the Team is unable to help him much and his best friend Anthony dies. Elias is later captured by the Brotherhood along with Reese, Fusco and Harper Rose. Fusco is able to escape, but Dominic prepares to execute Elias and Harper. Elias is saved when the Machine puts Reese into God Mode, enabling him to escape and take down the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood and Elias are arrested by officers led by Fusco, but one of Elias' men intercepts his transport van and attempts to help him escape. A standoff ensues with Dominic that ends with him surrendering to Fusco moments before both Dominic and Elias are shot by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction, killing Dominic and leaving Elias' fate unknown. In "B.S.O.D." its stated that Elias is dead. In "ShotSeeker", Elias' old friend Bruce Moran attempts to avenge him only to learn that Elias is still alive. Elias is revealed to be recovering at Finch's safe house where Fusco took him after saving his life. The bedridden Elias, now aware of at least Samaritan, attempts to convince Moran to go back into hiding but Moran refuses. Over the following episodes, Elias continues to recover from his wounds, appearing to all the world like he is dead. In "Reassortment", after learning of Bruce Moran's death, Elias supplies Fusco with a lead on a case he is working. He is later confronted by Finch for his actions and tells Finch he needs to let Fusco in on the truth. In "Sotto Voce", Finch enlists Elias' help to track down the elusive criminal mastermind known as "the Voice." Elias agrees to help in exchange for going along as protection as the Team are the only friends he has left. With Elias' help, Finch tracks down "the Voice's" hideout only to learn that he's their person of interest, Terry Easton. As Easton holds a gun on Finch, Elias intervenes and threatens Easton into backing down. The two men allow Easton to drive away before Elias detonates a bomb on Easton's getaway car, killing him. Elias then implies that Finch brought him along to kill Easton as he had to know what Elias would do. In "The Day the World Went Away", Finch's cover is blown and Elias offers to protect him while the Team goes on the offensive against Samaritan. Elias takes Finch to the apartment buildings Reese protected him in when they first met and the two reminisce. However, Samaritan figures out where they are and sends agents. With the help of Elias' men stationed through the building, the two escape outside where they find Elias' driver has been murdered. Moments later, Elias is shot in the head and killed by a Samaritan agent as he attempts to protect Finch. After being called to the scene of Elias' death, Reese removes Elias' glasses and closes his eyes as a sign of respect towards Elias. He is then approached by a gang member with information on the car that took Finch as the gang member respected Elias and Elias respected Finch. The information Reese is given enables Root and Shaw to rescue Finch. Anthony Marconi Anthony S. "Scarface" Marconi (played by David Valcin) is a member of Elias's mob group, and is his second-in-command and principal enforcer. He is also informally known as Scarface due to an easily identifiable scar on his right cheek coupled with the fact that his name is never mentioned by any of the characters in any episode he appears in. Marconi is mistaken by many to be a HR officer. He actually only works for Elias, and his police jacket is a disguise. When his boss, Carl Elias, was on the run from a rival mob (the Yogorovs led by Ivan Yogorov) Marconi disguised himself as a police officer. While he gathered information on his boss' whereabouts, Harold Finch became suspicious of him and started following him, thinking that he might actually be Elias. When Elias had finally escaped the Russian mob with the help of John Reese, Marconi rendezvoused with his boss by knocking out Fusco who was waiting to intercept Reese and Elias. Later, Marconi killed Ivan Yogorov and was with Elias as he expressed his desire to reunite the five families. Marconi resurfaced by again impersonating a police officer and dropping a burner phone in a trash can for Reese and Carter to find. Marconi also killed a corrupt Security and Exchange Commission investigator who he'd taken into "custody". Marconi was present when Reese met with Elias in order to get information on a kidnapper who had taken a baby. Elias agreed to help and had Marconi escort Reese to the location where the baby would be offloaded to be shipped to Eastern Europe. After Reese rescued the child, Marconi ambushed him and brought him back to Elias. Marconi personally took the child to Elias for use as leverage to get the location of Gianni Moretti from Reese. Marconi then severely injured Moretti's police guard Bill Szymanski and took Moretti captive. Marconi was responsible for a car bomb that killed one of the five dons of the New York crime families in plain view of Reese. He later informed Elias that the remaining Dons had been taken into protective custody by Detectives Carter and Fusco. Marconi then kidnapped Carter's son Taylor from school on Elias's orders; shooting it out with Reese before escaping with Taylor captive. Marconi again fought with Reese during Reese's rescue attempt of Taylor and successfully escaped once more, though both Taylor and Moretti were rescued. Despite his employer now being imprisoned, Marconi continued his duties and planted a bomb in a car that killed both Gianni Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti, Jr. Simmons and Fusco later met with Marconi to have him get Elias to bring back HR; however, Marconi told them in order for that to happen they had to bring Elias the last of the original dons. Despite attempts to capture the last don, the remaining members of HR failed to do this since the don was now working with Elias. Later in the series, he is captured, along with Elias, by Dominic ("Mini") Besson, the leader of a rival gang trying to gain control, who has killed or turned several of Elias's men and now demands the combination for a vault in Bruce Moran's office. After cautioning Dominic's second-in-command about the ability to remain in stable power and trust Dominic, he watches on as Dominic relays the numbers (which were told to him by Elias) and as Link's man opens the vault, which then triggers an explosion that blows up the entire floor they are on, killing Marconi in the process. Dominic and his second-in-command escape, but lose some of their men in the process. Later, when Elias is again captured by Dominic, to avenge Scarface's death, he plays a mind-game with Dominic to get him to believe his #2, Link, has betrayed him. Dominic kills Link before he realizes it was a trick. Bruce Moran Bruce Moran (played by James LeGros) Elias' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood. He is eventually killed by Samaritan agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims. The killer is later revealed to be FBI Agent Martin LeRoux who is in reality a Samaritan agent. Gianni Moretti Don Gianni F. Moretti, Sr. (played by Mark Margolis) was a mob boss who was a father to both Gianni Moretti Jr. and Carl Elias. As Elias was born out of wedlock and during an affair Moretti Sr. denied he existed and even tried to have him killed when he was sought out by his illegitimate son. He was killed along with Moretti Jr. in a car bomb set off by Elias's main enforcer Anthony Marconi (a.k.a. Scarface). Peter Yogorov Peter I. Yogorov (Played by Morgan Spector) is the leader of Russian Mafia, who in the first 3 seasons was Elias's main enemy. The Russian Mafia was originally run by Ivan Yogorov, Peter's father, until he was killed by, Elias's enforcer, Anthony Marconi so that Elias could take over Brighton Beach. Peter was freed from Prison by HR but also has a brother, Laszlo Yogorov, who is currently still incarcerated at Rikers Island. The Brotherhood The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline: Dominic Besson Dominic Besson (played by Winston Duke) also known as "Mini" (as he is quite big) is leader of the Brotherhood. When he was first introduced he was hiding as his own lackey to prove that people underestimate him. He soon becomes Carl Elias's main enemy. After Reese defeats the Brotherhood using God Mode, Dominic is arrested by Fusco and the NYPD. He is later killed by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction. Link Cordell Lincoln "Link" Cordell (played by Jamie Hector) a violent gang member who acts as Dominic's right-hand-man. He was at one point arrested by Detective John Riley (Reese's new cover identity) but Dominic paid for someone to take the fall for Link and he is released. Link is later killed by Dominic after Elias tricks him into thinking that Link betrayed Dominic. Floyd Floyd (played by Jessica Pimentel), another of Dominic's higher-ups, often appearing in place of Link. It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Detective Lionel Fusco and the rest of NYPD. New York City Police Department Cal Beecher New York City Police Department Narcotics Detective Calvin T. Beecher (played by Sterling K. Brown) is a narcotics detective who works at Carter's precinct, whom Carter has begun a relationship with. He helps Carter with the Drakes case ("Til Death"). He later asks Carter out on a date when she says that she owes him a favor for helping her with the case. She agrees to go out with him. Beecher is Alonzo Quinn's godson and gives his godfather information ("Shadow Box"). It is unknown if Beecher is aware of Quinn's activities. Later, when Carter receives a job offer with the FBI pending a polygraph, she is turned down because of her relationship with Beecher. The FBI tells her that Beecher is currently under investigation ("Booked Solid"). In "Trojan Horse", it is revealed that Beecher is the godson of HR leader Alonzo Quinn. Realizing Beecher knows too much about his involvement in HR, Quinn orders his godson killed. He chases after some drug dealers, only to be led into a trap, and then a shootout involving him and some HR men. The Machine produces Beecher's number too late, and he is killed within the shooting. Carter arrives at the scene and is severely devastated to find her friend dead, especially as Fusco cleared him of any involvement in Bill Szymanski's death. Following Beecher's murder, part of Carter's motivation for taking down HR is revenge. In "Endgame", with the help of Finch, Carter is able to record Alonzo Quinn confessing to ordering Beecher's murder and he is arrested for it along with all of his other crimes. Bill Szymanski New York City Police Department Detective Bill Szymanski (played by Michael McGlone) is a police detective in the organized crime division at NYPD 8th Precinct who assisted Carter with a mob murder committed by Carl Elias ("Witness", "Baby Blue"). He is an honest cop, that Carter entrusted with the job of guarding Gianni Moretti, Elias' father. Ultimately, Reese had to reveal Moretti's location to Elias in order to save a person of interest, and Szymanski was severely injured in the line of duty and taken to the hospital. Fortunately, he survived ("Baby Blue", "Identity Crisis"). Szymanski fully recovered and went back to active duty where he worked on the investigation of the murder of George Massey's son, who was killed by Riley Cavanaugh ("Triggerman"). Later, Szymanski and the assistant district attorney are meeting with Alonzo Quinn about testifying against the Yogorov mob family. Since HR is in ties with the Yogorovs, Quinn kills Szymanski and the ADA in order to keep them from testifying ("All In"). In a simulated world where the Machine never existed, Szymanski is still alive and a part of the NYPD's Homicide Task Force. Joseph Soriano New York City Police Department Detective Joseph Soriano (played by Ned Eisenberg) is an Internal Affairs Division detective who twice investigates Lionel Fusco. He first appears in (2.20 "In Extremis") when he investigates information from a jailhouse informant that links Fusco to the disappearance of Narcotics detective James Stills. Fusco feigns ignorance about the fate of the detective, but Soriano seems to get concrete proof when cadaver dogs signal the location of a body at a spot where Fusco's vehicle was on the night of Stills' disappearance. He takes Fusco to the spot, but is shocked when he finds that someone has dug up and removed the body. With no more evidence and the recantation of the informant, he is forced to drop the investigation and Fusco is allowed to return to duty. (5.1 "BSOD") Soriano is part of a joint investigation with FBI Special Agent Martin LeRoux that is looking into Fusco's version of the circumstances of the deaths of Dominic and Carl Elias. LeRoux, a Samaritan operative, doctors the official reports and Fusco is cleared of any wrongdoing. Visibly upset with the verdict, Soriano is last seen leaving the 8th Precinct. Later, another IAD detective tells Fusco that Soriano has suddenly died of a heart attack. It is implied that he was actually killed by Samaritan to prevent any further investigations into events that transpired during the "Correction." Kane New York City Police Department Homicide Detective Kane (played by Anthony Mangano) is a police detective who sometimes shares his cases with Carter. Dani Silva New York City Police Department Detective Dani Silva (played by Adria Arjona) is an Internal Affairs Division detective who is undercover trying to find a mole in the NYPD Cadet program when she becomes a Person of Interest. She finds the mole, but is framed for her handlers' murder at the hands of a criminal gang called The Brotherhood. Reese is able to help her clear her name. She later transfers into the NYPD Gang Division, where she and Fusco work together to investigate another Person of Interest. HR The following characters are involved in the HR storyline, in which a group of corrupt police officers work in collaboration with an up-and-coming mob boss to control organized crime in New York. Alonzo Quinn Alonzo D. Quinn (played by Clarke Peters) is a political adviser for New York City councilman and mayoral candidate Ed Griffin (Richard V. Licata) and the leader of HR. Quinn's leadership is subtle enough that even Harold Finch only suspects that HR still has someone in charge. With many of his subordinates arrested by the FBI, Quinn tricks a local reporter, Maxine Angelis, into thinking that Christopher Zambrano is the head of HR. This results in Zambrano's death and Angelis' career destroyed. Quinn however leads his candidate Ed Griffin to an even greater victory by framing Landon Walker as the leader of HR and restoring Angelis' career in the process ("Bury the Lede"). After the political victory, Quinn becomes Ed Griffin's chief of staff in the Mayor's Office. Quinn later asks his number two man, Patrick Simmons, to try and reforge HR's alliance with Elias by giving them mafia don Luciano Grifoni. This, however does not go as planned when it turns out Grifoni is working with Elias now and has one of his new subordinates killed declaring that Elias is done with HR ("C.O.D."). Quinn starts talking to his godson Detective Cal Beecher for some information with Patrick Simmons guarding him. Quinn meets with Simmons to inform him of his plans to make an alliance with Russian mobster Peter Yogorov. Since Elias refuses to work with them, Quinn decides to strike a deal with the Russian Mafia in order to secure funds for the rebuilding of HR ("Shadow Box"). Quinn is eventually identified to Carter as the head of HR by a dying Raymond Terney. ("The Perfect Mark") Pretending to give up on the hunt for Cal's killer, Carter uses Finch's phone cloning program to clone Quinn's phone and spy on and record him as she prepares to bring HR down. Carter eventually tricks Quinn into confessing to having Cal murdered which Finch records through Quinn's phone. Taking Quinn into custody, Carter flees with the help of Reese, chased by HR. ("Endgame") Unable to trust the NYPD, Carter works with Reese to bring Quinn to the FBI across the city with HR, led by Simmons, hunting them. Despite HR's intervention, Carter is eventually able to get Quinn to the FBI and he is taken into custody as the head of HR, leading to the end of HR. ("The Crossing") Quinn is subsequently put into protective custody by US Marshalls, but is hunted by Reese for Simmons' location after the murder of Carter. Reese is able to force Quinn to give up Simmons' escape plan, but his injured state keeps Reese from killing Quinn before he collapses. Quinn is left alive and in custody to face punishment for his crimes while Fusco is able to use the information Quinn gave Reese to hunt down and arrest Simmons. ("The Devil's Share") Patrick Simmons New York City Police Department Officer Patrick M. Simmons (Robert John Burke) is a uniformed officer who is the right-hand man to Quinn; he handles HR activities on the street level ("C.O.D."). Simmons was an old friend of Detective Fusco, and in collusion with Elias until learning from Finch that HR families were under Elias' surveillance. He also periodically meets with Fusco ("Flesh and Blood") and blackmails Fusco into working with HR ("Firewall"). Simmons has also given an anonymous tip to Detective Carter that another cop murdered Internal Affairs officer Ian Davidson, also an HR cop, as to increase the pressure on Fusco. He is later strangled to death by Scarface, as Elias watches on. ("The Devil's Share") Artie Lynch New York City Police Department Captain Arthur 'Artie' Lynch (played by Michael Mulheren) was a major figure in HR with whom Fusco must appear to be working. Reese forced Lynch to deliver a message to Elias to "back away from Carter or else Reese would kill him" ("Get Carter"). A man named Andre Wilcox who was receiving protection for HR, not Elias, met with Lynch to arrange for the release of one of his men named Brick from jail. Despite being reluctant, Lynch agreed to do what Andre wanted. Lynch met with Captain Womack, the head of the precinct where Brick was being held, and told him to release Brick, which the captain did because he was a co-conspirator of Lynch ("Wolf and Cub"). Lynch is killed by Fusco when Lynch is about to kill Reese ("Matsya Nyaya"). Womack New York City Police Department Captain P. Womack (played by John Fiore) is the captain in charge of Homicide and Carter and Fusco's supervisor. Womack protects members of HR when Carter gets too close. Reese blackmails him into transferring Fusco to Carter's precinct. Despite first appearing in the background ("Cura Te Ipsum"), he did something of a more credited role in which he invited CIA agent Mark Snow, Tyrell Evans and Carter into his office to talk about Reese ("Number Crunch"). He appears to be a friend and known contact of Artie Lynch, when Lynch went to talk to him about doing something for him, meaning the captain is most likely corrupt. This is later confirmed when Womack is revealed to currently be incarcerated with other HR cops ("C.O.D."). Raymond Terney New York City Police Department Detective Raymond Terney (played by Al Sapienza) is a NYPD police detective who has been shown to work with Detective Carter on more than one occasion. He always seems to be very calm and polite. He was investigating the murder of Vincent DeLuca, a former henchman of Don Gianni Moretti, Carl Elias' father ("The Fix"). Later, HR boss Alonzo Quinn is meeting with Detective Bill Szymanski. When he hears Szymanski say they're testifying against the Russian Yogorov mob family, Quinn kills him and the assistant district attorney to avoid it. Terney, now revealed to be part of HR, comes in, and Quinn tells him to shoot him in the right shoulder so he can survive, and make it look like someone shot all of them ("All In"). Later, Carter and Terney are investigating a place supposedly told to have been an HR hideout. Carter shoots an armed suspect, but someone takes the gun away in order to frame Carter. In the police station, Terney reveals his true colors and threatens to kill Carter if she meddles in their business ("Zero Day"). Terney and Peter Yogorov are preparing to kill Carl Elias in a dark forest. A masked Carter comes out and wounds Yogorov. Terney begs profusely for his life, and Carter knocks him out and rescues Elias ("God Mode"). Terney eventually finds out that Carter wants to take down HR when he discovers she turned Laskey. A shootout occurs, with Laskey dying instantly, and a dying Terney revealing to Carter that Alonzo Quinn is the head of HR ("The Perfect Mark"). Mike Laskey Michael "Mike" Laskey, born Mikhail S. Lesnichy (played by Brian Wiles) is a rookie cop affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR. She turns him by threatening to frame him for the death of another dirty cop. While initially only helping because he's forced to, Laskey comes to see the truth about HR and aids Carter and the Team in stopping a money laundering scheme. In "The Perfect Mark", Laskey follows Simmons around to try to identify the head of HR. He is killed in a shootout with Raymond Terney, but his pictures are used by Terney to identify the head of HR to Carter. James Stills James Stills (played by James Hanlon) is a Narcotics detective from the 51st Precinct. In (1.1 "Pilot"), he is shown to be the ringleader of a group of corrupt HR officers that includes Lionel Fusco. When he tries to frame an innocent man for murder, Reese kills him with Fusco's service pistol and has Fusco bury his body. (2.20 "In Extremis") When Fusco is investigated by Internal Affairs in connection with Stills' disappearance, his previous relationship with Stills is explored through flashbacks. In 2004, Stills helped Fusco get back on his feet after Fusco's alcoholism destroyed his marriage. In return for his kindness, Fusco reluctantly began participating in Stills' corruption. Azarello Azarello (played by Louis Vanaria) is a Narcotics detective from the 51st Precinct who is part of Detective James Stills' crew. He is arrested for corruption and attempted murder at the end of (1.1 "Pilot"). (2.20 "In Extremis) Flashbacks show Azarello as a long time willing participant in corruption with his partner James Stills. In 2013, he attempts to get his prison sentence reduced by giving information to NYPD Internal Affairs about Lionel Fusco's involvement in Stills' disappearance. Joss Carter eventually enlists help from mob boss Carl Elias, who is able to use his resources to pressure Azarello into recanting. Federal Bureau of Investigation The following characters are involved in the pursuit for "The man in the suit" story-line. Nicholas Donnelly Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly (played by Brennan Brown) was a federal agent who becomes interested in Reese when one of his cases crosses one of Reese's. Donnelly's intent was to expose the CIA for their illegal actions and crimes and track down "The Man in the Suit". He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese. A native of Roanoke, Virginia, Donnelly studied law at Northwestern University. In August 1998, he joined the FBI after graduating from the FBI Academy with honors. He began with the Miami, Florida field office in counter-terrorism until he distinguished himself as an investigator and became a highly sought-after agent. In subsequent years, he moved from Miami to Portland, Oregon in 2000, then to San Diego in 2003. He was promoted to supervisory special agent for the Boston Field Office in 2007 and worked there until 2011. He was then transferred to New York City ("Prisoner's Dilemma") . He first appears investigating Scott Powell for the murder of Congressman Michael Delancey. He first encounters The Man in the Suit when Reese breaks out Scott Powell from the FBI's custody. Although Powell was later proven innocent, Donnelly started suspecting Reese of being a mercenary ("Root Cause"). Donnelly believed that Reese was selling his services to the highest bidder and working for Elias ("Identity Crisis"). Donnelly informs Carter that the FBI has information about DNA that ties Reese to a case involving smugglers ("Blue Code") and a cold case from 2011 in New Rochelle, New York. Donnelly invites Carter to assist on the investigation, and she accepts. In New Rochelle, he discovers the fact that the victim, Peter Arndt, was in debt to loan sharks, and he hypothesizes that the loan sharks had hired Reese to kill him ("Many Happy Returns"). Donnelly offers Carter a temporary role with the FBI when he finally manages to track Reese's phone to a bank. He tells her about his new theory that Reese is working for CIA Agent Snow and is receiving aid of some sort from China to help him further. He then makes his way to the bank with several armed FBI officers and Carter, and arrests four men wearing suits, one of them being Reese. When he asks Carter if she recognizes any of them as "the man in the suit", she tells him that she does not ("Shadow Box"). After getting Carter to interrogate the suspects, Donnelly finds out Carter was conspiring against him. He arrests Reese and Carter, planning on taking them to a safe house and incarcerating them shortly after. The Machine, however, identified him as a Person of Interest and informed Finch. Finch tried to warn Donnelly but was too late. Kara Stanton intercepted them, killing Donnelly and kidnapping Reese ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). After the events of "Dead Reckoning", Donnelly's former partner reveals to Carter that they have identified the "Man in the Suit" as Mark Snow, following his death at the hands of Kara Stanton ("Dead Reckoning"). Brian Moss Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent Brian Moss (played by Brian Hutchison) is an FBI Special Agent in charge (SAIC) of investigating the death of Nicholas Donnelly. He incorrectly came to the conclusion that Mark Snow was "the man in the suit". He then tried to recruit Carter to the FBI but had to reject her due to her relationship to Calvin Beecher, who was under investigation at the time for his involvement with HR. He later appears in "Proteus" to bring Carter a series of missing persons files she requested which, unknown to him, were the victims of an identity-stealing serial killer. Martin LeRoux Martin LeRoux (played by David Aaron Baker) is an FBI Special Agent, Samaritan operative and contract killer. He first appears in (5.1 "BSOD") when he is part of a joint investigation with NYPD Internal Affairs into Lionel Fusco's involvement in the deaths of Dominic and Carl Elias. To protect Samaritan's role in the "Correction", he eventually presents a drastically different chain of events than were initially in Fusco's report and then proceeds to allow Fusco to return to active duty. (5.12 ".exe") LeRoux reappears after the NYPD discovers the bodies of the missing persons at the demolition site. He grills Fusco about evidence he collected, but Fusco feigns ignorance. LeRoux kidnaps Fusco and reveals that he is actually the one who murdered all of the missing persons, working at the behest of Samaritan. He tries to shoot and kill Fusco at a secluded beach, but is overpowered when it is revealed that Fusco is wearing a bulletproof vest. Fusco debates whether to arrest him or kill him. In the series finale, Fusco claims that he allowed LeRoux to live and has him locked up in the trunk of his car. The Government The following characters are tied to a government conspiracy related to the development and use of the Machine. Alicia Corwin Alicia M. Corwin (played by Elizabeth Marvel) is a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed. She was the deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA) and as a former member, she is one of the few to know of the Machine's existence. Corwin met with Nathan Ingram to determine the progress of the Machine. Ingram gave her a social security number associated with a DIA agent. Later, she introduced Ingram to Denton Weeks who told Ingram that the DIA agent was found to be a traitor. Weeks was curious as to how the Machine actually worked, and was unhappy when he was told that the Machine could not be used to track specific people. He threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine, but Corwin explained to him that Ingram was building it merely for one US dollar ("Super"). Alicia met with Nathan in a bar to discuss the transfer of the Machine to its new location. They discussed dissemination and she assured him that nobody would be able to track the data back to the Machine or to Ingram. Yet she was visibly shaken and told Nathan that she was happy to return to her day job once everything related to the Machine was settled ("No Good Deed"). Corwin was in Morocco, where she met with CIA agents Mark Snow, John Reese and Kara Stanton. She gave Reese and Stanton orders to retrieve a stolen laptop with secret software from Ordos, China. In reality, whether she knew it or not, the whole operation was nothing more than a ruse to check and make sure that an advance team had eliminated all the software engineers related to The Machine as well as successfully moving the Machine to another location ("Matsya Nyaya"). After Ingram died, Corwin quit her job at the government and moved to Green Bank, a small town in West Virginia that does not have cell phones or wireless internet ("Wolf and Cub"). Will Ingram, eager to know what his father was working on before he died, tracked Alicia down and questioned her. During their conversation, Will referred to his "uncle Harold". Alicia seemed unnerved at the mention of his name and abruptly ended the conversation. She told Will nothing about her knowledge of the Machine ("Wolf and Cub"). Sometime after meeting with Will, Alicia was being contacted by a member of National Security Agency (NSA), Henry Peck who was being attacked by government assassins trying to silence him about The Machine. Peck called Alicia numerous times trying to get information about "the machine". Though they never met in person, Alicia spoke to Peck over the phone. Not answering any of his questions she only mentioned "Sibilance" and told him to "run". Apparently through following Peck, Alicia managed to listen in a conversation between Peck and Finch. She was visibly surprised when Finch told Peck that the machine existed and that he had built it ("No Good Deed"). Alicia succeeded in tracking down Harold and observed him leaving the Library. She broke into the building and discovered Finch's headquarters. Not realizing what exactly she was looking at, she seemed overwhelmed seeing the Irrelevant List ("Firewall"). Alicia finally found Finch in his car waiting to pick up John Reese and Caroline Turing. Climbing into his car and confronting him at gun point, she stated that Nathan was afraid and stressed about what they had built, and that he was killed by the machine. As guilt was starting to weigh down on her, she claimed she could feel it watching and listening to them at that moment. Alicia told Finch that she was tired of running. Finch told her that she was not running from the machine, but she was running from people they had both trusted. Alicia said he was right, but that it was a good thing she found Finch first. Moments later, she was killed with a gunshot to the head by Root. She was later found dead at the meeting point by Reese ("Firewall"). Corwin's murder attracted much attention from different angles. Reese asked Carter and Fusco to look into the case and find out why Corwin was in New York ("The Contingency"). Mark Snow also began an independent investigation under the coercion of Kara Stanton. They all hit a dead end because at the same time Special Counsel and Denton Weeks conspired to corrupt the investigation when they feared that the investigation into Corwin's death might uncover their secret activities ("Bad Code"). Their fixer, Hersh, managed to clean up the majority of the evidence, except for a few objects Fusco removed from her apartment prior to his arrival. Hersh also removed a radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip from the right shoulder of Corwin's body that had been planted in her and could be the reason why she had been running and hiding ("Masquerade"). Special Counsel later receives a report stating that the chip was linked to Decima Technologies, the group that was trying to take control of the Machine. ("God Mode") Denton Weeks Denton L. Weeks (played by Cotter Smith) was the official who commissioned the development of the machine. He worked for the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA) and is Alicia Corwin's supervisor. He was one of the few people to know of the Machine's existence. He is in league with the Special Counsel. At an unspecified point in time, Weeks was appointed head of a task force on Privacy and Information, reporting directly to the Chief of Staff. Prior to that promotion, he had already been working in corporate law for a decade as a member of the White House legal team and a specialist in security policy ("Bad Code"). Weeks and Corwin arrived unannounced at Nathan Ingram's office to question him about the Social Security number Ingram gave to Corwin in a previous meeting. Demanding an explanation how a computer program could spot a traitor when federal agents could not Weeks tried to gain more knowledge about how the machine worked. He appeared slightly agitated when Ingram did not answer his questions but had to put up with it when he was informed about the price negotiated for the project. He did not know that the Machine had already evaluated him as a possible threat. Finch later revealed to Ingram that Weeks had been unsuccessfully trying to hack into the Machine via NSA feeds for the past six months ("Super"). Following the murder of Alicia Corwin by Root, Weeks met with Special Counsel to discuss further steps. They just started to remove all evidence when Weeks received a message from his mistress about an emergency. Not knowing that Root had set it up to lure him to his getaway lodge, he drove there and got knocked out by Root with a sedative ("The Contingency"). Root then tortured him using Palestinian hanging, an enhanced interrogation technique that was once authorized in a top-secret Department of Defense memo by Weeks, trying to get him talking about the whereabouts of the Machine. In a suitable moment when Root was away to gas up the car, Weeks recognized Finch and convinced him to help him escape. Weeks managed to free himself and attacked Root when she returned. He beat her up and then turned her gun on Finch threatening to shoot him unless he told him what he knew about how to access the Machine. Just as planned by Root, however, the gun did not fire and Root first tased Weeks and eventually killed him by shooting him in the chest ("Bad Code"). Special Counsel Special Counsel (played by Jay O. Sanders) is a shadowy figure from the United States Office of Special Counsel and one of the original eight people who know about the Machine. He is in a position which is filled by Presidential appointment, followed by Congressional confirmation. He appears to be the one engineering the activity regarding the Machine, and sees Reese as a threat. He sent out a team of hit men to assassinate Henry Peck after he came too close to finding out about the Machine ("No Good Deed"). After Alicia Corwin was murdered, he conspired with Denton Weeks and Hersh to cover-up the case and to make sure that there are no connections to them ("The Contingency"). When Weeks went missing, he sent Hersh to look for him, but Hersh only found him dead ("Bad Code"). He later sent Hersh to kill the "Man in the Suit" but redirected him to the FBI when it appears the FBI captured him. When asked about all four suspects, he tells Hersh to kill them all ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). After Hersh's failed attempt to kill The Man in the Suit at Rikers Penitentiary, he once again instructs Hersh to find Reese and kill him. This time, Hersh loses in a fist fight with Reese and after recovering in the hospital, Special Counsel calls him in for more important matters. He then begins drafting a letter with his new secretary, who is revealed to be Root ("Booked Solid"). He meets with Shaw and she trades him her partner's evidence on the Program in exchange for calling the hit off on her. He agrees and Shaw kills her treacherous handler before leaving. Later, Hersh poisons Shaw anyway ("Relevance"). In "God Mode", he arrives with Hersh and two other men to confront Finch about the Machine. Reese, Finch, Root, and Shaw leave, and someone calls Counsel. It comes from an unnamed woman who is at a higher rank than Special Counsel. Hersh takes the phone, and the woman orders him to seal the room. Hersh kills Special Counsel and leaves. Hersh Hersh (played by Boris McGiver) was Special Counsel's enforcer and fixer in the clean-up of Alicia Corwin's murder. He also worked for Control, the head of the ISA. After Alicia Corwin was found dead and the investigation was handed over to the NYPD 8th Precinct, Hersh was sent there to make sure that "the investigation is a dead end". He stole Corwin's case file and corrupted digital records as well as the ballistics report ("The Contingency"). While still investigating the Corwin murder, Hersh is dispatched to investigate the disappearance of Denton Weeks. Suspicious of Hersh's presence and behavior, Fusco uses Finch's phone cloning program to listen in on Hersh's cell phone and follow him around. From information overheard on one of Hersh's calls, Fusco discovers a clue to where Root was holding Finch ("Bad Code"). To clean up loose ends, Hersh went to Corwin's hotel room and collected personal effects and later gained access to the cold storage room at the morgue where Corwin's body had been examined to remove an RFID chip from under her skin ("Masquerade"). Parallel to corrupting the Corwin investigation, Special Counsel also sent Hersh to track down Denton Weeks, who had disappeared on private business and was later found dead after Root shot him ("Bad Code"). When Special Counsel learned of Reese's recent arrest, Special Counsel instructed him to kill him and the other three people arrested. Following the instruction, he pulled out a gun in front of a group of policemen and shot into the air several times. He was arrested and taken to Rikers Penitentiary where he managed to kill Brian Kelly, one of the four men who were arrested on suspicion of being "The Man in the Suit". He attempted to kill Reese too, but Elias stopped him before he had a chance to do so ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). Hersh is freed from Rikers and tracks Reese to a hotel when he saves the latest person of interest. Hersh and Reese engage in a brief fight with Reese defeating Hersh. Hersh is then seen receiving a call from the Special Counsel telling him there is a situation in Washington, D.C. The Special Counsel then calls in his newly hired assistant Ms. May, who unknown to Special Counsel, is the hacker Root ("Booked Solid"). His next appearance is in New York, poisoning Sameen Shaw. However, with the help of Leon Tao, the team is able to fake her death ("Relevance"). Hersh leads the effort to prevent Decima Technologies from taking control of the Machine. He later confronts Finch, Reese, Shaw and Root at gunpoint in the Hanford Nuclear Reservation where the Machine had once been stored. After they leave, Hersh is ordered by Control to kill everyone in the room, including Special Counsel. He is also revealed to have orchestrated the ferry bombing that killed Nathan Ingram and left Finch with his permanent injuries. ("God Mode") Hersh is later sent by Control to kill Root in a psychiatric hospital. With the help of the Machine, Root escapes and wounds Hersh but spares his life on orders from the Machine. ("Lady Killer") After being exposed, Control calls in Hersh in her attempts to get either the Machine or Arthur Claypool's machine Samaritan. With the help of Root, the team escapes, but Hersh captures Root who is taken for torture by Control. Hersh then leads a SWAT team to the bank where Vigilance is trying to retrieve the Samaritan drives. When Peter Collier refuses to cooperate, Hersh and his team storm the bank, killing several Vigilance members before one blows himself up with a grenade, leaving Hersh's fate unknown. ("Alethia") Hersh survives and is later tracked down by Shaw hunting another relevant number. Shaw drugs Hersh for information about why the government is after Owen Matthews and leaves him alive. Before she departs, Hersh asks if Shaw's new employers are treating her well, showing concern for Shaw who simply tells him that they haven't tried to kill her and leaves. ("4C") After Vigilance abducts Control and several other important people, Hersh arrives at the hotel where he enters a standoff with Reese and Shaw. After Root tells them Hersh knows where to find Finch, Reese and Shaw convince him to work with them to save their respective bosses. Hersh then leads them to Decima's hideout only to find it empty and that Peter Collier is running a kangaroo court where everyone is on trial for their connection to the Machine. ("A House Divided") After a brief gunfight with Decima operatives, Hersh, Reese and Shaw set out together to find the courthouse. When Shaw needs to get to Root fast, Hersh helps her steal a bike and continues on to a destination specified by Root. There, they meet up with Detective Fusco who brings them Bear and news of a Vigilance operative looting nearby stores. Hersh and Reese are able to trick the operative into giving them the courthouse location before turning him over to Fusco. Near the courthouse, they find a Vigilance guard post slaughtered and Finch testifying on TV about the history of the Machine. Finally reaching the courthouse, Hersh and Reese separate, acknowledging they will likely be enemies the next time they meet. In the basement, Hersh finds a bomb set to go off when the power is restored and sets to work disarming it, refusing help from Reese and telling him to focus on rescuing Finch. Hersh is severely wounded in a gunfight with Decima operatives, but continues his efforts to disarm the bomb. Before he can cut a last wire, the power comes back on and the bomb detonates, killing Hersh, the people kidnapped for the trial and the emergency responders. The next day, Control receives Hersh's final autopsy report. During her voiceover, Root states that a lot of people who could've helped them against Samaritan will die as the report is shown, indicating Hersh to be one of those people. ("Deux Ex Machina") Control Control (played by Camryn Manheim) is the alias of the head of the ISA's operation (code-named Northern Lights) regarding the Machine. She is a forty-year-old single mother with a ten-year-old daughter, Julia. Control is shrewd but ruthless and combat-minded. Control is first mentioned in (2.22 "God Mode") when Special Counsel calls her from the Hanford Nuclear facility where the Machine was formally stored. She speaks to Hersh and orders him to "seal" the room. He confirms her orders and executes everyone who is present including Special Counsel. Later, Hersch is seen talking to a unseen woman in a black town car assumed to be Control. She first appears in (3.11 "Lethe") posing as the wife of Arthur Claypool, Samaritan's creator, who is suffering from memory loss due to a terminal brain tumor. After escaping Vigilance, Claypool remembers the death and burial of his wife, which exposes Control as an impostor. (3.12 "Aletheia") Control brings her ISA team into the room to attempt to coerce access to the Machine or Samaritan out of either Finch or Claypool. She orders Hersh to execute Shaw, but Root crashes the party and is captured by Hersh instead while the others escape. Control recognizes Root as the analog interface for the Machine and brutally tortures her for its location, going so far as to deafen Root in her right ear. The Machine helps Root get the upper hand and escape. (3.16 "Ram") In 2010, Control is angry to learn that CIA agents Reese and Stanton failed to retrieve Daniel Casey's laptop and that it has been traced to Ordos, China. She orders Special Counsel to have the CIA send Reese and Stanton to confirm its location and then be killed in a drone strike as a punishment. (3.22 "A House Divided") Control is present at a meeting with other high level government officials to discuss the possible implementation of Samaritan. She becomes one of the hostages taken by Vigilance. (3.23 "Deus Ex Machina") After Sen. Garrison makes her out to be the main conspirator, Control is forced to give testimony in Vigilance's mock trial. She refuses to cooperate, saying that as a government agent she won't confirm or deny anything that is asked of her. Collier prepares to shoot her, but she is saved by Finch who is willing to talk. Eventually, Reese and Hersh assault the mock trial and the hostages are rescued by Decima agents. Control and Garrison are evacuated. She is present when Garrison allows Samaritan to go online. (4.12 "Control-Alt-Delete") Control is shown to now be the head of Samaritan's Research into relevant threats. She tracks a terrorist cell in Detroit, but when one suspect, Yasin Said, escapes, she is denied access to all the evidence by a liaison Samaritan operative. She attempts to go above his head by getting Sen. Garrison and Greer involved, but is told to back off. She secretly contacts Devon Grice to find and interrogate Said. He gives her information that the Said will be attempting to flee to Canada on a freight train. Control and her bodyguards find Said, but he escapes when Control is captured by Reese and Root. They interrogate her in a warehouse about Shaw's location and the battle at the Stock Exchange, but it quickly becomes apparent that she has no knowledge of the events and is merely a puppet for Samaritan. She is rescued by Grice and the ISA. She travels alone to Canada and finds Said. He proclaims his innocence and it seems likely that he was set up by Samaritan, but she executes him anyway. Later, she travels to the supposed scene of the battle at the Stock Exchange. Everything seems normal, but Control notices wet paint on a wall. (4.21 "Asylum") In Washington, D.C., Control captures and interrogates a female Samaritan handler. In the handler's schedule book, Control finds mention of an event referred to as the "Correction." The handler refuses to give up any information, so Control executes her. (4.22 "YHWH") Control, with the help of Grice, seems to uncover that the "Correction" is a terrorist plot against the Supreme Court. Since the attack was not presented as relevant through Research, Control suspects that it is Samaritan-sanctioned operation approved by John Greer. She sends Grice to the courthouse to investigate. Control confronts Greer at gunpoint, certain that she uncovered his plot. However, the "Correction" is revealed to be a purge of persons seen as threats to Samaritan. Grice is executed for his previous betrayal and Control is black-bagged by Greer's operatives and taken away to an unknown fate. Control considers herself the ultimate patriot. In ("Control-Alt-Delete"), she proudly exclaims that up until that point she has personally sanctioned the executions of 854 individuals whom she evaluated as detrimental to national security. Senator Ross Garrison Senator Ross Garrison (played by John Doman) is a U.S. Senator and one of the original eight people who was aware of the Machine's existence. He first appears in (3.19 "Most Likely To...") where he speaks to Control about his worries of potential legal ramifications if the Machine's existence was ever made public. After Operation Northern Lights is exposed by Vigilance, he denies any knowledge during a press conference. Later, he orders Control to shut down the program. (3.20 "Death Benefit") Garrison meets with John Greer and he is convinced to give Samaritan a 24 hour test period in the five boroughs of New York City. (3.21 "Beta") Garrison demands and later receives a relevant number from Greer, but he remains unaware that the main goal of the Samaritan beta is to track down Harold Finch. (3.22 "A House Divided") While in a meeting to get approval for Samaritan, Garrison is one of the hostages captured by Vigilance and taken to their kangaroo court proceedings. (3.23 "Deus Ex Machina") Garrison gives a brief testimony in the "trial", deflecting most of the blame to Control. Through the intervention of Reese and Hersh, Garrison is eventually rescued by Decima agents and he is evacuated with Control. After a bomb in the post office goes off and Vigilance is falsely implicated, Garrison readily agrees to Greer's demands for complete control and he allows Samaritan to go online. Garrison makes periodic appearances in Season 4 to check on the status of Samaritan. (4.12 "Control-Alt-Delete) He chastises Control for claiming that Samaritan representatives are purposely trying to derail her investigation into a terrorist cell. (5.12 ".exe") In a simulated world where the Machine never existed, Samaritan goes online as the government's surveillance program anyway. Garrison meets with John Greer to discuss his dissatisfaction with Decima's practices. After Garrison leaves, Greer orders his trusted assassin (Root) to kill him. (5.13 "return 0") At a secret meeting following the destruction of Samaritan, Garrison attempts to blame the ICE-9 virus attack on the Chinese. However, a government official calls his bluff and blames Operation Northern Lights. Garrison absolves himself of complicity by claiming that Operation Northern Lights was shut down years before. Devon Grice Devon Grice (played by Nick Tarabay) is a Crimson 6 agent who was trained by Sameen Shaw herself when she was still working as an ISA operative. When they meet in New York whilst both on different ends of the same mission, Grice lets her live. When a Samaritan representative refuses to allow Control to review the contents of a relevant threat's laptop, she secretly enlists Grice's help to continue the investigation. When Control discovers the impending "Correction" and labels it as a Samaritan-sanctioned terrorist attack, she has Grice investigate the supposed target: the Supreme Court. When the "Correction" is revealed to be a purging of persons seen as threats to Samaritan, Grice is executed by an operative for his previous betrayal. Brooks Brooks (played by Theodora Miranne) is another Crimson 6 agent and Grice's partner. Cole Cole (played by Ebon Moss-Bachrach) is Shaw's partner at the ISA. (2.16 "Relevance") Cole uncovers evidence that he and Shaw have been assassinating innocent people. He and Shaw are set up by their handler and Cole is killed for learning to much about "The Program". Later, Shaw is shown to be watching over Cole's parents. (5.12 ".exe") In a simulated world where the Machine never existed, Cole is shown to have survived and to still be partnered with Shaw. Henry Peck Henry Peck (played by Jacob Pitts) is a former NSA Analyst and Person of Interest. (1.22 "No Good Deed") When Peck discovers the existence of the mass surveillance program, "Operation Northern Lights", an ISA team is sent to kill him. Peck still refuses to stop investigating, so Finch is forced to tell him the truth and give him a new identity so he can escape the threat. Alicia Corwin secretly records their conversation and learns of Finch's involvement. (5.12 ".exe") In a simulated world where the Machine never existed, Peck uncovers the existence of Samaritan. He presents his evidence to a member of the Office of Special Counsel, revealed to be Shaw. After she verifies that Peck hasn't told anyone else about his theory, she assassinates him. The CIA The following characters are part of Reese's back story relating to his time with the CIA. Mark Snow Mark Snow (played by Michael Kelly) is the alias of a CIA operative, partnered with Tyrell Evans and once worked with John Reese, and is now trying to find and kill him. He once claimed to be Reese's best friend ("Number Crunch"). In 2008, Snow was with CIA agents John Reese and Kara Stanton, operating in New York City. They had a government employee in their custody who had committed treason by attempting to sell some software to the Chinese. Positive they were not going to get a call regarding their prisoner, he allowed Reese to head out to the city for some rest ("Blue Code"). In 2010, Snow was in Morocco while Reese and Stanton were interrogating a suspect. Alongside Alicia Corwin, they gave orders to Reese and Stanton to go to Ordos to retrieve a laptop containing information pertaining to a computer virus that could disable nuclear programs. Snow had been ordered to tell both agents secretly that the other was compromised and retire each other. The plan, however, failed when Reese realized they'd been set up after Stanton shoots him, and tells him it was because he was compromised. Reese then tells her that he was ordered to do the same thing to her. They realize they were set up and escape just minutes before a gunship shelled their supposed extraction point ("Matsya Nyaya"). When Reese's fingerprints were run through the system after he is arrested, the CIA was alerted to the fact that Reese had survived the shelling in Ordos. Snow visited the precinct where Detective Carter worked and asked her a few questions about Reese. Both Snow and his partner began to follow her, but she eventually caught them. Snow had a talk with Carter at a diner afterwards in which he showed Carter that Reese was a cold blooded killer. He convinced her to set a trap to capture Reese, though his true intention was, in fact, to have him killed. However, the trap failed as his partner Evans went for non-lethal shots, allowing Reese to escape with the help of Carter to Finch's car ("Number Crunch"). In 2012, Snow, along with his CIA partner, initiated surveillance on Carter, believing she helped Reese escape. He constantly had operatives tailing her, though they were unable to track her effectively, and she managed to lose them. Later, he received information that Reese had escaped to northern Connecticut where his fingerprints were found on a prescription bottle at a veterinary clinic (planted by Lionel Fusco at Finch's request), and immediately left New York ("Super"). Snow eventually returned to New York and confronted Carter, who he was still suspicious of after realizing Reese was never in Connecticut. Later, Snow had to bail out a CIA operative known as L.O.S. who was selling drugs for the CIA in a scheme to fund the War on Terror. Bluntly telling L.O.S. that he warned him about getting caught "behind enemy lines", he had his head bagged and presumably killed in the back seat of an SUV ("Blue Code"). When the FBI established a task force to catch Reese, Special Agent Donnelly informed Carter that he did not just want to apprehend Reese, but also expose Snow and the CIA's illegal operations. He claimed that Snow was the man who swept the CIA's domestic operations under the rug ("Identity Crisis"). Unhappy with the FBI's investigation into Reese, Snow paid another visit to Carter with Evans and warned her not to cooperate with Agent Donnelly. The next day, he received some information supposedly regarding Reese from a North Korean contact who had aided a CIA agent who escaped from China. Both he and Evans entered a hotel room, but were ambushed by Stanton, who had also survived the Ordos shelling. Evans was killed, while Snow was wounded as Stanton approached him, wanting to "catch-up" ("Matsya Nyaya"). Following the ambush, Snow has been held captive by Stanton, who locked him up in a storage room and forced him to wear a bomb vest to prevent him from escaping. From time to time, he would be released to "run errands" for Stanton, presumably to help her find out who had set her up in the Ordos mission. While at the morgue looking into the Alicia Corwin case, Snow accidentally ran into Carter. He told her that he had been reassigned and was no longer trying to catch Reese. When Carter tried to call Snow's CIA phone, she was redirected to another man who appeared to be looking for Snow, too ("Masquerade"). Snow killed a janitor named Dusan Babic on Stanton's orders, so that he could use his ID to get into Fujima Techtronics. As he had no other way of communicating with her, Snow left Carter's card in the dead man's pocket with Fujima Techtronics address on it. Carter followed Snow's clues to Fujima Techtronics and saw him leaving the building. Carter followed and confronted him. Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that, "she is planning something big" ("Critical"). Snow is present when Reese wakes up in the back of a moving bus after being kidnapped and drugged at the end of "Prisoner's Dilemma" by Stanton. He informs Reese that they are wearing similar bomb vests and that Stanton holds the trigger to both. Kara then sends them to perform a few tasks for her. After retrieving the drive that Mark earlier stole from Fujima Techtronics Stanton sends them to steal the car of two Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents. Snow nearly kills one of the agents but is stopped by Reese. Snow and Reese then take the place of the two agents and enter an office building housing a secret DOD facility on the 21st floor. While going up the elevator Stanton informs them that they would be facing two Delta Force operatives with M4s. The doors open and Reese and Snow take out the two men and tie them up. One of them hits Snow and he prepares to kill the man, but Reese stops him again. Kara warns that there may be signal interference so she arms the bombs on a 15-minute timer. Reese and Snow then enter an electronics lab and with the help of Kevin, a technician, prepare to download a computer virus. Reese tells Snow that Stanton cannot hear them in the lab and suggests that they do something. However Snow says that they do not have enough time. Reese upon Kevin's advice starts removing the drives to trigger a security breach, Snow discovers what Reese is doing and attacks him. The two engage in a vicious fist fight but Reese holds Snow off. Just then Stanton arrives and tells them that she only needed them to clear the way and uploads a virus on the DOD servers. She then triggers a five-minute timer on the bomb vests, locks them in the lab and leaves. With the help of Kevin, Reese and Snow manage to open the lab door and escape. Reese says that they have to get up to the roof so no one else is killed but Snow clubs him down. He says that the CIA has a safe house two blocks away. Reese warns him that the CIA will consider him compromised and all that is waiting for him is a black hood. Reese tries to get through to him but Snow simply wishes him luck and leaves. As Finch arrives and disarms Reese's bomb vest just in the nick of time, Kara returns to her car; however, to her surprise, she finds Snow in the back seat. Snow tells Stanton that she was right about him that he would be very good at dying. It is unclear what happens to Kara after that but the car explodes killing Snow and seemingly Kara. Up on the roof Reese realizes what Snow has done. After Snow's death, the FBI informs Carter that they believe Snow to be "The Man in the Suit" that Donnelly was chasing and consider the case now closed ("Dead Reckoning"). The Machine puts a white square on Snow indicating that he does not know about its existence ("Super"). Snow does not know about the Machine. Strangely, Snow is not listed by the machine as a threat to an asset (Reese), even though he tries many times to kill him. Tyrell Evans Tyrell Evans (played by Darien Sills-Evans) is the alias of a CIA Operative, partnered with Mark Snow and assisted him in trying to retire Reese along with other assignments. He was shown to be an expert sniper and good with computers. He appeared many times with his partner, Snow ("Number Crunch"). He shoots Reese in the torso while his partner Mark Snow distracts Reese, almost killing him, but fails to find him afterwards as the lights are shot out by John right after ("Super"). When he and Snow receive a tip about a possible location on Reese at a hotel in the city. The two enter the room guns drawn. However, they are for some reason unable to correctly cover the room, and are shot by an assailant standing behind the door before they can return fire. The assailant turns out not to be Reese but Stanton ("Matsya Nyaya"). Kara Stanton Kara Stanton (played by Annie Parisse) is a former CIA operative and John Reese's former handler and partner. Before joining the CIA, Kara graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and is a former officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. Unlike John, Kara loved operating as an assassin and also was the love interest of John Reese. She was ruthless and her boss Mark Snow stated that Kara was a disturbing person " in a class all by herself ". In 2006, Stanton met with Reese for the first time in Hungary to interrogate two men about the whereabouts of Alim Nazir. Prior to this meeting, Stanton was apparently informed by a reliable, anonymous source that the men were involved in getting Nazir out of the country. On this information, Stanton executed them in front of a shocked Reese, who expected them to be questioned before any action was taken. She also had a photo of Jessica Arndt talking to Reese at the airport. Upon showing this to Reese, she told him that he could not go back to her, and that he no longer had any old friends. Telling him to dispose of the body and gun, Stanton assigned him the cover name "Reese" ("Foe"). In 2007, in Prague, Reese and Stanton posed as a couple and shot three men down (one man selling plans on a drone to two Chinese nationals). Reese wanted to finish the mission as fast as possible but Stanton told him that he should learn to love his work as a killer ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). In 2008, Stanton, Reese, and Mark Snow were operating illegally in New York City, holding a government employee captive after he tried to sell some software to the Chinese. When Reese was given permission for time off, Stanton followed him to a bar and found him meeting with Jessica's husband Peter. She gave him a lecture, telling him that they're no longer like other people, and Reese reluctantly left with her before Jessica spotted them ("Blue Code"). In 2009, Stanton and Reese were assigned to kill a couple in Paris. They followed the couple to a bar. Stanton did not care why they have been ordered to kill them and advises Reese to act more credible since they were posing as a married couple. When the bar's other patron left, Stanton shot out the camera while Reese approached the couple. Back in their apartment, after having killed the couple, they tried to remove all the traces that would ever prove they have been there. Stanton told him that they could take a break, but Reese said that he was fine. So Stanton drew out a gun on him and wanted him to choose between being a boy scout or a killer because she was tired of working with both. She also reminded him that he chose this life. Reese slammed her into the wall and told her that he loved his work and they kissed ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). In 2010, Reese and Stanton were in Morocco interrogating a suspect. A few hours later Mark Snow and Alicia Corwin arrived and informed them that they were being sent to China to retrieve a high-profile Stuxnet-like computer program from the Chinese. As Stanton left the room, Snow secretly ordered Reese to retire her, claiming she had been in contact with a terrorist. The pair arrived in Ordos and discovered the site where the program was found. On arrival, they discovered the corpses of many software engineers, and much of the building's servers had been emptied. Reese found a survivor whom Stanton conversed with in Chinese. He said that men had turned up and took away the Machine. Upon hearing that, she promptly executed him and withheld what he had said from Reese. With much of what they came for already taken, Reese and Stanton had no choice but to wait for their extraction at nightfall. When nightfall came, Stanton marked the landing zone with infrared glow sticks. Reese had readied his gun to shoot her in the back, but lowered it at the last moment, only for Stanton to turn and shoot him. She apologized, saying she had orders from Snow, and was told Reese had ties to terrorists. Reese laughed, telling her he had the same orders and that they were being set up, with the beacon actually signaling for a shelling, not extraction. Reese then made his escape, leaving Stanton standing in shock. Overhead, a CIA drone launched an incoming missile attack targeting the target structure. The wounded Reese managed to escape the blast radius, and turned back to see the explosion apparently killing his partner. Stanton however, had managed to escape the explosion and escape China with the help of a dissident group ("Matsya Nyaya"). While recovering and becoming angry and disillusioned after operating as a CIA field operative, she was approached, successfully brainwashed and manipulated by a mysterious intelligence operator operating in the alias of "John Greer" who was aware of and tracking her while she was participating in those CIA field operations. ("Dead Reckoning"). Snow revealed to Detective Carter that over the course of their partnership, Reese and Stanton worked on numerous missions and often saved each other's lives. However, he lies and tells Carter Stanton was killed by Reese before he went off the grid ("Number Crunch"). Snow and his partner Evans were led to a hotel room after receiving some intelligence from one of their North Korean contacts. Upon their entry and subsequent search of the room, Stanton emerged from the shadows and ambushed them both, killing Evans and injuring Snow ("Matsya Nyaya"). Meaning to "catch up" with Snow, she kept him locked in a storage room with a bomb vest strapped onto him so that he would not escape. After he presented her proof that Alicia Corwin, the person who set her up in the mission to Ordos, was dead, she told him that she needed him to run a few more errands for her ("Masquerade"). Snow was seen by Carter, leaving Fujima Techtronics. Carter followed and confronted him. Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that, "she is planning something big". Snow flees when a shooter fires upon them (presumably Stanton) interrupting their meeting ("Critical"). Nicholas Donnelly's number came up and Finch called him to warn him. At this point Stanton rams the vehicle that Donnelly is using to transport Reese and Carter to a safe-house. As the trio are recovering from the collision's impact, Stanton shoots Donnelly twice, before approaching Reese and asking if he missed her. She then plunges a syringe into his neck, presumably laden with some form of sedative as Reese goes limp after being injected ("Prisoner's Dilemma"). After rigging him with an explosive vest as well, she sends Reese and Snow out to run more errands for her. While fetching a hard drive, Stanton remotely instructs them to kill the sellers when they demand a higher price, but Reese refuses. Before the seller can press the matter further, Stanton who had been observing them, shoots the sellers with a sniper rifle from a rooftop. She then orders Reese and Snow to steal the gear of two ATF agents who were about to be called in a bomb threat Stanton orchestrated in a nearby office building. The building houses a computer security installation and cyberwarfare development lab and by activating a fifteen-minute detonation timer, Stanton drives the team to clear the entry for her to access a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility containing the weapons cache where she uploads the contents of the drive Reese and Snow retrieved earlier. Before she leaves, she triggers the bomb vests and locks the team in the room. On the way back to her car, she calls Greer to inform him that the mission has been completed. He tells her the name of the man who sold the laptop (alleged to be Harold Finch), which was the cause for what happened in Ordos. Before she can act on the information, she is cornered by Snow, who escaped the building and hides in the backseat of her car, and then gets his revenge by seemingly killing her in his bomb's explosion. Her fate after this is unknown because she was never seen as actually in the car when it exploded and her corpse was never recovered. ("Dead Reckoning"). Decima Technologies The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline, a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI: John Greer John Greer (played by John Nolan). Greer is a former British Army officer and MI6 agent who is trying to destroy the Machine with a rival A.I. In 2010, he sent one of three interested parties to Ordos, China to retrieve a laptop with stolen "Machine" code. The other teams were "The CIA" (John Reese and Kara Stanton) and the Chinese ("Ram" (2014), "Aletheia" (2014), "Zero Day" (2013), "Trojan Horse" (2013), and "Dead Reckoning" (2013)). He is very much present from the second half of season 3 to the end of season 5 as the main villain, getting Samaritan, a totalitarian artificial intelligence, online, to track down and kill any opponent, especially Finch, Reese, their friends, and the Machine. In the penultimate episode ".exe", Greer confronts Finch as he tries to destroy Samaritan with the Ice 9 computer virus. Greer sacrifices himself in an attempt to kill Finch by locking them in a sealed room and having Samaritan remove the oxygen. Greer dies from lack of oxygen, but Finch is rescued by the Machine with the help of Reese and Shaw who had been given Greer's number by the Machine. Jeremy Lambert Jeremy Lambert (played by Julian Ovenden) is an operative for Decima Technologies, and Greer's right-hand man. He first appears in (3.16 "RAM") posing as a government agent that wants to help Daniel Casey. Casey sees through his deception, forcing Lambert to attempt harsher methods to get at Casey's laptop. He is ultimately unsuccessful when the laptop falls into the hands of a Chinese intelligence agent. (3.23 "Deus Ex Machina") Lambert and Decima rescue the hostages from Vigilance's mock trial. After Greer reveals the truth behind Vigilance, Lambert shoots and kills Peter Collier. (4.10 "The Cold War") Lambert meets Root in a shadow zone and brokers a meeting between her and the analog interface of Samaritan, Gabriel Hayward. (5.4 "6,741") Lambert is killed by Shaw in her escape from Samaritan, however it is later revealed that this was just one of thousands of simulations in Shaw's mind to get her to lead Samaritan to the Machine. (5.7 "QSO") Lambert takes Shaw on a field trip to see a scientist whose research is threatening Samaritan's long term goals. Shaw kills the scientist, thinking she is in another simulation. However, it later becomes evident that maybe Shaw has lost her grip on reality and in fact really did kill an innocent person. (5.8 "Reassortment") Shaw is finally able to escape her captors and finds herself within a South African prison. Right before getting to freedom, she is stopped by Lambert who tries to convince her that she is still in a simulation. Shaw mortally wounds him with a gunshot to the chest, telling him that he will be fine if this is only a simulation. As Lambert dies of his wound, Shaw takes his keys and drives his vehicle away from the facility. Martine Rousseau Martine Rousseau (played by Cara Buono) is the alias of a former investigator for the United Nations who is now a Samaritan operative. Martine first appears in (4.1 "Panopticon") where she murders a journalist in Budapest who is attempting to reveal Samaritan to the public. Afterwards she serves as John Greer's lead assassin, hellbent on destroying the POI team. (4.8 "Point of Origin") Martine is tasked by Greer to discover the identity of a woman (Sameen Shaw), who ISA operative Devon Grice allowed to escape a crime scene. She is eventually able to find Shaw's criminal friend Romeo, who she tortures for information. Romeo gives up Shaw and Martine tracks her to the department store that she works at for her cover identity. (4.9 "The Devil You Know") When Shaw's cover is blown, Martine goes after her in a gunfight in a department store. Shaw is able to escape with the help of Root. (4.11 "If-Then-Else") Martine leads a Samaritan task force to take out the POI team in the sub-levels of the Stock Exchange. Ultimately, Shaw intervenes and sacrifices herself to help the others escape and is last seen being shot multiple times at close range by Martine. (4.19 "Search and Destroy") Martine intercepts the POI team when they discover a secret facility that Samaritan is using to apply Sulaiman Khan's anti-virus software to a worldwide search for the Machine. Root and Martine engage each other in hand-to-hand combat, but the POI team is overwhelmed and forced to retreat. Martine captures Khan and brings him to Greer. (4.21 "Asylum") Root and Finch are captured while infiltrating a mental asylum that serves as Samaritan's New York base of operations. Martine confines Root to a bed, intent on brutally torturing her. While the Machine and Samaritan discuss the surrender of the Machine in exchange for the release of the POI agents, Root is able to get an advantage over Martine and snap her neck. Gabriel Hayward Gabriel Hayward (played by Oakes Fegley) is a young boy who acts as Samaritan's "analog interface". Claire Mahoney Claire Mahoney (played by Quinn Shephard) is a former college student who stole files from a private military contractor and who now has become obsessed with solving the Nautilus puzzle. Finch is able to discover that the Nautilus is actually a Samaritan recruiting tool, but he can't convince Claire to stop her quest. She makes it to the end of the puzzle where she is surrounded by hitmen hired by the PMC, but she is saved by an unseen marksman. She finds a hidden cell phone and Samaritan tells her that it will now protect her. (4.15 "Q&A") Claire secretly contacts Finch, telling him that he was right about Samaritan. Finch rescues her from a sniper who wounds her and she attempts to give him a piece of Samaritan source code to study on his computer, but he remains suspicious. Eventually, she calls Harold by his name (which he never told her) and she is outed as an active Samaritan operative. She takes Harold at gunpoint to a Samaritan-controlled school and attempts to recruit him. He refuses and is taken away by other Samaritan operatives, but Root saves him and wounds Claire. Later, Claire takes Finch's laptop to Greer. When stating that she was nearly killed twice, she becomes concerned when Greer implies that she is expendable. Zachary Zachary (played by Robert Manning, Jr) an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent. He is killed by John Reese in ".exe". Jeff Blackwell Jeff Blackwell (played by Joshua Close) is a recently paroled ex-con who later works for Samaritan. (5.2 "SNAFU") Blackwell is originally a Person of Interest who is written off by Reese as a non-threat due to the Machine suffering malfunctions from its reboot. Later, he is recruited into Samaritan by Mona. (5.5 "ShotSeeker") Blackwell is put back onto the POI team's radar when he is involved in the theft of research compiled by a missing graduate student at the behest of Samaritan. (5.8 "Reassortment") Blackwell is tasked by Mona to infect two doctors in a quarantined hospital with a Samaritan-created virus, but the POI team stops him from completing his mission. (5.10 "The Day The World Went Away") Blackwell is given the order by a superior to take out two high-valued targets (Finch and Root) from a sniper perch. He misses Finch, but mortally wounds Root, which eventually leads to her death. (5.13 "return 0") Blackwell is part of a Samaritan team that assaults the Subway. He is captured by Fusco and Shaw, who with the help of the Machine deduce that he killed Root. He is able to stab Fusco with a hidden knife and escape. One week after the destruction of Samaritan, Shaw tracks him down and executes him as retribution for Root. Mona Mona (played by LaChanze) is a Samaritan operative who recruits Jeff Blackwell and later serves as his handler. She orders Blackwell to infiltrate a quarantined hospital and murder two doctors with a virulent flu strain created by Samaritan. Blackwell can't complete his mission, but Mona tells him that his actions ultimately helped achieve the desired outcome: Following the outbreak, numerous civilians willingly went to clinics for vaccinations allowing Samaritan to secretly collect their DNA. Travers Travers (played by Michael Potts) is a Samaritan agent who serves as a liaison with the government. (4.12 "Control-Alt-Delete") Travers is present in Research when Control demands to be privy to vital information on a suspected terrorist's laptop. He refuses and eventually turns off the Samaritan feeds when Control persists. He turns the feeds back on after Sen. Garrison gets Control to back down. (5.12 ".exe") Travers captures Finch in a Fort Meade server room, as Finch attempts to upload the ICE-9 computer virus. He then brings Finch to Greer. Vigilance The following characters are involved in the Vigilance story line, in which a violent organization professes to protect people's privacy from government intrusion. Peter Collier Peter Collier (played by Leslie Odom, Jr.) is the alias of Peter Brandt, the presumed leader of Vigilance. In 2010, Peter Brandt was an aspiring lawyer whose former addict brother Jesse was arrested by the federal government and held without legal counsel. Jesse eventually committed suicide while in custody, but Peter learned afterwards that Jesse was innocent. Infuriated, Peter got no answers or explanations from the government. Soon after, he was contacted by an anonymous source who played to his anger and ultimately recruited him into Vigilance where he took the alias of Peter Collier. Vigilance started off small by vandalizing surveillance equipment and spreading propaganda. After discovering an undercover federal agent in his ranks and summarily executing him, Collier was goaded by the anonymous source into taking more drastic measures. Collier first appears posing as a member of a firm named Riverton, who is trying to get involved with Person of Interest Wayne Kruger's Lifetrace company. Kruger's own life unravels after his privacy and legal history are compromised by members involved in a class-action lawsuit against his company. Kruger unwittingly attempts to meet with Riverton to save the deal, unaware that Collier orchestrated his demise. Collier wounds Reese and executes Kruger before disappearing. Collier and Vigilance attempt to abduct Arthur Claypool, the creator of rival ASI "Samaritan", but are foiled by Finch and Shaw. Vigilance eventually tracks Finch, Claypool and Shaw to a bank where the two drives containing the Samaritan source code are being held. Collier attempts to bomb his way into the vault to capture Claypool and Finch and destroy the drives, but is unsuccessful when Reese and Fusco show up to help. After Vigilance kills OPR official Leona Wainwright, Finch and Fusco travel to her Washington, D.C. office to figure out why she was targeted. Finch breaks into her vault and discovers a government black ops budget report that mentions Operation Northern Lights. Collier and Vigilance show up to get the report and capture Finch, but he is rescued by Root and Fusco. Collier escapes with the report and disseminates it to the press, which causes Sen. Garrison to order Control to shut down Operation Northern Lights. Collier and Vigilance use a computer virus to disable the power grid in New York City, so that they can capture Sen. Garrison, Control, National Security Adviser Manuel Rivera, John Greer and Finch. They take their hostages to an abandoned post office where they have set up a kangaroo court to try the hostages for their crimes against privacy. When Rivera get hostile during his testimony, he is shot and killed by Collier. After Garrison implicates Control as the main conspirator, Collier prepares to shoot her but Finch is able to stop him and admits his involvement in creating the Machine. Reese and Hersh team up to save their bosses and assault the post office, forcing Vigilance to take the hostages to a nearby rooftop for immediate execution. Decima agents led by Jeremy Lambert attack and kill everyone except Garrison, Control, Greer, Finch and Collier. After Garrison and Control are evacuated to safety, Greer tells Collier the brutal truth: Decima created Vigilance and subliminally radicalized them. When the power in the city is restored, a massive bomb in the post office explodes which kills Hersh, many Vigilance members and numerous civilians. The bombing is blamed on Vigilance, painting them as a domestic terrorist organization. Garrison falls for the ploy and uses the attack to quickly adopt Samaritan as the government's new mass surveillance program. Jeremy Lambert then executes Collier, but Finch escapes with the help of Reese. Madison Madison (played by Diane Davis) is the alias of a member of Vigilance, possibly second in command to Collier. She acts as the judge during Vigilance's "trial". Though initially able to escape the post office bombing, she is labelled as a threat when Samaritan goes online and is found and killed by operatives. References Sources Person of Interest characters Characters

38667928

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott%2C%20Divestment%20and%20Sanctions

Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions

The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement (BDS) is a Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's obligations under international law, defined as withdrawal from the occupied territories, removal of the separation barrier in the West Bank, full equality for Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, and "respecting, protecting, and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties". The movement is organized and coordinated by the Palestinian BDS National Committee. BDS is modeled after the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Its proponents compare the Palestinians' plight to that of apartheid-era black South Africans. Protests and conferences in support of the movement have been held in several countries. Its mascot, which features on its logotype, is Handala, a symbol of Palestinian identity and "right of return". There is no agreement on whether BDS is antisemitic. According to critics, it is inherently antisemitic, has antisemitic aspects, or resembles historical discrimination against Jews. The Anti Defamation League and German Parliament have called its methods, goals, and/or strategies antisemitic. Countering BDS is a top priority for the Israel lobby in the United States, where 30 states have banned the implementation of boycott and disinvestment measures proposed by BDS. The 2021 Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism says "Boycott, divestment, and sanctions are commonplace, non-violent forms of political protest against states," and that boycotting Israel is not inherently antisemitic. In November 2020, Amnesty International, while expressing support for BDS members, also stated the Donald Trump administration followed that of the Israeli government in making false claims of antisemitism to harm activists and limit free speech. Human Rights Watch's Eric Goldstein considers the charge of antisemitism against BDS a smear. Background Many authors trace BDS's origins to the NGO Forum at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in South Africa (Durban I). At the forum, Palestinian activists met with anti-apartheid veterans who identified parallels between Israel and apartheid South Africa and recommended campaigns like those they had used to defeat apartheid. The forum adopted a document that contained many ideas that would later reappear in the 2005 BDS Call; Israel was proclaimed an apartheid state that engaged in human rights violations through the denial of the Palestinian refugees' right of return, the occupation of the Palestinian territories, and discrimination against Arab citizens of Israel. The declaration recommended comprehensive sanctions and embargoes against Israel as the remedy. In March 2002, while the Israeli army reoccupied all major Palestinian cities and towns and imposed curfews, a group of prominent Palestinian scholars published a letter calling for help from the "global civil society." The letter asked activists to demand that their governments suspend economic relations with Israel in order to stop its campaign of apartheid, occupation, and ethnic cleansing. In April 2002, Steven and Hilary Rose, professors at the Open University and the University of Bradford, initiated a call for a moratorium on academic collaboration with Israeli institutions. It quickly racked up over 700 signatories, among them Colin Blakemore and Richard Dawkins, who said they could no longer "in good conscience continue to cooperate with official Israeli institutions, including universities." Similar initiatives followed in the summer. In August, Palestinian organizations in the occupied territories issued a call for a comprehensive boycott of Israel. The majority of the statements recalled the declarations made at the NGO Forum the year before. In October 2003, a group of Palestinian intellectuals called for a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Attempts to coordinate the boycotts in a more structured way led to the formation of the Palestinian Campaign for Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) in April 2004. Colin Shindler argues that the Oslo peace process's failure created a political void that allowed what had been a marginal rejectionist attitude to Israel to enter the European far-left mainstream in the form of proposals for a boycott. Rafeef Ziadah also attributes BDS to the peace process's failure. She argues that BDS represents a rejection of the peace process paradigm of equalizing both sides in favor of seeing the situation as a colonial conflict between a native population and a settler-colonial state supported by Western powers. Others argue that BDS should be understood in terms of its purported roots in the Arab League's boycott of Zionist goods from Mandatory Palestine. According to the archaeologist and ancient historian Alex Joffe, BDS is merely the spearhead of a larger anti-Western juggernaut in which the dialectic between communism and Islam remains unresolved, and has antecedents in the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, the General Union of Palestinian Students and the Muslim Brotherhood. Andrew Pessin and Doron Ben-Atar believe that BDS should be viewed in a historical context of other boycotts of Israel. Philosophy and goals BDS demands that Israel end its "three forms of injustices that infringe international law and Palestinian rights" by: Ending its occupation and colonization of all Arab lands occupied in 1967 and dismantling the Wall; Recognizing the fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality; and Respecting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN Resolution 194. These demands, enshrined in a declaration named the BDS Call, are non-negotiable to BDS. Co-founder of the movement Omar Barghouti, citing South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu, has written: "I am not interested in picking up crumbs of compassion thrown from the table of someone who considers himself my master. I want the full menu of rights." Barghouti has also written: BDS sees itself as a movement for all Palestinians, whether they live in the diaspora or in historical Palestine. BDS believes that negotiations with Israel should focus on "how Palestinian rights can be restored" and that they can only take place after Israel has recognized these rights. It frames the Israel-Palestinian conflict as between colonizer and colonized, between oppressor and oppressed, and rejects the notion that both parties are equally responsible for the conflict. For those reasons, BDS opposes some forms of dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians, which it argues are counterproductive. According to BDS, "all forms of international intervention and peace-making until now have failed" and so the international community should impose punitive measures, such as broad boycotts and divestment initiatives, against Israel, like those against South Africa during apartheid. BDS uses the framework of "freedom, justice, and equality," arguing that Palestinians are entitled to those rights like everyone else. It is therefore an antiracist movement and rejects all forms of racism, including antisemitism and Islamophobia. More generally, BDS frames itself as part of a global social movement that challenges neoliberal Western hegemony and struggles against racism, sexism, poverty and similar causes. Its struggle for Palestinian rights should be seen as a small but critical part of that struggle, BDS argues. Israel BDS believes that Israel is an apartheid state as defined by two international treaties, the 1973 The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It says that while there are differences between Israel and apartheid-era South Africa, such as Israel's lack of explicit racial segregation laws, the systems are fundamentally similar. One of the main differences between South African and Israeli apartheid, BDS argues, is that in the former a white minority dominated a black minority, but in Israel, a Jewish majority discriminates against a Palestinian minority in Israel and also keeps Palestinians under military occupation. It further contends that South African apartheid depended on black labor while Israeli apartheid is grounded in efforts to expel Palestinians from "Greater Israel". BDS sees the Israeli legal definition of itself as a "Jewish and democratic state" as contradictory. According to BDS, Israel upholds a facade of democracy but is not and cannot be a democracy because it is, in Omar Barghouti's words, "a settler-colonial state." Opponents have argued that comparing Israel to South Africa's apartheid regime "demonizes" Israel and is antisemitic. Supporters argue that there is nothing antisemitic in calling Israel an apartheid state. To support that view, they cite prominent anti-apartheid activists such as Desmond Tutu and South African politician Ronnie Kasrils, who both have said that the situation in Gaza and the West Bank is "worse" than apartheid. Eric Goldstein, acting executive director of the Middle East and North Africa Division of Human Rights Watch, which neither supports nor condemns a boycott, argues that the Biden administration will probably not counter the Trump administration's attempt to label BDS antisemitic. He considers the movement maligned. In his view, "To campaign or boycott solely on behalf of Palestinians under Israeli rule no more constitutes anti-Semitism than doing so on behalf of Tibetans in China is in itself anti-Chinese racism." Right of return BDS demands that Israel allow the Palestinian refugees displaced in the 1948 war to return to what is now Israel. According to BDS's critics, calling for their right to return is an attempt to destroy Israel. If the refugees returned, Israel would become a Palestinian-majority state and Jewish dominance of Israel would be in jeopardy. They argue that this would undermine the Jewish people's right to self-determination and thus calling for it is a form of antisemitism. Former Anti-Defamation League director Abraham Foxman has called it "the destruction of the Jewish state through demography." Nadia Abu el-Haj has written that, indeed, BDS supporters believe that "the Israeli state has no right to continue exist as a racial state that builds the distinction between Jew and non-Jew into its citizenship laws, its legal regimes, its education system, its economy, and its military and policing tactics." BDS supporters further note that the Palestinian liberation movement has always rejected the idea that Israel has a right to exist as a racial state. While BDS deliberately refrains from advocating any particular political outcome, such as a one-state or two-state solution, Barghouti argues that a Jewish state in historical Palestine contravenes the Palestinians' rights: Norman Finkelstein, a vocal supporter of the two-state solution, has criticized BDS on this issue. Like Foxman, Finkelstein believes that BDS seeks to end Israel through demography, something he believes Israel will never acquiesce to. He therefore considers BDS a "silly, childish, and dishonest cult" because it does not explicitly state that its goal is to end Israel and because, according to him, that goal is unrealistic and broad public support cannot be found for the return of the refugees. Still, he believes that BDS's tactics, boycotts, divestment, and sanctions, are correct. Ali Abunimah, in response to Finkelstein, insists that the two-state solution is compatible with BDS's demands and that the Good Friday Agreement that settled the conflict in Northern Ireland could serve as model for the Israel-Palestinian conflict. Liberal Zionism BDS criticizes liberal Zionists who oppose the occupation but also the right of return for the Palestinian refugees. According to liberal Zionists, both right-wing Zionists and BDS risk "destroying Israel," defined as turning Israel into a Palestinian-majority state, BDS by demanding equal citizenship for Arab-Palestinians and the right of return of the Palestinian refugees, and right-wing Zionists by insisting on building more settlements, eventually making a two-state solution impossible. With the two-state solution off the table, Israel would either have to grant citizenship to the Palestinians living under occupation, thus destroying Israel, or become an apartheid state. Liberal Zionists find apartheid repugnant and oppose apartheid in Israel, so they propose a boycott limited to Israeli West Bank settlements to pressure the Israeli government to stop building settlements. Peter Beinart in 2012 proposed a "Zionist BDS" that would advocate divestment from Israeli West Bank settlements but oppose divestment from Israeli companies. This, Beinart argued, would legitimize Israel and delegitimize the occupation, thus challenging both the vision of BDS and that of the Israeli government. BDS supporters contend that liberal Zionists are more concerned with preserving Israel as a "Jewish state" than with human rights. Barghouti states that by denying the Palestinian refugees right of return simply because they are not Jewish, liberal Zionists adhere to the same Zionist racist principles that treat the Palestinians as a "demographic threat" to be dealt with in order to maintain Israel's character as a colonial, ethnocentric, apartheid state. Sriram Ananth writes that the BDS Call asks people to uncompromisingly stand against oppression. In his view, liberal Zionists have failed to do so by not endorsing the BDS Call. Normalization BDS describes "normalization" as a process by which Palestinians are compelled to stop resisting and to accept their subjugation. BDS analogizes it to a "colonization of the mind," whereby the oppressed comes to believe that the oppressor's reality is the only reality and that the oppression is a fact of life. BDS opposes normalization as a means to resist oppression. Normalization, BDS says, can arise when Israelis and Palestinians in the occupied territories meet without the Israeli side acknowledging the fundamental injustices Israel inflicts on the Palestinians, corresponding to the BDS's three demands. BDS calls it "co-existence" and argues that it feeds complacency and privileges the oppressor at the expense of the oppressed. Instead, BDS encourages "co-resistance," where "anti-colonial Jewish Israelis" and Palestinians come together to fight against the injustices afflicting the Palestinians. BDS denounces dialogue projects bringing Palestinians and Israelis together without addressing the struggle for Palestinian rights. Such projects, it asserts, "serve to privilege oppressive co-existence at the cost of co-resistance" regardless of their intentions. It also denounces projects that portray the relationship between Israelis and Palestinians as symmetrical. One example of a project BDS denounces is OneVoice, a joint Palestinian-Israeli youth-oriented organization that brings Israelis and Palestinians together under the slogan of ending the occupation and establishing a Palestinian state. Since OneVoice concerns itself with neither Israeli apartheid nor Palestinian refugees' rights, BDS concludes that it serves to normalize oppression and injustice. Critics of "anti-normalization" rhetorically ask how BDS is supposed to win over the hearts and minds of unconvinced Jewish Israelis if a precondition for dialogue is that they first commit to BDS's principles. They believe that dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians can convince Jewish Israelis that BDS's demands are just. Barghouti contends that the "peace industry," the many dialogue initiatives launched in the 1990s in the aftermath of the Oslo Accords, has not helped the Palestinians at all because they are based on the idea that the conflict is between two equals, rather than about one group oppressing another. He believes that dialogue needs to be based on freedom, equality, democracy, and ending injustice, or else it is at best a form of negotiation between a stronger and weaker party. Founding and organization BDS was founded on 9 July 2005, on the first anniversary of the advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice in which the West Bank barrier was declared a violation of international law. 171 Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing every aspect of Palestinian civil society adopted the BDS Call. The Palestinian BDS National Committee (BNC) was established at the first Palestinian BDS conference in Ramallah in November 2007 and in 2008 it became BDS's coordinating body. All BNC members are Palestinian organizations. As of 2020, it has 29 members. The BNC includes a general assembly with representatives from every BNC member, and an 11-seat secretariat elected every two years that governs the BNC. The general assembly meets about every third month while the secretariat handles day-to-day decision making. Mahmoud Nawajaa serves as the BNC's General Coordinator and Alys Samson Estapé as the Europe Coordinator. A precursor to BDS is the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI), which was founded in April 2004 in Ramallah with Barghouti as a founding committee member. PACBI led the campaign for the academic and cultural boycotts of Israel. It has since been integrated into the larger BDS movement. The U.S. arm of PACBI, the United States Association for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (USACBI), was founded in 2009. The global BDS movement is by design highly decentralized and independent. This has allowed thousands of organizations and groups to become part of it, some of which are the BNC's main partners. In Israel, BDS is supported by a number of left-wing groups, such as Women in Black, ICAHD, ACRI, and New Profile. Boycott from Within often uses creative performances to display its support for the boycott and the research group Who Profits supplies BDS with information about companies complicit in the Israeli occupation. On campuses in the U.S., Canada and New Zealand, the student organization Students for Justice in Palestine supports BDS. According to the American coordinating body National Students for Justice in Palestine, it had about 200 chapters in the U.S. as of 2018. The left-wing activist organization Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) advocates for BDS among American Jewry. In addition to these, political parties, trade unions and other NGOs have endorsed the BDS Call. Methods BDS organizes campaigns for boycotts, divestment and sanctions against Israel. Boycotts are facilitated by urging the public to avoid purchasing goods made by Israeli companies, divestment by urging banks, pension funds, international companies, etc. to stop doing business in Israel, and sanctions by pressuring governments to end military trade and free-trade agreements with Israel and to suspend Israel's membership in international forums. Global targets for boycott are selected by the BNC, but supporters are free to choose targets that suit them. The BNC encourages supporters to select targets based on their complicity in Israel's human rights violations, potential for cross-movement solidarity, media appeal, and likelihood of success. It also emphasizes the importance of creating campaigns and events that connect with issues of concern in their own communities. According to Ali Abunimah of The Electronic Intifada website (EI), the BDS campaign at the grassroots level uses social media, petitions, articles, on-campus events and organizes public demonstrations to apply pressure on individuals and corporations to cut ties with Israeli institutions. Activities Campaigns In addition to the campaigns listed in this section, a number of local campaigns have been created by BDS-affiliated groups and endorsed by the movement, including Code Pink's Stolen Beauty campaign launched in 2009 against Israeli cosmetics manufacturer Ahava, an Australian campaign against Max Brenner, whose parent company, the Strauss Group, sent care packages to Israeli soldiers, and a campaign by the group Vermonters for Justice in Palestine (VTJP, previously known as Vermonters for a Just Peace in Israel/Palestine) against ice-cream maker Ben & Jerry over its sales of ice cream in Israeli settlements. In June 2021, VTJP called on Ben & Jerry's to "end complicity in Israel’s occupation and abuses of Palestinian human rights." VTJP describes itself as "a strong supporter of the...[BDS] campaign". On 19 July 2021, Ben & Jerry's CEO announced the end of sales of ice cream in the Israeli settlements in the West Bank: "Although Ben & Jerry’s will no longer be sold in the OPT [Occupied Palestinian territories], we will stay in Israel through a different arrangement". Ben & Jerry's Independent Board of Directors complained that the decision had been made by the CEO and Unilever without their approval. Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid said, "Over 30 states in the United States have passed anti-BDS legislation in recent years. I plan on asking each of them to enforce these laws against Ben & Jerry's", and called the decision "a shameful capitulation to antisemitism, BDS and everything bad in the anti-Israel and anti-Jewish discourse". Derail Veolia and Alstom (2008–present) Since November 2008, BDS has campaigned against the multinational French conglomerates Veolia and Alstom for their involvement in the Jerusalem Light Rail because it runs through the Israeli-occupied parts of East Jerusalem. According to BDS, the boycott had cost Veolia an estimated $20 billion as of 2015. In 2015 Veolia sold off its final investment in Israel, a 5% stake in CityPass owned by its subsidiary Transdev. BDS attributed the sell-off to its campaign, but Richard Dujardin, a member of Transdev's executive committee, said: "I will not say that it is pleasant to be chased by people saying we are not good guys all the time but really it was a business decision." Stop G4S - Securing Israeli Apartheid (2012–present) Since 2012 BDS has campaigned against G4S, the world's biggest security company, to get it to divest from Israel. As a result, G4S has been targeted by many BDS supporting groups, including Who Profits?, Addameer, Jews for Justice in Palestine, and Tadamon!. The campaign's first victory came in October 2011, when the student council of the Edinburgh University Students' Association adopted a motion to ban G4S from campus. In April 2012 the European Parliament declined to renew its contract with G4S, citing G4S's involvement in violations of international law. In 2014 the Gates Foundation sold its $170 million stake in G4S, a move BDS activists attributed to their campaign. The same year activists thanked officials in Durham County, North Carolina, for terminating its contract with G4S, though it wasn't clear that BDS's campaign was the cause. In February 2016, the international restaurant chain Crepes & Waffles terminated its security transport contracts with G4S. G4S sold off its Israeli subsidiary G4S Israel in 2016, but BDS continues to campaign against G4S because it maintains a 50% stake in Policity, an Israeli police training center with presence inside Israeli prisons where thousands of Palestinians are detained. Woolworths (2014–2016) BDS South Africa undertook a boycott campaign against the South African retail chain Woolworths in 2014 over its trade relations with Israel. It was the first comprehensive consumer boycott of a South African retailer since 1994. The campaign used the Twitter hashtag #BoycottWoolworths which rapidly became one of the top trending hashtags on South African Twitter. The campaign attracted international media attention and was covered by The New York Times, Rolling Stone, and Al-Jazeera. The activists organized flash mobs, die-ins, and placed "Boycott Israeli Apartheid"-stickers on Woolworths' Israeli merchandise, all of which they published on social media. Consumers were encouraged to write to the company's store managers questioning the stocking of Israeli goods. The campaign ended in mid-2016 when Woolworth informed its annual general meeting that it would no longer purchase Israeli products from the occupied territories. Boycott HP (2016–present) BDS runs a boycott campaign against the multinational information technology company Hewlett-Packard's two successors, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, which it says are complicit in "Israel's occupation, settler-colonialism and apartheid regime". According to the campaign, HP supplies Israel with a biometric ID card system used to restrict Palestinians' freedom of movement and provides servers for the Israel Prison Service. In April 2019, Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, the Netherlands' largest trade union, dropped HP in its offer to its members. According to a spokesperson for the boycott HP campaign, the union used to offer a 15% discount on HP products and this would no longer be the case. In June 2019, Unite, the UK's second-largest trade union, joined the boycott against HP. Orange (2016–present) In January 2016, French telecom operator Orange dropped its licensing deal with its Israeli mobile operator, Partner Communications. According to BDS, the deal was the result of its six-year campaign by unions and activists in France, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. While BDS hailed the move as a significant victory, Orange said it was ending its relationship with Partner for purely commercial reasons. AXA Divest (2016–present) The French multinational insurance agent AXA has since 2016 been the target of a campaign urging it to divest from Israeli arms manufacturer Elbit Systems and five major Israeli banks. AXA has, according to BDS, a responsible investment policy that forbids it from investing in, among other things, manufacturers of cluster bombs, and Elbit Systems makes cluster bombs. According to a report by corporate responsibility watchdog SumOfUs, AXA's involvement in Israel's occupation could expose it to criminal prosecution. Red Card Israel (2016–present) Red Card Israel is BDS's campaign to get Israel expelled from FIFA due to alleged violations against Palestinian football and because several Israeli teams from the Israeli-occupied West Bank are allowed to play in its national league, the Israel Football Association. In 2018, it scored a victory as Argentina's national football team canceled an upcoming friendly game in Jerusalem. Puma (2018–present) In July 2018, sportswear manufacturer Puma signed a for-year sponsorship deal with the Israel Football Association (IFA). The IFA includes six football clubs based in Israeli settlements. BDS wrote an open letter signed by over 200 Palestinian sports clubs urging the brand to end its sponsorship of teams in the settlements. The sportswear manufacturer didn't, and BDS therefore launched a boycott campaign under the slogan "Give Puma the Boot". In October 2019, activists placed unauthorized posters in the London underground urging people to boycott Puma. Transport for London said that it was flyposting and that it would immediately take action against the posters. In February 2020, Malaysia's largest university, Universiti Teknologi MARA, announced that it would end its sponsorship deal with Puma due to its involvement in Israel. Boycott Eurovision 2019 (2018–2019) BDS attempted to get artists to boycott Eurovision Song Contest 2019 because it was held in Israel. BDS accused Israel of using Eurovision to whitewash and distract attention from alleged war crimes against Palestinians. It also accused Israel of pinkwashing, due to Eurovision's popularity among LGBTQ fans. Although none of the acts scheduled to appear pulled out, activists considered the efforts successful due to the media coverage generated. American pop star Madonna was one of the artists BDS urged to cancel her appearance at Eurovision. Roger Waters of Pink Floyd also tried to get her to cancel, saying that it "normalizes the occupation, the apartheid, the ethnic cleansing, the incarceration of children, the slaughter of unarmed protesters." Madonna refused, saying that she would neither "stop playing music to suit someone's political agenda" nor "stop speaking out against violations of human rights wherever in the world they may be." In September 2018, 140 artists (including six Israelis) signed an open letter in support of a boycott of Eurovision. In response to the calls for boycott, over 100 celebrities, including English actor Stephen Fry, signed a statement against boycotting Eurovision in Israel: "We believe the cultural boycott movement is an affront to both Palestinians and Israelis who are working to advance peace through compromise, exchange, and mutual recognition". Hatari, the band representing Iceland in the contest, held up Palestinian banners in front of the cameras at the event's finals, defying the EBU's rules against political gestures. BDS was not mollified: "Artists who insist on crossing the Palestinian boycott picket line, playing in Tel Aviv in defiance of our calls, cannot offset the harm they do to our human rights struggle by ‘balancing’ their complicit act with some project with Palestinians. Palestinian civil society overwhelmingly rejects this fig-leafing," it said. Divestment resolutions at U.S. universities In North America, many public and private universities have large financial holdings. Campus BDS activists have therefore organized campaigns asking universities to divest from companies complicit in the occupation. These campaigns often revolve around attempts to pass divestment resolutions in the school's student government. While few universities have heeded the call to divest, activists believe the resolutions are symbolically important. The discussions of divestment spur campuswide interest in BDS, which movement organizers use to their advantage by advocating for an unfamiliar cause. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, activists have fielded 135 divestment resolutions since 2005, of which 91, including those vetoed by the student government president or repealed, were defeated. In 2009, Hampshire College became the first U.S. college to divest from companies profiting from Israel's occupation as its board of trustees voted to sell its shares in Caterpillar Inc., Terex, Motorola, ITT, General Electric, and United Technologies. Hampshire's president said that SJP's campaigning brought about the decision, but members of the board of trustees denied that. In 2010, the UC Berkeley Student Senate passed a resolution calling for the university to divest from companies that conduct business with Israel. The resolution was vetoed by the Student Body president, who said it was "a symbolic attack on a specific community." In 2013, another divestment bill passed but the university stated that it would not divest. Many divestment campaigns began in the early 2000s, years before BDS was founded. In some cases, it has taken them over a decade to get resolutions passed. For example, at the University of Michigan, a student group called Students Allied for Freedom and Equality (SAFE) began campaigning for a divestment resolution in 2002. It was brought up for the eleventh time in 2017 and passed 23–17 with five abstentions. Reportedly, the hearing on the resolution was the longest in student government history. In December, the Board of Regents at the university rejected the resolution, stating, "we strongly oppose any action involving the boycott, divestment or sanction of Israel." In 2002, students at Columbia University began promoting a divestment resolution; a non-binding student resolution passed in 2020. The resolution called for the university "to boycott and divest from companies that "profit from or engage in the State of Israel’s acts towards Palestinians". Columbia rejected the resolution ; explaining this decision , President Lee Bollinger wrote that Columbia "should not change its investment policies on the basis of particular views about a complex policy issue, especially when there is no consensus across the University community about that issue" and that divestment questions would be resolved by the university’s Advisory Committee. In 2019, Brown University became the first Ivy league university whose student government passed a non-binding divestment resolution, with 69% of the students (representing 27.5% of the student body) voting in favor and 31% against. Brown rejected the resolution; explaining this decision, President Christina Paxson wrote: "Brown’s mission is to advance knowledge and understanding through research, analysis and debate. Its role is not to take sides on contested geopolitical issues." Nevertheless, on March 9, 2020, the university Advisory Committee on Corporate Responsibility in Investment Policies confirmed an official recommendation to Paxson and the Corporation, the university’s highest governing body, to divest from "any company that profits from the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land" and referred to the United Nations Human Rights Council’s list of possible criteria for divestment contained in a report on the List of companies operating in West Bank settlements. BDS opponents often focus on the supposed divisiveness debates about divestment resolutions cause. According to Nelson, the primary effect divestment resolutions have is the promotion of anti-Israel (and sometimes antisemitic) sentiment within student bodies, faculty, and academic departments. Some opponents argue that activists promoting divestment resolutions often cheat or operate clandestinely. They claim that resolutions are often sprung with minimal notice, giving the opposition no time to react, that activists bring outsiders to influence opinion or to vote on university resolutions even when this is unauthorized, and that activists change the text of resolutions once passed. Judea Pearl believes that to BDS supporters it is irrelevant whether a particular resolution passes or not because the real goal is to keep the debate alive and influence future policymakers to find fault with Israel. Israel Apartheid Week Groups affiliated with BDS hold events known as Israel Apartheid Week (IAW) in February or March each year. IAW began at the University of Toronto in 2006, but has since spread and in 2014 was held on 250 campuses worldwide. IAW aims to increase public awareness of the Palestinians' history and the racial discrimination they experience and to build support for BDS. IAW allows activists to frame the issue as one of racial oppression and discrimination rather than a "conflict" between two equal sides. According to BDS's opponents, IAW intends to link Israel to evils such as apartheid and racism. Academic boycott Universities have been primary targets of the BDS movement, according to English professor Cary Nelson, "because faculty and students can become passionate about justice, sometimes without adequate knowledge about the facts and consequences. ... [U]niversities also offer the potential for small numbers of BDS activists to leverage institutional status and reputation for a more significant cultural and political impact." BDS argues that there is a close connection between Israeli academic institutions and the Israeli state, including its military, and that an academic boycott is warranted. Modern weapon systems and military doctrines used by the Israeli military are developed at Israeli universities that also use a system of economic merit and scholarship to students who serve in the army. Like the BDS-led cultural boycott, the academic boycott targets Israeli institutions and not individual academics. The events and activities BDS encourages academics to avoid include academic events convened or co-sponsored by Israel, research and development activities that involve institutional cooperation agreements with Israeli universities, projects that receive funding from Israel or its lobby groups, addresses and talks by officials from Israeli academic institutions at international venues, study-abroad programmes in Israel for international students, and publishing in Israeli academic journals or serving on such journals' review boards. Reception Thousands of scholars, including the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, and a large number of academic and student associations have endorsed the academic boycott against Israel. Some of the U.S. endorsers are the American Studies Association (ASA), the American Anthropological Association, the Association for Asian American Studies, the Association for Humanist Sociology, the National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies, the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, the Middle East Studies Association, the National Women's Studies Association along with dozens of other student associations. In 2007, the American Jewish Committee ran an ad in The Times titled "Boycott Israeli universities? Boycott ours, too!" It was initially signed by 300 university presidents and denounced the academic boycott against Israel. It argued that an academic boycott would be "utterly antithetical to the fundamental values of the academy, where we will not hold intellectual exchange hostage to the political disagreements of the moment." Phil Gasper, writing for the International Socialist Review, argued that the ad grossly misrepresented the argument proponents of the boycott make and that its characterization of it as "political disagreements of the moment" was trivializing. In December 2013, ASA joined the boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Israel is the only nation the ASA has boycotted in the 52 years since its founding. Judea Pearl lambasted the ASA's endorsement of the boycott and wrote that it had a "non-academic character." Controversies In 2018, after previously agreeing to write a letter of recommendation for a student, associate professor John Cheney-Lippold at the University of Michigan declined to write it after discovering the student was planning to study in Israel. After critics called a letter to the student antisemitic, Cheney-Lippold said he supported BDS for human rights reasons and rejected antisemitism. Guidelines from PACBI say faculty "should not accept to write recommendations for students hoping to pursue studies in Israel". 58 civil rights, religious, and education advocacy organizations called on the university to sanction Cheney-Lippold. University officials ended the controversy by disciplining him and issuing a public statement that read in part, "Withholding letters of recommendation based on personal views does not meet our university’s expectations for supporting the academic aspirations of our students. Conduct that violates this expectation and harms students will not be tolerated and will be addressed with serious consequences. Such actions interfere with our students' opportunities, violate their academic freedom and betray our university's educational mission." Cultural boycott BDS believes that Israel uses culture as a form of propaganda to whitewash and justify its regime of occupation, settler-colonialism and apartheid over the Palestinian people. Therefore, it argues, Israel should be subjected to a cultural boycott like the one against apartheid-era South Africa. According to BDS, most, but not all, Israeli cultural institutions support "the hegemonic Zionist establishment" and are thus implicated in Israel's crimes and should be boycotted. BDS distinguishes between individuals and institutions. Unlike the cultural boycott against South Africa, BDS's cultural boycott does not target individuals. BDS supports the right to freedom of expression and rejects boycotts based on identity or opinion. Thus, Israeli cultural products are not per se subject to boycott. But if a person is representing Israel, aids its efforts to "rebrand" itself, or is commissioned by an official Israeli body, then their activities are subject to the institutional boycott BDS is calling for. BDS also argues for a boycott of "normalization projects", which it defines as The only Israeli-Palestinian projects that BDS favors are those in which the Israeli party recognizes the three rights enumerated in the "BDS Call" and that also emphasize resistance to oppression over coexistence. BDS strongly discourages "fig-leafing" by international culture workers—attempts to "compensate" for participating in Israeli events using "balancing gestures" that promote Palestinian rights. BDS argues that fig-leafing contributes to the false perception of symmetry between the colonial oppressor and the colonized. Reception The cultural boycott has been supported by thousands of artists around the world, such as musician Roger Waters and American author Alice Walker. In 2015, more than 1,000 British artists pledged their support for the boycott, drawing parallels to the one against South African apartheid: Many artists are not heeding BDS's call not to perform in Israel, arguing that: Performing in a country is not the same as supporting that country's regime; By performing in Israel, artists have a chance to tell the Israelis what they feel about their regime and that can help bring peace; By not performing in Israel, artists sever contacts with Israel's strongly pro-Palestinian cultural community, which risks hardening opposition to the Palestinian struggle among Israelis; BDS supporters like Roger Waters and Brian Eno who urge fellow artists not to perform in Israel are engaging in a form of bullying. Controversies The organizers of the weeklong Rototom Sunsplash music festival held in Spain in 2015 cancelled the scheduled appearance of Jewish American rapper Matisyahu after he refused to sign a statement supporting a Palestinian state. Matisyahu said that it was "appalling and offensive" that he was singled out as the "one publicly Jewish-American artist". After criticism from Spain's daily paper El País and the Spanish government as well as Jewish organisations, the organisers apologised to Matisyahu and reinvited him to perform, saying they "made a mistake, due to the boycott and the campaign of pressure, coercion and threats employed by the BDS País Valencià." BDS País Valencià denied that Matisyahu was targeted because he is Jewish, writing that they tried to get him cancelled because of his views on Israel. In particular, they noted that he had played at a fundraiser for the IDF and at a conference for AIPAC and had defended Israel's boarding of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla in international waters. Mark LeVine commented that it would hardly have been surprising if a festival had canceled a Palestinian-American rapper who professed support for Hamas. In 2017, a pro-Israel organisation brought charges against eight members of the BDS movement over their role in the 2015 action against Matisyahu. On January 11, 2021, the Valencia Appeals Court acquitted the BDS members of the charges. The court said that the action of the BDS members was "protected by freedom of expression and that their intention was not to discriminate against Matisyahu because he is Jewish but to protest Israel’s policies". In July 2019, after the Open Source Festival in Düsseldorf disinvited the American rapper Talib Kweli for refusing to denounce the BDS movement, 103 artists, including Peter Gabriel, Naomi Klein and Boots Riley, signed an open letter condemning Germany's attempts to impose restrictions on artists who support Palestinian rights. In 2019, the parliament of Germany issued a resolution that advocated against financing any project that called for a boycott of Israel on the grounds that the BDS movement was antisemitic. Twenty-five institutions, including the Goethe Institute, the Federal Cultural Foundation, the Berlin Deutsches Theater, the German Academic Exchange Service Artists Exchange, the Berliner Festspiele, and the Einstein Forum issued a joint statement in 2019, after intensive internal debates, that "accusations of antisemitism are being misused to push aside important voices and to distort critical positions". Writing in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Andreas Kilb said the signatories did not provide evidence of such "misuse". In 2022, more than 30 acts withdrew from the Sydney Festival to protest a $20,000 sponsorship agreement with the Israeli Embassy in Australia. Israel’s Deputy Ambassador to Australia Ron Gerstenfeld condemned the BDS movement's "antisemitic" and "aggressive campaign" against performers. Impact Economic In June 2015, a RAND Corporation study estimated that a successful BDS campaign against Israel, could cost the Israeli economy a cumulative $47 billion over ten years. The figure was based on a model that examined previous international boycotts; the report noted that making an assessment of BDS's economic effects is difficult because evidence of the effectiveness of sanctions is mixed. A leaked Israeli government report estimated a more modest $1.4 billion per year. Andrew Pessin and Doron Ben-Atar have argued that since Israel's gross domestic product nearly doubled between 2006 and 2015 and foreign investment in Israel tripled during the same period, BDS has not had a significant impact on Israel's economy. A 2015 Israeli Knesset report concluded that BDS had no discernible impact on Israel despite the vulnerability of its export-dependent economy to such a campaign, and that exports to Europe had doubled since the launch of the movement. Adam Reuter of the Israeli Reuter Meydan Investment House and founder of the financial risk management firm Financial Immunities has argued that boycotts of consumer goods are ineffective because 95% of Israel's exports are business-to-business. In 2018, Reuter wrote that a years-long study of the BDS movement's effects on the Israeli economy by Financial Immunities that began in 2010 calculated that the proportion of economic damage to Israel was 0.004%. As part of the study, managers of Israeli companies were questioned over how much economic damage they had sustained, with only 0.75% of companies reporting any identifiable economic damage. The rate of damage for all of them was less than 10% of their turnover, most of which took place during the 2014 Gaza War. A 2018 analysis by Dany Bahar and Natan Sachs estimated that BDS had far less potential to harm the Israeli economy than such a campaign did against South Africa, as Israeli exports are primarily of not easily replaceable goods, such as high-tech products, computer parts, advanced machinery, and pharmaceuticals, while apartheid-era South Africa's economy depended heavily on exports of easily replaceable goods such as minerals, metals, and agricultural products. In addition, many Israeli exports are of intermediate goods, meaning that they are used in the production of the final product elsewhere, and such exports are harder to boycott as they are not visible to the average consumer. Overall, they concluded that such a boycott of Israel would have a far worse effect on global consumers than the boycott of South Africa did since Israeli products are more difficult for consumers and firms to bypass than South African products were. According to Bahar and Sachs, "view a video of a BDS rally, and there’s a fair chance the footage was taken on a device that utilizes Israeli technology: The boycott is broken before it begins." They claimed that due to experience with the Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli economy is adept at dealing with boycotts, with some Israeli firms bypassing the Arab boycott through third-country intermediaries and the Israeli economy evolving towards sectors harder to boycott. They claimed that BDS could affect some economic sectors, such as tourism, agriculture, non-complex manufacturing, and services exports, and that cultural and academic boycotts could also have an impact, but the basic structure of Israel's overall trade is not threatened by a boycott. Nevertheless, two organizations divested from Israel in 2014: Luxembourg's state pension fund, FDC, excluded eight major Israeli firms, including Bank Hapoalim, Bank Leumi, AFI Group and the American firm Motorola Solutions as part of its socially responsible investments programme, and Norway's YMCA-YWCA announced that it would support a "broad economic boycott of goods and services from Israel and Israeli settlements." Non-economic According to Haaretz columnist and Brown University student Jared Samilow, BDS's most significant impact is the social cost it puts upon Jews living outside Israel. Reviewing four lists of achievements published by the BDS movement between July 2017 and December 2018, analyst Amin Prager concluded that, with some exceptions, the impact was limited but that BDS's greatest potential effect arises from its long-term aim to influence discourse about Israel's legitimacy and international standing. In November 2020, Haaretz columnist Anshel Pfeffer wrote that BDS was a total failure in economic terms and mainly served as a useful tool of the Israeli right. Citing the surge in foreign trade and relations Israel experienced since 2005, including the normalization agreements with Arab Gulf countries, Pfeffer called BDS "the most failed, overhyped and exaggerated campaign of the first two decades of the 21st century" and a "minor creed in the cultural and identity shadow wars on the Internet and a tiny handful of campuses in the west", writing that it "failed on every front with the minor exception of bullying a handful of singers and academics not to take part in concerts or conferences in Israel." He claimed that the Israeli right was eager to keep the spectre of the movement's threat alive to try to keep a siege mentality in place among the Israeli population. Efforts to counter BDS The Israel lobby considers BDS an "existential threat" to Israel and countering it is therefore highly prioritized. It has organized a counter-campaign to oppose BDS, relying on strategies of defamation, intimidation, and lawfare. Several groups have been created specifically to combat BDS. The Israel Action Network (IAN) was set up in 2010 by the Jewish Federations of North America and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs with a pledge of $6 million. In June 2015, pro-Israel megadonors Sheldon Adelson and Haim Saban held a meeting with representatives of 50 Jewish organizations, raising $50 million to fight BDS on U.S. campuses. The same year, the Maccabee Task Force was set up, led by David Brog, with the mission "to ensure that those who seek to delegitimize Israel and demonize the Jewish people are confronted, combatted and defeated". Creative Campaign for Peace says it supports and informs artists scheduled to play in Israel, claiming it just has to "give the facts". In academia One tactic the Israel lobby uses to silence activists in academia is blacklisting. This can cause students and untenured faculty, who worry about reprisals and negative publicity, to refrain from activism. The best-known blacklist is the anonymous website Canary Mission, which publishes photos and personal information about students and faculty who promote BDS. The website has threatened to send students' names to prospective employees. According to the Intercept, the website has made it harder for activists to organize activities because people worry that they will end up on it. Activists listed on the site have reported receiving death threats. Another blacklist was the now defunct outlawbds.com, operated by the Israeli private intelligence agency Psy-Group. It sent threatening emails to BDS activists in New York, warning them that they had been identified as "BDS promoter[s]." Many activists have attempted to defuse blacklisting's chilling effect by treating inclusion on blacklists as a badge of honor or by attempting to get themselves blacklisted. The operators of the blacklists often are anonymous. According to The Forward's investigation, the blacklist "SJP Uncovered" was funded by the Israel on Campus Coalition. According to Haaretz, the Canary Mission was funded by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco and the Jewish Community Foundation of Los Angeles, and operated by the Israeli nonprofit Megamot Shalom. Anti-BDS laws and resolutions In response to BDS, several legislatures have passed laws designed to hinder people and organizations from boycotting Israel and goods from Israeli settlements. Proponents of such laws say that they are necessary because BDS is a form of antisemitism. After passage of these laws, Dickinson, Texas, residents found they had to certify they would not boycott Israel in order to qualify for relief for damages caused by Hurricane Harvey; a math teacher in Kansas had to pledge not to boycott Israel as a condition for being paid her state salary; and an Arkansas newspaper was asked to sign an anti-boycott pledge in order to be paid for the advertising it ran for Arkansas State University. Opponents say that Israel and its supporters are engaging in lawfare and that anti-BDS laws infringe on the right to free speech. David Kaye, the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, has said that boycotts have long been regarded as a legitimate form of expression, that such legislation against BDS appears to "repress a particular political viewpoint" while failing international legal criteria for "permissible restraints on speech" insofar as these laws contradict Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a covenant to which the United States is a signatory. In the U.S., a large number of anti-BDS laws have been passed. As of 2020, 32 states have laws that prevent boycotts against Israel and a number of non-binding resolutions have been passed denouncing BDS. A majority of these have passed with strong bipartisan support. Two federal acts have been introduced, the 2017 Israel Anti-Boycott Act and the 2019 Combating BDS Act, both intended to deprive entities participating in boycotts of Israel of government contract work. In several states, these laws have been challenged on First Amendment grounds for violating citizens' freedom of speech. Supporters of anti-BDS statutes argue that boycotts are economic activity, not speech, and that laws prohibiting government contracts with groups that boycott Israel are similar to other anti-discrimination laws that have been upheld as constitutional under the Commerce Clause. Opponents, such as the ACLU, contend that the laws are not analogous to anti-discrimination legislation because they target only boycotts of Israel. Texas, Kansas, and Arizona have amended their anti-BDS laws in response to lawsuits. Israel has enacted two anti-BDS laws: one in 2011 that criminalizes calls to boycott Israel, and one in 2017 that prohibits foreigners who call for such boycotts from entering Israel or its settlements. In 2019, Israel caused some controversy by denying entry to two BDS-supporting U.S. Representatives, Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar. Israel's counter-measures From 2016 to 2019 Israel allocated over $100 million in funding to counter BDS, which it considers a strategic threat. In 2016 Israel's ambassador to the UN, Danny Danon, stated that Israel was in many countries "so that it will simply be illegal to boycott Israel." In 2020 it was revealed that an Israeli state-funded lobby group had been instrumental in pushing for anti-BDS laws in many U.S. states. In 2018 a new code of ethics was adopted for Israeli universities. The code prohibits faculty from calling for or participating in boycotts of Israel. In 2010, the Israeli think tank Reut Institute presented a paper, "The Delegitimization Challenge: Creating a Political Firewall," at the influential Herzliya Conference. It recommended enlisting intelligence agencies to attack and sabotage what it believed where international "hubs" of the movement in London, Madrid, Toronto, and other cities. In a related paper, the think tank called for pro-Israel advocates to "out, name and shame" Israel's critics and to "frame them...as anti-peace, anti-Semitic, or dishonest purveyors of double standards." In a leaked report from 2017, "The Assault On Israel's Legitimacy The Frustrating 20X Question: Why Is It Still Growing?", Reut recommended making a distinction between hardcore anti-Zionist "instigators" and the "long tail": people who are critical of Israel but do not seek its "elimination". The instigators should be "handled uncompromisingly, publicly or covertly", the report stated, but the long tail should be won over by persuasion, as a heavy-handed approach would risk driving them closer to the "anti-Israel camp." Ministry of Strategic Affairs In Israel, the counter-campaign is led by the Ministry of Strategic Affairs. In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the ministry would receive over 100 million shekels as well as ten employees to fight BDS. Some of the funds have been used to buy space in the Israeli press to promote its anti-BDS message. In June 2016, Haaretz reported that the ministry was going to establish a "dirty tricks" unit to "establish, hire or tempt nonprofit organizations or groups not associated with Israel, in order to disseminate" negative information about BDS supporters. The news came on the heels of a report that Israel's efforts to fight BDS had been ineffectual, in part because the responsibility had been transferred to the Strategic Affairs Ministry from the Foreign Ministry. "Despite receiving expanded authority in 2013 to run the government's campaign against the delegitimization and boycott efforts against Israel, the Strategic Affairs Ministry did not make full use of its budget and had no significant achievements in this area," Haaretz quotes the report as saying. "In 2015, it still did not carry out its work plans." In 2017, the cabinet allocated 128 million shekels over three years for a front company but it spent only 13 million with little to show by way of results. On 21 March 2017, Strategic Affairs Minister Gilad Erdan announced a plan to set up a database of Israeli citizens who support BDS. The database would be compiled using open sources such as Facebook and social media posts. Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit objected, saying that only the Israeli secret police, Shin Bet, has the authority to monitor citizens in that way. Arab Israeli Knesset member Ayman Odeh slammed the idea, saying the government was afraid of a nonviolent struggle against occupation. In 2019, the ministry announced that its economic campaign against BDS had shut down 30 financial accounts of BDS-promoting groups. In October 2020, +972 Magazine reported that the Ministry of Strategic Affairs paid The Jerusalem Post over NIS 100,000 in 2019 to publish a special supplement titled Unmasking BDS in order to delegitimise the BDS movement. The ministry was closed down in 2021 by the 36th government and merged into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Concert Concert operated as a joint venture with the now closed Ministry for Strategic Affairs but failed in its objective to promote public diplomacy of Israel. In January 2022, it was decided to restart Concert and allocate $31 million over four years with matching contributions sourced from civil organizations. Harassment of BDS activists The Israeli government has threatened and harassed BDS activists. In September 2009, Mohammed Othman was detained after returning from a trip to Norway where he discussed BDS with Norwegian officials. He was released after four months, after an international campaign in which Amnesty International threatened to declare him a prisoner of conscience. BNC member Jamal Juma was also detained for several weeks in 2009. No charges were leveled against either of them. In March 2016, Israeli minister Yisrael Katz stated that Israel should employ "targeted civil eliminations" against BDS leaders. The term alluded to the policy of targeted assassinations that Israel uses against members of Palestinian armed groups. Erdan called for BDS leaders to "pay the price" for their work. In response, Amnesty International issued a statement expressing its concern about the safety and liberty of Barghouti and other BDS activists. Barghouti has been the target of several travel bans and in 2019 the Israeli government announced that it was preparing to expel him. In July 2020, Israeli soldiers arrested Mahmoud Nawajaa, General Coordinator of BNC, in his home near Ramallah and detained him for 19 days. Brand Israel Israel has a terrible brand due to its long-running conflict with the Palestinians which, in combination with BDS activities, has led to the state increasingly being associated with apartheid and war crimes. The Israeli government therefore initiated "Brand Israel", a campaign to improve Israel's image by showing its "prettier face", downplaying religion, and avoiding discussing the conflict with the Palestinians. Brand Israel promotes Israeli culture abroad and also seeks to influence "opinion-formers" by inviting them on free trips to Israel. BDS attempts to counter the campaign by urging people not to participate in its activities. For example, in 2016 the Israeli government offered 26 Oscars-nominated celebrities 10-day free trips to Israel worth at least $15,000 to $18,000 per person. BDS activists took out an ad reading "#SkipTheTrip. Don’t endorse Israeli apartheid" and urged the celebrities not to go. According to Catherine Rottenberg, they were successful and not a single celebrity went on the free trip. Effectiveness BDS considers the Israeli government's designation of the movement as a "strategic threat" proof of its success. Barghouti believes that the only effect Israel's heavy-handed measures will have is to speed the end of Israel's occupation and apartheid policies, and that its attempt to crush BDS will fail. He argues that BDS has dragged Israel into a "battlefield" over human rights, where its massive arsenal of intimidation, smears, threats, and bullying is rendered as ineffective as its nuclear weapons. Israel's extremism and its willingness to sacrifice its last masks of "democracy" will only help BDS grow, he argues. Hitchcock speculates that many counter-measures might backfire, especially if they are seen as infringing on the right to free speech. As an example, she gives Trump's 2019 order to federal agencies to use a definition of antisemitism that includes speech critical of Israel when investigating certain types of discrimination complaints. Critics contended that the intent was to crack down on pro-BDS campus activism, and their critique found its way into mainstream periodicals like The New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. Liam Hoare argues that the countermeasures have already backfired, that BDS is unpalatable to the masses and that the Israeli government's heavy-handedness keeps it alive. Palestinian reactions BDS enjoys overwhelming support among Palestinians living in the occupied Palestinian territories. In a poll from 2015, 86% supported the boycott campaign and 64% believed that boycotting would help end the occupation. The number of Palestinian civil society organizations that support BDS has been rising steadily since its inception in 2005. Some of the Palestinian NGOs supporting BDS are umbrella organizations, such as the Palestinian NGOs Network, which has 135 members as of 2020. According to Melanie Meinzer, many Palestinian NGOs refrain from endorsing BDS because their dependence on donors constrain their politics. According to Finkelstein, BDS is exaggerating its level of support and many Palestinian NGOs endorsing it are small, one-person NGOs. Palestinian trade unions have been very supportive of BDS; the 290,000-member Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions was one of the original signatories of the BDS Call. In 2011, the Palestinian Trade Union Coalition for BDS was created with the objective of promoting BDS among trade unions internally. Leading voices in the Palestinian diaspora, such as Ali Abunimah, Joseph Massad, and Linda Sarsour have thrown their weight behind BDS, as have several Palestinian members of the Israeli parliament, including Haneen Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka. The Palestinian leadership's position on BDS is ambivalent. President Mahmoud Abbas does not support a general boycott against Israel and has said that the Palestinians don't either. Barghouti has disputed Abbas's statement, saying that "[t]here is no Palestinian political party, trade union, NGO network or mass organization that does not strongly support BDS. Abbas does, however, support a boycott of goods produced in Israeli settlements, and the Palestinian Authority has at times used boycotts to gain leverage on Israel. For example, in 2015, it imposed a boycott on six major Israeli food manufacturers to retaliate against Israel withholding Palestinian tax funds. The second-highest authority of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Palestinian Central Council, has meanwhile announced its intention to: A handful of Palestinian scholars have opposed the academic boycott of Israel. Examples include former Al-Quds University president Sari Nusseibeh, who acknowledges that his view is the minority viewpoint among his colleagues. Some Palestinian academics have criticized Nusseibeh's collaboration with Hebrew University, seeing it as a form of normalization. Matthew Kalman speculated in The New York Times that opposition to boycott is more widespread among Palestinian academics but that they are afraid to speak out. Palestinian-Israeli video blogger Nas Daily has expressed opposition to boycotts of Israel. BDS has in turn denounced him for engaging in normalization. Support South African support BDS has received support from South African organizations and public figures that were involved in the struggle against apartheid. Such support is symbolically important for BDS as it tries to position itself as the spiritual successor of the anti-apartheid movement. The South African archbishop Desmond Tutu (1931–2021), known for his anti-apartheid and human rights activism, endorsed BDS during his lifetime. He came to this conclusion after visiting the Palestinian territories, comparing the conditions there to conditions in apartheid-era South Africa, and suggesting that Palestinian goals should be achieved by the same means used in South Africa. Foxman has criticized Tutu's statements, claiming they convey "bigotry against the Jewish homeland and the Jewish people." In 2012, the South African African National Congress (ANC) party gave BDS its blessing, stating, "the Palestinians are the victims and the oppressed in the conflict with Israel." The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) also supports BDS, fully endorsing it in July 2011. During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, COSATU vowed to "intensify" its support for BDS, picketing Woolworths for stocking Israeli goods. Political The membership of the Green Party of Canada voted to endorse BDS in 2016, despite strong objections from the party's leader, Elizabeth May, who threatened to resign. In June 2018 the Socialist International declared its support for BDS. Some political parties have supported BDS, such as Australia's NSW Greens and Canada's Québec solidaire. On 7 February 2019, Copenhagen mayor of technical and environmental affairs Ninna Hedeager Olsen of the Danish party Enhedslisten gave three BDS activists known as the Humboldt 3 an award for their work "to reveal the Apartheid-like nature of the Israeli regime and its systematic violation of international law." In 2017, the Munich city council barred public funding or space for BDS supporters. This position was challenged in court and a lower court's ruling was overturned on appeal in 2020. In January 2022 a German federal court denied the council's appeal, stating that German law "guarantees everyone the right to freely express and disseminate their opinion." Trade unions In April 2014, the UK's National Union of Teachers, the EU's largest teacher's union, passed a resolution backing boycotts against Israel. In July of that year, the UK's Unite the Union voted to join BDS. In December, 2014 UAW Local 2865, a local chapter of the United Auto Workers union representing over 14,000 workers at the University of California, adopted a resolution in support of BDS with 65 percent of the vote in favor. It became the first major U.S. labor union to endorse BDS. A year after the vote, the UAW International Executive Board (IEB) informed UAW Local 2865 that it had nullified the vote. The opposition to the BDS resolution came from a small pro-Israel group known as the Informed Grads, represented by the global law firm Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher. IEB said that the endorsement of the boycott would interfere with the "flow of commerce to and from earmarked companies." UAW 2865's BDS Caucus repudiated the IEB's argument, saying that the IEB cared more about the "flow of commerce" than solidarity with Palestinian labor unions. The IEB further alleged that the resolution was antisemitic; the BDS Caucus called the allegation "the same baseless accusations of anti-Semitism frequently attributed to anyone who is critical of Israel." In April 2015, the Confédération des syndicats nationaux, Quebec, Canada, representing 325,000 in nearly 2,000 unions, voted to join the campaign for BDS and support a military embargo against Israel. On 11 September 2019, the British Trades Union Congress passed a motion titled "Palestine: supporting rights to self-determination", called for the prioritization of "Palestinians' rights to justice and equality, including by applying these principles based on international law to all UK trade with Israel", and declared its opposition to "any proposed solution for Palestinians, including Trump’s 'deal', not based on international law recognising their collective rights to self-determination and to return to their homes". Opposition Political Former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar said that BDS applies a double standard to Israel and that it is therefore antisemitic. In his view, BDS wants to "empty" Israel of Jews. In 2016, Israel's President Reuven Rivlin compared boycotts to violence and incitement. He asserted that boycotts only divide people, that BDS delegitimizes Israel, and that some parts of the movement seek Israel's destruction. Political parties that oppose BDS include the Liberal Party of Australia and both major U.S. political parties. A common reason given for opposing BDS is that it attacks Israel's legitimacy and fosters antisemitism. In May 2017, the Berlin branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany passed a resolution condemning BDS as antisemitic. In 2017 all 50 U.S. state governors and the mayor of Washington, D.C., signed on to "Governors United Against BDS", an initiative sponsored by the American Jewish Committee that condemns BDS as "antithetical to our values and the values of our respective states" and emphasizes "our support for Israel as a vital U.S. ally, important economic partner and champion of freedom." On 17 May 2017, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu encouraged Danish minister of foreign affairs Anders Samuelsen to stop funding Palestinian organizations supporting the BDS movement. Two days later, the Danish ministry of foreign affairs began an investigation of the 24 organizations in Israel and Palestine that Denmark supports. On 24 May Netanyahu called Danish PM Lars Løkke Rasmussen to complain about Denmark's funding activities in the area. In December 2017, the Danish ministry of foreign affairs announced that Denmark would fund fewer organizations and that the conditions for obtaining Danish funds needed to be "stricter and clearer". Michael Aastrup Jensen, spokesman of foreign affairs for Venstre, said, "Israel has objected emphatically. And it is a problem that Israel sees it as a problem, so now we clear up the situation and change our support". In a response to Ireland's progressing of the Control of Economic Activity (Occupied Territories) Bill 2018, Netanyahu issued a press release condemning the bill as an attempt to support BDS and to "harm the State of Israel". According to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Irish ambassador said that the Irish government opposes BDS. Former and current British Prime Ministers Tony Blair, David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson have all opposed or condemned boycotts of Israel. Other Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt has argued that if the boycott of Israel were the main goal, then we "would all have to give up our iPhones" because a lot of technology is created in Israel. According to Lipstadt, BDS's objective is to make anything coming out of Israel seem toxic but it is not the case that "any kid who supports B.D.S. is ipso facto an anti-Semite". The Arab Council for Regional Integration, a group of 32 Arab intellectuals, repudiated BDS at a London conference in November 2019. It said that BDS has cost the Arab nations billions in trade, "undercut Palestinian efforts to build institutions for a future state, and torn at the Arab social fabric, as rival ethnic, religious and national leaders increasingly apply tactics that were first tested against Israel." At the council, Kuwaiti information minister Sami Abdul-Latif Al-Nisf spoke about the opportunity costs to Palestinians, saying that outsize focus on BDS draws money and attention away from investment in Palestinian professionals such as doctors and engineers. Jewish identity and BDS Jewish activists have often played central roles in BDS campaigns, something Barghouti argues refutes the antisemitism allegation against the movement. Maia Hallward attributes BDS's Jewish support to two factors: the long history of social justice activism among Jews and the desire among activists to defuse allegations of antisemitism. Sina Arnold calls it a "form of strategic essentialism," where Jewish activists make themselves visible or are made visible by others. Philip Mendes distinguishes those Jews who recognize Palestinian rights and support Jewish-Arab dialogue from those "unrepresentative token Jews" whom BDS use as an alibi. David Hirsh has written, "Jews too can make anti-Semitic claims ... and play an important, if unwitting, part in preparing the ground for the future emergence of anti-Semitic movement." Noa Tishby wrote, "As Judaism always takes sides with human rights and encourages dissent, I am all for speaking against the Israeli government's policies when you don't like them. But when [Jewish university] students ... cry in support of BDS, I'm not sure what the goal really is, and I am pretty sure they don't know either." The ADL has written that Jewish Voice for Peace "uses its Jewish identity to shield the anti-Israel movement from allegations of anti-Semitism and provide a greater degree of credibility to the anti-Israel movement". JVP replies that its activism is grounded in Jewish values and traditions. Judith Butler sees her BDS activism as "affirming a different Jewishness than the one in whose name the Israeli state claims to speak." Jewish BDS activists have had their Jewish credentials questioned by other Jews and some have reported being called "self-hating Jews", "Nazis", or "traitors". The influential rabbi David Wolpe has said that Jewish BDS supporters should be shunned: Arnold believes that the polarization signals a shift among young progressive American Jews who identify with Israel less strongly than older generations. Almost one quarter of American Jews under 40 support boycotting Israeli products, according to a J Street poll in 2020. After a November 2021 visit to Washington, Israeli Interior Minister Ayelet Shaked expressed concern that young Jewish American college applicants and students have been reluctant to show support for Israel and that the BDS campaigns on campus are to blame. Criticism According to the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies, by depicting Israel as a racist, fascist, totalitarian, and apartheid state, BDS engages in defamation and demonization of Israel. They state that boycotting Israeli targets, regardless of their position or connection to the Israel-Palestinian conflict is incitement. In a 2009 opinion column for The Jerusalem Post, Gil Troy argued that BDS targets not Israel's policies but its legitimacy. In 2007, The Economist called the boycott "flimsy" and ineffective, noted that "blaming Israel alone for the impasse in the occupied territories will continue to strike many outsiders as unfair," and pointed out that the Palestinian leadership did not support the boycott. By early 2014, however, they noted that the campaign, "[o]nce derided as the scheming of crackpots", was "turning mainstream" in the eyes of many Israelis. According to Alan Dershowitz, BDS disincentivizes Palestinians from negotiating with Israel. The ADL similarly argues that BDS ignores the Israeli government's willingness to negotiate with the Palestinians and instead favors delegitimization tactics. According to Noa Tishby, BDS's official website is riddled with cherry-picked misinformation about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. For example, the website claims, "Israel deliberately attacked Palestinian ... civilian infrastructure", but does not contextualize the claim with Hamas's use of human shields in the Gaza Strip. According to Tishby, reticence about Hamas activities against Israel, radical ideology, and oppression of Palestinians is a pattern on the BDS website. According to Creative Community for Peace, some performers feel harassed or even physically threatened by BDS groups. BDS hurts Palestinians economically BDS's opponents argue that it is good for Palestinians in the West Bank that Israeli companies operate there. They say that they offer employment with higher wages than Palestinian employers and that the employees do not feel exploited. It is therefore counterproductive to boycott companies operating in the settlements, they argue. BDS supporters say that many Palestinian workers in settlements earn less than the Israeli minimum wage, that their salaries are often withheld, their social rights denied, and that they are often exposed to danger in the workplace. To work in settlements, Palestinians must obtain work permits from the Israeli Civil Administration. The permits can be annulled at any time—for example, if the workers try to unionize or engage in any kind of political activity. BDS supporters further argue that, regardless of the economic costs, the boycott against Israel enjoys overwhelming support among Palestinians. Dershowitz and IAN point to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's support of a boycott specific to Israeli businesses that operate in Israeli settlements in the Palestinian Territories over a general boycott of Israel as evidence that BDS is not in the Palestinians' favor. Dershowitz added, "The BDS movement is immoral because it would hurt the wrong people", such as Palestinians employees of the firms affected by BDS or patients awaiting medicine made by those firms. Similarly, Cary Nelson wrote, "BDS actually offers nothing to the Palestinian people, whom it claims to champion. Perhaps that is the single most cruel and deceptive feature of the BDS movement. Its message of hate is a route to war, not peace." Connections to terrorism Some of BDS's opponents have stated that it has ties to militant organizations. Jonathan Schanzer of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies has argued that there are links between BDS and American supporters of Hamas. In a 2016 congressional hearing, he said that some leaders of organizations that had been "designated, shut down, or held civilly liable for providing material support to the terrorist organization Hamas" appeared to have "pivoted to leadership positions within the American BDS campaign." A 2018 report by the Israeli Strategic Affairs Ministry accused the EU of having given 5 million euros to organizations that "promote anti-Israel delegitimization and boycotts". The report was sharply rebuked by EU officials such as foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, who called the accusations "vague and unsubstantiated" and said they conflated "terrorism with the boycott issue." A February 2019 report by the Ministry, Terrorists in Suits, claimed that BDS is a "complementary track to terrorism" and that Hamas and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) members had infiltrated organizations affiliated with BDS to advance "the elimination of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people". As examples of such infiltration the report listed Rasmea Odeh, a former member of PFLP who was involved in a bombing in Jerusalem in 1969 and had participated in meetings organized by JVP and SJP, and Leila Khaled, also a former PFLP member who hijacked a plane in 1969 and attempted to hijack one in 1970 and is a well-known figure in BDS. BDS dismissed the report as "wildly fabricated and recycled propaganda" from "the far-right Israeli government". Both the Ministry's reports were cited by an Amnesty report from 2019 as examples of Israel's efforts to delegitimize Israeli and Palestinian human rights defenders and organizations. Allegations of antisemitism There is no agreement on whether BDS is antisemitic. The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC), Israeli politicians, and others have called BDS antisemitic. In 2019, the German Parliament voted to declare that BDS is antisemitic and cut off funding to any organizations that actively support it. The measure read in part, "The argumentation patterns and methods used by the BDS movement are anti-Semitic." In passing the bill, some lawmakers said some BDS slogans were reminiscent of Nazi propaganda. The Anti-Defamation League has described many of BDS's goals and strategies as antisemitic. According to Ira M. Sheskin of the University of Miami and Ethan Felson of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, BDS efforts have at times targeted Jewish people who have little or nothing to do with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. They argue that BDS causes Jews to be blamed for the supposed sins of other Jews. The AMCHA Initiative stated that there is a "strong correlation" between BDS support and antisemitism on U.S. campuses. In September 2019, European Jewish Association founder Menachem Margolin asserted that BDS was "responsible for the vast majority of physical attacks and social media hatred against Jews in Europe." The Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism was released by a group of over 200 scholars on 25 March 2021. It states boycotting Israel is not in and of itself antisemitic. The lead drafters are antisemitism scholars in the United States, Israel, Germany and Britain. A separate statement a week earlier by a liberal group of Jewish scholars said that "double standards applied to Israel were not necessarily anti-Semitic." Allegations that it targets Jews Some opponents argue that there are similarities between BDS and historical boycotts against Jews. For example, in May 2019, the German Bundestag passed a resolution stating that BDS was "reminiscent of the most terrible chapter in German history" and that it triggered memories of the Nazi slogan "Don't buy from Jews." Supporters argue that BDS does not target Jews because boycott targets are selected based on their complicity in Israel's human rights violations, potential for cross-movement solidarity, media appeal, and likelihood of success, not on their national origin or religious identity. According to Barghouti, the majority of companies targeted are non-Israeli foreign companies that operate in Israel and Palestine. Israeli Holocaust historian Daniel Blatman, though a BDS opponent, argues that BDS's calls for boycotts of Israel and historical boycotts against Jews have nothing in common. Singling out Israel Critics argue that BDS employs a "double standard" and "singles out" Israel. In their view, it is a form of antisemitism to campaign against Israeli human rights violations when other governments engage in similar or more repressive actions. Marc Greendorfer believes that BDS "applies a unique standard [to Israel] not applied to any other country." BDS supporters reply that by that logic any movement focusing on a single country's human rights violations would be racist; the Anti-Apartheid Movement singled out South Africa while ignoring human rights violations in other African countries and the U.S. sanctions against Iran affect only Iran and not other countries committing similar human rights violations. Barghouti states that BDS focuses on Israeli oppression because it affects the Palestinians and BDS is a Palestinian movement. He rhetorically asks: "If you suffer from the flu and seek medication from it, is it misguided to do so when there are worse diseases out there? Well, the flu is the disease that is afflicting you!" He and other BDS supporters argue that it is the Western world—not BDS—that has a double standard, by not holding Israel accountable for its human rights violations. Jacobs and Soske state that boycotts, divestment, and sanctions is a strategy that doesn't make sense against all regimes worthy of opprobrium. Pol Pot's regime, Boko Haram, and ISIS would be unlikely to respond to the strategy, but the Israeli regime might, they argue. Conflating antisemitism with anti-Zionism BDS supporters frequently allege that accusations of antisemitism against them are deliberately or mistakenly conflating anti-Zionism or criticism of Israel with antisemitism. In 2018, for example, 41 left-wing Jewish groups wrote that BDS was not antisemitic and that it was important to distinguish between antisemitism and criticism of Israel. Jay Michaelson wrote that accusing BDS of antisemitism "cheapens the meaning of the term 'anti-Semitism' itself". Butler argues that if BDS is antisemitic, then human rights, which she believes BDS advocates, are also antisemitic. She argues that calling BDS antisemitic is a "lamentable stereotype" about Jews since it assumes that all Jews are politically committed to Israel. Barghouti similarly argues that criticizing BDS as an attack on Jews is "a patently racist assumption" since it assumes that all Jews per se are somehow responsible for Israeli crimes. Human Rights Watch's Wenzel Michalski has said that it is indisputable that some antisemites use the term "Israel" or "Zionist" in place of "Jews", and that this needs to be "called out". At the same time, he adds that presenting boycotts of Israel as antisemitic is misplaced, a flawed way to counter antisemitism. Anti-boycott legislation is, in this view, tantamount to punishing companies that follow their international legal responsibilities by complying with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights that required them to stop operating in settlements. See also Arab League boycott of Israel Criticism of the Israeli government Disinvestment from Israel List of boycotts Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Notes and references Notes Citations Bibliography Books Journal articles Other External links BDS movement, official website. Palestinian Civil Society Call for BDS, 9 July 2005. BDS movement. Opinion Caught in the crossfire: Should musicians boycott Israel?, 27 February 2012. Jello Biafra. Al Jazeera. Is BDS campaign working?, 31 August 2011. Jiulio Meotti. Ynetnews. Boycott Divestment Sanctions (BDS) Against Israel: An Anti-Semitic, Anti-Peace Poison Pill, March 2013. Harold Brackman. Simon Wiesenthal Center. Delegitimation of Israel and Israel Attachments Among Jewish Young Adults: The College Campus and Other Contributing Factors. Sylvia Barack Fishman. The Jewish People Policy Institute. Debate between Barghouti and Rabbi Arthur Waskow, 4 March 2010. Democracy Now! Boycotts, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) Resource Page, 23 April 2014. NGO Monitor.` Anti-Zionism Boycotts of Israel Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Organizations established in 2005 2005 introductions

38688181

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20Made%20the%20Potatoe%20Salad%3F

Who Made the Potatoe Salad?

Who Made the Potatoe Salad? is a 2006 romantic comedy film directed by Damon Daniels and starring Jaleel White and Jennia Frederique. Premise Michael, A San Diego policeman, travels to Los Angeles for Thanksgiving with his fiancée, Ashley (played by Jennia Fredrique), to meet her dysfunctional family and announce their engagement. Cast Jaleel White as Michael Jennia Fredrique as Ashley Jenkins Clifton Powell as Mr. Jenkins Ella Joyce as Mrs. Jenkins DeRay Davis as June Bug Mark Chalant Phifer as Ray Ray Daphne Bloomer as Mookie Terrance Thomas as Lil Ray Reynaldo Rey as Mr. Brown Bebe Drake as Mrs. Brown Eddie Griffin as Malik Tommy Lister as Monster Star Terranova as a ghost References External links 2006 films 2006 romantic comedy films Films about dysfunctional families Films set in Los Angeles Thanksgiving in films Films set in San Diego

38746240

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Mackey

Craig Mackey

Sir Craig Thomas Mackey, (born 26 August 1962) is a former British police officer who served as Deputy Commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police Service from 2012 until his retirement in 2018. He previously held senior roles as Chief Constable of Cumbria Constabulary, in addition to chief officer posts in Wiltshire Constabulary, Gloucestershire Constabulary, and a specialist staff officer role in Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC). Early life and education Mackey was born on 26 August 1962 in Ibadan, Nigeria. Having studied with the Open University, he has a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree and postgraduate diplomas in economics and criminal justice. Police career Mackey joined Wiltshire Constabulary in 1984. In 2001, he transferred to Gloucestershire Constabulary to become its Assistant Chief Constable - he later went on to be its Deputy Chief Constable. In September 2007, Mackey joined Cumbria Constabulary as its Chief Constable, a post he remained in until his appointment as the Metropolitan Police Deputy Commissioner in 2012. Mackey served as the Acting Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police between 22 February and 10 April 2017. On 22 March 2017, while acting as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Mackey was on a routine visit to the Palace of Westminster. He was there during the 2017 Westminster attack and was described as a "significant witness". As a result of this, it was claimed he could not issue any public statements, including any responses to negative commentary regarding his conduct. Much of that negative commentary compared Mackey’s actions unfavourably with those of the armed protection officer who shot Khalid Masood (the attacker) dead. Gaby Hinsliff in The Guardian wrote: “A Met chief stayed in his car during an attack. That’s not leadership.” Her article stated that “………. what apparently most enrages those officers now condemning Mackey is a sense that their own leaders wouldn’t do what is asked of them every day, and that perhaps speaks to a more deep-rooted sense of betrayal going back years. It’s horribly unfair to call Craig Mackey a coward, particularly from the safety of civilian armchairs. He made what was in all probability the cowardly decision. But it does not, somehow, look like the decision of a leader. In fact it stinks of the 'do as I say, not as I do' double standards of today's politically sensitive police service management.” Subsequently, at the inquest into the death of Masood, the chief coroner of England and Wales, Mark Lucraft QC, described Mackey’s actions as “sensible and proper and intended to protect others in the car”. Lucraft said Mackey did not flee the scene. “You may well think that it was important for the most senior police officer in the country to be at New Scotland Yard, where he could take command and control of what, at that time, could potentially have been part of a much larger attack.” Mackey retired from the police service in December 2018. On 5 October 2018, Sir Stephen House was announced by the Government as Sir Craig's successor as Deputy Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service. Honours Mackey was awarded the Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service in the 2009 New Year Honours and appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to Policing. 100px100px References Living people Deputy Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis Recipients of the Queen's Police Medal British Merchant Navy personnel British Chief Constables People from Cumbria 1962 births Alumni of the Open University

38777001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Labor%20Party%20of%20America

Socialist Labor Party of America

The Socialist Labor Party (SLP) is the first socialist political party in the United States, established in 1876. Originally known as the Workingmen's Party of the United States, the party changed its name in 1877 to Socialistic Labor Party and again sometime in the late 1880s to Socialist Labor Party. The party was additionally known in some states as the Industrial Party or Industrial Government Party. In 1890, the SLP came under the influence of Daniel De Leon, who used his role as editor of The Weekly People, the SLP's English-language official organ, to expand the party's popularity beyond its then largely German-speaking membership. Despite his accomplishments, De Leon was a polarizing figure among the SLP's membership. In 1899, his opponents left the SLP and merged with the Social Democratic Party of America to form the Socialist Party of America. After his death in 1914, De Leon was followed as national secretary by Arnold Petersen. Critical of both the Soviet Union and the reformism of the Socialist Party of America, the SLP became increasingly isolated from the majority of the American Left. Its support increased in the late 1940s, but declined again in the 1950s, when Eric Hass became influential in the party. The SLP experienced another increase in support in the late 1960s, but again subsequently declined with the party last nominating a candidate for president in 1976. In 2008 the party closed its national office and the party's newspaper The People ceased publications in 2011, though the party is still active. The party advocates "socialist industrial unionism", the belief in a fundamental transformation of society through the combined political and industrial action of the working class organized in industrial unions. Organizational history Forerunners and origins In 1872, the International, a European-based international organization for a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations, moved its headquarters to New York City. It was in a weakened and disorganized state, having recently suffered a bitter internal struggle between Marxists, who supported trade union organization as preliminary to workers' revolution and anarchists, led by Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated the immediate revolutionary overthrow of organized government. In 1874, the members of the American-based International, led by cigarmaker Adolph Strasser and carpenter Peter J. McGuire joined forces with socialists from Newark and Philadelphia to form the ephemeral Social-Democratic Party of North America, the first Marxist political party in the United States. Despite these organizational efforts, the socialist movement in America remained deeply divided over tactics. German immigrants preferred the parliamentary approach employed by Ferdinand Lassalle and the fledgling Social Democratic Party of Germany while longer-term residents of America usually supported a trade union orientation. In April 1876, a preliminary conference took place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bringing together representatives of the union-oriented "Internationalists" and the electorally oriented "Lassalleans". The gathering agreed to issue a call for a Unity Congress to be held in July to establish a new political party. On Saturday, July 15, 1876, delegates from the remaining American sections of the First International gathered in Philadelphia and disbanded that organization. The following Wednesday, July 19, the planned Unity Congress was convened, attended by seven delegates claiming to represent a membership of 3,000 in four organizations: the trade union-oriented Marxists of the now-disbanded International, and three Lassallean groups—the Workingmen's Party of Illinois, the Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati and the Social-Democratic Party of North America. The organization formed by this Unity Convention was known as the Workingmen's Party of the United States (WPUS), and the native English-speaking Philip Van Patten was elected as the party's first "Corresponding Secretary", the official in charge of the day-to-day operations of the party. A number of socialist newspapers also emerged around this time, all privately owned, including Paul Grottkau's Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung, Joseph Brucker's Milwaukee Socialist and an English-language weekly also published in Milwaukee called The Emancipator. German émigrés dominated the organization, although in Chicago Albert Parsons and G.A. Schilling maintained an active English-speaking section. In 1877, the Workingmen's Party met at Newark, New Jersey in a convention which changed the name of the organization to the Socialist Labor Party (generally rendered in English throughout the 1880s as "Socialistic Labor Party", a more stilted rendition of the German name of the group, Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Partei). The SLP achieved its most notable electoral success in Chicago, where in 1878–1879, its candidates won slots for a state senator, three state representatives and four city aldermen. In the 1879 Chicago mayoral election, the party's nominee received more than 20% of the vote. There was an upsurge of support for the new organization, reflected in the proliferation of the socialist press. Between 1876 and 1877, no fewer than 24 newspapers were established which either directly or indirectly supported the SLP. Eight of these were English-language publications, including one daily, while 14 were in German, including seven dailies. Two more papers were published in Czech and Swedish, respectively. Just two years later, in the wake of an economic crisis, not one of the privately owned English newspapers had survived. In 1878, the party established its own English-language paper, The National Socialist, but managed to keep the publication alive only one year. The year 1878 saw the establishment of a more enduring newspaper: the German-language New Yorker Volkszeitung (New York People's News). The Volkszeitung included material by the best and the brightest of the German-American socialist movement, including Alexander Jonas, Adolph Douai, and Sergei Shevitch and Herman Schlüter; and quickly emerged as the leading voice of the SLP during the last decades of the 19th century. About this same time, the American anarchist movement gained strength, fueled by the economic crisis and strike wave of 1877. As socialist Frederic Heath recounted in 1900: The line between Anarchism and Socialism was not at this time sharply drawn in the Socialist organizations, in spite of the fact of their being opposites. Both being critics and denouncers of the present system, however, they were able to work together. As a result of the brutalities of the militia and regulars in the railway strikes of 1877, a new plan was devised by the Chicago agitators. This found expression in the Lehr und Wehr Verein (teaching and defense society), an armed and drilled body of workmen pledged to protect the workers against the militia in a strike. ... The arms-bearing tactics were opposed by the Executive Committee of the SLP, the Secretary of which was Philip van Patten. A fight ensued between the Verbote, which was the weekly edition of the Arbeiter Zeitung, of Chicago, and the Labor Bulletin, the official party organ which Patten edited. The SLP suffered its first split in 1878. Members who were displeased with the exclusively political actionist turn of the party who wanted the group to focus more on organizing workers formed the International Labor Union. Members were not barred from belonging to both, but there was still some animosity between the two organizations. Amidst economic crisis and factional squabbling, membership in the SLP plummeted. As the 1870s drew to a close, the Socialistic Labor Party could count about 2,600 members—with at least one estimate substantially lower. In the 1880s The years 1880 and 1881 saw a new influx of political refugees from Germany, activists in the socialist movement fleeing the crackdown on radicalism launched with the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878. This influx of new German members, coming during a time of low ebb of the English-speaking membership, extended Germanic influence in the SLP. Excluded from the voting booth by their lack of citizenship status, many of the newcomers had little use for electoral politics. An SLP German militia sued on Second Amendment grounds to keep and bear arms in Chicago parades. However, the Supreme Court ruled against them in Presser v. Illinois. The anarchist movement expanded rapidly with the debate over tactics between the electorally-oriented socialists and the direct action-oriented anarchists becoming ever more bitter. The 1881 SLP Convention in New York saw some of the party's anarchist members and one New York section split from the party to form a new party called the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party as part of an International Workingmen's Association. The official organ of this short-lived splinter group was a newspaper called The Anarchist. In 1882, Johann Most, a former German Social Democrat turned Anarchist firebrand, came to the United States, further fueling the growth and militancy of the American anarchist movement. The SLP further divided the next year when Marxist Paul Grottkau was forced by the anarchists to resign as editor of the Chicago daily, the Arbeiter Zeitung. In his place August Spies was installed, a man later executed as part of the anti-anarchist repression which followed the Haymarket affair of May 1886. After a brief honeymoon period in the late 1870s had run its course, the SLP saw the departure of most of its English-speaking members. The party's English-language organ, Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement, appeared monthly from Detroit in the shadow of the powerful Chicago German-language radical press until it was finally discontinued altogether at the end of 1883. The party was so thoroughly German that it published the stenographic proceedings of its 1884 and 1885 National Conventions only in that language. From 1885, the official organ of the party was a German-language weekly, Der Sozialist. No English-language SLP organ existed from the demise of the Bulletin in 1883 to the establishment of the Workingmen's Advocate in 1886. The party's membership situation was so dismal that the English-speaking Corresponding Secretary of the organization, Philip Van Patten, left a suicide note in April 1883 and mysteriously disappeared. He later surfaced as a government employee, a socialist oppositionist no more. Membership in the organization atrophied to just 1,500 by 1883. What growth there was among the American radical movement was experienced by the rival anarchist organization, the International Working People's Association (IWPA), also sometimes referred to as the International Workingmen's Association. A split between the electorally oriented SLP and the revolution-minded IWPA, which took with it a good portion of the SLP's left-wing, including such prominent leaders as the English-speaking orator Albert Parsons and the German-speaking newspaper editor August Spies, began to develop early in the 1880s, with the split formalized by 1883, a year in which the SLP and the IWPA held competing conventions in Baltimore and Pittsburgh, respectively. At its December 1883 Baltimore Convention, the SLP made a vain effort at reestablishing organizational unity with the IWPA, adopting a particularly radical "proclamation" in the name of the party and eliminating the position of National Secretary to allow the form of decentralization favored by the anarchists. The issue of violence proved an insurmountable barrier to unity between the SLP and the anarchist movement and as Paul Grottkau, Alexander Jonas and their co-thinkers began to again forcefully espouse the Marxist point of view in 1884, the SLP began to rebound. In March 1884, the SLP consisted of 30 sections and two years later it had doubled. Three new privately owned English-language newspapers were briefly established, although none could achieve the critical mass of subscribers and advertising revenue necessary for survival. The SLP attempted to again make a foray into American electoral politics despite its still heavily German composition, joining forces with other labor organization into the United Labor Party to support Single Tax advocate Henry George in the 1886 New York City mayoral election. The party remained almost completely separated from the English-speaking workers movement and longing for leaders who could traverse the seemingly insurmountable language barrier which limited the organization to a sort of Teutonic ghetto. Throughout the decade of the 1880s, the SLP was based upon local "Sections" coordinated by a loose National Executive Committee based in New York City. It was not until 1889 that any move was made to establish intermediate state levels of organization. Relationship with the labor movement The SLP did attempt to play an influence in the existing labor movement during the decade of the 1880s. As early as 1881, National Secretary Philip Van Patten joined the Order of the Knights of Labor, the leading national union of the day. A decade later, the SLP retained a faith in the established trade union organizations to conduct their own affairs along a generally socialist course. In each issue of The People during 1891 the weekly affairs of the New York Central Labor Federation, the New York Central Labor Union, the Brooklyn Central Labor Federation, the Brooklyn Central Labor Union and the Hudson County, New Jersey (Jersey City) Central Labor Federation were covered in detail under the recurring headline "Parliaments of Labor". The doings of individual unions in the New York area and around the world were similarly covered in short summary. Despite its active role as cheerleader and publicist, the SLP was unable to exert any sort of real influence in the Knights of Labor until it was already in steep decline toward the start of the 1890s, when it won effective control of the New York District Assembly of the K of L in 1893. In that same year, socialist delegates to the governing General Assembly of the K of L were largely responsible for the defeat of Terence Powderly and his replacement by J. R. Sovereign as Grand Master Workman, the chief executive officer of the organization. So great was the SLP's influence that the newly elected Sovereign promised to appoint a member of the party as editor of the Journal of the Knights of Labor. When he recanted on this pledge, a bitter feud erupted, ending with the December 1895 General Assembly refusing to seat de facto SLP party leader Daniel De Leon as a delegate from District Assembly 49, resulting in an outright break of the two organizations and withdrawal of the greater part of the New York district from the organization, thereby hastening the Knights of Labor's demise. Coming of Daniel De Leon The year 1890 has long been regarded as a watershed by the SLP as it marked the date when the organization came under the influence of Daniel De Leon. A native of the South American island of Curaçao, De Leon had been resident in the United States for 18 years before he began to play a leading role in the American socialist movement. De Leon attended a Gymnasium in Hildesheim, Germany in the 1860s before studying at the University of Leyden, from which he graduated in 1872 at the age of 20. De Leon was a brilliant student—well versed in history, philosophy and mathematics. He was also a linguist with few peers, possessing fluency in Spanish, German, Dutch, Latin, French, English and ancient Greek; and a reading knowledge of Portuguese, Italian and modern Greek. Upon graduation, De Leon immigrated to the United States, settling in New York City. There he made the acquaintance of a group of Cubans who sought the liberation of their native land and edited their Spanish-language newspaper. De Leon paid the bills with a job teaching Latin, Greek and math at a school in Westchester, New York. This teaching job enabled De Leon to finance his further education at Columbia Law School, from which he graduated with honors in 1878. Thereafter, De Leon moved to Texas, where he practiced law for a time before returning to Columbia University in 1883 to take a position as a lecturer on Latin American diplomacy. De Leon seems to have been further politicized by the 1886 workers' campaign for the Eight-Hour Day and the brutal excesses of the police which came with it. De Leon was on the committee which nominated Henry George to run for Mayor in that same year and he spoke in public several times on George's behalf during the course of the campaign. De Leon participated in the first Nationalist Club in New York City, a group dedicated to advancing the socialist ideas expressed by Edward Bellamy in his extremely popular novel of the day, Looking Backward (1888). De Leon was also deeply influenced by The Co-operative Commonwealth by Laurence Gronlund. The failings of the Nationalist Club movement to develop a viable program or strategy for winning political power left De Leon searching for an alternative. This he found in the scientific determinism underlying the writings of Karl Marx. In the fall of 1890, De Leon abandoned his academic career to devote himself full-time to the SLP. He was engaged in the spring of 1891 as the party's "National Lecturer", traveling the entire country from coast to coast to speak on the SLP's behalf. He was also named the SLP's candidate for Governor of New York in the fall of that same year, gathering a respectable 14,651 votes. As the historian Bernard Johnpoll notes, the SLP which Daniel De Leon joined in 1890 differed little from the organization which had been born at the end of the 1870s as it was largely a German-language organization located in an English-speaking country. Just 17 of the party's 77 branches used English as their basic language while only two members of the party's governing National Executive Committee spoke English fluently. The arrival of an erudite, well-read and multilingual university lecturer with English fluency was seen as a great triumph for the SLP organization. In the spring of 1891, De Leon was set to work as the National Organizer for the SLP. He pioneered for an English-speaking organization on a cross-country six-week tour to the West Coast and back in April and May. In 1892, De Leon was elected editor of The Weekly People, the SLP's English-language official organ. He retained this important position without interruption for the rest of his life. De Leon never assumed the formal role of head of the organization, National Secretary, but was always recognized—by supporters and detractors alike—as the leader of the SLP through his tight editorial control of the official party press. While increasing the exposure and popularity of the organization among the American-born during his editorial tenure, De Leon proved to be a polarizing figure among the SLP's membership during his editorial tenure as historian Howard Quint notes: Even De Leon's opponents were usually willing to concede that he possessed a tremendous intellectual grasp of Marxism. Those who had suffered under his editorial lashings looked on him as an unmitigated scoundrel who took fiendish delight in character assassination, vituperation, and scurrility. But most of De Leon's contemporaries, and especially his critics, misunderstood him, just as he himself lacked understanding of people. He was not a petty tyrant who desired power for power's sake. Rather, he was a dogmatic idealist, devoted brain and soul to a cause, a zealot who could not tolerate heresy or backsliding, a doctrinaire who would make no compromise with principles. For this strong-willed man, this late nineteenth-century Grand Inquisitioner of American socialism, there was no middle ground. You were either a disciplined and undeviating Marxist or no socialist at all. You were either with the mischief-making, scatterbrained reformers and 'labor fakirs' or you were against them. You either agreed on the necessity of uncompromising revolutionary tactics or you did not, and those falling into the latter category were automatically expendable as far as the Socialist Labor Party was concerned. Early electoral politics The Socialist Labor Party advocated a two-pronged attack against capitalism, including both economic and political components—trade unions and electoral campaigns. The SLP ran candidates under its own name for the first time in the New York elections of 1886, in which it put forward a full ticket headed by J. Edward Hall as its gubernatorial nominee and Alexander Jonas as its candidate for Mayor of New York. Fewer than 3,000 votes were cast for this ticket throughout the entire state of New York, a result so disheartening that the German language party paper the New Yorker Volkszeitung and some prominent party leaders advocated abandonment of electoral campaigns for the time being. The National Convention of 1889 upheld the policy of political action and the SLP was again active in the New York elections of 1890. In 1891, the party's electoral effort was led by the candidacy of Daniel De Leon for Governor of New York. De Leon polled a respectable 14,651 votes in the losing effort. The party nominated its first candidate for President of the United States in 1892, a decision made in September of that year at a national conference of the organization held at party headquarters in New York City, despite the fact that the SLP's platform called for the abolition of the offices of President and Vice President. A pro-forma nominating convention was held in New York City in August, attended by just 8 delegates, at which candidates were named and a platform approved. The party's ticket, featuring Boston camera manufacturer Simon Wing and New York electrician Charles H. Matchett, appeared on the ballot in just six states and drew a total of 21,512 votes. The number of votes gathered by the SLP ticket in 1892 constituted 0.18% of the national presidential vote that year. In percentage terms, the next two presidential elections of 1896 and 1900 were the most successful for the party as the SLP presidential candidate Charles H. Matchett received 0.26% of the national popular vote in 1896 and the party's candidate in 1900 Joseph Maloney received 0.29% of the popular vote nationwide. The latter's run was also the first time the SLP candidate was eclipsed by another socialist as Eugene Debs ran for the first time for the Socialist Party that year and received 0.6% of the national popular vote. Although SLP presidential candidates would go on to get higher vote totals in the mid-20th century, they would never again surpass 0.25% of the national vote. Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance The main ideological principle of the SLP is revolutionary industrial unionism (also known as "socialist industrial unionism"). The early Socialist Labor Party, influenced by the father of the Social Democratic Party of Germany Ferdinand Lassalle, argued that the wage gains and improvements of conditions achievable by trade unions were insignificant and ephemeral. Only the capture of the state through the ballot box would enable a restructuring of the economy and society in anything resembling a permanent manner. So long as capitalism existed, wage gains here would be offset by the pressure of wage cuts there and incomes would be driven down to a subsistence minimum through the inexorable pressure of the market. Thus the political campaign for the capture of the state—winning office for the sake of winning power to enact change—was considered paramount. For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards. So long as fundamental economic relations between workers and employers remained unchanged, any alteration of the personnel of the state apparatus would be short-lived and would fall to nothing due to the wealth of the employers and their desire to preserve the existing economic order. The employing class controlled press and school and pulpit, the Marxists believed, their ideas of the "natural" order of things stuffed the heads of their willing political servitors. Only through collective action, trade union activities, could the working class begin to achieve consciousness of itself, the nature of the world and its purported historic mission. However, what sort of trade unions would instill in the working class the ideas and drive to action that would lead to a revolutionary restructuring of the economic order? This was the central question, over which the SLP ultimately divided. On the one hand there were those who advocated the policy of "boring from within" the already-existing unions, attempting to win their memberships over to the idea of socialist reorganization of society through the force of propaganda and practical example. Ultimately, it was believed that enough individual unions could be won over that the entire trade union movement could be moved in a socialist direction. Others rejected the existing network of craft unions as hopelessly reactionary bureaucracies, sometimes outright criminal in their administration, but never able to see beyond their own narrow and isolated concerns of wages, hours, recognition, and jurisdiction. A completely new, explicitly socialist industrial union structure was required, these individuals believed, an organization established on a broad basis uniting workers of different crafts in common cause. This new organization would gain the support of the working class when average workers at the bench witnessed the superiority of its form of organization and ideas in actual practice. At the SLP's national convention of 1896, this issue came to a head with the formation of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, a party-sponsored industrial union federation founded to compete directly with the unions of the emerging American Federation of Labor and the declining Knights of Labor, which eventually became a part of the Industrial Workers of the World when that organization was founded in 1905. Party split of 1899 De Leon's opponents (primarily German-Americans, Jewish immigrants of various origins and trade unionists led by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit) left the SLP in 1899. They later merged with the Social Democratic Party of America, headed by Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs to form the Socialist Party of America. 20th century In July 1908, the SLP briefly made national news with the nomination of Martin R. Preston, a convicted killer serving a 25-year prison sentence in Nevada, for President of the United States. Making the nomination on the convention floor was party leader Daniel De Leon himself, who noted that Preston had "acted as the protector of defenseless girls" during a strike and had killed a restaurateur who had threatened him with death. Despite the fact that the 32-year-old Preston was under the constitutionally mandated presidential age of 35, he was nonetheless unanimously nominated by the New York convention, which immediately notified him of their selection by telegram. However, Preston declined the nomination, leaving the SLP's National Executive Committee to name a new standard-bearer for the November election. Arnold Petersen became national secretary for most of the 20th century from the death of De Leon in 1914 to 1969. The SLP, always critical of both the Soviet Union and of the Socialist Party's "reformism", became increasingly isolated from the majority of the American Left. The party had always advocated what they considered the purist socialism in its program, arguing that other parties had abandoned Marxism and became either fan clubs for dictators or merely a radical wing of the Democratic Party. The party experienced two growth spurts in the 20th century. The first occurred in the late 1940s. The presidential ticket, which had been receiving 15,000 to 30,000 votes, increased to 45,226 in 1944. Meanwhile, the aggregate nationwide totals for Senate nominees increased during this same period from an average in the 40,000 range to 96,139 in 1946 and 100,072 in 1948. The party's fortunes began to sag during the early 1950s and by 1954 the aggregate nationwide totals for Senate nominees was down to 30,577. Eric Hass became influential in the SLP in the early 1950s. Hass, the nominee for president in 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1964, played a major role in rebuilding the SLP. He authored the booklet "Socialism: A Home Study Course". Hass increased the party's nationwide totals and recruited many local candidates. His vote for president increased from 30,250 in 1952 to 47,522 in 1960 (a 50% increase). Although his total slipped to 45,187 in 1964, Hass outpolled all other third party candidates—the only time this happened to the SLP. Aggregate nationwide totals for Senate nominees increased throughout the late 1960s, hitting 112,990 in 1972. The increased interest in the SLP in the late 1960s was not a permanent growth spurt. New recruits subscribed to the anti-authoritarian views of the time and wanted their voices to have an equal status with the old-time party workers. Newcomers felt that the party was too controlled by a small clique, resulting in widespread discontent. The SLP nominated its last presidential candidate in 1976, and has run few campaigns since then. In 1980, members of the SLP in Minnesota, claiming that the party had become bureaucratic and authoritarian in its internal party structure, split from the party and formed the New Union Party. 21st century The SLP began having trouble funding their newspaper The People, so frequency was changed from monthly to bi-monthly in 2004. However, that did not save the paper from collapse and it was suspended as of March 31, 2008. An online version, published quarterly, ceased publication in 2011. As of January 2007, the party had 77 members-at-large as well as seven sections of which four (San Francisco Bay Area, Wayne County, Cleveland and Portland) held meetings, with an average attendance of 3–6 members. The SLP closed its national office on September 1, 2008. Legacy De Leon and the SLP helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905. They soon had a falling out with the element that they termed "the bummery" and left to form their own rival union, also called the Industrial Workers of the World, based in Detroit. De Leon died in 1914 and with his passing this organization lost its central focus. This body was renamed the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU) and declined into little more than SLP members. The WIIU was wound up in 1924. Famed author Jack London was an early member of the Socialist Labor Party, joining in 1896. He left in 1901 to join the Socialist Party of America. The science fiction writer Mack Reynolds, who wrote one of the first Star Trek novels, was an active member of the SLP (his father Verne L. Reynolds was twice the SLP's candidate for vice president). His fiction often deals with socialist reform and revolution as well as socialist utopian thought and his characters often use De Leonite terminology such as "industrial feudalism". National Conventions Secretaries of the party Presidential tickets All election results taken from Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections and Vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates of the Socialist Labor Party. Notable members John J. Ballam J. Mahlon Barnes Ella Reeve Bloor Frank Bohn George Boomer Louis B. Boudin Abraham Cahan John C. Chase Maximilian Cohen James Connolly Georgia Cozzini Daniel De Leon Solon De Leon Adolph Douai Benjamin Feigenbaum Louis C. Fraina Paul Grottkau Julius Gerber Margaret Haile J. Edward Hall Benjamin Hanford Job Harriman Caleb Harrison Eric Hass Max S. Hayes Morris Hillquit Isaac Hourwich Frank Johns Olive M. Johnson Antoinette Konikow William Ross Knudsen Joseph A. Labadie Algernon Lee Jack London Meyer London William Mailly Charles Matchett James H. Maurer P. J. McGuire Thomas J. Morgan Kate Richards O'Hare Albert Parsons Arnold Petersen Patrick L. Quinlan Arthur E. Reimer Mack Reynolds Verne L. Reynolds Wilhelm Rosenberg Lucien Sanial George A. Schilling Sergei Shevitch Algie Martin Simons Henry Slobodin August Spies Adolph Strasser Philip Van Patten Leslie White Morris Winchevsky Simon Wing Party press Party-owned Vorbote (The Warning) (1874–1924) – Chicago weekly. Predated the SLP, party organ 1876–1878. Broke with SLP for anarchism in the early 1880s. Arbeiter Stimme (Worker's Voice) (1876–1878) – New York City weekly. Predated the SLP under the title Sozial-Demokrat. New York Public Library holds master negative film. The Labor Standard (April 1876–December 1881) – New York City. Originally organ of the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America under title The Socialist. New York Public Library holds master negative film. The Social Democrat (c. 1877) – New York daily. The National Socialist (May 1878 – 1879) – Cincinnati official organ with John McIntosh as editor. Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement (1879–1883) – published in Detroit and New York City. Der Sozialist (1885–1892) – German language. Published in New York City. Vorwärts (Forward) (1892–1932) – published in New York City. Broke with SLP in 1899 and became privately owned publication. The Workmen's Advocate (1885–1891) – originally published by the New Haven (CT) Trades Council. Official organ of SLP from November 21, 1886. Subscription list taken over by The People in 1891. The People (1891–2008) – published in New York City by New Yorker Volkszeitung on behalf of the SLP. Party-owned from 1899. Later moved to Palo Alto, CA. Pittsburgher Volkszeitung (c. 1891) – German language. Pittsburgh weekly. Privately owned English Advance (1896–1902) – San Francisco weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film. The Echo (c. 1877) – Boston weekly. Emancipator (c. 1877) – Cincinnati and Milwaukee weekly. Emancipator (1894) – Cleveland weekly. The Evening Telegram (c. 1884) – New Haven weekly. Lawrence Labor (1896) – Lawrence, MA weekly. The Liberator (1896–1897) Manchester Labor (1896) – Manchester, NH weekly. Ohio Labor (1895–1896) – Toledo weekly. Philadelphia Labor (1893–1894) – Philadelphia weekly. Quincy Labor (1895) – Quincy, IL weekly Rochester Labor (1896) – Rochester, NY weekly Rochester Socialist (1898) – Rochester, NY monthly. St. Louis Labor (1893–1928) – St. Louis daily. Broke with SLP circa 1897. San Antonio Labor (1894–1896) – San Antonio weekly. San Francisco Truth (c. 1884) – San Francisco weekly. Savannah Labor (1895) – Savannah, GA weekly. The Socialist (c. 1877) – Detroit weekly. The Socialist Alliance (1898) – Chicago weekly. The Star (c. 1877) – St. Louis daily. The Times (c. 1877) – Indianapolis weekly. The Tocsin (?–1899) – Minneapolis weekly. The Truth (1898) – Davenport, IA. Bilingual English and German. The Voice of the People (c. 1884) – New York City weekly. The Wage Worker (?–1899) – Kansas City weekly. Worcester Labor (1896) – Worcester, MA weekly. Workingmen's Ballot (c. 1877) – Boston weekly. German Arbeiter von Ohio (Ohio Worker) (c. 1877) – Cincinnati weekly. Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung (Chicago Workers' News) (1876–1924) – Chicago daily paper, which published Vorbote. Chicagoer Sozialist (Chicago Socialist) (c. 1877) – Chicago daily. Chicagoer Volkszeitung (Chicago People's News) (c. 1877) – Chicago daily. Cleveland Volksfreund (Cleveland People's Friend) (1898) – Weekly. Freiheitsbanner (Freedom Flag) (c. 1877) – Cincinnati weekly. Illinois Volkszeitung (c. 1884) Milwaukee Sozialist (Milwaukee Socialist) (c. 1877) – Milwaukee daily. Predated the SLP. Die Neue Zeit (The New Era) (c. 1877) – Louisville and Chicago daily. New Yorker Volkszeitung (New York People's News) (1878–1932) – New York City daily. Broke with SLP in 1899, but continued publication until 1932. Ohio Volkszeitung (Ohio People's News) (c. 1877) – Cincinnati daily. Philadelphia Tageblatt (Philadelphia Daily Paper) (1877–1942) – Philadelphia daily. Broke with SLP at some point. Pittsburgher Arbeiter Zietung (c. 1890) – Pittsburgh weekly. Vorwärts! (Forward!) (1877–1878) – Milwaukee weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film. Vorwärts! (1893–1932) – Milwaukee daily with Victor Berger as editor. Broke with SLP in 1897. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film. Vorwärts (Forward) (c. 1877) – Newark daily. Volksstimme des Westens (Voice of the People of the West) (c. 1877) – St. Louis daily. Other languages Bulgarian Rabotnicheska Prosveta (Workers' Enlightenment) (1911–1969) – published in Granite City, IL and Detroit. Weekly. Croatian Radnicka Borba (Workers' Struggle) (1907–1970) – published in New York, Cleveland and Detroit. Weekly, later semi-monthly. Czech Delnicke Listy (Voice of Labor) (c. 1877) – Cleveland weekly; predated the SLP. Pravda (Truth) (1898) – New York City weekly. Danish-Norwegian Arbejderen (The Worker) (1898) – Chicago weekly. Hungarian A Munkás (The Worker) (1910–1961) – New York City weekly. New York Public Library holds master negative film. Nepszava (People's Voice) (1898) – New York City weekly. Latvian Proletareets (The Proletarian) (1902–1911) Norwegian Den Nye Tid (The New Time) (c. 1877) – Chicago weekly. Polish Sila (The Force) (1898) – Buffalo weekly. Swedish Arbetaren (The Worker) (1895–1928) – New York City weekly. Ukrainian Robitinychyi Holos (Workers' Voice) (1922–?) – New York City weekly. Yiddish Der Ermes (The Truth) (1895–1896) – Boston weekly. Arbeiter Zeitung (Workers' News) (1898) – New York City. Sources: Proceedings of the National Congress, 1877, pp. 16–17; Hillquit (1903), pp. 225, 242; American Labor Press Directory (1925), pp. 22–23; Library of Congress Chronicling America database. Footnotes Further reading Seán Cronin, "The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Labor Party of North America," Saothar, vol. 3 (1977), pp. 21–33. in JSTOR. Nathan Dershowitz, "The Socialist Labor Party," Politics [New York], vol. 5, no. 3, whole no. 41 (Summer 1948), pp. 155–158. Philip S. Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977. Philip S. Foner, The Workingmen's Party of the United States: A History of the First Marxist Party in the Americas. Minneapolis, MN: MEP Publications, 1984. Frank Girard and Ben Perry, Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History. Philadelphia: Livra Books, 1991. Howard Quint, The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1953. L. Glen Seratan, Daniel Deleon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. James Andrew Stevenson, Daniel DeLeon: The Relationship of Socialist Labor Party and European Marxism, 1890-1914. PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1977. Charles M. White, The Socialist Labor Party, 1890-1903. PhD dissertation. University of Southern California, 1959. See also Arm and hammer (symbol) British Socialist Labour Party Canadian Socialist Labour Party Socialist Studies'' External links Contemporary SLP links Socialist Labor Party of America. Official party website. The People. Index of issues available in pdf, 1999–2008. Primary documents Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement. Vol 1. No. 14 (December 1880–January 1881). Full issue of rare official organ. "1891 Report of the NEC of the SLP". December 18, 1891. SLP Documents Downloads. Early American Marxism website. Index for assorted party documents in pdf format. Report of the Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialistic Labor Party. Index for pdfs of proceedings of the party (1878–1887). Daniel DeLeon Online. Socialist Labor Party. Extensive collection of editorials and writings by Daniel De Leon in pdf format. Links relating to the historic SLP SLP Publications. Early American Marxism website. Partial, but lengthy list of official publications of the party. Early American Marxism website. Includes extensive party history. "DeLeon — A Sketch of His Socialist Career". Socialist Labor Party. Official party history of the party's most notable leader. Papers of the Socialist Labor Party of America: Records of the Socialist Labor Party of America; guide to a microfilm edition. User guide to the microfilm collection filmed by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Archives Socialist Labor Party Seattle Section Records. 1930–1962. 2.73 cubic feet (7 boxes). George E. Rennar Papers. 1933–1972. 37.43 cubic feet. Contains ephemera on the Socialist Labor Party. Political parties established in 1876 Political parties in the United States 1876 establishments in Pennsylvania Mountain View, California Daniel De Leon Socialist parties in the United States

38895407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wicked%20%282013%20film%29

The Wicked (2013 film)

The Wicked is a 2013 American horror film directed by Peter Winther and starring Devon Werkheiser, Justin Deeley, Jess Adams, Jamie Kaler and Caitlin Carmichael. Plot There is a local myth of a Witch whose spirit is said to inhabit an abandoned house known as Open Hearth. It is said the Witch eats children to live; girls to stay beautiful and young men for strength. Though the myth is initially regarded as superstition, it is proven to be real when a little girl named Amanda is snatched from her bedroom without a trace. Max is a teenager mourning his Grandpa's death and is visited by his girlfriend Sammy. Sammy's mom is a drunkard, and her hobby is making prank calls to the police. Max and his brother Zach fight over everything. The next night Max's father has to work and asks Zach to babysit Max. But Max learns that Zach, along with his friends Julie, Carter, and Tracy are planning to go to Open Hearth and throw a rock through one of the windows to see if the myth is true. Max and Sammy decide to follow them and take pictures so he can have his revenge. They take a short cut through the woods on their bikes, where they kiss for the first time. In the meantime, Zach and his friends arrive at Open Hearth and throw stones at the house. One of the stones hits the window, and they are not sure whose stone it was. They see a shadow moving inside the house and run back to the camping area. There, they get drunk and have sex with their partners. Max and Sammy find the house and throw stones at it. Max's rock hits the window, and they run after seeing the Witch. Later that night Julie hears a whisper and finds a teddy bear which belongs to Amanda outside the camp. The four decide to check out the woods to find the kidnapped girl. They come near the abandoned house of the Witch and hear a child crying from inside. Julie decides to go in despite the warning from her friends. Zach joins her in the search, and they find Amanda tied up in the basement with an apple in her mouth. They manage to escape into the woods with the witch in pursuit. Once at the campsite they are shocked to find Carter's truck missing and their tent and other camping gear are gone. With the town 10 miles away and the nearest ranger station 4 miles away, they decide to walk rather than wait for the Witch to catch them. Max shoots a video asking whoever finds the footage to burn the house down as the myth is real. The Witch then abducts Max while Sammy screams. Zach and his friends lose their way and wander in circles due to the Witch's magic. Zach finds Max's bike and decides to go into the house again to rescue his brother. The others go into the woods in search of the nearest rangers station. The Witch kidnaps Carter and his girlfriend Tracy while Julie and Amanda hide under the bush. Zach finds Max in the basement and is knocked out by the Witch. Sammy reaches the nearby rangers station and calls the cops, who reject her call as a prank. She finally blackmails Deputy Karl, saying she will upload the photo which shows him smoking on duty if he doesn't show up. Enraged, Karl sets out to arrest Sammy. Back in the house Zach opens his eyes and sees Max, Carter and Tracy pinned to the walls with apples in each of their mouths. The Witch kills Carter and Tracy with a huge meat grinder and eats them both, thereby restoring her beauty. Zach manages to free his hands from the cuffs and tries to escape with Max. They manage to make it out of the house, but the Witch captures them again. In the meantime Karl arrests Sammy and takes her back to the police station, rejecting her pleas to save Max. He gets a message from another cop, Deputy Mahoney, saying the ranger in Speeder Station is dead, and he found Julie and Amanda. Karl realizes Sammy is telling the truth and drives towards Open Hearth, asking Mahoney to meet him there. Karl arrives and goes inside, with Deputy Mahoney remaining to guard Sammy. The Witch kills Mahoney and attacks Karl inside the house. Sammy finds Max, and as she tries to escape with him, they find Zach on the table and save him. They find a bottle designed to capture the witch and decide to use it. The Witch runs away at first but then attacks them and start to drain their souls. They manage to burn her using the flamethrower given to Max by his grandpa, who is revealed to have been a witch hunter. When the police search the house later, they do not find any corpses. The house is later torn down and turned into a children's park, and the film ends with the suggestion the Witch is still hunting children. Cast Devon Werkheiser as Max Reese Justin Deeley as Zach Reese Jess Adams as Julie Rand Jamie Kaler as Deputy Karl Caitlin Carmichael as Amanda Drake Diana Hopper as Sammy Jackelyn Gauci as Tracy Chase Maser as Carter Evans Robert Young as Deputy Mahoney Cassie Keller as The Witch Greg Collins as Dr. James Reese Nicole Forester as Terri Drake Carlos Faison as Sargent Reid Paula Tutman as News Reporter Reception DVD Verdict gave the film a positive review. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 213 reviews, with a rating average of 2.1/5. References External links 2013 horror films 2013 films American supernatural horror films American ghost films Films about cannibalism American films Films about witchcraft

38924173

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods%27%20Man

Gods' Man

is a wordless novel by American artist Lynd Ward (1905–1985) published in 1929. In 139 captionless woodblock prints, it tells the Faustian story of an artist who signs away his soul for a magic paintbrush. was the very first American wordless novel, and is considered a precursor of the graphic novel, whose development it influenced. Ward first encountered the wordless novel with Frans Masereel's The Sun (1919) while studying art in Germany in 1926. He returned to the United States in 1927 and established a career for himself as an illustrator. He found Otto Nückel's wordless novel Destiny (1926) in New York City in 1929, and it inspired him to create such a work of his own. appeared a week before the Wall Street Crash of 1929; it nevertheless enjoyed strong sales and remains the best-selling American wordless novel. Its success inspired other Americans to experiment with the medium, including cartoonist Milt Gross, who parodied in He Done Her Wrong (1930). In the 1970s, Ward's example of wordless novels inspired cartoonists Art Spiegelman and Will Eisner to create their first graphic novels. Content The wordless novel is a silent narrative made up of prints of 139 engraved woodblocks. Each image moves the story forward by an interval Ward chooses to maintain story flow. Ward wrote in Storyteller Without Words (1974) that too great an interval would put too much interpretational burden on the reader, while too little would make the story tedious. Wordless novel historian David A. Beronä likens these concerns with the storytelling methods of comics. The artwork is executed in black and white; the images vary in size and dimension, up to , the size of the opening and closing images of each chapter. Ward uses symbolic contrast of dark and light to emphasize the corruption of the city, where even in daylight the buildings darken the skies; in the countryside, the scenes are bathed in natural light. Ward exaggerates facial expression to convey emotion without resorting to words. Composition also conveys emotion: in the midst of his fame, an image has the artist framed by raised wineglasses; the faces of those holding the glasses are not depicted, highlighting the isolation the artist feels. The story parallels the Faust theme, and the artwork and execution show the influence of film, in particular those of German studio Ufa. The placement of the apostrophe in the title implies a plurality of gods, rather than Judeo-Christianity's monotheistic God. It alludes to a line from the play Bacchides by ancient Roman playwright Plautus: "He whom the gods favor, dies young." Plot synopsis A poor artist signs a contract with a masked stranger, who gives him a magic brush, with which the artist rapidly rises in the art world. He is disillusioned when he discovers the world is corrupted by money, personified by his mistress. He wanders around the city, seeing his auctioneer and mistress in everyone he sees. Enraged by the hallucinations, he attacks one of them, who turns out to be a police officer. The artist is jailed for it, but he escapes, and a mob chases him from the city. He is injured when he jumps into a ravine to avoid recapture. A woman who lives in the woods discovers him and brings him back to health. They have a child, and live a simple, happy life together, until the mysterious stranger returns and beckons the artist to the edge of a cliff. The artist prepares to paint a portrait of the stranger but fatally falls from the cliff with fright when the stranger reveals a skull-like head behind the mask. Background Chicago-born Lynd Ward (1905–1985) was a son of Methodist minister Harry F. Ward (1873–1966), a social activist and the first chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union. Throughout his career, Ward displayed in his work the influence of his father's interest in social injustice. He was early drawn to art, and decided to become an artist when his first-grade teacher told him that "Ward" spelled backward was "draw". He excelled as a student, and contributed art and text to high school and college newspapers. In 1926, after graduating from Teachers College, Columbia University, Ward married writer May McNeer and the couple left for an extended honeymoon in Europe. After four months in eastern Europe, the couple settled in Leipzig in Germany, where, as a special one-year student at the ,, Ward studied wood engraving. There he encountered German Expressionist art, and read the wordless novel The Sun (1919), a modernized version of the story of Icarus, told in sixty-three wordless woodcut prints, by Flemish woodcut artist Frans Masereel (1889–1972). Ward returned to the United States in 1927, and freelanced his illustrations. In 1929, he came across German artist Otto Nückel's wordless novel Destiny (1926) in New York City. Nückel's only work in the genre, Destiny told of the life and death of a prostitute in a style inspired by Masereel's, but with a greater cinematic flow. The work inspired Ward to create a wordless novel of his own, whose story sprang from his "youthful brooding" on the short, tragic lives of artists such as Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, Keats, and Shelley; Ward's argument in the work was "that creative talent is the result of a bargain in which the chance to create is exchanged for the blind promise of an early grave". Publication history In March 1929 Ward showed the first thirty blocks to Harrison Smith (1888–1971) of the publisher Cape & Smith. Smith offered him a contract and told him the work would be the lead title in the company's first catalog if Ward could finish it by the summer's end. The first printing appeared that October; it had trade and deluxe editions. The trade edition was printed from electrotype plates made from molds of the original boxwood woodblocks; the deluxe edition was printed from the original woodblocks themselves, and was a signed edition limited to 409 copies, printed on acid-free paper, bound in black cloth, and sheathed in a slipcase. The pages were printed on the recto face of the page; the verso was left blank. According to Art Spiegelman, it was dedicated to three of Ward's teachers: his wood engraving teacher in Leipzig, Hans Alexander "Theodore" Mueller (1888–1962), and Teachers College, Columbia University art instructors John P. Heins (1896–1969) and Albert C. Heckman (1893–1971). However, the Theodore Mueller in the dedication was probably Ward's fellow Columbia art student and close friend, Theodore Carl "T.C." Mueller (1902-1930). The book has been reprinted and anthologized in a variety of editions. In 1974, it appeared in Storyteller Without Words, a collected edition with Madman's Drum (1930) and Wild Pilgrimage (1932) prefaced with essays by Ward. The stories appeared in a compact fashion, sometimes four images to a page. In 2010, it was collected with Ward's other five wordless novels in a two-volume Library of America edition edited by cartoonist Art Spiegelman. The book's original woodblocks are kept in the Lynd Ward Collection in the Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., bequeathed by Ward's daughters Nanda and Robin. Reception and legacy was the first American wordless novel, and no such European work had yet been published in the US. proved to be the best selling. Though it was released the week before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that ensued, it went through three printings by January 1930, and sold more than 20,000 copies in six printings over its first four years. During the same period, the young Ward saw his career as an in-demand book illustrator bloom, and found acceptance as an authority on children's book illustration. The success of led to the American publication of Nückel's Destiny in 1930. In 1930 cartoonist Milt Gross parodied and silent melodrama films in a wordless novel of his own, He Done Her Wrong, subtitled "The Great American Novel, and not a word in it—no music too". The protagonist is a lumberjack, a commentary on Ward as a woodcut artist. The Ballet Theatre of New York considered an adaptation of Gods' Man, and a board member approached Felix R. Labunski to compose it. Financial difficulties moved Labunski to abandon it and his other creative work. Despite several proposals made through the 1960s, no film adaptation has been made of Gods' Man. Left-leaning artists and writers admired the book, and Ward frequently received poetry based on it. Allen Ginsberg used imagery from in his poem Howl (1956), and referred to the images of the city and jail in Ward's book in the poem's annotations. Abstract expressionist painter Paul Jenkins wrote Ward in 1981 of the influence the book's "energy and unprecedented originality" had on his own art. In 1973 Art Spiegelman created the four-page comic strip "Prisoner on the Hell Planet" about his mother's suicide, executed in an Expressionist woodcut style inspired by Ward's work. Spiegelman later incorporated the strip into his graphic novel Maus. My Morning Jacket frontman Jim James released a solo album Regions of Light and Sound of God in 2013 inspired by Gods' Man, which he had at first conceived as a soundtrack to a film adaptation of the book. Gods' Man remains Ward's best known and most widely read wordless novel. Spiegelman considered this due less to the qualities of the book per se in relation to Ward's other wordless novels as to the book's novelty as the first wordless novel published in the US. Irwin Haas praised the artwork but found the storytelling uneven, and thought that only with his third wordless novel Wild Pilgrimage did Ward come to master the medium. The artwork has drawn some unintended mirth: American writer Susan Sontag included it on her "canon of Camp" in her 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'", and Spiegelman admitted that the scenes of "the depiction of Our Hero idyllically skipping through the glen with the Wife and their child makes snicker". Psychiatrist M. Scott Peck objected strongly to the content of the book: he believed it had a destructive effect on children, and called it "the darkest, ugliest book had ever seen". To Peck, the mysterious stranger represented Satan and the spirit of death. Notes References Works cited Books Journals and magazines Web External links Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library at Georgetown University, where the original woodblocks for are kept "The 100 Pages That Shaped Comics" by Abraham Riesman, Heidi MacDonald, and Sarah Boxer. Vulture. 16 April 2018. 1929 American novels 1929 comics debuts Pantomime comics The Devil in fiction Wordless novels by Lynd Ward Works based on the Faust legend

38965731

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Poles%20in%20the%20United%20States

History of Poles in the United States

The history of Poles in the United States dates to the American Colonial era. Poles have lived in present-day United States territories for over 400 years—since 1608. There are 10 million Americans of Polish descent in the U.S. today, making it the largest diaspora of Poles in the world. Polish Americans have always been the largest group of Slavic origin in the United States. Historians divide Polish American immigration into three "waves", the largest from 1870 to 1914, a second after World War II, and a third after Poland's independence in 1989. Most Polish Americans are descended from the first wave, when millions of Poles fled Polish districts of Germany, Russia, and Austria. This group is often called the (for bread) immigrants because most were peasants in Poland who did not own land and lacked basic subsistence. Austrian Poles were from Galicia, unarguably the most destitute region in Europe at the time. Up to a third of Poles living in the United States returned to Poland after a few years, but the majority stayed. Substantial research and sociological works such as The Polish Peasant in Europe and America found that many Polish immigrants shared a common objective of someday owning land in the U.S. or back in Poland. Anti-Slavic legislation cut Polish immigration from 1921 to World War II, but opened up after World War II to include many displaced persons from the Holocaust. A third wave, much smaller, came in 1989 when Poland was freed from Communist rule. Immigrants in all three waves were attracted by the high wages and ample job opportunities for unskilled manual labor in the United States, and were driven to jobs in American mining, meatpacking, construction, steelwork, and heavy industry—in many cases dominating these fields until the mid-20th century. Over 90% of Poles arrived and settled in communities with other Polish immigrants. These communities are called Polonia and the largest such community historically was in Chicago, Illinois. A key feature of Polish life in the Old World had been religion, and in the United States, Catholicism often became an integral part of Polish identity. In the United States, Polish immigrants created communities centered on Catholic religious services, and built hundreds of churches and parish schools in the 20th century. The Polish today are well assimilated into American society. Average incomes have increased from well below average to above average today, and Poles continue to expand into white-collar professional and managerial roles. Poles are still well represented in blue collar construction and industrial trades, and many live in or near urban cities. They are well dispersed throughout the United States, intermarry at high levels, and have a very low rate of language fluency (less than 5% can speak Polish). 17th century Roanoke Colony Polish and American sources cite Polish pitch-makers as settlers among Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585. Historian Józef Retinger stated that Raleigh's purpose of bringing the Poles was to reduce the English dependency on timber and pitch from Poland. Virginia Colony The first Polish immigrants came to the Jamestown colony in 1608, twelve years before the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts. These early settlers were brought as skilled artisans by the English soldier–adventurer Captain John Smith, and included a glass blower, a pitch and tar maker, a soap maker and a timberman. Historian John Radzilowski stated that these Poles were experts in pitch and tar making at the time and recruited to develop a key naval stores industry. He estimated that "two dozen Poles" at most were in the colony by 1620. In 1947, a purported historical diary, Nonetheless, the Polish colonists led a strike in 1619 to protest their disenfranchisement in the New World; they had been excluded from voting rights by the first-ever legislative body. Their strike was the first labor protest in the New World. The date of their arrival, October 1, 1608, is a commemorative holiday for Polish-Americans. Polish American Heritage Month is based on this month, and October 1 is commemorated annually in Polonia organizations. 2008 was considered the 400-year anniversary of Polish settlement in the United States, and 2019 is looked upon as the 400th celebration of the Jamestown strike, considered a fight for civil liberties, more specifically, their voting rights, and equal recognition regardless of ethnicity. Religious exodus of Polish Protestants Protestant Poles left Poland for America seeking greater religious freedom. This was not due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland; in Poland, the Jesuits spread Catholicism chiefly by promoting religious education among the youth. After the Swedish Deluge, Polish Brethren, who were seen as Swedish sympathizers, were told to convert or leave the country. The Polish Brethren were banished by law from Poland in 1658, and faced physical fights, seizure of property, and court fines for preaching their religion. Polish exiles originally sought refuge in England, but lacking support, sought peace in America. The majority of exiled Poles arrived in New Sweden, although some had gone to New Amsterdam and the English Virginia colony. There is no evidence of Polish immigration to Catholic Spanish or French territories in North America in the 17th Century, which historian Frank Mocha suggests is a signal that early Poles were Protestants and wanted to live with Protestants in America. These Poles were generally well educated and aristocratic. One known immigrant, pioneer Anthony Sadowski, had come from an area populated by Moravian Brethren and Arians in the Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consistent with a religious exodus. Research has confirmed that one of his first actions upon arrival was visiting a Polish Protestant colony in New Jersey, and his uncle, Stanislaw Sadowski, converted to Calvinism before fleeing Poland. Protestants (and other non-Catholics) regained their rights and religious freedoms in Poland in 1768, ending pressure to leave Poland on religious grounds. 18th century American Revolution Later Polish immigrants included Jakub Sadowski, who in 1770, settled in New York with his sonsthe first Europeans to penetrate as far as Kentucky. It is said that Sandusky, Ohio, was named after him. At the time, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was failing and being gradually stripped of its independence due to military partitions by foreign powers, a number of Polish patriots, among them Casimir Pulaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko, left for America to fight in the American Revolutionary War. Pulaski, having led the losing side of a civil war, escaped a death sentence by leaving for America. There, he served as Brigadier-general in the Continental Army and commanded its cavalry. He saved General George Washington's army at the Battle of Brandywine and died leading a cavalry charge at the Siege of Savannah, aged 31. Pułaski later become known as the "father of American cavalry". He is also commemorated in Casimir Pulaski Day and the Pulaski Day Parade. Kościuszko was a professional military officer who served in the Continental Army in 1776 and was instrumental in the victories at the Battle of Saratoga and West Point. After returning to Poland, he led the failed Polish insurrection against Russia which ended with the Partition of Poland in 1795. Pułaski and Kościuszko both have statues in Washington, D.C. After the Revolution, Americans who commented generally held positive views of the Polish people. Polish music such as mazurkas and krakowiaks were popular in the U.S. during the antebellum period. However, after the Civil War (1861–65) the image turned negative and Poles appeared as crude and uneducated people who were not good fits for America socially or culturally. 19th century Early settlements Panna Maria, Texas The first immigrants from Poland were Silesians from the Prussian partition of Poland. They settled in Texas in 1854, creating an agricultural community that carried their native traditions, customs, and language. The land they chose was bare, unpopulated countryside, and they erected the homes, churches, and municipal accommodations as a private community. The first home built by a Pole is the John Gawlik House, constructed 1858. The building still stands, and displays a high-pitched roof common in Eastern European architecture. The Poles in Texas built brick houses with thatched roofs until the 1900s. That region in Texas is subject to less than 1 inch of snow per year, and meteorological studies show that level of insulation is unwarranted. The Polish Texans modified their homes from their European models, building shaded verandas to escape the subtropical temperatures. They often added porches to their verandas, particularly on the southward windy side. According to oral histories recorded from descendants, the verandas were used for "almost all daily activities from preparing meals to dressing animal hides." Panna Maria, Texas, was often called a Polish colony because of its ethnic and cultural isolation from Texas, and remains an unincorporated community in Texas. The geographically isolated area continues to maintain its heritage but the population mostly moved to nearby Karnes City and Falls City. Leopold Moczygemba, a Polish priest, founded Panna Maria by writing letters back to Poland encouraging them to emigrate to Texas, a place with free land, fertile soils, and golden mountains. About 200-300 Poles took the trip and nearly mutinied when they encountered the desolate fields and rattlesnakes of Texas. Moczygemba and his brothers served as leaders during the town's development. The settlers and their children all spoke Silesian. Resurrectionist priests led church services and religious education for children. Letters sent back to Poland demonstrate a feeling of profound new experience in America. Hunting and fishing were favorite pastimes among the settlers, who were thrilled by the freedoms of shooting wild game in the countryside. The farmers used labor-intensive agricultural techniques that maximized crop yields of corn and cotton; they sold excess cotton to nearby communities and created profitable businesses selling crops and livestock. Polish leaders and Polish historical figures settled in the community, including Matthew Pilarcyk, a Polish soldier sent to Mexico in the 1860s to fight for the Austrian Emperor Maximilian. Some records recall that he fled the Army in 1867 during the fall of the empire, escaped a firing squad and traversed the Rio Grande to enter Panna Maria, where he had heard Poles were living. When he arrived, he married a local woman and joined the community as a political leader. The community was nearly massacred following the Civil War, where the government of Texas was dismantled and gangs of cowboys and former Confederate nativists harassed and shot at Poles in Panna Maria. The Poles in Panna Maria had Union sympathies and were the subject of discrimination by the local Southerners. In 1867, a showdown between a troupe of armed cowboys and the Polish community neared a deadly confrontation; Polish priests requested the Union Army to protect them, and a stationed Army helped keep them safe, registered to vote in elections, and free from religious intolerance. The language used by these settlers was carried down to their descendants over 150 years, and the Texas Silesian dialect still exists. Cemeteries contain inscriptions written in Polish or Polish-and-English. The Silesians held a millennial celebration for the Christianization of Poland in 966, and were presented a mosaic of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Parisville, Michigan Poles settled a farming community in Parisville, Michigan, in 1857. Historians debate whether the community was established earlier, and claims that the community originated in 1848 still exist. The community was started by five or six Polish families who came from Poland by ship in the 1850s, and lived in Detroit, Michigan in 1855 before deciding to initiate a farming community in Parisville, where they created prosperous farms, and raised cattle and horses. The lands were originally dark black swamps, and the settlers succeeded in draining the land for use as fruit orchards. As per the Swamplands Act of 1850, the lands were legally conferred to pioneering settlers who could make use of these territories. Individual Polish farmers and their families took advantage of this new law, and other immigrants settled disparate areas in interior Michigan independently. The Parisville community was surrounded by Native American Indians who continued to live in tepees during this time. The Poles and the Indians enjoyed good relations and historical anecdotes of gift-giving and resource sharing are documented. Polish farmers were dispersed throughout Michigan, and by 1903 roughly 50,000 Poles were said to live in Detroit. Portage County, Wisconsin The Kashubian settlement in Portage County, Wisconsin (not to be confused with the city of Portage, Wisconsin) is the United States's oldest. The first Kashubian to settle there was Michael Koziczkowski, formerly of Gdansk, who arrived in Stevens Point late in 1857. A son, Michael Junior, was born to Koziczkowski and his wife Franciszka on September 6, 1858 in Portage County. One of the first Kashubian settlements was the aptly named Polonia, Wisconsin. Within five years, more than two dozen Kashubian families joined the Koziczkowskis. Since the Portage County Kashubian community was largely agricultural, it was spread out over Sharon, Stockton, and Hull townships. After the end of the Civil War, many more immigrants from throughout occupied Poland settled in Portage County, this time including the city of Stevens Point. Winona, Minnesota and Pine Creek, Wisconsin Winona's first known Kashubian immigrants, the family of Jozef and Franciszka von Bronk, reached Winona in 1859. Starting in 1862, some Winona Kashubians began to settle in the farming hamlet of Pine Creek, across the Mississippi River in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin. To this day, Winona and Pine Creek (Dodge Township) remain two parts of the same community. Winona has never been a purely Kashubian settlement, as were the settlements in Wilno, Renfrew County, Ontario and the various hamlets of Portage County, Wisconsin; even so, it was known as early as 1899 as the Kashubian Capital of America, largely because of the Winona Kashubians' rapid acquisition of a social, economical and political cohesion unequaled in other Kashubian settlements. Engineer Dan Przybylski started manufacturing trenchers in the city and invented a single cylinder hydraulic extension crane. A Polish Museum of Winona was established in 1977, residing in the building of a late-19th century lumber company. Immigration of Political Exiles Many of Poland's political elites were in hiding from the Russians following an unsuccessful uprising in 1830 to 1831. Hundreds of military officers, nobles, and aristocrats were hiding as refugees in Austria, but the Emperor of Austria was under pressure to surrender them to Russia for execution. He had previously made a commitment to keep them safe from the Russians, but wanted to avoid war. The U.S. Congress and President Andrew Jackson agreed to take several hundred Polish refugees. They arrived on several small ships, the largest single arrival being 235 refugees, including August Antoni Jakubowski. Jakubowski later wrote his memoirs in English, documenting his time as a Polish exile in America. He recalled that the refugees originally wanted to go to France, but the government refused to receive them, and under obligation by the Austrian authorities, they came to America. Jackson wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury to secure 36 sections of land within Illinois or Michigan for a Polish settlement. In 1834, a rural territory near the Rock River in Illinois was surveyed by the U.S. government. The Polish emigres formed a group, the Polish committee, to plead for aid settling in the U.S. Despite three applications to Congress by the Polish committee, no Acts were passed and no lands were ever officially appropriated for settlement. Polish immigrant Charles Kraitsir blamed Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin, who he said was intercepting letters addressed to the Polish Committee and took them himself, and was making statements on their behalf, without their input. Kraitsir alleged that American citizens who donated funds to their cause had their funds diverted by Gallatin. The plans were abandoned when American pioneers took the settlement lands and squatted them, leaving the Polish settlement effort politically unfeasible. No land was ever officially handed to the Polish emigres. The Polish exiles settled in the United States. One of them was a doctor of medicine and a soldier, Felix Wierzbicki, a veteran of the November Uprising, who, in 1849, published the first English-language book printed in California, California as it is, and as it may be. The book is a description of the culture, peoples, and climate of the area at that time. According to the Library of Congress, the book was a valuable guide to California for prospective settlers that includes a survey of agriculture, hints on gold mining, a guide to San Francisco, and a chapter on California's Hispanic residents and Native American tribes. Nationalist activity Polish political exiles founded organizations in America, and the first association of Poles in America, (Association of Poles in America) was founded March 20, 1842. The association's catchphrase was "To die for Poland". Some Polish intellectuals identified so strongly with Polish nationalism, that they warned repeatedly against assimilation into American culture. It was the duty of Poles to someday return to liberate the homeland, they argued to newly arrived Poles in America. The Polish National Alliance (PNA) newspaper, , warned in 1900, "The Pole is not free to Americanize" because Poland's religion, language and nationality had been "partially torn away by the enemies". In other words, "The Pole is not free to Americanize because wherever he is – he has a mission to fulfill." The poet Teofila Samolinska, known as the "mother of the Polish National Alliance," tried to bridge the gap between the political exiles of the 1860s and the waves of peasants arriving late in the century. She wrote: Many of the exiles in America were actively political and saw their mission in the United States as one to create a new Poland in the United States. Some rejected the term "exile" and considered themselves "pilgrims", following the Polish messianism message of Adam Mickiewicz. The political exiles created nationalist clubs and spread news about the oppression in partitioned Poland. A Polish Central Committee founded in New York in 1863 attempted to rally American public opinion for Polish independence and fund-raised to support the revolutionaries. The American public opinion was not swayed by the small group, in large part because the Civil War was ongoing at the time and little care was taken for a foreign war. Russia, being strongly pro-Union, was also considered an ally to many Northerners, and Poland's uprising was mistaken by some Americans as just another secessionist movement. Future Polish immigrants referred to this group, who arrived in the United States before 1870 as the (old emigration), and differentiated them from the (new emigration) who came from 1870 to 1920. American Civil War Polish Americans fought in the American Civil War on both sides. The majority were Union soldiers, owing to geography and ideological sympathies with the abolitionists. An estimated 5,000 Polish Americans served in the Union, and 1,000 for the Confederacy. By coincidence, the first soldiers killed in the American Civil War were both Polish: Captain Constantin Blandowski, a Union battalion commander in Missouri who died in the Camp Jackson Affair, and Thaddeus Strawinski, an 18-year-old Confederate who was accidentally shot at Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island. Two Polish immigrants achieved leadership positions in the Union Army, Colonels Joseph Kargé and Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. Kargé commanded the 2nd New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry Regiment that defeated Confederate Nathan Bedford Forrest in a battle. Krzyżanowski first commanded the mostly immigrant 58th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, nicknamed the Polish Legion, in which Poles and other immigrants fought battles in the Eastern Theater and Western Theater of the American Civil War. Krzyżanowski later commanded an infantry brigade, from 1862 to 1864, with the 58th in that formation. In 1863–1864, the Imperial Russian Army suppressed the January Uprising, a large scale insurrection in the Russian partition of the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many Polish resistance fighters fled the country, and Confederate agents tried and failed to encourage them to immigrate and join the military of the Confederate States of America. Post-Civil War After the collapse of the Confederacy, Polish foreign labor was desired to work on Southern farms as replacements for black slaves. Several such societies were founded in Texas, largely by private planters, but in 1871, Texas funded immigration of Europeans through direct state aid (Texas Bureau of Immigration). The Waverly Emigration Society, formed in 1867 in Walker County, Texas, by several planters, dispatched Meyer Levy, a Polish Jew, to Poland to acquire roughly 150 Poles to pick cotton. He sailed to Poland and brought back farm laborers, who arrived in New Waverly, Texas, in May 1867. The agreement that Poles had with the plantation owners was that the farmers would be paid $90 (), $100 ($), and $110 ($) per year for three years of their labor, while the owners provided them with a "comfortable cabin" and food. Poles paid back their owners for the ship tickets to America, often in installments. By 1900, after years working on Southerners' farms, Poles had "bought almost all the farmland" in New Waverly, and were expanding their land ownership to the surrounding areas. New Waverly served as a mother colony for future Polish immigrants to the United States, as many arriving Poles lived and worked there before moving on to other Polonias in the U.S. Polish farmers commonly worked directly with southern blacks in east Texas, and they were commonly in direct competition for agricultural jobs. Blacks frequently picked up a few words of Polish and Poles picked up some of the black English dialect in these areas during the late 19th century. R. L. Daniels in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine wrote a piece on "Polanders" in Texas in 1888, praising their industriousness and hard work ethic. He cited instances where Polish farmers called their landlords , denoting a subordinate position on level with slavery, and, when asking a woman why she left Poland, she replied 'Mudder haf much childs and 'Nough not to eat all". Daniels found that Poles were efficient farmers, and planted corn and cotton so close to their homes as not to leave even elbow room to the nearby buildings. Texas blacks, referred to Poles as dem white niggahs' whom they hold in undisguised contempt" were apparently stunned by their high literacy rates, according to Daniels. Polish immigrants came in high numbers to Baltimore, Maryland, following the Civil War and created an ethnic community in Fells Point. They worked on farms in Maryland and many became migrant farming families. Oyster companies from the Gulf of Mexico hired recruiters to hire Polish farmers for work in the oyster farming industry. Jobs were advertised with illustrations of a green, tropical environment and wages in 1909 were promised at 15 cents per hour () for men and 12.5 cents per hour ($) for women. Polish farmers in Baltimore, Maryland and in the southern United States commonly came to Louisiana and Mississippi during the winter months. Those that came were provided very small, cramped living quarters and only one worker per family was given a permanent job canning oysters. These were paid 12 cents per hour ($) for men and 8 cents per hour ($) for women. Companies paid the rest to shell oysters and paid them 5 cents ($) per measure; according to a worker, a measure should weigh about but usually weighed more than . Jobs were segregated by gender; women and children worked in the oyster house while men and boys fished on the boats. Polish foremen were used to manage and supervise the workers. many immigrants did not speak English and were wholly dependent on their foreman to communicate to the company. Photographer Lewis Hine spoke with one foreman, who recruited Poles from Baltimore, who said, "I tell you, I have to lie to employees. They're never satisfied. Hard work to get them." The foremen were allowed to beat their workers and functioned as pimps in some cases. Nesterowicz found some foremen convinced attractive women to sleep with their American bosses in exchange for higher-paying positions. The moral degradation and exploitation in the oyster farms led a local Polish priest, Father Helinski, to ask Polish organizations to dissuade any more Poles from entering the business. Prohibition Era Polish Americans were represented in the American temperance movement, and the first wave of immigrants was affected by prohibition. A leading Pole in the Temperance movement in the United States was Colonel John Sobieski, a lineal descendant of Polish King John III Sobieski, who served as a Union general in the American Civil War. In 1879, he married a prominent abolitionist and prohibitionist Lydia Gertrude Lemen, an American from Salem, Illinois. Through his wife's affiliation, he became a leading member of the Polish branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and preached against alcohol in Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois to prohibition-camps. Sobieski and the predominantly Protestant Christian Temperance groups never made great in-roads into the Polish community. Polish Catholics immigrants frequently heard lectures and received literature from the Catholic Church against alcohol. Polish immigrants were distrustful of the Irish-dominated American Catholic Church, and did not resonate with the temperance movement in great numbers. A visit by Archbishop John Ireland to the in St. Paul in 1887 was ineffective in drawing them to the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America. The Polish language press covered the topic of abstinence occasionally in the U.S. It was not until 1900 that the introduced sanctions for alcoholics among its membership, and abstinence generally was unpopular among American Poles. In New Britain, Connecticut, Father Lucian Bojnowski started an abstinence association which offended a local Polish club, he received a death threat in response. In 1911, Father Walter Kwiatkowski founded a newspaper called (The Abstainer) promoting local abstinence societies. The newspaper did not last long, and the Polish abstinence groups never united. The Polish National Catholic Church never created official policies towards abstinence from alcohol, nor took it as a priority that differed from the Catholic Church. Polish immigrants were attracted to saloons – drinking was a popular social activity. Saloons allowed Poles to relieve their stresses from difficult physical labor, the selling of steamship tickets, and meeting grounds for mutual aid societies and political groups. Among Polish immigrants, a saloon-keeper was a favorite entrepreneurship opportunity, second only to a grocery store owner. By 1920, when alcohol was prohibited in the United States, American Poles continued to drink and run bootlegging operations. Contemporary Polish language newspapers decried a pervasive alcoholism among Polish American families, where mothers would brew liquor and beer at home for their husbands (and sometimes children). Although small in both numbers and scope, Poles joined organized crime and mafia-related distribution networks of alcohol in the U.S. 1870–1914 Wave of Polish immigration The largest wave of Polish immigration to America occurred in the years after the American Civil War until World War I. Polish immigration began en masse from Prussia in 1870 following the Franco-Prussian War. Prussia retaliated against Polish support for France with increasing Germanization following the war. This wave of immigrants are referred to as (for bread) immigrants because they were primarily peasants facing starvation and poverty in occupied Poland. A study by the U.S. Immigration Commission found that in 1911, 98.8% of Polish immigrants to the United States said that they would be joining relatives or friends, leading to conclusions that letters sent back home played a major role in promoting immigration. They arrived first from the German Polish partition, and then from the Russian partition and Austrian partition. U.S. restrictions on European immigration during the 1920s and the general chaos of World War I cut off immigration significantly until World War II. Estimates for the large wave of Polish immigrants from about 1870s to 1920s are given at about 1.5 million. In addition, many Polish immigrants arrived at the port of Baltimore. The actual numbers of ethnically Polish arrivals at that time is difficult to estimate due to prolonged occupation of Poland by neighboring states, with total loss of its international status. Similar circumstances developed in the following decades: during the Nazi German occupation of Poland in World War II; and further, in the communist period, under the Soviet military and political dominance with re-drawn national borders. During the Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795–1918), the Polish nation was forced to define itself as a disjointed and oppressed minority, within three neighboring empires, in the Austrian Partition, Prussian Partition, and Russian Partition. The Polish diaspora in the United States, however, was founded on a unified national culture and society. Consequently, it assumed the place and moral role of the fourth province. Background Poland was largely an agrarian society throughout the Middle Ages and into the 19th century. Polish farmers were mostly peasants, ruled by Polish nobility that owned their land and restricted their political and economic freedoms. Peasants were disallowed from trading, and typically would have to sell their livestock to the nobility, who in turn would function as middlemen in economic life. Commercial farming did not exist, and frequent uprisings by the peasants were suppressed harshly, both by the nobility and the foreign powers occupying Poland. A number of agricultural reforms were introduced in the mid-19th century to Poland, first in German Poland, and later eastern parts of the country. The agricultural technologies originated in Britain and were carried eastward by conversing traders and merchants; Poland gained these secrets in the most developed regions first, and through successful implementation, areas that adopted them boomed. The introduction of a four-crop rotation system tripled the output of Poland's farmlands and created a surplus of agricultural labor in Poland. Prior to this, Polish peasants continued Medieval Era practice of three field rotation, losing one year of productive growing time to replenish soil nutrients. Instead of leaving a field fallow, or without any plants for a season, the introduction of turnips and especially red clover allowed Polish fields to maximize nutrients by green manure. Red clover was especially popular because it fed cattle as grazing land, giving the extra benefit of more robust livestock raising in Poland. Between 1870 and 1914, more than 3.6 million people departed from Polish territories (of whom 2.6 million arrived in the U.S.) Serfdom was abolished in Prussia in 1808, in the Austria-Hungary in 1848 and in the Russian Empire, in 1861. In the late 19th century, the beginnings of industrialization, commercial agriculture and a population boom, that exhausted available land, transformed Polish peasant-farmers into migrant-laborers. Racial discrimination and unemployment drove them to emigrate. Partitions German The first group of Poles to emigrate to the United States were those in German-occupied Poland. The German territories advanced their agricultural technologies in 1849, creating a surplus of agricultural labor, first in Silesia, then in eastern Prussian territories. The rise in agricultural yields created the unintended effect of boosting the Polish population, as infant mortality and starvation decreased, increasing the Polish birth rate. In 1886, Otto von Bismarck gave a speech to the Lower House of the Prussian Parliament defending his policies of anti-polonism, and warning of the ominous position Silesia was in with over 1 million Poles who could fight Germany "within twenty four hour notice". Citing the November Uprising of 1830–31, Bismarck introduced measures to limit freedoms of press and political representation that Poles enjoyed within the Empire. Bismarck forced the deportation of an estimated 30,000–40,000 Poles out of German territory in 1885, with a five-year ban on any Polish immigration back into Germany. Many Poles did return in 1890, when the ban was lifted, but others left for the United States during this time. Bismarck's anti-Catholic Kulturkampf policies aimed at Polish Catholics increased political unrest and interrupted Polish life, also causing emigration. Around 152,000 Poles left for United States during the Kulturkampf. Russian The Russian partition of Poland experienced considerable industrialization, particularly the textile capital of Łódź, then the Manchester of Imperial Russia. Russia's policies were pro-foreign immigration, whereas German Poland was unambiguously anti-immigrant. Polish laborers were encouraged to migrate for work in the iron-foundries of Piotrków Trybunalski and migrants were highly desired in Siberian towns. Russia also established a Peasant Bank to promote land ownership for its peasant population, and many Poles were given employment opportunities pulling them from rural areas into industrial Russian cities. Of the three partitions, the Russian one contained the most middle-class Polish workers, and the number of industrial workers overall between 1864 and 1890 increased from 80,000 to 150,000. Łódź experienced a booming economy, as the Russian Empire consumed about 70% of its textile production. Russian-occupied Poles experienced increasingly abusive Russification in the mid-19th century. From 1864 onward, all education was mandated to be in Russian, and private education in Polish was illegal. Polish newspapers, periodicals, books, and theater plays were permitted, but were frequently censored by the authorities. All high school students were required to pass national exams in Russian; young men who failed these exams were forced into the Russian Army. In 1890, Russia introduced tariffs to protect the Russian textile industry, which began a period of economic decline and neglect towards Poland. The decline of Russia's economy after the Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 Russian Revolution further pushed Polish emigration. Polish nationalists at first discouraged emigration. In many respects, the nationalists were succeeding, creating secret Polish language schools so children could learn Polish, and leading insurrectionist activity against the Russian occupiers. However, when emigrants in the United States began sending back money to their poor relatives in Russia and Galicia, attitudes against emigration subsided. Polish National Party leader Roman Dmowski saw emigration in a positive light, as an "improvement of the fortunes of the masses who are leaving Europe." At its peak, in 1912–1913, annual emigration to the U.S., from the Polish provinces of the Russian Empire, exceeded 112,345 (including large numbers of Jews, Lithuanians and Belarusians). Among the most famous immigrants from partitioned Poland at this time was Marcella Sembrich. She had performed in Poland as an opera singer and moved to the United States. When sharing her experience with the Kansas City Journal, she described the social discrimination affecting her in what was then The Kingdom of Poland, a puppet state of Russia: Austrian Polish children in Austrian Galicia were largely uneducated; by 1900, 52 percent of all male and 59 percent of all female Galicians over six years of age were illiterates. Austrian Poles started immigrating from the United States beginning in 1880. The Austrian government tightened emigration in the late 1800s, as many young Polish males were eager to leave the mandatory conscription of the Austrian government, and peasants were displeased with the lack of upward opportunities and stability from heavy, labor-intensive agricultural work. The Galician government wanted to tie peasants to contracts and legal obligations to the land they worked on, and tried to enforce legislation to keep them on the lands. Polish peasant revolts in 1902 and 1903 changed the Austrian government's policies, and emigration from Galicia increased tremendously in the early 1900–1910 period. Galician Poles experienced among the most difficult situations in their homeland. When serfdom was outlawed in 1848, the Austrian government continued to drive a wedge between Polish peasants and their Polish landlords to detract them from a more ambitious Polish uprising. Galicia was isolated from the west geographically by the Vistula river and politically by the foreign powers, leaving Galician Poles restricted from commercial agriculture in the west of Poland. Galician Poles continued to use outdated agricultural techniques such as burning manure for fuel instead of using it for fertilizer, and the antiquated Medieval-era three-year crop rotation system, which had been long-replaced in western Poland by the use of clover as a fodder crop. Galician Poles resented the government for its apathy in handling disease; a typhus epidemic claimed 400,000 lives between 1847 and 1849, and cholera killed over 100,000 in the 1850s. Galicia suffered a potato blight between 1847 and 1849, similar to Ireland's famine at the same time, but relief was never reached because of political and geographical isolation. A railroad system connecting Poland began reaching West Galicia from 1860 to 1900, and railroad tickets cost roughly half a farmhand's salary at the time. Polish peasants were no longer the property of their landlords, but remained tied to their plots of land for subsistence and were financially indebted to the landlords and government taxmen. The plight of the Galician Poles was termed the "Galician misery", as many were deeply frustrated and depressed by their situations. Austrian Poles experienced an enormous rise in religiosity during the late 19th century. From 1875 to 1914, the number of Polish nuns increased sixfold in Galicia; at the same time, German Poland had a less marked increase and in Russian Poland it decreased. Historian William Galush noted that many nuns were from the peasant class, and young women choosing marriage were faced with the prospect of hard farm work. Polish peasants in Galicia were forced to work harder on smaller size farms than those they had grown up on as a result of Poland's rapid population growth. Fields of work Polish immigrants were highly desired by American employers for low-level positions. In steel mills and tin mills, it was observed that foremen, even when given the choice to directly employ workers of their own ethnic background, still desired to choose Poles. Steel work was undesirable to other immigrant groups, as it lasted 12 hours a day and 7 days a week, self-selecting for the most industrious and hardworking people. Polish immigrants chose to chain-market the job positions to their friends and relatives, and it was very common for a Polish friend with good English to negotiate wage rates for newer immigrants. Polish Americans favored steel areas and mining camps, which had a high demand for manual labor; favorite destinations included Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Buffalo, New York, and Pittsburgh, as well as smaller industrial cities and mining towns. Relatively few went to New England or to farming areas; almost none went to the South. Poles came to dominate certain fields of work: in 1920, 33.1% of all U.S. coal-mine operatives and 25.2% of all blast furnace laborers were Polish. Polish immigrants were categorized for low-status positions within U.S. companies, as the same steel companies that recruited Polish immigrants for work in blast furnaces recruited Irish immigrants for work with finished metal. Blast Furnaces Polish immigrants took low-paying jobs at blast furnaces in high numbers. As in many jobs Poles took in America, the demand fluctuated, hours were long, and the supply of expendable labor was high. Industrialist Amasa Stone actively sought out Polish immigrants to work in his steel mill in Ohio, and personally traveled to Poland in the 1870s to advertise laborer opportunities. He advertised jobs in Gdansk, promising jobs for laborers at a salary of $7.25 a week (the average wage at his mill was $11.75 for Americans), and a free ship ride to the United States. Hundreds of Poles took those jobs and the Polish population of Cleveland grew from 2,848 to 8,592 between 1880 and 1890 as a result of his recruiting. In 1910, 88% of workers labored for an 84-hour weekly shift (7 days, 12 hours per day). Day and night shifts rotated every two weeks, requiring men to perform 18- or 24-hour straight shifts. Movements to end the 7 day week were pushed by management, but many workers did not oppose the practice and saw it as a necessary evil. The United States Steel Corporation slowly eliminated its 7-day work weeks, down from 30% in 1910 to 15% in 1912. Polish American families grew up fatherless in Chicago, and the long hours spent at the blast furnaces only averaged 17.16 cents per hour (), below the poverty limit at the time in Chicago. Workers at the blast furnaces had little time for self-improvement, leisure, or many social activities. When the 7-day week was done away with, some workers saw it as a waste of time because their children were in school and their friends were at work, so they spent time at saloons and drank. Many plants found that a large number of workers quit their jobs when Sunday was taken off their schedules, citing the day off as a reason. Mining West Virginia experienced an influx of immigrant coal miners during the early 20th century, increasing the number of Poles in West Virginia to almost 15,000 by 1930. Poles were the third-largest immigrant group in West Virginia, following the Italians and the Hungarians, who also joined the mining industry in large numbers. Poles often worked alongside other Slavic immigrants, and recorded work safety signs from the mines in the 1930s were commonly posted in Polish, Lithuanian, Czech, and Hungarian languages. Poles predominated certain communities, comprising the largest ethnic group in 5 towns by 1908: Raleigh in Raleigh County, Scotts Run in Monongalia County, and Whipple and Carlisle in Fayette County. Pennsylvania attracted the greatest number of Polish miners. Polish immigration to Luzerne County was popular from the end of the Civil War. Employment in the mining industry increased from 35,000 in 1870 to over 180,000 in 1914. According to historian Brian McCook, over 80% of Poles in northern Pennsylvania were laborers in the coal mines prior to World War I. Northern Pennsylvania contains over 99% of America's anthracite coal, which was favored for home heating during the colder months. Demand for the coal was seasonal and left many workers unemployed for 3 to 4 months each summer. Poles joined ethnic and Catholic insurance programs with fellow workers, pooling funds together for medical and disability insurance. In 1903 a Polish-language newspaper, , later (Pennsylvanian Miner), was started in Wilkes-Barre to share local industry news. A Pennsylvania State Investigating Committee in 1897 found the workers' salaries to be severely low, stating it was "utterly impossible for any moderate sized family to more than exist, let alone enjoy the comforts which every American workingman desires and deserves." In Pennsylvania, miners averaged $521.41 ($) per year, and historians have calculated that $460 ($) would allow basic survival in northern Pennsylvania. In 1904 Frank Julian Warne claimed that a Slavic miner could have a monthly salary of $30 ($) and still send a $20 ($) remittance monthly to Poland. He found Slavic miners lived together, 14 unmarried men in an apartment, buying food collectively, required only $4 ($) a month for living expenses and $5 to $12 ($–) each on rent. In 1915, Coal Age magazine estimated that $10 million ($) was sent back to Poland annually from Polish miners. Warne accused the Slavs of depressing wages and effectively "attacking and retarding communal advancement" by the United Mine Workers. Miners had to purchase their own working supplies, and company management enforced requirements that the equipment and blasting powder be purchased from the company store, at prices exceeding 30% over retail. Warne argued that Slavs did not feel the financial burden of increasing material supplies because of their lower standard-of-living, weakening their support for the United Mine Worker strikes. Laws were pushed by the United Mine Workers to limit Polish competition; the Pennsylvania Legislature passed a law in 1897 mandating that a worker perform as a laborer for at least two years and pass an examination in English to receive a promotion. Polish miners joined the United Mine Workers and joined in strikes during the turn of the twentieth century, bridging past nativist concerns. Descendants of the Polish miners still exist in the northern industrial areas of West Virginia, and many have dispersed across the U.S. because they "played their part with a devotion, amenability, and steadiness not excelled by men of the old immigration." A novel set in 1901 written from the perspective of a young Polish American in a coal mining family, Theodore Roosevelt by Jennifer Armstrong, reflects the poor conditions and labor struggles affecting the miners. A Coal Miner's Bride: the Diary of Anetka Kaminska by Susan Campbell Bartoletti is written from the perspective of a 13-year-old Polish girl who is transported to the U.S. to marry a coal miner in Pennsylvania. In a 1909 novel by Stanisław Osada, (From a Pennsylvania Hell), a Polish miner is seduced and subverted by an Irish-American girl who tears him from his immigrant community and possesses him in a lustful relationship. Historian Karen Majewski identifies this novel as one which depicts an Americanized Pole, "seduced and demoralized by this country's materialism and lack of regulation." Meatpacking Meatpacking was dominated by Polish immigrants in the Midwestern United States during the late 19th century until World War II. The meatpacking industry was a large industry in Chicago in the 1880s. Although some had joined earlier, a large number of Poles joined Chicago's packing plants in 1886, and through networking and successive generations, Poles predominated the profession. Historian Dominic Pacyga identifies the Polish influx of workers in 1886 as a result of the failed strike by the mainly German and Irish workers that year. The union was further weakened by yellow dog contracts forced on returning workers, and by the supply of cheap Polish labor. Workers, including the new Polish arrivals, were introduced to the industry usually at the crack of dawn outside one of the packing plants. Crowds of hundreds and sometimes thousands of laborers, mostly unskilled, gathered near the various employment offices. They appeared every morning at around six o'clock and waited for about an hour. The employment agent walked among the crowd and picked those who seemed the strongest and best able to do unskilled work at the plant. The agent did not allow any bargaining over wages or hours; he simply tapped the men he had chosen on the back and said: "Come along!" Generally, the agent only picked a few. The rest of the group would be back the next day. Job security in the Chicago plants was highly uncommon. Since the livestock supplies were seasonal, particularly cattle, management laid off its unskilled workers in the killing department each year. Workers, including Poles, sometimes paid management kickbacks to secure employment at the company. The meatpacking industry increased its production process tremendously in the late 19th century, but its wages fell. "In 1884 five cattle splitters in a gang would process 800 head of cattle in ten hours, or 16 cattle per man per hour at an hourly wage of 45 cents. By 1894, four splitters were getting out 1,200 cattle in ten hours, or 30 cattle per man per hour. This was an increase of nearly 100 percent in 10 years, yet the wage rate fell to 40 cents per hour." Child labor In 1895 government inspectors found a child working at a dangerous machine. The child told inspectors that his father was injured at the machine and would lose his job if his son did not work. Illinois labor inspectors needed Polish translators to collect evidence because some child workers, in 1896, were unable to answer questions, like "What is your name?" and "Where do you live?", in English. Reports also found that parents falsified child birth records to bypass laws prohibiting work for children under 14 years old. Under investigations with the children themselves, it was found that work commonly started at age 10 or 11. School records certifying that children could read and write by age 16 were easily obtained by Catholic parish schools after confirmation. Because of vigorous State prosecution against factories, from 1900 to 1914 the number of children under 16 working in urban Illinois fell from 8,543 to 4,264. Farming Poles arriving in America frequently had years of experience working in agriculture and gained a reputation as skilled farmers in the United States. Polish immigrants traveled to the Northern United States intentionally with hopes of working in industrial trades. Stereotypes casting them as "farm people" and economic necessities in many cases predetermined their careers, which continued them in agricultural roles. Polish immigrants to Massachusetts and Connecticut came seeking jobs in New England's mills, but the local American population in Connecticut River Valley was actively seeking those jobs and effectively opened agricultural opportunities for them. In New England, Poles came and used land that had been abandoned by Yankee farmers. Poles had even higher crop yields than the local Americans because of their labor-intensive efforts and willingness to try lands previously disregarded as worthless. Poles succeeded rapidly; in Northampton in 1905, Poles were 4.9% of the population and owned 5.2% of the farmland. By 1930, they made up 7.1% of the town and owned 89.2% of the farmland. The Polish farmers' success is due to their large families, where children helped in agriculture, and their long hours of work, as many spent hours clearing abandoned land after a full day's work. Louis Adamic in A Nation of Nations wrote that Poles "restored hundreds of thousands of apparently hopeless acres to productivity". Lenders viewed Polish immigrants as low credit risks because of their thrift, work ethic, and honesty. Polish immigrants were said to embody "immigrant Puritanism", demonstrating economic puritanism better than the original New Englanders. Author Elizabeth Stearns Tyler in 1909 found that Polish children attending American schools did on par or better than the American-born, yet most went back to farming after high school, continuing a self-fulfilling prophecy: "Since the economic value of the Pole for us is through the tilling of our farms, it is fortunate that the Pole himself likes the farm and shows himself ready to fall in with the plans already made for him. We do not want him to go to the city, nor to enter a profession, but we want him to buy up the deserted farms." Elizabeth Stearns Tyler, 1909. Poles were seen as industrious, hardworking, and productive, while paradoxically lacking in ambition. They had created ethnic communities in farming that were stable and successful, and did not venture out into larger professions. Polish Americans eschewed intellectualism and pursued money through hard work and thrift. They gained a reputation for "chasing the dollar", but were honest and reliable in their pursuits. Several novels based on early 20th century New England contain an overplayed dynamic between the dying and shrinking Yankee population and the young Polish immigrants. Polish characters typically came from large families, embodied hard work, and commonly learned English and engaged in relationships with the women in the New England towns. A 1913 novel, The Invaders, which referred to Poles as "beasts" and animal-like, contains a love story between a native New Englander and a Polish immigrant man. The story of amalgamation between a first-generation Polish immigrant and a white native woman is seen as a form of limited acceptance. A 1916 story, Our Naputski Neighbors, similarly depicts a lowly Polish immigrant family in New England which succeeds over its American neighbors. In the story, the younger generation changes their names and marries into a native Yankee family. The story demonstrates a cliché attitude of social and cultural inferiority that Poles carry with them, but that can be easily solved through hygiene, education, learning English, and romantic attachments. In the 1931 story Heirs by Cornelia James Cannon, Poles are recognized as occupying a higher economic space than the protagonist Marilla. In the story, Poles who are Americanized through learning English are given higher status jobs, but she and her husband occupy a space of importance in teaching them English, as she said in one scene, "You can't Americanize without Americans!". In one scene, Marilla sees two young Polish children cutting firewood and teaches them to appreciate the trees as naturalists, rather than for their purpose as fuel. The protagonist's view is somewhat condescending and elitist, although historian Stanislaus Blejwas found the tone of superiority is moderated in later novels written with Polish American characters. Entrepreneurial Very few Poles opened shops, restaurants, stores, or other entrepreneurial ventures. Galician and Russian Poles entered the United States with the least resources and education and performed hard labor throughout their entire careers. Historian John J. Bukowczyk found that German Poles, who entered with "significant resources and advantages" still were tepid in their entrepreneurial risk-taking. For first- and second-generation Poles who entered business, supermarkets and saloons were most popular. Bukowczyk points to Poles' contentment with steady paychecks as a detriment to their families and future generations. As other immigrant groups, including the Jews, Italians, Greeks, etc. were slowly rising the "ladders of success" through small businesses, Poles were locked in economically by less aggressive, less challenging careers. Early perceptions The immigrants of the late 19th-early 20th century wave were very different from those who arrived in the United States earlier. By and large, those who arrived in the early 19th century were nobility and political exiles; those in the wave of immigration were largely poor, uneducated, and willing to settle for manual labor positions. Pseudoscientific studies were conducted on Polish immigrants in the early 20th century, most notably by Carl Brigham. In A Study of Human Intelligence, which relied heavily on English aptitude tests from the U.S. military, Brigham concluded that Poles have inferior intelligence and their population would dilute the superior "Nordic" American stock. His data was highly damning towards blacks, Italians, Jews, and other Slavs. A United States Congress Joint Immigration Commission study prepared on Polish Americans cited similar studies and said Poles were undesirable immigrants because of their "inherently unstable personalities". In a historical text examining Poland, Nevin Winter described in 1913 that "an extremeness in temperament is a characteristic of the Slav" and asserting this view as an inborn and unchangeable personality trait in Poles as well as Russians. Future U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called Poles, Hungarians, and Italians, in his 1902 History of the American People, "men of the meaner sort" who possessed "neither skill nor energy nor any initiative of quick intelligence." He later called these groups less preferable than the Chinese immigrants. Wilson later apologized, and met publicly with Polish-American leaders. The 1916 book The Passing of the Great Race similarly drew on intelligence studies of immigrants such as Poles to argue that American civilization was in decline and society as a whole would suffer from a steady increase in inferior intelligence. Polish (and Italian) immigrants demonstrated high fecundity in the United States, and in a U.S. Congress report in 1911, Poles were noted as having the single highest birth rate. The 1911 Dillingham Commission had a section devoted to the Fecundity of Immigrant Women, using data from the 1900 Census. As per Dillingham's findings, there were 40 births per 1,000 Polish people, whereas the non-Polish birth rate was closer to 14 per 1,000. Historians debate the accuracy and sample group of this data, as many Polish immigrants arrived young and of child-bearing age, whereas other ethnics had a lengthy and sustained immigration policy with the United States, meaning multiple generations existed. In reports, the birth rate was very high for Poles and by 1910, the number of children born to Polish immigrants was larger than the number of arriving Polish immigrants. In Polish communities such as rural Minnesota, nearly three-fourths of all Polish women had at least 5 children. The Polish American baby boom lasted from 1906 to 1915 and then fell dramatically, as many of the immigrant mothers had passed out of their prime childbearing age. This was the highest birth rate for American Poles documented in the United States. During the 1920s and 1930s, Polish Americans were coming of age, developing ethnic fraternal organizations, baseball leagues, summer camps, scouting groups, and other youth activities. In large parts of Minnesota and Michigan, over half the population was under sixteen years old. Polish youths created nearly 150 street gangs in Chicago in the 1920s, and in Detroit and Chicago, created the single largest group of inmates in juvenile prisons. Polish men in particular were romanticized as objects of raw sexual energy in the early 20th century. Many first wave Polish immigrants were single males or married men who left their wives to strike fortune in the United States. Some were "birds of passage" who sought to return to Poland and their families with strong financial savings. They built a reputation in the United States for hard work, physical strength, and vigorous energy. The 1896 novel Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto describes the life of Jake who left his wife and children in Poland behind and began an affair in the United States, when soon his wife meets him in New York. Central to the 1931 romance novel American Beauty is a theme of attractive Polish men. In one instance, main character Temmie Oakes says, "...You saw the sinews rippling beneath the cheap stuff of their sweaty shirts. Far, far too heady a draught for the indigestion of this timorous New England remnant of a dying people. For the remaining native men were stringly of withers, lean shanked, of vinegar blood, and hard wrung." Historian John Radzilowski notes that the theme of vivacious young immigrants replacing dying old white ethnic populations was common in America until the 1960s and 70s. Immigration agents and Ellis Island Immigration from Poland was primarily conducted at Ellis Island, New York, although some people entered via Castle Garden and to a lesser extent, in Baltimore. Ellis Island developed an infamous reputation among Polish immigrants and their children. An American reporter in the 1920s found that Polish immigrants were treated as "third class", and were subject to humiliation, profanity, and brutality at Ellis Island. The Cleveland Polish language daily (Polish Daily News) reported that officers at Ellis Island demanded women to strip from the waist up in public view. The immigration of paupers was forbidden by the U.S. Congress beginning with the Immigration Act of 1882. A newsman at Castle Garden found in a single ship of arriving passengers, 265 were "Poles and Slavonians", and 60 were detained as "destitute and likely to become public charges." Polish Americans were disgusted by the Immigration Act of 1924 which restricted Polish immigration to 1890 levels, when there was no Polish nation. A Polish American newspaper stated, "...If the Americans wish to have more Germans and fewer Slavs, why don't they admit that publicly!?" It further went to examine the recent World War with Germany, which was America's enemy, whereas the Polish had been patriotic and loyal to the U.S. Armed Services. Polish Americans were unconvinced that the immigration decreases of the 1920s were for the "protection" of American workers, and Polish language newspapers reflected their distrust and suspicion of racial undertones behind immigration legislation. Official records of the number of Polish immigrants to the United States are highly inconsistent. A general estimate of over 2 million Polish immigrants is generally stated. Reports as high as 4 million Polish immigrants to the United States has been written, which could be possible if non-Polish immigrants is considered in the total. Polish immigrants were categorized by U.S. immigration agents by nation of origin, usually Austria, Prussia, or Russia (between 1898 and 1919, there was no Polish nation). Immigrants during this time were allowed to write or say their "race or people" to an agent. Documents report 1.6 million immigrants arriving between 1821 and 1924 self-reported as being of "Polish race". This is considered an undercount, caused by misinterpretation of the question. Ellis Island officials checked immigrants for weapons and criminal inclinations. In an 1894 news article, Ellis Island inspectors identify daggers found on several Polish immigrants as a reason for increased inspection techniques. Immigration officials at Ellis Island questioned immigrants for their settlement plans, and found that the majority entered the United States with deliberate plans for working on farms and factories, generally in communities with other Poles. A Polish settlement was stated as Mille Lacs County, Minnesota, where Polish immigrants settled to perform agricultural work. The clothing industry in New York City was staffed by many immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Historian Witold Kula found that many Jewish immigrants, and to a much lesser extent, Italians, were identified upon their arrival to the United States as having work background as tailors even if they did not. Kula identified several letters written by Jewish immigrants back to their families in Poland indicating that they were just learning the trade, when in fact, they had papers stating that it was their native profession. The new immigrants generally did not speak English nor did the immigration agents speak any Polish, Yiddish, or Italian. Kula suggests that the Immigration agents were influenced by the demands of the workforce and essentially staffed the industries based on their expectations of each ethnic group. By 1912, the needle trades were the largest employer of Polish Jews in the United States, and 85% of the needle trade employees were Eastern European Jews. White slavery scare Immigration restrictions were increased considerably in 1903, 1907 and 1910 on white immigrant women, including Poles. Public fears of prostitution and sex trafficking from eastern Europe led to the Mann Act, also referred to as the White Slavery Act of 1910. Eastern European women were rigorously screened for sexually immoral behavior. Few European immigrants were deported, and at its height in 1911, only 253 of over 300,000 European women were deported for "prostitution." In The Qualities of a Citizen, Martha Gardner found there was a "sweeping intent of immigration laws and policies directed at eradicating prostitution by European immigrant women" in the early 20th century, which was absent from the "incriminating and even dismissive treatment of Asian and Mexican prostitutes." This view was expressed in contemporary governmental reports, including the Dillingham Commission which discussed a theme of "white sexual slavery" among eastern European women: The American public felt a deep connection to the issue of white slavery and placed a high moral responsibility on immigration inspectors for their inability to weed out European prostitutes. In a report by the Commissioner General of Immigration in 1914, the Commissioner gave a case-in-point where a young girl from Poland nearly landed an American man a Federal sentence for criminal trafficking after telling immigration officials an "appalling revelation of importation for immoral purposes". She later repudiated her earlier story. According to Gardner, the level of protection and moral standard afforded to European women was very different from the governmental view in the 1870s on Chinese and Japanese immigrants, where virtually all were viewed as "sexual degenerates". Immigration Quotas (1920-1940) Polish immigration was increasing rapidly in the early 20th century until 1911 when it was drastically cut by new legislation. Immigration from Europe was cut severely in 1911, and the quota for Polish immigrants was shrunk drastically. Poles were restricted from coming to the United States for decades, and only after World War II were the immigration laws reversed. According to James S. Pula, "the drastic reduction in Polish immigration served not only to cut off the external source of immigrants used to perpetuate the urban ethnic communities, but also cut off direct access to cultural renewal from Poland." He said, "increasingly, Polonia's image of Poland became fixed, delimited by the indistinct images of the nineteenth century agricultural villages their ancestors left rather than the developing modern nation that Poland was moving toward during the interwar period." Family members who traveled to Poland to see their families risked not being allowed back if they were not citizens. Polonia leader Rev. Lucyan Bójnowski wrote in the 1920s, "In a few decades, unless immigration from Poland is upheld, Polish American life will disappear, and we shall be like a branch cut off from its trunk." 20th century Growth of a Polish national consciousness Polish immigrants to the United States were typically poor peasants who did not have significant involvement in Polish civic life, politics, or education. Poland had not been independent since 1795, and peasants historically had little trust or concern for the State as it was dominated by the Polish nobility. Most 18th- and 19th-century Polish peasants had a great apathy towards nationalist movements and did not find importance or great promise in joining them. Peasants had great reservations identifying with any szlachta, and were reluctant to support any national figures. When Kosciuszko came to liberate Poland–after the success and admiration he gained in the American Revolution–he only succeeded in bringing a handful of supporters, "not even his appearance in peasant attire and his proclamation of individual liberty of the peasants, provided they pay their former landlord their debt and taxes, was able to marshal the masses of burgesses and peasants in the struggle for Polish independence. Joseph Swastek speculated that "an attitude of apprehensive distrust of civil authority" was conditioned by the "political and cultural bondage" of peasants within the 18th- and 19th-century partitioned territories. Helena Lopata argued that a Polish nationalism grew in Polish Americans during World War I, but fell sharply afterward. Polish immigrants to the United States did not know much about Poland aside from their local villages. In preparation for World War I, the Polish government asked for donations using appeals on behalf of the safety of their loved ones back home, as well as promises of a good high status back in Poland when they returned home. Lopata found that after World War I, many Polish Americans continued to receive requests for aid in Poland, and feelings of anger for all the years they had delayed bettering their own situation were common. Return immigrants who had dreamed of using their American savings to buy status symbols in Poland (farmlands, houses, etc.) were still treated as peasants in Poland, creating resentment towards the motherland. Polish Catholic parish schools Polish Americans generally joined local Catholic parishes, where they were encouraged to send their children to parochial schools. Polish-born nuns were often used. In 1932 about 300,000 Polish Americans were enrolled in over 600 Polish grade schools in the United States. Very few of the Polish Americans who graduated from grade school pursued high school or college at that time. High School was not required and enrollment across the United States was far lower at the time. In 1911, only 38 men and 6 women of Polish descent studied at institutions of higher learning. Polish Americans took to the Catholic schools in great numbers. In Chicago, 36,000 students (60 percent of the Polish population) attended Polish parochial schools in 1920. Nearly every Polish parish in the American Catholic Church had a school, whereas in Italian parishes, it was typically one in ten parishes. Even as late as 1960, about 60% of the Polish American students attended Catholic schools. It is notable that many of the Polish American priests in the early 20th century were members of the Resurrectionist Congregation, and diverged somewhat from the mainstream American Catholic Church on theology in addition to their language differences. Polish American priests created several of their own seminaries and universities, and founded St. Stanislaus College in 1890. Milwaukee was one of the most important Polish centers, with 58,000 immigrants by 1902 and 90,000 by 1920. Most came from Germany, and became blue-collar workers in the industrial districts in Milwaukee's south side. They supported numerous civic and cultural organization and 14 newspapers and magazines. The first Polish Catholic parochial school opened in 1868 at the parish of St. Stanislaus. The children would no longer have to attend Protestant-oriented public schools, or German language Catholic schools. The Germans controlled the Catholic Church in Milwaukee, and encouraged Polish-speaking priests and Polish-oriented schools. Starting in 1896, Michał Kruszka began a campaign to introduce Polish language curricula into Milwaukee public schools. His efforts were panned as anti-religious, and thwarted by Catholic and Polish leaders. By the early 20th century, 19 parishes were operating schools, with the School Sisters of Notre Dame, and to a lesser extent the Sisters of Saint Joseph, providing the teaching force. The Polish community rejected proposals to teach Polish in the city's public schools, fearing it would undermine their parochial schools. The Americanization movement in World War I made English the dominant language. In the 1920s, morning lessons were taught in Polish, covering the Bible, Catechism, Church history, Polish language and the history of Poland; all the other courses were taught in English in the afternoon. Efforts to create a Polish high school were unsuccessful until a small one opened in 1934. Those students who went on attended heavily Polish public high school. By 1940, the teachers students and parents preferred English. Elderly priests still taught religion classes in Polish as late as the 1940s. The last traces of Polish culture came in traditional Christmas carols, which are still sung. Enrollments fell during the Great Depression, as parents and teachers were less interested in the Polish language, and were hard-pressed to pay tuition. With the return of prosperity in World War II, enrollments increased again, peaking about 1960. After 1960, and were replaced by lay teachers. Increasingly, the original families have moved to the suburbs, and the schools now served black and Hispanic children. Some schools have been closed, or consolidated with historically German language parochial schools. The 1920s were the peak decade for the Polish language in the United States. A record number of respondents to the U.S. Census reported Polish as their native language in 1920, which has since been dropping as a result of assimilation. According to the 2000 United States Census, 667,000 Americans of age 5 years and older, reported Polish as the language spoken at home, which is about 1.4% of people who speak languages other than English or 0.25% of the U.S. population. Poles and the American Catholic Church Polish Americans established their own Catholic churches and parishes in the United States. A general pattern emerged whereby laymen joined a city and united with other Poles to collect funds and develop representative leaders. When the community's size became substantial, they would take the initiative of petitioning a local bishop for permission to build a church with his commitment to supply a priest. Polish immigrants in many instances erected their own churches and then asked for a priest. Roman Catholic churches built in the Polish cathedral style follow a design that includes high ornamentation, decorative columns and buttresses, and many visual depictions of the Virgin Mary and Jesus. When a church was to be built, devout Poles funded their construction with absolute devotion. Some members mortgaged their homes to fund parishes, others loaned monies that their church was never able to repay, and in St. Stanislaus Kostka parish in Chicago, Poles who lived in abject poverty with large families still donated large portions of their paychecks. Polish parishioners attached great meaning to the successful completion of their churches. Father Wacław Kruszka of Wisconsin told his parishioners, "The house of God must be beautiful if it is to be for the praise of God", infusing spiritual motivation into his sermons. Perceived mishandling of church funds was not well tolerated; stories of fistfights and physical assaults on priests suspected of cheating their parishes were well-documented in American newspapers. Poles (and Italians) were angry with the Americanization and especially "Irishization" of the Catholic Church in America. Parishes in Poland were generally out of the parishioners' hands. Catholicism had existed for hundreds of years in Poland, and local nobles (and taxes) were the main financiers of churches. This contrasted with the United States, where the creation of churches relied on immigrants from largely peasant backgrounds. Polish parishes in the United States were generally funded by members of Polish fraternal organizations, the and Polish Roman Catholic Union of America (PRCNU) being the two largest. Members paid dues to belong to these groups. The groups were mutual aid organizations which provided members with financial assistance during times of need, but also gave money to churches. Church committeemen were often leaders in the Polish fraternal societies also. Parishioners who did not pay membership fees were still able to attend mass at the churches, but were viewed as freeloaders for not paying pew rent. The committeemen who ran and handled funds for the fraternal organizations agreed to have Catholic bishops appoint priests and claim property rights to their churches, but wanted to keep their power over church decisions. Galush noted that through the election of church committeemen and direct payment of church expenses, parishioners had grown accustomed to a democratic leadership style, and suggests that this created the ongoing struggle with clergy expecting more authority. In one example, Bishop Ignatius Frederick Horstmann, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland, ordered a Polish American priest, Hipolyte Orlowski, to appoint church committeemen instead of holding elections. Orlowski ignored Hortmann's order. Hortmann criticized Orlowski, and wrote "an irate letter" asking "Why do the Poles always cause trouble in this regard?" Polish Catholics generally did not differ on Catholic theology. Polish customs taken into American churches include the (a midnight mass celebrated between December 24 and 25), the (bitter lamentations devotion), and (blessing of easter eggs). Founding of the Polish National Church Many Polish Americans were devout Catholics and placed pressure on the Church to have services in Polish and include them in the priesthood and bishopric. Polish Americans grew deeply frustrated by their lack of representation in the church leadership; many loyal parishioners were offended that they could not participate in church decision-making or finances. Polish parishioners who collectively donated millions of dollars to construct and maintain churches and parishes in the United States were concerned that these church properties were now legally owned by German and Irish clergy. The Polish-German relations in church parishes was tense during the 19th century. At the St. Boniface parish of Chicago, Rev. James Marshall spoke English and German for years, but when he started conducting mass in Polish, German parishioners started a confrontation with him and forced him into resignation. The greatest confrontation occurred in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where a large Polish population settled to work in coal mines and factories in the 1890s. They saved money from small paychecks to build a new church in the Roman Catholic parish, and were offended when the church sent an Irish bishop, Monsignor O'Hara, to lead services. Polish parishioners requested repeatedly to partake in church affairs; they were turned down and the bishop repudiated their "disobedience". Parishioners had fights in front of the church and several were arrested by the local police for civil disobedience and criminal charges. The mayor of the city was also Irish, and Poles strongly disagreed with his decisions in determining the severity of the arrests. Reportedly, Rev. Francis Hodur, a Catholic priest serving a few miles away heard the stories from Polish parishioners and said, "Let all those who are dissatisfied and feel wronged in this affair set about organizing and building a new church, which shall remain in possession of the people themselves. After that, we shall decide what further steps are necessary." Parishioners followed his advice and purchased land and began building a new church; when they asked Bishop O'Hara to bless the building and appoint a pastor, he refused, asking for a title of the property to be written out in his name. O'Hara invoked the Council of Baltimore saying that laypeople had no right to create and own their own church without ceding to the Roman Catholic diocese. Hodur disagreed and led church services beginning March 14, 1897. Hodur was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church on October 22, 1898 for refusing to cede ownership of the church property and insubordination. Francis Hodur's Polish church grew as neighboring Polish families defected from the Roman Catholic Church. Polish parishioners were hesitant to leave at first, but the organization of the Polish National Union in America in 1908 created mutual insurance benefits and aided in securing burial space for the deceased. The Polish National Catholic Church expanded from a regional church in Pennsylvania when Poles in Buffalo defected in 1914, expanding the church. Lithuanians in Pennsylvania united to form their own Lithuanian National Catholic Church, and in 1914, joined with the Polish National Church. The Lithuanian and Slovak National churches (1925) have since joined in affiliation with the larger Polish National Catholic Church. The PNCC took no initiative in seeking out other ethnic breakaway Catholic Churches during its history; these churches often sought out the PNCC as a model and asked to be affiliated. In 1922, four Italian parishes in New Jersey defected from the Roman Catholic Church and asked Hodur to support them in fellowship. Hodur blessed one of their buildings, and another Italian congregation in the Bronx, New York united with the PNCC before its closure. The PNCC has been sympathetic of the property rights and self-determination of laypeople in the church; in the PNCC's St. Stanislaus church, a stained glass window of Abraham Lincoln exists and Lincoln's birthday is a church holiday. Lincoln is honored by the PNCC for his role as a lawyer defending Irish Catholics who refused to surrender their church property to the Catholic church. The PNCC grew to a national entity and spread to Polish communities across the United States during the 20th century, mainly around Chicago and the Northeast. The PNCC developed an active mission in Poland following World War I. Profiling after McKinley assassination Leon Czolgosz, a Polish American born in Alpena, Michigan, changed American history in 1901 by assassinating U.S. President William McKinley. Though Czolgosz was a native-born citizen, the American public displayed high anti-Polish and anti-immigrant sentiment after the attack. McKinley, who survived the shooting for several days, called Czolgosz a "common murderer", and did not make mention of his background. Different Slavic groups debated his ethnic origins in the days and weeks that followed the attack, and Hungarian Americans took effort to also distance themselves from him. Police who arrested him reported that Czolgosz himself identified as a Pole. The Polish American community in Buffalo was deeply ashamed and angry with the negative publicity that Czolgosz created, both for their community and the Pan-American Exposition, and canceled a Polish American parade following the attack. Polish Americans burned effigies of Czolgosz in Chicago and Polish American leaders publicly repudiated him. The Milwaukee Sentinel posted on September 11, 1901 an editorial noting that Czolgosz was an anarchist acting alone, without any ties to the Polish people: As a result of the assassination, Polish Americans were "racially profiled" and American nativism against Poles grew. Several Polish immigrants were arrested for questioning in the police investigation, but police found that he acted independently. A later anonymous copycat threat sent to the police in Boston was investigated, and neighbors claimed a Polish radical who was a "native of the same town as the assassin" (Żnin) to be the culprit. No actual crime occurred in coincidence with the threatening letter. Theodore Roosevelt took the office of President of the United States in McKinley's place. Radical groups and anarchists were quelled nationally, and federal legislation was taken to stop future assassinations. Federal legislation made an attempted assassination of the President a capital offense and despite the fact that Czolgosz was born in the United States, the Immigration Act of 1903 was passed to stop immigrants with subversive tendencies from entering the country. Ethnic isolation and low status Polish immigrants were the lowest paid white ethnic group in the United States. A study of immigrants before World War I found that in Brooklyn, New York, the average annual income was $721. The average for Norwegians residing there was $1142; for the English, $1015, for Czechs, $773; but for Poles, only $595. A study by Richard J. Jensen at the University of Illinois found that despite the pervasive narrative of anti-Irish discrimination in the U.S., in reality, NINA signage was very rare and first-generation Irish immigrants were about average in job pay rates during the 1880s and certainly above average by the turn of the century. Despite the absence of explicit ethnic discrimination in job advertisements, immigrant Poles were higher on the index of job segregation measures than the Irish in both the 1880s and the 1930s. However, by the 1960s, Polish Americans had an above average annual income, even though relatively few were executives or professionals. Kantowicz argues that: Anti-Polish sentiment in the early 20th century relegated Polish immigrants to a very low status in American society. Other white ethnic groups such as the Irish and Germans had assimilated to the American language and gained powerful positions in the Catholic Church and in various government positions by this time, and Poles were seen with disdain. Poles did not share in any political or religious say in the United States until 1908, when the first American bishop of Polish descent was appointed in Chicago, Illinois - Most Rev. Father Rhode. His appointment was the result of growing pressure placed on the Illinois Archdiochese by Polish Americans eager to have a bishop of their own background. The Pope himself finally acquiesced when Chicago Archbishop James Edward Quigley finally lobbied on behalf of his Polish parishioners in Rome. Poles were viewed as powerful workers, suited for their uncommonly good physical health, endurance, and stubborn character, capable of heavy work from dawn to dusk. The majority of Polish immigrants were young men of in superior physical health, feeding well into the stereotype, and the lack of a significant immigration of intelligentsia perpetuated this perception in the United States. Historian Adam Urbanski drew an observation through The Immigrant Press and its Control, which stated, "Loneliness in an unfamiliar environment turns the wanderers' thoughts and affections back upon his native land. The strangeness of his new surroundings emphasizes his kinship with those he has lost." Polish immigrants viewed themselves as common workers and carried an inferiority complex where they saw themselves as outsiders and only wanted peace and security within their own Polish communities; many found comfort in the economic opportunities and religious freedoms that made living in the United States a less strange experience. When Poles moved into non-Polish communities, the natives moved out, forcing immigrants to live in the United States as separate communities, often near other eastern European ethnics. World War I (1914–18) World War I motivated Polish-Americans to contribute to the cause of defeating the Germans, freeing their homeland, and fighting for their new home. Polish Americans vigorously supported the war effort during World War I, with large numbers volunteering for or drafted into the United States Army, working in war-related industries, and buying war bonds. A common theme was to fight for America and for the restoration of Poland as a unified, independent nation. Polish Americans were personally affected by the War because they heard reports of Poles being used as soldiers for both the Allied and Central Powers, and Polish newspapers confirmed fatalities for many families. Communication was very difficult to their families in Poland and immigration was halted. After the war The Literary Digest estimated that the U.S. army had 220,000 Poles in its ranks and reported that Polish names made up 10 percent of the casualty lists, while the proportion of Poles in the country amounted to 4 percent. Of the first 100,000 volunteers to enlist in the U.S. Armed Services during World War I, over 40% were Polish American. France in 1917 decided to set up a Polish Army, to fight on the Western Front under French command. Canada was given responsibility for recruiting and training. It was known as the Blue Army because of its uniform. France lobbied for the Polish Army idea, pressuring Washington to allow recruiting in Polonia. The U.S. in 1917 finally agreed by sanctioning recruiting of men who were ineligible for the draft. This included recent Polish immigrants who did not pass the five-year residency requirements for citizenship. Also there were Poles born in Germany or Austria who were thus considered enemy aliens ineligible for drafting into the United States Army. The so-called "blue army" reached nearly 22,000 men from the U.S. and over 45,000 from Europe (mostly POWs) out of a planned 100,000. It entered battle in summer 1918. When the war ended the Blue Army under General Józef Haller de Hallenburg was moved to Poland where it helped establish the new state. Most veterans who originated in the U.S. returned to the U.S. in the 1920s, but they never received recognition as veterans by either the U.S. or the Polish government. Polish pianist Ignacy Paderewski came to the U.S. and asked immigrants for help. He raised awareness of the plight and suffering in Poland before and after World War I. Paderewski used his name recognition to promote the sale of dolls to benefit Poland. The dolls, dressed in traditional Polish garb, had "Halka and Jan" as main characters. Sales provided enough money for the Polish refugees in Paris who designed the dolls to survive, and extra profits were used to purchase and distribute food to the poor in Poland. Wilson designated January 1, 1916 as Polish Relief Day. Contributions to the Red Cross given that day were used to give relief to Poland. Polish Americans frequently pledged a working day's pay to the cause. American Poles purchased over $67 million in Liberty Loans during World War I to help finance the war. Interwar period (1920s and 1930s) By 1917 there were over 7000 Polish organizations in the United States, with a membership - often overlapping - of about 800,000 people. The most prominent were the Polish Roman Catholic Union founded in 1873, the (1880) and the gymnastic Polish Falcons (1887). Women also established separate organizations. The was formed in 1880 to mobilize support among Polish Americans for the liberation of Poland; it discouraged Americanization before World War I. Down until 1945 it was locked in battle with the rival organization Polish Roman Catholic Union. It then focused more on its fraternal roles such as social activities for its membership. By the 1980s it focused on its insurance program, with 300,000 members and assets of over $176 million. The first Polish politicians were now seeking major offices. In 1918 a Republican was elected to Congress from Milwaukee, the next one was elected to Congress in 1924 as a Republican from Detroit. In the 1930s, the Polish vote became a significant factor in larger industrial cities, and switched heavily into the Democratic Party. Charles Rozmerek, the president from 1939 to 1969, built a political machine from the Chicago membership, and played a role in Chicago Democratic politics. Following World War I, the reborn Polish state began the process of economic recovery and some Poles tried to return. Since all the ills of life in Poland could be blamed on foreign occupation, the migrants did not resent the Polish upper classes. Their relation with the mother country was generally more positive than among migrants of other European countries. It is estimated that 30% of the Polish emigrants from lands occupied by the Russian Empire returned home. The return rate for non-Jews was closer to 50–60%. More than two-thirds of emigrants from Polish Galicia (freed from under the Austrian occupation) also returned. Anti-Immigrant nativism (1920s) American nativism countered the immigration and assimilation of Poles into the United States. In 1923, Carl Brigham dismissed the Poles as inferior in intelligence. He even defended his assertions against popular support for Kościuszko and Pulaski, well-known Polish heroes from the American Revolution, stating, "careless thinkers select one or two striking examples of ability from a particular group, and that they have overthrown an argument based on the total distribution of ability." Orators "can not alter the distribution of the intelligence of the Polish immigrant. All countries send men of exceptional ability to America, but the point is that some send fewer than others." Polish communities in the United States were targeted by Nativist groups and sympathizers during the 1920s. In White Deer, Texas, where Poles were virtually the only ethnic minority, Polish children had near-daily fights with other schoolchildren, and southerners imitated their parents in calling them "Polocks and damn Catholics". The Ku Klux Klan in particular rose in numbers and political activity during the 1920s, leading parades, protests, and violence in Polish American neighborhoods. On May 18, 1921, about 500 white-robed, torch-bearing members from Houston took a train to Brenham, Texas and marched carrying signs such as "Speak English or quit talking on Brenham's streets". Physical attacks on German Americans were more common than for Poles, who were not as politically active in Brenham. Following the parade, residents would not come to the town or leave their homes to go to church, afraid of violence. To defuse the situation, a meeting at a local courthouse between Anglo, German, and Slavic leaders created laws requiring funeral services, church sermons, and business transactions to be conducted in English only for the next few months. During the time, Brenham was popularly known as the "Capital of Texas Polonia" because of its large Polish population. The KKK led a similar anti foreigner event in Lilly, Pennsylvania in 1924, which had a significant number of Poles. A novel based on the historical experience of Polish Americans in Lilly, Pennsylvania during this affair is The Masked Family by Robert Jeschonek. The Klan infiltrated the local police of southern Illinois during the 1920s, and search warrants were freely given to Klan groups who were deputized as prohibition officers. In one instance in 1924, S. Glenn Young and 15 Klansmen raided a Polish wedding in Pittsburg, Illinois, violently pushing everyone against the walls, drank their wine, stole their silver dollars, and stomped on the wedding cake. The Polish couple had informed Mayor Arlie Sinks and Police chief Mun Owens beforehand that they were throwing a wedding and wanted to ensure protection; they did not know that Sinks and Owens themselves were Klansmen. Contribution to the American labor movement Polish Americans were active in strikes and trade union organizations during the early 20th century. Many Polish Americans worked in industrial cities and in organized trades, and contributed to historical labor struggles in large numbers. Many Polish Americans contributed to strikes and labor uprisings, and political leaders emerged from the Polish community. Leo Krzycki, a Socialist leader known as a "torrential orator", was hired by different trade unions such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations to educate and agitate American workers in both English and Polish during the 1910s to the 1930s. Krzycki was an organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. He motivated worker strikes in the Chicago-Gary steel strike of 1919 and the packing-house workers of Chicago strike in 1921. Krzycki was often used for his effectiveness in mobilizing Americans of Polish descent, and was heavily inspired by Eugene Debs and the Industrial Workers of the World. He was associated with the sit-down strike at the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio in 1936, which was the first twenty-four hour sit-down. Krzycki was one of the main speakers during the protest that later became known as the Memorial Day massacre of 1937. Polish Americans made up 85% of the union of Detroit Cigar Workers in 1937, during the longest sitdown strike in U.S. history. The Great Depression The Great Depression in the United States hurt the Polish American communities across the country as heavy industry and mining sharply cut employment. During the prosperous 1920s, the predominantly Polish Hamtramck neighborhood suffered from an economic slowdown in the manufacturing sector of Detroit. The Hamtramck neighborhood was in disrepair, with poor public sanitation, high poverty, rampant tuberculosis, and overcrowding, and at the height of the Depression in 1932, nearly 50% of all Polish Americans were unemployed. Those who continued to work in the nearby Dodge main plant, where a majority of workers were Polish, faced intolerable conditions, poor wages, and were demanded to speed up production beyond reasonable levels. As the industrial trades Polish Americans worked in became less financially stable, an influx of Blacks and poor southern Whites into Detroit and Hamtramck exacerbated the job market and competed directly with Poles for low-paying jobs. Corporations benefited from the interracial strife and routinely hired Blacks as strikebreakers against the predominantly Polish-American trade unions. The Ford Motor Company used Black strikebreakers in 1939 and 1940 to counter strikes by the United Auto Workers, which had a predominantly Polish-American membership. The mainly Polish UAW membership and pro-Ford Black loyalists fought at the gates of the plant, often in violent clashes. Tensions with blacks in Detroit was heightened by the construction of a federally funded housing project, the Sojourner Truth houses, near the Polish community in 1942. Polish Americans lobbied against the houses, but their political sway was ineffective. Racial tensions finally exploded in the race riot of 1943. World War II Polish Americans were strong supporters of Roosevelt and the Allies against Nazi Germany. They worked in war factories, tended victory gardens, and purchased large numbers of war bonds. Of a total 5 million self-identified Polish Americans, 900,000 to 1,000,000 (20% of their entire population in the U.S.) joined the U.S. Armed Services. Americans of Polish descent were common in all the military ranks and divisions, and were among the first to volunteer for the war effort. Polish Americans had been enthusiastic enlistees in the U.S. military in 1941. They composed 4% of the American population at the time, but over 8% of the U.S. military during World War II. Matt Urban was among the most decorated war heroes. Francis Gabreski won accolades during World War II for his victories in air fights, later to be named the "greatest living ace." During World War II, General Władysław Sikorski attempted to recruit Polish Americans to a segregated battalion; crowds of men he spoke to in Buffalo, Chicago, and Detroit were frequently second and third generation and did not join in high numbers—only 700 Poles from North America and 900 from South America joined the Polish Army. Historians identified Sikorski's tone towards the Polish American diaspora as problematic because he repeatedly told people he did not want their money but only wanted young men in the military. He said Polonia was "turning its back" on Poland by not joining the cause. During the latter part of World War II, Polish Americans developed a strong interest in political activity ongoing in Poland. Generally, Polish American leaders took the position that Polish Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski should make deals and negotiate with the Soviet Union. Maksymilian Węgrzynek, editor of the New York Nowy Swiat, was fiercely anti-Soviet and founded the National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent (KNAPP) in 1942 to oppose Soviet occupation in Poland. His newspaper became an outlet for exiled Polish leaders to voice their distrust and fears of a disintegrating Polish government under Wladyslaw Sikorski. One such leader was Ignacy Matuszewski who opposed any negotiation with the Soviets without safeguards honoring Polish territorial claims. The majority of American Poles were in-line with the anti-Soviet views of Wegrzynek. Three important pro-Soviet Polish Americans were Leo Krzycki, Rev. Stanislaw Orlemanski, and Oskar R. Lange. They were deeply resented by Polish Americans in New York and Chicago, but found a strong following in Detroit, Michigan. Orlemanski founded the Kosciusko League in Detroit in 1943 to promote American-Soviet friendship. His organization was entirely of Polish Americans and was created with the goal of expanding throughout Polonia. Lange had great influence among Detroit Poles, arguing that Poland could return to its "democratic" roots by ceding territories on the Curzon Line to the Belarusians and Ukrainians, and distributing farmland to the peasants. His viewpoints were well aligned with those of later American and Soviet agreements, whereby Poland gained western territories from Germany. In 1943, Lange, Orlemanski, and U.S. Senator James Tunnell wrote a book outlining their foreign policy aims with respect to Poland, titled, We will Join Hands with Russia. Russian newspapers including Pravda featured supportive articles approving of the work that Detroit Poles were making, and singled Krzycki, Orlemanski, and Lange as heroic leaders. On January 18, 1944, Russian diplomat Vyacheslav Molotov met with American ambassador Harriman, saying Poland needed a regime change and Krzycki, Orlemanski, and Lange would be excellent candidates for leadership in Poland. Stalin promoted the idea and asked that Orlemanski and Lange be given Russian passports quickly and allowed to visit Russia. President Roosevelt agreed to process those passports quickly, and later agreed to many of the political points they made, but advised Stalin that the visit be kept secretive. Lange visited Russia, meeting with Stalin personally, as well as the Polish nationalist government. Lange later returned to the United States where he pushed Polish Americans to accept that Poland would cede the Curzon line, and a communist regime change in Poland was inevitable. Aftermath in Polonia American Poles had a reinvigorated interest in Poland during and after World War II. Polish American newspapers, both anti and pro-Soviet in persuasion, wrote articles supporting Poland's acquisition of the Oder-Neisse line from Germany at the close of the war. The borders of Poland were in flux after the war, since Nazi occupying forces were mainly withdrawn, and Poland's claims did not have German recognition. Polish Americans were apprehensive about the U.S. commitment to assuring them the western territories. The Potsdam Agreement specifically stated that Poland's borders would be "provisional" until an agreement with Germany was signed. At the close of the war, America occupied West Germany and relations with the Eastern bloc became increasingly difficult because of Soviet domination. Polish Americans feared that America's occupation of, and close relations with, West Germany would mean a distancing from Poland. West Germany received many German refugees who escaped Communist hostility in Poland, and their stories of persecution and hostility were not helpful to Polish-German relations. The Polish American Congress (PAC) was established in 1944 to ensure that Polish Americans (6 million at the time) had a political voice to support Poland following World War II. The traveled to Paris in 1946 to stop the United States Secretary of State, James F. Byrnes, from making further agreements with Germany. Byrnes and Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov both were making speeches expressing support for an economically and politically unified Germany, and both invoked the "provisional" nature of the Oder-Neisse line in their talks. Polish Americans were outraged when Byrnes stated in Germany that German public opinion should be accounted for in territorial claims. The Polish newspaper made a cartoon of Byrnes in front of an American flag with Swatstikas and black heads instead of stars, criticizing his support of Germany as a "sell-out". Even pro-Soviet Polish Americans called those lands "Recovered Territories", suggesting wide and popular support among American Poles. The remained distrustful of the United States government during the Truman administration and afterwards. In 1950, after East Germany and Poland signed an agreement on the Oder-Neisse line making it officially Polish territory, the U.S. Commissioner in Germany, John J. McCloy, issued a statement saying that a final resolution on the border would require another peace conference. Postwar Second wave of immigration (1939–89) A wave of Polish immigrants came to the United States following World War II. They differed from the first wave in that they did not want to, and often could not, return to Poland. They assimilated rather quickly, learned English and moved into the American middle class with less of the discrimination faced by the first wave. This group of immigrants also had a strong Polish identity; Poland created a strong national and cultural identity during the 1920s and 1930s when it gained independence, and immigrants carried much of this cultural influx to the United States. Poles in the second wave were much more likely to seek white-collar and professional positions, took pride in expressing Poland's cultural and historical successes, and did not submit to the low status American Poles had taken in previous generations. The background of these immigrants varied widely. Historically, 5 or 6 million Poles lived in territories annexed by the Soviet Union during World War II. Many were aristocrats, students, university graduates, and middle-class citizens who were systematically categorized by the Soviet police; Polish military officers were killed in Katyn, the civilians were deported to remote territories in Central Asia or Nazi concentration camps. During the War, Poles attempted to seek refuge in the United States, and some were allowed in. Following the War, many Poles escaped Soviet oppression by fleeing to sympathetic Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. A small steady immigration for Poland has taken place since 1939. Political refugees arrived after the war. In the 1980s about 34,000 refugees arrived fleeing Communism in Poland, along with 29,000 regular immigrants. Most of the newcomers were well-educated professionals, artists of political activists and typically did not settle in the long-established neighborhoods. Since 1945 In 1945 the Red Army took control and Poland became a Communist-controlled satellite of the Soviet Union. It broke free with American support in 1989. Many Polish Americans viewed Roosevelt's treaties with Stalin as backhanded tactics, and feelings of betrayal were high in the Polish community. After the war, however, some higher status Poles were outraged with Roosevelt's acceptance of Stalin's control over Poland; they shifted their vote in the 1946 congressional elections to conservative Republicans who opposed the Yalta agreement and foreign policy in Eastern Europe. However, working-class Polish Americans remained loyal to the Democratic party in the face of a Republican landslide that year. Into the 1960s Polonia as a whole continued to vote solidly for the liberal New Deal Coalition and for local Democratic party organization candidates. The first candidate on a national ticket was Senator Edmund S Muskie (Marciszewski), nominated by the Democrats for vice president in 1968. He was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1972; he later served as Secretary of State. The first appointee to the Cabinet was John Gronouski, chosen by John F. Kennedy as postmaster general 1963–65. By 1967, there were nine Polish Americans in Congress including four from the Chicago area. The three best known were Democrats who specialized in foreign policy, taxes and environmentalism. Clement J. Zablocki of Milwaukee served 1949–83, and became chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee from 1977 until his death in 1983; although liberal on domestic issues, he was a hawk regarding the Vietnam War. Dan Rostenkowski served 1959–95, and became chair of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, which writes the tax laws. His father was an influential alderman and party leader from the center of Polonia on the Northwest side of Chicago. Even more influential has been John Dingell of Detroit, who was first elected to Congress in 1955 and served until 2015 (with the second longest tenure on record). A liberal Democrat known for hard-hitting investigations, Dingell was a major voice in economic, energy, medical and environmental issues. His father John D. Dingell, Sr. held the same seat in Congress from 1933 to 1955. He was the son of Marie and Joseph A. Dzieglewicz, Polish immigrants. Historian Karen Aroian has identified a bump in Polish immigration in the 1960s and 1970s as the "Third Wave". Poland was liberalized during the Gierek era when emigration was loosened, and U.S. immigration policy remained relatively kind to Poles. Interviews with immigrants from this wave found that they were consistently shocked at how important materialism and careerism was in the United States. Compared to Poland, as they experienced it, the United States had a very meager social welfare system and neighbors did not recognize the neighborly system of favors and bartering common in Poland. Polish immigrants saw a major difference in the variety of consumer goods in America, whereas in Poland shopping for consumer goods was less a luxury and more a means of survival. Aroian identifies his interviewees may have been skewed by the relatively recent immigrant status of his subjects, as every immigrant faces some setbacks in social standing when entering a new country. Decay of Polish urban communities Polish Americans settled and created a thriving community in Detroit's east side. The name "Poletown" was first used to describe the community in 1872, where there was a high number of Polish residents and businesses. Historically, Poles took great pride in their communities; in a 1912 survey of Chicago, in the black section, 26% of the homes were in good repair while 71% of the Polish homes were; by contrast, only 54% of the ethnically mixed stockyards district were in good repair. Polish neighborhoods were consistently low on FBI crime rate statistics, particularly in Pennsylvania, despite being economically depressed during much of the 20th century. Polish Americans were highly reluctant to move to the suburbs as other white ethnics were fleeing Detroit. Poles had invested millions of dollars in their churches and parochial schools, and World War I drives drained their savings (the Polish National Fund alone received $5,187,000 by 1920). Additional savings were given to family and friends from Poland, where many immigrants and their children sent back money. During the 1960s, the black population of Detroit increased by 98,000, while 386,000 whites were leaving the city. Polish Americans and blacks entering the urban communities often lived next door to each other, and in close confrontations at times. In Chicago and in other northern cities, historian Joseph Parot observed real estate agents pressing white couples to move to the suburbs while encouraging blacks to move into Polish ethnic communities. Parot found that housing patterns commonly showed white ethnics such as Poles and Italians were used as "buffer zones" between black and white areas in multiple cities. Poles who stayed in the cities generally lost ties with their children, who moved away to start new families, and faced an increase in crime and racial tension with the growing black population. In the mid-1960s, the few Polish American protests against the disintegration of their ethnic communities were portrayed in the media as "racist". Poles were not cooperative with government incursions into their neighborhoods; in Pittsburgh's Model Cities Program, tax money paid by the residents was used to tear down blocks of a Polish community to build low income housing for blacks and Hispanics. In the predominantly Polish Catholic parish of St. Thaddeus, parishioners were demoralized by orders made from the Archdiocese of Detroit mandating that a percentage of proceeds from church events go to serve low-income black parishes. Polish American Roman Gribbs who served from 1970 to 1974 when the city was roughly half-white and half-black, believes the major exodus of whites happened when children going to public school faced increased crime and physical danger in Detroit. Detroit became known as the murder capital of America during the 1970s, and Polish Americans residents suffered several murders. In 1975, the Detroit Polish community was disgusted by the innocent killing of Marian Pyszko, a World War II freedom fighter and 6-year concentration camp survivor who was killed by three African American youth who were avenging the accidental shooting of their friend. The man who shot their friend was sentenced to 3 years for reckless use of a firearm, but the three youths who killed Pyszko were acquitted of all charges by a biased jury. The jurors argued that the black riot was greater than the 3 boys (roughly 700 people were in the Livernois–Fenkell riot where Pyszko was targeted) and there was insufficient evidence to convict them. The Polish community was disgusted by the lack of justice it faced in Detroit, and enmity towards blacks grew during the 1960s and 1970s. Many Polish Americans were forced out by the construction of freeways, public housing, and industrial complexes. More than 25% of Hamtramck's population was displaced by the building of Interstate-75. Poles saw their communities disintegrate as forces such as blockbusting caused their longtime friends and neighbors to take white flight. The quality of life for those who stayed decreased rapidly, as did the sense of community: As late at 1970, Hamtramck and Warren, Michigan, were highly Polish. The communities (and counterparts in Polish Chicago areas) rapidly changed into naturally occurring retirement communities where young families and single adults fled and left the elderly alone. Many of the elder Polish Americans suffered a loss of control over their daily lives, as many lost the assistance of their children and had a shrinking community to associate with for necessary help and service. Many withdrew from public life and descended into private consumption and activities to occupy their time. Depression, isolation, and loneliness increased in many of Detroit's Poles. The Hamtramck neighborhood used to be inhabited chiefly by Polish immigrants and their children until most moved to Warren, north of Detroit. Homes left behind were old and expensive to maintain. Many homes fell into disrepair and neglect, litter grew, and children's playgrounds were deserted. 1960s and 1970s In the late 1960s and 1970s, Americans of Polish descent felt a new low in their social status. Polish Americans were seen as bigoted and racist towards Blacks during the 1960s, as an increasing number of southern Blacks ran into conflict with Poles inside urban cities such as Detroit and Chicago. In Detroit in particular, Polish Americans were among the last white ethnic groups to remain in the city as its demographics changed into a Black enclave. Poles resented Black newcomers to their urban communities, and resented white liberals who called them racist for their attempts to remain in Polish-majority communities. Poles in Chicago fought against blockbusting by real estate agents who ruined the market value of their homes while changing their communities into low-income, high crime centers. Poles in Chicago were against the open housing efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr., who encouraged black integration into Polish urban communities; his policies and resulting integration efforts led to violent riots between Poles and Blacks in 1966 and 1967, particularly in Detroit. In 1968, a local president of the Chicago Polish Homeowner's Association raised a flag from half-mast to full-mast on the day of MLK's death, nearly sparking a riot. Polish homeowners in Hamtramck were given a legal blow in 1971 when a Michigan federal court ruled against their urban renewal efforts which had effectively decreased the community's black population. The experience created a rift between Polish Americans and political liberalism; Poles were labeled as racist by white liberals who had already fled to the suburbs and did not have any connection to the violence and urban warfare facing Polish American communities. Poles were similarly disgusted by the affirmative action programs institutionalized in their workplaces and schools, and were unfairly blamed for historical slavery and the economic and political disenfranchisement of blacks in America. Race relations between whites and blacks had been poor in many cities, but through the progress of the Civil Rights Movement, anti-Black discrimination became highly unacceptable but anti-Polish discrimination did not have the same legal safeguards. Highly offensive jokes commonly replaced the word "black" or "nigger" with "Polack". As an example, historian Bukowczyk heard a student in Detroit tell this "joke": Question: How can you tell the difference between a dog and a Polack who have been run over by a car? Answer: For the Polack, there won't be any skid marks. When he questioned the student why she told this Polish joke, she said it was originally a black joke, but the word "nigger" was replaced by "Polack" because she did not want to be "prejudiced". Polish jokes Polish jokes were everywhere in the 1960s and 1970s. In the late '60s, a book of Polish jokes was published and copyrighted, and commercial goods, gift cards, and merchandise followed that profited at the expense of Poles. Polish stereotyping was deeply pervasive in America and assimilation, upward mobility, higher education, and even intermarriage did not solve the problem. In 1985, Bukowczyk recalled meeting a college student from largely Polish Detroit, Michigan who lived in a home where her Irish-American mother would sometimes call her Polish-American father a "dumb Polack." Polish Americans were ashamed of their identities, and thousands changed their names to fit into American society. The American media spread an image of the Polish male as a "jock", typically large, strong, and tough athletically, but lacking in intelligence. Thomas Tarapacki theorized that the prominence and high visibility of Polish Americans in sports during the postwar era contributed to the Polish jokes of the 1960s and 70s. Although Poles were succeeding in all types of sports, including tennis and golf, they came to dominate football in high numbers beginning in the 1930s and 40s. Blue collar, working class Americans repeatedly saw their favorite team rosters filled with Polish names and began to closely identify the two. Poles in many regards were proud of Polish American successes in American sports, and a Hall of Fame was constructed to celebrate their successes. However, by the 1960s, Tarapacki argues, Polish Americans struggled to combat the "jock" image because there had not been national recognition of successes in other fields other than athletics. Polish surnames in America Polish Americans often downplayed their ethnicity and changed their names to fit into American society. During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, name changes were commonly done by immigration agents at Ellis Island. An example of this is in the family of Edmund Muskie, whose Polish surname was Marciszewski. During the 1960s and 1970s, an unprecedented number of Poles voluntarily chose to Anglicize their own names. In Detroit alone, over 3,000 of the areas' 300,000 Polish Americans changed their names every year during the 1960s. Americans took no effort to respect or learn the pronunciation of Polish last names, and Poles who made it to positions of public visibility were told to Anglicize their own names. Many people, according to linguist John M. Lipski, "are convinced that all Polish names end in and contain difficult consonant clusters." Although "very little is known about the psychological parameters," Lipski speculates about reasons for mispronunciation; for example, he found that English speakers consistently mispronounced his two syllable surname, Lipski, because, he speculates, an emotion based "inherent ethnolinguistic 'filtering mechanism' rejects" a simple two-syllable sequence when there is an expectation that all Polish names are "unpronounceable." In areas with no significant Slavic populations such as Houston, Texas, Lipski found mispronunciations were nonexistent. Lipski experienced mispronunciations often in Toledo, Ohio, and Alberta, Canada, where there were greater Slavic populations, which he believed was an example of unconscious prejudice. With little tolerance for learning and appreciating Polish last names, Americans viewed Poles who refused to change their names as unassimilable greenhorns. Even more common, Polish American children quickly changed their first names to American versions (Mateusz to Matthew, Czeslaw to Chester, Elzbieta to Elizabeth, Piotr to Peter). A 1963 study based on probate court records of 2,513 Polish Americans who voluntarily changed their last names share a pattern; over 62% changed their names entirely from the original to one with no resemblance to the Polish origin (examples include: Czarnecki to Scott, Borkowski to Nelson, and Kopacz to Woods). The second-most common choice was to subtract the Polish-sounding ending (ex: Ewanowski to Evans, Adamski to Adams, Dobrogowski to Dobro), often with an Anglicized addition (Falkowski to Falkner, Barzyk to Barr). These subtractions and Anglicized combinations were roughly 30% of cases. It was very rare for a name to be shortened with a Polish-sounding ending (ex: Niewodomski to Domski, Karpinski to Pinski, Olejarz to Jarz), as such examples accounted for less than .3% of cases. Polish pride During the 1970s, Polish Americans began to take pride in their ethnicity and identified with their Polish roots. Pins and T-shirts reading "Kiss me I'm Polish" and "Polish Power" began selling in the 1960s, and Polish polka experienced a growing popularity. In 1972, 1.1 million more people reported Polish ethnicity to the U.S. Census Bureau than they had only 3 years earlier. Public figures began to express their Polish identity openly and several Poles who had often changed their names for career advancement in the past began to change their names back. The book Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (1971) explored the resurgence of white ethnic pride that happened in America at the time. Polish Americans (and Poles around the world) were elated by the election of Pope John Paul II in 1978. Polish identity and ethnic pride grew as a result of his papacy. Polish Americans partied when he was elected Pope, and Poles worldwide were ecstatic to see him in person. John Paul II's charisma drew large crowds wherever he went, and American Catholics organized pilgrimages to see him in Rome and Poland. Polish pride reached a height unseen by generations of Polish Americans. Sociologist Eugene Obidinski said, "there is a feeling that one of our kind has made it. Practically every issue of the Polish American papers reminds us that we are in a new glorious age." Polish Americans had been doubly blessed during the election; and Karol Wojtyla became the first Polish pope. John Paul II's wide popularity and political power gave him soft power crucial to Poland's Solidarity movement. His visit to Poland and open support for the Solidarity movement is credited for bringing a swift end to communism in 1981, as well as the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain. John Paul II's theology was staunchly conservative on social and sexual issues, and though popular as a religious and political figure, church attendance among Polish Americans did slowly decline during his papacy. John Paul II used his influence with the Polish American faithful to reconnect with the Polish National Catholic Church, and won some supporters back to the Catholic Church. John Paul II reversed the nearly 100-year excommunication of Francis Hodur and affirmed that those who received sacraments at the National Church were receiving the valid Eucharist. In turn, Prime Bishop Robert M. Nemkovich attended the funeral of John Paul II in 2005. John Paul II remains a popular figure for Polish Americans, and American politicians and religious leaders have invoked his memory to build cultural connection. Civil rights Polish Americans found that they were not protected by the United States courts system in defending their own civil rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII states: "No person in the United States shall on the grounds of race, color, or national origins, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination." In Budinsky v. Corning Glass Works, an employee of Slavic origin was fired after 14 years for speaking up about name-calling and anti-Slavic discrimination by his supervisors. The judge ruled that the statute did not extend beyond "race" and the employment discrimination suit was dismissed because he was therefore not part of a protected class. In the District of Columbia, Kurylas v. U.S. Department of Agriculture, a Polish American bringing suit over equal opportunity employment was told by the court that his case was invalid, as "only nonwhites have standing to bring an action". Poles were also snubbed by the destruction of their Poletown East, Detroit, community in 1981, when eminent domain by corporations triumphed against them in court and displaced their historic town. Aloysius Mazewski of the Polish American Congress felt that Poles were overlooked by the eminent domain and corporate personhood changes to U.S. law, arguing for a change in laws so that "groups as well as individuals" could launch anti-defamation lawsuits and confront civil rights charges. Senator Barbara Mikulski supported such a measure, although no movement has been successful in this issue of amending law for ethnic groups not recognized as racial minorities. 1980s and Poland's liberation U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II placed great pressure on the Soviet Union in the 1980s, leading to Poland's independence. Reagan supported Poland's independence by actively protesting against martial law. He urged Americans to light candles for Poland to show support for their freedoms which were being repressed by communist rule. In 1982, Reagan met with leaders from western Europe to push for economic sanctions on the Soviet Union in return for liberalizing Poland. Reportedly, European leaders were wary of Russia and sought to practice an ongoing detente, but Reagan pressed firmly for punitive measures against the USSR. The public image of the Polish suffering in an economically and politically backward state hurt the Soviets' image abroad; to change public perception, the Soviets granted amnesty to several Polish prisoners and gave a one-time economic stimulus to boost the Polish economy. George H. W. Bush met with Solidarity leaders in Poland beginning in 1987 as vice president. On April 17, 1989, Bush, in his first foreign policy address as president, announced his economic policy toward Poland, The address venue, Hamtramck, was chosen because it had a large Polish American population. Banners at the event included Solidarność signs and a backdrop of "Hamtramck: a touch of Europe in America". Bush's announcement was politically risky because it promised trade and financial credit during a tight U.S. budget, and for placing the White House, and not the State Department, as the key decision maker on foreign diplomacy. Bush's original aid plan was a modest stimulus package estimated at $2–20 million, but by 1990, the United States and allies granted Poland a package of $1 billion to revitalize its newly capitalist market. The U.S. Ambassador in Poland John R. Davis found that Bush's speech was closely watched in Poland and Poles were eagerly awaiting follow-up on his speech. Davis predicted that the July 1989 visit by Bush to Poland "will be an action-forcing event for the Polish leadership" and could radically change their government. In Poland, Davis assessed that, "the U.S. occupies such an exaggerated place of honor in the minds of most Poles that it goes beyond rational description." The perception of the U.S., according to Davis, was partially "derive from economic prosperity and lifestyle, enjoyed by 10 million Polish-Americans and envied by their siblings and cousins left behind." Wave of immigration (1989–present) Polish immigration to the United States experienced a small wave in the years following 1989. Specifically, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent fall of Soviet control freed emigration from Poland. A pent-up demand of Poles who previously were not allowed to emigrate was satisfied, and many left for Germany or America. The United States Immigration Act of 1990 admitted immigrants from 34 countries adversely affected by a previous piece of immigration legislation; in 1992, when the Act was implemented, over a third of Polish immigrants were approved under this measure. The most popular destination for Polish immigrants following 1989 was Chicago, followed by New York City. This was the oldest cohort of immigrants from Poland, averaging 29.3 years in 1992. In American media American media depictions of Poles have been historically negative. Fictional Polish-Americans include Barney Gumble, Moe Szyslak, Banacek, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Brock Samson, Walt Kowalski of Gran Torino, The Big Lebowski, and Polish Wedding. Polish characters tend to be brutish and ignorant, and are frequently the butt of jokes in the pecking order of the show. In the series Banacek, the main character was described as "not only a rugged insurance sleuth but also a walking lightning rod for Polish jokes." In the 1961 film West Side Story, the character Chino takes issue with the caucasian Tony, who is of mixed Polish and Swedish heritage, and has a line in which he said, "If it's the last thing I do, I'm gonna kill that Polack!" The slurring of Tony's ancestry is unique in that none of the other white ancestries are targeted. Folklorist Mac E. Barrick observed that TV comedians were reluctant to tell ethnic jokes until Spiro Agnew's "polack jokes" in 1968, pointing to an early Polish joke told by comedian Bob Hope in 1968, referencing politicians. Barrick stated that "even though the Polack joke usually lacks the bitterness found in racial humor, it deals deliberately with a very small minority group, one not involved in national controversy, and one that has no influential organization for picketing or protesting." During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a revived expression of white ethnicity in American culture. The popular 1970s sitcom Barney Miller depicted Polish-American character Sergeant Wojohowicz as uneducated and mentally slow. Among the worst offenders was the popular 1970s sitcom All in the Family, where protagonist Archie Bunker routinely called his son-in-law a "dumb Polack". The desensitization that was caused by the hateful language in All in the Family created a mainstream acceptance of the jokes, and the word Polack. Sociologist Barbara Ehrenreich called the show "the longest-running Polish joke." In the series Coach, character Dauber Dybinski played the "big, dumb hulk of a player" role for nine series, and a spin-off character George Dubcek (also with a Polish name) in Teech displayed the "burly but dumb son of a former football player". In the movie The End, lead supporting actor Marlon Burunki is depicted as an oafish and schizophrenic Polish-American in a mental institution. The term Polack was so pervasive in American society through the 1960s and 1970s that high-ranking U.S. politicians followed suit. In 1978, Senator Henry Jackson of Washington made Polish jokes at a banquet. Ronald Reagan told Polish jokes multiple times during his presidential campaign in 1980 and during his presidency. As late as 2008, Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania told Polish jokes to an audience of Republican supporters. Reportedly an audience member interrupted him, saying, "Hey careful, I'm Polish", and Specter replied, "That's ok, I'll tell it more slowly." Mayor Marion Barry slurred Poles in 2012, and was apparently unaware the word Polacks was inappropriate. The Polish American community has pursued litigation to stop negative depictions of Poles in Hollywood, often to no avail. The Polish American Congress petitioned the Federal Communications Commission against American Broadcasting Company (ABC) "of a 'consistent policy' of portraying the 'dumb polack image and citing a 1972 episode of The Dick Cavett Show in which host Steve Allen in, and the next episode in which Allen's "alleged 'apology' was," according to the petition, "surrounded by a comic setting and was the basis for more demeaning humor." New York State's highest Appellate court, in , ruled that a gift shop was allowed to sell merchandise with "Polack jokes" on them; it was one vote short of making it illegal, based on public accommodations statutes citing the fact that Polish customers should be welcome and free from discrimination in the place of business. A lawsuit filed against Paramount Pictures in 1983 over "Polish jokes" in the movie Flashdance was thrown out of court, as the judge found "that 'the telling of Polish jokes does not attain that degree of outlandishness' to jeoparize Poles' employment and business opportunities." Contemporary Polish Americans are largely assimilated to American society and personal connections to Poland and Polish culture are scarce. Of the 10 million Polish Americans, only about 4% are immigrants; the American-born Poles predominate. Among Poles of single ancestry, about 90% report living in a mixed-ethnic neighborhood, usually with other white ethnics. No congressional district or large city in the United States is predominantly Polish, although several Polish enclaves exist. Among American-born citizens of Polish ancestry, roughly 50% report eating Polish dishes, and many can name a variety of Polish foods unprompted. Whereas over 60% of Italian Americans reported eating Italian food at least once a week, less than 10% of Polish Americans ate Polish food once a week. This figure is still a higher occurrence than Irish Americans, who can only name a few traditional Irish foods (typically corned beef and cabbage), and only 30% report eating Irish food each year. Even fewer English, Dutch, and Scottish Americans can report that they eat ethnic cuisine regularly. Growth of Polonia institutions There has been growth in Polonia institutions in the early 21st century. The Piast Institute was founded in 2003 and remains the only Polish think tank in America. It has been recognized by the United States Census Bureau as an official Census Information Center, lending its historical information and policy information to interested Polish Americans. Poles in politics and public affairs have greater visibility and an avenue to address issues in the Polonia community through the American Polish Advisory Council. Both are secular institutions. Historically, Polish Americans linked their identity to the Catholic Church, and according to historian John Radzilowski, "Secular Polish Americanness has proved ephemeral and unsustainable over the generations", citing as evidence the decline of Polish parishes as reason for the decline in Polish American culture and language retention, since the parish served as an "incubator for both". The first The Polish American encyclopedia was published in 2008, by James S. Pula. In 2009, the Pennsylvania state legislature voted and approved the first ever Polish American Heritage Month. Anti-defamation efforts Polish Americans continue to face discrimination and negative stereotyping in the United States. In February 2013, a YouTube video on Pączki Day made comments saying that on that day, "everybody is Polish, which means they are all fat and stupid." The Polish Consulate contacted the man who made the video and YouTube, urging it be taken down. It has since been taken off YouTube. Polish jokes by late night host Jimmy Kimmel were answered by a letter from the Polish American Congress in December 2013, urging Disney-ABC Television to discontinue ridiculing Poles as "stupid". On October 4, 2014, lawyers for Michael Jagodzinski, a mining foreman in West Virginia, announced a lawsuit against his former employer, Rhino Eastern, for discrimination based on national origin. Jagodzinski faced insults and taunts from the workers, who had written graffiti and called him a "dumb Polack", and was fired after raising the issue to management, who had refused to take any corrective measures to stop it. As part of a January 2016 settled consent decree, Jagodzinski will receive monetary relief. The United States Geological Survey continues listing natural monuments and places with the name Polack. As of 2017, there are six topographic features and one locale with the name "Polack. Notes References Works cited Figures from Translated from Further reading Bodnar, John, Roger Simon and Michael P Weber. Lives of Their Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh, 1900–1960 (1983) excerpt and text search Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D., "The Polish American Historical Association: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Polish American Studies, 65 (Spring 2008), 57–76. Jones, J. Sydney. "Polish Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 477–492. online Kruszka, Wacław. A History of the Poles in America to 1908: Part Four: Poles in the Central and Western States, Edited by James S. Pula (The Catholic University of America Press), 2001, originally published in 1908; online review External links (Selected newspaper articles, 1855-1938). Polish-American history Polish communities in the United States History of the United States by topic

39175565

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Freemasons%20%28E%E2%80%93Z%29

List of Freemasons (E–Z)

E Nabih Johan Sargon Hiram El Refai, Swedish International Relations revolutionary, legal counsellor and global peace maker Sir Rémy Daniel Alexander El Refai, UK Public figure, Cultural Revolutionary and Philanthropist. George Howard Earle III (1890-1974), 38th governor of Pennsylvania and diplomat Hubert L. Eaton, American chemist, originator of "Memorial park" cemeteries in the USA. Euclid Lodge, No. 58, Great Falls, Montana. John David Eaton, president of the Canadian-based T. Eaton Company. Assiniboine No. 114, G.R.M., Winnipeg. Darío Echandía, Colombian politician and Ambassador to the Holy See Duke of Edinburgh, see Prince Philip (below) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Prince Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick), member of the British Royal Family, Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, member of various lodges including Royal Alpha Lodge No 16 (UGLE). Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany (1739–1767), younger brother of George III of the United Kingdom. Initiated in the Lodge of Friendship (later known as Royal York Lodge of Friendship), Berlin, Germany, on 27 July 1765. Edward VII, King of Great Britain Edward VIII, King of Great Britain Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton (1832–1909), British politician Gustave Eiffel, designer and architect of the Eiffel Tower Philip Eliot (1862–1946), English Anglican clergyman and Bishop of Buckingham. Provincial Grand Master of Buckinghamshire (UGLE). Duke Ellington, musician. Social Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C., Prince Hall Affiliation. William Ellison-Macartney, British politician, Member of Parliament (1885–1903), and Australian state governor. Apollo University Lodge No 357, Oxford; Grand Master of Western Australia. Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1796–1800) John Elway, Hall of Fame quarterback for the Denver Broncos (1983–1998). South Denver Lodge No. 93, Denver, Colorado. (Jerry) Benét Embry, Radio Personality, Writer, Published Author, Actor, Director and Screenwriter. Lebanon Lodge No. 837, Member of Lebanon Lodge 837, Frisco Texas. John Entwistle, bassist, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member of The Who David Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan (1742-1829), Scottish peer and 34th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1782–1783 Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan (1710-1767), Scottish peer and 10th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1745–1746 Henry Erskine, 12th Earl of Buchan (1783-1857), Scottish peer and 59th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1832–1833 Thomas Erskine, 6th Earl of Kellie, Scottish musician, Grand Master of Scotland (1763–1765) Sam Ervin, U.S. senator from North Carolina Ben Espy, American politician, served in the Ohio Senate Bob Etheridge, congressman (D – NC), Bakersville Lodge No. 357, North Carolina Richard Eve, Grand Treasurer of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1889 Colonel George Everest, English surveyor, Surveyor General of India, after whom Mount Everest is named. Member of Prince of Wales's Lodge No 493 (later became No 259), London. F Eberhard Faber, founder of the Faber Pencil Company. Chancellor Walworth No. 271, New York. Sir Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia, initiated into Caledonia Lodge No. 737, Queensland Dez Fafara, singer of DevilDriver (formerly of Coal Chamber), North Hollywood Lodge No. 542, Los Angeles, California Douglas Fairbanks (1883–1939), American movie star and film director. Initiated: 1925, Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528, California. Raised: 11 August 1925, Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528. Philip Michael Faraday (1875-1944), architect and composer. Initiated into the Holloway Lodge No. 2601 in 1898 and Grand Organist of the UGLE from 1914. William Henry Feldon (1871-1945), British and New Zealand sculptor. Past Master of Te Awamutu Lodge 2221, E.C. Master of the Union Mark Lodge, P.N. Ark Mariners, Past Second Principal of both Te Awamutu and Southern Cross Chapters and was a Prime Rose Croix. Bob Feller (1918–2010), American athlete. Grove Lodge #824, Downers Grove, Illinois. Rigas Feraios, national hero of Greece Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand, Grand Master Enrico Fermi, Nobel Prize-winning physicist. FRS. Adriano Lemmi Lodge, Rome, 1923. Ettore Ferrari, Italian sculptor. Grand Master of the Grande Oriente d'Italia. Jules Ferry, French politician. Member of the Alsace-Lorraine Lodge of Paris. Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, Hungarian ecclesiastic and writer. Member of Lodge Pythagoras of the Blazing Star in Berlin. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher. Member of Lodge Pythagoras of the Blazing Star in Berlin. Stephen Johnson Field, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1863–1897) W. C. Fields, American comedian. E. Coppée Mitchell Lodge No. 605, Philadelphia. Charles Grandison Finney, American preacher, evangelist and author (1792–1875). Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32 in Warren, New York. Finney asked for dismissal and was discharged. Hamilton Fish IV, congressman from New York Geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion Abram Fitkin, American businessman and philanthropist (1878–1933). Altair Lodge No. 601, Brooklyn. Lord Frederick FitzClarence, illegitimate son of King William IV. Grand Master of Scotland (1841–1843). Harris Flanagin (1817–1874), seventh governor of Arkansas. Hugh de Payens Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar, Little Rock, Arkansas. Edwin Flavell, brigadier under Field Marshal Montgomery. DSO. MC. Provincial Grand Master of Berkshire 1967–85. Jesse John Fleay, Co-author of the Uluru Statement from the Heart and author of Australia's first model for a republic. Lodge Helena Vale with Friendship WAC No. 017. Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. London Scottish Rifles Lodge No. 2310. Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and inventor. St. Andrew's No. 16, Toronto, Ontario. Walter Fleming, co-founder of the Shriners Cyril Fletcher, English comedian Thomas Fletcher (1817–1880), acting governor of Arkansas. Magnolia No. 60, Little Rock, Arkansas. William J. Florence, co-founder of the Shriners Arnoldo Foà, Italian actor. Lodge Alto Adige, Rome. Nandor Fodor (1895 - 1964), British and American parapsychologist, psychoanalyst, author and journalist of Hungarian origin. Martin Folkes, president of the Royal Society (1741–1753). Deputy Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England (1724–1725).Pietre-Stones Alain Bernheim, My Approach to Masonic History (address, Manchester 2011). Retrieved 17 June 2013. Sir William Forbes, 6th Baronet, Scottish banker. Grand Master of Scotland (1776–1778). Isaac de Forcade de Biaix, Royal Prussian colonel and Hofmarschall to the Prince of Prussia. Knight of the Order of Pour le Mérite, Prussia's highest order of merit for heroism. Gerald Ford, President of the United States Glenn Ford, American actor Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company. Palestine Lodge No 357, Detroit. Nathan Bedford Forrest, Confederate States Army general. Angerona Lodge No. 168, Memphis, Tennessee – received only the First Degree and never advanced further. Benjamin Franklin, American inventor and statesman. St. John's Lodge, Philadelphia, February 1731. Eric Fraser, British businessman and civil servant, Director-General of Aircraft Production during World War Two. Royal Somerset House & Inverness Lodge No 4 (UGLE). Joe Frazier (1944-2011), boxer and undisputed heavyweight boxing champion. Member of MB Taylor Lodge No. 141. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (16 August 17635 January 1827), second eldest child and second son of King George III of the United Kingdom Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. Member and founder of the lodge Zu den drei Weltkugeln (Of the Three Globes). John French, 1st Earl of Ypres (1852-1925), English army officer and Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force during World War I Bridge Frodsham (1733?–1768), English provincial actor. Master of Punch Bowl 259 at York 1761–62 (Premier Grand Lodge of England). W. A. Fry (1872–1944), Canadian sports administrator and newspaper publisher, lodge member of Dunnville, Ontario Boyd C. Fugate (1884–1967), Tennessee state representative Will Fyffe, Scottish singer and actor. Lodge St John, Shotts No 471. G Ibrahim Gaydarov, Lezgin Muslim travel engineer, noble, nationalist activist, Minister of Transport, Post and Telegraph of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus and one of the Northern Caucasus intellectuals Clark Gable, actor; Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528, California David Galliford, Bishop of Bolton in the Church of England. Exemplar Lodge No 5075, Manchester, and Marquess of Zetland Lodge No 9349, York; Grand Chaplain of UGLE. Léon Gambetta, French politician Federico García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), Spanish poet, playwright and theatre director. His membership of the Alhambra Lodge (as 'Homero') was one of the "crimes" that led to his assassination by Franco's forces. James A. Garfield, U.S. president. Magnolia Lodge No. 20, Columbus Lodge No. 30, and Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, Ohio. Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general; fused the Rites of Memphis and Misraim in 1881 David Garrick, English actor Antonio Gasparinetti, Italian poet and military officer. Member of the Grand Orient of Italy Lodge. Richard Jordan Gatling (12 September 1818 – 26 February 1903), American inventor best known for his invention of the Gatling gun, the first successful machine gun. An active member of his Masonic Lodge, he was member of Center Lodge No. 23, Indianapolis. Licio Gelli, Italian politician. Worshipful master of Propaganda Due – expelled in 1981 (some say 1976) by the Grand Orient of Italy. George IV, King of Great Britain; UGLE George VI, King of Great Britain. Naval Lodge No. 2612 UGLE. Member of Lodge Glamis No. 99 (Scottish Constitution). 91st Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, 1936–37. W. B. George, Canadian sports administrator and agriculturalist. Member of Mount Zion Lodge Master in Kemptville, Ontario. Frank Geyer, Philadelphia police detective most notable for his cross-country, international investigation of H. H. Holmes, one of America's first serial killers. He entered Apprentice 14 September 1880, then Fellow Craft 12 October 1880 and became Master Mason 16 November 1880 (1880–1918). All degrees were in the Frankford Lodge No 292, Philadelphia. He was a member of Corinthian Chasseur Commandery No. 53 and Corinthian Royal Arch Chapter No. 250. Ion Ghica, twice Prime Minister of Romania; four-time President of the Romanian Academy Edward Gibbon, English historian and politician George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall, British Conservative politician Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael, British colonial administrator, Member of Parliament (1895–1900). Grand Master of Scotland (1907–1909) and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Victoria (1909–1912). Carl Giers (1828–1877), German-born American photographer W. S. Gilbert, dramatist and librettist, one half of Gilbert and Sullivan. Member of Lodge St Machar No. 54, Aberdeen. King Camp Gillette, American businessman Frank Gillmore, actor and president of Actor's Equity Nicholas Gilman, delegate to the Continental Congress, signer of the U.S. Constitution, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. James Glasgow, the first North Carolina Secretary of State, from 1777 to 1798. He was an early officer of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina but was ultimately expelled from Freemasonry due to the scandal known as the Glasgow Land Fraud. Raymond Glendenning (1907-1974), British BBC sports commentator. Nioba Lodge No 5264 (Newport, Wales), Avenue Lodge No 3231 (London), Shakespear Lodge No 99 (London), and Grand Stewards' Lodge (London). John Glenn (18 July 1921 – 8 December 2016), astronaut and U.S. senator Concord Lodge No.688 Concord, Ohio Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German philosopher and poet. Lodge Amelie, Weimar. Octavian Goga, Prime Minister of Romania (1937–38) Alexandru G. Golescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1870) E. Urner Goodman, co-founder of the Boy Scouts' Order of the Arrow Bazil Gordon, Scottish settler to America, America's first millionaire Fredericksburg Lodge No.4 in Virginia (at that time, operating under a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland). George Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly KT (28 June 1761 – 17 June 1853), styled Lord Strathavon until 1795 and known as the Earl of Aboyne from 1795 to 1836. Grand Master of Scotland from 1802 to 1803. George Henry Gordon, Union general in the American Civil War. Bunker Hill Lodge, Massachusetts. George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon, Scottish politician, Member of Parliament (1806–1807). Keeper of the Great Seal (1820–1830), Grand Master of Scotland (1792–1794). John Brown Gordon, Confederate general and lawyer Alexander Snow Gordon (d. 1803), New York silversmith Sir John Gorton (1911–2002), 19th Prime Minister of Australia. Initiated into Freemasonry at Kerrange Lodge No. 100 UGLV on 5 February 1948. Robert Freke Gould, soldier, barrister and historian of Freemasonry Founding Worshipful Master of the Lodge of King Solomon's Temple No. 3464. Chuck Grassley, member of the U.S. Senate from Iowa Eileen Gray, international bicycle racer and founder of the Women's Cycle Racing Association Ron-el Greaves, American Technologist, Vice President of Technology & Operations. Member fo Prince Hall Freemasonry - Master Lodge No. 99 of NY. 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Freemason Al Green, American singer, songwriter, record producer, and pastor. Member of Prince Hall Freemasonry. Ron Greenwood, England national football team manager 1977–1982. Initiated in Lodge of Proven Fellowship, London in 1956 Henri Grégoire, Roman Catholic priest, Constitutional bishop of Blois and French revolutionary leader Jules Grévy, President of the French Third Republic (1879–1887) D. W. Griffith, film director, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York Doug Grimston, Canadian ice hockey administrator, New Westminster lodge member Alfred Robert Grindlay (1 February 1876 – 14 April 1965), British inventor, industrialist, official, founder of Grindlay Peerless and Mayor during the Coventry Blitz Reginald Robert Grindlay (1899 – 1965), British industrialist and motorcycle racer Robert Melville Grindlay (23 October 1786 – 9 December 1877), British soldier, banker and artist Virgil I. Grissom, American astronaut. Mitchell Lodge No. 228, Mitchell, Indiana. Milan Grol (1876–1952), Serbian literary critic, politician and the last president of the Yugoslav Democratic Party, which was banned by the communist regime of Josip Broz Tito in 1946 Francis Grose (1731before 11 June 1731 – 1791), English antiquarian George Grossmith Jr. (1874–1935), musical theatre actor William A. Guerry (1861–1928), eighth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. Made a Mason at Sight, later affiliated with Landmark Lodge No. 76, Charleston, South Carolina. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738–1814), French surgeon and politician, eponym of the guillotine. "La Parfaite Union" lodge in Angouleme, the Grand Orient of France, "La Concorde Fraternelle" lodge, and "La Vérité" lodge. Grant Wood (1891-1942), One of America's most Famous artists in his era. Most famous for his painting "American Gothic (1930)" A member of Mount Hermon Lodge #263 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa H John Winthrop Hackett, Australian proprietor, newspaper editor and politician. Grand Master of Western Australia. Bobby Hackett, American jazz musician (trumpet, cornet and guitar). Member of St. Cecile Lodge #568, New York (which is a lodge specifically for artists and musicians). Alfred Cort Haddon, British anthropologist Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, British field marshal, Commander British Expeditionary Forces. Elgin Lodge No. 91, Leven, Scotland. Manly Palmer Hall, Esoteric author. Raised 22 November 1954 into Jewel Lodge No. 374, San Francisco. Prince Hall, founder of Prince Hall Freemasonry (Thomas) Frederick Halsey (1839–1927), British politician, soldier, and landowner. Deputy Grand Master of UGLE. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Mark Hambourg, dual national Russian-British concert pianist. Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London (UGLE). James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn KG PC (21 January 1811 – 31 October 1885), styled Viscount Hamilton from 1814 to 1818 and the Marquess of Abercorn from 1818 to 1868, was a British Conservative Party politician and statesman who twice served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Grand Master of Ireland 1874–1885. James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn KG, CB, PC (Ire) (24 August 1838 – 3 January 1913), styled Viscount Hamilton until 1868 and Marquess of Hamilton from 1868 to 1885, was a British nobleman and diplomat. Grand Master of Ireland in 1886. James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn FRS PC (22 March 1686 – 11 January 1744), was a Scottish and Irish nobleman. Grand Master of England in 1725. William John Hammond (1797–1848), British actor-manager initiated into the Bank of England Lodge No. 263 in 1836 Lionel Hampton, American jazz musician. Member of Prince Hall in New York. John Hancock, American revolutionary, merchant and statesman Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. general. Charity Lodge #190, Norristown, Pennsylvania. Agoston Haraszthy (1812 - 1869), Hungarian-American nobleman, adventurer, traveler, writer, town-builder, and pioneer winemaker in Wisconsin and California. Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the United States. Marion Lodge No. 70, Ohio. Oliver Hardy, actor; Solomon Lodge No. 20, Florida John M. Harlan, U.S. Associate Supreme Court Justice John Harmer (1857–1944), English and Australian Anglican bishop Colonel John Harrelson, first chancellor of North Carolina State University. Raised 28 August 1909 into William G. Hill Lodge No. 218, Raleigh, North Carolina. Member of NCSU chapter of Square and Compass. Augustus Harris, British actor, impresario and dramatist Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London (UGLE). John Harris (1791–1873), English artist and facsimilist. Considered the "Father of the Masonic tracing board"; initiated under UGLE in 1818. Mark Hatfield, U.S. senator. Raised 8 November 1943 in Pacific Lodge No. 50, Salem, Oregon.Oregon Masonic News, Vol XXIX No. 1, September 2011, p. 11 Ichirō Hatoyama, three-time Prime Minister of Japan. Initiated on 29 March 1951, Tokyo Lodge No. 125 PC (lodge No. 2). Raised 26 March 1955. George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, British field marshal. Acting Grand Master of Scotland (1818–1820). Thomas Hay-Drummond, 11th Earl of Kinnoull, Scottish nobleman and Officer of Arms. Grand Master of Scotland (1826–1827). Jesse Helms, U.S. senator from North Carolina Karl Brooks Heisey, Canadian mining engineer. A.F. & A. M. Kirkland Lake. * Claude Adrien Helvétius, French enlightenment philosopher Herbert Hensley Henson (1863–1947), Bishop of Durham (Church of England), a prominent English clergyman, early human rights activist, and pioneering ecumenist. UGLE Freemason, and founder of Cantilupe Lodge No 4083, Hereford. Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon Percy Herbert (1885–1968), Bishop of Norwich (Church of England), prominent English clergyman. Provincial Grand Master for Norfolk. Benjamín Herrera (1853–1924), Colombian liberal politician and general Hermann Hesse, German-Swiss novelist, poet and painter Henry Heth, Confederate general in the American Civil War. Rocky Mountain Lodge #205, Utah. Joseph Hewes, signatory to the U.S. Declaration of Independence Nugent Hicks, or Frederick Cyril Nugent Hicks (1872–1942), English Anglican bishop, served as Bishop of Gibraltar and later as Bishop of Lincoln. St James Royal Arch Chapter No 2 (London). Great Prelate of English Knights Templar from 1941. Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, Japanese imperial prince, Prime Minister of Japan. Initiated 1950. Joseph Highmore, painter Edward Hindle, British entomologist James Hoban, architect of the White House. First Master of Federal Lodge No. 1, District of Columbia. Bertram Maurice Hobby (1905-1983), English entomologist and academic. Churchill Lodge and Apollo University Lodge (both UGLE), and Deputy Provincial Grand Master of Oxfordshire. Christopher L. Hodapp, author. Broad Ripple Lodge No. 643 F&A.M., Indianapolis, Indiana. Wilhelm Hofmeister, botanist who discovered the alternation of generations of plants William Hogarth, painter Cyrus K. Holliday, founder and mayor of Topeka, Kansas, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Deputy Grand Master of Grand Lodge of Kansas. Thomas M. Holt, industrialist, governor of North Carolina Keith Holyoake, prime minister of New Zealand, Governor-General of New Zealand, Grand Master Gordon Honeycombe (1936-2015), British newscaster, actor, author, and campaigner. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge Oxford in 1959. J. Edgar Hoover, first director of the FBI. Grand Cross. Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C. Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, British soldier. Grand Master of New South Wales (1935–1944). Frank Reed Horton, 1918; Royal Arch/York Rite, 1919; Scottish Rite. Founder of Alpha Phi Omega. Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player. Initiated in Kroy Lodge No. 676, Toronto, Ontario, in 1962. Harry Houdini, escape artist Sam Houston, governor of Tennessee, president of the Republic of Texas, governor of the state of Texas, U.S. senator. Initiated at Cumberland Lodge No. 8, Nashville, Tennessee. Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel (7 July 1585 – 4 October 1646), prominent English courtier during the reigns of King James I and King Charles I. Tradition places him as grand master of English Freemasons from 1633 to 1635, and the claim is in accordance with the accounts of Anderson and Preston. Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham Clarence Chesterfield Howerton (9 February 1913 – 18 November 1975), also known as Major Mite, American circus performer, 0.72 m (2 ft 4 1⁄2 in) tall. Performed with the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus and other groups from the early 1920s through the late 1940s. Featured in several films, including a role as a Munchkin in the 1939 version of The Wizard of Oz. William Howley, the 90th Archbishop of Canterbury, and head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Royal York Lodge, Bristol, England.See also the Freemasons' Review, June 1844 edition – Howley's masonry was a well known contemporary fact. James Hozier, 2nd Baron Newlands, British politician, member of Parliament (1886–1906), Grand Master of Scotland (1900–1904) Richard Morris Hunt, American architect, designed the base of the Statue of Liberty Edward John Hutchins (1809–1876), a Liberal MP in the UK Parliament William James Hutchinson (1732–1814), English lawyer, antiquary and topographer Timothy Hutton, actor. Herder Lodge No. 698, Queens, New York. Camille Huysmans, mayor of Antwerp and Prime Minister of Belgium I Edward Augustus Inglefield (1820–1894), English admiral and Arctic explorer Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington Irving (1905-1993), British chemist and academic. Churchill Lodge and Apollo University Lodge (both UGLE). Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905), English actor, and first actor to receive a knighthood. Initiated in 1882 in Jerusalem Lodge No 197, London, and a founder of Savage Club Lodge No 2190. James Irwin (1930–1991), American pilot and astronaut, first motor vehicle passenger on the moon. Member of Tejon Lodge No. 104, Colorado. J Nat Jackley, English comic actor Daniel C. Jackling (14 August 186913 March 1956), American mining and metallurgical engineer who pioneered the exploitation of low-grade porphyry copper ores at the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah. Master of Rocky Mountain Lodge No. 11, Tooele, Utah, in 1899. Andrew Jackson, U.S. president. Harmony Lodge No. 1, Tennessee. Conrad Feger Jackson (11 September 181313 December 1862), brigadier general of the Union Army during the American Civil War. Killed in action during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Member of Lodge No. 45, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Edward L. Jackson (27 December 187318 November 1954), 32nd governor of Indiana. Member of Newcastle Lodge No. 91, New Castle, Indiana. Elihu Emory Jackson (3 November 183727 December 1907), 41st governor of Maryland. Member of Wicomico Lodge No. 91, Salisbury, Maryland. Frank D. Jackson (26 January 185416 November 1938), 15th governor of Iowa. Received his degrees in Alpha Lodge No. 326, Greene, Iowa, on 6 December 1881, 23 March 1883, and 24 Paril 1883. He withdrew in 1901, and affiliated with Capitol Lodge No. 110 of Des Moines in 1904. Henry M. Jackson (31 May 19121 September 1983), congressman and U.S. senator from Washington. Member of Everett Lodge No. 137, Everett, Washington, and was a member of DeMolay. James Jackson (21 September 175719 March 1806), American Revolutionary War general, congressman, U.S. senator from and 23rd governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Member of Solomons Lodge No. 1, Savannah, serving as Master in 1786. Served as Grand Master of Georgia in 1789. Visited the Grand Lodge of New York on 24 June 1789. James S. Jackson (27 September 18238 October 1862), congressman from Kentucky and a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Killed in action at the Battle of Perryville. Member of Hopkinsville Lodge No. 37, Hopkinsville, Kentucky. Jesse Jackson, US civil rights leader and politician. Harmony Lodge No. 88, Chicago, Illinois (PHA). Jesse B. Jackson (19 November 18714 December 1947), U.S. consul and an important eyewitness to the Armenian genocide Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1941–1954). Member of Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 145, Jamestown, New York. Received his degrees, 17 September 1 October, and 22 October 1929. Samuel D. Jackson (28 May 18958 March 1951), U.S. senator from Indiana. Raised in Summit City Lodge No. 170, Fort Wayne, Indiana, on 3 January 1920. William Henry Jackson (4 April 184330 June 1942), American painter, Civil War veteran, geological survey photographer and an explorer famous for his images of the American West William Purnell Jackson (11 January 18687 March 1939), U.S. senator from Maryland. Member of Wicomico Lodge No. 91, of Salisbury, Maryland. Bernhard M. Jacobsen (26 March 186230 June 1936), congressman from Iowa. Member of Emulation Lodge No. 255, Clinton, Iowa, receiving degrees on 8 June 14 July, and 29 July 1891. Graciano López Jaena, Filipino writer and journalist in the Philippine Revolution. Worshipful Master at Logia Povernir No. 2. Arthur James (14 July 188327 April 1973), 31st governor of Pennsylvania. Member of Plymouth Lodge No. 332, Plymouth, Pennsylvania. Benjamin F. James (1 August 188526 January 1961), congressman from Pennsylvania. Received degrees in University Lodge No. 610, Philadelphia, in 1909 and affiliated with Wayne Lodge No. 581, Wayne, Pennsylvania, on 21 March 1911 and master of same in 1915. Thomas Lemuel James (29 March 183111 September 1916), 29th U.S. Postmaster General. Member of Hamilton Lodge No. 120, Hamilton, New York. W. Frank James (23 May 187317 November 1945), congressman from Michigan William P. James (10 January 187028 July 1940), judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. Member of East Gate Lodge No. 290 of Los Angeles, affiliating with Sunset Lodge No. 352 of Los Angeles on 4 January 1904. Suspended in 1922 and restored same year. William Marion Jardine (16 January 187917 January 1955), 9th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. Member Lafayette Lodge No. 16, Manhattan, Kansas. Pete Jarman (31 October 189217 February 1955), congressman from Alabama Abraham Jarvis (5 May 17393 May 1813), American Episcopal bishop of the Diocese of Connecticut and eighth in succession of bishops in the Episcopal Church. He was a high churchman and a loyalist to the crown during the American Revolution. Raised in St. John's Lodge No. 2 of Middletown, Connecticut, 17 December 1783. Served as Grand Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut. John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States (1789–1795) Richard Manning Jefferies (27 February 188920 April 1964), 101st governor of South Carolina. Member of Unity Lodge No. 55, Walterboro, South Carolina. Major-General (retired) Michael Jeffery, AC, CVO, MC Governor-General of Australia (2003–2008) and former CO of SAS Regiment. Initiated in St George's Lodge No 6 on 23 November 1994. Olin M. Jeffords (8 June 189010 October 1964), attorney and judge who served as Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. Member of Lincoln Lodge No. 78, Enosburg Falls, Vermont. John Jeffries (5 February 174516 September 1819), balloonist credited with being among America's first weather observers. He received his degrees in St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, and in 1770 was charter member (and first junior warden 3 December 1770) of Massachusetts Lodge, Boston. He became senior warden 2 December 1771; reelected 7 December 1772; elected master 6 December 1773 and reelected master 5 December 1774. Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy (15 July 178314 April 1859), 1st Baronet, Parsi-Indian merchant and philanthropist. Notable for making a huge fortune on the opium trade to China. John Jellicoe, British Admiral of the Fleet, and Governor-General of New Zealand. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand. Edward H. Jenison (27 July 190724 June 1996), congressman from Illinois Reuben Ellis Jenkins (14 February 189629 July 1975), lieutenant general in the U.S. Army who served in both World Wars and the Korean War. Member of Cartersville Lodge No. 63, Cartersville, Georgia. George C. Jenks (3 April 185013 September 1929), English-born American dime novelist. Member of Bethel Lodge No. 733, New York City. Edward Jenner, British scientist; discovered vaccination. Elected FRS on 26 February 1789; initiated in Lodge of Faith and Friendship No. 449, Gloucestershire. William E. Jenner (21 July 19089 March 1985), U.S. senator from Indiana. Raised in White River Lodge No. 332, Shoals, Indiana. John Jennings, Jr. (6 June 188027 February 1956), congressman from Tennessee. Raised 4 May 1903 in Jacksboro Lodge No. 322, Jacksboro, Tennessee. Transferred to Jellico Lodge No. 527, Jellico, Tennessee, in 1907 and to Masters Lodge No. 244, Knoxville, in 1944, where he was in good standing at time of death. Jonathan Jennings (27 March 178426 July 1834), first governor of Indiana W. Pat Jennings (20 August 19192 August 1994), congressman from Virginia. Member of Marion Lodge No. 31, Marion, Virginia. Ben F. Jensen (16 December 18925 February 1970), served thirteen consecutive terms as a congressman from Iowa. Raised in Exodus Lodge No. 342, Exira, Iowa, in 1922 and last Master. Douglas William Jerrold (3 January 18038 June 1857), English dramatist and writer. Member of Bank of England Lodge No. 329. Beauford H. Jester (12 January 189311 July 1949), 36th governor of Texas. Member of Corsicana Lodge No. 174, Corsicana, Texas. Thomas Jesup (16 December 178810 June 1860), U.S. Army officer. Member of N.C. Harmony Lodge No. 2, Cincinnati, Ohio. Ewell Kirk Jett (20 March 189328 April 1965), Chief Engineer and later a commissioner of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission in the late 1930s and 1940s, serving briefly as the commission's chairman Marshall Jewell (20 October 182510 February 1883), 44th and 46th governor of Connecticut, U.S. Minister to Russia, and the 25th U.S. Postmaster General. Member of St. Johns Lodge No. 4 in Hartford, Connecticut. Hugh J. Jewett (1 July 18176 March 1898), American railroader and politician; congressman from Ohio. Member of Belmont Lodge No. 16, St. Clairsville, Ohio. Joseph Joffre (12 January 18523 January 1931), French general. Received his degrees in Alsace Lorrain Lodge, Paris. Charles A. Johns (25 June 185711 January 1932), Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Member of Baker Lodge No. 47, Baker, Oregon. Charley Eugene Johns (27 February 190523 January 1990), 32nd governor of Florida. Member of Bradford Lodge No. 35, Starke, Florida. Kensey Johns, Sr. (14 June 175921 December 1848), jurist from Delaware Andrew Johnson, U.S. president. Greenville Lodge No. 119, Tennessee. Charles Fletcher Johnson (14 February 185915 February 1930), U.S. senator from Maine. Received his degrees in Herwood Lodge No. 91, Machias, Maine, on 1 January 5 February, and 12 February 1883. Admitted on 8 November 1886 and affiliated with Waterville Lodge No. 33, Waterville, Maine, on 7 February 1887. Was master of the latter lodge in 1894–95 and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Maine in 1906–07. David Johnson (3 October 17827 January 1855), 62nd governor of South Carolina. Member of Union Lodge No. 43, Union Court House, South Carolina, master of same, and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina in 1826. Eben Samuel Johnson (8 February 18669 February 1939), Anglo-American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Original lodge not known, but was admitted to Kane Lodge No. 377, Ida Grove, Iowa, on 13 December 1907; admitted 14 October 1910 and admitted to Landmark Lodge No. 103, Sioux City, Iowa, on 12 December 1910. Edward Johnson (22 August 187820 April 1959), Canadian operatic tenor who was billed outside North America as Edoardo Di Giovanni. General manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1935 to 1950. Member of Adelphic Lodge No. 348, New York City, receiving degrees on 18 February 4 March, and 1 April 1902. Edwin C. Johnson (1 January 188430 May 1970), 26th and 24th governor of and U.S. senator from Colorado. Member of Yampa Lodge No. 88, Craig, Colorado. Edwin S. Johnson (26 February 185719 July 1933), U.S. senator from South Dakota George W. Johnson (27 May 18118 April 1862), first Confederate governor of Kentucky. Member of Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 14. Guy Johnson (c. 17405 March 1788), Irish-born military officer and diplomat for the Crown during the American War of Independence. Member of the Hiram's Cliftonian Lodge No. 417 in London. Henry Johnson (14 September 17834 September 1864), U.S. senator from, and fifth governor of Louisiana. His original lodge is not known, but he was made an honorary member of Polar Star Lodge No. 1, New Orleans. Hiram Johnson (2 September 18666 August 1945), 23rd governor of and U.S. senator from California. Theodore Roosevelt's running mate on the "Bull Moose" ticket in 1912. Member of Washington Lodge No. 20, Sacramento. John Neely Johnson (2 August 182531 August 1872), fourth governor of California. Member of Tehama Lodge No. 3, Sacramento. "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson, peace officer and posseman in Wyatt Earp's infamous "vendetta ride". Mt. Moriah Lodge #2, F.& A.M., Salt Lake City, Utah. Jack Johnson, African American boxer. Initiated in Dundee, Scotland. James Johnson (12 February 181120 November 1891), 43rd governor of and congressman from Georgia. Member of Columbian Lodge No. 8, Columbus, Georgia. Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet (5 November 17414 January 1830), Loyalist leader during the American Revolution. Grand master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Quebec in 1789. Joseph B. Johnson (29 August 189325 October 1986), 70th governor of Vermont. Member and Master of St. Johns Lodge No. 41, Springfield, Vermont. Keen Johnson (12 January 18967 February 1970), 45th governor of Kentucky. Member of Richmond Lodge No. 25, Richmond, Kentucky. J. Leroy Johnson (8 April 188826 March 1961), congressman from California Lyndon B. Johnson, U.S. president. Johnson City Lodge No. 561, Texas (EA degree only). Melvin Johnson, Jr. (1 August 19099 January 1965), American designer of firearms, lawyer, and U.S. Marine Corps officer. Mason, 32° AASR, National Sojourner, member of Heroes of '76 and DeMolay Legion of Honor. Nels Johnson (30 April 18962 December 1958), Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court from 1 April 1954 to 2 December 1958. Member of Bismarck Lodge No. 5 and Mouse River Lodge No. 43, and a past grand orator of the Grand Lodge of North Dakota. Paul B. Johnson Sr. (23 March 188026 December 1943), congressman from and 46th governor of Mississippi. Member of Hattiesburg Lodge No. 297, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Richard M. Johnson (17 October 178019 November 1850), ninth vice president of the United States. Member and past master of Mount Vernon Lodge No. 14, Georgetown, Kentucky. Robert W. Johnson (22 July 181426 July 1879), congressman, U.S. senator, and Confederate senator from Arkansas. Grand Orator of the Grand Lodge of Arkansas in 1862. Royal C. Johnson (3 October 18822 August 1939), congressman from South Dakota. Member of Ree Valley Lodge No. 70, Highmore, South Dakota. Samuel Johnson (18 September 170913 December 1784), often referred to as "Dr. Johnson", writer who made lasting contributions to English literature. Member of Old Dundee Lodge No. 18, London. Samuel Johnson, actor-manager and a member of the company of Henry Irving Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 171511 July 1774), Anglo-Irish official of the British Empire. He was raised in Union Lodge No. 1 (now Mt. Vernon No. 3) of Albany, New York. William E. Johnson (25 March 18622 February 1945), American Prohibition advocate and law enforcement officer Albert Sidney Johnston (2 February 18036 April 1862), served as a general in three different armies: the Republic of Texas Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. Alvanley Johnston (12 May 187517 September 1951), Canadian/American who was Grand Chief Engineer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers from 1925 to 1950 Henry S. Johnston (30 December 18677 January 1965), seventh governor of Oklahoma. Member of Perry Lodge No. 78, Perry, Oklahoma, receiving degrees on 23 June 4 October and 6 December 1901; served as Master in 1916. Grand Orator of the Grand Lodge of Oklahoma from 1918 to 1921 and Grand Master of Oklahoma in 1924. Olin D. Johnston (18 November 189618 April 1965), U.S. senator from and 98th governor of South Carolina. Member of Center Lodge No. 37 at Honea Path, South Carolina. Samuel Johnston (15 December 173317 August 1816), represented North Carolina in both the Continental Congress and the U.S. Senate, and was the sixth governor of the state. First and third Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina, 1787–88 and 1789–92. Wayne A. Johnston (189720 May 1905), president of the Illinois Central Railroad (IC) from 1945 to 1966, and president of the University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Member of Western Star Lodge No. 240 of Champaign, Illinois. Al Jolson, actor and singer. St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York. Abraham Jonas (1801–1864), English-born American politician Edgar A. Jonas (14 October 188514 November 1965), congressman from Illinois. Raised in Equity Lodge No. 878, Chicago, 11 April 1910, becoming charter member of Sincerity Lodge No. 982 Chicago on 12 November 1915 and serving as master in 1944. Andrieus A. Jones (16 May 186220 December 1927), U.S. senator from New Mexico. Member of Chapman Lodge No. 2, Las Vegas, New Mexico, receiving degrees on 21 September 1892, 19 January 1893 and 16 February 1893. Junior warden of that lodge in 1894 and Junior Grand Steward of the Grand Lodge of New Mexico in 1894. Anson Jones, congressman, doctor, last president of the Republic of Texas. Harmony Lodge #52, Philadelphia. First Grand Master of Texas. Buck Jones (12 December 189130 November 1942), American motion picture star of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, known for his work starring in many popular westerns. Member of Henry S. Orme Lodge No. 458, Los Angeles. Charles W. Jones (24 December 183411 October 1897), U.S. senator from Florida. Member of Santa Rosa Lodge No. 16, Milton, Florida. Daniel Webster Jones (15 December 183925 December 1918), 19th governor of Arkansas. Member of Mount Horeb Lodge No. 4, Washington, Arkansas. Edward Franc Jones (3 June 182814 August 1913), brevet brigadier general of the Union Army during the American Civil War George Jones (25 February 176613 November 1838), U.S. senator from Georgia. Participated in the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812. Member of Solomon's Lodge No. 1, Savannah, Georgia. George Wallace Jones (12 April 180422 July 1896), U.S. senator from Iowa. Member of Dubuque Lodge No. 3, Dubuque, Iowa. Girault M. Jones (30 June 190429 April 1998), seventh Bishop of Louisiana in the Episcopal Church. Received the degrees in Lumberton Lodge No. 417, Lumberton, Mississippi, and later a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 102, New Orleans. Was Grand Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana in 1954. Hamilton Chamberlain Jones (26 September 188410 August 1957), congressman from North Carolina Inigo Jones (15 July 157321 June 1652), England-born Welshman best known as the first significant architect in England in the early modern period. Described in Anderson's Constitutions of 1723 as "our great Master Mason Inigo Jones". Jacob Jones (1 March 17683 August 1850), officer in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France, the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War, and the War of 1812. He was buried Masonically by the Grand Lodge of Delaware, the grand master officiating. There is no record of his membership in a Delaware lodge, but it is thought that he was a member of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City, in 1808. The returns of the lodge in that year record his payment of the initiation fee, but no further record is given. James Kimbrough Jones (29 September 18391 June 1908), congressman and U.S. senator from Arkansas. Member of Arkadelphia Lodge No. 19, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Jesse H. Jones (5 April 18741 June 1956), ninth U.S. Secretary of Commerce. He was made a Mason at sight, in an occasional lodge, called by Grand Master Ara M. Daniels of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, 16 December 1941. John Edward Jones (5 December 184010 April 1896), eighth governor of Nevada. Member of Eureka Lodge No. 16, Eureka, Nevada, and Grand Master of Nevada in 1893. John Marvin Jones (26 February 18824 March 1976), congressman from Texas John Percival Jones (27 January 182927 November 1912), five-term U.S. senator from Nevada John Paul Jones, naval hero during the American Revolution. St. Bernards Lodge No. 122, Kirkcudbright, Scotland. John Rice Jones (11 February 17591 February 1824), Welsh-born American politician, jurist, and military officer who helped establish the territorial governments in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Member of St. Louis Lodge No. 111 and later of Missouri Lodge No. 12, both of St. Louis, Missouri. Junius Wallace Jones (18901977), major general in the U.S. Air Force when it was first formed, having served in the U.S. Army Air Service prior. Louis Reeder Jones (29 June 18952 February 1973), highly decorated major general in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II Nathaniel R. Jones (1926–2020), American lawyer, jurist, and academic, judge on U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Noble Wimberly Jones (c. 17239 January 1805), delegate to the Continental Congress from Georgia in 1781 and 1782. He is said to have been the first Mason initiated in Georgia, being a member of the old Solomon's Lodge No. 1 of Savannah, Georgia. Paul C. Jones (12 March 190110 February 1981), congressman from Missouri. Member of Kennett Lodge No. 68, Kennett, Missouri. Robert Elijah Jones (18721960), bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Church in the United States Sam Houston Jones (15 July 18978 February 1978), 46th governor of Louisiana. Member of DeRidder Lodge No. 271, DeRidder, Louisiana, receiving the degrees on 4, 5, and 8 October 1918. Chester Bradley Jordan (15 October 183924 August 1914), 48th governor of New Hampshire. Member of Evening Star Lodge No. 37, Colebrook, New Hampshire. Slobodan Jovanović (1869–1958), Serbian jurist, historian, sociologist, and president of the Yugoslav government in exile, in London, during World War IIrgls.org Benito Juárez, president of Mexico. Rito Nacional Mexicano de la Logia Independiente, No. 02. Henry M. Judah (12 June 182114 February 1866), career officer in the U.S. Army, serving during the Mexican–American War and Civil War. Member of North Star Lodge No. 91, Fort Jones, California. Lawrence M. Judd (20 March 18874 October 1968), 41st governor of American Samoa and seventh territorial governor of Hawaii. Member of Hawaiian Lodge No. 21, Honolulu. Walter Henry Judd (25 September 189813 February 1994), congressman from Minnesota. Member of Composite Lodge No. 81, Rising City, Nebraska. Niels Juul (27 April 18594 December 1929), congressman from Illinois. Member of Ben Hur Lodge No. 818, Chicago. K David Kalākaua (1836–1891), King of Hawaii, 1874–91. Lodge Le Progress de l'Oceanie No. 124. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), Serbian linguist and major reformer of the Serbian languagergls.org Janko Katić (died c. 1804–1806), Serbian voivode, one of the organizers of the First Serbian Uprising Ferenc Kazinczy (1759–1831), Hungarian author, poet, translator, neologist Edmund Kean, English actor John C. Keegan (1952–), judge, politician, military officer from Arizona Alexander Keith, Canadian politician and brewmaster, former Grand Master of Nova Scotia François Christophe de Kellermann (See Duke of Valmy) Emmett Kelly (1898–1979), American circus performer who created the memorable clown figure "Weary Willie". Member of Sarasota Lodge No. 147, Scottish Rite Valley of Tampa and Egypt Shrine Temple, Tampa, Florida. Archibald Kennedy, 4th Marquess of Ailsa DL, JP, FSRGS (22 May 1872 – 27 February 1943), styled Earl of Cassilis until 1938, was a Scottish peer, barrister and soldier. Head of the Grand Chapter of Scotland for 30 years, being 1st Grand Principal from 1913 until his death in 1943. Initiated in Holy-rood House Lodge No. 44, Edinburgh, 17 November 1896. Charles Kennedy, 5th Marquess of Ailsa (10 April 1875 – 1 June 1956), Scottish peer. After the African War he lived for a time in the United States, where he received the Masonic Degrees from Acacia Lodge No. 11, A.F. & A.M. of Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1905. John D. Kennedy, Confederate general in the American Civil War. Soldier, lawyer, political leader, and the 57th lieutenant governor of South Carolina. Member of Kershaw Lodge No. 29, Camden, South Carolina, and grand master of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina in 1881–83. John J. Kennedy, U.S. and Confederate Army officer, ended Regulator–Moderator War. Marshall Lodge No. 22, Texas. John T. Kennedy, brigadier general, U.S. Army, served in WWI & WWII; recipient of the Medal of Honor. Commander of Fort Bragg in North Carolina, 1941–45. Member of Hancock Lodge No. 311, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and 32° in Army Consistory No. 1 at Fort Leavenworth. George Kennion (1845–1922), British and Australian Anglican bishop Kent, Prince Michael of, see Prince Michael of Kent Kent, Duke of, see Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent (Prince Michael George Charles Franklin), member of the British royal family, Provincial Grand Master of Middlesex (United Grand Lodge of England), and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons of England & WalesReferenced on the Middlesex Mark website Jerome Kern, composer. Gramatan Lodge No. 927, Bronxville, New York. Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, 1901–1919. Initiated in India, 1906. Don King (1931–), American boxing promoter George Frederick Kingston, Archbishop of Nova Scotia and Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada. Ionic Lodge No 25 (Ontario). Rudyard Kipling, UK author and poet. Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782. E.C., Lahore, India; founding member, The Builders of the Silent Cities Lodge No. 12, Saint-Omer, France. Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener, British peer, physicist, and electoral reform campaigner. Initiated 24 November 1947 in the Royal Somerset House & Inverness Lodge No 4 (London), Senior Grand Warden of UGLE. Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British peer, field marshal, and Secretary of State for War. Initiated in La Concordia Lodge No 1226 (Cairo, Egypt), and UGLE District Grand Master (Egypt-Sudan). Roger Kitter, actor. Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098. György Klapka (1820 – 1892), Hungarian general, politician, member of the Hungarian Parliament, and deputy War Minister. Adolph Knigge, German author Joseph Knight, Sr., early member of the Latter Day Saint movement. Nauvoo Lodge, Illinois. Henry Knox, major general and commander of the Continental Artillery during the American War for Independence. He is thought to have been a member of St. John's Regimental Lodge at Morristown, New Jersey. He has been credited with helping to constitute Washington Lodge at West Point. He is listed as a visitor to a number of other lodges. Mihail Kogălniceanu, prime minister of Romania (1863–65), Liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist Lajos Kossuth (1802 – 1894), Hungarian lawyer, journalist, politician, statesman and Governor-President of the Kingdom of Hungary during the revolution of 1848–49. Otto Kruger, actor. St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York. L Adrien Lachenal (1849 - 1918), Swiss politician, jurist, and president. Lodge Fidelite et Prudence, Geneva. Lafayette See Gilbert du Motier Burt Lahr, Pacific Lodge No. 33, New York Joseph Lamar, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1888–1893). Webb Lodge No. 166 F.& A.M., Augusta, Georgia. Mirabeau B. Lamar, president of the Republic of Texas. Harmony Lodge #6, Galveston, Texas. John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham Lambert Blackwell Larking (1797–1868), British antiquary, author, and clergyman. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Frank S. Land, member of the Ivanhoe Lodge #446 on 29 June 1912 in Kansas City. He was the founder of the Order of DeMolay. Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer and member of South African ParliamentGrand Lodge of South Africa Harry Lauder, Scottish performer and entertainer Tony Lauer, Australian police officer. Grand Master of New South Wales (2002–2005). José P. Laurel, president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Batangas Lodge No. 383 under the Gran Oriente Espanol (renamed Batangas Lodge No. 35 under the Grand Lodge of the Philippines). Jay Laurier, actor and performer. Chelsea Lodge No 3098. Sean J. Lear, Emergency Management & Services/Public Safety Professional, Pittsburgh, PA. Member of Harry S Truman Lodge No. 765, Dravosburg, PA. Daniel Leavitt, inventor, manufacturer. Member of Chicopee Lodge. Scott Leavitt, congressman from Montana. Member of Delta Lodge 128, Great Falls, Montana. Thomas Leavitt, diplomat, politician, businessman, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Member of Albion Lodge No. 52, Saint John. Henry Lee III, governor of Virginia, congressman from Virginia, father of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Hiram Lodge No. 59, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Richard Henry Lee, president of the Continental Congress, U.S. senator from Virginia. Hiram Lodge No. 59, Westmoreland County, Virginia. William Lefroy (1836–1909), British clergyman, mountaineer, and author William Legge, 7th Earl of Dartmouth, British peer and conservative politician. Grand superintendent of the Royal Arch, Staffordshire. Humphrey de Verd Leigh (1897–1980), military aviator and engineer James Wentworth Leigh (1838-1923), British clergyman, temperance campaigner, and social reformer John A. Lejeune, major general, U.S. Marine Corps Sir Charles Lemon (1784–1857), Baronet, British Member of Parliament (1809–1857). Provincial Grand Master for the Province Cornwall (UGLE) (1844–1863). Leopold I, King of Belgium Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884), youngest son of Queen Victoria. Initiated in Apollo University Lodge No. 357, Oxford, England, 1 May 1874 and in May 1875 became a member of Lodge of Antiquity No. 2. Served as master of Apollo Lodge in 1876. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German writer and philosopher William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme (1851–1925), British peer, founder of Lever Brothers. In 1902 he was first initiate to a lodge bearing his name, William Hesketh Lever Lodge No. 2916. He later formed Leverhulme Lodge 4438. He was a founder of the Phoenix Lodge 3236 whilst an M.P in 1907 and a founder of St. Hilary Lodge No. 3591 founded 4 May 1912, then Past Pro-Grand Warden (P.P.G.W) and Immediate Past Master (I.P.M). He was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons of England in 1919 and co-founded a number of lodges including the Mersey Lodge 5434. He was Provincial Senior Grand Warden of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Cheshire. Emmanuel Lewis, former child actor and star of Webster. W.C. Thomas Lodge No. 112 PHA in Atlanta, Georgia. He is also a Past Commander-In-Chief of Atlanta Consistory No. 24A PHA. Mitchell Lewis, actor best known for his portrayal of Captain of the Winkie Guard in The Wizard of Oz. Meriwether Lewis, explorer, Lewis and Clark expedition. Door to Virtue Lodge No. 44, Albemarle County, Virginia. Richard Lewis (1821–1905), British Anglican bishop. Initiated in Apollo University Lodge No 357 (Oxford) in 1843, and Grand Chaplain of the UGLE. Frank Licht, governor of Rhode Island (1969–1973) Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Member, Rising Sun Lodge, Massachusetts. Charles Lindbergh, U.S. aviator and chairman of the America First Committee. Keystone Lodge No. 243, St. Louis, Missouri. Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, Scottish soldier. Grand Master of Scotland (1780–1782). Orland Lindsay, Archbishop of the West Indies 1986–1998Ancient & Accepted Rite for England & Wales, "Rules, Regulations, & List of Members 1992" page 377. Thomas Lipton, founder of Lipton Pascal Lissouba, president of the Republic of the Congo, 1992–1997 Franz Liszt, composer. Initiated: 18 September 1841, Lodge zur Einigkeit in Frankfurt; passed and raised: February 1842, Lodge zur Eintracht in Berlin; in 1870 Master of the lodge zur Einigkeit in Budapest. Made an honorary member of the lodge Modestia cum Libertate in 1845. Robert Wentworth Little, founder of Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (S.R.I.A.). Initiated: 20 May 1861, the Royal Union Lodge; Founded: Rose of Denmark Lodge No. 975, Villiers Lodge No. 1194, and Burdett Lodge No. 1193. Alberto Lleras Camargo, president of Colombia Harold Lloyd, silent film comedian and Imperial Potentate of the Shriners of North America, 1949–50 Norman Lloyd-Edwards, British soldier and courtier, Lord Lieutenant of South Glamorgan (1990–2008). Provincial Grand Master of South Wales. Loa Sek Hie, Indonesian colonial politician, community leader, and member of the Volksraad Jimmy Logan, Scottish performer and record producer Lionel Logue (26 February 1880 – 12 April 1953), Australian speech therapist. Member of St. George's Lodge (now J.D. Stevenson St. George's Lodge No.6, Western Australian Constitution), 1880–1953. Robert Lomas, British writer and physicist José Hilario López, Colombian president and general Trent Lott (Chester Trent Lott)(b 9 October 1941), American politician and former senator Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough, Grand Master of the UGLE from 1951 to 1967. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Juan Luna, Filipino painter and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the 19th century. Raised in Paris, France, under the auspices of Lodge Solidaridad 53. Meyer Lutz (1829–1903), conductor and composer; Grand Organist of UGLE The Hon. Charles Henry Lyell (1875–1918), British politician, soldier, and Member of Parliament. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. M Apolinario Mabini, first Prime Minister of the Philippines, 1899. September 1892 at Logia Balagtas 149 under the Grand Oriente Espanol. Douglas MacArthur, US general during World War II. Manila Lodge No. 1, 1936, Philippines. John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada (1867–1873 and 1878–1891). Began the creation of rail service across Canada. St. John's Lodge No. 758, Kingston, Ontario. Honorary Past Grand Senior Warden. John Keiller MacKay, Canadian soldier and politician George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie, Jacobite politician. 2nd Grand Master of Scotland (1738–1739). Henry Mackenzie (1745–1831), Scottish novelist John Mackenzie (1727–1789), Scottish Jacobite, major-general and Swedish freemason Albert Mackey, American doctor and Masonic historian David Mackie (1836–1910), a founder and builder of Scammon, Kansas, United States, and first president of the Scammon State Bank John Bayne Maclean, Canadian founder of Maclean's magazine and president of Maclean's Publishing Co. Ionic Lodge No. 25, Toronto. Robert Macoy, U.S. publisher and organizer of Eastern Star Duncan Macrae, Scottish actor David Maddock (1915-1984), British Anglican clergyman, and Bishop of Dunwich from 1967 to 1976. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford, initiated in 1937. Rabbi Edgar Magnin (1890–1984), spiritual leader of Wilshire Boulevard Temple, the oldest Jewish congregation in Los Angeles, California Enzo Maiorca, Italian free diver. Lodge Archimede, Syracuse, Italy. Titu Maiorescu, Romanian literary critic and politician, Prime Minister of Romania (1913–14) Edward Malin (1894–1977), British actor. Member of Antioch Lodge No. 3271. Albert Mallinson (1878-1946), composer and organist Alfred Marks, British actor and comedian Francis Marshall, British physiologist George C. Marshall, U.S. Army Chief of Staff (1939-1945), Secretary of State (1947-1949), and Secretary of Defense (1950-1951). Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835). Grand Master of Virginia, 1793–95 Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1967–1991). Coal Creek Lodge No. 88, Tulsa, Oklahoma PHA. José Julián Martí Pérez, Cuban poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in the liberation of his country, and an important figure in Latin American literature Georges Martin, French doctor, politician, co-founder of Le Droit Humain Joseph Martin (1740–1808), Virginia militia general, explorer and Indian agent Thomas S. Martin, U.S. senator from Virginia. Scottsville Lodge No. 4, Scottsville, Virginia. Harpo Marx, American film comedian Jan Masaryk (1886–1948), Czech diplomat and politician Nevil Story Maskelyne, British geologist. Apollo University Lodge No. 357. Kento Masuda, Japanese composer and recording artist. Francis Mason, American missionary and zoologist Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Raised: 1878, Lodge of Hengest No. 195, Bournemouth, UK. Demitted (resigned): 1882. Tito Mattei (1841–1914), Italian pianist, composer and conductor based in London Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie, British politician, Member of Parliament (1835–1837, 1838–1852), Secretary of State for War (1855–1858), Grand Master of Scotland (1867–1870) James Mawdsley (1848–1902), English trade unionist Louis B. Mayer, Director, St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York Oscar Ferdinand (Fred) Mayer (1859-1955), founder of the Oscar Mayer meat processing firm. Germania Lodge No. 182, Chicago, Illinois. Robert Blair "Paddy" Mayne (1915–1955), lieutenant colonel in the British Army, solicitor, Irish rugby union international, amateur boxer, and a founding member of the Special Air Service (SAS). Initiated 25 September 1945, passed 28 May 1946, raised 24 September 1946 in Eklektikos Lodge No. 542 (IC), Newtownards, Northern Ireland. Affiliated to Friendship Lodge No. 447 (IC), also in Newtownards. Willie Mays, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer John Loudon McAdam, Scottish engineer Robert McBeath, World War I Victoria Cross recipient John S. McCain, Jr. (1911–1981), U.S. admiral. Made Mason at Sight, Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, 1975, enrolled St. John's Lodge No. 11. John S. McCain, Sr. (1884–1945), U.S. admiral. Carrollton Lodge No. 36. Winsor McCay (1867–1934), cartoonist and early animator John J. McClure (1886–1965), Pennsylvania state senator and Delaware County Republican political boss Ally McCoist, Scottish former football player Henry Joy McCracken, member of the Society of United Irishmen Schomberg Kerr McDonnell (1861–1915), British soldier, politician, and principal private secretary to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Malcolm McEachern, Australian singer, part of comedy duo Mr. Flotsam and Mr. Jetsam. Member of Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London (UGLE). John McEwen (29 March 1900 – 20 November 1980), 18th prime minister of Australia. Initiated in to Lauderdale Lodge No. 361 UGLV. Kenneth McKellar, Scottish singer William McKinley, U.S. president. Hiram Lodge No. 21, Virginia. Demitted to become a charter member of Eagle Lodge No. 431, later renamed William McKinley Lodge, Ohio. Samuel McLaughlin, founder and president of the McLaughlin Carriage Co. which later became General Motors of Canada. Cedar Lodge No. 270, Oshawa, Ontario. Grand Steward in 1945, 75-year member in the Craft. Royal Arch, Knight Templar, President of Oshawa Shrine Club. John McLean, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1829–1861) C. J. McLin (1921–1988), American politician William McMahon (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988), 20th prime minister of Australia. Initiated into Lodge University of Sydney No. 544. John S. McMillin (1855 – 1936), American lawyer, businessman, and political figure Ned Ray McWherter, governor of Tennessee (1987–1995) Meletius IV of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1921–1923). José María Melo, president of Colombia Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), German composer Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786), German philosopher; Scottish Rite Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, Spanish minister of the Treasury. Taller Sublime, Cádiz. Robert Menzies, 12th prime minister of Australia. Austral Temple Lodge No. 110, Victoria. Joe Mercer, England national football team manager 1974. Initiated in Rivacre Lodge, No. 5805, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, in 1941. Franz Mesmer, German physician; 'mesmerism'. Strict Observance. Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), German opera composer Kweisi Mfume, president of the NAACP. Mount Olive Lodge No. 25, Baltimore, Maryland (Prince Hall). George Middleton, Third Master of African Lodge #459 (Prince Hall) J. B. Milam (1884–1949), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. 32 degree Mason. Pat Miletich, American mixed martial artist"He and his co-commentator, former Ultimate Fighting Championship world champion Pat Miletich, also a Master Mason, attend various lodges together while on the road." Jason Charles Miller, American musician and actor. Reseda Lodge No. 666, Los Angeles, and Pasadena Scottish Rite, Pasadena, California. Milovan Milovanović, Serbian politician and diplomat Sherman Minton, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1949–1956) Ion Minulescu, Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic and playwright Živojin Mišić (1855–1921), Serbian field marshalrgls.org Salvatore Mistretta, US Marine (1982-1986), Author, NYPD police officer, NCPD sergeant and commanding officer of the PLS, Founder and 1st President of the Long Island Police Square Club in 2018. Charles Burton Mitchel, U.S. senator (1861), C.S. senator (1862–1864). Member of Mount Horeb Lodge, No. 4, Washington, Arkansas. Edgar Dean Mitchell, NASA astronaut who was the lunar module pilot of Apollo 14 and therefore the sixth person to walk on the Moon. He was a Demolay Chevalier and member of Artesia No. 29, Artesia, New Mexico. Stevan Mokranjac (1856–1914), Serbian composer and music educatorrgls.org John Molson, founder of Molson Brewery. St. Paul's Lodge, No. 374 UGLE, Montreal. Past Provincial Grand Master. George Monckton-Arundell, Governor-General of New Zealand; Grand Master Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and television presenter. Chelsea Lodge No. 3098. James Monroe, U.S. president. Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia. Charles Montagu-Scott (See 4th Duke of Buccleuch) Jacque-Étienne Montgolfier (1745–1799), co-inventor of the hot air balloon. Initiated 1784, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris. Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (1740–1810), co-inventor of the hot air balloon. Initiated 1806, Loge des Neuf Soeurs, Paris. Maxey Dell Moody, Sr. (1883–1949), founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. William H. Moody, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1906–1910) Michele Moramarco, Italian essayist and musician. Author of Nuova Enciclopedia Massonica ("New Masonic Encyclopedia") and of "Masonic Ritual Rhapsody", a soundtrack for the conferral of Craft degrees. Louis J Morales, U.S. Naval Chief, Leader of JSOC, (1980-1995), Freemason, Shriner M. R. Morand (1860-1922), actor and singer. Liverpool Dramatic Lodge No. 1609 (1892) and Yorick Lodge No. 2771 (1899). Robert Moray, Scottish philosopher. Edinburgh [Lodge] 1641. John Hunt Morgan, general in the Confederate States Army. Daviess Lodge #22, Lexington, Kentucky. Mario Moreno, Mexican actor better known as Cantinflas. Initiated at Chilam Balam Lodge. Pat Morita, actor, Freemason, Shriner Robert Morris, Poet Laureate of Freemasonry and founder of the Order of the Eastern Star Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, Colombian president and general Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke (23 November 188623 February 1960), member of the Hessian princely Battenberg family and the extended British Royal Family, a grandson of Queen Victoria. A member of Prince of Wales Lodge No. 259, the lodge connected with the royal family. He served as master in 1952 and as grand steward of the Grand Lodge of England in that year. Leopold Mozart, father of Wolfgang Amadeus. Zur Wohltätigkeit Lodge, Austria. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer. Zur Wohltätigkeit (Charity) Lodge, Austria. Composed several pieces of Masonic ritual music.Mozart bio Article at the Grand Lodge BC&Y website Alphonse Mucha, painter and artist. Founder of restored Czech Freemasonry. Neil Munro, Scottish newspaper editor and journalist Manuel Murillo Toro, president of Colombia Audie Murphy, the most decorated United States soldier of World War II. North Hollywood Lodge No. 542, California. Alexander Murray, 6th Earl of Dunmore, Scottish nobleman. Grand Master of Scotland (1835–1836). Charles Samuel Myers, English pioneer psychologist of the Royal Society, coined the term "shell shock". Member and founder of multiple lodges. Initiated 1895 at Isaac Newton University Lodge No. 859. Gabriel Ryan Murray, "THE ELECTRICIAN" Aurora, Illinois 10/13/1979. Master Electrician and Robotics Engineer With a confirmed I.Q. of 243 he's coined "Smartest human alive." by People magazine. (2001) Freemason Member since 2021. Founder of Freemason Checkmate's. Initiated at Cromwell, Indiana Lodge No. 705 AF&AM Philanthrocapitalist Mathematics and Sacred Geometrics author: "Amicitia Amor et Veritas"; (worldpress) 1999 N Conrad Nagel (16 March 189724 February 1970), American screen actor of the silent film era who was among 35 other film industry insiders to found the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Member of Hollywood Lodge No. 355, Hollywood, California. Edmund Nagle (175714 March 1830), KCB, Royal Navy admiral of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Member of Lodge of Antiquity No. 2, London. James Naismith, Canadian-born American sports educator who invented the game of basketball Ahmad Nami (11 May 1879 – 13 December 1962), Ottoman noble, fifth Prime Minister of Syria and second President of Syria (1926–28), and a lecturer of history and politics Albinus Roberts Nance (30 March 18487 December 1911), fourth governor of Nebraska. Member of Osceola Lodge No. 65, Osceola, Nebraska. Charles James Napier (10 August 178229 August 1853), GCB, general of the British Army and served as its Commander-in-Chief in India. Made a Mason on 16 June 1807 in Doyle's Lodge of Fellowship, Guernsey. Giorgio Napolitano (29 June 1925), GCB, OMRI, Italian politician who was the 11th president of Italy from 2006 to 2015. Alfred Joseph Naquet (6 October 183410 November 1916), French chemist and politician. The Bulletin of International Masonic Congress, 1917, states he was a Freemason. Antonio Nariño, Colombian independence leader and national hero Charles W. Nash (28 January 18646 June 1948), American automobile entrepreneur who served as an executive in the automotive industry and founded Nash Motors. Member of Flint Lodge No. 23, Flint, Michigan, receiving degrees on 15 March 1898, 23 February and 14 March 1899. Frederick Nash (9 February 17815 December 1858), Chief Justice of North Carolina from 1852 to 1858. Eagle Lodge No. 71, Hillsboro, North Carolina. George Kilbon Nash (14 August 184228 October 1904), 41st governor of Ohio. Member of Columbus Lodge No. 3, Columbus, Ohio. Alexander Nasmyth (9 September 175810 April 1840), Scottish portrait and landscape painter. Member of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge of Edinburgh. Ernesto Nathan (5 October 18489 April 1921), mayor of Rome, 1907–1914. Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy in 1896. Arnold Naudain (6 January 17904 January 1872), U.S. senator from Delaware. Member of Union Lodge No. 7, Dover, serving as master in 1817. Listed as Master of Union Lodge No. 5 at Middletown, Delaware, in 1823. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Delaware in 1826. John Neagle (4 November 179617 September 1865), American painter, primarily of portraits, during the first half of the 19th century in Philadelphia. Made a Mason in Columbia Lodge No. 91, Philadelphia, 22 April 1839, and served as master of the lodge in 1841 and 1843. Colin Neblett (6 July 18757 May 1950), U.S. federal judge. Affiliated with Silver City Lodge No. 8, Silver City, New Mexico, on 28 December 1898 from Brunswick Lodge No. 52, Lawrenceville, Virginia. Matthew M. Neely (9 November 187418 January 1958), 21st governor of West Virginia in addition to being a congressman and senator. Received the degrees in Friendship Lodge No. 56, West Union, West Virginia, 25 March 27 December 1899, and 8 September 1900; later admitted to Fairmont Lodge No. 9, Fairmont, West Virginia. Pat Morris Neff (26 November 187120 January 1952), 28th governor of Texas. Received degrees in Waco Lodge No. 92, Waco, Texas, on 21 February, 29 March, and 27 May 1909. Affiliated with Baylor Lodge No. 1235, also of Waco, in 1926. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Texas in 1946. James Scott Negley (26 December 18267 August 1901), Union general during the American Civil War and congressman from Pennsylvania. Member of Lodge No. 45, Pittsburgh. George Bliss Nelson (187626 April 1905), justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Received degrees in Waupaca Lodge No. 123, Waupaca, Wisconsin, 24 August, 14 September, and 22 December 1897. Affiliated with Evergreen Lodge No. 93, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 21 March 1905. Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (29 September 175821 October 1805), renowned admiral and hero of the Royal Navy. William Denslow states: Martin A. Nelson (21 February 188922 May 1979), member of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Received degrees in Spring Valley Lodge No. 58, Spring Valley, Minnesota, in June 1912 and July 1913. He affiliated with Fidelity Lodge No. 39 at Austin, Minnesota, in 1925. Roger Nelson (17597 June 1815), brigadier general during the American Revolutionary War and later a congressman from Maryland. Member of Hiram Lodge No. 28, Frederick, Maryland. Samuel Nelson, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1845–1872) Thomas Nelson, Jr., governor of Virginia, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia. Aleksa Nenadović (1749–1804), Serbian statesman, prince of Tamnava—Posavina Mateja Nenadović, Serbian Orthodox priest and politician Wilbur Dick Nesbit (18711927), American poet and humorist. Raised in Evans Lodge No. 524, Evanston, Illinois, on 27 March 1915. James W. Nesmith (23 July 182017 June 1885), U.S. senator from Oregon. Member of Salem Lodge No. 4, Salem, Oregon. Jeremiah Neterer (24 January 18622 February 1943), U.S. federal judge. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Washington (state) in 1910 through 1911. Nicholas Netterville, 5th Viscount Netterville (17081750), Irish peer. Notable for having been tried and acquitted by his peers on a charge of murder. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1732. Keith Neville (25 February 18844 December 1959), 18th governor of Nebraska. Received degrees in Platte Valley Lodge No. 32, North Platte, Nebraska, on 8 September 24 November 1908 and 31 July 1909. Wendell Cushing Neville (12 May 18708 July 1930), major general of the U.S. Marine Corps, Medal of Honor recipient, and the 14th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Mason and National Sojourner in San Francisco. Harry Stewart New (31 December 18589 May 1937), U.S. senator from Indiana and 48th U.S. Postmaster General. Member of Ancient Landmarks Lodge No. 319, Indianapolis. Cyril Newall, marshal of the RAF and Governor-General of New Zealand. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand. Walter Cass Newberry (23 December 183520 July 1912), brevet brigadier general of the Union Army during the American Civil War and congressman from Illinois. Member of Sanger Lodge No. 129, Waterville, New York. Harry Kenneth Newburn (1 January 190625 August 1974), American educator who served as the president of various universities during the mid-20th century. Member of McKenzie River Lodge No. 195 of Eugene, Oregon. William Augustus Newell (5 September 18178 August 1901), 11th governor of the Washington Territory, 18th governor of and congressman from New Jersey. Raised in Hightstown Lodge No. 41, Hightstown, New Jersey, on 23 May 1856. J. Lincoln Newhall (26 March 187023 July 1952), congressman from Kentucky Robert Newman (20 March 175226 May 1804), sexton at the Old North Church in Boston, Massachusetts. Famously hung lanterns "one if by land, two if by sea" in the church's steeple as part of the warning signal system devised by Paul Revere during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Member of St. Johns Lodge, Boston. Joseph Fort Newton (1880–1950), American Baptist minister, attorney and Freemason. Authored over 30 books, perhaps his most famous being The Builders: A Story and Study of Freemasonry, published in 1914, which is still widely read and distributed. He was raised in Friendship Lodge No. 7, Dixon, Illinois, on 28 May 1902 and later affiliated with Mt. Hermon Lodge No. 263, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Thomas Willoughby Newton (18 January 180422 September 1853), congressman from Arkansas. Member of Alexandria Washington Lodge No. 22, Alexandria, Virginia. Michel Ney (10 January 17697 December 1815), French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Some say he was made a Mason in the Lodge of the Nine Sisters, Paris, about 1792. The International Masonic Congress' bulletin of 1917 says he was initiated in 1801, but does not give the lodge. Denis Sassou Nguesso, general and president of the Republic of the Congo Philip N. Nicholas (177318 August 1849), judge of the Virginia General Court from 1823 until his death. Member of Jerusalem Lodge No. 54, Richmond, Virginia. Samuel Nicholas (174427 August 1790), the first commissioned officer of the United States Continental Marines (predecessor to the United States Marine Corps). Member of Lodge No. 13, Philadelphia. Wilson Cary Nicholas (31 January 176110 October 1820), officer of the Virginia Militia during the American Revolutionary War, U.S. senator from and 19th governor of Virginia. First master of Warren Lodge No. 33, Warren, Virginia. Vernon Nicholls (1917–1996), English clergyman, Bishop of Sodor and Man. Multiple English lodges, and Provincial Grand Master (UGLE) for Warwickshire. John Conover Nichols (31 August 18967 November 1945), U.S. congressman from Oklahoma. Member of Eufaula Lodge No. 1, Eufaula, Oklahoma. Alfred Osborn Pope Nicholson (31 August 180823 March 1876), U.S. senator from Tennessee. Member of Columbia Lodge No. 31, Columbia, Tennessee. James Nicholson (17372 September 1804), officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Made a Mason in Lodge No. 7, Kent County, Maryland, on 19 June 1778. Samuel Nicholson (174328 December 1811), officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the U.S. Navy. First commander of the famous frigate Constitution, whose construction he superintended. Member of Lodge No. 17, Queenstown, Maryland. Samuel D. Nicholson (22 February 185924 March 1923), U.S. senator from Colorado. Member of Leadville Lodge No. 51, receiving degrees on 20 January, 17 February, and 2 March 1889, and was master of same in 1892. Daniel Nicols (1833–1897), founder of the Café Royal in London Henry F. Niedringhaus (15 December 18643 August 1941), congressman from Missouri. Member of Occidental Lodge No. 163, St. Louis. Hezekiah Niles (10 October 17772 April 1839), American newspaper publisher. Member of Warren Lodge No. 51, Maryland. David Nixon, English entertainment magician George S. Nixon (2 April 18605 June 1912), U.S. senator from Nevada. Member of Winnemucca Lodge No. 19, Winnemucca, Nevada. John Nixon (1 March 172724 March 1815), brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. His lodge is not known, but he is recorded as a visitor to American Union Lodge on 24 June 1779. James Noble (16 December 178526 February 1831), the first U.S. senator from Indiana. Member of Harmony Lodge No. 11, Brookville, Indiana. Noah Noble (15 January 17948 February 1844), fifth governor of Indiana. Master of Harmony Lodge No. 11, Brookville, Indiana, in 1822. Edmond Noel (4 March 185630 July 1927), 37th governor of Mississippi. Member of Lexington Lodge No. 24, Lexington, Mississippi. John Noorthouck (17321732, English author. Member of Lodge of Antiquity, London. Peter Norbeck (27 August 187020 December 1936), ninth governor of and U.S. senator from South Dakota. Received 32° AASR (SJ) at Yankton on 22 June 1919 and member of Yelduz Shrine Temple at Aberdeen, South Dakota. Blue lodge name and number not listed in Denslow. Albin Walter Norblad, Jr. (12 September 190820 September 1964), congressman from Oregon. Member of Harbor Lodge No. 183, Astoria. Frank Herbert Norcross (11 May 18694 November 1952), U.S. federal judge. Member of Reno Lodge No. 13, Reno, Nevada. Gunnar Hans Nordbye (4 February 18885 November 1977), U.S. federal judge. Member of Khurum Lodge No.112, Minneapolis, Minnesota, receiving degrees on 27 February, 6 March, and 12 March 1914. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Minnesota in 1939. Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk (11 December 168323 December 1732), British peer involved in the Jacobite rising of 1715. Grand Master, Grand Lodge of England (Moderns), 1729–30. John Northcott, Australian soldier; Grand Master of New South Wales (1952–1955) William F. Norrell (29 August 189615 February 1961), congressman from Arkansas. Member of Eureka Lodge No. 40, Monticello, Arkansas. George W. Norris (11 July 18612 September 1944), congressman and U.S. senator from Nebraska. Member of Beaver City Lodge No. 93, Beaver City, Nebraska. John Northcott (24 March 18904 August 1966), Australian Army general who served as Chief of the General Staff during the Second World War and commanded the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in the occupation of Japan Amos Nourse (17 December 17947 April 1877), medical doctor and U.S. senator from Maine. Deputy grand master of the Grand Lodge of Maine in 1832. Kenneth Noye, British criminal; Hammersmith Lodge William Nuessle (5 May 187830 March 1959), justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court. Received degrees on 3 October 1904, 6 February and 6 March 1905 in Bismarck Lodge No. 5, Bismarck, North Dakota. Sam Nunn, U.S. senator from Georgia Gerald Nye (19 December 189217 July 1971), U.S. senator from North Dakota. Member of Northern Light Lodge No. 45, Cooperstown, North Dakota. James W. Nye (10 June 181525 December 1876), U.S. senator from Nevada. Member of Hamilton Lodge No. 120, Hamilton, New York. O José María Obando (1795–1861), Colombian president and general Dositej Obradović (1742–1811), Serbian author, philosopher, linguist, polyglot and the first minister of education of Serbiargls.org Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia William O'Brien, 4th Earl of Inchiquin (170018 July 1777), Irish peer and politician. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) in 1726. Daniel O'Connell, Irish political figure, Lodge No. 189, Dublin, in 1797 Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields Bernardo O'Higgins, South American revolutionary leader and first Chilean head of state as Captain General Harris R. Oke (1891–1940), wounded veteran of World War I who became Colonial Secretary, The Gambia, British West Africa (1934–1940), and served as its Acting Governor and Commander-in-Chief for six extended periods between 1934 and 1940 Ransom E. Olds, automotive pioneer and founder of Oldsmobile. Capitol Lodge No. 66, Lansing, Michigan. Shaquille O'Neal, NBA basketball player. Made a "Mason at sight" by the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts F&AM, member of Widow's Son Lodge No. 28 in Boston. William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, British politician Harry Oppenheimer, South African businessman Camilo Osías, president of the Senate of the Philippines William Dillon Otter, Canadian general. Initiated in Ionic Lodge, No. 25, Toronto, in February 1869 Derwyn Owen, Archbishop of Toronto and Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada. Ionic Lodge No 25, Toronto. P Francesco Mario Pagano, Italian jurist and philosopher. Worshipful Master of the Neapolitan lodge "La philantropia", English rite. Earle Page (1880–1961), 11th prime minister of Australia. Initiated into Lodge Prince Leopold No. 87 UGLNSW. John Page, 13th governor of Virginia. Botetourt Lodge No. 7, Gloucester, Virginia. Brad Paisley, American country music artist. Southern Jurisdiction, Scottish Rite. Alexandru Paleologu, Romanian essayist, literary critic, diplomat and politician Rafael Palma, Filipino politician, writer, and educator. Fourth president of the University of the Philippines. Bagong Buhay Lodge No. 291 (renumbered No. 16), 14 July 1908. Affiliated with Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and in 1920 became Grand Master, the unified Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands. Arnold Palmer, professional golfer. Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275, Latrobe, Pennsylvania. Joseph B. Palmer, lawyer, legislator and Confederate general in the American Civil War. Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 18, Tennessee. Quintin Paredes, Filipino lawyer, politician, and statesman. Raised 29 November 1913 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 16 and became its Worshipful Master in 1920. Grand Master 1922. Ely S. Parker, Seneca spokesman, military secretary to Ulysses S. Grant. Batavia Lodge No. 88, Batavia, New York, and later affiliated with Valley Lodge No. 109. Founder and first Worshipful Master of Akron Lodge No. 527 of New York. Ely Parker Lodge No. 1002 of Buffalo, New York, is named after him. Fess Parker, actor. Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse, first recorded Grand Master of Ireland and founder of the Dublin Hellfire club Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, the former Nawab of Pataudi in India and former captain of the Indian national cricket team William Paterson (1745–1806), associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Sir (Thomas) Angus Lyall Paton, civil engineer of the Aswan High Dam Derek Pattinson, British civil servant, and Secretary-General of the General Synod (Church of England). Kaisar-i-Hind Lodge No 1724 (London) et al. Alexander Peacock (1861–1933), 20th premier of Victoria. Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria.Kent Henderson, The Masonic Grand Masters of Australia, Ian Drakeford Publishing, Bayswater, 1988, pp.162-164 Charles Willson Peale, American artist and portrait painter Norman Vincent Peale, Midwood Lodge No. 1062, Brooklyn, New York Pedro I of Brazil, emperor of Brazil Borislav Pekić, Serbian writer Edmund Pendleton, delegate to the Continental Congress, member of Virginia House of Burgesses, Virginia Supreme Court justice, and statesman. Member of Fairfax Lodge No. 43, Culpeper, Virginia. William Sydney Penley, commonly known as W. S. Penley, English actor, singer, and comedian. Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London (UGLE). John Penn, proprietary governor of Pennsylvania. Member of first lodge of Philadelphia. James Cash Penney, founder of J. C. Penney department stores. Wasatch Lodge No. 1 in Salt Lake City, Utah. William Henry Pennington (1833-1923), soldier and actor Matthew Calbraith Perry, commodore, U.S. Navy. Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, 1819. John J. Pershing, commander, American Expeditionary Forces, World War I. Lincoln Lodge No.19, Lincoln, Nebraska. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro Peter I of Serbia Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Navy Lodge No 2612, London. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France during the French Revolution John Henry Lawrence Phillips, Bishop of Portsmouth, 1960–1975. Provincial Grand Master, Hampshire & Isle of Wight, 1975–1979. George Pickett, Confederate States Army general Albert Pike (1809–1891), associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court. Re-wrote rituals for Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction), author of Morals and Dogma, Western Star Lodge No. 2, Little Rock, Arkansas. Sovereign Grand Commander AASR, Southern Jurisdiction. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino writer, reformer, journalist, and leader of the Philippine Revolution. Considered the "Father of Philippine Masonry". Initiated in Spain in 1889. Powis Pinder (1872-1941), British actor and singer. Chine Lodge No. 1884. John Pintard, founder of the New-York Historical Society. Holland Lodge No. 8, New York. Scottie Pippen, retired Chicago Bulls small forward #33 (1987–2004) Augustus Le Plongeon, French archaeologist, first to survey and excavate at Chichen Itza David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore, British Conservative politician William Plunket, Governor-General of New Zealand; Grand Master Michael Pocalyko, American business executive and novelist. Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, Alexandria, Virginia. Joel Roberts Poinsett, U.S. statesman, diplomat, physician and botanist James K. Polk, U.S. president. Initiated 5 June 1820, Columbia Lodge No. 31, Tennessee. William Polk, officer of the North Carolina Line during the American Revolutionary War and fifth Grand Master of North Carolina. Charter Master, Phalanx Lodge No. 31, Charlotte. Mariano Ponce, Filipino physician. Initiated in Madrid and became Secretary of Logia Revoluccion and Logia Solidaridad 53. He also became a 33° A&AR mason under the auspices of the Gran Oriente Español. Alexander Pope (1668–1744), British satirical poet(2000) The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Arthur Porritt, Governor-General of New Zealand; Grand Master Dana Porter, Canadian politician Art Potter, Canadian ice hockey administrator; member of West Edmonton Lodge Number 101 Eugène Edine Pottier, French composer of the Internationale John Poulson, architectural designer and businessman D'Arcy Power, surgeon and Air Vice-Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Lodge of Assistance No 2773 (London), of which he was Worshipful Master, 1949–50. William Preston, author of Illustrations of Masonry Henry Price (1697–1780), provincial grand-master of New England. Founder of Duly Constituted Masonry in America. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French socialist and revolutionary Richard Pryor, actor, comedian; Henry Brown Lodge No. 22, Peoria, Illinois Ferenc Pulszky (1814 – 1897), Hungarian politician, writer and scientist, Grand Master. Reynato Puno, Chief Justice of the Philippines. Grand Master of Masons, active member of Hiram Lodge No. 88 and the Grand Lodge of the Philippines. Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (1858–1935), a.k.a. Michael I. Pupin, Serbian and American physicist and physical chemistrgls.org Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837), Russian poet. Lodge Ovid, Kishinev, 1821. Rufus Putnam, surveyor, general in the American Revolutionary War. Elected first Grand Master of Masons in Ohio. Q William Andrew Quarles (4 July 1825 28 December 1893), lawyer, politician, railroad executive, and a general from Tennessee in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Member of Clarksville Lodge No. 89, Clarksville, Tennessee. William Howard Quasha (19 May 1912 – 12 May 1996), engineer, lawyer, U.S. Army soldier, Boy Scouting official in the Philippines. Grand Master, Grand Lodge, F&AM, Philippines. Chairman, President, CEO, St. Luke's, which named its medical school the St. Luke's College of Medicine William H. Quasha Memorial. Worked with Rensis Likert on the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test. Known for his 1964 trip to the Vatican to foster amity between Masonry and the Catholic Church. Matthew Quay (30 September 183328 May 1904), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania. Member of St. James Lodge No. 457, Beaver, Pennsylvania. Manuel L. Quezon, first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. occupation rule in the early period of the 20th century. Raised 17 March 1908 at Sinukuan Lodge No. 272 (renamed Sinukuan Lodge No. 16). First Filipino Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Philippine Islands that was established in 1917. Henry B. Quinby (10 June 18468 February 1924), 52nd governor of New Hampshire. Member of Mount Lebanon Lodge No. 32, Laconia, New Hampshire. Josiah Quincy III (4 February 17721 July 1864), congressman from Massachusetts, mayor of Boston, and 16th president of Harvard University. Raised in St. John's Lodge of Boston, 28 March 1795. Edgar Quinet (17 February 180327 March 1875), French historian and intellectual. A Freemason, but his lodge is not known. John A. Quitman (1 September 179817 July 1858), 10th and 16th governor of Mississippi. Raised in Hiram Lodge No. 18, Delaware, Ohio, in 1820, and affiliated with Harmony Lodge No. 1, Natchez, Mississippi, in 1822, serving as master two years later. Was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Mississippi from 1826 to 1837 and 1845–46. He was a 32° Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction) and intimate friend of Albert Pike, who conducted a lodge of sorrow in his memory in 1860. Was an honorary member of the grand lodges of South Carolina and New York. R Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian academic, poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician Thomas Stamford Raffles, statesman, founded Singapore. Raised 5 July 1813, Lodge De Vriendschap, Sourabaya. Ragan Nick Rahall (1949–), congressman from West Virginia Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686–1743), commonly known as "Chevalier Ramsay". Jacobite peer, author of Discourse pronounced at the reception of Freemasons, which first proposed the idea that Freemasonry descends from crusading knights. George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, British general and colonial administrator, Governor General of British North America (1820–1828), Grand Master of Scotland (1804–1806) Alf Ramsey, manager of England World Cup-winning football team, 1966. Initiated into Waltham Abbey Lodge No. 2750, 5 October 1953. A. Philip Randolph, Joppa Lodge No. 55, New York City Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), American attorney, seventh governor of Virginia, the second U.S. Secretary of State, and the first U.S. Attorney General. Williamsburg Lodge No. 456; Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Virginia, 1787–89. Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime Minister of Finland (1941–1943) Frank C. Rathje, Chicago banker, businessman, and philanthropist. Member of Englewood Lodge 690. Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, British politician and colonial administrator, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (1813–1823). Acting Grand Master of Scotland (1806–08). Harry Rawson, British admiral, leader of the Benin Expedition of 1897. Grand Master of New South Wales (1905–09) Sam Rayburn, U.S. politician, U.S. Speaker of the House. Took his first degree 7 August 1922, remained Entered Apprentice upon his death, Constantine Lodge No. 13. Langford Reed, British scriptwriter and author; Authors' Lodge No. 3456 Stanley F. Reed, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1938–1957) George R. Reeves, Speaker of the Texas House, Confederate colonel. George R. Reeves Masonic Lodge - Pottsboro, Texas. George Reid, fourth prime minister of Australia. Lodge Centennial No. 169, UGL of New South Wales. Ed Rendell, mayor of Philadelphia, governor of Pennsylvania Theodor Reuss, German occultist and head of O.T.O., Pilger Loge #238 (UGLE) 1878, and excluded from Freemasonry in 1880 Paul Revere, American Revolutionary hero. St. Andrew's Lodge, Boston, Massachusetts; Grand Master of Massachusetts 1794–97. Don Revie, England football team manager 1974–1977; initiated 1965 in Leodiensis Lodge, No 4029 Isabelo de los Reyes, Filipino politician and labor activist Donn Reynolds, Canadian country music singer and world champion yodeler. Initiated April 1990, Flower City Lodge No. 689, Brampton, Ontario, Canada. Cecil Rhodes, prime minister of the Cape Colony Michael Richards, American actorAASR-SJ article 2 James Richardson (1843–1914), American politician Louis-Augustin Richer (1740–1819), classical singer, singing master and composer; member of the Grand Orient de France Eddie Rickenbacker, World War I American flying ace. Received degrees from Kilwinning Lodge No. 297, Detroit, Michigan, in 1922. Branch Rickey, Major League Baseball (MLB) executive elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967, best known for breaking Major League Baseball's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson Don Rickles (8 May 1926 – 6 April 2017), American actor and comedian. Raised 6 June 1953, Service City Geba Lodge No. 1009, Astoria, New York. Charles Ridgeway (1841–1927), Bishop of Chichester Arnold Ridley, English actor and playwright. Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London.Report of actor's son, Nicolas Ridley, discussing his father. Matthew White Ridley, 2nd Viscount Ridley (1874–1916), British peer and politician. Initiated in the Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Rafael del Riego, Spanish general and liberal politician Charles Riley, Anglican archbishop. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Western Australia 1904–17, 1920–29. William G. Ritch, acting governor of the New Mexico Territory, member of the Wisconsin State Senate Ringling Brothers (all seven of them), American circus promoters José Rizal, polymath and national hero of the Philippines. Logia Solidaridad 53, Madrid, Spain; made honorary Worshipful Master of Nilad Lodge No. 144 in 1892. Ross Rizley (1892–1969), American judge Norwell Roberts (b. 23 October 1946), first black British police constable of modern times. Beauchamp Lodge No 1422 (Kent) and Radlett Lodge No 6652 (Hertfordshire). Bradbury Robinson, pioneering American football player, physician, conservationist, and local politician Charles Napier Robinson, Royal Navy officer and writer on naval matters John J. Robinson, (c. 1918 – 1996), U.S. Marine, author, and historian with a special interest in medieval Britain and the Crusades. He was the founding visionary of the Masonic Information Center. Sugar Ray Robinson, champion boxer Jimmie Rodgers, country singer; Spinks Lodge No. 507, Mississippi Roy Rogers, American actor; Hollywood Lodge No. 355, California Will Rogers, American political commentator and satirist; Claremore Lodge No. 53, Oklahoma Elliott Roosevelt, U.S. Air Force officer and author, son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Raised 17 February 1933, Architect's Lodge No. 519, New York. Franklin D. Roosevelt, U.S. president. Holland Lodge No. 8, New York. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., U.S. congressman, son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Initiated 7 November 1935, Architect's Lodge No. 519, New York. James Roosevelt, politician and congressman, son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Initiated 7 November 1935, Architect's Lodge No. 519, New York. Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. president. Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, New York. Honorary member of the Lodge of King Solomon's Temple No. 3464 Félicien Rops, Belgian artist Edmundo Ros, musician. Sprig of Acacia Lodge, Javea, Spain. Constantin Daniel Rosenthal, Romanian painter and 1848 revolutionary C. A. Rosetti, Romanian literary and political leader, participant in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 James Mayer de Rothschild, financier. Initiated 24 October 1802, Emulation Lodge No. 12, London. Nathan Mayer Rothschild, financier. Initiated 24 October 1802, Emulation Lodge No. 12, London. George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke (19 November 1862 – 20 December 1947), 15th governor of Victoria. Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria. Eric Rosenboom, Iowa Farmer (Jan. 7, 2022) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th century Swiss-French philosopher, writer, and composer Archibald Hamilton Rowan, member of the Society of United Irishmen Manuel Roxas, first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines William Byron Rumford, California legislator. Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Berkeley, California. Jack Russell, English clergyman and dog breeder Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill Alecu Russo, Romanian writer, literary critic and publicist John Rutledge, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1795), Associate Justice (1789–91) George Ryerson, Canadian politician Risto Ryti, fifth president of Finland (1940–44) S Noble John Clayton Stanford, American Public Figure, inventor, US Army Veteran, Congregational Gold Medal recipient, Most Decorated Eagle Scout as of 1985, Past Junior Warden Western Star Lodge 304, 32nd degree Scottish Rite Erie Valley Consistory, Zem Zem Shrine, NESA Life member, DAV Life Member, Widows Sons PA Noblemen Chapter #16 Founding Member (Branded). •Mihail Sadoveanu, Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure. Grand Master from 1932. Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1825–1903), Prime Minister of Spain John Salt (1941–2017), Anglican Bishop of St Helena, initiated in 1993 in Eshowe Lodge No 2596 (UGLE), and a member of St Helena Lodge No 488 (UGLE). Leverett Saltonstall, Governor of Massachusetts, U.S. senator from Massachusetts. Member, Fraternity Lodge, Newton, Massachusetts. José de San Martín, Argentine hero from the Spanish Revolution Harland Sanders, American businessman and founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken Sir Daniel Keyte Sandford (1798–1838), Scottish politician and classicist. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Augusto César Sandino, Central American revolutionary and founder of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas Merton Sandler (1926–2014), British academic, author, and psychopharmacologist. Initiated 19 May 1954 in the In Arduis Fidelis Lodge No 3432 (UGLE), and member of multiple other lodges. Dale V. Sandstrom, justice of the Supreme Court of North Dakota. Lewis & Clark Lodge No. 132, Bismarck. Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and president. He had been expelled from Masonry.Santa Anna's Masonic Membership Confirmed, Christopher Hodapp, Freemasonry for Dummies blog Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician, president of Colombia Artur Santos, Portuguese politician, mayor of Ourem during the Fatima apparitions Lope K. Santos, Tagalog writer from the Philippines. First Worshipful Master of Magat Lodge No. 68 in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Eduardo Santos, president of Colombia and newspaperman Sima Milutinović Sarajlija, Bosnian-Serbian scholar Frank Sargent, Canadian sports executive in ice hockey and curling. Freemason in the Scottish Rite Thunder Bay Lodge A.F. and A.M. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, seventh president of Argentina and father of education. Served as Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Argentina. Donald Savin Michael Schiavello, Australian sports commentator Emanuel Schikaneder, German impresario, dramatist, actor, singer and composer. He is remembered today as Mozart's librettist for The Magic Flute, an opera with Masonic themes. Friedrich Schiller, German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. Rudolstadt Lodge, Berlin. Chuck Schumer, U.S. senator from New York. Amos-Ft. Greene Lodge No. 922 (first degree only). Francis Scott (See 2nd Duke of Buccleuch) Robert Falcon Scott, naval officer and Antarctic explorer Walter Scott, Scottish novelist, playwright and poet. Initiated, passed and raised at an emergency meeting of St. David Lodge No 36, Edinburgh, 2 March 1801. Richard Seddon, longest serving prime minister of New Zealand (1893–1906). Grand Master of New Zealand (1898–1900).Mr. Seddon as Most Worshipful Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge of New Zealand photograph Charles Gabriel Seligman, British physician and ethnologist Peter Sellers, actor, comedian, star of The Goon Show and The Pink Panther movie series. Chelsea Lodge No 3098, UGLE. David B. Sentelle (12 February 1943 – ), U.S. federal judge. Member of Excelsior Lodge 261 in Charlotte, North Carolina, as well as the Charlotte Valley of the Scottish Rite (thirty-third degree) and the Oasis Shrine of Charlotte. He is a winner of the Joseph Montfort Medal from the Grand Lodge of North Carolina for Outstanding Service to Freemasonry. Robert Service, poet R. B. Seymour Sewell, British naturalist Abel Seyler, theatre director Sir Ernest Shackleton, UK explorer Jimmy Shand, Scottish accordionist. Lodge Robert De Bruce No. 304, Ladybank, Fife. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, British playwright and poet Robert Jason Sherman, American songwriter and playwright. Worshipful Master, Lodge of Faith and Friendship No. 7326. Heath Shuler, U.S. congressman for North Carolina. Oconee Lodge 427. Jean Sibelius, composer. Suomi Lodge No. 1, Helsinki, Finland, 1922. Wrote several pieces of interest to Masons including "Praising Hymn" and the "Ode to Fraternity." Sampson Simson, lawyer and philanthropist William Sinclair (1850-1917), Anglican priest and Archdeacon of London. Grand Chaplain of UGLE. Carl L. Sitter, colonel of the U.S. Marine Corps and Medal of Honor recipient. Oasis of Mara Masonic Lodge #735, Twentynine Palms, California. Richard Bernard "Red" Skelton, American comedian. Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, Indiana. Gustave Slapoffski (1862-1951), Australian conductor. Emulation Lodge No. 1505. James Sloan, co-founder of the Orange Order John D. Sloat (1781–1867), American rear admiral, claimed California for the United States in 1846. St. Nicholas lodge No. 321 in New York City (1800). Chas Smash, birth name Cathal Smyth, known as Carl Smyth; English singer, songwriter, and musician, and member of Madness. Yarborough Centenary Lodge (UGLE). Augustus Smith (1804–1872), British Member of Parliament (1857–1865). Provincial Grand Master for the Province of Cornwall (UGLE) (1863–1872). Gerard Smith (28 October 1839 – 12 December 1920), knight, businessman, politician, and governor of Western Australia. Studholme Lodge No. 1591, London; Grand Master of Western Australia. Hyrum Smith, Mormon leader. Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra, New York. Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Nauvoo Lodge, Illinois. Joseph Smith Sr., Mormon leader. Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York, 1818. Maurice Smith, journalist and sports editor of the Winnipeg Free Press, member of lodges in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Perth, Scotland. Walter Smith, professional footballer and club manager Cathal Smyth – see Chas Smash (above) John Soane, English architect Angelo Soliman, slave brought to Europe who became the first black African-born Freemason. True Harmony Lodge in 1783. Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers (20 March 1887 – 14 July 1944), 16th governor of Victoria. Chief Scout of the British Empire, Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria. John Philip Sousa, composer. Hiram Lodge No. 10, Washington, D.C. Henry Southwell (1860-1937), British Anglican clergyman, and both Archdeacon of Lewes and (simultaneously) Bishop of Lewes. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford, initiated 1880. Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr. (1796-1850), 27th governor of North Carolina George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough, initiated 9 January 1871, with brother Randolph Bernard Spilsbury, British forensic scientist Louis Spohr (1784–1859), German composer Stevan Sremac (1855–1906), Serbian realist and comedy writerrgls.org James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, British politician, Member of Parliament (1782–1805), Lord Privy Seal, and Lord President of the council. Acting Grand Master of Scotland (1810–1812). Robert St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn, Scottish politician and Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms (1886–1890). Grand Master of Scotland (1870–1873). Ed Stafford, explorer, walked the length of the Amazon River Thomas Patten Stafford, Gemini and Apollo astronaut. Western Star Lodge No. 138, Oklahoma. Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, British politician Cyril Stapleton, English jazz musician Goswin de Stassart, Belgian statesman Milan Rastislav Štefánik (21 July 1880 – 4 May 1919), Slovak politician, astronomer, aviator, army general and co-founder of Czechoslovakia Jock Stein, football manager of teams including Celtic F.C. and ScotlandCooper, Robert L D, Ed. 2010. Famous Scottish Freemasons, pp 178–179. John Steinbeck, American author. Initiated, passed and raised in Salinas Lodge No.204, California, 1929 (withdrew 1933). Stanisław Stempowski, Grand Master of the National Grand Lodge of Poland (1926–1928) Charles Mortram Sternberg, Canadian paleontologist. Civil Service Lodge No. 148, Ottawa. Thomas Stevens (1841–1920), British Anglican bishop, first Bishop of Barking. Initiated in the Isaac Newton University Lodge, Cambridge, and Grand Chaplain of the UGLE. Potter Stewart, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1958–81) Andrew Taylor Still, MD DO (1828–1917), founder of osteopathic medicine. Palmyra Lodge No. 23, Baldwin City, Kansas. Louis Stokes (1925–), American politician, served in the U.S. House of Representatives W. Clement Stone, businessman, philanthropist and self-help book author (1902–2002) William Leete Stone, Sr., journalist and historian. Author of works regarding Freemasonry and its opponents. Joseph Story, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1811–45) Philipp von Stosch, occultist, antiquarian and English spy Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942), member of the British royal family; served as the Governor General of Canada Honorary member of the Lodge of king Solomon's Temple No. 3464 Gustav Stresemann, chancellor (1923) and foreign minister (1923–1929) of the Weimar Republic. Initiated in the lodge Frederick the Great on 22 July 1923. John McDouall Stuart, Scottish explorer of Australia William Stukeley, English archaeologist and antiquarian. Lodge at Salutation Tavern, London. Alexandru Sturdza, Russian publicist and diplomat of Romanian origin Dimitrie Sturdza, four-time Prime Minister of Romania, president of the Romanian Academy (1882–1884) Arthur Sullivan, composer, of Gilbert and Sullivan. Grand Organist of the UGLE in 1887. Charles Pelot Summerall (1867–1955), U.S. Army general, Chief of Staff of the United States Army and president of The Citadel. Made a Mason at Sight, later affiliated with Pythagorean Lodge No. 21, Charleston, South Carolina. William A. Sutherland, California State Assemblyman (1910–14) Noah H. Swayne, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1862–81) John Swett, founder of the California public school system. Phoenix Lodge No. 144, San Francisco. T Alphonso Taft, U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio. William Howard Taft, U.S. president. Made a Mason at Sight inside Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, Ohio, 18 February 1909. Honorary member of the Lodge of King Solomon's Temple No. 3464. Mehmed Talat, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Initiated into Macedonia Risorta Lodge, Thessaloniki, 1903. First Grand Master of Ottoman Grand Orient (1909–1910). William B. Taliaferro, American soldier and politician. Grand Master of Virginia (1875–76). Wilkins F. Tannehill (1787–1858), 12th mayor of Nashville, Tennessee John S. Tanner, congressman from 1989 to 2011 representing the 8th Tennessee District. 33rd Degree of the Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction. John Louis Taylor, first Chief Justice of North Carolina. Sixth and Tenth Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina. W. F. Taylor, Canadian ice hockey administrator and dentist. Freemason in the Scottish Rite Prince Rupert Lodge AF and AM. Waller Taylor, first U.S. senator from Indiana. Vincennes Lodge No. 1, Vincennes, Indiana. Geoffrey Taylour, 4th Marquess of Headfort, British politician and army officer. Lodge of Assistance No 2773, London (UGLE). Thomas Taylour, 3rd Marquess of Headfort, Irish peer and politician. Multiple lodges including No 244 at Kells, Ireland. Head of the Masonic Order of the Red Cross of Constantine. Thomas Telford, Scottish architect and civil engineer Christian Tell, Romanian politician, revolutionary, mayor of Bucharest Robert Heberton Terrell, African American judge and civil rights activist Edward O'Connor Terry, English actor and comedian. Savage Club Lodge No 2190, London (UGLE). Fred Terry, English actor and actor-manager. Green Room Lodge No. 2957, London (UGLE). Jon Tester, member of the U.S. Senate representing Montana. Past master of Treasure Lodge No. 98 in Big Sandy, Montana. Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, British colonial administrator, Governor-General of India (1916–1921). Grand Master of New South Wales (1910–13). Danny Thomas, American-Lebanese comedian, singer, actor, producer, and philanthropist. Founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's. Raised as a Master Mason in Sol. D. Bayless Lodge No. 359, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Although he joined Scottish Rite in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, he received the 33rd degree in 1995 from the Southern Jurisdiction. James Thornhill, English painter Strom Thurmond, U.S. senator from South Carolina and segregationist candidate for the United States presidency in 1948 John Tipton, American politician Alfred von Tirpitz, German Imperial Navy admiral. Zum Aufrichtigen Herzen at Frankfurt-Oder. Nicolae Titulescu, Romanian diplomat, government minister, president of the League of Nations Daniel D. Tompkins, sixth U.S. vice president and governor of New York (1774–1825). First Sovereign Grand Commander of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, 1813–25. Thomas Todd, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1807–26) William R. Tolbert Jr (1913–1980), president of Liberia Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton (1914–2003), British historian and peer; protagonist of the Hitler Diaries controversy. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Robert Trimble, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1826–28). Union #16 in Paris, Kentucky. Tommy Trinder, English comedian David Trippier, British conservative politician (MP 1979–1992). Provincial Grand Master of East Lancashire. Henry Baker Tristram, English ornithologist and Biblical scholar Anthony Trollope, English novelist Harry S. Truman, U.S. president. Belton Lodge No. 450, Belton, Missouri. Grand Master of Missouri, 1940–41. William Tubman (1895–1971), president of Liberia Richard Tucker, operatic tenor. Member of Perfect Ashlar Lodge No. 604, New York. George Turner, 18th Premier of Victoria, first Treasurer of Australia. Senior Grand Warden of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria, 1896. István Türr (1825 - 1908), Hungarian soldier, revolutionary, canal architect and engineer. Mark Twain – see: Samuel Langhorne Clemens' at List of Freemasons (A – D) Richard Tyson, American actor U William B. Umstead (13 May 18957 November 1954), U.S. senator from and 63rd governor of North Carolina Charles L. Underhill (20 July 186728 January 1946), congressman from Massachusetts. Received degrees in Soley Lodge, Somerville, Massachusetts, in 1900–01. Edwin S. Underhill (7 October 18617 February 1929), congressman from New York. Member of Steuben Lodge No. 112, Bath, New York, receiving degrees on 16 March, 20 April, and 18 May 1887. Cecil H. Underwood (5 November 192224 November 2008), 25th and 32nd governor of West Virginia from 1957 until 1961 and from 1997 until 2001. Both the youngest and the oldest person ever to serve as governor of West Virginia. He was also the first guest on the television game show To Tell the Truth. Raised in Phoenix Lodge No. 73, Sistersville, West Virginia, in May 1955. Joseph R. Underwood (24 October 179123 August 1876), congressman and U.S. senator from Kentucky. Member of Allen Lodge No. 24 in Glasgow, Kentucky. Oscar Underwood (6 May 186225 January 1929), congressman and U.S. senator from Alabama. Member of Fraternal Lodge No. 384 in Birmingham. William H. Upham (3 May 18412 July 1924), 18th governor of Wisconsin Rafael Urdaneta (24 October 1788 23 August 1845), Venezuelan general Justo José de Urquiza (18 October 180111 April 1870), president of the Argentine Confederation from 1854 to 1860. Member "Jorge Washington" Lodge No. 44 at Concepción, Argentina. V Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, three-time Prime Minister of Romania Charles H. Vail, American clergyman and author of The Ancient Mysteries and Modern Masonry George Vail (21 July 180923 May 1875), congressman from New Jersey. Member of Cincinnati Lodge No. 3, Morristown, New Jersey, receiving degrees in July through August 1833. William N. Vaile (22 June 18762 July 1927), congressman from Colorado. Raised 8 July 1911, in Union Lodge No. 7, Denver, and charter member and first junior warden of Arvada Lodge No. 141 at Arvada in 1912 and served as Master in 1914. Grand Master of Grand Lodge of Colorado, 1924 to 1925. Đorđe Vajfert (1850–1937), Serbian industrialist of German descent, governor of the National Bank of Serbia and later Yugoslaviargls.org Edward Virginius Valentine (12 November 183819 October 1930, American sculptor. Member of Dove Lodge No. 21, Richmond, Virginia. Clement Vallandigham (29 July 182017 June 1871), congressman from Ohio. Member of St. Johns Lodge No. 13 of Dayton. François Christophe de Kellermann, 1st Duke of Valmy (28 May 173523 September 1820), French military commander, later the Général d'Armée, and a Marshal of France. In 1805 he was Grand Administrateur, 33°, of the Grand Orient of France. Jacob Van Braam (1 April 17291 August 1792), Dutch swordmaster and mercenary who served as Washington's French translator during the American Revolution. Member of Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4, Fredericksburg, Virginia. Pierre Van Cortlandt (10 January 17211 May 1814), first lieutenant governor of New York, serving 18 years, from 1777 to 1795. President of the convention at Kingston which framed the first constitution of New York in 1777. Listed as the first master of Cortlandt Lodge No. 34 of Peekskill, New York, on 10 December 1804. Willis Van Devanter (17 April 18598 February 1941), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Member of Acacia Lodge No. 11 and the Scottish Rite at Cheyenne, Wyoming. Jeff Van Drew (b. 23 February 1953), congressman from New Jersey. Member of Cannon Lodge, No. 104, South Seaville, New Jersey. Vedder Van Dyck (18 July 18892 August 1960), fifth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont. Mason, with membership in Amityville, New York. Nicholas Van Dyke, Jr. (20 December 177021 May 1826), congressman and U.S. senator from Delaware. Master of St. John's Lodge No. 2, New Castle, Delaware, in 1815. Walter Van Dyke (18231905), Justice of the California Supreme Court. Member of Arcata Lodge No. 106, Arcata, California. Blake R Van Leer (18931956), president of Georgia Tech, inventor, engineer, civil rights advocate. Robert Van Pelt (9 September 189727 April 1988), federal judge from Nebraska. Received degrees in 1918 in Stockville, Nebraska, and was later a member of Cambridge Lodge No. 150, Cambridge, Nebraska. 33° of the Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction) and Shriner. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (27 August 173819 February 1810), representative from New York to the first United States Congress. Member of Masters' Lodge No. 2, Albany, New York. Killian K. Van Rensselaer (9 June 176318 June 1845), congressman from New York. Member of Masters' Lodge No. 2, Albany, in 1787. Stephen Van Rensselaer (1 November 176426 January 1839), lieutenant governor of New York and congressman from New York. 10th richest American of all time. Founder of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Grand master of the Grand Lodge of New York, 1825–29. Samuel Rinnah Van Sant (11 May 18443 October 1936), congressman from and 15th governor of Minnesota. Became a member of Snow Lodge No. 44, Le Claire, Iowa, in 1869, and affiliated with Winona Lodge No. 18, Winona, Minnesota, in 1894. Abraham Van Vechten (5 December 1762 – 6 January 1837), American lawyer and a Federalist politician who served twice as New York State Attorney General. Member of Masters' Lodge No. 2, Albany, in 1787. Murray Van Wagoner (18 March 189812 June 1986), 38th governor of Michigan. Member of Pontiac Lodge No. 21, Pontiac. Charles C. Van Zandt (10 August4 June 1894), 34th governor of Rhode Island. Member of St. Johns Lodge No. 1, Newport. James E. Van Zandt (18 December 18986 January 1986), congressman from Pennsylvania. Member of Hiram Lodge No. 616, Altoona, receiving degrees on 15 April, 20 May, and 24 June 1926. Authur "Dazzy" Vance (4 March 189116 February 1961), member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Raised 23 March 1926 in Clearwater Lodge No. 127, Clearwater, Florida. Joseph Vance (21 March 178624 August 1852), 13th governor of Ohio. Member of Harmony Lodge No. 8, Urbana, and was Master in 1817. Robert Vance (24 April 1828)28 November 1899), congressman from North Carolina. Grand Master of North Carolina in 1868 to 1869. Zebulon Vance (13 May 183014 April 1894), Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, the 37th and 43rd governor of North Carolina, and U.S. senator. A bronze of him stands in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The towns of Zebulon and Vanceboro as well as Vance County, all in North Carolina, are named for him. He petitioned Mt. Hermon Lodge #118 in Asheville and was raised on 20 June 1853. He was one of the founders of Excelsior Lodge #261 in Charlotte in 1867. Arthur H. Vandenberg (22 March 188418 April 1951), U.S. senator from Michigan. Raised 8 May 1907 at Grand River Lodge No. 34, Grand Rapids. William Vandever (31 March 181723 July 1893), congressman from California and Iowa, and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Member of Dubuque Lodge No. 3, Dubuque, Iowa. James K. Vardaman (26 July 186125 June 1930), U.S. senator from and 36th governor of Mississippi William Scott Vare (24 December 18677 August 1934), U.S. senator and congressman from Pennsylvania. Member of Vaux Lodge No. 383 in Philadelphia. José María Vargas (10 March 178613 July 1854), third president of Venezuela Charles Varnum (21 June 184926 February 1936), Medal of Honor recipient and commander of the scouts for George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign during the Great Sioux War. Life member of Olive Branch Lodge No. 47, Sturgis, South Dakota, from 1881. James Mitchell Varnum (17 December 17489 January 1789), American legislator, lawyer, general in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, and a pioneer to the Ohio Country. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 1, Providence, Rhode Island. His Masonic funeral at what is now Marietta, Ohio, was the first Masonic gathering in the Northwest Territory of record. Pashko Vasa (30 June 1825 – 29 June 1892), Albanian writer, poet and publicist of the Albanian National Awakening, and governor of Lebanon from 1882 until his death Harry H. Vaughan (26 November 189320 May 1981), U.S. Army major general and aide to Harry S. Truman. Mason, National Sojourner, and member of Almas Shrine Temple, Washington, D.C. Horace Worth Vaughan (2 December 186710 November 1922), U.S. Territorial Representative representing Hawaii, and a federal judge. Originally from Texas, he was raised in Border Lodge No. 672, Texarkana, on 7 May 1897 and was Master from 1899 to 1904. Was Grand Orator of Grand Lodge of Texas in 1912. Richard Vaux (19 December 181622 March 1895), congressman from Pennsylvania. Raised in Lodge No. 3 in Philadelphia on 21 February 1843. As Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, he laid the cornerstone of the Philadelphia Masonic Temple in 1868. James C. Veatch (19 December 181922 December 1895), Union general during the American Civil War. Member of Rockport Lodge No. 112, Rockport, Indiana. Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, founder of the Belgian Liberal Party Claude Joseph Vernet (14 August 17143 December 1789), French painter Émile Jean-Horace Vernet (30 June 178917 January 1863), French painter George Graham Vest (6 December 18309 August 1904), U.S. senator from Missouri. Best known for his "Man's best friend" closing arguments from the trial in which damages were sought for the killing of a dog named Old Drum on 18 October 1869. Albert Henry Vestal (18 January 18751 April 1932), congressman from Indiana. Member of Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 77, Anderson, Indiana, receiving degrees on 31 May, 1 and 2 June 1922. Gabriel González Videla (22 November 189822 August 1980), 26th president of Chile. Member of Luz Esperanza Lodge No. 11 at La Serena. Egbert Ludovicus Viele (17 June 182522 April 1902), congressman from New York and Union Army general during the American Civil War. Member of Kane Lodge No. 545, New York City. Feliciano Viera (18721927), 47th president of Uruguay. Member of the Grand Orient of Uruguay. Armando Villegas, Colombian painter George Villers, See 2nd Duke of Buckingham Bird J. Vincent (6 March 188018 July 1931), congressman from Michigan. Member of Ancient Landmarks Lodge No. 303, Saginaw, having receiving degrees on 10 June, 30 June, and 4 July 1909. John Vining (23 December 1758February 1802), U.S. senator, U.S. congressman, and Continental congressman from Delaware. Member of Lodge No. 63 at Lewis Town, Delaware. Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (1946–1953) Swami Vivekananda, Hindu reformist/revivalist leader (1863–1902) John Charles Vivian (30 June 188910 February 1964), 30th governor of Colorado. Member of Golden City Lodge No. 1, Golden, Colorado. François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) (1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher. Initiated in 1778 by WM Ben Franklin, Loge des Neuf Sœurs, Paris. He received only the First Degree, dying less than two months later. Daniel W. Voorhees (26 September 182710 April 1897), U.S. senator and congressman from Indiana Foster McGowan Voorhees (5 November 185614 June 1927), 30th governor of New Jersey. Raised 17 February 1899 in Washington Lodge No. 33, Elizabeth. Ignaz von Born, Hungarian nobleman and naturalist Traian Vuia, Romanian inventor and early aviation pioneer Charles W. Vursell (8 February 188121 September 1974), congressman from Illinois. Member of Marion Lodge No. 130, Salem, Illinois, receiving degrees on 19 September, 20 October, and 27 November 1906. W Robert Wadlow, tallest man recorded. Franklin Lodge No. 25, Alton, Illinois. Elijah Wadsworth, Ohio militia general. Master of the Erie Lodge (later Western Star Lodge No. 21) in Ohio, 1813. Honus Wagner, Major League Baseball shortstop Jonathan Wainwright, World War II general. Union Lodge No.7, Junction City, Kansas, 1946. A. E. Waite, writer on occult and esoteric matters, and Freemasonry Rick Wakeman, musician. Member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098. Lew Wallace, author of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, governor of the New Mexico Territory, and Union general in the American Civil War. Fountain Lodge No. 60, Indiana. John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward, British peer and politician. Grand Master, Grand Lodge of England. Walter Wardle (1900-1982), British Anglican clergyman, and Archdeacon of Gloucester. Apollo University Lodge, Oxford. Tobias Watkins (1780-1855), American physician, editor, writer, educator, and political appointee. Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Maryland 1813-14 and 1816–18; first High Priest of the Encampment of the Knights Templar in 1812.* Henry Ware (1830-1909), British Anglican bishop. Initiated in Underlay Lodge No 1074 (UGLE), and the first bishop to serve as Grand Chaplain of the UGLE (1895). Harry M. Warner, film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros. Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Jack L. Warner (1892–1978), film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros. Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Jack M. Warner (1916–1995), film producer. Raised 30 November 1938, Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Samuel L. Warner, film producer and co-founder of Warner Bros. Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Sir Charles Warren, English archaeologist. Surveyor of Herod's Temple. Royal Lodge of Friendship No. 278, Gibraltar. Founding Master of Quatuor Coronati Lodge of Research. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (1953–69). Grand Master of California, 1935–36. Joseph Warren, American physician and major general during the American Revolutionary War. Joined the Lodge of Saint Andrew in Boston, later serving as Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts. Booker T. Washington, American educator, president of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, author of Up from Slavery in 1901. Mason at Sight. George Washington, general, politician, and first president of the United States. Initiated in Fredericksburg, Virginia, Past Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, Virginia. Reginald Waterfield (1867–1967), English Anglican clergyman, archdeacon, and Dean of Hereford Cathedral. Provincial Grand Master (UGLE) of Herefordshire from 1923 to 1946. The Dean Waterfield Lodge No 8089 in Hereford is named after him. Elkanah Watson, businessman in the American revolution, associate of John Brown (Rhode Island politician) James Watt, Scottish inventor and engineer, Royal Society. Initiated in a Scottish Lodge in 1763. John Wayne, American actor. Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56, Arizona. Thomas Smith Webb, New England Lodge No. 4, Worthington, Ohio. Author of Freemason's Monitor or Illustrations of Masonry, sometimes called the "Founding Father of the York or American Rite" for his efforts to promote that Masonic body. Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati James Welldon (1854–1937), Headmaster of Harrow School, Chaplain to Queen Victoria, and Metropolitan Bishop of Calcutta Charles H. Wesley, historian, educator, college president, publisher of more than 15 books on African-American history. Hiram Lodge No. 4, Prince Hall Affiliation, Washington, D.C. Samuel Wesley, English composer Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton, English politician, atheist and reputed founder of the Hellfire Club Jimmy Wheeler, British comedian James Monroe Whitfield (1822–1871), African American poet, abolitionist, and political activist. Grand Master of California (Prince Hall Masonry). Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet. Apollo University Lodge No. 357, Oxford (UGLE). John Wilkes, English politician and journalist William IV, King of Great Britain; UGLE Watkin Williams (1845–1944), British Anglican bishop. Initiated in Apollo University Lodge No 357 (Oxford), and Grand Chaplain of the UGLE. Hubert Willis, British stage and film actor. Lodge of Asaph No. 1319. William Lynn Willis, Lecture and Proficiency card holder, Past Worshipful Master (2010) Powell Lodge No. 582, Past High Priest (2012) Paxton-Pearl Chapter No. 24, Past Illustrious Master (2012) Knoxville Council No. 75, Past Commander (2019) Couer De Leon Commandery No. 9, KCCH (2015) Scottish Rite. James Wilson, co-founder of the Orange Order Ralph Wilson, American businessman and founder of the Buffalo Bills of the NFL. Member of Kilwinning Lodge No. 297 in Detroit. Roger Wilson, British Anglican bishop and member of the British Royal Household. Grand Chaplain of UGLE 1957–58. Frederick Thomas Wimble, Australian politician and founding editor of The Cairns Post Jeff Winter, English football referee Donald Wolfit, English actor Alan Wolstencroft (1937-2020), English clergyman and Archdeacon of Manchester. Worsley Lodge No 1814 (UGLE). Levi Woodbury, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1845–51) Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford, English clergyman noted for pioneering Masonic research. Founder of Quatuor Coronati Lodge of Research. Edward Sydney Woods (1877–1953), English clergyman and author, Bishop of Lichfield. Waddon Lodge No 4162 (UGLE). William B. Woods, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice (1881–87) William Culham Woodward, second president of Woodward's Stores Ltd in Canada and lieutenant governor of British Columbia, 1941–46 Clarendon Worrell, Archbishop of Nova Scotia and primate of the Anglican Church of Canada Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computers. Charity Lodge No. 362, Campbell, California. Christopher Wren, English architect. Master of Lodge Original, No. 1, now the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2, "adopted" 18 May 1691. Marcellus E. Wright Sr., American architect; Scottish Rite Masonry John Wrightson (1840-1916), pioneer in agricultural education. Cotteswold Lodge No 593. William Wyler, film director and producer. Loyalty Lodge No. 529, California. Ed Wynn, American actor and comedian. Lodge No. 9, Pennsylvania. X Madame de Xaintrailles, (??), Republican heroine of the French Revolution. While wearing the uniform of a major of cavalry, she presented an aide-de-camp's commission to the lodge of Les Freres Aristes. It was resolved that the first degree (not of Adoptive Masonry but of real Masonry) should be conferred on a lady who had displayed the courage and virtues of a man. Emmanuil Xanthos (1772 – 28 November 1852), a founder of the Filiki Eteria. Y John Yarker, English occultist. 1° Lodge of Integrity Lodge No. 189 (later 163) Manchester, 25 October 1854, affiliated with Fidelity Lodge No. 623, 27 April 1855. Expelled from the Ancient and Accepted Rite and demitted (from all regular Freemasonry), 1862. Joseph C. Yates (9 November 176819 March 1837), seventh governor of New York. Master of St. George's Lodge No. 6, Schenectady, from 1791 to 1796 and 1798. Richard Yates Sr. (18 January 181527 November 1873), U.S. senator and congressman from and 13th governor of Illinois. Raised 26 May 1847 in Harmony Lodge No. 3, Jacksonville, Illinois. Richard Yates Jr. (12 December 186011 April 1936), congressman from and 22nd governor of Illinois. Became member of Harmony Lodge No. 3, Jacksonville, Illinois, on 27 June 1882. Grand orator of the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1901. William Yates (10 December 17205 October 1764), American clergyman in the colonial Church of England and fifth president of the College of William & Mary. Received degrees in Williamsburg Lodge No. 6, Williamsburg, Virginia, on 3 August 1773, 12 November 1773, and 28 May 1774. Francis Yeats-Brown (15 August 188619 December 1944), officer of the British Indian army and author of The Lives of a Bengal Lancer'' Archibald Yell (9 August 179722 February 1847), congressman from and second governor of Arkansas. First master of Shelbyville Lodge No. 49, Shelbyville, Tennessee, in 1824. Elected grand master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee in 1831. Founded what is now Washington Lodge No. 1, at Fayetteville, Arkansas. Duke of York (1920–1936) (See King George VI) Third Duke of York and Albany (See Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany) Dominique You (sometimes Youx) (ca 177515 November 1830), privateer, pirate, and later politician. Artillery commander of gunners recruited from pirate ships at the Battle of New Orleans under General Andrew Jackson. Member of Lodge La Concorde of New Orleans, according to a certificate dated June 1811. Brigham Young, Mormon leader. Nauvoo Lodge, Illinois, April 1842. (Later that year, Nauvoo Lodge was declared clandestine by the Grand Lodge of Illinois, and its members were suspended.) Coleman Young (1918–1997), American politician, mayor of Detroit from 1974 to 1993 Denton T. "Cy" Young, baseball player. Raised 29 February 1904 in Mystic Tie Lodge No. 194, Dennison, Ohio. Lafayette Young (10 May 184815 November 1926), U.S. senator from Iowa. Received the degrees in Pymosa Lodge No. 271, Atlantic, Iowa, and was admitted to Home Lodge No. 370 of Des Moines on 9 October 1890. Richard M. Young (20 February 179828 November 1861), U.S. senator from Illinois. Member of Bodley Lodge No. 1, Quincy, Illinois, but demitted during the anti-Masonic period. Luther Youngdahl (29 May 189621 June 1978), 27th governor of Minnesota. Received degrees in Minneapolis Lodge No. 19 in 1920 and withdrew in 1923 to affiliate with University Lodge No. 316. Affiliated with Lake Harriet Lodge No. 277 on 17 February 1925 and served as master in 1938. Oscar Youngdahl (13 October 18933 February 1946), congressman from Minnesota. Received degrees in Lakeview Lodge No. 143, Ortonville, Minnesota, in 1918, withdrawing in 1923 to affiliate with University Lodge No. 316. J. Arthur Younger (11 April 189320 June 1967), congresman from California George C. Yount (17941865), California pioneer who was the first permanent northern European settler in the Napa Valley. Yountville, California, is named for him. Made a Freemason in Benicia Lodge No. 5 in 1850; assisted in the organization of Yount Lodge No. 12 of Napa; and in 1855 organized Caymus Lodge No. 93 at Yountville, was the lodge's first junior warden, holding some office every year thereafter until his death, and was master in 1859. He was grand Bible bearer of the Grand Lodge of California. Yount Lodge No. 12 in Napa is named for him. David Levy Yulee (12 June 181010 October 1886), U.S. senator from Florida. Member of Hayward Lodge No. 7, Gainesville, Florida. Z Duiliu Zamfirescu, Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist Giuseppe Zanardelli (29 October 182626 December 1903), 16th Prime Minister of Italy. A Freemason, after his death the bishop of Brescia refused him a Christian burial, unless the floral offering on the coffin sent by the Italian Freemasons was removed. Darryl F. Zanuck (1902–1979), American film producer. Mount Olive Lodge No. 506, California. Lorenzo de Zavala (3 October 178815 November 1836), 19th-century Mexican politician of Spanish descent. Vice-president of the Republic of Texas from 16 March 1836 to 22 October 1836. He was first master of La Independencia Lodge (location unidentified). Jurji Zaydan (Arabic: جُرْجي زَيْدان, 1861–1914), Lebanese novelist, journalist, editor and teacher Germán Zea Hernández, Colombian politician Francisco Antonio Zea, Colombian botanist, diplomat, politician, and vice president 1st Earl of Zetland (See Lawrence Dundas, 1st Earl of Zetland) 2nd Earl of Zetland (See Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland) Florenz Ziegfeld, Broadway impresario and founder of the Ziegfeld Follies. Accordia Lodge No. 277, Chicago. William Ziegler (1 September 184325 May 1905), American industrialist who was one of the founders of the Royal Baking Powder Company. Organized Arctic expeditions. His original lodge is not known, but in November 1885 he affiliated with Altair Lodge No. 601, Brooklyn. Fred R. Zimmerman (20 November 188014 December 1954), 25th governor of Wisconsin Orville Zimmerman (31 December 18807 April 1948), congressman from Missouri Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Serbian poet Johann Zoffany, German-British painter Felix Zollicoffer (19 May 181219 January 1862), congressman from Tennessee, officer of the United States Army, and brigadier general of the Confederate States Army. Killed at the Battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky. Member of Cumberland Lodge No. 8 of Nashville. Heinrich Zschokke (22 March 177127 June 1848), German, later Swiss, author and reformer. He was initiated in the lodge "Zur Aufrichtigen Herzen" at Frankfurt. He preached that Freemasonry was the missing link between the church and state, and that only after the broken chain was closed again, would the world attain to higher ideals. Adolph Zukor, film producer. Centennial Lodge No. 763, New York. See also List of Freemasons (A–D) References External links Famous Freemasons in Worlds History – U ∴ S ∴ V ∴ N ∴ S ∴ S Regular Grand Lodge of Serbia, A.F. & A.M. Catalogue of books, manuscripts, articles, engravings, aprons, and other curios relating to freemasonry, and now forming the Worcestershire masonic library & museum at Archive.org E

39274469

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20espionage

History of espionage

Spying, as well as other intelligence assessment, has existed since ancient times. In the 1980s scholars characterized foreign intelligence as "the missing dimension" of historical scholarship." Since then a largely popular and scholarly literature has emerged. Special attention has been paid to World War II, as well as the Cold War era (1947–1989) that was a favorite for novelists and filmmakers. Early history Efforts to use espionage for military advantage are well documented throughout history. Sun Tzu, 4th century BC, a theorist in ancient China who influenced Asian military thinking, still has an audience in the 21st century for the Art of War. He advised, "One who knows the enemy and knows himself will not be endangered in a hundred engagements." He stressed the need to understand yourself and your enemy for military intelligence. He identified different spy roles. In modern terms, they included the secret informant or agent in place, (who provides copies of enemy secrets), the penetration agent (who has access to the enemy's commanders), and the disinformation agent (who feeds a mix of true and false details to point the enemy in the wrong direction to confuse the enemy). He considered the need for systematic organization and noted the roles of counterintelligence, double agents (recruited from the ranks of enemy spies), and psychological warfare. Sun Tzu continued to influence Chinese espionage theory in the 21st century with its emphasis on using the information to design active subversion. Chanakya (also called Kautilya) wrote his Arthashastra in India in the 4th century BC. It was a 'Textbook of Statecraft and Political Economy' that provides a detailed account of intelligence collection, processing, consumption, and covert operations, as indispensable means for maintaining and expanding the security and power of the state. Ancient Egypt had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence. The Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Thanks to the Bible (Joshua 2:1–24) we have in this story of the spies sent by Hebrews to Jericho before attacking the city one of the earliest detailed reports of a very sophisticated intelligence operation Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used shinobi to gather intelligence. A significant milestone was the establishment of an effective intelligence service under King David IV of Georgia at the beginning of the 12th century or possibly even earlier. Called mstovaris, these organized spies performed crucial tasks, like uncovering feudal conspiracies, conducting counter-intelligence against enemy spies, and infiltrating key locations, e.g. castles, fortresses and palaces. Aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Along with the pochteca, before a battle or war, secret agents, quimitchin, were sent to spy amongst enemies usually wearing the local costume and speaking the local language, techniques similar to modern secret agents. Early Modern Europe Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England. His staff included the cryptographer Thomas Phelippes, who was an expert in deciphering letters and forgery, and Arthur Gregory, who was skilled at breaking and repairing seals without detection. The Catholic exiles fought back when the Welsh exile Hugh Owen created an intelligence service that tried to neutralize that of Walsingham. In 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Mary's clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception: a covert means for Mary's letters to be smuggled in and out of Chartley in a beer keg. Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham's agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary. In foreign intelligence, Walsingham's extensive network of "intelligencers", who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a normal part of the principal secretary's activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition, and large sums of his own money. He cast his net more widely than anyone had attempted before, exploiting links across the continent as well as in Constantinople and Algiers, and building and inserting contacts among Catholic exiles. 18th century The 18th century saw a dramatic expansion of espionage activities. It was a time of war: in nine years out of 10, two or more major powers were at war. Armies grew much larger, with corresponding budgets. Likewise the foreign ministries all grew in size and complexity. National budgets expanded to pay for these expansions, and room was found for intelligence departments with full-time staffs, and well-paid spies and agents. The militaries themselves became more bureaucratised, and sent out military attaches. They were very bright, personable middle-ranking officers stationed in embassies abroad. In each capital, the attached diplomats evaluated the strength, capabilities, and war plans of the armies and navies. France France under King Louis XIV (1643–1715) was the largest, richest, and most powerful nation. It had many enemies and a few friends, and tried to keep track of them all through a well organized intelligence system based in major cities all over Europe. France and England pioneered the cabinet noir whereby foreign correspondence was opened and deciphered, then forwarded to the recipient. France's chief ministers, especially Cardinal Mazarin (1642–1661) did not invent the new methods; they combined the best practices from other states, and supported it at the highest political and financial levels. To critics of authoritarian governments, it appeared that spies were everywhere. Parisian dissidents of the 18th century thought that they were surrounded by as many as perhaps 30,000 police spies. However, the police records indicate a maximum of 300 paid informers. The myth was deliberately designed to inspire fear and hypercaution; the police wanted opponents people to think that they were under close watch. The critics also seemed to like the myth, for it gave them a sense of importance and an aura of mystery. Ordinary Parisians felt more secure believing that the police were actively dealing with troublemakers. British To deal with the almost continuous wars with France, London set up an elaborate system to gather intelligence on France and other powers. Since the British had deciphered the code system of most states, it relied heavily on intercepted mail and dispatches. A few agents in the postal system could intercept likely correspondence and have it copied and forwarded to the intended receiver, as well as to London. Active spies were also used, especially to estimate military and naval strength and activities. Once the information was in hand, analysts tried to interpret diplomatic policies and intentions of states. Of special concern in the first half of the century were the activities of Jacobites, Englishmen who had French support in plotting to overthrow the Hanoverian kings of England. It was a high priority to find men in England and Scotland who had secret Jacobite sympathies. One highly successful operation took place in Russia under the supervision of minister Charles Whitworth (1704 to 1712). He closely observed public events and noted the changing power status of key leaders. He cultivated influential and knowledgeable persons at the royal court, and befriended foreigners in Russia's service, and in turn they provided insights into high-level Russian planning and personalities, which he summarized and sent in code to London. Industrial espionage In 1719 Britain made it illegal to entice skilled workers to emigrate. Nevertheless, small-scale efforts continued in secret. At mid century, (1740s to 1770s) the French Bureau of Commerce had a budget and a plan, and systematically hired British and French spies to obtain industrial and military technology. They had some success deciphering English technology regarding plate-glass, the hardware and steel industry. They had mixed success, enticing some workers and getting foiled in other attempts. The Spanish were technological laggards, and tried to jump start industry through systematized industrial espionage. The Marquis of Ensenada, a minister of the king, sent trusted military officers on a series of missions between 1748 and 1760. They focused on current technology regarding shipbuilding, steam engines, copper refining, canals, metallurgy, and cannon-making. American Revolution, 1775–1783 During the American Revolution, 1775–1783, American General George Washington developed a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In 1778, he ordered Major Benjamin Tallmadge to form the Culper Ring to collect information about the British in New York. Washington was usually mindful of treachery, but he ignored incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, his most trusted general. Arnold tried to betray West Point to the British Army, but was discovered and barely managed to escape. The British intelligence system was weak; it completely missed the movement of the entire American and French armies from the Northeast to Yorktown, Virginia, where they captured the British invasion army in 1781 and won independence. Washington has been called "Americas First Spymaster". French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, (1793–1815) Britain, almost continuously at war with France (1793–1815), built a wide network of agents and funded local elements trying to overthrow governments hostile to Britain. It paid special attention to threats of an invasion of the home islands, and to a possible uprising in Ireland. Britain in 1794 appointed William Wickham as Superintendent of Aliens in charge of espionage and the new secret service. He strengthened the British intelligence system by emphasizing the centrality of the intelligence cycle – query, collection, collation, analysis and dissemination – and the need for an all-source centre of intelligence. Napoleon made heavy use of agents, especially regarding Russia. Besides espionage, they recruited soldiers, collected money, enforced the Continental System against imports from Britain, propagandized, policed border entry into France through passports, and protected the estates of the Napoleonic nobility. His senior men coordinated the policies of satellite countries. 19th century Modern tactics of espionage and dedicated government intelligence agencies were developed over the course of the late 19th century. A key background to this development was the Great Game, a period denoting the strategic rivalry and conflict that existed between the British Empire and the Russian Empire throughout Central Asia. To counter Russian ambitions in the region and the potential threat it posed to the British position in India, a system of surveillance, intelligence and counterintelligence was built up in the Indian Civil Service. The existence of this shadowy conflict was popularised in Rudyard Kipling's famous spy book, Kim, where he portrayed the Great Game (a phrase he popularised) as an espionage and intelligence conflict that "never ceases, day or night." Although the techniques originally used were distinctly amateurish – British agents would often pose unconvincingly as botanists or archaeologists – more professional tactics and systems were slowly put in place. In many respects, it was here that a modern intelligence apparatus with permanent bureaucracies for internal and foreign infiltration and espionage was first developed. A pioneering cryptographic unit was established as early as 1844 in India, which achieved some important successes in decrypting Russian communications in the area. The establishment of dedicated intelligence organizations was directly linked to the colonial rivalries between the major European powers and the accelerating development of military technology. An early source of military intelligence was the diplomatic system of military attachés (an officer attached to the diplomatic service operating through the embassy in a foreign country), that became widespread in Europe after the Crimean War. Although officially restricted to a role of transmitting openly received information, they were soon being used to clandestinely gather confidential information and in some cases even to recruit spies and to operate de facto spy rings. American Civil War 1861–1865 Tactical or battlefield intelligence became very vital to both armies in the field during the American Civil War. Allan Pinkerton, who operated a pioneer detective agency, served as head of the Union Intelligence Service during the first two years. He thwarted the assassination plot in Baltimore while guarding President-elect Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton agents often worked undercover as Confederate soldiers and sympathizers to gather military intelligence. Pinkerton himself served on several undercover missions. He worked across the Deep South in the summer of 1861, collecting information on fortifications and Confederate plans. He was found out in Memphis and barely escaped with his life. Pinkerton's agency specialized in counter-espionage, identifying Confederate spies in the Washington area. Pinkerton played up to the demands of General George McClellan with exaggerated overestimates of the strength of Confederate forces in Virginia. McClellan mistakenly thought he was outnumbered, and played a very cautious role. Spies and scouts typically reported directly to the commanders of armies in the field. They provided details on troop movements and strengths. The distinction between spies and scouts was one that had life or death consequences. If a suspect was seized while in disguise and not in his army's uniform, the sentence was often to be hanged. Intelligence gathering for the Confederates focused on Alexandria, Virginia, and the surrounding area. Thomas Jordan created a network of agents that included Rose O'Neal Greenhow. Greenhow delivered reports to Jordan via the "Secret Line," the system used to smuggle letters, intelligence reports, and other documents to Confederate officials. The Confederacy's Signal Corps was devoted primarily to communications and intercepts, but it also included a covert agency called the Confederate Secret Service Bureau, which ran espionage and counter-espionage operations in the North including two networks in Washington. In both armies, the cavalry service was the main instrument in military intelligence, using direct observation, Drafting map, and obtaining copies of local maps and local newspapers. When General Robert E Lee invaded the North in June 1863, his cavalry commander J. E. B. Stuart went on a long unauthorized raid, so Lee was operating blind, unaware that he was being trapped by Union forces. Lee later said that his Gettysburg campaign, "was commenced in the absence of correct intelligence. It was continued in the effort to overcome the difficulties by which we were surrounded." Military Intelligence Austria Shaken by the revolutionary years 1848–1849, the Austrian Empire founded the Evidenzbureau in 1850 as the first permanent military intelligence service. It was first used in the 1859 Austro-Sardinian war and the 1866 campaign against Prussia, albeit with little success. The bureau collected intelligence of military relevance from various sources into daily reports to the Chief of Staff (Generalstabschef) and weekly reports to Emperor Franz Joseph. Sections of the Evidenzbureau were assigned different regions; the most important one was aimed against Russia. Great Britain During the Crimean War of 1854, the Topographical & Statistic Department T&SD was established within the British War Office as an embryonic military intelligence organization. The department initially focused on the accurate mapmaking of strategically sensitive locations and the collation of militarily relevant statistics. After the deficiencies in the British army's performance during the war became known, a large-scale reform of army institutions was overseen by Edward Cardwell. As part of this, the T&SD was reorganized as the Intelligence Branch of the War Office in 1873 with the mission to "collect and classify all possible information relating to the strength, organization etc. of foreign armies... to keep themselves acquainted with the progress made by foreign countries in military art and science..." France The French Ministry of War authorized the creation of the Deuxième Bureau on June 8, 1871, a service charged with performing "research on enemy plans and operations." This was followed a year later by the creation of a military counter-espionage service. It was this latter service that was discredited through its actions over the notorious Dreyfus Affair, where a French Jewish officer was falsely accused of handing over military secrets to the Germans. As a result of the political division that ensued, responsibility for counter-espionage was moved to the civilian control of the Ministry of the Interior. Germany Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke established a military intelligence unit, Abteilung (Section) IIIb, to the German General Staff in 1889 which steadily expanded its operations into France and Russia. Italy The Italian Ufficio Informazioni del Comando Supremo was put on a permanent footing in 1900. Russia After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, Russian military intelligence was reorganized under the 7th Section of the 2nd Executive Board of the great imperial headquarters. Naval Intelligence It was not just the army that felt a need for military intelligence. Soon, naval establishments were demanding similar capabilities from their national governments to allow them to keep abreast of technological and strategic developments in rival countries. The Naval Intelligence Division was set up as the independent intelligence arm of the British Admiralty in 1882 (initially as the Foreign Intelligence Committee) and was headed by Captain William Henry Hall. The division was initially responsible for fleet mobilization and war plans as well as foreign intelligence collection; in the 1900s two further responsibilities – issues of strategy and defence and the protection of merchant shipping – were added. In the United States the Naval intelligence originated in 1882 "for the purpose of collecting and recording such naval information as may be useful to the Department in time of war, as well as in peace." This was followed in October 1885 by the Military Information Division, the first standing military intelligence agency of the United States with the duty of collecting military data on foreign nations. In 1900, the Imperial German Navy established the Nachrichten-Abteilung, which was devoted to gathering intelligence on Britain. The navies of Italy, Russia and Austria-Hungary set up similar services as well. Counterintelligence As espionage became more widely used, it became imperative to expand the role of existing police and internal security forces into a role of detecting and countering foreign spies. The Austro-Hungarian Evidenzbureau was entrusted with the role from the late 19th century to counter the actions of the Pan-Slavist movement operating out of Serbia. Russia's Okhrana was formed in 1880 to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity throughout the Russian Empire, but was also tasked with countering enemy espionage. Its main concern was the activities of revolutionaries, who often worked and plotted subversive actions from abroad. It created an antenna in Paris run by Pyotr Rachkovsky to monitor their activities. The agency used many methods to achieve its goals, including covert operations, undercover agents, and "perlustration" — the interception and reading of private correspondence. The Okhrana became notorious for its use of agents provocateurs who often succeeded in penetrating the activities of revolutionary groups including the Bolsheviks. In the 1890s Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery captain in the French army, was twice falsely convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans. The case convulsed France regarding antisemitism and xenophobia for a decade until he was fully exonerated. It raised public awareness of the rapidly developing world of espionage. Responsibility for military counter-espionage was passed in 1899 to the Sûreté générale – an agency originally responsible for order enforcement and public safety – and overseen by the Ministry of the Interior. In Britain the Second Boer War (1899–1902) saw a difficult and highly controversial victory over hard-fighting whites in South Africa. One response was to build up counterinsurgency policies. After that came the "Edwardian Spy-Fever," with rumors of German spies under every bed. 20th century Civil intelligence agencies In Britain, the Secret Service Bureau was split into a foreign and counter intelligence domestic service in 1910. The latter was headed by Sir Vernon Kell and was originally aimed at calming public fears of large scale German espionage. As the Service was not authorized with police powers, Kell liaised extensively with the Special Branch of Scotland Yard (headed by Basil Thomson), and succeeded in disrupting the work of Indian revolutionaries collaborating with the Germans during the war. Integrated intelligence agencies run directly by governments were also established. The British Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as the first independent and interdepartmental agency fully in control over all government espionage activities. At a time of widespread and growing anti-German feeling and fear, plans were drawn up for an extensive offensive intelligence system to be used as an instrument in the event of a European war. Due to intense lobbying by William Melville after he obtained German mobilization plans and proof of their financial support to the Boers, the government authorized the creation of a new intelligence section in the War Office, MO3 (subsequently redesignated M05) headed by Melville, in 1903. Working under cover from a flat in London, Melville ran both counterintelligence and foreign intelligence operations, capitalizing on the knowledge and foreign contacts he had accumulated during his years running Special Branch. Due to its success, the Government Committee on Intelligence, with support from Richard Haldane and Winston Churchill, established the Secret Service Bureau in 1909. It consisted of nineteen military intelligence departments – MI1 to MI19, but MI5 and MI6 came to be the most recognized as they are the only ones to have remained active to this day. The Bureau was a joint initiative of the Admiralty, the War Office and the Foreign Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German Government. Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming. In 1910, the bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. The Secret Service initially focused its resources on gathering intelligence on German shipbuilding plans and operations. Espionage activity in France was consciously refrained from, so as not to jeopardize the burgeoning alliance between the two nations. For the first time, the government had access to a peacetime, centralized independent intelligence bureaucracy with indexed registries and defined procedures, as opposed to the more ad hoc methods used previously. Instead of a system whereby rival departments and military services would work on their own priorities with little to no consultation or co-operation with each other, the newly established Secret Intelligence Service was interdepartmental, and submitted its intelligence reports to all relevant government departments. First World War By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 all the major powers had highly sophisticated structures in place for the training and handling of spies and for the processing of the intelligence information obtained through espionage. The Dreyfus Affair, which involved international espionage and treason, contributed much to public interest in espionage from 1894 onwards. The spy novel emerged as a distinct genre of fiction in the late 19th century; it dealt with themes such as colonial rivalry, the growing threat of conflict in Europe and the revolutionary and anarchist domestic threat. The "spy novel" was defined by The Riddle of the Sands (1903) by author Erskine Childers, which played on public fears of a German plan to invade Britain (an amateur spy uncovers the nefarious plot). In the wake of Childers's success there followed a flood of imitators, including William Le Queux and E. Phillips Oppenheim. The first World War (1914–1918) saw the honing and refinement of modern espionage techniques as all the belligerent powers utilized their intelligence services to obtain military intelligence, to commit acts of sabotage and to carry out propaganda. As the progress of the war became static and armies dug down in trenches, the utility of cavalry reconnaissance became of very limited effectiveness. Information gathered at the battlefront from the interrogation of prisoners-of-war typically could give insight only into local enemy actions of limited duration. To obtain high-level information on an enemy's strategic intentions, its military capabilities and deployment required undercover spy rings operating deep in enemy territory. On the Western Front the advantage lay with the Western Allies, as for most of the war German armies occupied Belgium and parts of northern France amidst a large and disaffected native population that could be organized into collecting and transmitting vital intelligence. British and French intelligence services recruited Belgian or French refugees and infiltrated these agents behind enemy lines via the Netherlands – a neutral country. Many collaborators were then recruited from the local population, who were mainly driven by patriotism and hatred of the harsh German occupation. By the end of the war the Allies had set up over 250 networks, comprising more than 6,400 Belgian and French citizens. These rings concentrated on infiltrating the German railway network so that the Allies could receive advance warning of strategic troop and ammunition movements. In 1916 Walthère Dewé founded the Dame Blanche ("White Lady") network as an underground intelligence group，which became the most effective Allied spy ring in German-occupied Belgium. It supplied as much as 75% of the intelligence collected from occupied Belgium and northern France to the Allies. By the end of the war, its 1,300 agents covered all of occupied Belgium, northern France and, through a collaboration with the Alice Network led by Louise de Bettignies, occupied Luxembourg. The network was able to provide a crucial few days warning before the launch of the German 1918 Spring Offensive. German intelligence was only ever able to recruit a very small number of spies. These were trained at an academy run by the Kriegsnachrichtenstelle in Antwerp and headed by Elsbeth Schragmüller, known as "Fräulein Doktor". These agents were generally isolated and unable to rely on a large support network for the relaying of information. The most famous German spy was Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, a Dutch exotic dancer with the stage name Mata Hari. As a Dutch subject, she was able to cross national borders freely. In 1916, she was arrested and brought to London where she was interrogated at length by Sir Basil Thomson, Assistant Commissioner at New Scotland Yard. She eventually claimed to be working for French intelligence. In fact, she had entered German service from 1915, and sent her reports to the mission in the German embassy in Madrid. In January 1917, the German military attaché in Madrid transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H-21. French intelligence agents intercepted the messages and, from the information it contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. She was executed by firing squad on 15 October 1917. German spies in Britain did not meet with much success – the German spy ring operating in Britain was successfully disrupted by MI5 under Vernon Kell on the day after the declaration of the war. Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna, announced that "within the last twenty-four hours no fewer than twenty-one spies, or suspected spies, have been arrested in various places all over the country, chiefly in important military or naval centres, some of them long known to the authorities to be spies", One exception was Jules C. Silber, who evaded MI5 investigations and obtained a position at the censor's office in 1914. Using mailed window envelopes that had already been stamped and cleared he was able to forward microfilm to Germany that contained increasingly important information. Silber was regularly promoted and ended up in the position of chief censor, which enabled him to analyze all suspect documents. The British economic blockade of Germany was made effective through the support of spy networks operating out of neutral Netherlands. Points of weakness in the naval blockade were determined by agents on the ground and relayed back to the Royal Navy. The blockade led to severe food deprivation in Germany and was a major cause in the collapse of the Central Powers war effort in 1918. Codebreaking Two new methods for intelligence collection were developed over the course of the war – aerial reconnaissance and photography and the interception and decryption of radio signals. The British rapidly built up great expertise in the newly emerging field of signals intelligence and codebreaking. In 1911, a subcommittee of the Committee of Imperial Defence on cable communications concluded that in the event of war with Germany, German-owned submarine cables should be destroyed. On the night of 3 August 1914, the cable ship Alert located and cut Germany's five trans-Atlantic cables, which ran under the English Channel. Soon after, the six cables running between Britain and Germany were cut. As an immediate consequence, there was a significant increase in messages sent via cables belonging to other countries, and by radio. These could now be intercepted, but codes and ciphers were naturally used to hide the meaning of the messages, and neither Britain nor Germany had any established organisations to decode and interpret the messages. At the start of the war, the navy had only one wireless station for intercepting messages, at Stockton. However, installations belonging to the Post Office and the Marconi Company, as well as private individuals who had access to radio equipment, began recording messages from Germany. Room 40, under Director of Naval Education Alfred Ewing, formed in October 1914, was the section in the British Admiralty most identified with the British crypto analysis effort during the war. The basis of Room 40 operations evolved around a German naval codebook, the Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine (SKM), and around maps (containing coded squares), which were obtained from three different sources in the early months of the war. Alfred Ewing directed Room 40 until May 1917, when direct control passed to Captain (later Admiral) Reginald 'Blinker' Hall, assisted by William Milbourne James. A similar organization began in the Military Intelligence department of the War Office, which become known as MI1b, and Colonel Macdonagh proposed that the two organizations should work together, decoding messages concerning the Western Front in France. A sophisticated interception system (known as 'Y' service), together with the post office and Marconi receiving stations grew rapidly to the point it could intercept almost all official German messages. As the number of intercepted messages increased it became necessary to decide which were unimportant and should just be logged, and which should be passed on to Room 40. The German fleet was in the habit each day of wirelessing the exact position of each ship and giving regular position reports when at sea. It was possible to build up a precise picture of the normal operation of the High Seas Fleet, indeed to infer from the routes they chose where defensive minefields had been placed and where it was safe for ships to operate. Whenever a change to the normal pattern was seen, it immediately signalled that some operation was about to take place and a warning could be given. Detailed information about submarine movements was also available. Both the British and German interception services began to experiment with direction finding radio equipment at the start of 1915. Captain H. J. Round working for Marconi had been carrying out experiments for the army in France and Hall instructed him to build a direction finding system for the navy. Stations were built along the coast, and by May 1915 the Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea. Some of these stations also acted as 'Y' stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports. No attempts were made by the German fleet to restrict its use of wireless until 1917, and then only in response to perceived British use of direction finding, not because it believed messages were being decoded. Room 40 played an important role in several naval engagements during the war, notably in detecting major German sorties into the North Sea that led to the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland when the British fleet was sent out to intercept them. However its most important contribution was probably in decrypting the Zimmermann Telegram, a telegram from the German Foreign Office sent via Washington to its ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt in Mexico. In the Telegram's plain text, Nigel de Grey and William Montgomery learned of the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann's offer to Mexico to join the war as a German ally. The telegram was made public by the United States, which declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. This event demonstrated how the course of a war could be changed by effective intelligence operations. The British were reading the Americans' secret messages by late 1915. Russian Revolution The outbreak of revolution in Russia and the subsequent seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, a party deeply hostile towards the capitalist powers, was an important catalyst for the development of modern international espionage techniques. A key figure was Sidney Reilly, a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard and the Secret Intelligence Service. He set the standard for modern espionage, turning it from a gentleman's amateurish game to a ruthless and professional methodology for the achievement of military and political ends. Reilly's career culminated in a failed attempt to depose the Bolshevik Government and assassinate Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Another pivotal figure was Sir Paul Dukes, arguably the first professional spy of the modern age. Recruited personally by Mansfield Smith-Cumming to act as a secret agent in Imperial Russia, he set up elaborate plans to help prominent White Russians escape from Soviet prisons after the Revolution and smuggled hundreds of them into Finland. Known as the "Man of a Hundred Faces," Dukes continued his use of disguises, which aided him in assuming a number of identities and gained him access to numerous Bolshevik organizations. He successfully infiltrated the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Comintern, and the political police, or CHEKA. Dukes also learned of the inner workings of the Politburo, and passed the information to British intelligence. In the course of a few months, Dukes, Hall, and Reilly succeeded in infiltrating Lenin's inner circle, and gaining access to the activities of the Cheka and the Communist International at the highest level. This helped to convince the government of the importance of a well-funded secret intelligence service in peacetime as a key component in formulating foreign policy. Churchill argued that intercepted communications were more useful "as a means of forming a true judgment of public policy than any other source of knowledge at the disposal of the State." Interwar Nazi Germany The intelligence gathering efforts of Nazi Germany were largely ineffective. Berlin operated two espionage networks against the United States. Both suffered from careless recruiting, inadequate planning, and faulty execution. The FBI captured bungling spies, while poorly designed sabotage efforts all failed. Hitler's prejudices about Jewish control of the U.S. interfered with objective evaluation of American capabilities. His propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels deceived top officials who repeated his propagandistic exaggerations. Second World War Britain MI6 and Special Operations Executive Churchill's order to "set Europe ablaze," was undertaken by the British Secret Service or Secret Intelligence Service, who developed a plan to train spies and saboteurs. Eventually, this would become the SOE or Special Operations Executive, and to ultimately involve the United States in their training facilities. Sir William Stephenson, the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, suggested to President Roosevelt that William J. Donovan devise a plan for an intelligence network modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service or MI6 and Special Operations Executive's (SOE) framework. Accordingly, the first American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agents in Canada were sent for training in a facility set up by Stephenson, with guidance from English intelligence instructors, who provided the OSS trainees with the knowledge needed to come back and train other OSS agents. Setting German-occupied Europe ablaze with sabotage and partisan resistance groups was the mission. Through covert special operations teams, operating under the new Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the OSS' Special Operations teams, these men would be infiltrated into occupied countries to help organize local resistance groups and supply them with logistical support: weapons, clothing, food, money, and direct them in attacks against the Axis powers. Through subversion, sabotage, and the direction of local guerrilla forces, SOE British agents and OSS teams had the mission of infiltrating behind enemy lines and wreaked havoc on the German infrastructure, so much, that an untold number of men were required to keep this in check, and kept the Germans off balance continuously like the French maquis. They actively resisted the German occupation of France, as did the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) partisans who were armed and fed by both the OSS and SOE during the German occupation of Greece. MAGIC: U.S. breaks Japanese code Magic was an American cryptanalysis project focused on Japanese codes in the 1930s and 1940s. It involved the U.S. Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) and the U.S. Navy's Communication Special Unit. Magic combined cryptologic capabilities into the Research Bureau with Army, Navy and civilian experts all under one roof. Their most important successes involved RED, BLUE, and PURPLE. In 1923, a US Navy officer acquired a stolen copy of the Secret Operating Code codebook used by the Japanese Navy during World War I. Photographs of the codebook were given to the cryptanalysts at the Research Desk and the processed code was kept in red-colored folders (to indicate its Top Secret classification). This code was called "RED". In 1930, Japan created a more complex code that was codenamed BLUE, although RED was still being used for low-level communications. It was quickly broken by the Research Desk no later than 1932. US Military Intelligence COMINT listening stations began monitoring command-to-fleet, ship-to-ship, and land-based communications for BLUE messages. After Germany declared war in 1939, it sent technical assistance to upgrade Japanese communications and cryptography capabilities. One part was to send them modified Enigma machines to secure Japan's high-level communications with Germany. The new code, codenamed PURPLE (from the color obtained by mixing red and blue), baffled the codebreakers until they realized that it was not a manual additive or substitution code like RED and BLUE, but a machine-generated code similar to Germany's Enigma cipher. Decoding was slow and much of the traffic was still hard to break. By the time the traffic was decoded and translated, the contents were often out of date. A reverse-engineered machine could figure out some of the PURPLE code by replicating some of the settings of the Japanese Enigma machines. This sped up decoding and the addition of more translators on staff in 1942 made it easier and quicker to decipher the traffic intercepted. The Japanese Foreign Office used a cipher machine to encrypt its diplomatic messages. The machine was called "PURPLE" by U.S. cryptographers. A message was typed into the machine, which enciphered and sent it to an identical machine. The receiving machine could decipher the message only if set to the correct settings, or keys. American cryptographers built a machine that could decrypt these messages. The PURPLE machine itself was first used by Japan in 1940. U.S. and British cryptographers had broken some PURPLE traffic well before the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, but the Japanese diplomats did not know or transmit any details.. The Japanese Navy used a completely different system, known as JN-25. U.S. cryptographers had decrypted and translated the 14-part Japanese PURPLE message breaking off ongoing negotiations with the U.S. at 1 p.m. Washington time on 7 December 1941, even before the Japanese Embassy in Washington could do so. As a result of the deciphering and typing difficulties at the embassy, the note was formally delivered after the attack began. Throughout the war, the Allies routinely read both German and Japanese cryptography. The Japanese Ambassador to Germany, General Hiroshi Ōshima, routinely sent priceless information about German plans to Tokyo. This information was routinely intercepted and read by Roosevelt, Churchill and Eisenhower. Japanese diplomats assumed their PURPLE system was unbreakable and did not revise or replace it. United States OSS President Franklin Roosevelt was obsessed with intelligence and deeply worried about German sabotage. However, there was no overarching American intelligence agency, and Roosevelt let the Army, the Navy, the State Department, and various other sources compete against each other, so that all the information poured into the White House, but was not systematically shared with other agencies. The British Roosevelt's fascination early on, and that him intelligence designed to bolster the British patient, such as false claims of the Germans had designs on taking over Latin America. Roosevelt followed MAGIC intercept Japan religiously, but set it up so that the Army and Navy briefed him on alternating days. Finally he turned to William (Wild Bill) Donovan to run a new agency the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI) which in 1942 became the Office of Strategic Services or OSS. It became Roosevelt's most trusted source of secrets, and after the war OSS eventually became the CIA. The COI had a staff of 2,300 in June 1942; OSS reached 5,000 personnel by September 1943. In all 35,000 men and women served in the OSS by the time it closed in 1947. The Army and Navy were proud of their long-established intelligence services and avoided the OSS as much as possible, banning it from the Pacific theaters. The Army tried and failed to prevent OSS operations in China. An agreement with Britain in 1942 divided responsibilities, with SOE taking the lead for most of Europe, including the Balkans and OSS took primary responsibility for China and North Africa. OSS experts and spies were trained at facilities in the United States and around the world. The military arm of the OSS, was the Operational Group Command (OGC), which operated sabotage missions in the European and Mediterranean theaters, with a special focus on Italy and the Balkans. OSS was a rival force with SOE in Italy in aiding and directing anti-Nazi resistance groups. The "Research and Analysis" branch of OSS brought together numerous academics and experts who proved especially useful in providing a highly detailed overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the German war effort. In direct operations it was successful in supporting Operation Torch in French North Africa in 1942, where it identified pro-Allied potential supporters and located landing sites. OSS operations in neutral countries, especially Stockholm, Sweden, provided in-depth information on German advanced technology. The Madrid station set up agent networks in France that supported the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944. Most famous were the operations in Switzerland run by Allen Dulles that provided extensive information on German strength, air defenses, submarine production, the V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.). It revealed some of the secret German efforts in chemical and biological warfare. They also received information about mass executions and concentration camps. The resistance group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier, which provided much of this information, was then uncovered by a double spy who worked for the OSS, the German Abwehr and even the Sicherheitsdienst of the SS. Despite the Gestapo's use of torture, the Germans were unable to uncover the true extent of the group's success, particularly in providing information for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. Switzerland's station also supported resistance fighters in France and Italy, and helped with the surrender of German forces in Italy in 1945. Counterespionage Informants were common in World War II. In November 1939, the German Hans Ferdinand Mayer sent what is called the Oslo Report to inform the British of German technology and projects in an effort to undermine the Nazi regime. The Réseau AGIR was a French network developed after the fall of France that reported the start of construction of V-weapon installations in Occupied France to the British. The MI5 in Britain and the FBI in the U.S. identified all the German spies, and "turned" all but one into double agents so that their reports to Berlin were actually rewritten by counterespionage teams. The FBI had the chief role in American counterespionage and rounded up all the German spies in June 1941. Counterespionage included the use of turned Double Cross agents to misinform Nazi Germany of impact points during the Blitz and internment of Japanese in the US against "Japan's wartime spy program". Additional WWII espionage examples include Soviet spying on the US Manhattan project, the German Duquesne Spy Ring convicted in the US, and the Soviet Red Orchestra spying on Nazi Germany. Cold War After 1990s new memoirs and archival materials have opened up the study of espionage and intelligence during the Cold War. Scholars are reviewing how its origins, its course, and its outcome were shaped by the intelligence activities of the United States, the Soviet Union, and other key countries. Special attention is paid to how complex images of one's adversaries were shaped by secret intelligence that is now publicly known. All major powers engaged in espionage, using a great variety of spies, double agents, and new technologies such as the tapping of telephone cables. The most famous and active organizations were the American CIA, the Soviet KGB, and the British MI6. The East German Stasi, unlike the others, was primarily concerned with internal security, but its Main Directorate for Reconnaissance operated espionage activities around the world. The CIA secretly subsidized and promoted anti-communist cultural activities and organizations. The CIA was also involved in European politics, especially in Italy. Espionage took place all over the world, but Berlin was the most important battleground for spying activity. Enough top secret archival information has been released so that historian Raymond L. Garthoff concludes there probably was parity in the quantity and quality of secret information obtained by each side. However, the Soviets probably had an advantage in terms of HUMINT (espionage) and "sometimes in its reach into high policy circles." In terms of decisive impact, however, he concludes: We also can now have high confidence in the judgment that there were no successful “moles” at the political decision-making level on either side. Similarly, there is no evidence, on either side, of any major political or military decision that was prematurely discovered through espionage and thwarted by the other side. There also is no evidence of any major political or military decision that was crucially influenced (much less generated) by an agent of the other side. The USSR and East Germany proved especially successful in placing spies in Britain and West Germany. Moscow was largely unable to repeat its successes from 1933 to 1945 in the United States. NATO, on the other hand, also had a few successes of importance, of whom Oleg Gordievsky was perhaps the most influential. He was a senior KGB officer who was a double agent on behalf of Britain's MI6, providing a stream of high-grade intelligence that had an important influence on the thinking of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. He was spotted by Aldrich Ames a Soviet agent who worked for the CIA, but he was successfully exfiltrated from Moscow in 1985. Biographer Ben McIntyre argues he was the West's most valuable human asset, especially for his deep psychological insights into the inner circles of the Kremlin. He convinced Washington and London that the fierceness and bellicosity of the Kremlin was a product of fear, and military weakness, rather than an urge for world conquest. Thatcher and Reagan concluded they could moderate their own anti-Soviet rhetoric, as successfully happened when Mikhail Gorbachev took power, thus ending the Cold War. In addition to usual espionage, the Western agencies paid special attention to debriefing Eastern Bloc defectors. Post-Cold War In the United States, there are seventeen (taking military intelligence into consideration, it's 22 agencies) federal agencies that form the United States Intelligence Community. The Central Intelligence Agency operates the National Clandestine Service (NCS) to collect human intelligence and perform Covert operations. The National Security Agency collects Signals Intelligence. Originally the CIA spearheaded the US-IC. Following the September 11 attacks the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) was created to promulgate information-sharing. Since the 19th century new approaches have included professional police organizations, the police state and geopolitics. New intelligence methods have emerged, most recently imagery intelligence, signals intelligence, cryptanalysis and spy satellites. Iraq War 2003 The most dramatic failure of intelligence in this era was the false discovery of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq in 2003. American and British intelligence agencies agreed on balance that the WMD were being built and would threaten the peace. They launched a full-scale invasion that overthrew the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The result was decades of turmoil and large-scale violence. There were in fact no weapons of mass destruction, but the Iraqi government had pretended they existed so that it could deter the sort of attack that in fact resulted. Counter-terrorism Israel In Israel, the Shin Bet unit is the agency for homeland security and counter intelligence. The department for secret and confidential counter terrorist operations is called Kidon. It is part of the national intelligence agency Mossad and can also operate in other capacities. Kidon was described as "an elite group of expert assassins who operate under the Caesarea branch of the espionage organization." The unit only recruits from "former soldiers from the elite IDF special force units." There is almost no reliable information available on this ultra-secret organisation. List of famous spies Reign of Elizabeth I of England Sir Francis Walsingham Christopher Marlowe English Commonwealth John Thurloe, Cromwell's spy chief American Revolution Thomas Knowlton, first American Spy Nathan Hale Hercules Mulligan John Andre James Armistead Benjamin Tallmadge, case agent who organized of the Culper spy ring in New York City Napoleonic Wars Charles-Louis Schulmeister William Wickham American Civil War One of the innovations in the American Civil War was the use of proprietary companies for intelligence collection by the Union; see Allan Pinkerton. Confederate Secret Service Belle Boyd Harriet Tubman Aceh War Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Second Boer War Fritz Joubert Duquesne Sidney Reilly Russo-Japanese War Sidney Reilly Ho Liang-Shung Akashi Motojiro World War I Fritz Joubert Duquesne Jules C. Silber Mata Hari Howard Burnham T.E. Lawrence Sidney Reilly Maria de Victorica Elsbeth Schragmüller 11 German spies were executed in the Tower of London. Gender roles Spying has sometimes been considered a gentlemanly pursuit, with recruiting focused on military officers, or at least on persons of the class from whom officers are recruited. However, the demand for male soldiers, an increase in women's rights, and the tactical advantages of female spies led the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) to set aside any lingering Victorian Era prejudices and begin employing women in April 1942. Their task was to transmit information from Nazi occupied France back to Allied Forces. The main strategic reason was that men in France faced a high risk of being interrogated by Nazi troops but women were less likely to arouse suspicion. In this way they made good couriers and proved equal to, if not more effective than, their male counterparts. Their participation in Organization and Radio Operation was also vital to the success of many operations, including the main network between Paris and London. See also Intelligence agency Human intelligence (intelligence gathering), or HUMINT Imagery intelligence, or IMINT Signals intelligence, or SIGINT Germany Kenpeitai, the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services to 1945 List of Japanese spies, 1930–45 KGB, in Soviet Union Nuclear espionage Atomic spies in 1940s Recruitment of spies List of imprisoned spies Sexpionage Sleeper agent Soviet espionage in the United States List of Americans in the Venona papers Spy fiction List of fictional secret agents CIA in fiction United Kingdom United States government security breaches Espionage Act of 1917 in United States World War II espionage Office of Strategic Services, United States, World War II Special Operations Executive, of Great Britain in Second World War References Further reading Andrew, Christopher. The Secret World: A History of Intelligence (2018) 940pp. covers ancient history to present; excerpt Becket, Henry S. A. Dictionary of Espionage: Spookspeak into English (1986)' covers 2000 terms Besik, Aladashvili. Fearless: A Fascinating Story of Secret Medieval Spies (2017) excerpt Buranelli, Vincent, and Nan Buranelli. Spy Counterspy an Encyclopedia of Espionage (1982), 360pp Burton, Bob. Dictionary of Espionage and Intelligence (2014) 800+ terms used in international and covert espionage Dover, R., M.S. Goodman, and C. Hillebrand, eds. Routledge Companion to Intelligence Studies (2014). Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign intelligence and the historiography of the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 6.2 (2004): 21–56. abstract Haslam,Jonathan and Karina Urbach, eds. Secret Intelligence in the European States System, 1918–1989 (2014) online covers USSR, Britain, France, East Germany and West Germany Hughes-Wilson, John. The Secret State: A History of Intelligence and Espionage (2017) excerpt Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri. In spies we trust: the story of Western intelligence (2015)-870190-3. Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (2nd ed. 1996) Keegan, John. Intelligence In War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda (2003) Knightley, Philip The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century (1986). online free to read Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security (3 vol. 2003) 1100 pages, 800 entries; emphasis 1990 to present Owen, David. Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It (2002) Polmar, Norman, and Thomas Allen. Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage (2nd ed. 2004) 752pp 2000+ entries online free to read Richelson, Jeffery T. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (1997) online Trahair, Richard and Robert L. Miller. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (2nd ed. 2004) 572pp; 300+ entries; online Warner, Michael. The Rise and Fall of Intelligence: An International Security History (2014) excerpt Woods, Brett F. Neutral Ground: A Political History of Espionage Fiction (2008) online World War I Andrew, Christopher. The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (Allen Lane 2009) Section A Boghardt, Thomas. Spies of the Kaiser: German Covert Operations in Great Britain during the First World War Era (2004). Boghardt, Thomas. The Zimmermann telegram: intelligence, diplomacy, and America's entry into World War I (2012). Dockrill, Michael. and David French, eds. Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War (1996). Debruyne, Emmanuel. "Espionage" In: Ute Daniel, et al. eds. 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War online 22 page scholarly history full text Finnegan, Terrance. "The Origins of Modern Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Military Intelligence at the Front, 1914–18," Studies in Intelligence 53#4 (2009) pp. 25–40. Foley, Robert T. "Easy Target or Invincible Enemy? German Intelligence Assessments of France Before the Great War." Journal of Intelligence History 5#2 (2005): 1–24. Hiley, Nicholas. "Counter-espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War," English Historical Review 101#3 (1986) pp. 635–70 Hiley, Nicholas. "The Failure of British Counter-espionage against Germany, 1907–1914," Historical Journal 28#4 (1985) pp. 835–62. Hiley, Nicholas. "Entering the Lists: MI5's Great Spy Round-up of August 1914." Intelligence and National Security 21#1 (2006) pp. 46–76. Kahn, David. "Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, Their Causes and Their Effects", Historical Journal 23#3 (1980) pp. 617–39. Larsen, Daniel. "Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field." Intelligence and National Security 29.2 (2014): 282–302, comprehensive overview Larsen, Daniel. "British codebreaking and American diplomatic telegrams, 1914–1915." Intelligence and National Security 32.2 (2017): 256–263. The British read the American secrets from late 1915 online May, Ernest R. ed. Knowing One's Enemy: Intelligence Assessment Before the two World Wars (1984) Mount, Graeme. Canada's Enemies: Spies and Spying in the Peaceable Kingdom (1993) ch.3. Pöhlmann, Markus. "German Intelligence at War, 1914–1918." Journal of Intelligence History 5.2 (2005): 25–54. Seligmann, Matthew. Spies in Uniform: British Military and Naval Intelligence on the Eve of the First World War. (2006) Spence, Richard B. "K.A. Jahnke and the German Sabotage Campaign in the United States and Mexico, 1914–1918," Historian 59#1 (1996) pp. 89–112. Witcover, Jules. Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America, 1914–1917 (1989). Interwar and World War II, 1919–1945 Breuer, William B. The Secret War with Germany: Deception, Espionage, and Dirty Tricks, 1939–1945 (Presidio Press, 1988). Chambers II, John Whiteclay. OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II (NPS, 2008) online; chapters 1–2 and 8–11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar. Crowdy, Terry. Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II (Osprey, 2008). De Jong, Louis. The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (1953) covers activities in all major countries. online Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942–1945 (1992). Farago, Ladislas. The game of the foxes: the untold story of German espionage in the United States and Great Britain during World War II (1971), popular. Haufler, Hervie. Codebreakers' Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II (2014). Hinsley, F. H., et al. British Intelligence in the Second World War (6 vol. 1979). Beesly, Patrick, et al. "What You Don't Know by What You Do Know." International History Review 5#2 (1983): 279–290. online review Jackson, Peter, and Joseph Maiolo. "Strategic intelligence, Counter-Intelligence and Alliance Diplomacy in Anglo-French relations before the Second World War." Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 65.2 (2006): 417–462. online in English Jörgensen, Christer. Spying for the Fuhrer: Hitler's Espionage Machine (2014). Kahn, David. "Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, Their Causes and Their Effects", Historical Journal 23#3 (1980) pp. 617–39. Lewin, Ronald. The American magic: codes, ciphers, and the defeat of Japan (1984). Masterman, J. C. The Double-Cross System: The Incredible True Story of How Nazi Spies Were Turned into Double Agents (1972) excerpt Mauch, Christof. The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service (2005), scholarly history of OSS. May, Ernest R. ed. Knowing One's Enemy: Intelligence Assessment Before the two World Wars (1984) Murray, Williamson, and Allan Reed Millett, eds. Calculations: net assessment and the coming of World War II (1992). Paine, Lauran. German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr (1984). Persico, Joseph E. Roosevelt's secret war: FDR and World War II espionage (2001) Smith, Richard. OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (U of California Press, 1972) online review Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Research Guide (1996) evaluates 800 primary and secondary sources online Smith, Bradley F. The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA (1983) for U.S.A. Special Operations Executive. How to be a Spy: The World War II SOE Training Manual (1943, 2001) How to become a British spy. online free Stephan, Robert W. Stalin's secret war: Soviet counterintelligence against the Nazis, 1941–1945 (2004). France Alexander, Martin S. "Did the Deuxième Bureau work? The role of intelligence in French defence policy and strategy, 1919–39." Intelligence and National Security 6.2 (1991): 293–333. Bauer, Deborah Susan. Marianne is Watching: Knowledge, Secrecy, Intelligence and the Origins of the French Surveillance State (1870–1914). (PhD Dissertation, UCLA, 2013.) Online Bibliography pp 536–59. Deacon, Richard. The French Secret Service (1990). Jackson, Peter. France and the Nazi Menace: Intelligence and Policy Making, 1933–1939 (2000). Keiger, John. France and the World since 1870 (2001) ch 4: "French Intelligence" pp 80–109. Porch, Douglas. The French Secret Services: A History of French Intelligence from the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War (2003). excerpt; also online review Whitcomb, Edward A. "The Duties and Functions of Napoleon's External Agents." History 57.190 (1972): 189–204. England and Great Britain Andrew, Christopher. The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009). Andrew, Christopher. Her Majesty's Secret Service: the making of the British intelligence community (1986) online free to read Budiansky, Stephen. Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage. (2005) online free to read Fergusson, Thomas G. British military intelligence, 1870–1914: the development of a modern intelligence organization (1984) online free to read Foot, M. R. D. SOE: the Special Operations Executive 1940–46 (1990) online free to read; British agents in Europe Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence (2013), covers U.S. and Britain Johnson, Robert. Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757–1947 (2006), Britain versus Russia. Major, Patrick, and Christopher R. Moran, eds. Spooked: Britain, Empire and Intelligence since 1945 (2009). excerpt Moran, Christopher R. "The pursuit of intelligence history: Methods, sources, and trajectories in the United Kingdom." Studies in Intelligence 55.2 (2011): 33–55. Historiography online Thomas, Gordon. Secret wars: one hundred years of British intelligence inside MI5 and MI6 (2009) online free to read Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram (1966) how Britain broke Germany's code in 1917 Walton, Calder. Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence in the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire (2014). West, Nigel. MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909–1945 (1983). Russia/USSR Al'bats, Evgeniia. The State within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future (1994) Andrew, Christopher and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (1992) Daly, Jonathan W. The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (2004) Halsam, Jonathan. Near and distant neighbours. A new history of Soviet intelligence (2015); 390pp. Hingley, Ronald. The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian and Soviet Political Security Operations (1971). Hughes, R. Gerald, and Arne Kislenko. "'Fear Has Large Eyes': The History of Intelligence in the Soviet Union." Journal of Slavic Military Studies (2017): 639–653. online Macintyre, Ben. A Spy Among Friends: Kim Philby and the Great Betrayal (2014), Soviet spies in UK. Marten, Kimberly. "The 'KGB State' and Russian Political and Foreign Policy Culture." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 30.2 (2017): 131–151. Pandis, Robert. CHEKA – The History, Organization and Awards of the Russian Secret Police & Intelligence Services 1917–2017 (2017), covers GPU, OGPU, NKVD, MVD, MOOP, KGB, PGU, FSB, SVR, and GRU. Pringle, Robert W. Historical dictionary of Russian and Soviet intelligence (2015). Ruud, Charles A. and Sergei A. Stepanov. Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police (1999). Seliktar, Ofira. Politics, Paradigms, and Intelligence Failures: Why So Few Predicted the Collapse of the Soviet Union (2015). United States Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike's Spies : Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (1981) online free to read Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1995), covers each presidency. Ferris, John. "Coming in from the Cold War: the historiography of American intelligence, 1945–1990." Diplomatic History 19.1 (1995): 87–115. online Fishel, Edwin C. The secret war for the Union: the untold story of military intelligence in the Civil War (1996) online free to read. Friedman, George. America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies (2005). Goldman, Jan, ed. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies (2 vol. 2015). Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. American Espionage: From Secret Service to CIA (2nd ed 2017) online free to read Moran, Christopher R. and Christopher J. Murphy, eds. Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography since 1945 (Edinburgh UP, 2013) online O'Toole, G. J. A. Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (1991) online free to read O'Toole, G. J. A. The Encyclopedia of American Intelligence and Espionage: From the Revolutionary War to the Present (1988) Persico, Joseph E. Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (2001), 566pp; covers most aspects of American espionage during the war. excerpt Prados, John. Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II Through the Persian Gulf War (1996). Richelson, Jeffery T. The U.S. Intelligence Community (4th ed. 1999) Rose, Alexander. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring (2006) in 1770s online free to read Smith Jr., W. Thomas. Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency (2003). Other countries Bezci, Egemen B. "Turkey's intelligence diplomacy during the Second World War." Journal of Intelligence History 15.2 (2016): 80–95. Davies, Philip H. J., and Kristian C. Gustafson. eds. Intelligence Elsewhere: Spies and Espionage Outside the Anglosphere (2013). Deacon, Richard. Kempei Tai: A History of the Japanese Secret Service (1983) online free to read Lasoen, Kenneth L. "185 years of Belgian security service." Journal of Intelligence History 15.2 (2016): 96–118. Sirrs, Owen L. Pakistan's inter-services intelligence directorate: covert action and internal operations (2016) covers 1947 to 2011. Stone, James. "Spies and diplomats in Bismarck's Germany: collaboration between military intelligence and the Foreign Office, 1871–1881." Journal of Intelligence History 13.1 (2014): 22–40. Thomas, Gordon. Gideon's spies: the secret history of the Mossad (2007) on Israel; online free to read External links Journal of Intelligence History scholarly journal; 4 issues a year since 2001 CIA on American intelligence International Spy Museum History of espionage

39380581

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedz

Fedz

Fedz (originally based on a short film titled Fever) is a 2013 British crime thriller film directed by, written by and starring Q, aka Kwabena Manso. The film is about a renegade policeman attempting to investigate a terrorist group intending to release an airborne virus in London. Plot Policeman, Mike Jones (Q), is given information by his athlete friend, Joey (Silvio Simac), about a terrorist group testing a virus on people. Whilst undercover, Mike tries to earn the trust of Slick Pete (Bradley Gardner), who is planning a bank robbery heist. Later Joey is murdered by his girlfriend, Ty (Shanika Warren-Markland), after refusing to throw his next martial arts fight at the request of Fast Eddie (Joseph Marcell). After Mike finds Joey dead and he suspects Ty was involved after seeing her with a few gangsters earlier. He pursues her for information, after she disregards him, he and his partner are followed back to his house by Rizzle (Gary McDonald) and Big D (Micheal White). Everyone except Mike is killed in a shootout, Mike suspects he was set up and resigns. Ty then orders Barry (Richie Campbel) and Tyson (Ashley Chin) to kill Mike. Mike goes on the run to solve the virus case and obtain the virus antibodies. Whilst Mike is being pursued by his old colleagues, he obtains diaries about drugs the virus has been planted in from sports-coach, Coach McKenzie (Martina Laird). After she is murdered, Mike gives the diaries to a journalist, Trevor McBride (Wil Johnson), who is then kidnapped for ransom money in exchange for the antibodies, tortured and murdered by Razor (Andrew Harrison). After Mike tells Pete that he is a policeman, Pete orders Kent (Leon Herbert) to kill Mike. For help, Mike visits Shazz (Maya Sondhi), an ex-scientist who is married to his ex-colleague, Ritchie (David Keyes). Ritchie sends Mike away to Jack Huey (Dermot Keaney) in Brighton to be tortured by Razor (Andrew Harrison). Mike escapes and kills Jack and Razor. Mike gives Shazz evidence incriminating Ritchie for her to pass onto Brighton police. Ritchie kidnaps Shazz and holds her hostage for ransom money. Mike enlists the help of a swat team, who help him kill Ritchie's men in a warehouse. Ritchie is then killed by Mike's former superior Whittaker (Justine Powell). Mike declines Whittaker's offer for his old job. Barry and Tyson are killed by Ty for doing a drug deal on the side, Mike then kills Ty and warns Ty's driver that if Fast Eddie comes back then he will kill him and Fast Eddie, and then employs him as an informant. Mike plans a holiday to Hawaii and goes back to his flat where he finds Slick Pete and his men, they all point loaded guns at Mike. The film ends as a gunshot is fired. Cast Q as Mike Jones David Keyes as Ritchie Dexter Fletcher as DS Hunter Joseph Marcell as Eddie "Fast Eddie" Wil Johnson as Trevor McBride Ashley Walters as "Cherokee" Blame Isabella Calthorpe as Detective Carter Shanika Warren-Markland as Ty Maya Sondhi as "Shazz" Martina Laird as Coach McKenzie Femi Oyeniran as Detective Harper Bradley Gardner as Pete "Slick Pete" Justine Powell as DS Whitaker Dermot Keaney as Jack Huey Andrew Harrison as "Razor" Katia Winter as Alessandra Ragnfrid Gary McDonald as Rizzle Richie Campbell as Barry Ashley Chin as Tyson Leon Herbert as Kent Michael Jai White as "Big D" Production and release Fedz was independently produced. A short of the film premiered at a Hollywood film festival in Summer 2009. At the time the film was titled Fever, and was used as a test screening on American audiences. The film was not presented to distributors and due to the demise of distributors; HMV, Blockbuster, and Revolver Entertainment, the producers used various online videos to promote a cinema release. However, due to the shift in retail and distribution, the producers decided to test the distribution market place by releasing the film on video on demand. The film was made available to be streamed on the official website. on 17 March 2013. This was in order for the producers to market and give the audience a second screen experience via their smartphones or iPad. The film has been designed to work interactively with the Shazam and SoundHound applications. A live hangout event was streamed via Flavour Magazine on Google on 12 April 2013, which featured musicians from the film's soundtrack and guests. A regional cinema tour took place in 2014. The film premiered at Genesis Cinema in Whitechapel, London on 5 November 2013, which also included live music, featured personal appearances from musicians from the film's soundtrack and guests, and was followed by an after-party. Awards and nominations See also Deadmeat References External links 2013 films 2013 crime thriller films British films British crime thriller films British independent films Police detective films English-language films Films set in the future Films about viral outbreaks Films about drugs Films about terrorism in Europe Films shot in London Films shot in Berlin Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in London 2013 directorial debut films 2013 independent films

39480869

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20graft%20trials

San Francisco graft trials

The San Francisco graft trials were a series of attempts from 1905 to 1908 to prosecute members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz, attorney Abe Ruef, who were receiving bribes, and business owners who were paying the bribes. Political boss and attorney Ruef was at the center of the corruption, acting as attorney to Mayor Eugene Schmitz. He approved all contracts and received hundreds of thousands of dollars in payment from business owners, keeping a portion for himself and distributing the remainder to the Mayor and members of the Board of Supervisors. Former mayor James Phelan along with banker Rudolph Spreckels and editor Fremont Older of the San Francisco Bulletin asked United States District Attorney Francis Heney, fresh from a successful stint as special assistant to the U.S. Attorney General's office in prosecuting the Oregon land fraud scandal, to help put an end to the corruption. Heney charged Ruef and Schmitz with numerous counts of bribery and brought them to trial. Heney rejected a juror because he was an ex-con and publicly accused Ruef of trying to plant him on the jury. During the trial, the rejected juror shot Heney in the face, but Heney survived. The juror was found dead in jail the next morning, and many suspected Ruef and his allies of complicity in his death. Some members of the public thought that Sheriff William Biggy was negligent, and when he fell off a boat late one night and drowned, some thought it may have been suicide, but others thought he may have been murdered. Ruef's trial was eventually brought to a successful close by Assistant District Attorney Hiram Johnson and after several appeals Ruef served four years in San Quentin Prison. While there he wrote a series of tell-all columns for Older's Bulletin newspaper implicating a number of companies, executives, and public officials. Mayor Schmitz was found guilty, jailed, and then released and retried, but did not serve any time. All of the business owners and supervisors implicated received immunity for their testimony about Ruef's and Schmitz's complicity and were not arrested or charged. When new District Attorney Fisker, a former athlete, was elected, he stopped the investigations and all further prosecutions. Background During the first decade of the 20th century in the United States, employers supported an open shop movement and were decidedly anti-union. They were able to obtain government support to prevent workers from organizing. California was a center of corruption at the time, indirectly influenced by the Southern Pacific Railroad which had exerted a large degree of control over California politics for many years. This is evidenced by the refusal of Stephen T. Gage, one of the directors of the Southern Pacific Railway, and Richard Chute, a salaried employee of the same company, to obey a summons from the 1891 Wallace Grand Jury until compelled by the California State Supreme Court. These companies and other well-funded interest groups and individuals used their economic power and influence to form trusts and monopolies that guaranteed them power. Many of these wealthy and powerful people lived in San Francisco, the largest port on the West Coast, and when necessary could reinforce their hold on power through corrupt politicians and city bosses. Powerful unions In the spring of 1901, San Francisco employers made a decision to try to push back gains made by the trade unions during the previous two years. They formed a secret employers' association. Its bylaws stipulated that no member could settle a strike by a union without permission from the executive committee. Beginning of strike In January 1901, members of IBEW Local 6 went on strike, demanding an increase from $5.00 to $6.00 a day (about $ to $ in ). On April 1, laundry workers walked out, also seeking a wage increases and an eight-hour work day. Within the month, most San Francisco laundries accepted their demands, although laundries outside San Francisco continued to resist complying. On May 1, 6,000 of the Cooks' and Waiters' Union walked out, demanding one day off per week, a ten-hour work day, and a union shop in all city restaurants. They were joined by the Carriage Makers union and journeymen butchers, and on May 20, the International Association of Machinists announced a nationwide strike. To counter the success of the unions, the secret Employers' Association hired an attorney, M.F. Michael, who was initially their sole visible face. He announced in an interview published on May 10, 1901, that the employers were unalterably opposed to a closed shop and they would not negotiate that point. The Employers' Association received up to $500,000 in anonymous donations and used their financial muscle to threaten to cut off supplies to anyone who broke ranks. During the next two days, 500 women telephone operators and 1,500 streetcar operators also went on strike. On May 7, 1907, what would later be called "Bloody Tuesday", six streetcars carrying armed guards attempted to leave the carbarn. An enraged mob threw rocks and bricks. A gunfight erupted between guards and men shooting from nearby vacant lots. From inside carbarns, strikebreakers opened fire on the crowd. Two died and 20 were wounded. The contract for handling the baggage for attendees of a national convention of the Epworth League in San Francisco was given to a non-union company. During the prior year, a union company was hired during another convention in San Francisco to handle the baggage, but many attendees did not receive their luggage until they were ready to leave town. Tens of thousands of attendees were projected to attend, and the Drayman's Association was hoping to avoid a similarly embarrassing episode. However, the non-union company given the contract was unable to fulfill its obligations and sought the assistance of firm controlled by the newly organized Brotherhood of Teamsters. The union refused to work on a job with non-union men. In response, the Draymen's Association, under pressure from the Employers' Association, locked out the city's unionized teamsters on July 21. They were hoping to break the power of the teamsters' union. Fearing that the teamsters' union would be crushed, the San Francisco Labor Council directed the City Front Federation, led by its President Andrew Furuseth, including the city's 14 maritime unions, the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, the longshoremen's unions to strike in support of the locked out teamsters. A total of about 16,000 longshoremen, clerks, packers, and warehouse workers on both sides of San Francisco Bay joined the work stoppage, further increasing the tense situation. The lockout spread to the entire waterfront, which shut down much of the Bay Area's transportation and as a result most commerce. Mayor arms strikebreakers Both sides refused to compromise on their stance for a closed or an open shop. Both accused the other of conspiracy and aggressive tactics, further aggravating tensions and confusing the public. During July, regional produce was ready to be shipped, and the employers hired strikebreakers. Democratic Mayor James D. Phelan, who had served three consecutive terms, designated the employers' strikebreakers as "special deputies", allowing them to wear badges, bear arms, and carry clubs, and told the police to protect the strikebreakers. Farmers grew frustrated when their wheat stood on the docks and began to load and move their own crops. Former Army teamsters, returning from the war in the Philippines, gladly filled the available strikebreaking jobs, and university students from the University of California took jobs. The employers' strikebreakers were met by the unions with force and the employers called for police intervention. The strikers threw rocks at the strikebreakers and marbles under the feet of the horses pulling the carts. The mayor's actions did nothing to stop the violence and inflamed the union leadership. They accused the strikebreakers of routine brutality and violence. Mayor Phelan had been elected in large measure due to the support of organized labor but now he sided with the employers. At a meeting in his office, he refused to withdraw the policemen from the waterfront. In anger, labor attendees falsely reported that Phelan told them, "If you don't want to be clubbed, get back to work." His attitude further enraged the labor leadership. Strike broken On September 29, after four months of strikes and increased violence, a bloody riot and gun battle broke out on Kearny Street in broad daylight. The employers' strikebreakers attacked the union blockade. Picketing workers were clubbed, five workers were shot and killed, and 336 were injured. Hundreds more were arrested and the strike was broken. On October 3, California Governor Henry T. Gage stepped in and threatened all parties with the imposition of martial law. He convened a meeting of the Drayman's Association and the Teamsters Union, eliminating the employers association. The terms of the settlement were never made public, but the result was that the employers were able to retain an open shop, though they could not exclude members of the union. The employers' association, flush with success, soon disbanded. Union Labor Party formed Anticipating defeat, on September 5, 1901, about 300 delegates representing 68 of San Francisco's unions met at a convention and established the Union Labor Party of the City and County of San Francisco. The convention approved a platform including a call for the revision of the city charter to curb future intervention by the city administration in labor disputes, a demand for municipal ownership of all public utilities, building more schools, promoting teachers based on merit, and ending the poll tax. The platform also contained a nativist demand that called for restricting Asian immigration and creating racially segregated schools for Asian children. Some organized labor, including the State Building Trades Council led by P.H. McCarthy, refused to join the new labor party. Ruef backs mayoral candidate Abe Ruef was a Republican for a number of years when it was generally seen as the party of the Southern Pacific Railroad and its allies. Ruef patiently built a patronage empire over several years. He methodically sought out neighborhood associations, ethnic clubs, and other civic groups, supporting them with contributions and payments, and providing services like leniency from a local judge and quick approval of a business license. Ruef competed with Michael Casey, president of the Teamsters Union, for control of the union, but eventually ceded the contest, but not his influence, to Casey. Eugene Schmitz played the violin, conducted the orchestra at the Columbia Theatre on Powell Street in San Francisco, and was president of the Musician's Union. He and Ruef had been friends for 15 years. When the Union Labor Party sought a candidate for mayor, Ruef contributed $16,000 (about $ today) to Schmitz's campaign and used his considerable influence to make sure Schmitz was selected to front for the new Union Labor Party. Ruef wrote the Union Labor Party's platform and built a strong, behind-the-scenes network of supporters, including the more than 1,000 saloon keepers and another 1,000 bartenders in San Francisco, who all influenced political discussions in their saloons. Once the strike was concluded, Mayor Phelan found he had no friends and was forced to drop out of the race. The Republicans nominated Asa R. Wells and the Democrats chose Joseph A. Tobin. The local citizens supported the Union Labor Party because they felt it was more sensitive to their needs even though the elected officials were enormously corrupt, and Schmitz was narrowly elected on November 7, 1901, winning 21,776 of the 52,168 votes cast; the Republicans and Democrats split the remainder, allowing Schmitz to take office. Although the labor party only won three of the Board of Supervisors' seats, they managed to control many of the city commissions due to appointments made by the mayor. With union control of the mayor's office, San Francisco became the first union-run city in the United States. Ruef controls city contracts Schmitz was less corrupt than the mayors who preceded him, but he had to deal with Ruef, who operated from his offices at California and Kearney Streets. He wrote most of the mayor's official papers and conducted an ongoing series of meetings with Mayor Schmitz, city commissioners, officials, seekers of favors or jobs, and others. Officially an unpaid attorney for the mayor's office, he was the power behind the mayor's chair. The first company to seek his advice was the Theodore Halsey, a confidential political agent for the Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company. He paid Ruef a retainer of $1,250 (about $ in ) a month for "advice" on municipal issues. After the graft prosecutions, E.F. Pillsbury, General Counsel for the telephone company, revealed that he had never heard of Ruef's employment, and would have objected to Ruef receiving compensation greater than his own $1,000 per month. Many others followed suit, hiring him even when they had no need for his legal services. Company's payments to Ruef varied depending on the favor wanted, from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of dollars. If you wanted a city permit or contract, you had to go through one man, Ruef. Ruef pocketed half and passed the balance to the Mayor and his ally on the Board of Supervisors, James L. Gallagher. Gallagher then divided the amount he received among their loyal Supervisors. When a decision needed to be made, Ruef would meet with the Supervisors privately beforehand and even suggest statements they might make to give the appearance of independent action. Schmitz ran for re-election in 1903 although the Union Labor Party still failed to win a majority of the Board of Supervisors. Supervisors seek payoffs Among the cases of graft was the Pacific Gas & Electric Company, who had completed consolidating the gas, light and power companies in San Francisco and in all of central California into a single entity. Frank G. Drum, one of the new company's largest stockholders, paid Ruef a confidential retainer of $1,000 a month. The Board of Supervisors, all members of the Union Labor party, had before the election called for rolling the gas rate from $1.00 per 1000 cubic feet back to 75¢. On April 2, shortly before the Supervisors were to vote on the rate change, a fire destroyed a major electrical substation at 22nd Ave. and Georgia St. Ruef decided to seek an 85¢ rate, but several Supervisors wanted additional reasons to support the change. Ruef asked Drum for $20,000, which Drum delivered soon afterward in cash. The Supervisors approved an 85 cent gas rate, though some voted against the proposal. Another instance was a group of investors led by William H. Crocker, son of Big Four Charles Crocker and president of The Crocker Bank. They organized the Parkside Realty Co. in July, 1905, and assembled a parcel of land on the western edge of the city, five blocks across and 20 blocks long, stretching to within a block and a half of the Pacific Ocean. Before they could begin building homes, they needed approval for a streetcar franchise. They wanted to build a mile-long streetcar line that connected to the existing United Railroad's line on the south side of Golden Gate Park. The extension would allow residents of the future subdivision to easily travel to the city center. The Parkside Realty Co. was unable to persuade the Supervisors to support their streetcar project. The Supervisors wanted their cut, and the company finally held a secret banquet, not publicly revealed until 1910, to seek the supervisors' support. Supervisor Dr. Charles Boxton asked, "How much money is in it for us?" The investors agreed to pay Ruef $30,000 for two years. The Supervisors approved the requested trolley franchise, although Ruef never passed any funds to the supervisors. The remaining payment was later halted by the graft prosecution, and only $15,000 was ever handed over. By about 1900, half of the streetcar lines in San Francisco had been converted to overhead trolley routes, but a great many favored placing the power lines in underground conduits which was considerably more expensive. Eastern investors led by Patrick Calhoun took over the system, inheriting a number of lines built by a variety of competing companies over many years. In 1900, the system had of track, of cable, of overhead trolley, for horse cars, and of ancient steam railroad. United Railroad was dead set against paying for underground conduit. In 1902, Tirey L. Ford, who was the Attorney General of the State of California, began making regular, secret payments for United Railroads to Abe Ruef to act as their special consulting attorney. On September 15, 1902, Ford resigned as Attorney General and accepted the position of General Counsel to United Railroads. Ford was found to be innocent by a San Francisco jury and by the District Court of Appeals Judge William P. Lawlor. Leading citizens seek help The ongoing corruption began to affect the quality of public services, and citizens began to seek reform. A Grand Jury was convened, and began to take testimony about extent of the graft. Former Mayor Phelan, in concert with Rudolph Spreckels, president of the San Francisco First National Bank, and Fremont Older, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, decided to try to challenge the Labor Party's corrupt choke-hold on city politics and commerce. Phelan and Spreckels were among the largest property-owners in San Francisco. They approached Francis Heney, who as Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General's office, had just concluded a successful prosecution of corrupt government officials in the Oregon land fraud scandal. Heney came to San Francisco and in one of his first public statements, made a speech on November 5, 1905, the day before the election. He said, "If I had control of the District Attorney's office, I would indict Abe Ruef for felony and send him to the penitentiary, where he belongs, for I have personal knowledge that he is corrupt." Ruef didn't sit still for Heney's allegations, and responded in the newspaper two days later. "In making the statement that you personally know that I am corrupt you lied. You cannot personally know that which does not exist. ... You show the same courage which put a bullet into the body of Dr. John C. Handy of Tucson, Ariz. in 1891, for whose killing you were indicted for murder, and upon trial were acquitted because you were the only witness to the deed." 1905 election In 1905, the labor party was heavily opposed by the three local newspapers and a united Republican-Democrat combined ticket who had united to defeat the union party. On November 7, Schmitz was re-elected and the union gained complete control of the Board of Supervisors. Of the 80,000 registered voters, only 68,878 voted for mayor and of those, 40,191 voted for Schmitz. Members of the Board of Supervisors had no prior political experience. L.A. Rea had been in the decorating business; W.W. Sanderson had been a well-placed executive in the grocery business; Samuel Davis was a drummer; Edward Walsh a foreman in a shoe factory; C.J. Harrington and Patrick McCusshin had both been saloon-keepers; Jennings Phillips, a sprinter; F.P. Nicholas, a carpenter and former Carpenter's union president; James Kelley, a piano finisher and polisher; Max Manlock, an electrician; Thomas Longergan, a baker; Charles Dexter, a dentist; Michael Coffey, a hack driver; Daniel Coleman, a clerk with a wallpaper dealer; John J. Purri, a blacksmith; and Gallagher was a lawyer. Ruef had effective control over every branch and department in San Francisco. After the 1905 election, Ruef conducted a private, weekly caucus on Sunday, the night before the Board of Supervisors meetings, for members of the board, Mayor Schmitz, and the board's clerk and Ruef's protege and former law clerk, George B. Keane. Ruef ran the meetings and Keane took notes as they discussed matters to come before the board. Ruef assembled a list of members to serve on the various board committees which were implemented almost without changes. Ruef directed them to meet with him first before they held any other public meetings. There was only one weak link in Ruef's complete domination of the city administration, and that was the new District Attorney William H. Langdon, who had been Superintendent of Schools for three years. During the election, Langdon repeatedly promised, "The laws are on the statute books. I pledge myself to the enforcement of those laws," but few paid much attention to his statements. Ruef thought Langdon would help reach the teachers and students. Older's newspaper, the Bulletin, which had been Ruef's most vociferous opponent, suffered greatly after the election. Ruef had promised to break the newspaper with libel suits, but he resorted to more crude methods. The newspaper's manager was assaulted and beaten, as were carriers and agents. The newsboys were organized into a union who promptly went out on strike. Deliveries to stores were interrupted or followed by stones through the windows. The police did nothing. Older met with Heney in Washington D.C., and persuaded him to come to San Francisco and meet with Spreckels and himself. In February 1906, Langdon astonished many in the labor party and city politics when he initiated a raid on gambling dens across the city. The underworld running the games expected to be raided and closed down before an election, not afterward, and the exact opposite had taken place in San Francisco. They felt they had paid protection money under false pretenses. Ruef was unable to persuade Langdon to desist. A few honest citizens began to believe the Ruef's ironclad grip on city politics could be broken. During the meeting in March, 1906, Spreckels and Older each promised to give $5,000 to support his efforts, and to raise another $90,000 to finance his efforts. When Heney expressed interest, Older went to Washington, D. C. and persuaded President Roosevelt to loan special federal prosecutor Heney to the San Francisco District Attorneys office. Roosevelt agreed. In that meeting Heney offered to accept as his fee whatever was left out of the initial $100,000 fund, stating "But I don't there will be anything left and I will put up my time against your money." In the end, Heney didn't receive any compensation for his work, and in fact gave up lucrative legal work to stay with the prosecution. On March 10, the Board of Supervisors granted the Home Telegraph Company a 50-year exclusive franchise to provide phone dial service to San Francisco, an act that brought immediate condemnation from the San Francisco Examiner. They reminded the board in an editorial that their election platform had included the city acquiring its own telephone system. The Examiner wrote that the board "should clear the record of the SUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES that surround the vote on the matter." Railroad franchise bribery By the time of the November, 1905 election, the United Railroad was embroiled in a bitter fight with Rudolph Spreckels and James Phelan who resisted overhead trolly lines along Sutter Street where they owned property. Calhoun tried to buy their support by promising more parks and improvements along the Golden Gate Park Panhandle, where ex-Mayor Phelan owned a great deal of property, but both men continued to oppose the overhead trolley plan and insist on more expensive underground conduits. They believed the overhead lines would be noisy, unsightly, and a fire hazard. He and others felt that San Francisco, like Washington D.C. and New York, merited an underground system. Ford, representing Calhoun and United Railroad, upped is monthly retainer to Ruef from $500 to $1000 (about $ to $ in ) after the 1905 election, and the two sides finally agreed on a deal that called for the company to pay for ornamental street poles and the electric lights along their trolley routes. A majority of the local citizens and community improvement associations also preferred undergrounding the trolley car power lines, supported by Municipal engineers who had visited several east coast cities and concluded that an underground conduit was more favorable than overhead trolley lines. The railroad resisted, publicly stating that the believed the conduits would fill with water. When Spreckels offered to pay for the cost of draining an underground conduit for a test period to prove it was feasible, Calhoun, President, and George P. Chapman, General Manager of the United Railroads, refused. Calhoun even offered to pay what he estimated to be the cost difference the underground and overhead systems to the city for any purpose they desired. United Railroads was actually resistant to the upfront cost for undergrounding the power lines, more than twice that of the overhead system, which would take much longer to recover from operating income. Ford offered Ruef an additional $50,000 fee that Ruef turned down, insisting on a larger payment. They ultimately agreed on a $200,000 fee to be paid when work was complete, which meant that the supervisors approved their trolly route with overhead trolly lines. To bring further pressure on Calhoun, James Phelan, George Whittell, Rudolph Spreckels, his father Claus Spreckels, and Charles S. Wheeler filed papers on April 17, 1906 to incorporate the Municipal Street Railways of San Francisco, in order to prove that underground conduits were economical and superior, and to bring pressure to bear on Calhoun to give up his resistance to undergrounding the electrical lines. Their actions generated immediate public support. Calhoun finally proposed to submit the issue to a referendum vote by the people, but it turned out he meant the Board of Supervisors, whose vote Calhoun knew he could count on. He wrote a letter saying that he would submit the matter "to the proper authorities of the city" was resented by the San Francisco Chronicle, who condemned it as breathing "the spirit of insolence" and containing "ill-concealed menace." Earthquake slows prosecution On April 18, 1906, the city was struck by a massive earthquake, and fires burned for four days, destroying 80 percent of the city. Mayor Schmitz formed an extra-legal Committee of Fifty that was tasked with managing the city during the crisis that followed, which delayed the graft prosecution for a short time. Four days later, crews from the United Railroad began stringing temporary overhead trolley wires on Market St., but did not repair the cable traction system in the street. Committee of Fifty established On the day of the earthquake, Wednesday, April 18, Mayor Schmitz invited a cross section of the city's most prominent businessmen, politicians, civic leaders, entrepreneurs, newspaper men and politicians, but none of the members of the Board of Supervisors or Abraham Ruef, to form the Committee of Fifty to help him manage the crisis. Members of the Committee included individuals that would later be indicted for graft, including Abe Ruef and Tirey L. Ford. The Committee was also referred to as Committee of Safety, Citizens' Committee of Fifty, or Relief and Restoration Committee of Law and Order. It first assembled the afternoon of the earthquake in the basement of the ruined Hall of Justice at 3 p.m. It was forced by the approaching fire to abandon the location and moved across Portsmouth Square to the Plaza Hotel. They had to abandon that location only two hours later. At 8 p.m. the Committee assembled at the Fairmont Hotel's ballroom, sitting along the edge of the stage and on packing cases. At this point, they set up 19 subcommittees, and shortly after 11 p.m., they dispersed. The Fairmont Hotel burned down that night, and on Thursday, April 19, the Committee met at 6 a.m. at the North End police station. Once again, the spreading fires forced them to move, and the group reconvened at 2 p.m. at Franklin Hall, which became known as Temporary City Hall. Abe Ruef appeared At 4:30 p.m. and although he had not been called as a member, he offered his services, which Mayor Schmitz accepted. Ruef became chairman of an additional sub-committee, trying unsuccessfully to relocate the Chinese to the margins of the city. Until the earthquake struck, San Francisco was the most prominent and prosperous city in the state. Funds cleared through San Francisco banks increased 80 percent between 1900 and 1905. The city had grown from 342,782 in 1900 to an estimated 500,000 by 1906. San Francisco was one of the most promising places for investment in all of the United States. Many companies were vying for a piece of the money to be made. The Home Telephone Company financed by investors from Southern California and Ohio was trying to wrest the telephone franchise held exclusively by Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company. The Spring Valley Water Company, backed by Ruef, successfully blocked consideration of Hetch Hetchy as a source of water for the growing city. Ruef believed he and the city administrators stood to receive as much as $1,000,000 from the Spring Valley deal. On May 14, 1906, Supervisors gave United Railroads permission to string overhead trolley wires on Market St. The next day the Examiner accused United Railroads of exploiting the disaster to push through its overhead trolley franchise. Mayor Schmitz said the approval was only temporary, but that did not prove to be true. Supervisor Gallagher later testified during Ruef's trial that he told Ruef that board members would accept $4,000 as payment to approve the overhead trolley lines. United Railroads proceeded to install overhead power on all of its lines, even those cable car lines that were still operational after the earthquake and fire, without paying anything to the city for its franchise. The Home Telephone Company contributed $75,000 to a relief fund for the city, but asked that it be held until their franchise was approved. Graft extended to the ordinary police officer on the beat. On April 24, 1907, the San Francisco Chronicle published a tally of fees illegal operations were expected to pay. Brothels paid officers on the street $5 per week, sergeants $15, captains $25, and the Police Chief $75 to $100 each week. This schedule also extended to gambling houses and saloons that offered prostitutes. William J. Burns, a former Secret Service Agent who had assisted Heney during the prosecution of the Oregon land graft scandal, was hired to assist Heney. He quietly began gathering evidence in June, 1906. Heney initiates prosecution Spreckels was so eager to remove Schmitz from office, that on May 10, 1906, he told Heney he would obtain the funds necessary to underwrite the costs of prosecuting members of the Schmitz Administration for graft. He and Older encouraged San Francisco District Attorney William H. Langdon to support their efforts to end the corruption. While the union thought that Langdon would support their cause, he held firm to his principles. On October 21, 1906, he published a statement saying he intended to convene a Grand Jury to investigate the rise in crime and the widely reported instances of corruption. On October 24, 1906, Langdon appointed Heney as an assistant district attorney. The grand jury was scheduled to convene on October 26. Mayor Schmitz was traveling in Europe, so the next day James L. Gallagher, chairman of the board of supervisors and acting mayor, acting at the behest of Abe Ruef, suspended Langdon for alleged "neglect of office". His motion at the board of supervisors meeting was read and adopted without debate or opposition. As requested by Ruef, the primary targets of the investigation, Gallagher appointed him as acting district attorney. Ruef then attempted to fire Heney, writing him a curt note, "You are hereby removed from the position of Assistant District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco." Heney rebuffed Ruef's action, saying he did not recognize Ruef as district attorney. Heney filed a temporary restraining motion before Superior Court Judge Seawell to bar Ruef from acting as district attorney, who granted it at 5:00 a.m. the next morning. The judge ordered a police officer and two deputy sheriffs installed in the District Attorney's office to prevent Ruef from occupying it. All three city newspapers soundly condemned Ruef's transparent attempt to scuttle the investigation and prosecution. The Examiner called their actions "the last stand of criminals hunted and driven to bay." The Bulletin headline read, "Ruef's Illegal Action is Confession of Guilt." In early November, Judge Seawell ruled that the injunction prohibiting Ruef from replacing Langdon as district attorney would stand. On October 28, Tirey Ford, the general counsel for United Railroads, told the San Francisco Examiner, "Of course there was no bribery nor offer to bribe, nor was there anything done except upon clean and legitimate lines." Ironically, Ford had been appointed to the State Board of Prison Directors in 1905, a position he maintained throughout the time charges were pending against him. Grand jury convenes The grand jury was impaneled at the temporary court set up in Temple Israel, at 2:00 p.m. on October 26, 1906, as Langdon had promised, and with Langdon still officially in office. Hundreds of people tried to attend the proceedings, and the police packed the courtroom with Ruef supporters, allowing only a few supporters of the prosecution. Outside, the largest percentage of those present cheered the arrival of Langdon, Heney, and Spreckels. Ruef appeared guarded by two police officers. The grand jury heard testimony about "French Restaurants" in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco that supplied both food and "private supper bedrooms" for their patrons and prostitutes. When the police commission acted in January 1905 to close down all such establishments, they were advised to call on Ruef. Ruef was a nightly patron of one of the establishments, known as the "Pup," owned by Jean Loupy. The several restaurants paid Ruef a "retainer" of $8,000 (about $ today), half of which he gave to Mayor Schmitz, who had advised the police commissioner to close them down in the first place. Ruef appeared before the Police Commission and proposed a method for regulating the French Restaurants, none of which affected the way they had already been operating, and his regulations were approved. After only two weeks of testimony, the grand jury returned indictments on November 15 against Schmitz and Ruef on five counts each of extortion. Ruef initially refused to stand when the indictments were read, and when required to stand, insolently stood with his back to the judge. Ruef publicly denounced the indictments, insisting that he had merely accepted fees in return for services. "I was simply acting in the relation of attorney to a client." Schmitz, who had been vacationing in Europe, turned around and headed home for San Francisco. Both men were arraigned on December 6, and it became apparent that their strategy would start with a fight to evade or postpone trial by attacking the validity of the grand jury. Court convenes For three days the defense attorneys challenged members of the grand jury, but Judge Dunne finally swept aside all of their technical objections. The defense then tried to convince the judge that Spreckels had personal motives in paying the costs of Heney's prosecution, and then they attacked Langdon's motives for hiring Heney. This lasted until January 22, when Dunne once again set aside all of the defense's motions. The defense then tried to get the case moved from Dunne's court, without success. Congressman Julius Kahn, a supporter of Schmitz, then requested that Schmitz come to Washington, D.C. immediately to discuss the issue of whether Japanese should be allowed to attend San Francisco Schools. Schmitz didn't return until March 6, delaying the trial further. While Schmitz was away, Ruef was finally forced to enter a plea of not guilty, and his trial was set for March 5. But the day before the trial was to begin, Ruef's attorney's succeeded in raising an issue in Judge Hebbard's court that required intervention of the federal courts. That appearance was set for May 2 in Washington before the Supreme Court. Then Ruef disappeared and failed to show up in Dunne's court the next Monday. Dunne ruled that the trial in his court would proceed, regardless of what was transpiring in Judge Hebbard's court, which he felt was a fraud. He ordered Ruef's bonds forfeited and Ruef's arrest. Ruef's attorneys then tried to appeal to the State Appellate Court, who denied the writ, unsigned by the absent defendant. County Sheriff O'Neil was unable to find Ruef, and Judge Denne replaced him with the County Coroner, W.J. Walsh, as elisor, and charged him to bring Ruef into court. The coroner also failed to find Ruef, and Dunne then appointed Sheriff William J. Biggy as elisor and instructed him to arrest the fugitive. Biggy located Ruef within two hours at a roadhouse on the outskirts of San Francisco and arrested him. But Biggy didn't know where to place Ruef, for both the police and sheriff's office had were under suspicion of graft, so he placed Ruef under arrest in a room in the temporary "little" Saint Francis Hotel built in the ruins of Union Square and later in a house at 2849 Fillmore Street, This arrangement lasted more than a year. Supervisors implicated As the investigation proceeded, other indictments were forthcoming. Supervisor Fred Nicholas was charged with accepting a bribe for $26,100 for furniture purchased for the city. Witnesses were indicted for perjury. Then, on March 7, 1907, while Ruef was still in hiding, Detective Burns set up a sting and witnessed Supervisor Thomas Lonergan accept a bribe from Golden M. Roy, owner of a well-known cafe with interests in several other businesses, including a skating rink. The city was considering an ordinance regulating skating rinks and Roy purportedly wanted Lonergan's help defeating the measure. Burns repeated the deception with two more supervisors, Edward Walsh and Dr. Charles Boxton. Gallagher suspected a trap and contacted Ruef, and they both encouraged Lonergan to return the bribe, but instead Lonergan accepted another $500. Burns and two other witnesses were concealed in an adjacent room on each occasion. Burns summoned Heney and Langdon, who after five hours coerced Lonergan and Walsh to confess about the graft operations at City Hall, exposing payoffs from Home Telephone (10 supervisors $3,500 each and seven supervisors $6,000 each (or about $ and $ in ); Bay Cities Water; Pacific Gas & Electric ($750 each); Pacific States Telephone Co. (10 supervisors $5,000 ($ today))); United Railroads ($40,000 to each supervisor and $400,000 to Ruef); the Parkside Realty companies; and boxing interests ($750 to each supervisor, Ruef and Schmitz $10,000 each). But neither of the two men implicated Gallagher or Ruef, and the prosecution badly wanted information that would allow them to bring more charges against the two masterminds and the corporate executives who had supplied the money. Gallagher was induced to meet with Spreckels during which a deal was worked our for Gallegher's testimony implicating Ruef and Schmitz, in exchange for immunity for himself and all of the Supervisors. Gallagher then met with all of the supervisors in a final secret caucus and offered them the immunity deal, which 16 of them accepted. On March 14, Tirey L. Ford told The San Francisco Call that the grand jury's graft investigation wasn't legal and he refused to testify. On March 19, Lonergan testified in front of the grand jury to having received $169,350 from Ruef that was transferred to the Supervisors. He and the now-immunized Supervisors detailed the source of the more than $200,000 received by the board members, naming the more than 20 board members of the several corporations who had contributed bribery funds, who were then in turn compelled to testify. Calhoun of United Railroads was one of the few holdouts: he refused to testify and exercised his right against self-incrimination. On March, 20, Ruef was charged with 65 more counts of graft. The grand jury also charged Theodore V. Halsey, the former confidential political for Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company, with 14 counts of graft for the bribes paid to Supervisors to deny a competitive bid for telephone service in San Francisco. The judge set bail at $10,000 per count, or $650,000 for Ruef and $100,000 for Halsey. On March 23, the grand jury revealed an indictment against A.K. Detwiller, a capitalist from Toledo, Ohio and investor in the Home Telephone Company, and nine counts against Louis Glass, formerly a vice-president of Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Co., for bribing supervisors. The grand jury learned that 9 of the 16 supervisors paid by PT&T through Ruef and Gallagher to oppose the Home Telephone Company's bid for a franchise had also accepted payments from the Home Telephone Company to support its bid. Ruef confesses Heney and Spreckels meanwhile met with officers of the major companies implicated in the bribery scheme and encouraged them to come forward and implicate Ruef and Schmitz. But the executives pretended that any rumors about bribery were baseless and denied any knowledge of the payoffs. The prosecution's only hope to convict the executives of bribery was to prove a conspiracy, that they gave money to Ruef, a non-public official, with the intent that he pass it on to the Supervisors, who were. The Supervisors' testimony, while important, was only circumstantial. They needed Ruef's testimony to implicate the other men. Heney tried to persuade Ruef to offer evidence implicating Calhoun, Ford, and of United Railroads, but Ruef demanded complete immunity for himself and Schmitz in exchange for a confession, which Heney refused. California Governor James Gillett considered removing Schmitz from office but found that the City Charter didn't contain a provision allowing removal of a sitting mayor. During jury selection for the second trial, Heney found that one of the individuals impaneled, Morris Haas, had been convicted for embezzlement, although he was later pardoned. Detectives learned that Haas had boasted to his mistress that he would sell his vote for Ruef's acquittal. Believing Ruef was trying to plant the man on the jury, Heney publicly exposed Haas's forgery conviction while Haas was seated in the jury box and declared he was ineligible to serve. The jury could not reach a verdict and A.E.S. Blake was later convicted and sentenced for offering a bribe to juror J.M. Kelly. The prosecution reached an agreement with Ruef requiring Ruef to confess and in return he would receive immunity from most of the charges against him. On May 15, 1907, Ruef changed his plea to guilty and the next day in testimony before the grand jury he incriminated Schmitz. On top of Ruef's confession, his trial continued for another 18 months, until December 10, 1908, on the remaining counts that he had not confessed to. The jury found him guilty and sentenced him to the maximum sentence for bribery, 14 years in San Quentin State Prison." He spent the next year at the county jail awaiting his appeal. In December 1909, he was released on bond of $600,000. Ford indicted The case against Tirey Ford went ahead and he was indicted in May 1907, charged with bribing Supervisor Thomas F. Lonergan. The San Francisco Bulletin described Ford as "a man whose error was caused by a mistaken loyalty to a corrupt corporation and in whose fall many will sorrow and none will rejoice." Ruef admitted that he had received a $200,000 "attorney's fee" from Ford that he had used to make payments to the Supervisors. But Ruef would not admit that his dealings with Ford were anything other legal fees to Ruef to compensate him for his legal services to United Railroad. He said the same was true of his dealings with Calhoun, that they entirely professional. All three men were experienced lawyers, and if they engaged in a conspiracy, it may have been entirely implicit. Despite encouragement from Burns and Heney, Ruef would not testify that the men intended to bribe the Supervisors. Calhoun spared no expense in defending himself and Ford. He hired an array of detectives to help with the investigation and a battery of attorneys to defend him. The attorneys included Earl Rogers of Los Angeles, and Alexander King, Calhoun's partner in New York, who gained admittance to California Bar just for Ford's case. In presenting Calhoun and Tirey's defense, Rogers argued that the prosecution had failed to make a case against the defendants, and didn't call a single witness or introduce any evidence. Ford's first trial began on September 23, 1907. The prosecution secured testimony from Frank Leach, Superintendent of the Mint, who produced records that showed on May 22, 1906, Calhoun sent $200,000 from the east by telegraph that was deposited to the Mint. The records also showed that Ford drew $50,000 in small bills against the deposit on May 25, $50,000 on July 31, and the remainder on August 31. The dates corresponded approximately to two dates in early August and at the end of August that the Supervisors testified to having received payments from Gallagher. The sensational case was submitted to the jury. When the jury failed to reach a verdict, a mistrial was declared, and a second jury was convened. Ford was charged with bribing Supervisor Jennings Phillips and a second trial began on November 26, 1907 which also failed to reach a verdict, and a third trial began on April 4, 1908. Ford was charged with bribing Supervisor Daniel G. Coleman to help United Railroads secure a franchise to erect an overhead trolley system. On May 3, 1908, the jury found Ford not guilty. Calhoun indicted In May and June, 1909, the Calhoun trial held testimony connecting him with bribing Supervisor Lonergan. On June 21, 1909, the Calhoun jury was deadlocked, with the final jury vote at ten for acquittal and two for conviction. The charges against Calhoun were dismissed when his political supporters won office in the November, 1909 elections. In early 1910, Charles Fickert, the new district attorney, requested to dismiss the indictment against Calhoun. In 1911, Fickert appealed to a higher state court, which brought dismissal of all indictments against Calhoun. Schmitz indicted On May 20, 1907, Mayor Schmitz was charged on the same indictment as Ruef for extorting money from the Tenderloin district French Restaurants. Schmitz was convicted and forced out of office on June 13, 1907. But Schmitz's conviction was voided when a higher court ruled that there was a flaw in the indictment that failed to use Schmitz official title as mayor of San Francisco. On January 10, 1908, the California Appellate Court reversed Schmitz's conviction and nullified the indictments still pending against Ruef. Ruef trial begins On April 3, 1908, the prosecution began interviewing prospective jurors and had nearly completed their selection of 12 men when Ruef began begging Heney through others to consider a deal that would allow Ruef full immunity in exchange for his testimony. Heney refused to consider full immunity, insisting that Ruef take his chances on the indictment for graft. Ruef finally accepted these terms and on May 17, 1908, told the court he was ready to change his plea to guilty and make a full confession. The prosecution had scant evidence against Schmitz and without Ruef's testimony had little chance of obtaining a conviction against him. It took more than 70 days to examining prospective jurors and find 12 qualified jurors. On November 7, 1908, a jury was impaneled and sworn in for Ruef's third trial. Bomb destroys Gallagher's home On April 29, 1908, a powerful explosion wrecked a portion of the Gallaghers' home in Alameda, including the room upstairs in which Gallagher and his wife were located, but both escaped unhurt. Their two daughters, a son, along with guests Mr. and Mrs. Schenck, and a gentlemen calling on the ladies, were also in the home. Because their dinner was late, they were kept in a portion of the house that was not seriously damaged, and they also escaped injury. Some of the newspaper editors supporting Gallagher's prosecution insinuated that Gallagher had arranged to blow up his own house to gain public sympathy. However, John and Peter Claudianes were arrested and confessed to placing the dynamite bomb under Gallagher's home. Peter said he had been paid to kill Gallagher by Felix Paudivaris, a United Railroads employee and a political friend of Ruef's. Paudivaris disappeared shortly after the explosion, but Claudianes and his brother were convicted and sentenced to life in prison. Heney shot in court Morris Haas, the ex-convict whom Heney had exposed during jury selection, deeply resented Heney's action and brooded over it for many weeks. Haas attended the trial and during its eleventh week, when a temporary recess was called in the late afternoon of November 13, 1908, as Heney conferred with another attorney, Haas walked up and shot Heney at point-blank range in the head. The wound, a half-inch in front of his right ear and just below the temple, was initially pronounced fatal. Heney was hospitalized, and on the operating table said, "I will live to prosecute Haas and Ruef." That night Haas was placed in a prison cell with a policeman to guard him, but despite these precautions was found dead with a bullet hole in the middle of his forehead the following morning, a derringer beside him. The 1910 Oliver Grand Jury reported that two detectives had searched Haas after he shot Heney. It couldn't be determined whether Haas committed suicide, and if so, how he'd obtained the pistol, or whether he was murdered to prevent his testimony. Some believed that the same individuals who paid Claudianes to bomb the Gallagher residence were responsible for Haas's death. Others thought that Ruef, who they believed had hired Haas to murder Heney, had made sure Haas was silenced. Heney did not die from his gunshot wound, as he had been expected to, and the trial resumed on November 18 after Judge William P. Lawlor dismissed several defense motions. The prosecutor's role was assumed by Hiram Johnson, a bright young assistant to Heney. Detective Burns had given Johnson the names of four jurors who, Burns said, had been bribed, and in his summation Johnson called each of them by name, pointed a forefinger at him, and shouted: "You – you dare not acquit this man!" Nevertheless, when the jury retired for its deliberations everyone expected that it would let Ruef go, or would disagree, as had happened in almost every other case growing out of the graft prosecution. Ruef convicted While the jury was out Heney telephoned Older to say that he was much recovered, and proposed to come down and pay his respects to the judge. Older, with his usual flair for the dramatic, told Heney not to come until the editor gave the signal. While most of the community was by now against the prosecution, there was a minority on the side of honesty, which had organized a League of Justice pledged to help at a moment's notice. Older now hastily sent word to dozens of these men, who came and crowded into the courtroom, which was directly under the chamber in which the jury was deliberating. Evelyn Wells, in her biography of Older, tells what happened when Heney entered the courtroom on Older's arm: The jury's found Ruef guilty and he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. In November 1910, his conviction and sentence were finally upheld, and on March 1, 1911, he entered prison. Schmitz convicted, released On June 13, 1907, Mayor E.E. Schmitz was found guilty of extortion and the office of mayor was declared vacant. He was sent to jail to await sentence. Shortly thereafter he was sentenced to five years at San Quentin State Prison, the maximum sentence the law allowed. He immediately appealed. While awaiting the outcome of the appeal, Schmitz was kept in a cell in San Francisco County Jail. Dr. Edward R. Taylor, Dean of Hastings College of the Law, agreed to step in as interim mayor and was given power to appoint new supervisors to replace those who had resigned. On January 9, 1908, the District Court of Appeals nullified his conviction. Two months later, the California Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeal's ruling, and Schmitz was released on bail, pending resolution of the outstanding bribery indictments. He was brought to trial once more in 1912, on charges of bribery. Ruef was brought from San Quentin to testify, but refused to give evidence. The other key witness, Chief Supervisor Gallagher, had disappeared without leave to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and did not return. Schmitz was acquitted. Schmitz ran for mayor again in 1915 and 1919, but was soundly defeated due to his past reputation. Elected to the Board of Supervisors in 1921, he remained until 1925. He was married and had two daughters. Police Chief dies Heney and others publicly criticized Chief of Police William J. Biggy for the negligence and lax security that allowed Haas to kill himself with a hidden derringer, and Biggy was deeply hurt by Heney's allegations. Biggy had a falling out with those supporting the graft prosecution and was placed under surveillance by detectives employed by Burns. Biggy discussed his resignation with police commissioner Hugo Keil on December 1, 1908. While returning from that meeting during a nighttime crossing of San Francisco Bay from Belvedere to San Francisco aboard a police launch, Biggy went missing, a possible suicide. His body was found two weeks later floating in the bay. Biggy was a devout Catholic and the public thought it unlikely that he would commit suicide, but the Coroner's Jury returned a verdict of accidental death. Aftermath Of all the sentences meted out to leading figures in the whole course of the prosecution, Ruef was the only individual who served prison time. When another municipal election approached in 1909, District Attorney Langdon refused to run again. Langdon was tired and discouraged at the lack of success in prosecuting the officials who had paid the bribes. Supervisor James Gallagher, a key witness, had fled the country for Vancouver, British Columbia. In desperation, Heney ran for district attorney, but was defeated by a Union Labor loyalist, lawyer, and former football hero from Stanford University, Charles Fickert, whose liaison with the crooked politicians was well known. Fickert promptly and contemptuously refused to proceed with any of the pending cases against the businessmen who had paid the bribes. He pretended he didn't know where Supervisor Gallagher had fled, although his location in Vancouver was common knowledge. (Fickert later gained a notorious reputation when he mishandled the 1916 Preparedness Day Bombing case and was defeated for District Attorney in 1919.) William P. Lawlor, the honest judge who had presided in several of the cases, excoriated Fickert and ordered the others to trial, but he was overruled by the court of appeals, which decided that all of the large number of remaining indictments should be quashed. The graft prosecution was over, having ended in almost total failure, with only Ruef in prison." On August 17, 1911, Judge Lawlor dismissed all remaining indictments in the trolley bribery cases against Ford, Calhoun and other officials of the United Railroads. On November 1, 1912, Louis Glass, formerly the Vice President at Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, was in court for a hearing. He had been accused of offering a bribe to a Supervisor to support the company's bid for the telephone franchise. Glass was the last to be prosecuted for graft, and he insisted that his rights to a speedy trial had been violated. Judge Lawlor reluctantly agreed and dismissed the charges pending against Glass. Ruef serves four years In 1912, Older began to have second thoughts about Ruef's conviction. He asked Ruef to write his memoirs, which were published in the San Francisco Bulletin in installments almost daily over months, finishing at the point where the graft investigation began. On August 23, 1915, having served a little more than four and a half of his fourteen-year sentence, he was released. He was the only person in the entire investigation who went to prison. He was not allowed to return to his legal practice. "Before he went to prison he had been worth over a million dollars, when he died he was bankrupt." References County government in California Government of San Francisco History of San Francisco San Francisco Board of Supervisors members Political corruption in the United States

39588036

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary%20Communist%20Party%2C%20USA

Revolutionary Communist Party, USA

The Revolutionary Communist Party, USA (also known as RCP and The Revcoms) is a communist party in the United States founded in 1975 and led by its chairman Bob Avakian. The party organizes for a revolution to overthrow the system of capitalism and replace it with a socialist state, with the final aim of world communism. Since the 2000s, Avakian's "new communism" is the RCP's ideological framework, which it considers a scientific advancement of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Prior to this, the party was a founding member of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement. The RCP is widely criticized on the left as having characteristics similar to that of a cult, which it has repeatedly denied, in addition to a controversial presence at protests and activist events. History 1960s–1970s In early 1968, Leibel Bergman, H. Bruce Franklin, Bob Avakian, Stephen Charles Hamilton and a score or so others—consisting of both veterans of the Communist Party USA, and Bay Area radicals based in Palo Alto, Berkeley, and San Francisco, formed the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (BARU). Among the first tasks of the BARU was to challenge the Maoist Progressive Labor Party (PLP) over their positions on the Black Panther Party, the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the direction of Maoism. The early RU joined with the Revolutionary Youth Movement faction in the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in opposing PLP's role in SDS at their national convention in Chicago in 1969. The resulting split led to PL controlling the SDS name, while RYM itself split into two different factions. In 1971, Franklin led a more militant faction of BARU out the organization to join Venceremos. The RU continued to expand nationally uniting collectives, across the country, becoming a national organization—with the long-term goal of forming a new communist party. The new nationwide structure induced BARU to change its name to simply the Revolutionary Union (RU). Avakian was elected to the central committee of the RU shortly thereafter. The RCP claims that of the various groups coming out of SDS, it was the first to seriously attempt to develop itself at the theoretical level, with the publication of Red Papers 1. In 1974 RU started publication of their newspaper Revolution (renamed Revolutionary Worker, and adopting a weekly format in 1979) In 1973 the anti-war group Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) entered into reforms following the end of the Vietnam War, these included adopting an explicitly Anti-imperialist stance and the opening of its membership to civilians. During this period the RU became a popular faction within the VVAW eventually reaching its peak in 1975, when the RU controlled national office voted to remove members, expel chapters and place the organization into ideological uniformity, following the integration RU reconstituted itself as the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). After the death of Mao in 1976, the RCP split, with about 40% of its membership leaving, over which position to take in relation to the new Chinese leadership. Avakian led the majority of the Party that rejected what they analyzed as a counterrevolutionary coup against Mao's allies. Following this split, Avakian wrote and published the book, Mao Tsetung's Immortal Contributions, which summarizes the developments of Maoism. In January 1979 Avakian and 78 other Party members and supporters were arrested and charged with various crimes in connection to a militant protest against Deng Xiaoping's visit to the White House. Seventeen demonstrators, including Avakian, were charged with multiple felonies which would carry a combined sentence of up to 241 years. After the RCP and its supporters waged a mass campaign for political, legal, and other support for the defendants, the charges were dropped in 1982, by which time Party leadership had decided to go into exile, with Avakian applying for political asylum in France, where he remained for many years. 1980s The RCP organized May Day 1980 rallies in 16 cities across the U.S., including in Los Angeles, New York, Portland, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. Weeks before the May Day demonstrations, RCP member Damian Garcia and two others climbed the Alamo, tearing down the American flag from its pole, and raising the Red Flag in its place before being arrested. Shortly thereafter, on April 22, 1980, Garcia was stabbed to death while organizing in a Los Angeles housing project. At the time, police said that Garcia's murderer was gang-affiliated, while RCP insisted that he had been assassinated by the state in retaliation for his action at the Alamo. Avakian remarked in his memoir that Garcia's murder was "very clearly tied in with police agents ... it was an attack on our Party." In 1983 Avakian was one of the founders of the now-defunct Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM), an international grouping of Maoist parties. The RIM published A World to Win news service from 1981 to 2006, but since its dissolution the publication is now updated on the official website. In 2017, A World to Win was restructured to "a more thorough-going tool for revolution based on Bob Avakian's new synthesis of communism." Flag-burning by RCP members led to the Texas v. Johnson case, which established the burning of the American Flag as a Constitutionally protected right. 1990s–2000s In 1990, RCP Spokesperson Carl Dix embarked on a speaking tour entitled the "Fear Nothing, Be Down for the Whole Thing" Tour, which helped to publicize the Party's explicit calls for revolution. Slogans raised in this era included "Seize The Power: Prepare for Revolutionary War". In 1991, C-SPAN aired a presentation by RCP spokespersons, about U.S. wars in the Middle East, the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, and what the "new world order" means for black people in America. RCP regarded the 1992 Rodney King riots as legitimate political rebellion and advocated for the defendants in the Reginald Denny beating case. RCP advocated for international Maoist movements such as the Shining Path guerrilla movement in Peru. In 1996, the RCP launched the October 22nd Coalition to Stop Police Brutality. RCP branches opened Revolution Books stores in major US cities and became a frequent presence in protest movements. There are currently two operational locations, one in Berkeley and one in Harlem. In immediate response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the RCP released a statement condemning terrorism and the loss of innocent life, while also decrying the U.S. government as "hegemonic dominators", stressing the need for people in the U.S. to oppose any moves towards war, and characterizing those who celebrated the attacks as doing so because "an arrogant power that has been getting away with murder and boasting of its invincibility has been shown to be vulnerable" 2010s In 2011, RCP spokesperson Carl Dix along with Cornel West co-initiated the campaigns to Stop "Stop and Frisk" and "Stop Mass Incarceration". Dix and West appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss the state of Black America in the age of Obama. RCP organized Rise Up October against racism and police brutality; the attendance included Quentin Tarantino. In July 2016, mass protest and police arrests erupted over a flag-burning by the RCP outside the Republican National Convention, before a crowd of thousands. The next week, the RCP staged another flag burning outside the Democratic National Convention, after denouncing the United States. Later that year, in response to Donald Trump's tweet calling for the criminalization of flag burning, RCP supporters burned another American flag outside the Trump International Hotel in New York City. In October 2016, RCP supporters were banned from the University of Chicago for "trespass" after encouraging students to get organized with the revolutionaries, with one activist arrested by police; the next day they returned to defy the ban, while denouncing U.S. elections and America. In August 2016, the RCP led protesters in a two-day march on a barricaded police station after the fatal officer shooting of a black man by Milwaukee police; the police chief blamed the RCP for inciting "violence towards police." The RCP strongly supported Colin Kaepernick and NFL protests of the U.S. national anthem. The CBS San Francisco reported that members of the RCP gave their full-on support to Kaepernick outside Levi's Stadium. In October 2017, party spokesperson Carl Dix confronted Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, in relation to NFL protests, over "his troubling tendency to muzzle his players and align himself with an oppressive president." RCP organizer Sunsara Taylor appeared on Fox News's Tucker Carlson Tonight in February 2017, where she debated the host and said that Trump is "more dangerous than Hitler" because of his access to nuclear weapons. In July 2018, Refuse Fascism and RCP organized 100 handmaids to protest U.S. Vice President Mike Pence in New York City, saying "[he] is a Christian fascist theocrat for whom the handmaid's tale is a model." In August 2018, RCP supporters took part in protests organized against the neo-Nazi Unite the Right 2 rally in Washington, D.C. In October 2018, the RCP organized a demonstration in Chicago's Daley Plaza on the 23rd Annual "National Day of Protest to STOP Police Brutality," in response to the police shooting of Laquan McDonald and other black youth. At a February 2019 speaking event at USC, in the Q&A, RCP supporters sparked controversy after criticizing speaker Amanda Nguyen's work in the U.S. government during the War on Terror. In March 2019, a Revolution Newspaper correspondent was detained by police on the anniversary of the police shooting of Stephon Clark, after getting into an argument with Al Sharpton, while urging attendees to organize for revolution rather than political reforms. On International Women's Day 2019, the Revolution Club joined supporters of the Communist Party of Iran (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist), to march through Westwood, California, calling for universal women's rights. On Independence Day 2019, the RCP staged flag burnings at the U.S.–Mexico border and at the White House, the latter being a demonstration against the "Salute to America" military parade, which resulted in two RCP supporters being attacked by the Proud Boys and arrested by Secret Service officers. In August 2020, Avakian released a statement urging supporters to vote "for the Democratic Party candidate, Biden, in order to effectively vote against Trump." Leadership Bob Avakian is a controversial figure, who the RCP acknowledges is both "loved and hated." Avakian is viewed by supporters as a revolutionary leader whose body of work has advanced communist theory and represents a "pathway to human emancipation" from the capitalist system. Avakian is also criticized for an alleged cult of personality around him by the RCP, accusations which the party denies. Political ideology The RCP originated as a Maoist political organization with roots in the New Left of the 1970s. In the 1990s, its political ideology was Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Today, the framework for its political ideology is Bob Avakian's 'New Synthesis' (or 'New Communism'), which it sees as an advancement of revolutionary theory; this has been debated among Maoists internationally. The RCP is atheist and claim to stress the scientific method. RCP leadership says "the system cannot be reformed, it must be overthrown," and does not participate in charity or elections, instead organizing for total revolution, to replace the capitalist system with a new socialist system aiming for communism worldwide. Its goal is not to "make America socialist" but instead "a world without America and everything it stands for." The RCP has identified what it calls "the 5 Stops," which it says are social contradictions under capitalism that can only be ended by revolution: white supremacy, patriarchy and anti-LGBT discrimination, anti-immigrant persecution, imperialist war, and environmental degradation. The RCP emphasizes women's liberation, and says it can only be achieved under communism. The RCP is not currently engaged in armed struggle, instead preparing for such a future time; accordingly, it has a strategy pamphlet for "How We Can Win" a revolution in the U.S., as well as a proposed Constitution for the New Socialist Republic, outlining what would follow. A code-of-conduct called the "6 Points of Attention for the Revolution" outlines the principles of party members and supporters. The RCP has declared there are no existing socialist states today, saying there have not been since China from 1949 to 1976 and the Soviet Union before 1956. Its website polemicizes against political currents such as anarchism, democratic socialism, intersectionality, liberalism, and Trotskyism, as well as criticizing reductionist approaches to Marxism, and errors within Maoism. LGBT issues The RCP platform demands full recognition of LGBT rights as a fundamental component towards establishing socialism. Previously, in the 1970s and 1980s, the RCP criticized homosexuality as "petty bourgeois" and prohibited LGBT individuals from party membership. This outlook co-existed with a public line against gay-bashing and attacks on homosexuals by religious bigots and fundamentalists, and was consistent with numerous groups of the New Communist movement and the broader Marxist–Leninist movement of the period. In 2001, the RCP officially reversed this position, writing: In 2010, RCP Chair Bob Avakian urged Party members to "be aware of the positive--and in significant ways "subversive of the system"--potential of the assertion of gay "identity" and gay rights..." and in a 2015 talk, spoke of having "cast off some wrong thinking" in regard to the oppression of LGBT people. Activities The RCP releases daily updates online and a periodic print edition of its weekly newspaper, Revolution (formerly called Revolutionary Worker, 1979–2005) available in English and Spanish, and published continuously since 1979. In December 2016, party members and others co-initiated Refuse Fascism, a coalition group aiming to "drive out" the Trump administration through sustained street protests. InfoWars and other far-right conspiracy theory websites claimed the RCP and Refuse Fascism were organizing a military overthrow of the government on November 4, 2017. Several nationwide anti-Trump protest marches were organized for that day, numbering in the thousands. Refuse Fascism protesters were arrested in September 2017, after blocking four lanes of the 101 Freeway in Los Angeles during rush hour, to "sound the alarm about fascism." RCP supporters Michael Slate and Sunsara Taylor have regularly aired shows on radio networks KPFK and WBAI, respectively, where they discuss news and politics with guests. Prison outreach The RCP runs the Prisoners Revolutionary Literature Fund (PRLF), which sends its newspaper and other political works from its publishing press to hundreds of incarcerated people nationwide to spread a revolutionary message. The PRLF as its aim: "provides an educational opportunity for prisoners to engage with world events and key political, cultural, and philosophical questions from a unique communistic perspective, including discussions of morality, religion, science, and the arts centered around a positive socialist-light." The RCP has faced increasing censorship by prison officials who seek to deny inmates requested access to revolutionary literature. See also Carl Dix Sunsara Taylor Refuse Fascism References Further reading Books Elbaum, Max, Revolution in the Air, Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. (Verso, 2002). Aaron J. Leonard and Conor A. Gallagher, Heavy Radicals - The FBI's Secret War on America's Maoists: The Revolutionary Union/Revolutionary Communist Party 1968-1980 (Zero Books, 2013) The Red Paper I (1972) External links COINTELPRO targets Political parties established in 1975 1975 establishments in the United States Anti-revisionist organizations Communist parties in the United States Maoist parties in the United States

39592997

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20Henry%20Gang

Yellow Henry Gang

The Yellow Henry Gang was a 19th-century New Orleans street gang during the early 1870s and late 1880s. A particularly violent gang in the underworld of New Orleans, the gang was largely made up of thieves and murderers. Originally led by a man known only as Turpo, the gang was taken over by "Yellow" Henry Stewart following Turpo's arrest and eventual imprisonment for murder in 1877. Under Henry's leadership, the gang reached its peak following a number of successful burglaries, armed robberies and extortion attempts. The gang attracted many of the cities prominent criminals including expert garroters Joseph Martin and Crooked Neck Delaney, Charles "Prussian Charley" Mader, George Sylvester, Garibaldi Bolden, murderers Red and Blue Haley, Pat Keeley and cop killer Frank Lyons. In 1884, Henry was arrested for robbery along with three other gang members, and in July 1886 while in prison he would die from malaria. Henry had long suffered from the tropical disease which had tinted his skin yellow, hence his nickname. The gang was briefly reformed in 1888, following the escape of Frank Lyons, however he was quickly arrested and returned to prison. After two years, Lyons would be pardoned by Louisiana Governor Francis T. Nicholls in 1890 and again resumed the criminal activities with the gang until 1892, when New Orleans police arrested Lyons for the murder of a police officer and sentenced to life imprisonment with the Yellow Henrys' disbanding soon after. References Former gangs in New Orleans Organized crime gangs People in 19th-century Louisiana 19th century in New Orleans

39626432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Snowden

Edward Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American former computer intelligence consultant who leaked highly classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013, when he was an employee and subcontractor. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments, and prompted a cultural discussion about national security and individual privacy. In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA. Snowden says he gradually became disillusioned with the programs with which he was involved, and that he tried to raise his ethical concerns through internal channels but was ignored. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving his job at an NSA facility in Hawaii, and in early June he revealed thousands of classified NSA documents to journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman, and Ewen MacAskill. Snowden came to international attention after stories based on the material appeared in The Guardian, The Washington Post, and other publications. On June 21, 2013, the United States Department of Justice unsealed charges against Snowden of two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and theft of government property, following which the Department of State revoked his passport. Two days later, he flew into Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, where Russian authorities observed the canceled passport, and he was restricted to the airport terminal for over one month. Russia later granted Snowden the right of asylum with an initial visa for residence for one year, which was subsequently repeatedly extended. In October 2020, he was granted permanent residency in Russia. A subject of controversy, Snowden has been variously called a traitor, a hero, a whistleblower, a dissident, a coward, and a patriot. U.S. officials condemned his actions as having done "grave damage" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities. Snowden has defended his leaks as an effort "to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them." His disclosures have fueled debates over mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance between national security and information privacy. In early 2016, Snowden became the president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, a San Francisco-based nonprofit organization that aims to protect journalists from hacking and government surveillance. He also has a job at an unnamed Russian IT company. In 2017, he married Lindsay Mills. On September 17, 2019, his memoir Permanent Record was published. On September 2, 2020, a U.S. federal court ruled in United States v. Moalin that the U.S. intelligence's mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was illegal and possibly unconstitutional. Early life Childhood, family, and education Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. His maternal grandfather, Edward J. Barrett, a rear admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard, became a senior official with the FBI and was at the Pentagon in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. Snowden's father, Lonnie, was a warrant officer in the Coast Guard, and his mother, Elizabeth, is a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. His older sister, Jessica, was a lawyer at the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, D.C. Edward Snowden said that he had expected to work for the federal government, as had the rest of his family. His parents divorced in 2001, and his father remarried. Snowden scored above 145 on two separate IQ tests. In the early 1990s, while still in grade school, Snowden moved with his family to the area of Fort Meade, Maryland. Mononucleosis caused him to miss high school for almost nine months. Rather than returning to school, he passed the GED test and took classes at Anne Arundel Community College. Although Snowden had no undergraduate college degree, he worked online toward a master's degree at the University of Liverpool, England, in 2011. He was interested in Japanese popular culture, had studied the Japanese language, and worked for an anime company that had a resident office in the U.S. He also said he had a basic understanding of Mandarin Chinese and was deeply interested in martial arts. At age 20, he listed Buddhism as his religion on a military recruitment form, noting that the choice of agnostic was "strangely absent." In September 2019, as part of interviews relating to the release of his memoir Permanent Record, Snowden revealed to The Guardian that he married Lindsay Mills in a courthouse in Moscow. The couple have a son born in December 2020. Political views Snowden has said that, in the 2008 presidential election, he voted for a third-party candidate, though he "believed in Obama's promises." Following the election, he believed President Barack Obama was continuing policies espoused by George W. Bush. In accounts published in June 2013, interviewers noted that Snowden's laptop displayed stickers supporting Internet freedom organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Tor Project. A week after publication of his leaks began, Ars Technica confirmed that Snowden had been an active participant at the site's online forum from 2001 through May 2012, discussing a variety of topics under the pseudonym "TheTrueHOOHA." In an online discussion about racism in 2009, Snowden said: ''I went to London just last year it's where all of your muslims live I didn't want to get out of the car. I thought I had gotten off of the plane in the wrong country... it was terrifying.'' In a January 2009 entry, TheTrueHOOHA exhibited strong support for the U.S. security state apparatus and said leakers of classified information "should be shot in the balls." However, Snowden disliked Obama's CIA director appointment of Leon Panetta, saying "Obama just named a fucking politician to run the CIA." Snowden was also offended by a possible ban on assault weapons, writing "Me and all my lunatic, gun-toting NRA compatriots would be on the steps of Congress before the C-Span feed finished." Snowden disliked Obama's economic policies, was against Social Security, and favored Ron Paul's call for a return to the gold standard. In 2014, Snowden supported a universal basic income. Career Feeling a duty to fight in the Iraq War to help free oppressed people, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army on May 7, 2004, and became a Special Forces candidate through its 18X enlistment option. He did not complete the training due to bilateral tibial stress fractures, and was discharged on September 28, 2004. Snowden was then employed for less than a year in 2005 as a security guard at the University of Maryland's Center for Advanced Study of Language, a research center sponsored by the National Security Agency (NSA). According to the University, this is not a classified facility, though it is heavily guarded. In June 2014, Snowden told Wired that his job as a security guard required a high-level security clearance, for which he passed a polygraph exam and underwent a stringent background investigation. Employment at CIA After attending a 2006 job-fair focused on intelligence agencies, Snowden accepted an offer for a position at the CIA. The Agency assigned him to the global communications division at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. In May 2006, Snowden wrote in Ars Technica that he had no trouble getting work because he was a "computer wizard". After distinguishing himself as a junior employee on the top computer team, Snowden was sent to the CIA's secret school for technology specialists, where he lived in a hotel for six months while studying and training full-time. In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security. Assigned to the U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations, a diplomatic mission representing U.S. interests before the UN and other international organizations, Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near Lake Geneva. According to Greenwald, while there Snowden was "considered the top technical and cybersecurity expert" in that country and "was hand-picked by the CIA to support the president at the 2008 NATO summit in Romania". Snowden described his CIA experience in Geneva as formative, stating that the CIA deliberately got a Swiss banker drunk and encouraged him to drive home. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested for drunk driving, a CIA operative offered to help in exchange for the banker becoming an informant. Ueli Maurer, President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 2013, publicly disputed Snowden's claims in June of that year. "This would mean that the CIA successfully bribed the Geneva police and judiciary. With all due respect, I just can't imagine it," said Maurer. In February 2009, Snowden resigned from the CIA. NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Dell In 2009, Snowden began work as a contractee for Dell, which manages computer systems for multiple government agencies. Assigned to an NSA facility at Yokota Air Base near Tokyo, Snowden instructed top officials and military officers on how to defend their networks from Chinese hackers. Snowden looked into mass surveillance in China which prompted him to investigate and then expose Washington's mass surveillance program after he was asked in 2009 to brief a conference in Tokyo. During his four years with Dell, he rose from supervising NSA computer system upgrades to working as what his résumé termed a "cyber strategist" and an "expert in cyber counterintelligence" at several U.S. locations. In 2010, he had a brief stint in New Delhi where he enrolled himself in a local IT institute to learn core Java programming and advanced ethical hacking. In 2011, he returned to Maryland, where he spent a year as lead technologist on Dell's CIA account. In that capacity, he was consulted by the chiefs of the CIA's technical branches, including the agency's chief information officer and its chief technology officer. U.S. officials and other sources familiar with the investigation said Snowden began downloading documents describing the government's electronic spying programs while working for Dell in April 2012. Investigators estimated that of the 50,000 to 200,000 documents Snowden gave to Greenwald and Poitras, most were copied by Snowden while working at Dell. In March 2012, Dell reassigned Snowden to Hawaii as lead technologist for the NSA's information-sharing office. NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Booz Allen Hamilton On March 15, 2013three days after what he later called his "breaking point" of "seeing the Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress"Snowden quit his job at Dell. Although he has said his career high annual salary was $200,000, Snowden said he took a pay cut to work at consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, where he sought employment in order to gather data and then release details of the NSA's worldwide surveillance activity. At the time of his departure from the U.S. in May 2013, he had been employed for 15 months inside the NSA's Hawaii regional operations center, which focuses on the electronic monitoring of China and North Korea, first for Dell and then for two months with Booz Allen Hamilton. While intelligence officials have described his position there as a system administrator, Snowden has said he was an infrastructure analyst, which meant that his job was to look for new ways to break into Internet and telephone traffic around the world. An anonymous source told Reuters that, while in Hawaii, Snowden may have persuaded 20–25 co-workers to give him their login credentials by telling them he needed them to do his job. The NSA sent a memo to Congress saying that Snowden had tricked a fellow employee into sharing his personal private key to gain greater access to the NSA's computer system. Snowden disputed the memo, saying in January 2014, "I never stole any passwords, nor did I trick an army of co-workers." Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, the day after he went public with his story, and 3 weeks after he had left Hawaii on a leave of absence. A former NSA co-worker said that although the NSA was full of smart people, Snowden was a "genius among geniuses" who created a widely implemented backup system for the NSA and often pointed out security flaws to the agency. The former colleague said Snowden was given full administrator privileges with virtually unlimited access to NSA data. Snowden was offered a position on the NSA's elite team of hackers, Tailored Access Operations, but turned it down to join Booz Allen. An anonymous source later said that Booz Allen's hiring screeners found possible discrepancies in Snowden's resume but still decided to hire him. Snowden's résumé stated that he attended computer-related classes at Johns Hopkins University. A spokeswoman for Johns Hopkins said that the university did not find records to show that Snowden attended the university, and suggested that he may instead have attended Advanced Career Technologies, a private for-profit organization that operated as the Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University. The University of Maryland University College acknowledged that Snowden had attended a summer session at a UM campus in Asia. Snowden's résumé stated that he estimated he would receive a University of Liverpool computer security master's degree in 2013. The university said that Snowden registered for an online master's degree program in computer security in 2011 but was inactive as a student and had not completed the program. In his May 2014 interview with NBC News, Snowden accused the U.S. government of trying to use one position here or there in his career to distract from the totality of his experience, downplaying him as a "low-level analyst." In his words, he was "trained as a spy in the traditional sense of the word in that I lived and worked undercover overseas—pretending to work in a job that I'm not—and even being assigned a name that was not mine." He said he'd worked for the NSA undercover overseas, and for the DIA had developed sources and methods to keep information and people secure "in the most hostile and dangerous environments around the world. So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading." In a June interview with Globo TV, Snowden reiterated that he "was actually functioning at a very senior level." In a July interview with The Guardian, Snowden explained that, during his NSA career, "I began to move from merely overseeing these systems to actively directing their use. Many people don't understand that I was actually an analyst and I designated individuals and groups for targeting." Snowden subsequently told Wired that while at Dell in 2011, "I would sit down with the CIO of the CIA, the CTO of the CIA, the chiefs of all the technical branches. They would tell me their hardest technology problems, and it was my job to come up with a way to fix them." During his time as an NSA analyst, directing the work of others, Snowden recalled a moment when he and his colleagues began to have severe ethical doubts. Snowden said 18 to 22-year-old analysts were suddenly"thrust into a position of extraordinary responsibility, where they now have access to all your private records. In the course of their daily work, they stumble across something that is completely unrelated in any sort of necessary sense—for example, an intimate nude photo of someone in a sexually compromising situation. But they're extremely attractive. So what do they do? They turn around in their chair and they show a co-worker ... and sooner or later this person's whole life has been seen by all of these other people." Snowden observed that this behavior happened routinely every two months but was never reported, being considered one of the "fringe benefits" of the work. Whistleblower status Snowden has described himself as a whistleblower, a description used by many sources, including CNBC, The New Yorker, Reuters, and The Guardian, among others. The term has both informal and legal meanings. Snowden said that he had told multiple employees and two supervisors about his concerns, but the NSA disputes his claim. Snowden elaborated in January 2014, saying "[I] made tremendous efforts to report these programs to co-workers, supervisors, and anyone with the proper clearance who would listen. The reactions of those I told about the scale of the constitutional violations ranged from deeply concerned to appalled, but no one was willing to risk their jobs, families, and possibly even freedom to go to through what [Thomas Andrews] Drake did." In March 2014, during testimony to the European Parliament, Snowden wrote that before revealing classified information he had reported "clearly problematic programs" to ten officials, who he said did nothing in response. In a May 2014 interview, Snowden told NBC News that after bringing his concerns about the legality of the NSA spying programs to officials, he was told to stay silent on the matter. He said that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight, and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities. I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office." In May 2014, U.S. officials released a single email that Snowden had written in April 2013 inquiring about legal authorities but said that they had found no other evidence that Snowden had expressed his concerns to someone in an oversight position. In June 2014, the NSA said it had not been able to find any records of Snowden raising internal complaints about the agency's operations. That same month, Snowden explained that he has not produced the communiqués in question because of the ongoing nature of the dispute, disclosing for the first time that "I am working with the NSA in regard to these records and we're going back and forth, so I don't want to reveal everything that will come out." Self-description as a whistleblower and attribution as such in news reports does not determine whether he qualifies as a whistleblower within the meaning of the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 (5 USC 2303(b)(8)-(9); Pub. Law 101-12). However, Snowden's potential status as a Whistleblower under the 1989 Act is not directly addressed in the criminal complaint against him in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (see below) (Case No. 1:13 CR 265 (0MH)). These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book Whistleblowing Nation, published in March 2020, an adaptation of which also appeared on Lawfare Blog in March 2019. The unclassified portion of a September 15, 2016, report by the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), initiated by the chairman and Ranking Member in August 2014, and posted on the website of the Federation of American Scientists, concluded that Snowden was not a whistleblower in the sense required by the Whistleblower Protection Act. The bulk of the report is classified. Global surveillance disclosures Size and scope of disclosures The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown, but Australian officials have estimated 15,000 or more Australian intelligence files and British officials estimate at least 58,000 British intelligence files were included. NSA Director Keith Alexander initially estimated that Snowden had copied anywhere from 50,000 to 200,000 NSA documents. Later estimates provided by U.S. officials were in the order of 1.7 million, a number that originally came from Department of Defense talking points. In July 2014, The Washington Post reported on a cache previously provided by Snowden from domestic NSA operations consisting of "roughly 160,000 intercepted e-mail and instant-message conversations, some of them hundreds of pages long, and 7,900 documents taken from more than 11,000 online accounts." A U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report declassified in June 2015 said that Snowden took 900,000 Department of Defense files, more than he downloaded from the NSA. Potential impact on U.S. national security In March 2014, Army General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told the House Armed Services Committee, "The vast majority of the documents that Snowden ... exfiltrated from our highest levels of security ... had nothing to do with exposing government oversight of domestic activities. The vast majority of those were related to our military capabilities, operations, tactics, techniques, and procedures." When asked in a May 2014 interview to quantify the number of documents Snowden stole, retired NSA director Keith Alexander said there was no accurate way of counting what he took, but Snowden may have downloaded more than a million documents. The September 15, 2016, HPSCI report estimated the number of downloaded documents at 1.5 million. In a 2013 Associated Press interview, Glenn Greenwald stated:"In order to take documents with him that proved that what he was saying was true he had to take ones that included very sensitive, detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do." Thus the Snowden documents allegedly contained sensitive NSA blueprints detailing how the NSA operates, and which would allow someone who read them to evade or even duplicate NSA surveillance. Further, a July 20, 2015 New York Times article reported that the terror group Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL) had studied revelations from Snowden, about how the United States gathered information on militants, the main result is that the group's top leaders used couriers or encrypted channels to avoid being tracked or monitoring of their communications by Western analysts. According to Snowden, he did not indiscriminately turn over documents to journalists, stating that "I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over" and that "I have to screen everything before releasing it to journalists ... If I have time to go through this information, I would like to make it available to journalists in each country." Despite these measures, the improper redaction of a document by The New York Times resulted in the exposure of intelligence activity against al-Qaeda. In June 2014, the NSA's recently installed director, U.S. Navy Admiral Michael S. Rogers, said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that "the sky is falling." Nevertheless, in February 2015, Rogers said that Snowden's disclosures had a material impact on the NSA's detection and evaluation of terrorist activities worldwide. On June 14, 2015, the London Sunday Times reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's MI6 intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries. Sir David Omand, a former director of the UK's GCHQ intelligence gathering agency, described it as a huge strategic setback that was harming Britain, America, and their NATO allies. The Sunday Times said it was not clear whether Russia and China stole Snowden's data or whether Snowden voluntarily handed it over to remain at liberty in Hong Kong and Moscow. In April 2015, the Henry Jackson Society, a British neoconservative think tank, published a report claiming that Snowden's intelligence leaks negatively impacted Britain's ability to fight terrorism and organized crime. Gus Hosein, executive director of Privacy International, criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public became concerned about privacy only after Snowden's disclosures. Release of NSA documents Snowden's decision to leak NSA documents developed gradually following his March 2007 posting as a technician to the Geneva CIA station. Snowden later made contact with Glenn Greenwald, a journalist working at The Guardian. He contacted Greenwald anonymously as "Cincinnatus" and said he had sensitive documents that he would like to share. Greenwald found the measures that the source asked him to take to secure their communications, such as encrypting email, too annoying to employ. Snowden then contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013. According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her New York Times article about NSA whistleblower William Binney. What originally attracted Snowden to both Greenwald and Poitras was a Salon article written by Greenwald detailing how Poitras's controversial films had made her a target of the government. Greenwald began working with Snowden in either February or April 2013, after Poitras asked Greenwald to meet her in New York City, at which point Snowden began providing documents to them. Barton Gellman, writing for The Washington Post, says his first direct contact was on May 16, 2013. According to Gellman, Snowden approached Greenwald after the Post declined to guarantee publication within 72 hours of all 41 PowerPoint slides that Snowden had leaked exposing the PRISM electronic data mining program, and to publish online an encrypted code allowing Snowden to later prove that he was the source. Snowden communicated using encrypted email, and going by the codename "Verax". He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by stylometry. According to Gellman, before their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions and that the return of this information to the public marks my end." Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at mortal risk from the United States Intelligence Community "if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information." In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy. In mid-May, Snowden gave an electronic interview to Poitras and Jacob Appelbaum which was published weeks later by Der Spiegel. After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures. In June 2013, he said, "All I can say right now is the US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped." Publication On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong, where he was staying when the initial articles based on the leaked documents were published, beginning with The Guardian on June 5. Greenwald later said Snowden disclosed 9,000 to 10,000 documents. Within months, documents had been obtained and published by media outlets worldwide, most notably The Guardian (Britain), Der Spiegel (Germany), The Washington Post and The New York Times (U.S.), O Globo (Brazil), Le Monde (France), and similar outlets in Sweden, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Australia. In 2014, NBC broke its first story based on the leaked documents. In February 2014, for reporting based on Snowden's leaks, journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman and The Guardian′s Ewen MacAskill were honored as co-recipients of the 2013 George Polk Award, which they dedicated to Snowden. The NSA reporting by these journalists also earned The Guardian and The Washington Post the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for exposing the "widespread surveillance" and for helping to spark a "huge public debate about the extent of the government's spying". The Guardians chief editor, Alan Rusbridger, credited Snowden for having performed a public service. Revelations The ongoing publication of leaked documents has revealed previously unknown details of a global surveillance apparatus run by the United States' NSA in close cooperation with three of its four Five Eyes partners: Australia's ASD, the UK's GCHQ, and Canada's CSEC. On June 5, 2013, media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year. The first program to be revealed was PRISM, which allows for court-approved direct access to Americans' Google and Yahoo accounts, reported from both The Washington Post and The Guardian published one hour apart. Barton Gellman of The Washington Post was the first journalist to report on Snowden's documents. He said the U.S. government urged him not to specify by name which companies were involved, but Gellman decided that to name them "would make it real to Americans." Reports also revealed details of Tempora, a British black-ops surveillance program run by the NSA's British partner, GCHQ. The initial reports included details about NSA call database, Boundless Informant, and of a secret court order requiring Verizon to hand the NSA millions of Americans' phone records daily, the surveillance of French citizens' phone and Internet records, and those of "high-profile individuals from the world of business or politics." XKeyscore, an analytical tool that allows for collection of "almost anything done on the internet," was described by The Guardian as a program that shed light on one of Snowden's most controversial statements: "I, sitting at my desk [could] wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge or even the president, if I had a personal email." The NSA's top-secret black budget, obtained from Snowden by The Washington Post, exposed the successes and failures of the 16 spy agencies comprising the U.S. intelligence community, and revealed that the NSA was paying U.S. private tech companies for clandestine access to their communications networks. The agencies were allotted $52 billion for the 2013 fiscal year. It was revealed that the NSA was harvesting millions of email and instant messaging contact lists, searching email content, tracking and mapping the location of cell phones, undermining attempts at encryption via Bullrun and that the agency was using cookies to piggyback on the same tools used by Internet advertisers "to pinpoint targets for government hacking and to bolster surveillance." The NSA was shown to be secretly accessing Yahoo and Google data centers to collect information from hundreds of millions of account holders worldwide by tapping undersea cables using the MUSCULAR surveillance program. The NSA, the CIA and GCHQ spied on users of Second Life, Xbox Live and World of Warcraft, and attempted to recruit would-be informants from the sites, according to documents revealed in December 2013. Leaked documents showed NSA agents also spied on their own "love interests," a practice NSA employees termed LOVEINT. The NSA was shown to be tracking the online sexual activity of people they termed "radicalizers" in order to discredit them. Following the revelation of Black Pearl, a program targeting private networks, the NSA was accused of extending beyond its primary mission of national security. The agency's intelligence-gathering operations had targeted, among others, oil giant Petrobras, Brazil's largest company. The NSA and the GCHQ were also shown to be surveilling charities including UNICEF and Médecins du Monde, as well as allies such as European Commissioner Joaquín Almunia and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In October 2013, Glenn Greenwald said "the most shocking and significant stories are the ones we are still working on, and have yet to publish." In November, The Guardians editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger said that only one percent of the documents had been published. In December, Australia's Minister for Defence David Johnston said his government assumed the worst was yet to come. By October 2013, Snowden's disclosures had created tensions between the U.S. and some of its close allies after they revealed that the U.S. had spied on Brazil, France, Mexico, Britain, China, Germany, and Spain, as well as 35 world leaders, most notably German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who said "spying among friends" was unacceptable and compared the NSA with the Stasi. Leaked documents published by Der Spiegel in 2014 appeared to show that the NSA had targeted 122 high-ranking leaders. An NSA mission statement titled "SIGINT Strategy 2012-2016" affirmed that the NSA had plans for the continued expansion of surveillance activities. Their stated goal was to "dramatically increase mastery of the global network" and to acquire adversaries' data from "anyone, anytime, anywhere." Leaked slides revealed in Greenwald's book No Place to Hide, released in May 2014, showed that the NSA's stated objective was to "Collect it All," "Process it All," "Exploit it All," "Partner it All," "Sniff it All" and "Know it All." Snowden said in a January 2014 interview with German television that the NSA does not limit its data collection to national security issues, accusing the agency of conducting industrial espionage. Using the example of German company Siemens, he said, "If there's information at Siemens that's beneficial to US national interests—even if it doesn't have anything to do with national security—then they'll take that information nevertheless." In the wake of Snowden's revelations and in response to an inquiry from the Left Party, Germany's domestic security agency Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) investigated and found no concrete evidence that the U.S. conducted economic or industrial espionage in Germany. In February 2014, during testimony to the European Union, Snowden said of the remaining undisclosed programs, "I will leave the public interest determinations as to which of these may be safely disclosed to responsible journalists in coordination with government stakeholders." In March 2014, documents disclosed by Glenn Greenwald writing for The Intercept showed the NSA, in cooperation with the GCHQ, has plans to infect millions of computers with malware using a program called TURBINE. Revelations included information about QUANTUMHAND, a program through which the NSA set up a fake Facebook server to intercept connections. According to a report in The Washington Post in July 2014, relying on information furnished by Snowden, 90% of those placed under surveillance in the U.S. are ordinary Americans and are not the intended targets. The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails, message texts, and online accounts, that support the claim. In an August 2014 interview, Snowden for the first time disclosed a cyberwarfare program in the works, codenamed MonsterMind, that would automate the detection of a foreign cyberattack as it began and automatically fire back. "These attacks can be spoofed," said Snowden. "You could have someone sitting in China, for example, making it appear that one of these attacks is originating in Russia. And then we end up shooting back at a Russian hospital. What happens next?" Motivations Snowden first contemplated leaking confidential documents around 2008 but held back, partly because he believed the newly elected Barack Obama might introduce reforms. After the disclosures, his identity was made public by The Guardian at his request on June 9, 2013. "I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded," he said. "My sole motive is to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them." Snowden said he wanted to "embolden others to step forward" by demonstrating that "they can win." He also said that the system for reporting problems did not work. "You have to report wrongdoing to those most responsible for it." He cited a lack of whistleblower protection for government contractors, the use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to prosecute leakers and the belief that had he used internal mechanisms to "sound the alarm," his revelations "would have been buried forever." In December 2013, upon learning that a U.S. federal judge had ruled the collection of U.S. phone metadata conducted by the NSA as likely unconstitutional, Snowden said, "I acted on my belief that the NSA's mass surveillance programs would not withstand a constitutional challenge, and that the American public deserved a chance to see these issues determined by open courts ... today, a secret program authorized by a secret court was, when exposed to the light of day, found to violate Americans' rights." In January 2014, Snowden said his "breaking point" was "seeing the Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress." This referred to testimony on March 12, 2013—three months after Snowden first sought to share thousands of NSA documents with Greenwald, and nine months after the NSA says Snowden made his first illegal downloads during the summer of 2012—in which Clapper denied to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that the NSA wittingly collects data on millions of Americans. Snowden said, "There's no saving an intelligence community that believes it can lie to the public and the legislators who need to be able to trust it and regulate its actions. Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back. Beyond that, it was the creeping realization that no one else was going to do this. The public had a right to know about these programs." In March 2014, Snowden said he had reported policy or legal issues related to spying programs to more than ten officials, but as a contractor had no legal avenue to pursue further whistleblowing. Flight from the United States Hong Kong In May 2013, Snowden quit his job, telling his supervisors he required epilepsy treatment, but instead fled the United States for Hong Kong on May 10. Snowden told Guardian reporters in June that he had been in his room at the Mira Hotel since his arrival in the city, rarely going out. On June 10, correspondent Ewen MacAskill said Snowden had left his hotel only briefly three times since May 20. Snowden vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the U.S. government, and engaged a Hong Kong-based Canadian human rights lawyer Robert Tibbo as a legal adviser. Snowden told the South China Morning Post that he planned to remain in Hong Kong for as long as its government would permit. Snowden also told the Post that "the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong [and] the PRC as well," going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to "ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China." After leaving the Mira Hotel, Snowden was housed for two weeks in several apartments by other refugees seeking asylum in Hong Kong, an arrangement set up by Tibbo to hide from the US authorities. The Russian newspaper Kommersant nevertheless reported that Snowden was living at the Russian consulate shortly before his departure from Hong Kong to Moscow. Ben Wizner, a lawyer with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and legal adviser to Snowden, said in January 2014, "Every news organization in the world has been trying to confirm that story. They haven't been able to, because it's false." Likewise rejecting the Kommersant story was Anatoly Kucherena, who became Snowden's lawyer in July 2013 when Snowden asked him for help in seeking temporary asylum in Russia. Kucherena said Snowden did not communicate with Russian diplomats while he was in Hong Kong. In early September 2013, however, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that, a few days before boarding a plane to Moscow, Snowden met in Hong Kong with Russian diplomatic representatives. On June 22, 18 days after the publication of Snowden's NSA documents began, officials revoked his U.S. passport. On June 23, Snowden boarded the commercial Aeroflot flight SU213 to Moscow, accompanied by Sarah Harrison of WikiLeaks. Hong Kong authorities said that Snowden had not been detained for the U.S. because the request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law, and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving. On June 24, a U.S. State Department spokesman rejected the explanation of technical noncompliance, accusing the Hong Kong government of deliberately releasing a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant and after having sufficient time to prohibit his travel. That same day, Julian Assange said that WikiLeaks had paid for Snowden's lodging in Hong Kong and his flight out. Julian Assange had asked Fidel Narváez, consul at the Ecuadorian embassy in London, to sign an emergency travel document for Snowden. Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey". In October 2013, Snowden said that before flying to Moscow, he gave all the classified documents he had obtained to journalists he met in Hong Kong and kept no copies for himself. In January 2014, he told a German TV interviewer that he gave all of his information to American journalists reporting on American issues. During his first American TV interview, in May 2014, Snowden said he had protected himself from Russian leverage by destroying the material he had been holding before landing in Moscow. In January 2019, Vanessa Rodel, one of the refugees who had housed Snowden in Hong Kong, and her 7-year-old daughter were granted asylum by Canada. In 2021, Supun Thilina Kellapatha, Nadeeka Dilrukshi Nonis and their children found refuge in Canada, leaving only one of Snowden's Hong Kong helpers waiting for asylum. Russia On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport. WikiLeaks said he was on a circuitous but safe route to asylum in Ecuador. Snowden had a seat reserved to continue to Cuba but did not board that onward flight, saying in a January 2014 interview that he intended to transit through Russia but was stopped en route. He said "a planeload of reporters documented the seat I was supposed to be in" when he was ticketed for Havana, but the U.S. canceled his passport. He said the U.S. wanted him to stay in Moscow so "they could say, 'He's a Russian spy.'" Greenwald's account differed on the point of Snowden being already ticketed. According to Greenwald, Snowden's passport was valid when he departed Hong Kong but was revoked during the hours he was in transit to Moscow, preventing him from obtaining a ticket to leave Russia. Greenwald said Snowden was thus forced to stay in Moscow and seek asylum. According to one Russian report, Snowden planned to fly from Moscow through Havana to Latin America; however, Cuba told Moscow it would not allow the Aeroflot plane carrying Snowden to land. The Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that Cuba had a change of heart after receiving pressure from U.S. officials, leaving him stuck in the transit zone because at the last minute Havana told officials in Moscow not to allow him on the flight. The Washington Post contrasted this version with what it called "widespread speculation" that Russia never intended to let Snowden proceed. Fidel Castro called claims that Cuba would have blocked Snowden's entry a "lie" and a "libel." Describing Snowden's arrival in Moscow as a surprise and likening it to "an unwanted Christmas gift," Russian president Putin said that Snowden remained in the transit area of Sheremetyevo Airport, had committed no crime in Russia, was free to leave and should do so. Following Snowden's arrival in Moscow, the White House expressed disappointment in Hong Kong's decision to allow him to leave. An anonymous U.S. official not authorized to discuss the matter told the Associated Press Snowden's passport had been revoked before he left Hong Kong, but that a senior official in a country or airline could order subordinates to overlook the withdrawn passport. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said that Snowden's passport was canceled "within two hours" of the charges against Snowden being made public which was Friday, June 21. In a July 1 statement, Snowden said, "Although I am convicted of nothing, [the U.S. government] has unilaterally revoked my passport, leaving me a stateless person. Without any judicial order, the administration now seeks to stop me exercising a basic right. A right that belongs to everybody. The right to seek asylum." Four countries offered Snowden permanent asylum: Ecuador, Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Venezuela. No direct flights between Moscow and Venezuela, Bolivia, or Nicaragua existed, however, and the U.S. pressured countries along his route to hand him over. Snowden said in July 2013 that he decided to bid for asylum in Russia because he felt there was no safe way to reach Latin America. Snowden said he remained in Russia because "when we were talking about possibilities for asylum in Latin America, the United States forced down the Bolivian president's plane", citing the Morales plane incident. According to Snowden, "the CIA has a very powerful presence [in Latin America] and the governments and the security services there are relatively much less capable than, say, Russia.... they could have basically snatched me...." On the issue, he said "some governments in Western European and North American states have demonstrated a willingness to act outside the law, and this behavior persists today. This unlawful threat makes it impossible for me to travel to Latin America and enjoy the asylum granted there in accordance with our shared rights." Snowden said that he would travel from Russia if there was no interference from the U.S. government. Four months after Snowden received asylum in Russia, Julian Assange commented: "While Venezuela and Ecuador could protect him in the short term, over the long term there could be a change in government. In Russia, he's safe, he's well-regarded, and that is not likely to change. That was my advice to Snowden, that he would be physically safest in Russia." In an October 2014 interview with The Nation magazine, Snowden reiterated that he had originally intended to travel to Latin America: "A lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia." According to Snowden, the U.S. government "waited until I departed Hong Kong to cancel my passport in order to trap me in Russia." Snowden added, "If they really wanted to capture me, they would've allowed me to travel to Latin America because the CIA can operate with impunity down there. They did not want that; they chose to keep me in Russia." Morales plane incident On July 1, 2013, president Evo Morales of Bolivia, who had been attending a conference in Russia, suggested during an interview with RT (formerly Russia Today) that he would consider a request by Snowden for asylum. The following day, Morales's plane, en route to Bolivia, was rerouted to Austria and landed there, after France, Spain, and Italy denied access to their airspace. While the plane was parked in Vienna, the Spanish ambassador to Austria arrived with two embassy personnel and asked to search the plane but they were denied permission by Morales himself. U.S. officials had raised suspicions that Snowden may have been on board. Morales blamed the U.S. for putting pressure on European countries and said that the grounding of his plane was a violation of international law. In April 2015, Bolivia's ambassador to Russia, María Luisa Ramos Urzagaste, accused Julian Assange of inadvertently putting Morales's life at risk by intentionally providing to the U.S. false rumors that Snowden was on Morales's plane. Assange responded that "we weren't expecting this outcome. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. We can only regret what happened." Asylum applications Snowden applied for political asylum to 21 countries. A statement attributed to him contended that the U.S. administration, and specifically then–Vice President Joe Biden, had pressured the governments to refuse his asylum petitions. Biden had telephoned President Rafael Correa days prior to Snowden's remarks, asking the Ecuadorian leader not to grant Snowden asylum. Ecuador had initially offered Snowden a temporary travel document but later withdrew it, and Correa later called the offer a mistake. In a July 1, 2013 statement published by WikiLeaks, Snowden accused the U.S. government of "using citizenship as a weapon" and using what he described as "old, bad tools of political aggression." Citing Obama's promise to not allow "wheeling and dealing" over the case, Snowden commented, "This kind of deception from a world leader is not justice, and neither is the extralegal penalty of exile." Several days later, WikiLeaks announced that Snowden had applied for asylum in six additional countries, but declined to name them, alleging attempted U.S. interference. After evaluating the law and Snowden's situation, the French interior ministry rejected his request for asylum. Poland refused to process his application because it did not conform to legal procedure. Brazil's Foreign Ministry said the government planned no response to Snowden's asylum request. Germany and India rejected Snowden's application outright, while Austria, Ecuador, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain said he must be on their territory to apply. In November 2014, Germany announced that Snowden had not renewed his previously denied request and was not being considered for asylum. Glenn Greenwald later reported that Sigmar Gabriel, Vice-Chancellor of Germany, told him the U.S. government had threatened to stop sharing intelligence if Germany offered Snowden asylum or arranged for his travel there. Putin said on July 1, 2013, that if Snowden wanted to be granted asylum in Russia, he would be required to "stop his work aimed at harming our American partners." A spokesman for Putin subsequently said that Snowden had withdrawn his asylum application upon learning of the conditions. In a July 12 meeting at Sheremetyevo Airport with representatives of human rights organizations and lawyers, organized in part by the Russian government, Snowden said he was accepting all offers of asylum that he had already received or would receive. He added that Venezuela's grant of asylum formalized his asylee status, removing any basis for state interference with his right to asylum. He also said he would request asylum in Russia until he resolved his travel problems. Slovenian correspondent Polonca Frelih, the only journalist, who presented at the July 12 meeting with Snowden, reported that he “looked like someone without daylight for long time but strong enough psychologically” while expressing worries about his medical condition. Russian Federal Migration Service officials confirmed on July 16 that Snowden had submitted an application for temporary asylum. On July 24, Kucherena said his client wanted to find work in Russia, travel and create a life for himself, and had already begun learning Russian. Amid media reports in early July 2013 attributed to U.S. administration sources that Obama's one-on-one meeting with Putin, ahead of a G20 meeting in St Petersburg scheduled for September, was in doubt due to Snowden's protracted sojourn in Russia, top U.S. officials repeatedly made it clear to Moscow that Snowden should immediately be returned to the United States to face charges for the unauthorized leaking of classified information. His Russian lawyer said Snowden needed asylum because he faced persecution by the U.S. government and feared "that he could be subjected to torture and capital punishment." Snowden married Lindsay Mills in 2017. On April 16, 2020, CNN reported that Edward Snowden had requested a three-year extension of his Russian residency permit. Eric Holder letter to Russian Justice Minister In a letter to Russian Minister of Justice Aleksandr Konovalov dated July 23, 2013, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder repudiated Snowden's claim to refugee status and offered a limited validity passport good for direct return to the U.S. He stated that Snowden would not be subject to torture or the death penalty, and would receive a trial in a civilian court with proper legal counsel. The same day, the Russian president's spokesman reiterated that his government would not hand over Snowden, commenting that Putin was not personally involved in the matter and that it was being handled through talks between the FBI and Russia's FSB. Criminal charges On June 14, 2013, United States federal prosecutors filed a criminal complaint against Snowden, charging him with three felonies: theft of government property and two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 (18 U. S. C. Sect. 792 et. seq.; Publ. L. 65-24) through unauthorized communication of national defense information and willful communication of classified communications intelligence information to an unauthorized person. Specifically, the charges filed in the Criminal Complaint were: 18 U.S.C. 641 Theft of Government Property 18 U.S.C. 793(d) Unauthorized Communication of National Defense Information 18 U.S.C. 798(a)(3) Willful Communication of Classified Intelligence Information to an Unauthorized Person Each of the three charges carries a maximum possible prison term of ten years. The criminal complaint was initially secret but was unsealed a week later. Analysis of Criminal Complaint Stephen P. Mulligan and Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative attorneys for the Congressional Research Service, provide a 2017 analysis of the uses of the Espionage Act to prosecute unauthorized disclosures of classified information, based on what was disclosed, to whom, and how; the burden of proof requirements e.g. degrees of Mens Rea (guilty mind), and the relationship of such considerations to the First Amendment framework of protections of free speech are also analyzed. The analysis includes the charges against Snowden, among several other cases. The discussion also covers gaps in the legal framework used to prosecute such cases. Snowden response to Criminal Complaint Snowden was asked in a January 2014 interview about returning to the U.S. to face the charges in court, as Obama had suggested a few days prior. Snowden explained why he rejected the request: What he doesn't say are that the crimes that he's charged me with are crimes that don't allow me to make my case. They don't allow me to defend myself in an open court to the public and convince a jury that what I did was to their benefit. ... So it's, I would say, illustrative that the president would choose to say someone should face the music when he knows the music is a show trial. Snowden's legal representative, Jesselyn Radack, wrote that "the Espionage Act effectively hinders a person from defending himself before a jury in an open court." She said that the "arcane World War I law" was never meant to prosecute whistleblowers, but rather spies who betrayed their trust by selling secrets to enemies for profit. Non-profit betrayals were not considered. Civil lawsuit On September 17, 2019, the United States filed a lawsuit, Civil Action No. 1:19-cv-1197-LO-TCB, against Snowden for alleged violations of non-disclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA. The two-count civil complaint alleged that Snowden had violated prepublication obligations related to the publication of his memoir Permanent Record. The complaint listed the publishers Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC d.b.a. Henry Holt and Company and Holtzbrink, as relief-defendants. The Hon. Liam O'Grady, a judge in the Alexandria Division of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found for the United States (Plaintiff) by summary judgement, on both counts of the action. The judgment also found that Snowden had been paid speaker honorariums totaling $1.03 million for a series of 56 speeches delivered by video link. Asylum in Russia On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport aboard a commercial Aeroflot flight from Hong Kong. After 39 days in the transit section, he left the airport on August 1 and was granted temporary asylum in Russia for one year by the Federal Migration Service. Snowden had the choice to apply for renewal of his temporary refugee status for 12 months or requesting a permit for temporary stay for three years. A year later, his temporary refugee status having expired, Snowden received a three-year temporary residency permit allowing him to travel freely within Russia and to go abroad for up to three months. He was not granted permanent political asylum. In 2017, his temporary residency permit was extended for another three years. In December 2013, Snowden told journalist Barton Gellman that supporters in Silicon Valley had donated enough bitcoins for him to live on "until the fucking sun dies." (A single bitcoin was then worth about $1,000.) In 2017, Snowden secretly married Lindsay Mills. By 2019, he no longer felt the need to be disguised in public and lived what was described by The Guardian as a "more or less normal life." He was able to travel around Russia and make a living from speaking arrangements, locally and over the internet. His memoir Permanent Record was released internationally on September 17, 2019, and while U.S. royalties were expected to be seized, he was able to receive an advance of $4.2 million. The memoir reached the top position on Amazon's bestseller list that day. Snowden said his work for the NSA and CIA showed him that the United States Intelligence Community (IC) had "hacked the Constitution", and that he had concluded there was no option for him but to expose his revelations via the press. In the memoir he wrote, "I realized that I was crazy to have imagined that the Supreme Court, or Congress, or President Obama, seeking to distance his administration from President George W. Bush's, would ever hold the IC legally responsible – for anything". Of Russia he said, "One of the things that is lost in all the problematic politics of the Russian government is the fact this is one of the most beautiful countries in the world" with "friendly" and "warm" people. On November 1, 2019, new amendments took effect introducing a permanent residence permit for the first time and removing the requirement to renew the pre-2019 so-called "permanent" residence permit every five years. The new permanent residence permit must be replaced three times in a lifetime like an ordinary internal passport for Russian citizens. In accordance with that law, Snowden was in October 2020 granted permanent residence in Russia instead of another extension. In April 2020, an amendment to Russian nationality law allowing foreigners to obtain Russian citizenship without renouncing a foreign citizenship came into force. In November 2020, Snowden announced that he and his wife, Lindsay, who was expecting their son in late December, were applying for dual U.S.-Russian citizenship in order not to be separated from him "in this era of pandemics and closed borders." Reaction United States Barack Obama In response to outrage by European leaders, President Barack Obama said in early July 2013 that all nations collect intelligence, including those expressing outrage. His remarks came in response to an article in the German magazine Der Spiegel. In 2014, Obama stated, "our nation's defense depends in part on the fidelity of those entrusted with our nation's secrets. If any individual who objects to government policy can take it into their own hands to publicly disclose classified information, then we will not be able to keep our people safe, or conduct foreign policy." He objected to the "sensational" way the leaks were reported, saying the reporting often "shed more heat than light." He said that the disclosures had revealed "methods to our adversaries that could impact our operations." During a November 2016 interview with the German broadcaster ARD and the German paper Der Spiegel, then-outgoing President Obama said he "can't" pardon Edward Snowden unless he is physically submitted to US authorities on US soil. Donald Trump In 2013, Donald Trump made a series of tweets in which he referred to Snowden as a "traitor", saying he gave "serious information to China and Russia" and "should be executed". Later that year he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan". In August 2020, Trump said during a press conference that he would "take a look" at pardoning Snowden, and added that he was "not that aware of the Snowden situation". He stated, "There are many, many people – it seems to be a split decision that many people think that he should be somehow treated differently, and other people think he did very bad things, and I'm going to take a very good look at it." Forbes described Trump's willingness to consider a pardon as "leagues away" from his 2013 views. Snowden responded to the announcement saying, "the last time we heard a White House considering a pardon was 2016, when the very same Attorney General who once charged me conceded that, on balance, my work in exposing the NSA's unconstitutional system of mass surveillance had been 'a public service'." Top members of the House Armed Services Committee immediately voiced strong opposition to a pardon, saying Snowden's actions resulted in "tremendous harm" to national security, and that he needed to stand trial. Liz Cheney called the idea of a pardon "unconscionable". A week prior to the announcement, Trump also said he had been thinking of letting Snowden return to the U.S. without facing any time in jail. Days later, Attorney General William Barr told the AP he was "vehemently opposed" to the idea of a pardon, saying "[Snowden] was a traitor and the information he provided our adversaries greatly hurt the safety of the American people, he was peddling it around like a commercial merchant. We can't tolerate that." Public figures Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg called Snowden's release of NSA material the most significant leak in U.S. history. Shortly before the September 2016 release of his biographical thriller film Snowden, a semi-fictionalized drama based on the life of Edward Snowden with a short appearance by Snowden himself, Oliver Stone said that Snowden should be pardoned, calling him a "patriot above all" and suggesting that he should run the NSA himself. In a December 18, 2013, CNN editorial, former NSA whistleblower J. Kirk Wiebe, known for his involvement in the NSA's Trailblazer Project, noted that a federal judge for the District of Columbia, the Hon. Richard J. Leon had ruled in a contemporaneous case before him that the NSA warrantless surveillance program was likely unconstitutional; Wiebe then proposed that Snowden should be granted amnesty and allowed to return to the United States. Government officials Numerous high-ranking current or former U.S. government officials reacted publicly to Snowden's disclosures. 2013 Director of National Intelligence James Clapper condemned the leaks as doing "huge, grave damage" to U.S. intelligence capabilities. Ex-CIA director James Woolsey said that if Snowden were convicted of treason, he should be hanged. FBI director Robert Mueller said that the U.S. government is "taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures." 2014 House Intelligence Committee chairman Mike Rogers and ranking member Dutch Ruppersberger said a classified Pentagon report written by military intelligence officials contended that Snowden's leaks had put U.S. troops at risk and prompted terrorists to change their tactics and that most files copied were related to current U.S. military operations. Former congressman Ron Paul began a petition urging the Obama Administration to grant Snowden clemency. Paul released a video on his website saying, "Edward Snowden sacrificed his livelihood, citizenship, and freedom by exposing the disturbing scope of the NSA's worldwide spying program. Thanks to one man's courageous actions, Americans know about the truly egregious ways their government is spying on them." Mike McConnell—former NSA director and current vice chairman at Booz Allen Hamilton—said that Snowden was motivated by revenge when the NSA did not offer him the job he wanted. "At this point," said McConnell, "he being narcissistic and having failed at most everything he did, he decides now I'm going to turn on them." Former President Jimmy Carter said that if he were still president today he would "certainly consider" giving Snowden a pardon were he to be found guilty and imprisoned for his leaks. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, "[W]e have all these protections for whistleblowers. If [Snowden] were concerned and wanted to be part of the American debate...it struck me as...sort of odd that he would flee to China because Hong Kong is controlled by China, and that he would then go to Russia—two countries with which we have very difficult cyberrelationships." As Clinton saw it, "turning over a lot of that material—intentionally or unintentionally—drained, gave all kinds of information, not only to big countries but to networks and terrorist groups and the like. So I have a hard time thinking that somebody who is a champion of privacy and liberty has taken refuge in Russia, under Putin's authority." Clinton later said that if Snowden wished to return to the U.S., "knowing he would be held accountable," he would have the right "to launch both a legal defense and a public defense, which can, of course, affect the legal defense." Secretary of State John Kerry said Snowden had "damaged his country very significantly" and "hurt operational security" by telling terrorists how to evade detection. "The bottom line," Kerry added, "is this man has betrayed his country, sitting in Russia where he has taken refuge. You know, he should man up and come back to the United States." Former Vice President Al Gore said Snowden "clearly violated the law so you can't say OK, what he did is all right. It's not. But what he revealed in the course of violating important laws included violations of the U.S. Constitution that were way more serious than the crimes he committed. In the course of violating important law, he also provided an important service. ... Because we did need to know how far this has gone." In December, President Obama nominated former deputy defense secretary Ashton Carter to succeed outgoing Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel. Seven months before, Carter had said, "We had a cyber Pearl Harbor. His name was Edward Snowden." Carter charged that U.S. security officials "screwed up spectacularly in the case of Snowden. And this knucklehead had access to destructive power that was much more than any individual person should have access to." Debate In the U.S., Snowden's actions precipitated an intense debate on privacy and warrantless domestic surveillance. President Obama was initially dismissive of Snowden, saying "I'm not going to be scrambling jets to get a 29-year-old hacker." In August 2013, Obama rejected the suggestion that Snowden was a patriot, and in November said that "the benefit of the debate he generated was not worth the damage done, because there was another way of doing it." In June 2013, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont shared a "must-read" news story on his blog by Ron Fournier, stating "Love him or hate him, we all owe Snowden our thanks for forcing upon the nation an important debate. But the debate shouldn't be about him. It should be about the gnawing questions his actions raised from the shadows." In 2015, Sanders stated that "Snowden played a very important role in educating the American public" and that although Snowden should not go unpunished for breaking the law, "that education should be taken into consideration before the sentencing." Snowden said in December 2013 that he was "inspired by the global debate" ignited by the leaks and that NSA's "culture of indiscriminate global espionage ... is collapsing." At the end of 2013, The Washington Post said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing. In 2016, on The Axe Files podcast, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that Snowden "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made." Holder nevertheless said that Snowden's actions were inappropriate and illegal. In September 2016, the bipartisan U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures. The report also said that "the public narrative popularized by Snowden and his allies is rife with falsehoods, exaggerations, and crucial omissions." The report was denounced by Washington Post reporter Barton Gellman, who, in an opinion piece for The Century Foundation, called it "aggressively dishonest" and "contemptuous of fact." Presidential panel In August 2013, President Obama said that he had called for a review of U.S. surveillance activities before Snowden had begun revealing details of the NSA's operations, and announced that he was directing DNI James Clapper "to establish a review group on intelligence and communications technologies." In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the NSA to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using backdoors in hardware or software. Panel member Geoffrey R. Stone said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks. Court rulings (United States) On June 6, 2013, in the wake of Snowden's leaks, conservative public interest lawyer and Judicial Watch founder Larry Klayman filed a lawsuit claiming that the federal government had unlawfully collected metadata for his telephone calls and was harassing him. In Klayman v. Obama, Judge Richard J. Leon referred to the NSA's "almost-Orwellian technology" and ruled the bulk telephone metadata program to be likely unconstitutional. Leon's ruling was stayed pending an appeal by the government. Snowden later described Judge Leon's decision as vindication. On June 11, the ACLU filed a lawsuit against James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, alleging that the NSA's phone records program was unconstitutional. In December 2013, ten days after Judge Leon's ruling, Judge William H. Pauley III came to the opposite conclusion. In ACLU v. Clapper, although acknowledging that privacy concerns are not trivial, Pauley found that the potential benefits of surveillance outweigh these considerations and ruled that the NSA's collection of phone data is legal. Gary Schmitt, former staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, wrote that "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection program—a kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff." On May 7, 2015, in the case of ACLU v. Clapper, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit said that Section 215 of the Patriot Act did not authorize the NSA to collect Americans' calling records in bulk, as exposed by Snowden in 2013. The decision voided U.S. District Judge William Pauley's December 2013 finding that the NSA program was lawful, and remanded the case to him for further review. The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act. Circuit Judge Gerard E. Lynch wrote that, given the national security interests at stake, it was prudent to give Congress an opportunity to debate and decide the matter. On September 2, 2020, a US federal court ruled that the US intelligence's mass surveillance program, exposed by Edward Snowden, was illegal and possibly unconstitutional. They also cited that the US intelligence leaders, who publicly defended it, were not telling the truth. USA Freedom Act On June 2, 2015, the U.S. Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the USA Freedom Act which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies. The new restrictions were widely seen as stemming from Snowden's revelations. Europe In an official report published in October 2015, the United Nations special rapporteur for the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of speech, Professor David Kaye, criticized the U.S. government's harsh treatment of, and bringing criminal charges against, whistleblowers, including Edward Snowden. The report found that Snowden's revelations were important for people everywhere and made "a deep and lasting impact on law, policy, and politics." The European Parliament invited Snowden to make a pre-recorded video appearance to aid their NSA investigation. Snowden gave written testimony in which he said that he was seeking asylum in the EU, but that he was told by European Parliamentarians that the U.S. would not allow EU partners to make such an offer. He told the Parliament that the NSA was working with the security agencies of EU states to "get access to as much data of EU citizens as possible." He said that the NSA's Foreign Affairs Division lobbies the EU and other countries to change their laws, allowing for "everyone in the country" to be spied on legally. By mid-2013, Snowden had applied for asylum in 21 countries, including Europe and South America, obtaining negative responses in most cases. Austria, Italy and Switzerland Snowden applied for asylum in Austria, Italy and Switzerland. Snowden, speaking to a Geneva, Switzerland audience via video link from Moscow, said he would love to return to Geneva, where he had previously worked undercover for the CIA. Swiss media said that the Swiss Attorney General had determined that Switzerland would not extradite Snowden if the US request were considered "politically motivated". Switzerland would grant Snowden asylum if he revealed the extent of espionage activities by the United States government. According to the paper Sonntags Zeitung, Snowden would be granted safe entry and residency in Switzerland, in return for his knowledge of American intelligence activities. Swiss paper Le Matin reported that Snowden's activity could be part of criminal proceedings or part of a parliamentary inquiry. Extradition would also be rejected if Snowden faced the death penalty, for which the United States has already provided assurances. The three felony charges which Snowden faces each carry a maximum of 10 years imprisonment. As reported in Der Bund, the upper-level Swiss government could create an obstacle. France On September 16, 2019, it was reported that Snowden had said he "would love" to get political asylum in France. Snowden first applied unsuccessfully for asylum in France in 2013, under then French President François Hollande. His second request under President Emmanuel Macron, was favorably received by Justice Minister Nicole Belloubet. However, no other members of the French government were known to express support for Snowden's asylum request, possibly due to the potential adverse diplomatic consequences. Germany Hans-Georg Maaßen, head of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Germany's domestic security agency, speculated that Snowden could have been working for the Russian government. Snowden rejected this insinuation, speculating on Twitter in German that "it cannot be proven if Maaßen is an agent of the SVR or FSB." On October 31, 2013, Snowden met with German Green Party lawmaker Hans-Christian Ströbele in Moscow, to discuss the possibility of Snowden giving testimony in Germany. At the meeting, Snowden gave Ströbele a letter to the German government, parliament, and federal Attorney-General, the details of which were to later be made public. Germany later blocked Snowden from testifying in person in an NSA inquiry, citing a potential grave strain on US-German relations. Nordic Countries The FBI demanded that Nordic countries arrest Snowden, should he visit their countries. Snowden made asylum requests to Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. All requests were ultimately denied, with varying degrees of severity in the response. According to Finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman Tytti Pylkkö, Snowden made an asylum request to Finland by sending an application to the Finnish embassy in Moscow, while he was confined to the transit area of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow but was told that Finnish law required him to be on Finnish soil. According to SVT News, Snowden met with three Swedish MP's; Matthias Sundin (L), Jakop Dalunde (MP) and Cecilia Magnusson (M), in Moscow, to discuss his views on mass surveillance. The meeting was organized by the Right Livelihood Award Foundation, which awarded Snowden the Right Livelihood Honorary Award, often called Sweden's "Alternative Nobel Prize." According to the foundation, the prize was for Snowden's work on press freedom. Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum, however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf. Snowden was granted a freedom of speech award by the Oslo branch of the writer's group PEN International. He applied for asylum in Norway but Norwegian Justice Secretary insisted that the application be made on Norwegian soil and further expressed doubt that Snowden met the criteria for gaining asylum - being "important for foreign political reasons". Snowden then filed a lawsuit for free passage through Norway in order to receive his freedom of speech award, through Oslo's District Court, followed by an appeals court, and finally Norway's Supreme Court. The lawsuit was ultimately rejected by the Norwegian Supreme Court. Snowden also applied for asylum in Denmark, but this was rejected by the center-right Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen who said he could see no reason to grant Snowden asylum, calling him a "criminal". Apparently, under an agreement with the Danish government, a US government jet lay in wait on standby in Copenhagen, to transfer Snowden back to the United States from any Scandinavian country. Latin and South America Support for Snowden came from Latin and South American leaders including the Argentinian President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, Bolivian President Evo Morales, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, and Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega. International community Crediting the Snowden leaks, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted Resolution 68/167 in December 2013. The non-binding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance and included a symbolic declaration of the right of all individuals to online privacy. In July 2014, Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, told a news conference in Geneva that the U.S. should abandon its efforts to prosecute Snowden, since his leaks were in the public interest. Public opinion polls Surveys conducted by news outlets and professional polling organizations found that American public opinion was divided on Snowden's disclosures and that those polled in Canada and Europe were more supportive of Snowden than respondents in the U.S. although more Americans have grown more supportive of Snowden's disclosure. In Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Spain more than 80% of people familiar with Snowden view him positively. Recognition For his global surveillance disclosures, Snowden has been honored by publications and organizations based in Europe and the United States. He was voted as The Guardians person of the year 2013, garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate. Teleconference speaking engagements In March 2014, Snowden spoke at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Interactive technology conference in Austin, Texas, in front of 3,500 attendees. He participated by teleconference carried over multiple routers running the Google Hangouts platform. On-stage moderators were Christopher Soghoian and Snowden's legal counsel Wizner, both from the ACLU. Snowden said that the NSA was "setting fire to the future of the internet," and that the SXSW audience was "the firefighters." Attendees could use Twitter to send questions to Snowden, who answered one by saying that information gathered by corporations was much less dangerous than that gathered by a government agency, because "governments have the power to deprive you of your rights." Then-Representative Mike Pompeo (R-KS) of the House Intelligence Committee, later director of the CIA and secretary of state, had tried unsuccessfully to get the SXSW management to cancel Snowden's appearance; instead, SXSW director Hugh Forrest said that the NSA was welcome to respond to Snowden at the 2015 conference. Later that month, Snowden appeared by teleconference at the TED conference in Vancouver, British Columbia. Represented on stage by a robot with a video screen, video camera, microphones, and speakers, Snowden conversed with TED curator Chris Anderson and told the attendees that online businesses should act quickly to encrypt their websites. He described the NSA's PRISM program as the U.S. government using businesses to collect data for them, and that the NSA "intentionally misleads corporate partners" using, as an example, the Bullrun decryption program to create backdoor access. Snowden said he would gladly return to the U.S. if given immunity from prosecution, but that he was more concerned about alerting the public about abuses of government authority. Anderson invited Internet pioneer Tim Berners-Lee on stage to converse with Snowden, who said that he would support Berners-Lee's concept of an "internet Magna Carta" to "encode our values in the structure of the internet." On September 15, 2014, Snowden appeared via remote video link, along with Julian Assange, on Kim Dotcom's Moment of Truth town hall meeting held in Auckland. He made a similar video link appearance on February 2, 2015, along with Greenwald, as the keynote speaker at the World Affairs Conference at Upper Canada College in Toronto. In March 2015, while speaking at the FIFDH (international human rights film festival) he made a public appeal for Switzerland to grant him asylum, saying he would like to return to live in Geneva, where he once worked undercover for the Central Intelligence Agency. In April 2015, John Oliver, the host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, flew to Moscow to interview Edward Snowden. On November 10, 2015, Snowden appeared at the Newseum, via remote video link, for PEN American Center's "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security and Free Expression," event. In 2015, Snowden earned over $200,000 from digital speaking engagements in the U.S. On March 19, 2016, Snowden delivered the opening keynote address of the LibrePlanet conference, a meeting of international free software activists and developers presented by the Free Software Foundation. The conference was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the first such time Snowden spoke via teleconference using a full free software stack, end-to-end. On July 21, 2016, Snowden and hardware hacker Bunnie Huang, in a talk at MIT Media Lab's Forbidden Research event, published research for a smartphone case, the so-called Introspection Engine, that would monitor signals received and sent by that phone to provide an alert to the user if his or her phone is transmitting or receiving information when it shouldn't be (for example when it's turned off or in airplane mode), a feature described by Snowden to be useful for journalists or activists operating under hostile governments that would otherwise track their activities through their phones. In August 2020, a court filing by the Department of Justice indicated that Snowden had collected a total of over $1.2 million in speaking fees in addition to advances on books since 2013. In September 2021, Yahoo! Finance reported that for 67 speaking appearances by video link from September 2015–May 2020, Snowden had earned more than $1.2 million. In March 2021, Iowa State University paid him $35,000 for one such speech, his first at a public U.S. college since February 2017, when the University of Pittsburgh paid him $15,000. In April 2021, Snowden appeared at a Canadian investment conference sponsored by Sunil Tulsiani, a former policeman who had been barred from trading for life after dishonest behavior. Snowden took the opportunity to affirm his role as a whistleblower, inform viewers of Tulsiani's background, and encourage investors to conduct proper research before spending any money. The "Snowden effect" In July 2013, media critic Jay Rosen defined the "Snowden effect" as "Direct and indirect gains in public knowledge from the cascade of events and further reporting that followed Edward Snowden's leaks of classified information about the surveillance state in the U.S." In December 2013, The Nation wrote that Snowden had sparked an overdue debate about national security and individual privacy. In Forbes, the effect was seen to have nearly united the U.S. Congress in opposition to the massive post-9/11 domestic intelligence gathering system. In its Spring 2014 Global Attitudes Survey, the Pew Research Center found that Snowden's disclosures had tarnished the image of the United States, especially in Europe and Latin America. Jewel v. NSA On November 2, 2018, Snowden provided a court declaration in Jewel v. National Security Agency. Bibliography Permanent Record (2019) In popular culture Snowden's impact as a public figure has been felt in cinema, television, advertising, video games, literature, music, statuary, and social media. Snowden gave Channel 4's Alternative Christmas Message in December 2013. The film Snowden, based on Snowden's leaking of classified US government material, directed by Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in 2016. The documentary Citizenfour directed by Laura Poitras won Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards. See also Aftermath of the global surveillance disclosures Global surveillance and journalism List of whistleblowers Philip Agee Julian Assange Thomas A. Drake Daniel Ellsberg Chelsea Manning Sophie Zhang Carnivore (software) COINTELPRO ECHELON John Crane German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal List of people who have lived at airports Mass surveillance in the United States NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007) Perry Fellwock Mark Klein Thomas Tamm Diane Roark Russ Tice Operation Socialist (code name) Panetta Review Russian influence operations in the United States Stellar Wind (code name) Terrorist Surveillance Program Haven (software) – free and open-source Android app co-developed by Snowden and The Guardian Project GPG for Journalists Notes References Further reading Lanchester, John. October 3, 2013. Margulies, Joseph. "The Promise of May, the Betrayal of June, and the Larger Lesson of Manning and Snowden." Verdict. Justia. July 17, 2013. External links Edward Snowden on Substack November 1, 2013 (Index of articles) (Index of articles) "Global Surveillance" An annotated and categorized "overview of the revelations following the leaks by the whistleblower Edward Snowden. There are also some links to comments and followups." By Oslo University Library "The NSA Archive" American Civil Liberties Union searchable database of NSA documents disclosed by Edward Snowden, as published between June 5, 2013, and May 6, 2014 Book documents 107 additional pages from the Snowden archive released on May 13, 2014, in conjunction with the publication of Glenn Greenwald's No Place to Hide Snowden documents at Internet Archive 1983 births Activists from North Carolina American computer specialists American dissidents American exiles American memoirists American refugees American whistleblowers Articles containing video clips Booz Allen Hamilton people Dell people Fugitives wanted by the United States Fugitives wanted under the Espionage Act of 1917 Living people National Security Agency people People from Elizabeth City, North Carolina People of the Central Intelligence Agency People of the Defense Intelligence Agency People with epilepsy Privacy activists Refugees in Russia United States Army soldiers American emigrants to Russia

39715412

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Leftovers%20%28TV%20series%29

The Leftovers (TV series)

The Leftovers is an American supernatural drama television series created by Damon Lindelof and Tom Perrotta, that aired on HBO from June 29, 2014, to June 4, 2017. Based on Perrotta's 2011 novel of the same name, the series begins three years after the "Sudden Departure", a global event that resulted in 2% of the world's population disappearing. The lives of police chief Kevin Garvey (Justin Theroux) and his family, along with grieving widow Nora Durst (Carrie Coon) and her brother, Reverend Matt Jamison (Christopher Eccleston), are the focal points of the series as they struggle to adjust to life after the Departure. The pilot was written by Lindelof and Perrotta and directed by Peter Berg. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Justin Theroux, Amy Brenneman, Christopher Eccleston, Liv Tyler, Chris Zylka, Margaret Qualley, Carrie Coon, Ann Dowd, Regina King, Jovan Adepo, Kevin Carroll, Janel Moloney, and Scott Glenn. The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on October 4, 2015, and concluded December 6, 2015. On December 10, 2015, at Lindelof's request to be able to conclude the series, HBO renewed it for a third and final season, which premiered on April 16, 2017, and concluded on June 4, 2017. Over the course of the series, 28 episodes aired over three seasons. The first season received mostly positive reviews, though some criticized the series for its grim tone. The series underwent a critical reevaluation during its acclaimed second and third seasons, with many critics referring to The Leftovers as one of the greatest television series of all time, with particular praise for its writing, directing, acting (particularly Coon's) and thematic depth. The musical score composed by Max Richter also attracted critical praise. Despite receiving average Nielsen ratings throughout its run, the series has developed a cult following. The series has been compared favorably to Lost, a previous series co-created by Lindelof. Premise The Leftovers starts three years after a global event called the "Sudden Departure", the inexplicable, simultaneous disappearance of 140 million people, 2% of the world's population, on October 14, 2011. Following that event, mainstream religions declined, and a number of cults emerged, most notably the Guilty Remnant, a group of white-clothed, chain-smoking nihilists, and a cult led by Holy Wayne, a man who views himself as the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. The first season revolves around the Garvey family and their acquaintances in a fictionalized version of the town of Mapleton, New York. Kevin Garvey Jr. is the chief of police. His wife, Laurie, has joined the Guilty Remnant. Their son, Tommy, has left home to become a follower of Holy Wayne, and their daughter, Jill, is acting out. Meanwhile, grieving widow Nora Durst and her brother, Reverend Matt Jamison, struggle to deal with their respective traumas while adjusting to life post-Departure. It also follows Meg Abbott, a woman who is slowly seduced by the Mapleton faction of the Guilty Remnant, led by Patti Levin. These characters' lives intertwine and collide as they find themselves in the middle of an ongoing conflict between the Guilty Remnant and the townspeople of Mapleton. In the second season, the location shifts from Mapleton to the fictional town of Jarden, Texas, where not a single citizen was lost in the Sudden Departure. The Murphy family becomes a key focal point of the season. The patriarch, John, is the chief firefighter of the town. His wife, Erika, is a doctor. Their son, Michael, is a priest and their daughter, Evie, is a high school student with epilepsy. The Garvey family, Nora, and Matt move to Jarden at a time which coincides with an incident that leads to the disappearance of three young girls, followed by mass panic and chaos that threatens the town's safety and forces the Garvey and Murphy families to confront their inner demons. The third and final season unfolds three years later, in 2018, starting 14 days before the seventh anniversary of the Sudden Departure. The setting of third season moves between Jarden and Victoria, Australia, as most of the lead characters—particularly the Garvey and Murphy families—undergo emotional journeys that make them reflect upon their lives, their beliefs, and the events they have encountered in the previous two seasons. Kevin's father, the mentally ill former chief of police of Mapleton, is also a main focus in the final season as he embarks on a spiritual journey to fulfill a cryptic purpose, and eventually crosses paths with the other members of the Murphy and Garvey families. Cast and characters Main Justin Theroux as Kevin Garvey, initially Mapleton's chief of police and a father of two, who is trying to maintain a semblance of normalcy after the Sudden Departure. Amy Brenneman as Lorelei "Laurie" Garvey, Kevin's wife, who left her life behind to join a mysterious cult called the Guilty Remnant. Christopher Eccleston as Matt Jamison, a Reverend and editor of a self-published tabloid that outs sinners. He later relocates to Jarden, Texas and takes over its church. Liv Tyler as Megan "Meg" Abbott, a woman who becomes involved with the Guilty Remnant and comes to lead its more radical faction. Chris Zylka as Tom "Tommy" Garvey, Laurie's son (whom Kevin has raised as his own), who takes refuge with a mysterious guru called "Holy Wayne", before starting an alternative cult with Laurie. Margaret Qualley as Jill Garvey, Kevin and Laurie's teenage daughter, a straight-A student who has a difficult relationship with her father. Carrie Coon as Nora Durst, a wife and mother who lost her husband, son and daughter in the Sudden Departure. She is Matt's sister, and later becomes Kevin's partner and the adoptive mother of Lily, an infant fathered by Holy Wayne. Emily Meade as Aimee (season 1), Jill's free-spirited high school friend, who lives with the Garveys in Mapleton. Amanda Warren as Lucy Warburton (season 1), Mapleton's mayor who struggles to appease the local community amidst frequent clashes with the Guilty Remnant. She was in a relationship with Kevin's father prior to the Sudden Departure and continues to visit him while he in psychiatric care. Ann Dowd as Patricia "Patti" Levin, the leader of the Mapleton chapter of the Guilty Remnant, who continues to haunt Kevin following her death. Michael Gaston as Dean (season 1; guest season 3), a mysterious man who hunts dogs across Mapleton, and accompanies Kevin during his various sleepwalking nights. Max Carver as Adam Frost (season 1), a friend of Jill and Aimee. Charlie Carver as Scott Frost (season 1), Adam's identical twin brother. Annie Q. as Christine (season 1; guest season 3), one of Holy Wayne's former "groupies" who bears one of his children and is subsequently placed under Tommy's protection. Janel Moloney as Mary Jamison (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1), Matt's wife, who was rendered catatonic by a car crash during the Sudden Departure. Regina King as Erika Murphy (seasons 2–3), a doctor who runs an urgent-care facility. The Murphys are the Garveys' neighbors in Jarden. Kevin Carroll as John Murphy (seasons 2–3), Erika's husband and head of Jarden's volunteer fire department. He subsequently marries Laurie, and operates as a fraudulent medium. Jovan Adepo as Michael Murphy (seasons 2–3), Erika and John's devout teenage son. Scott Glenn as Kevin Garvey, Sr. (season 3; recurring season 1; guest season 2), Kevin's father and Mapleton's former chief of police, who relocates to Australia following his release from a mental health institute. Recurring Paterson Joseph as Henry "Holy Wayne" Gilchrest, Jr. (season 1; guest season 2), a post-Sudden Departure savior who "heals" people of their burdens. Natalie Gold as Sam's Mother (season 1; guest season 3), a woman who lost her baby son in the Sudden Departure. Marceline Hugot as Gladys (season 1; guest season 2), a member of the Guilty Remnant. Frank Harts as Officer Dennis Luckey (season 1), Kevin's deputy in Mapleton. Wayne Duvall as Detective Louis Vitello (season 1), a belligerent officer in the Mapleton police force who frequently clashes with Kevin. Jasmin Savoy Brown as Evangeline "Evie" Murphy (seasons 2–3), Erika and John's teenage daughter and Michael's twin sister. Darius McCrary as Isaac Rayney (season 2), a fortune teller in Jarden who is old friends with John. Steven Williams as Virgil (season 2), Evie and Michael's estranged grandfather. Turk Pipkin as Edward/Pillar Man (season 2; guest season 3), a mysterious figure residing atop the pillar in Jarden Square. Kenneth Wayne Bradley as Ranger Bob (season 2) Lindsay Duncan as Grace Playford (season 3), a former missionary who lost her entire family and crosses paths with Kevin Sr. Damien Garvey as Kevin Yarborough (season 3), an Australian police chief. Katja Herbers as Dr. Eden (season 3), one of the scientists experimenting with a machine purported to reunite its test subjects with the Departed. Victoria Haralabidou as Dr. Bekker (season 3), one of the scientists experimenting with a machine purported to reunite its test subjects with the Departed. Guests Brad Leland as Congressman Witten (season 1), a newly recruited follower of Holy Wayne's cult. David Turner as Anthony (season 1) Victor Williams as Ron Jensen (season 1) Sebastian Arcelus as Doug Durst (season 1), Nora's husband who departed with their two children. Billy Magnussen as Marcus (season 1), an employee at a business that creates lifelike mannequins of the Departed, who Nora meets at a conference in New York City. Tom Noonan as Casper (season 1), one of Holy Wayne's followers who Nora encounters in New York City. Bill Heck as Darren (seasons 1–2), Meg's ex-fiancee. Dominic Burgess as Dr. Brian Goodheart (season 2), an Australian scientist who illegally collects water from a reservoir in Jarden. Mark Linn-Baker as himself (seasons 2–3), an actor who faked his Departure after his co-stars from Perfect Strangers disappeared during the incident without him. Brad Greenquist as an adoption agent (season 2) who officiates Kevin and Nora's adoption of Lily. Charlayne Woodard as Lois Makepeace (season 2) Roger Narayan as Bhagat (season 2) Heather Kafka as Susan (season 2), a former member of the Guilty Remnant who joins Laurie's therapy group for ex-GR members. Mark Harelik as Peter (season 2) Alon Moni Aboutboul as Viktor (season 2) Sam Littlefield as Almer (season 2) Brett Butler as Sandy (seasons 2–3), the wife of Edward the pillar resident who lives in a shantytown outside Jarden. Joel Murray as George Brevity (seasons 2–3), an agent of the Department of Sudden Departures who befriends Nora in Jarden. Sonya Walger as Dr. Allison Herbert (season 2) Bill Camp as David Burton (seasons 2–3), an Australian former sportscaster who seemingly returned from the dead and now claims to be God. He appears to Kevin during his visits to the afterlife. Gary Basaraba as Neil (season 2), Patti's husband Betty Buckley as Jane (season 2) Adina Porter as a G.R. Leader (season 2) who disagrees with Meg's increasingly violent activism on behalf of the cult. Lasarus Ratuere as Officer Bardo (season 3) Jason Douglas as Jed (season 3) Alexandra Schepisi as The Woman (season 3) David Gulpilil as Christopher Sunday (season 3), a native elder living in the Australian outback who Kevin Sr. pursues for mystical knowledge. Benito Martinez as Arturo (season 3), a loyal member of Matt's congregation in Jarden. Development and production HBO acquired rights for series development with Perrotta attached as writer/executive producer and Ron Yerxa and Albert Berger as executive producers in August 2011, shortly before the book came out. Damon Lindelof had reportedly been a fan of Perrotta's earlier novels and had first learned of the book from a positive review by Stephen King in The New York Times in August 2011. In June 2012, Lindelof announced he would be developing the series alongside Perrotta. He served as the series' showrunner. In February 2013, HBO ordered a pilot and, in September, ordered a 10-episode first season. The Leftovers is the first series HBO acquired from an outside studio that it did not produce in-house. The first season covers the entirety of the book; the second and third seasons are completely original material. In April 2015, it was reported that the setting for the second season would shift from Mapleton, New York to a small town in Texas. The series shifted filming locations from New York to Austin, Texas, with nearby Lockhart serving as the mainstreet of fictional Jarden, Texas, when principal photography commenced in late April. For the second season, which features several changes, including cast, location, and storylines; Lindelof cited The Wire and Friday Night Lights as influences. The final season began principal photography in early May 2016, in Austin. In June 2016, the production moved to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, where it filmed the remainder of the series and completed post-production. On the move to Melbourne, Lindelof said, "We're immensely grateful for the opportunity to try something that looks and feels different from the preceding seasons and we absolutely cannot wait to bring our story to its conclusion down under." It was also confirmed that the season would have a shortened 8-episode run. Casting In June 2013, casting announcements began. Justin Theroux, Liv Tyler, Christopher Eccleston, Ann Dowd, Amanda Warren, Michael Gaston, and Carrie Coon were announced to star in the pilot. For the second season, eight of the 14 main cast members from season one returned, while Emily Meade, Amanda Warren, Annie Q., Max Carver, Charlie Carver and Michael Gaston did not. In April 2015, casting began for an African American family comprising a father, ex-convict John Murphy; his hearing-impaired doctor wife, Erika; and their teenage children Evie, an outgoing athlete, and Michael, a pious Christian. The roles of John, Erika, and Michael are portrayed by Kevin Carroll, Regina King and Jovan Adepo, respectively, all as series regulars. Darius McCrary was cast in a recurring role as Isaac Rayney, John's friend and a palm reader. Steven Williams was cast in a recurring role, playing Virgil, a confidant of Kevin's. Janel Moloney, who had a recurring role in the first season as Mary Jamison, was promoted to a regular cast member in season two. For the third season, it was confirmed in May 2016 that the entire main cast from the second season would return, with the exception of Dowd, and that Scott Glenn and Jasmin Savoy Brown had been promoted to series regulars. Glenn is credited as part of the main cast for the five season 3 episodes in which he appears; Brown ultimately remained as a recurring guest star, appearing in three episodes of the season. Lindsay Duncan joined the cast on December 6, 2016, also as a recurring guest star. Duncan appears in five episodes of the season. Several cast members did not continue in a regular capacity during season 3, but retain main cast credit for the episodes in which they feature. Liv Tyler appears in one scene in the first episode, and returns for one subsequent appearance in episode 7. Ann Dowd also returns to the main cast in episode 7 only. Margaret Qualley appears in the season's first episode only, with one subsequent voice cameo. Regina King appears in episode 2 only, and Janel Moloney features in two episodes. Chris Zylka appears for the final time in episode 2, making only one subsequent voice cameo, but retains his credit as a main cast member for the entire season. Additionally, season 1 main cast members Michael Gaston and Annie Q. return as guest stars. Opening credits and theme music The main title from the first season uses "The Leftovers (Main Title Theme)", an original piece of music by composer Max Richter, accompanied by images like a fresco in the style of the Sistine Chapel. The second season uses "Let the Mystery Be" by Iris DeMent. In addition, the opening changes to one that shows images of pictures and people who were departed missing from them and in their place is various images of earth-related phenomena like rain, clouds, aurora borealis and lightning. Season 3 retains the opening from Season 2 but with a different theme song for each episode, including reprises of the Season 1 main title theme and "Let the Mystery Be" in episodes seven and eight respectively. Season 3 None "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" (theme from Perfect Strangers) by David Pomeranz "Personal Jesus" by Richard Cheese "This Love Is Over" by Ray LaMontagne and the Pariah Dogs "Ashrei" by Benzion Miller "1-800 Suicide" by Gravediggaz "The Leftovers (Main Title Theme)" by Max Richter "Let the Mystery Be" by Iris DeMent Episodes Reception Critical response Season 1 Season one of The Leftovers received mostly positive reviews from critics. Metacritic scored season one 65 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Rotten Tomatoes scored the season 82%, based on 182 reviews, with an average rating of 7.65/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Its dour tone and self-seriousness may make for somber viewing, but The Leftovers is an artfully crafted, thought-provoking drama that aims high and often hits its mark." IGN reviewer Matt Fowler gave consistently high scores to all the season one episodes, including two perfect 10 scores for "Two Boats and a Helicopter" and the season finale "The Prodigal Son Returns." He then gave the entire first season a review score of 9.4 out of 10, particularly praising the character-centric episodes, Max Richter's score and the performances, particularly Carrie Coon's. Season 2 Season two received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 80 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a rating of 94% with an average score of 8.8 out of 10 based on 164 critic reviews, with the critical consensus "The Leftovers continues to be unpredictable and provocative in season two with its new location, though the inexplicable circumstances will still frustrate many viewers." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave it an "A" grade and wrote that "The Leftovers is still TV's best drama as season 2 begins"; it has "tighter focus, but same powerful, immersive experience". In her five out of five star review, Emily VanDerWerff of Vox wrote: "It's a show that wants to provoke a reaction in you, whether it's admiration, hatred, or just bafflement. It's HBO's best drama—and thus must-see TV." Season 3 The third season has received unanimous acclaim from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 98 out of 100 based on 17 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 99% rating with an average score of 9.35 out of 10 based on 189 reviews with the critical consensus "With reliably ambitious storytelling and outstanding performances from its cast, Season 3 of The Leftovers approaches the series' conclusion as thoughtfully, purposefully, and confidently as it began." Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote the final season "is spectacular, in every sense of that word." The Leftovers was ranked as the best TV series of 2017 according to Metacritic. Alan Sepinwall placed season three first on his list of the best TV shows of 2017, an accolade he had awarded to both previous seasons in their respective years. He said "this has been my show of the year — of the decade, maybe, depending on how we count things like Mad Men and Breaking Bad that debuted in the '00s"; he went on to say "the eight-episode final season was a miracle". According to Metacritic's aggregate of critics' decade-end lists, The Leftovers was the highest ranked show of the 2010s. Critics' top ten lists Accolades Home media The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on October 6, 2015. The set contains two audio commentaries and four behind-the-scenes featurettes. The second season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 9, 2016. The third season's DVD format was released on October 10, 2017 while the Blu-ray format was released by the Warner Archive Collection. Notes References External links 2014 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings 2010s American drama television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American supernatural television series Christianity in popular culture Dystopian television series English-language television shows HBO original programming Television about mental health New religious movements in popular culture Television series about dysfunctional families Television series about missing people Religious drama television series Serial drama television series Television shows based on American novels Television series about parallel universes Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios Television shows filmed in New York (state) Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Australia Television shows set in New York (state) Television shows set in Texas Television shows about death Television series created by Damon Lindelof

39776534

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%20executions

Nuremberg executions

The Nuremberg executions took place on 16 October 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Nuremberg Trials. Ten prominent members of the political and military leadership of Nazi Germany were executed by hanging: Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Fritz Sauckel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and Julius Streicher. Hermann Göring was also scheduled to be hanged on that day, but committed suicide using a potassium cyanide capsule the night before. Martin Bormann was also sentenced to death in absentia; at the time his whereabouts were unknown, but it is now thought that he committed suicide while attempting to escape Berlin on 2 May 1945. The sentences were carried out in the gymnasium of Nuremberg Prison by the United States Army using the standard drop method instead of long drop. The executioners were Master Sergeant John C. Woods and his assistant, military policeman Joseph Malta. Woods may have miscalculated the lengths for the ropes used for the executions, such that some of the men did not die quickly of an intended broken neck but instead strangled to death slowly. Some reports indicated some executions took from 14 to 28 minutes. The Army denied claims that the drop length was too short or that the condemned died from strangulation instead of a broken neck. Additionally, the trapdoor was too small, such that several of the condemned suffered bleeding head injuries when they hit the sides of the trapdoor while dropping through. The bodies were rumored to have been taken to Dachau for cremation, but were in fact incinerated in a crematorium in Munich and the ashes scattered over the river Isar. Kingsbury Smith of the International News Service wrote an eyewitness account of the hangings. His account appeared with photos in newspapers. Order of executions The executions started at 1:11a.m. with von Ribbentrop. The total span was just about two hours. Notes References October 1946 events Articles containing video clips

39813611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Hampshire

List of people from Hampshire

This is a list of famous or notable people from were either born or resided in the English county of Hampshire: A Edward Abraham, biochemist, was born in Shirley James Acton, cricketer, was born in Southampton Fanny Adams, murder victim, was born in Alton James Adams, cricketer, was born in Winchester Rick Adams, broadcaster, was born in Winchester Adamski, Adam Tinley, music producer, was born in Lymington William Adelin, prince, was born in Winchester Æthelwold of Winchester, bishop, was born in Winchester Ben Ainslie, yachtsman, was raised in Lymington Ben Mansfield, actor, born in Romsey Holly Aird, actor, was born in Aldershot Bill Albury, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Richard Aldington, poet, was born in Portsmouth Michael Alexander, diplomat, was born in Winchester Alfie Allen, actor, was born in Portsmouth Anthony Allen, rugby union player, was born in Southampton Christopher Allen, cricketer, was born in Southampton Mabel Alleyne, wood engraver, was born in Southampton James Alms, naval commander, was born in Gosport Richard Altham, cricketer, was born in Winchester Charles Ambler, footballer, was born in Alverstoke Charlie Amesbury, rugby union player, was born in Portsmouth Linda Amos, swimmer, was born in Portsmouth Bob Anderson, darts player, was born in Winchester Bob Anderson, fencer, was born in Gosport Diana Anderson, midwife, was born in Portsmouth Darren Anderton, footballer, was born in Southampton Cecil Andrews, footballer, was born in Alton Percy Andrews, footballer, was born in Alton Richard Andrews, industrialist, was born in Bishops Sutton Manny Andruszewski, footballer, was born in Eastleigh John Antrobus, playwright, was born in Aldershot Kirsty Applebaum, children's author Aqualung, singer, was born in Southampton Alexander Dundas Young Arbuthnott, naval commander, was born in Forton Geoffrey Arbuthnot, naval commander, was born in Havant Edward Archdale, sailor, was born in Portsmouth Les Archer, motorcycle racer, was born in Aldershot John Arlott, sports commentator, was born in Basingstoke Maxwell Armfield, painter, was born in Ringwood Richard Arthur, politician, was born in Aldershot Arthur Atherley, politician, was born in Southampton Sam Attwater, actor, was born in Basingstoke Aubrey, music producer, was raised in Portsmouth Juliet Aubrey, actor, was born in Fleet Claude Auchinleck, army commander, was born in Aldershot Cassandra Austen, painter, was born in Steventon Charles Austen, naval commander, was born in Steventon Francis Austen, naval commander, was born in Steventon Jane Austen, novelist, was born in Steventon Danny Axford, cyclist, was born in Winchester Wilbert Awdry, novelist, was born in Ampfield John Ayliffe, jurist, was born in Pember Jon Ayling, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Hertha Marks Ayrton, engineer, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth B James Bailey, politician, was born in Ropley Jim Bailey, cricketer, was born in Otterbourne Donald Baker, bishop, was born in Portsmouth Graham Baker, footballer, was born in Southampton Rae Baker, footballer, was born in Southampton Richard St. Barbe Baker Founder of the International Tree Foundation, born in West End Tom Baker, clergyman, was born in Southampton William Morrant Baker, physician, was born in Andover Clare Balding, presenter, was born in Kingsclere William Baldock, cricketer, was born in Chilworth Herbert Baldwin, cricketer, was born in Hartley Wintney Peter Baldwin, politician, was born in Aldershot Nicky Banger, footballer, was born in Southampton David Banks, cricketer, was born in Southampton Carl Barât, guitarist, was born in Basingstoke Chris Barfoot, actor, was born in Southampton George Barfoot, cricketer, was born in Twyford Stuart Barfoot, footballer, was born in Southampton Peter Barlow, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Joseph Osmond Barnard, engraver, was born in Portsmouth Mike Barnard, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth James Barnes, television director, was born in Portsmouth Nora Stanton Blatch Barney, civil engineer, was born in Basingstoke Peter Barrett, cricketer, was born in Winchester Laurence D. Barron, chemist, was born in Southampton Edward Dodsley Barrow, politician, was born in Ringwood Martin Barry, physician, was born in Fratton Kevin Bartlett, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Emma Barton, actor, was born in Portsmouth Charles Barton, cricketer, was born in Sherfield English Victor Barton, cricketer, was born in Hound Steve Basham, footballer, was born in Southampton Geeta Basra, actor, was born in Portsmouth Justin Bates, cricketer, was born in Farnborough Elizabeth Bather, police officer, was born in Winchester Mike Batt, music producer, was born in Southampton Tim Battersby, composer, was born in Fleet Henry Beagley, cricketer, was born in Alton John Beagley, cricketer, was born in Alton Daniel Marcus William Beak, naval commander, was born in Southampton George Beare, footballer, was born in Shirley Warren Don Beauman, racing driver, was born in Farnborough Julia Beckett, swimmer, was born in Winchester Tony Beckley, actor, was born in Southampton George Bell, theologian, was born in Hayling Island Kelly Bell, model, was born in Aldershot John Belling, geneticist, was born in Aldershot Francis Benali, footballer, was born in Southampton Russell Bencraft, cricketer, was born in Southampton Paul Bennett, footballer, was born in Southampton Peter B. Bennett, anaesthesiologist, was born in Portsmouth Godfrey Benson, politician, was born in New Alresford Graham Benstead, footballer, was born in Aldershot Bernhard Bentinck, cricketer, was born in South Warnborough Eugene Bernard, footballer, was born in Southampton Amelle Berrabah, singer, was born in Aldershot Cyril Berry, winemaker, was raised in Andover Johnny Berry, footballer, was born in Aldershot Walter Besant, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Scott Bevan, footballer, was born in Southampton Billy Bevis, footballer, was born in Warsash Bevis of Hampton, legendary hero, was born in Southampton Alexander William Bickerton, physicist, was born in Alton George Biddlecombe, naval surveyor, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Thomas Bilson, bishop, was born in Winchester Henry Bird, chess player, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Birdy, singer, was born in Lymington Denise Black, actor, was born in Emsworth Roger Black, athlete, was born in Gosport Kenneth Blackburne, colonial governor, was born in Bordon Ronnie Blackman, footballer, was born in Portsmouth David Blake, cricketer, was born in Havant John Blake, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Thomas Blakiston, naturalist, was born in Lymington Helena Blackman, actor, was born in Southampton Frederick Blundell, cricketer, was born in South Stoneham Gary Bond, actor, was born in Alton Ronnie Bond, drummer, was born in Andover John Bonham-Carter, politician, was born in Portsmouth Lothian Bonham-Carter, cricketer, was born in Adhurst St Mary Emma Bonney, billiards player, was born in Portsmouth Cecil Bouchier, pilot, was born in Fleet Lionel Bowen, footballer, was born in Southampton Marjorie Bowen, novelist, was born in Hayling Island Judi Bowker, actor, was born in Shawford John Boxall, clergyman, was born in Bramshott Ken Boyes, footballer, was born in Southampton Stuart Boyes, cricketer, was born in Southampton A.V. Bramble, actor, was born in Portsmouth Thomas Bramsdon, politician, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth John Bray, communications engineer, was born in Fratton Noel Brett, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Frederick Lee Bridell, painter, was born in Southampton Wayne Bridge, footballer, was born in Southampton Henry Bromfield, politician, was born in South Stoneham William Arnold Bromfield, botanist, was born in Boldre Robert Brooke, colonial governor, was born in Southampton Jeremy Brooks, novelist, was born in Southampton Joe Brooks, singer, was born in Southampton Arthur Brough, actor, was born in Petersfield Bob Brown, footballer, was born in Southampton Jason "J" Brown, singer, was born in Aldershot John Brown, cricketer, was born in Warblington Kevan Brown, footballer, was born in Andover Laurie Brown, bishop, was born in Basingstoke Peter Brown, footballer, was born in Andover Wayne Brown, footballer, was born in Southampton Tom Browne, broadcaster, was born in Lymington Donovan Browning, footballer, was born in Ashley Isambard Kingdom Brunel, engineer, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Iain Brunnschweiler, cricketer, was born in Southampton Charles Brutton, cricketer, was born in Southsea Nick Buchanan, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Bill Buck, cricketer, was born in Portswood Hugh Buckler, actor, was born in Southampton Charles Budden, cricketer, was born in Fareham James Budden, cricketer, was born in Bevois Town John Bulbeck, cricketer, was born in Havant Mervyn Burden, cricketer, was born in Southampton Thomas Burgess, bishop, was born in Odiham Geoffrey Burgon, composer, was born in Hambledon Frank Burnell-Nugent, cricketer, was born in Sherborne St John Andy Burrows, drummer, was born in Winchester Tom Burrows, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Alan Burton, footballer, was born in Aldershot Charles Butler, novelist, was born in Romsey George Edmund Butler, painter, was born in Southampton Martin Butler, composer, was born in Romsey Thomas Adair Butler, soldier, was born in Soberton Len Butt, footballer, was born in Freemantle John Button, politician, was born in Buckland John Button, politician, was born in Buckland James Bye, actor, was born in Basingstoke Arthur Byng, cricketer, was born in Southsea C David Calder, actor, was born in Portsmouth Henry Calder, cricketer, was born in South Stoneham Oliver "Olli" Caldwell, Formula 2 driver. James Callaghan, politician, was born in Copnor Isabella Calthorpe, actor, was born in Winchester Douglas Cameron, pilot, was born in Southampton Alastair Campbell, cricketer, was born in South Stoneham Alec Campbell, footballer, was born in Southampton John Candy, pilot, was born in Froyle Victor Cannings, cricketer, was born in Bighton Mornington Cannon, jockey, was born in Houghton Noel Capon, academic, was born in Southampton Matt Cardle, singer, was born in Southampton Arthur Carlisle, bishop, was born in Portsmouth Laura Carmichael, actor, was born in Southampton Harry Carpenter, bishop, was born in Liss George Carter, cricketer, was born in Warblington James Carter, judge, was born in Portsmouth Stuart Bonham Carter, naval officer, was born in Portsmouth Donald Cartridge, cricketer, was born in Sholing Richard Carty, cricketer, was born in Southampton George Case, cricketer, was born in Fareham Louise Casey, government adviser, was born in Portsmouth Raquel Cassidy, actor, was born in Fleet Sid Castle, footballer, was born in Basingstoke Vito Cataffo, restaurateur, was raised in Southampton Bob Catley, singer, was born in Aldershot Stuart Catterall, cricketer, was born in Southampton Ronald Cavaye, pianist, was born in Aldershot Kathryn Cave, novelist, was born in Aldershot Christopher Cazenove, actor, was born in Winchester Maureen Chadwick, screenwriter and dramatist, was born in Aldershot Garry Chalk, actor, was born in Southampton Norman Chalk, footballer, was born in Bitterne Basil Hall Chamberlain, linguist, was born in Southsea Houston Stewart Chamberlain, philosopher, was born in Southsea Will Champion, drummer, was born in Southampton Arthur Bertram Chandler, novelist, was born in Aldershot Richard Chandler, antiquary, was born in Elson John Worthy Chaplin, soldier, was born in Ramsdell Bill Charlton, footballer, was born in South Stoneham Ernle Chatfield, naval commander, was born in Southsea Mary Cheke, lady of the privy chamber, courtier poet, epigrammatist, was born in Hampshire Kara Chesworth, cyclist, was born in Portsmouth David Chidgey, politician, was born in Basingstoke Thomas Chignell, cricketer, was born in Havant Robert L. Chidlaw-Roberts, pilot, was born in Winchester Chris Chittell, actor, was born in Aldershot Ian Chivers, cricketer, was born in Southampton Martin Chivers, footballer, was born in Southampton Chris T-T, singer, was born in Winchester Cecil Christmas, footballer, was born in Southampton Charles Chubb, locksmith, was born in Fordingbridge Alexa Chung, model, was born in Privett Hedley Churchward, painter, was born in Aldershot Steve Claridge, football manager, was born in Portsmouth Clive Clark, golfer, was born in Winchester Andrew Clarke, colonial governor, was born in Southsea Alasdair Clayre, singer, was born in Southampton Montagu Cleeve, music teacher, was born in Southsea William Clement, cricketer Stan Clements, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Tom Cleverley, footballer, was born in Basingstoke Basil Coad, general, was born in Portsmouth Charles Cobbe, archbishop, was born in Swarraton Denise Coffey, actor, was born in Aldershot Peter Coke, actor, was born in Southsea John Colborne, colonial governor, was born in Lyndhurst Bill Coldwell, football manager, was born in Petersfield Marilyn Cole, model, was born in Portsmouth Norman Cole, footballer, was born in Southampton Andrew Collins, cricketer, was born in Andover Darren Collins, footballer, was born in Winchester Richard Collins, painter, was born in Gosport Alan Comfort, footballer, was born in Aldershot Hugh Constantine, air force commander, was born in Southsea Andy Cook, footballer, was born in Romsey Pam Cook, film historian, was born in Farnborough George Costigan, actor, was born in Portsmouth Alexander Cowie, cricketer, was born in Lymington Darren Cowley, cricketer, was born in Winchester William Cowper, anatomist, was born in Petersfield Walter Cox, footballer, was born in Southampton William Denton Cox, steward, was born in Southampton Lol Coxhill, saxophonist, was born in Portsmouth Ray Crawford, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Stan Cribb, footballer, was born in Gosport Thomas Crimble, cricketer, was born in Overton N. J. Crisp, dramatist, was born in Southampton Tom Croft, rugby union player, was born in Basingstoke Edmund Crofts, cricketer, was born in Winchester Alex Cropley, footballer, was born in Aldershot Ian Crosby, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Matt Crossley, footballer, was born in Basingstoke Noel Croucher, businessman and philanthropist Philip Crowley, entomologist, was born in Alton Jon Cruddas, politician, was raised in Waterlooville George Cull, cricketer, was born in Lymington Barry Cunliffe, archaeologist, was raised in Portsmouth Bessie Cursons, actor, was born in Portsmouth Henry Curtis, sailor, was born in Romsey William Curtis, botanist, was born in Alton D Ranulph Dacre, merchant, was born in Owslebury Liam Daish, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Richard Dalton, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Guy Daly, cricketer, was born in Bramley Sid Daniels, mariner, was born in Portsmouth Alex Danson, field hockey player, was born in Southampton James Darby, cricketer, was born in Fareham Ian Darke, sports commentator, was born in Portsmouth Julia Darling, novelist, was born in Winchester George Darvill, pilot, was born in Petersfield Craig David, singer, was born in Southampton Arthur Lumley Davids, orientalist, born in Hampshire Harold Davidson, clergyman, was born in Hound Emily Davies, suffragist, was born in Southampton Libby Davies, politician, was born in Aldershot Samantha Davies, yachtswoman, was born in Portsmouth Walter Davis, botanist, was born in Amport Richard Dawson, actor, was born in Gosport George Fiott Day, sailor, was born in Southampton Adam de Gurdon, knight, was born in Alton Geoffrey de Havilland, test pilot, was born in Kingsclere Robbe de Hert, film director, was born in Farnborough William de Meones, judge, was born in East Meon Thomas Dean, cricketer, was born in Gosport George Deane, cricketer, was born in Bighton Nick Dear, playwright, was born in Portsmouth Alfred Denning, judge, was born in Whitchurch Harry Dennis, footballer, was born in Romsey Charles Dibdin, songwriter, was born in Southampton William Dible, cricketer, was born in Southampton Charles Dickens, novelist, was born in Landport Jimmy Dickinson, footballer, was born in Alton Edward Didymus, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Kirsty Dillon, actor, was born in Portsmouth Charlie Dimmock, gardener, was born in Southampton Thomas Dingley, antiquary, was born in Southampton William Dodd, cricketer, was born in Steep Sean Doherty, footballer, was born in Basingstoke Arthur Dominy, footballer, was born in South Stoneham Daisy Dormer, singer, was born in Portsmouth Aman Dosanj, footballer, was born in Southampton Sarah Doucette, politician, was born in Winchester Howard Douglas, general, was born in Gosport Peter John Douglas, naval commander, was born in Portsmouth Harry Downer, cricketer, was born in Southampton Ted Drake, footballer, was born in Southampton Paul Draper, cricketer, was born in Southampton Frederick Drew, geologist, was born in Southampton Samuel Rolles Driver, theologian, was born in Southampton Henry Drummond, religious leader, was born in Northington Nicola Duffett, actor, was born in Portsmouth John Duigan, film director, was born in Hartley Wintney Edmund Dummer, shipbuilder, was born in North Stoneham Richard Dummer, colonist, was born in Bishopstoke Arthur Duncan, cricketer, was born in Southampton Dunbar Duncan, cricketer, was born in Southampton Bill Newton Dunn, politician, was born in Greywell Eric Dunn, air marshall, was born in Winchester John Freeman Dunn, politician, was born in Basingstoke John Charles Durant, politician, was born in Fordingbridge Ralph Dutton, gardener, was born in Hinton Ampner Bert Dyer, footballer, was born in Portsmouth E Pat Earles, footballer, was born in Titchfield Michael East, athlete, was born in Portsmouth David Easter, actor, was born in Eastleigh Mark Easton, journalist, was raised in Winchester John Ecton, tithe collector, was born in Winchester Ernie Edds, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Edward Lee Ede, cricketer, was born in Itchen Edward Murray Charles Ede, cricketer, was born in Southampton George Ede, cricketer, was born in Itchen Kate Edmondson, broadcaster, was born in Portsmouth Matt Edmondson, broadcaster, was born in Portsmouth Spike Edney, keyboard player, was born in Portsmouth Emma Edwards, politician, was born in Portsmouth Bill Ellerington, footballer, was born in Southampton Edward Elliot-Square, cricketer, was born in Winchester Albert Elliott, rugby union player, was born in Southampton Wade Elliott, footballer, was born in Eastleigh Christopher Elrington, historian, was born in Farnborough Charles Isaac Elton, barrister, was born in Southampton Gareth Emery, music producer, was born in Southampton Arthur English, actor, was born in Aldershot Edward Evans, theologian, was born in West Meon Ralph Evans, cricketer, was born in Newtown Eamon Everall, painter, was born in Aldershot John Ewbank, songwriter, was born in Eastleigh F Bob Fairman, footballer, was born in Southampton Brett Fancy, actor, was born in Portsmouth Harry Warner Farnall, politician, was born in Burley Richard Faulds, sport shooter, was raised in Longparish John Favour, theologian, was born in Southampton Sam Fay, railwayman, was born in Hamble le Rice John Feaver, tennis player, was born in Fleet J. W. C. Fegan, altruist, was born in Southampton Edward Stephen Fogarty Fegen, naval commander, was born in Southsea Walter Feltham, cricketer, was born in Ringwood Ronald Ferguson, polo player, was raised in Dummer Albert Fielder, cricketer, was born in Sarisbury Green Colin Fielder, footballer, was born in Winchester Walter Fielder, cricketer, was born in Fareham George Rudolf Hanbury Fielding, soldier, was born in Twyford Susannah Fielding, actor, was raised in Havant Anne Finch, poet, was born in Sydmonton Colin Firth, actor, was born in Grayshott Frances Fisher, actor, was born in Milford on Sea Rosa Frederica Baring FitzGeorge, socialite, was born in West Tytherley Desmond Fitzpatrick, general, was born in Aldershot Henry Fitzroy, cricketer, was born in Southampton Ray Flacke, guitarist, was born in Milford on Sea Aaron Flahavan, footballer, was born in Southampton Darryl Flahavan, footballer, was born in Southampton Thomas Fletcher, poet, was born in Avington Walter Flight, mineralogist, was born in Winchester Darren Flint, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Gerald Flood, actor, was born in Portsmouth Raymond Flood, cricketer, was born in Northam James Foad, rower, was born in Southampton Henry Foot, cricketer, was born in Romsey Mark Foran, footballer, was born in Aldershot Charles John Forbes, politician, was born in Gosport Julia Fordham, singer, was born in Portsmouth Darren Foreman, footballer, was born in Southampton Philippa Forrester, broadcaster, was born in Winchester Harold Forster, cricketer, was born in Winchester Charles Forward, cricketer, was born in Romsey Francis Foster, cricketer, was born in Havant Steve Foster, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Thomas Fox, cricketer, was born in Broughton William Tilbury Fox, dermatologist, was born in Broughton Mike Foyle, music producer, was born in Southampton Harold Frank, painter, was born in Southampton Martin Freeman, actor, was born in Aldershot Brian Freemantle, novelist, was born in Southampton Frederick Freemantle, cricketer, was born in Binley Joe French, footballer, was born in Southampton Henry Frere, cricketer, was born in Odiham Brian Froud, illustrator, was born in Winchester Stephen Fry, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Charles Fryatt, mariner, was born in Southampton Jim Fryatt, footballer, was born in Southampton G David Gaiman, public relations officer, was born in Portsmouth Neil Gaiman, novelist, was born in Portchester Henry Gale, cricketer, was born in Winchester Phil Gallie, politician, was born in Portsmouth John Galpin, cricketer, was born in Alverstoke Ted Galpin, businessman, was born in Portsmouth Russell Garcia, field hockey player, was born in Portsmouth Thomas Garnier, clergyman, was born in Bishopstoke George Garrett, composer, was born in Winch Joseph Garrett, YouTuber, stampylonghead, lives in Hampshire Stephen Gaselee, judge, was born in Portsmouth Steff Gaulter, weather forecaster, was born in Sway Chris Geere, actor, was raised in Winchester Pam Gems, playwright, was born in Bransgore Helen Ghosh, civil servant, was born in Farnborough Richard Gibbons, religious scholar, was born in Winchester Edgar Gibson, bishop, was born in Fawley William Gilbert, novelist, was born in Bishopstoke Michael Giles, drummer, was born in Waterlooville Peter Giles, bass guitarist, was born in Havant John Gilpin, ballet dancer, was born in Southsea Malcolm Gladwell, journalist, was born in Fareham Murray Gold, composer, was born in Portsmouth Alison Goldfrapp, singer, was raised in Alton Ernest Spiteri Gonzi, footballer, was born in Aldershot Josh Goodall, tennis player, was born in Basingstoke Jim Goodchild, footballer, was born in Southampton John Goodyer, botanist, was born in Alton Johnny Gordon, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Arthur Gore, tennis player, was born in Lyndhurst Robert Vaughan Gorle, soldier, was born in Southsea David Gorman, cricketer, was born in Havant James Gornall, cricketer, was born in Farnborough Andy Gosney, footballer, was born in Southampton John Goss, composer, was born in Fareham John Gother, priest, was born in Southampton Stephen Gough, public nudity activist, was born in Eastleigh Rupert Gould, horologist, was born in Southsea Claude Grahame-White, aviator, was born in Bursledon Thomas Tassell Grant, inventor, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Richard Granville, cricketer, was born in Kings Worthy Andy Gray, footballer, was born in Southampton Paul Gray, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Simon Gray, playwright, was born in Hayling Island Nicholas Greaves, clergyman, was born in Colemore Chris Green, railwayman, was born in Winchester Frederick Green, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Judd Green, actor, was born in Portsmouth Malcolm Green, chemist, was born in Eastleigh George Greenfield, cricketer, was born in Winchester Herbert Greenfield, politician, was born in Winchester Carl Greenidge, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke David Greetham, cricketer, was born in Liss Jack Gregory, footballer, was born in Southampton Maundy Gregory, political fixer, was born in Southampton John Griffin, rugby union player, was born in Southampton Phil Griggs, footballer, was born in Southampton Frederick Gross, cricketer, was born in South Stoneham Harriet Grote, biographer, was born in Southampton Anthony Norris Groves, missionary, was born in Newton Valence David Guard, cricketer, was born in Romsey Chris Gubbey, businessman, was born in Gosport Charles Gunner, cricketer, was born in Bishop's Waltham John Gunner, cricketer, was born in Bishop's Waltham Neil Gunter, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Steve Guppy, footballer, was born in Winchester John Gurdon, biologist, was born in Dippenhall Bernard Gutteridge, poet, was born in Southampton May Gutteridge, social worker, was born in Gosport H David Habbin, opera singer, was born in Ringwood James Hackman, murderer, was born in Gosport Kevin Hague, politician, was born in Aldershot David Haig, actor, was born in Aldershot Clifford Hall, cricketer, was born in Breamore Patrick Hall, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Robert Hall, cricketer, was born in Andover Lewis Stratford Tollemache Halliday, soldier, was born in Medstead John Halsted, naval commander, was born in Gosport Lawrence Halsted, naval commander, was born in Gosport Charles Powell Hamilton, naval commander, was born in Droxford Mark Hamilton, guitarist, was raised in Alton Stephen Hammond, politician, was born in Southampton Mike Hancock, politician, was born in Portsmouth Peter Hancock, bishop, was raised in Fareham Jonathan Handley, naval commander, was born in Southsea Terry Hands, theatre director, was born in Aldershot St John Emile Clavering Hankin, playwright, was born in Southampton John Hanlon, athlete, was born in Portsmouth Antony Hansen, singer, was born in Southampton Jonas Hanway, merchant, was born in Portsmouth Francis Pym Harding, colonial governor, was born in Lymington Israel Harding, sailor, was born in Portsmouth William James Harding, photographer, was born in Southampton Charles Hardy, naval commander, was born in Portsmouth Jeremy Hardy, comedian, was born in Aldershot Lewis Harfield, cricketer, was born in Cheriton Jane Harley, socialite, was born in Itchen Stoke Toby Harnden, journalist, was born in Portsmouth Frederick Harold, cricketer, was born in Eling Pamela Harriman, diplomat, was born in Farnborough Ashley Harris, footballer, was born in Purbrook Benjamin Randell Harris, soldier, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Charles Harris, basketball player, was born in Southampton Jack Harris, film editor, was born in South Farnborough Keith Harris, ventriloquist, was born in Lyndhurst Peter Harris, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Steve Harris, novelist, was born in Basingstoke Fred Harrison, footballer, was born in Winchester William Henry Harrison, cricketer, was born in Nursling Miranda Hart, actor, was raised in Petersfield Donna Hartley-Wass, athlete, was born in Southampton Henry Robinson Hartley, philanthropist, was born in Southampton Mark Hartmann, footballer, was born in Southampton Matthew Hartmann, footballer, was born in Southampton Bill Harvey, footballer, was born in Shirley Frank Harvey, cricketer, was born in Southampton Nick Harvey, politician, was born in Chandler's Ford Nikki Harvey, ten-pin bowler, was born in Southampton Richard Harwood, cellist, was born in Portsmouth Anthony Haswell, printer, was born in Portsmouth Owen Hatherley, journalist, was born in Southampton Lanoe Hawker, pilot, was born in Longparish Paddy Haycocks, broadcaster, was born in Portsmouth Brian Hayles, screenwriter, was born in Portsmouth Rob Hayles, cyclist, was born in Portsmouth Montague Hayter, cricketer, was born in Ringwood Edwin Hazelton, cricketer, was born in Southampton Allan Heath, cricketer, was born in East Woodhay Mark Evelyn Heath, diplomat, was born in Emsworth George Handel Heath-Gracie, organist, was born in Gosport Trevor Hebberd, footballer, was born in Winchester Nadia Hebson, painter, was born in Romsey Heinz, singer, was raised in Eastleigh Edward Hemsted, cricketer, was born in Whitchurch Doug Henderson, footballer, was born in Southampton David Heneker, composer, was born in Southsea Janet Henfrey, actor, was born in Aldershot Henry III of England, monarch, was born in Winchester Bob Herman, cricketer, was born in Southampton James Hibberd, cricketer, was born in Southampton George Elgar Hicks, painter, was born in Lymington George Hicks, trade unionist, was born in Vernhams Dean Anthony Hill, cricketer, was born in Romsey Extra Benny Hill, comedian, was born in Southampton Derek Hill, painter, was born in Southampton Georgiana Hill, cookery book writer, lived in Tadley Gerry Hill, cricketer, was born in Totton Harold Hillier, horticulturist, was born in Winchester James Hillyar, naval commander, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Harold Hinde, cricketer, was born in Southsea Richard Hindley, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth John Hinton, footballer, was born in Southampton Christopher Hitchens, journalist, was born in Portsmouth Ernest Hoare, cricketer, was born in Upper Clatford Joe Hoare, footballer, was born in Southampton Philip Hoare, author, was born in Southampton Carleton Hobbs, actor, was born in Farnborough Jack Hobbs, footballer, was born in Portsmouth John Raymond Hobbs, pathologist, was born in Aldershot Charles Howard Hodges, painter, was born in Portsmouth Roger Hodgson, singer, was born in Portsmouth Lancelot Hogben, zoologist, was born in Portsmouth Norman Douglas Holbrook, submariner, was born in Southsea John Hold, footballer, was born in Southampton Amanda Holden, actor, was born in Bishop's Waltham Cedric Holland, naval commander, was born in Alverstoke Henry Holland, cricketer, was born in Hartley Row Maggie Holland, singer, was born in Alton Ralph Hollins, naturalist, was born in Martin Henry Holmes, cricketer, was born in Romsey Nick Holmes, footballer, was born in Southampton Arthur Holt, footballer, was born in Bitterne Park Geoff Holt, yachtsman, was born in Portsmouth Ernest George Horlock, soldier, was born in Alton Bert Hoskins, football manager, was born in Southampton Jon Hotten, author, was born in Aldershot Brian Howard, footballer, was born in Winchester Peter Howard, physician, was born in Aldershot Brian Howe, singer, was born in Portsmouth Kate Howey, judoka, was born in Andover Mike Hugg, drummer, was born in Gosport David Hughes, novelist, was born in Alton Phil Hughes, cricketer, was born in Southampton Walter Humphreys, cricketer, was born in Southsea Dennis Hunt, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Douglas Hunt, footballer, was born in Shipton Bellinger Ralph Hunt, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Stephen Hunt, footballer, was born in Southampton Warren Hunt, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Elizabeth Hurley, actress, model was born in Basingstoke Hector Hurst, racing driver, was born in Lymington Chris Hutchings, football manager, was born in Winchester Steve Hutchings, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Arthur Hutchins, footballer, was born in Bishop's Waltham Peter Orlando Hutchinson, artist, was born in Winchester Sam Hutsby, golfer, was born in Portsmouth George Hyde, naval commander, was born in Southsea Hector Hyslop, cricketer, was born in Southampton I Nelson Illingworth, sculptor, was born in Portsmouth Danny Ings, footballer, was born in Winchester Simon Ings, novelist, was born in Horndean Robert Irving, conductor, was born in Winchester Gwyther Irwin, abstract artist, was born in Basingstoke Lionel Isherwood, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth J Frederick Jackman, cricketer, was born in Fareham Alison Jackson, photographer, was born in Southsea Charlotte Jackson, journalist, was born in Portsmouth Joan Jackson, muse, was born in Farnborough Joe Jackson, singer, was raised in Paulsgrove Richard Downes Jackson, colonial administrator, was born in Petersfield Edgar Jacob, bishop, was born in Crawley Giles Jacob, literary critic, was born in Romsey John James, architect, was raised in Basingstoke Manley Angell James, soldier, was born in Odiham Raji James, actor, was born in Portsmouth William Milbourne James, naval commander, was born in Hartley Wintney Robert Sympson Jameson, politician, was born in Harbridge Waldemar Januszczak, art critic, was born in Basingstoke Frank Jefferis, footballer, was born in Fordingbridge Joanna Jeffrees, actor, was born in Winchester Henry Jelf, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Frederick Jellicoe, cricketer, was born in Southampton John Jellicoe, naval commander, was born in Southampton Albert Jenkin, rugby union player, was born in Ibsley Alina Jenkins, broadcaster, was born in Eastleigh Frank Jenner, evangelist, was born in Southampton Sam Jepp, footballer, was born in Aldershot Selwyn Jepson, novelist, was born in Farther Common Belita Jepson-Turner, figure skater, was born in Nether Wallop Robert Jesson, cricketer, was born in Southampton Trevor Jesty, cricketer, was born in Gosport Guy Jewell, cricketer, was born in Axford Robin Johns, cricketer, was born in Southampton Alexander Bryan Johnson, philosopher, was born in Gosport Neil Johnson, film director, was born in Southampton Claire Johnstone, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Christian Jolley, footballer, was born in Fleet Allen Jones, sculptor, was born in Southampton Ellis Jones, actor, was born in Petersfield Howard Jones, singer, was born in Southampton Loftus William Jones, naval commander, was born in Petersfield Mick Jones, guitarist, was born in Portsmouth Paul Jones, singer, was born in Portsmouth Frank Jordan, footballer, was born in Southampton John Wesley Judd, geologist, was born in Portsmouth William Judd, cricketer, was born in Bramshaw Lukas Jutkiewicz, footballer, was born in Southampton K Herminie Templeton Kavanagh, novelist, was born in Aldershot Henry Kay, cricketer, was born in Bedhampton Robbie Kay, actor, was born in Lymington Dillie Keane, actor, was born in Portsmouth Richard Goodwin Keats, naval commander, was born in Chalton Joe Keenan, footballer, was born in Southampton Laura Keene, theatre director, was born in Winchester Nelson Keene, singer, was born in Farnborough Frederick Keeping, cyclist, was born in Pennington Michael Keeping, footballer, was born in Milford on Sea Martin Kellaway, cricketer, was born in Southampton Edward Kelsey, actor, was born in Petersfield John Kempe, politician, was born in Beaulieu William Kendle, cricketer, was born in Romsey Extra Derek Kenway, cricketer, was born in Fareham Richard Kenway, cricketer, was born in Southampton Paul Kerr, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Bob Kiddle, footballer, was born in Southampton Cath Kidston, retail designer, was raised near Andover Sidney Kimber, politician, was born in Highfield Arthur Kimish, cicketer, was born in Southampton Danielle King, cyclist, was born in Southampton Ernie King, footballer, was born in Southampton James King, cricketer, was born in Southampton Clarence Kingsbury, cyclist, was born in Portsmouth John Kingsmill, politician, was born in King's Enham Frederick Kitchener, cricketer, was born in Hartley Row Matthew Kleinveldt, cricketer, was born in Southampton Philip Klitz, composer, was born in Lymington Charles Knott, cricketer, was born in Southampton Roy Koerner, explorer, was born in Copnor Nicole Koolen, field hockey player, was born in Aldershot L Arthur Lake, bishop, was born in Southampton Kirsopp Lake, theologian, was born in Southampton Thomas Lake, politician, was born in Southampton Bruce Lamb, cricketer, was born in Andover Christopher Lambert, politician, was born in Winchester Martin Lambert, footballer, was born in Southampton Oliver Lambert, politician, was born in Southampton Thomas Lambert, politician, was born in Hazeley Thomas Lambert, politician, was born in Winchester Amanda Lamb, broadcaster, was born in Portsmouth Olly Lancashire, footballer, was born in Basingstoke James Lancaster, privateer, was born in Basingstoke Iain Landles, playwright, was born in Portsmouth Mark Lane, cricket coach, was born in Aldershot Jason Laney, cricketer, was born in Winchester George Langdon, cricketer, was born in Winchester William Langford, cricketer, was born in Hythe William Lashly, explorer, was born in Hambledon James Lawrence, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Patricia Lawrence, actor, was born in Andover Alex Lawther, actor, was born in Winchester Cliff Lazarenko, darts player, was born in Liss Stephen Leacock, humorist, was born in Swanmore John Leak, soldier, was born in Portsmouth Kenneth Leask, pilot, was born in Southsea Charles Leat, cricketer, was born in Ringwood Arthur Lee, cricketer, was born in Liphook Humphrey de Verd Leigh, inventor, was born in Aldershot Chrystabel Leighton-Porter, model, was born in Eastleigh Jose Levy, theatre director, was born in Portsmouth Jona Lewie, singer, was born in Southampton Phil Lewis, cricketer, was born in Liss Richard Lewis, cricketer, was born in Winchester Dave Leworthy, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Henry Liddon, theologian, was born in North Stoneham Billy Light, footballer, was born in Woolston Elisha Light, cricketer, was born in Winchester William Light, cricketer, was born in Winchester George Lillycrop, footballer, was born in Gosport James Lillywhite, cricketer, was born in Tichborne William Lily, grammarian, was born in Odiham Kathleen Lindsay, novelist, was born in Aldershot Edwin Lineham, cricketer, was born in Landport John Lingard, historian, was born in Winchester Robert Linzee, naval commander, was born in Portsmouth Francis Lipscomb, cricketer, was born in New Alresford William Lipscomb, cricketer, was born in Winchester Alice Lisle, fugitive shelterer, was born in Ellingham John Lloyd, politician, was born in Aldershot Martha Lloyd, recipe collector, was born in Bishopstoke Nicholas Lloyd, lexicographer, was born in Wonston Dan Lobb, broadcaster, was born in Colden Common Herbert Lock, footballer, was born in Southampton Michael Lockett, soldier, was born in Aldershot Kathleen Lockhart, actor, was born in Southsea Christopher Logue, poet, was born in Portsmouth Henry Long, footballer, was born in Southampton Selden Long, pilot, was born in Aldershot Okeover Longcroft, cricketer, was born in Havant Sue Lopez, footballer, was born in Southampton Montagu Love, actor, was born in Portsmouth John Lucarotti, screenwriter, was born in Aldershot William Lugg, actor, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Frederick Luke, soldier, was born in Lockerley David Lunn-Rockliffe, sports administrator, was raised near Winchester Algernon Lushington, cricketer, was born in Lyndhurst Nicholas Lyndhurst, actor, was born in Emsworth Humphrey Lyons, army commander, was born in St Austins Richard Lyons, diplomat, was born in Lymington Tracy Lyons, paedophile, was born in Portsmouth M Graham Maby, bass guitarist, was born in Gosport Angus Macdonald, footballer, was born in Winchester Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, novelist, was born in Southampton Alexander Mackonochie, clergyman, was born in Fareham Frederic Madden, palaeographer, was born in Portsmouth Michelle Magorian, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Sam Magri, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Dorothy Maijor, consort, was born in Hursley Alan Mais, surveyor, was born in Southampton Peregrine Maitland, colonial governor, was born in Longparish Arthur Malet, actor, was born in Lee on the Solent Tom Maley, football manager, was born in Portsmouth Anne-Marie Mallik, actor, was born in Fordingbridge Simon Mann, mercenary, was born in Aldershot Herbert Manners, cricketer, was born in Hartley Wintney Olivia Manning, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Richard Mant, bishop, was born in Southampton John Maples, politician, was born in Fareham Stephen Marcus, actor, was born in Portsmouth Margaret of York, monarch's daughter, was born in Winchester Edward Mariner, cricketer, was born in Winchester Jessie White Mario, nurse, was born in Gosport Paul Marks, cricketer, was born in Southampton Laura Marling, singer, was raised in Eversley George Marshall, footballer, was born in Southampton Charles Martin, cricketer, was born in Breamore George Martin, comedian, was born in Aldershot John Martin, paralympian, was born in Eastleigh William Martin, cricketer, was born in Southampton Craig Maskell, footballer, was born in Aldershot Tom Mason, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Wally Masur, tennis player, was born in Southampton Matilda of England, empress, was born in Winchester Sally Matthews, opera singer, was born in Southampton Charmian May, actor, was born in Purbrook John May, cricketer, was born in Southampton Kieran McAnespie, footballer, was born in Gosport Caitlin McClatchey, swimmer, was born in Portsmouth Neil McCorkell, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Dennis McDermott, trade unionist, was born in Portsmouth Ian McEwan, novelist, was born in Aldershot Charlie McGibbon, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Doug McGibbon, footballer, was born in Netley Richard McIlwaine, cricketer, was born in Milton Arthur McIntyre, cricketer, was born in Hartley Wintney Stephen McKay, academic, was born in Aldershot Ian McNeice, actor, was born in Basingstoke Josh McQuoid, footballer, was born in Southampton George Meredith, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Sammy Meston, footballer, was born in Southampton Jeremy Metcalfe, racing driver, was born in Fleet Daniel Middleton, YouTube personality and professional gamer, was born in Aldershot Steve Middleton, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Tony Middleton, cricketer, was born in Winchester Ian Mikardo, politician, was born in Portsmouth John Everett Millais, painter, was born in Southampton Roger Miller, cricketer, was born in Southampton Frank Milligan, cricketer, was born in Farnborough Brusher Mills, snake-catcher, was born in Emery Down Heather Mills, charity campaigner, was born in Aldershot Scott Mills, broadcaster, was born in Eastleigh Steve Mills, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Ralph Milner, martyr, was born in Slackstead Henry Misselbrook, cricketer, was born in Otterbourne Mary Russell Mitford, author, was born in New Alresford John Moberly, cricketer, was born in Winchester Bob Moffat, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Harry Moger, footballer, was born in Southampton George Monger, soldier, was born in Woodmancott Santa Montefiore, novelist, was born in Winchester Edwin Moon, pilot, was born in Southampton Liam Mooney, entrepreneur, was born in Gosport John Moore, cricketer, was born in Winchfield Rob Moore, field hockey player, was born in Winchester Richie Moran, footballer, was raised in Gosport Aubrey Morris, actor, was born in Portsmouth Paul Morris, academic, was born in Southampton Sarah Jane Morris, singer, was born in Southampton Talwin Morris, illustrator, was born in Winchester Wolfe Morris, actor, was born in Portsmouth James Morrison, politician, was born in Middle Wallop John Mortimore, football manager, was born in Farnborough Neil Moss, footballer, was born in New Milton Olly Moss, graphic designer, was born in Winchester Mickie Most, music producer, was born in Aldershot Fred Mouncher, footballer, was born in Southampton Edwina Mountbatten, socialite, was born in Romsey Extra Dominic Muldowney, composer, was born in Southampton Albert Mundy, footballer, was born in Gosport John Murray, religious minister, was born in Alton Rosemary Murray, university vice-chancellor, was born in Havant Paul Musselwhite, footballer, was born in Portsmouth N Ñāṇavīra Thera, monk, was born in Aldershot Frank Neary, footballer, was born in Aldershot Tiff Needell, racing driver, was born in Havant Jan Needle, novelist, was born in Portsmouth James Newcome, bishop, was born in Aldershot Jack Newman, cricketer, was born in Southsea Ron Newman, footballer, was born in Fareham Tony Newman, drummer, was born in Southampton Edward Newton, cricketer, was born in Blackmoor Paul Newton, bass guitarist, was born in Andover David Nicholls, novelist, was born in Eastleigh William Graham Nicholson, politician, was raised in Froxfield Donald Nicol, academic, was born in Portsmouth Florence Nightingale, lived at Embley Park, buried at St Margaret's Church, East Wellow. Arthur Nineham, footballer, was born in Southampton Victor Norbury, cricketer, was born in Bartley Lee Nurse, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Colin Nutley, film director, was born in Gosport John Nyren, cricketer, was born in Hambledon O David Oakes, actor, was born in Fordingbridge Tony Oakey, boxer, was born in Portsmouth Joe Oastler, footballer, was born in Portsmouth James Ockendon, soldier, was born in Portsmouth Christian O'Connell, broadcaster, was born in Winchester Tom Oliver, actor, was born in Fareham Andrew O'Neill, comedian, was born in Portsmouth Michael O'Neill, poet, was born in Aldershot Thomas Frederick Onslow, cricketer, was born in Old Alresford Paul O'Prey, author, was born in Southampton Martin Orford, keyboard player, was born in Southampton Peter Orton, television producer, was born in Portsmouth Roland Orzabal, singer, was born in Portsmouth Harry Osman, footballer, was born in Bentworth Mike Osman, broadcaster, was born in Millbrook Alison Owen, film producer, was born in Portsmouth Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, footballer, was born in Portsmouth P Marlon Pack, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Chris Packham, naturalist, was born in Southampton Bert Paddington, footballer, was born in Bishopstoke Jonathan Page, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Martin Page, singer, was born in Southampton James Paine, architect, was born in Andover Terry Paine, footballer, was born in Winchester Garrick Palmer, wood engraver, was born in Portsmouth Rodney Palmer, cricketer, was born in Sherfield on Loddon Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, socialite, was raised in Dummer William Paris, cricketer, was born in Old Alresford John Parker, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Tom Parker, footballer, was born in Woolston Bruce Parry, explorer, was born in Hythe Vivienne Parry, journalist, was born in Portsmouth Tony Parsons, journalist, was born in Gosport Joe Partington, footballer, was born in Portsmouth David M Partner, photographer, was born in Winchester Alfred Parvin, cricketer, was born in Southampton Alan Pascoe, athlete, was born in Portsmouth Marcus Patric, actor, was born in Portsmouth Josh Payne, footballer, was born in Basingstoke John Paynter, pilot, was born in Southsea Stanley Pearce, cricketer, was born in Totton Walter Pearce, cricketer, was born in Bassett Iain Percy, yachtsman, was born in Southampton Mark Perego, rugby union player, was born in Winchester Russell Perrett, footballer, was born in Barton on Sea Andrew Perry, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Brian Perry, ice hockey player, was born in Aldershot Seamus Perry, academic, was born in Aldershot Henry Persse, cricketer, was born in Portswood John Pestell, colonial official, was raised in Portsmouth Dorothy Peto, police officer, was born in Emery Down William Petty, economist, was born in Romsey Edmund Phipps-Hornby, army officer, was born in Emsworth Stuart Piggott, archaeologist, was born in Petersfield Hew Pike, army commander, was born in Bentley Thelwell Pike, footballer, was born in Andover Lucy Pinder, model, was born in Winchester Robert Pink, academic, was born in Kempshott Katie Piper, charity campaigner, was born in Andover Raymond Pitman, cricketer, was born in Bartley John Pitts, religious scholar, was born in Alton Roy Player, footballer, was born in Portsmouth William Plowden, politician, was raised in Basingstoke William Ponting, footballer, was born in Andover Peter Pook, novelist, was raised in Southsea Joseph Ellison Portlock, geologist, was born in Gosport Arthur Pothecary, cricketer, was born in Southampton Sidney Pothecary, cricketer, was born in Southampton Ken Pound, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Thomas Pounde, religious brother, was born in Farlington John Pounds, teacher, was born in Portsmouth Budge Pountney, rugby union player, was born in Southampton Reg Presley, singer, was born in Andover Kevin Pressman, footballer, was born in Fareham James Charles Prevost, naval commander, was born in Bedhampton Alan Priddy, sailor and adventurer, was born and raised in Portsmouth Albert Prince-Cox, football manager, was born in Southsea Jason Prior, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Edward William Pritchard, murderer, was born in Southsea Lawrence Prittipaul, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Ralph Prouton, cricketer, was born in Southampton David Puckett, footballer, was born in Southampton Sidney Pullen, footballer, was born in Southampton Richard Purchase, cricketer, was born in Liss George Puttenham, literary critic, was born in Sherfield on Loddon Patrick Pye, sculptor, was born in Winchester Q R Mark Raffety, actor, was born in Portsmouth John Ralfs, botanist, was born in Millbrook Cyril Raikes, pilot, was born in Swanmore Joe Ralls, footballer, was born in Aldershot George Randell, politician, was born in New Milton Umer Rashid, cricketer, was born in Southampton Bill Rawlings, footballer, was born in Andover John Frederick Peel Rawlinson, politician, was born in New Alresford Robert Raynbird, cricketer, was born in Laverstoke Walter Raynbird, cricketer, was born in Basing Ernest Read, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Richard Reade, judge, was born in Nether Wallop Jamie Redknapp, footballer, was born in Barton on Sea Barry Reed, cricketer, was born in Southsea Libby Rees, author, was born in Ringwood Kevin Reeves, footballer, was born in Burley Thomas Reeves, sailor, was born in Portsmouth Alex Reid, kickboxer, was born in Aldershot Reinald av Stavanger, bishop, was born in Winchester Thomas Rennell, theologian, was born in Winchester Reg Revans, management consultant, was born in Portsmouth Edward Reynolds, bishop, was born in Southampton John Russell Reynolds, neurologist, was born in Romsey Kurt Reynolds, ice hockey player, was born in Basingstoke Rex Orange County (Alexander O’Connor), recording artist, was born in Grayshott John Rice, cricketer, was born in Chandler's Ford Richard of Cornwall, monarch, was born in Winchester Bob Richards, cricketer, was born in Winchester Cyril Richards, cricketer, was born in Andover Peter Richards, rugby union player, was born in Portsmouth Charles Ridding, cricketer, was born in Winchester William Ridding, cricketer, was born in Winchester Alfred Ridley, cricketer, was born in East Woodhay Derek Riggs, painter, was born in Portsmouth Les Riggs, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Bruce Rioch, football manager, was born in Aldershot James Riordan, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Michael Ripper, actor, was born in Portsmouth Matt Ritchie, footballer, was born in Gosport Dave Roberts, footballer, was born in Southampton Graham Roberts, footballer, was born in Southampton Edward Robinson, sailor, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth David Rock, cricketer, was born in Southsea Nick Rogers, yachtsman, was born in Lymington Paul Rogers, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Albie Roles, footballer, was born in Southampton Tony Rolt, racing driver, was born in Bordon Graham Roope, cricketer, was born in Fareham Don Roper, footballer, was born in Botley Alec Rose, yachtsman, was born in Portsmouth Jordan Rose, footballer, was born in Southampton Stuart Rose, businessman, was born in Gosport Stella Ross-Craig, illustrator, was born in Aldershot Jonathan Routh, broadcaster, was born in Gosport Eddie Rowles, footballer, was born in Gosport Susanna Rowson, novelist, was born in Portsmouth Benjamin Rudyerd, politician, was born in Hartley Wintney Ralph Ruffell, footballer, was born in Southampton Mary Rundle, naval superintendent, was born in Swaythling John Russell, art critic, was born in Fleet Ken Russell, film director, was born in Southampton Kevin Russell, footballer, was born in Paulsgrove Mary Russell, pilot, was born in Stockbridge Stuart J. Russell, computer scientist, was born in Portsmouth Arnold Rutherford, cricketer, was born in Highclere S George Saintsbury, literary historian, was born in Southampton John Salew, actor, was born in Portsmouth Guy Salisbury-Jones, vintner, was born in Hambledon Nowell Salmon, naval commander, was born in Swarraton Jock Salter, footballer, was born in Bitterne Lee Sandford, footballer, was born in Basingstoke William Sandys, diplomat, was born in Sherborne St John Charles Roscoe Savage, photographer, was born in Southampton Robert Savage, cricketer, was born in Southampton Michael Scammell, biographer, was born in Lyndhurst William Scammell, poet, was born in Southampton Jon Schofield, canoeist, was born in Petersfield Rachel Schofield, journalist, was born in Winchester Philip Sclater, zoologist, was born in Wootton St Lawrence Charles Kennedy Scott, organist, was born in Romsey Edwin Scott, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Matthew Scott, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth Bert Scriven, footballer, was born in Winsor Margaret Scudamore, actor, was born in Portsmouth Hugh Seagrim, soldier, was born in Ashmansworth Alfred Seal, cicketer, was born in Millbrook Ron Searle, politician, was born in Southampton Luke Sears, cricketer, was born in Portsmouth William Sedgwick, bishop, was born in Freemantle Peter Sellers, actor, was born in Southsea James Alexander Seton, duellist, was born in Fordingbridge Samuel Sewall, judge, was born in Bishopstoke Katy Sexton, swimmer, was born in Portsmouth Charles Seymour, cricketer, was born in Winchfield Clive Shakespeare, guitarist, was born in Southampton John Sharpe, footballer, was born in Portsmouth John Shearman, art historian, was born in Aldershot Edgar Sheldrake, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Bert Shelley, footballer, was born in Romsey George Shenton, pharmacist, was born in Winchester Beatrice Shilling, aeronautical engineer, was born in Waterlooville Aaron Shingler, rugby union player, was born in Aldershot Lowri Shone, ballet dancer, was born in Winchester Ray Shulman, bass guitarist, was born in Portsmouth John Sillett, football manager, was born in Southampton Peter Sillett, footballer, was born in Southampton Tim Sills, footballer, was born in Romsey Andrew Simmons, wrestler, was born in Liss Terry Simpson, footballer, was born in Southampton Richard Skinner, broadcaster, was born in Portsmouth Donald Slade, footballer, was born in Southampton Harry Slater, politician, was born in Portsmouth Mark Sloan, wrestler, was born in Portsmouth Henry Small, footballer, was born in Southampton Kathy Smallwood-Cook, athlete, was born in Winchester Andy Smart, comedian, was born in Southsea David Smith, boccia player, was born in Eastleigh Digby Smith, military historian, was born in Aldershot George Smith, footballer, was born in Portsmouth George D. W. Smith, materials scientist, was born in Aldershot Hugh Smith, cricketer, was born in Lasham John Derek Smith, biologist, was born in Southampton Jolyon Brettingham Smith, composer, was born in Southampton Sarah Smith, singer, was raised in Widley Sean Smith, singer, was raised in Widley Sydney Philip Smith, pilot, was born in Aldershot Victor Smith, footballer, was born in Southampton George Smoker, cricketer, was born in Ovington Henry Smoker, cricketer, was born in Hinton Ampner Martin Snape, painter, was born in Gosport Steve Snell, cricketer, was born in Winchester Thomas D'Oyly Snow, army commander, was born in Newton Valence Tom Solesbury, rower, was born in Farnborough Clare Solomon, politician, was born in Winchester Caroline Anne Southey, poet, was born in Buckland Nigel Spackman, footballer, was born in Romsey Adolphus Sparrow, cricketer, was born in Alverstoke Lee Spencer, keyboard player, was born in Emsworth Joshua Spencer-Smith, cricketer, was born in Fareham Orlando Spencer-Smith, cricketer, was born in Fareham Tim Spicer, arms dealer, was born in Aldershot Isaac Spratt, toy dealer, was born in Ibsley William Spry, army commander, was born in Titchfield Lisbee Stainton, singer, was raised in Basingstoke Lorraine Stanley, actor, was born in Portsmouth Len Stansbridge, footballer, was born in Southampton Bill Stead, footballer, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Robert Steadman, composer, was raised in Basingstoke Anne Steele, hymnwriter, was born in Broughton David Steele, cricketer, was born in Southampton Catharni Stern, sculptor, was born in Southsea Herbert Stewart, army commander, was born in Sparsholt Kris Stewart, football executive, was born in Portsmouth William Stewart, cricketer, was born in Sparsholt Brian Stock, footballer, was born in Winchester Julian Stockwin, novelist, was born in Basingstoke Bobby Stokes, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Mitchell Stokes, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke John Stonehouse, politician, was born in Southampton Mike Stowell, footballer, was born in Portsmouth John Straffen, murderer, was born in Bordon Gary Streeter, politician, was born in Gosport David Stride, footballer, was born in Lymington William Strugnell, pilot, was born in Southampton Clive Strutt, composer, was born in Aldershot Rob Styles, football referee, was born in Waterlooville Murray Sueter, naval commander, was born in Alverstoke George Summerbee, footballer, was born in Winchester Sarah Sutton, actor, was born in Basingstoke John Sydenham, footballer, was born in Southampton Peter Symonds, merchant, was born in Winchester Kit Symons, footballer, was born in Basingstoke T Basil Talbot, cricketer, was born in Southsea Charles Tannock, politician, was born in Aldershot Bradley Tarbuck, footballer, was born in Emsworth Walter George Tarrant, builder, was born in Gosport Edward Tate, cricketer, was born in Lyndhurst Frederick Tate, cricketer, was born in Lyndhurst Henry Tate, cricketer, was born in Lyndhurst Saint Cyprian Tayler, pilot, was born in Winchester Billy Taylor, cricketer, was born in Southampton George Taylor, cricketer, was born in Havant James Taylor, cricketer, was born in Southampton Kerrie Taylor, actor, was born in Romsey Peter Taylor, film editor, was born in Portsmouth Scott Taylor, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Thomas William Taylor, politician, was born in Portsmouth Walter Taylor, wooden block maker, was born in Southampton Suzie Templeton, animator, was raised in Highfield Sean Terry, cricketer, was born in Southampton Caryl Thain, cricketer, was born in Catherington William Thoburn, politician, was born in Portsmouth Mary Thomas, diarist, was born in Southampton Des Thompson, footballer, was born in Southampton Edward Thomson, bishop, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Henry Thomson, painter, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Jake Thomson, footballer, was born in Portsmouth Robert Thorne, cricketer, was born in Southampton Philip Thresher, cricketer, was born in Hamble le Rice Henry Thurston, coachman, was born in Brockenhurst Chidiock Tichborne, poet, was born in Southampton Nicholas Tichborne, martyr, was born in Hartley Mauditt Thomas Tichborne, martyr, was born in Hartley Mauditt Annabel Tiffin, journalist, was born in Southampton Tanita Tikaram, singer, was raised in Basingstoke Brian Timms, cricketer, was born in Ropley Mark Tinley, music producer, was born in Lymington Robert Titherley, racing driver, was born in East Tytherley Edward Tolfree, cricketer, was born in Southampton James Tomlinson, cricketer, was born in Winchester Alfred Maurice Toye, soldier, was born in Aldershot Edward Robert Tregear, linguist, was born in Southampton Chris Tremlett, cricketer, was born in Southampton Arthur Trollope, cricketer, was born in Eling Richard Trowbridge, naval commander, was born in Andover Sampson Tubb, cricketer, was born in Broughton James Tuck, cricketer, was born in Ringwood William Tucker, trader, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Arthur Tudor, prince, was born in Winchester Derek Tulk, cricketer, was born in Southampton Archie Turner, footballer, was born in Hartley Wintney Fred Turner, footballer, was born in Southampton Frank Turner, singer/songwriter, born in Meonstoke Hanson Victor Turner, soldier, was born in Andover Harry Turner, footballer, was born in Farnborough Ian Turner, cricketer, was born in Denmead Wayne Turner, kickboxer, was born in Aldershot John Tutchin, journalist, was born in Lymington John Twyne, politician, was born in Bullington U George Ubsdell, cricketer, was born in Southampton Shaun Udal, cricketer, was born in Cove George Underdown, cricketer, was born in Petersfield Arthur Upfield, novelist, was born in Gosport Richard Utley, cricketer, was born in Havant V Henry Valder, sawmiller, was born in Southampton Geoffrey van Orden, politician, was born in Waterlooville Bobby Veck, footballer, was born in Titchfield Adela Verne, pianist, was born in Southampton Mathilde Verne, pianist, was born in Southampton Mike Vickers, guitarist, was born in Southampton Paul Vigay, computer consultant, was raised in Waterloovlle Peter Viggers, politician, was born in Gosport Rowan Vine, footballer, was born in Basingstoke Richard Vobes, actor, was born in Liss Pelham von Donop, footballer, was born in Southsea W James Wade, darts player, was born in Aldershot Alan Waldron, cricketer, was born in Southsea Malcolm Waldron, footballer, was born in Emsworth Henry Wallop, politician, was born in Farleigh Wallop Henry Wallop, politician, was born in Farleigh Wallop John Wallop, diplomat, was born in Farleigh Wallop Brian Walsh, footballer, was born in Aldershot Joel Ward, footballer, was born in Emsworth John Ward, politician, was raised in Appleshaw William Warham, archbishop, was born in Malshanger Elijah Waring, writer, was born in Alton Betty Warren, actor, was born in Fareham Samantha Warriner, triathlete, was born in Alton Thomas Warton, poet, was born in Basingstoke Derek Warwick, racing driver, was born in New Alresford Paul Warwick, racing driver, was born in New Alresford Alan Wassell, cricketer, was born in Fareham Aeone Victoria Watson, singer, was born in Liss Giz Watson, politician, was born in Eastleigh Tom Watson, kickboxer, was born in Southampton Alfred Watts, cricketer, was born in Millbrook Isaac Watts, hymnwriter, was born in Southampton David Weir, footballer, was born in Aldershot Daniel Welch, racing driver, was born in Aldershot James Welch, soldier, was born in Stratfield Saye Dan Wells, racing driver, was born in Southampton Jerold Wells, actor, was born in Wallington Swithun Wells, martyr, was born in Brambridge Alfred John West, photographer, was born in Gosport Francis West, colonial governor, was raised in Wherwell John West, colonial governor, was born in Testwood Thomas West, privy councillor, was born in Wherwell John Portsmouth Football Club Westwood, renowned football supporter, was born in Liss Alf Wheeler, footballer, was born in Fareham William Whitcher, cricketer, was born in Emsworth Gary White, football manager, was born in Southampton Gilbert White, naturalist, was born in Selborne Jamie White, footballer, was born in Southampton Peter White, journalist, was born in Winchester Thomas White, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Edward Whitehead, advertising mascot, was born in Aldershot William Whiting, footballer, was born in Southampton George Byrom Whittaker, publisher, was born in Southampton Tom Whittaker, football manager, was born in Aldershot Mabel Wickham, painter, was born in Fleet Tom Wild, cricketer, was born in Southampton Gabriella Wilde, actor, was born in Basingstoke Len Wilkins, footballer, was born in Southampton Chris Wilkinson, tennis player, was born in Southampton Maurice Wilks, automotive engineer, was born in Hayling Island Edmund Willes, cricketer, was born in Dibden Purlieu William of Wykeham, bishop, was born in Wickham Christine Williams, model, was born in Basingstoke David Williams, academic, was born in Lasham George Williams, cricketer, was born in Aldershot James Williams, bishop, was born in Overton Ursula Moray Williams, novelist, was born in Petersfield James G. Willie, missionary, was born in Murrell Green Joseph Willoughby, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Pippa Wilson, yachtswoman, was born in Southampton Paul Wimbleton, footballer, was born in Havant Dave Winfield, footballer, was born in Aldershot Pete Wingfield, singer, was born in Liphook George Winter, painter, was born in Portsea, Portsmouth Donald Wiseman, archaeologist, was born in Emsworth George Wither, poet, was born in Bentworth Ted Withers, footballer, was born in Ower William Withers, settler, was born in Portsmouth Arthur Wood, cricketer, was born in Bentworth Arthur Wood, footballer, was born in Southampton Chris Wood, cricketer, was born in Basingstoke Julian Wood, cricketer, was born in Winchester Ross Wood, cricket umpire, was born in Basingstoke Kim Woodburn, cleaner, was born in Portsmouth John Woodcock, journalist, was born in Longparish George Woodford, footballer, was born in Lymington Charles Woodmason (ca. 1720-1789), Anglican clergyman and apologist, American loyalist, leader of the South Carolina Regulator Movement. Also, a published poet, musical editor, and responsible for the Handel organ being moved from Canongate to Holy Trinity Church, Gosport Harry Ellis Wooldridge, musical antiquary, was born in Winchester Ian Wooldridge, journalist, was born in New Milton David Wynne, sculptor, was born in Lyndhurst X Y Charles Yaldren, cricketer, was born in Southampton Christopher Yates, cricketer, was born in Aldershot Frances Yates, historian, was born in Southsea Peter Yates, film director, was born in Aldershot Joanna Yeates, murder victim, was raised in Ampfield James Lucas Yeo, naval commander, was born in Southampton Harry Yeomans, footballer, was born in Farnborough Charlotte Mary Yonge, novelist, was born in Otterbourne Charles Yorke, naval commander, was born in Hamble le Rice Arthur Young, police commissioner, was born in Eastleigh Bob Young, songwriter, was born in Basingstoke Hampshire

39829229

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20fighters%20in%20the%20Syrian%20Civil%20War%20and%20War%20in%20Iraq

Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq

Foreign fighters have fought on all four sides of the Syrian Civil War, as well both sides of the War in Iraq. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, leftist militants have joined Kurdish fighting forces, and other foreign fighters have joined jihadist organizations and private military contractors recruit globally. Estimates of the total number of foreign Sunnis who have fought for the Syrian rebels over the course of the conflict range from 5,000 to over 10,000, while foreign Shia fighters numbered around 10,000 or less in 2013 rising to between 15,000 and 25,000 in 2017. The presence of foreign jihadists, particularly in anti-government groups, steadily grew throughout the Syrian Civil War. In the early insurgency phase mid-2011 to mid-2012, their presence was negligible. In the mid-2012 to late 2013 escalation phase, their numbers grew, but they were still far outnumbered by Syrian resistance fighters (only around twelve hundred foreign anti-government jihadists were killed in Syria in 2013). Throughout 2014, with the rise of ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, the al-Nusra Front, and other groups, their numbers drastically increased and they partnered with and absorbed Syrian rebel groups, both jihadist and non-jihadist. By 2015, foreign jihadists outnumbered Syrian jihadists and other rebels in casualty rolls (16,212 anti-government foreign jihadists were killed in 2015 compared to 7,798 Syrian anti-government rebels killed that same year), a trend that carried over into 2016 (13,297 foreign jihadists and 8,170 Syrian rebels), and 2017 (7,494 foreign jihadists and 6,452 Syrian rebels). However, although the numbers of casualties remained high in this phase, arrivals slowed: according to the United States military, foreign fighters coming to Syria and Iraq in 2013-2015 averaged 2,000 fighters per month, but by 2016, this figure had dropped to less than 500 fighters per month and decreasing. By 2018, the proportion of foreign fighters had far decreased (following heavy losses in the bloody battles of 2015-2017 and various interventions by foreign military forces), and Syrian rebels were once again the majority of anti-government casualties (2,746 foreign jihadists killed compared to 5,852 Syrian rebels). According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, at least 65,726 anti-government foreign fighters (almost entirely jihadists) were killed in Syria up to May 2020, constituting nearly half of the 138,202 anti-government fighters killed by that point. Additionally, 10,045 foreign fighters on the side of the Syrian government were killed by then (1,700 Lebanese Hezbollah and 8,345 others, including 2,000+ militiamen of Liwa Fatemiyoun) and 264 Russian soldiers and mercenaries. Reasons Jihadism Many of the foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq were drawn to the jihadist ideology, although experts note that religion is not the only motivation: From ignorant novices who view the trips as a rite of passage, die-hard militants looking for combat and martyrdom, and individuals who go for humanitarian reasons but get drawn into conflict, individuals become foreign fighters for a range of reasons: boredom; intergenerational tensions; the search for greater meaning in life; perceived adventure; attempts to impress the local community or the opposite sex; a desire for increased credibility; to belong or gain peer acceptance; revenge; or misguided conflict experience expectations. Foreign fighters were drawn both to Daesh and other Islamist fighting groups, such as al-Nusra Front, Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (which is made up of Chechen fighters), and (prior to 2013) Ahrar al-Sham. Jaysh al-Islam rebel leader Zahran Alloush called for foreign fighters to come to Syria, although experts report that the group does not include foreign fighters. On 31 May 2013, Yusuf al-Qaradawi called for a jihad against Syria. It was speculated in the Western media that this could lead to an influx of foreign fighters to the country, although no reports emerged that this transpired. Shia activism Thousands of foreign fighters are in Syria from Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bahrain with Shia sectarian militias fighting in defence of the Assad government. Left-wing support for Rojava Hundreds of foreign leftists have joined the International Freedom Battalion of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in Rojava, out of a mixture of opposition to the Islamic State and willingness to defend the Rojava Revolution. Foreign volunteers are supposed to follow the YPG's values of democracy, ecology, Jineology, and some of them anti-capitalism. Left-wing support for Syrian rebels Although they are less numerous than leftist foreign fighters joining the YPG, there have also been left-wing foreign fighters alongside Syrian rebels, including the Trotskyist Leon Sedov Brigade founded by an Argentine leftist who fought with the Free Libyan Army. Right-wing support for Assad The European and North American far right is generally supportive of the Assad government in Syria, and far right foreign fighters, e.g. from Greece and Scandinavia, are found in pro-government militias. Mercenaries and private contractors In addition to volunteer foreign fighters, there are several private military companies operating in Iraq and Syria, such as the Wagner Group and the Slavonic Corps. Passage Most fighters travel to Turkey first before slipping across the border with somewhat lesser contingents coming from Lebanon and even fewer from Jordan and Iraq; many of the fighters also use forged passports as they try and escape secret services. Upon entering the country, many of the Islamist fighters were dispersed to the various groups such as Ahrar ash-Sham and the Nusra Front. Languages reportedly spoken in rebel camps include: Chechen, Tajik, Turkish, French, the Saudi Arabic dialect and Urdu (Pakistan or India). In regards to the Free Syrian Army, The Guardian reported the recruits to be more secretive. Jihadist internet fora have also been fertile recruiting grounds. The easy access to the country was a reason for the growing number of foreign fighters. Al-Sharq al-Awsat reported that Libyan fighting leader Abu-Yahya indicated an easy travel route for Tunisian and Libyan fighters, who are first trained in Libya to fight in Syria and then smuggled into Syria with the help of militant groups. Even in July 2013, it was reported that foreign fighters continued to come to Syria and commit atrocities against both supporters and opponents of the government, as well as clashing with moderate rebel groups. This followed President Bashar al-Assad signing into law a bill that would punish anyone entering the country illegally with jail time and a fine. The fine would be between five million and 10 million Syrian pounds. ISIL foreign fighters According to figures collected by the Soufan Group in 2016, between 27,000 to 31,000 people including women and children who would not normally engage in conflict had traveled to Syria and Iraq to join the Islamic State and other extremist groups fighting in the region. One reason suggested for the influx of foreigners in the fight is that the Syrian government took no steps to curtail the inflow of foreigners moving into Iraq during the Iraqi insurgency. In the first half of 2012, 700-1,400 fighters were said to have entered Syria. Their numbers continued to increase, however, and by 2013 may have numbered more than 11,000. The Turkish border was how most jihadis entered Syria. An analysis of martyrdom videos indicated that of the 600 reported dead in the first half of 2013, less than 20 of the dead fighters were experienced fighters from Afghanistan, Libya, or elsewhere. An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL’s foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated." Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education" of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university" and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate." The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations." The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education does not conform with previous research. However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country’s male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters" leading the report to recommend that governments pursue a policy of lowering the unemployment rate among the educated as a counter-terrorism strategy. In December 2018, Kurdish authorities held 550 foreign women about 1200 in captivity. A large part of the children were born in Syrian territory controlled by ISIS. Many of the women still shared ISIS ideology and lacked passports and therefore Kurdish authorities were reluctant to release them. While initially the women and children were kept along civilian Syrian refugees, this proved untenable as hard-liners among the women caused problems when they ganged up and assaulted women who took off the Islamic burqa. They also prevented other women and children from listening to music provided by their captors. In October 2019, hundreds of inmates with suspected links to the ISIS reportedly fled a displacement camp based in north-east Syria, following the Turkish offensive in the region. This raised concerns of resurgence of the Islamic State amid conflict. Origins of foreign fighters Fighters include those from the Gulf Arab states, Tunisia (following its own Tunisian revolution), Libya (following the Libyan Civil War), China, other Arab states, Russia, including the North Caucasus region, and Western countries. According to the Syrian Arab Army, by September 2014 a total of 54,000 foreign jihadists had come to fight, with the largest groups being Chechens from Russia (14,000), Saudi Arabians (12,000), Lebanese (9,000), Iraqis, and Tunisians. Foreign fighters tend to join different groups depending on nationality: for example, Tunisians and Western-born Muslims favor the Islamic State, while Algerians and Moroccans prefer the al-Nusra Front. Some jihadist groups are dominated by a single nationality, as is the case with the Caucasus Emirate (Chechens) and the Turkistan Islamic Party (Uyghurs), or the pro-government Afghan Shia Liwa Fatemiyoun. A 7 December 2015 report by the Soufan Group gave estimates for the number of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq by their country and region of origin based on information dated between 2014 and 2015. The study, which only included foreign fighters with ISIL, al-Nusra and other Sunni jihadist factions, listed the countries with the largest number of foreign fighters were Tunisia (6000), Saudi Arabia (2500), Russia (2400), Turkey (2100), Jordan (2000+) while the number of fighters by region was reported to be: the Middle East (8240), the Maghreb (8000), Western Europe (5000), former Soviet Republics (4700), Southeast Asia (900), the Balkans (875), and North America (289). Of Western Europe's estimated 5000 total fighters, almost 3700 fighters were produced by just four Western European countries: France (1700), Germany (760), the United Kingdom (760), and Belgium (470). Between 2014 and 2015, the report estimated a nearly 300% increase in the number of fighters originating from Russia and Central Asia whereas the total number of fighters traveling to Syria and Iraq had become "relatively flat." The report mentioned that the flow of foreign fighters "is neither uniform by region nor by country," with some countries having distinguishable "Hotbeds of recruitment" with some hotbeds, such as the Lisleby district of Norway's Fredrikstad which is populated by only 6000 people, being small and relatively new while other cities and regions, such as Tunisia's Bizerte and Ben Gardane, Libya's Derna, Georgia's Pankisi Gorge, and Brussel's Molenbeek, "are well-established incubators and radiators of extremist behavior." The Soufan Group reported on 15 October 2016 that there has been "a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria" since 2014. The U.S. State Department reported on 2 June 2016 that their "intelligence community" estimates that possibly "in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict [in Syria] and from over 100 countries" while six months prior, the Russian Defense Ministry estimated that there were about "25-30,000 foreign terrorist mercenaries are fighting for ISIL" alone. The phenomenon causes concerns in the home countries of the foreign fighters. The phenomenon is not new, but the size and variety of origins in this case were unusual. Arab world In 2012, it was reported that most recruits to Syria are Arabs (Lebanese, Iraqis, Jordanians, Palestinians, Kuwaitis, Tunisians, Libyans, Algerians, Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese and Yemenis). The largest contingents of about 500-900 fighters came from Syria's neighbors: Lebanese, Iraqis, Palestinians and Jordanians, many of whom fought U.S. forces in Iraq. The second-largest contingent was from Arab countries in North Africa: around 75-300 fighters from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called for a jihad in Syria with the main target of message said to be Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. In 2013, the total number of foreign fighters in Syria with al-Qaeda was estimated to be the largest for Libyans with several hundred fighters; Saudis numbered at least 330; several hundred Egyptian Islamists; about 300 Iraqis and over 500 Jordanians. Gulf states In 2013, Bahraini Sunni sheikh Adel al-Hamad said that his son, Abdulrahman, was killed while fighting in Syria and that he had "hoped to fall as a martyr." He added: "He visited Syria once, then he returned to Bahrain where he prepared his fighting gear and returned to Syria." In response, Interior Minister Rashid bin Abdullah al-Khalifa said that support should be given from the international community and that individuals should not be indoctrinated and radicalised. It follows calls from mosques to join the "jihad" in Syria. There are also Saudi fighters. In 2013, USA Today reported that over 1,200 death row inmates were sent from Saudi Arabia to fight against the Syrian government. Bahraini Shia youth traveled to receive Iranian training in camps and battlefronts in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria, and there have been reports that a Bahraini Shia militia, Saraya Al Mukhtar (The Chosen Brigades), was fighting in Syria on the pro-government side in 2015. Lebanon Mostly Lebanese fighters in Syria tend to have their own groups and militias. Thousands of Lebanese fight on the pro-government side. The most significant Lebanese force in Syria is Hezbollah, which in September 2017 said it had 10,000 fighters in Syria. In 2017, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost between 1,700 and 1,800 fighters in the Syrian war. In 2018, it was reported that at least 1,232 Lebanese Shia militia fighters had been killed. On the anti-government side, members of Fatah al-Islam and the Abdullah Azzam Brigades were also present though they were fighting under independent banners. Many Lebanese fighters for the opposition come from the Sunni stronghold of Tripoli. The city's Sunni cleric Sheik Masen al-Mohammed said: "The struggle for freedom in Syria is our own struggle for freedom. We Lebanese are part of the Syrian revolution, part of the rebellion. If Syria gains its freedom, then we will also win in Lebanon." He also said of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad that he was an "infidel...It is the duty of every Muslim, every Arab to fight the infidels. There is a holy war in Syria and the young men there are conducting jihad. For blood, for honor, for freedom, for dignity. We know of Palestinian, Libyan and Yemen fighters who are active there." Libya Libya's National Transitional Council was the first and only UN recognised entity to see the Syrian National Council as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In December 2011, it was reported in the French media that the former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group's Abdulhakim Belhadj's associate Abd al-Mehdi al-Harati was leading a Libyan group of fighters with rumours suggesting some of the Nusra Front's fighters came from this group. Arms from the recently concluded Libyan Civil War were also present in Syria. While many fighters from the civil war were reported to have gone to fight in Syria, several were said to have returned home amidst escalating violence and threats of a new civil war. Towards the end of 2014, the city of Derna reportedly swore allegiance to ISIS, the first outside Syria or Iraq. Morocco In 2017 it was estimated that Moroccans and 2000 Moroccan-Europeans had travelled to join the Islamic State caliphate in the Syrian Civil War, which along with other fighters from MENA countries contributed a significant force to ISIS. Tunisia Following the first Arab Spring uprising that led to the Tunisian revolution, many Tunisian fighters fought alongside Syrian rebels. In early 2012, Tunisia also withdrew recognition of Syria. Tunisians have been killed or captured in Syria, with at least five deaths from the town of Ben Guerdane, from where many fighters departed Tunisia for Syria. The Syrian government informed the United Nations of the arrest of 26 alleged al-Qaeda militants, 19 of whom were Tunisian. Tunisians are reportedly a large percentage of the foreign Arab fighters in the country. President Moncef Marzouki's spokesman Adnan Mancer said that the government was trying to follow up on the fate of Tunisians in Syria with the help of international organisations like the Red Cross as official ties between governments had been cut. He said: "Our youth have good intentions, but it is possible they fell into the hands of manipulators." In March 2013, an inquiry was initiated in Tunisia into the recruitment of Tunisian Islamists to fight in Syria. In May, Foreign Minister Othmane Jarandi said that there were about 800 Tunisians fighting for the opposition in Syria. He added that "the repatriation of Tunisians can be facilitated by the embassy in Lebanon after the government makes contact with the Syrian authorities about imprisoned Tunisian citizens." In 2017, it was estimated that Tunisia had contributed about 7000 fighters to the Islamic State, forming the largest contingent among the MENA countries. Iraq Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was active in Syria until 2013. Al-Qaeda's central command authorized the Syrian ISI member Abu Mohammad al-Golani to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda. Golani and a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released by the Assad government from military prisons in May–June 2011. Golani's group formally announced itself under the name "Jabhat al-Nusra l'Ahl as-Sham" on 23 January 2012. Since then, there have been growing rifts between the various factions of al-Qaeda and ISIS. In addition, Iraqi Shia militia have had a heavy presence on the pro-government side in Syria, in militias including Harakat al-Nujaba, Kataib Seyyed al-Shuhada, and Kataib Hezbollah. Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces militias have been heavily deployed in Syria on the side of the government, often with the stated aim of defending Shi'ite shrines. Although at the time of the formation of the PMF, most of its component groups were primarily engaged in Iraq against ISIL, after the reduction of the immediate ISIL threat in Iraq from 2015, many returned to Syria. For instance, in January 2015 Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada announced the deaths of two of its fighters in defense of Sayeda Zainab in Damascus, and the militia's involvement in the 2015 Southern Syria offensive was documented by the Iraqi TV station Al-Anwar 2. In mid-2016, pro-government media reported that Harakat Al-Nujaba announced that they were sending 2,000 fighters to the southern Aleppo front. Between January 2012 and August 2018, at least 117 Iraq Shia fighters died in Syria. According to some reports, the number of Iraqi fighters killed in Syria in that period may be as high as 1,200. Israel There has been at least one report of Israeli-Arabs found to have traveled to Syria and fought for the rebels. One returnee who briefly fought in Syria was convicted of "endangering national security." The case was described as "unprecedented", and Judge Avraham Yaakov said that "there's no legal guidance regarding the rebel groups fighting in Syria." Others In June 2013, a recently promoted Jordanian Air Force captain was reported to have taken leave from his job and traveled to Turkey in order to fight for the Nusra Front. Yemenis have also fought for both sides in the Syrian battle. Palestinians have also fought for both sides of the conflict with Hamas being more supportive of the opposition and the PFLP-GC and Palestinian Popular Struggle Front supporting the government. A leading Mauritanian jihadist ideologue, Sheikh Abu al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti called in 2012 for support for the Nusra Front. Iran Thousands of Iranian operatives - as many as 10,000 by the end of 2013 - have fought in the Syrian war on the pro-government side, including regular troops and militia members. In 2018, Tehran said that 2,100 Iranian soldiers have been killed in Syria and Iraq over the past seven years. Afghanistan Afghan Shia fighters have had a major presence in Syria on the pro-government side. In 2018, it was reported that 2,000 Afghan had been killed and more than 8000 wounded in Syria in the past five years, fighting for the Liwa Fatemiyoun, composed mainly of members of the Hazarah Afghan minority. The Brigade reportedly had 10,000–20,000 fighters in 2016-2017. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has a largely non-observant Shia population with a Sunni minority. Some Sunni citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria. The estimated number of Azerbaijanis in Syria ranges from 200 to 300. Georgia According to Georgia's State Security Service, around 50 Georgian citizens, principally from the Kist (Chechen)-populated Pankisi Gorge, had joined the Islamist groups in Syria and Iraq as of June 2016. By June 2017, at least 25 citizens of Georgia have died in these conflicts. A veteran of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War and a former sergeant in the Georgian Army, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria. Another one is Muslim Shishani. China Jihadist foreign fighters The Uyghur militant group Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP) sent a large number of its fighters, operating in a unit called the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), to take part in the Syrian Civil War. They have taken part in numerous battles in Syria, including the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive. The leader of TIP (ETIM) in Syria was Abu Rida al-Turkestani. The Turkistan Islamic Party is allied to Al-Qaeda. Jabhat Fatah al-Sham included Abu Omar al-Turkistani. The death of Abu Omar al-Turkistani happened on 19 January 2017. The death of Al-Turkistani was confirmed by JFS. Iran and Russia were attacked by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Jabal al-Zawiya, Ariha, and Jisr al-shoghur are locations in Idlib where there are many Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party members. Fahd Jasim al-Furayj, a Lietenant General, Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Syria had discussions with Guan Youfei, a Rear Admiral ISIL released a video featuring an 80-year-old Uyghur man who came to join ISIL in Syria along with his grandchildren, wife, and daughter after he was inspired by his son who died in combat in Syria. Footage also emerged online of a Chinese rebel fighter in Syria, ne Bo Wang, a Muslim convert who calls himself Youssef. He appeared in a video in the northern Syrian countryside, in which he condemned the Syrian government for "butchering every Muslim here in cold blood, including children and women" and stating that "people have no freedom, no democracy, no security and no respect here, not at all." He also spoke of historical Chinese ties to Syria, claiming that the Chinese government had destroyed the "traditional friendship between the Chinese and Arab people" because they "sell weapons and provide financial assistance to the Assad government." Uyghurs were routed into Syria by way of Zeytinburnu by Turkey. Eric Draitser accused Turkish intelligence and the government of Turkey of helping transport Uighur jihadists. Uighurs have been allowed to transit to Turkey. A Uighur language version of al-Bayan was published by ISIS. After Jabal al-Arba'een was subjected to bombardment by the coalition, foreign fighters fled to Jabal al-Summaq. Homes of the Druze religious minority of Jabal al-Summaq's Kuku village were forcibly stolen and attacked by Turkistan Islamic Party Uyghurs and Uzbeks. Around Ariha, Russian plane bombs on 12 January 2017 killed the family of a Turkistan Islamic Party Uyghur leader and the leader himself. Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı said that Russians bombed the family of Uyghur fighters in Idlib and the TIP retaliated by firing rockets against Iranian militias. Chechen groups, Katibat Tawhid wal Jihad (Uzbek), Imam Bukhari Jamaat (Uzbek), and Turkistan Islamic Party (Uighur) work with Nusra in Syria's northwestern area. Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members participated in the Battle of Aleppo. Children of militant Uighurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party have accompanied them. A Frenchman died while serving in TIP ranks. A Uighur language nasheed was released by ISIS. Uighurs appeared in the film. Uighur children appeared in an ISIS video. The ISIS Uighur members attacked the "moderate Syrian rebel" members who were allied to the Turkistan Islamic Party. The Turkistan Islamic Party, linked to Al-Qaeda, was criticized by the ISIL video. Children with weapons appeared in the video. Iraq was the location of the footage. The Islamic State's number of Uighur fighters is much smaller than that of the Turkistan Islamic Party's. Katibat al-Imam Bukhari (Uzbek), Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party, and the Uzbek Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad are major Central Asian, Syria based factions. Uighur foreign fighters were urged to come to Syria by videos released by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Uyghur foreign fighters in Syria were addressed and advised by Muhaysini in a video speech released by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Footage of Muhaysini and Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi giving speeches were used alongside old footage of Hasan Mahsum in "Blessed Are the Strangers #6″, a video released by the Syria based wing of the Turkistan Islamic Party. "Lovers of Paradise #20″ by the Turkistan Islamic Party showed Uyghur fighters in Syria. People's Protection Units volunteers In 2015 was known that at least two men from China were fighting in Syria for the YPG. One of them calls himself Ba Si Pan and the other is a Chinese-British communist named Huang Lei born in Sichuan Province. Central Asia In September 2013, a Kazakh and two Kyrgyz returned from Syria and were arrested in Osh on terrorism charges on claims that they were sent to Kyrgyzstan by the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) to perpetrate attacks. In early February 2014, six suspects were arrested in Osh, some of whom were said to have trained in camps in Syria before returning to Kyrgyzstan. They were reportedly planning attacks in Osh and Bishkek. Some Kyrgyz fighters that were known to be in Syria joined the Al Nusrah Front. A few Kazakhs have joined ISIL in Syria and Iraq. ISIL released a video called "Race Toward Good" showing Kazakh children being trained as fighters. The families of Kazakh fighters have accompanied them to Syria including children and women. Many Kazakhs who lived under ISIS were women and children who were forcibly brought to Syria. The United Nations presented in 2019 Kazakhstan's repatriation initiative for other countries to model. Families of Azeri and Kazakh members of ISIL have been reportedly massacred by the Syrian Islamist rebel group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki. A Kazakh fighter has appeared in Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar. According to the testimony of a Kazakh student who returned to Kazakhstan from Syria, the Arab Jihadist rebels in Syria were racist against the Kazakhs, assigned them the most difficult duties, and called them "Chinese" and there were little feelings of solidarity among the militants. A new video of ISIL Kazakh child soldiers being given military training was reported in the media. Kazakh passports were seized by SDF. The Shadadi emir was Abu Khatab al-Kazakhi. Abu Aisha al-Kazakhi died in Syria. Kazakh and Uzbek ISIS members invited entire families form their home countries. Uzbek foreign fighters in Syria include Imam Bukhari Jamaat (كتيبة الامام البخاري) (Uzbek: Imom al buxoriy katibasi) (Turkish: İmam Buhari Cemaati), Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (كتيبة التوحيد والجهاد) (Uzbek: Tavhid va Jihod katibasi) (Turkish: Tevhid ve Cihad Cemaati), and Katibat Sayfulla (كتيبة سيف الله), which is part of Jabhat al-Nusra. Uzbek Jihadist groups operate four training camps in Syria. Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (Тавҳид ва Жиҳод), also called Jannat Oshiklari, is a largely Uzbek group active in northern Syria that was led by Abu Saloh. It participated in the 2015 Northwestern Syria offensive, the Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015), Battle of Aleppo (2012–present) the Siege of Al-Fu'ah-Kafarya (2015), and the seizure of the Qarmid military camp. It was a former part of Jabhat al-Nusra and is still an ally of the group. Katibat al Imam al Bukhari is also called Imam Bukhari Jamaat. The Uzbek group Imam Bukhari Jamaat pledged allegiance to the Taliban and is an Al-Qaeda ally. Uzbek foreign fighters have flocked to Katibat Imam al-Bukhari. Salahuddin al-Uzbeki is the leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat and his son Umar, a 16 year old teenager, died while fighting in Aleppo against the Syrian military. A member of Imam Bukhari Jamaat defended the utilization of child soldiers. Allegiance was pledged to the Taliban and their leader Mullah Omar by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. On the VK social networking website, an illustration of a militant aiming an RPG at Santa Claus' flying sleigh was posted by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. The leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat is Salohiddin. Child soldiers are being drilled by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. They battled in Aleppo and Latakia's Jabal al Akrad region. The Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya is participated in by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. There are separate wings in both Syria and Afghanistan of the Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat. Islamic Jihad Union and Imam Bukhari Jamaat are both in Afghanistan and Uzbek in addition to being allied with Al-Qaeda. Katibat Sayfulla is part of Jabhat al-Nusra. It participated in the Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase. Uzbek fighters in ISIL have participated in suicide bombings. Uzbeks make up ISIL's Katibat Al-Ghurabaa. ISIL has recruited hundreds of Tajiks from Tajikistan. Once the Central Asians died in battle, their wives were given to other fighters. 70 Uzbeks died in Idlib after a Turkistan Islamic Party site was hit by a missile. A bombing by the Russians killed "Malhama tactical" leader Abu Rofiq. He claimed to be unaffiliated. He was called Abu Rofik Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani. He operated in Syria. The Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical. The Turkistan Islamic Party, Ajnad Kavkaz and Nusra received instruction under Malhama tactical. Former countries which were part of the Soviet Union were sending large numbers of fighters to Syria according to Putin. However, data regarding the flow of foreign fighters from Central Asian states remains patchy, with some researchers cautioning against inaccurate reporting, commentary by lobby groups, and think tank reports which are not based on triangulated data. Former Yugoslavia Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed. In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim-inhabited Sandžak region, particularly the city of Novi Pazar. Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were Salafists and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, Rešad Plojović, the deputy leader of the Sandžak muftiate, said that "some organisations and individuals [are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there." Anel Grbović, a journalist from Novi Pazar, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. "The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations." As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help "Sunni brothers" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many Bosniaks joined the Nusra Front as Salafists (Salafism came to Bosnia during the Bosnian War with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of Gornja Maoča, Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian State Investigation and Protection Agency, Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. "If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping." In 2013, FTV reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in Homs, though they also mentioned the jihads in Iraq and Afghanistan. By April 2015, a total of 232 Kosovo Albanians had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS. Forty of these are from the town of Skenderaj (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports. By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq. According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016. As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded. Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014. Russia The Russian security agency Federal Security Service in July 2013 estimated that about 200 Russian citizens were fighting for the Syrian opposition, while it expressed fears the fighters could carry out militant attacks upon returning. In December 2013, the Russian media estimate for Russian citizens fighting for the rebels was increased to 400. Academic research has highlighted unprecedented levels of mobilisation by Russian-speaking volunteers, while also illustrating inherent ambiguities in official estimates.<ref>Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017)Russian-Speaking' Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Causes and Consequences'</ref> Although often cited as Chechen, due to the widespread use of the Arabic moniker al-Shishani, foreign fighters came from a wide variety of ethnic and sub-ethnic groups. At least some also came from Diaspora communities. The Chechen-led Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA), which was said to be cooperating with the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front, was mid 2013, according to The Washington Free Beacon, one of the leading recruiters of foreign fighters into the jihad in Syria to fight Assad. Its online forum was said to show an easy access route, via Turkey, to the battlefield, which brought in more fighters. The Free Beacon also reported that Chechen fighters were bringing with them Russian-made SA-7 anti-aircraft missiles which are shoulder-fired and could be used to target civilian commercial airliners. JMA cut it links to ISIL in late 2013, and continued respecting the Oath of Allegiance they had made to the Caucasus Emirate's Dokka Umarov. In September 2015, JMA joined the al-Nusra Front. Besides JMA, numerous other small factions and groups involving Russian-speaking foreign fighters, including some with links to the North Caucasus, are active in parts of Syria and Iraq. One of the more powerful Chechen-dominated militias in Syria was Junud al-Sham, but it fractured in course of 2016. Since then, Ajnad al-Kavkaz has become the most important independent rebel group led by North Caucasians in Syria. The group's leadership consists of Second Chechen War veterans. As of September 2015, according to Russian Civic Chamber's commission on public diplomacy and compatriots abroad, approximately 2,500 Russian nationals and 7,000 citizens of other post-Soviet republics were fighting alongside ISIL. As well as the large number of Russians fighting for al-Qaeda or ISIS, thousands have fought on the government side. Up until 2015, Russia provided military assistance and private contractors (at least 1,700 Russian contractors had reportedly been deployed to Syria up 2017), but from September 2015 formal Russian military intervention began, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups. Around 4,300 personnel were deployed,Russia's Defense Ministry never said how many troops it has in Syria, but turnout figures in voting from abroad in the September 2016 parliamentary elections indicated that Russian military personnel in the Arab nation at the time likely exceeded 4,300. and by September 2018 Russia had reported 112 losses. Southeast Asia Indonesia and Malaysia are the main source of foreign fighters from Southeast Asia with an estimated of 500 Indonesians and 200 Malaysians have travelling to Syria to fight for the Islamic State. It is also suspected that more than 200 Filipinos, mostly the members of Abu Sayyaf (ASG) and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) are training and fighting in Iraq and Syria under Islamic State. Southeast Asian countries are the origin of approximately 500 child fighters in ISIL. In March 2019, the Malaysian Government has announced that it would allow Malaysian foreign fighters to return provided that they comply with checks and enforcement and complete a one-month government-run rehabilitation programme. This rehabilitation program involves returnees being examined by psychologists and clerics. Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay, the counter-terrorism head of the Malaysian Special Branch, has confirmed that 11 Malaysians have returned including eight men, a woman, and two young children. The men were charged in court and convicted while the woman attended a rehabilitation programme. According to Ayob, 51 Malaysians remain in Syria including 17 children. Western countries Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy. A report by the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti-terrorism coordinator Gilles de Kerchove said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. EUROPOL Director Rob Wainright issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters "could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle," as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU. European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record. There were also Australians and citizens of the United States fighting for the Syrian opposition camp, despite possible prosecution by their government for terrorism amid fears they could return home and carry out attacks. Australian security agencies estimated about 200 Australians to be fighting in the country with dozens said to be part of the Nusra Front. The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by Der Spiegel to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was "a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand." A Michigan-born U.S.-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo. In July 2013, a U.S.-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels. His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes. Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels. As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria. Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the Melbourne School of Government David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of blowback from returning fighters. "Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided amnesty." Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria. At least one pregnant Austrian indicated she wanted to return home. Australia There were an estimated 50–100 Australians fighting in the country as of January 2014, with total calculations for the war reaching about 200 fighters. About six were reported to have died and the others were suggested as having returned home. In Sydney and Melbourne, in particular, opponents and supporters of the government have resorted to beatings, assaults, shootings and property, largely along sectarian lines. There were more than 15 incidents of violence involving members of the Lebanese, Turkish and Syrian communities, although in 2013 it had decreased from the previous year. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) reported at the end of the year: "The situation in Syria, with the potential for violence spilling into other parts of the Middle East, increases the possibility of associated communal violence in Australia and remains a concern for ASIO." Zaky Mallah, the first person to be charged and acquitted under Australia's anti-terrorism laws, suggested: "The majority of Australians heading to Syria are from Lebanese backgrounds. The Lebanese youth here feel disadvantaged, isolated and discriminated against. Many [are] unemployed and have turned to religion as a result." After the death of a couple from western Sydney in the country, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection Scott Morrison suggested those fighting in Syria could risk losing their citizenship, while the Australian Federal Police added that those returning from the fighting would be considered a national security threat. ASIO confiscated the passports of those it suspected of travelling to engage in "politically motivated violence;" from mid-2012 to mid-2013 18 passports were confiscated. In December 2018, Australian authorities stripped a jihadist who had fought for ISIS and was held in Turkey on terror-related charges of his Australian citizenship. He had left Australia for Syria in 2013. The jihadist had both Australian and Fijian citizenship and according to Australian law, an individual holding dual citizenship can be stripped of citizenship if convicted or suspected of terror offences. In 2013, a suicide attack on a school where Syrian troops were stationed in Deir al-Zor was said to have been perpetrated by an Australian named Abu Asma al-Australi for the al-Nusra Front. Reports indicated he was from Queensland and travelled to Syria with his wife before sending her back to Australia. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade said that the Australian government was aware of the reports that an Australian had killed himself, but could not confirm any of the speculation. He added that the government had concern about its citizens fighting in the country, including with the al-Nusra Front. Belgium As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420-516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14–69 years old – with an average of 25.7. Moroccan-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were petty criminals. He encouraged them to steal from non-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate. The Chief of the 'Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis', Paul Van Tigchelt, said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead. In the 2012-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of Moroccan descent according to U.S. and Belgian authorities. In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin. Denmark According to the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations. The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some where converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the Grimhøj mosque. In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship. Finland The ICCT report from April 2016 showed that at least 70 individuals had left Finland to enter the conflict zone and the male-female ratio being about 80-20%. The majority of those were in the late teens-mid twenties age group with a third being older than thirty and up to about fifty. France An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate. In 2015 the USMA Combating Terrorism Center identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East. By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so. After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone. In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government. In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010. Germany For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German. In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% to two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7.6 crimes per individual. In February 2019, Katrin Göring-Eckardt from the Green party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany. The interior minister of Bavaria, Joachim Herrmann (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship. In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the PKK, which according to the domestic intelligence agency is "the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany." On August 19, 2019, Kurdish-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were "Islamic State" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6-month-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants. In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate "their" citizens-turned-terrorists. Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more. On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA "Andok Cotkar" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the YPG International branch outside of Sere Kaniye. Ireland As of January 2015, the Department of Justice estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011. At least three Irish citizens are known to have been killed in combat. According to the Department of Justice, many have "participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations" and "may pose certain threats" upon their return to Ireland and the European Union. The Garda Síochána (Irish national police) "will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required," including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the Special Detective Unit (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO). According to The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), "per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population." According to media reports, Garda and Military Intelligence are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential Islamist fighters both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq. Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015. Italy In the 2011-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1900) and Germany (about 1000). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and Jabhat Al-Nusra, while others joined non-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of Tunisian nationals living in Italy who went to the conflict zone (39) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in North Africa.12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans. The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns. The Netherlands As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25. The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard Van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands. In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship. In 2017 the Dutch security service AIVD approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands-originating women tried to flee the area. In the 2012-November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIS. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen. New Zealand In mid-October 2014, the-then Prime Minister John Key confirmed that several New Zealand foreign fighters had joined various Middle Eastern factions including ISIS. That same month, the New Zealand Government approved "terms of references" allowing the Department of Internal Affairs to suspend the passports of prospective foreign fighters and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service to conduct video surveillance of those individuals. The Prime Minister also confirmed that the Government maintained a watchlist of 30 to 40 "people of concern in the foreign fighter context" including individuals who had traveled to Syria to engage with ISIS. In December 2014, the Fifth National Government passed a Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act with the support of the Labour, ACT, and United Future parties which amended three existing laws to give the NZSIS greater powers of surveillance and the Minister of Internal Affairs greater powers to cancel and suspend passports. In October 2016, Key also confirmed that several New Zealand foreign "jihadis" and "jihadi brides" had travel to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. He confirmed that some had traveled via Australia and that some had dual citizenship. By December 2018, the New Zealand Herald reported that eight individuals had their passports cancelled, withdrawn, or applications denied under the Counter Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act. According to a TVNZ "Sunday" programme that aired on 11 March 2018, several New Zealanders including "Ashley" and "Sores" had also traveled to Syria to fight in support of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party's militias People's Protection Units (YPG) and the Women's Protection Units (YPJ), which were fighting against ISIS. One notable New Zealand citizen who had become an ISIS foreign fighter is Mark John Taylor (also known as Mohammad Daniel and Abu Abdul Rahman), who was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" by the United States Department of State in 2017. In April 2015, Taylor published a YouTube video calling on Australian and New Zealand Jihadists to attack police and military personnel on Anzac Day. In early March 2019, it was reported by the Australian Broadcasting Company that Taylor had been captured by Kurdish forces in Syria and is seeking to return home. In response, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern confirmed that New Zealand would not be stripping Taylor of his citizenship but that he would have to make his own travel arrangements. She also warned that he could face prosecution for joining a terrorist organisation should he return to New Zealand. Norway On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from Oslo, were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway-based Prophet's Ummah and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He "supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries." At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning. In May 2015 two men, 30-year-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28-year-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in Syria. Valon's 25-year-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven-month prison term. A month later, another man was arrested for suspected ties to the Islamic State and traveling to Syria to join jihadi militants. The 18-year-old was apprehended by the Swedish government at Göteborg Landvetter Airport at Norway's request. If convicted, the unidentified man faces up to six years in prison. About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned. It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011. In February 2019, Prime Minister Erna Solberg said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges. In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway. In September 2019, 15 foreigners in Norway had their residence permits revoked. Poland In 2015, about 20-40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015. Spain An ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female. A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were Moroccans living in Spain. Most of those who joined lived in the Ceuta enclave in North Africa, but also Girona and Malaga. At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became suicide bombers. In a joint operation in mid-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential "threat to national security." On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian-French citizen, in Almeria, who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in Melilla who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to Sharia4Spain. Sweden Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria. In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts. In February 2019, the prime minister of Sweden Stefan Löfven announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State. In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion. Michael Skråmo, a Norwegian-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden, was killed in March 2019. On 3 August 2013, two Lebanese-Swedish brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year. The Syrian-born chairman of the Stockholm mosque, Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of Islamic relief in Sweden was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria. In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school Vetenskapsskolan which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State. United Kingdom Robin Simcox of the Henry Jackson Society claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the Iraq War and Afghanistan War combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013. However, a report from the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700-760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix "al-Britani" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting. The Free Syrian Army's Abdullah al-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During Ramadan 2014, over 140 Imams signed an open letter asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIS conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call. An ISIS video released by British-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed "We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K." ISIS also threatened fighters with execution for returning to Britain. In November, Regnum reported that "White Widow" Samantha Lewthwaite, who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion Aidar during the War in Donbass. Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press. Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith. Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS. Britain had given him one million pounds over his time in Guantanamo. The Conservatives gave him the money. He also called himself Abu Zakariya. Fiddler's parents were Jamaican. He went to Tell Abyad. The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants. The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that "any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges", although Charles Farr, head of the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases. The U.K. arrested former Guantanamo Bay detention camp detainee Moazzam Begg for "attending [a] terrorist training camp" in Syria and "facilitating terrorism overseas." In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK. United States The numbers of fighters for ISIS from the United States is not clear. They are apparently not of single ethnicity, and include naturalized citizens, as well as some young women. On October 1, 2020, the United States Department of Justice said that they have successfully repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq. Mohammad Hamzeh Khan arrested by the United States while leaving to join ISIS, declared that ISIS had established the perfect Islamic state and that he felt obligated to "migrate" there. Ahmad Khan, an American teenager, was to meet a member of ISIS in Turkey. Another young American, of 17 years-old, acknowledged distributing nearly 7 thousand tweets in support of ISIS, as well as aiding the immigration of another youth to Syria. Pakistan In 2013, the Pakistani Taliban said that its fighters, from a variety of countries, were fighting against the Syrian government. They were reportedly working with the Nusra Front and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The group's commanders said that they sought to fight in Syria in order to foster closer links with al-Qaeda's central leadership. An unnamed Taliban commander was quoted by Reuters in 2013 as saying that the group was fighting alongside their Mujahedeen friends: "When our brothers needed our help, we sent hundreds of fighters along with our Arab friends." He added that videos would be released showing the group's "victories" in Syria. Another commander said: "Since our Arab brothers have come here for our support, we are bound to help them in their respective countries and that is what we did in Syria. We have established our own camps in Syria. Some of our people go and then return after spending some time fighting there. The group's spokesman, Abdul Rashid Abbasi, said on 16 July 2013 that its first batch of fighters had arrived in Syria and set up a command and control centre and that another batch of at least 120 fighters were expected to join the others within a week. While a militant said that 100 fighters had reached Syria and another 20 were on the way with an untold number of volunteers waiting, the Foreign Office spokesman Aizaz Chaudhry said: "We have seen these reports in the media and the concerned authorities are verifying these claims by the militants." However, the Istanbul-based Syrian National Council released a statement that read: "We ask for clarification regarding coverage that reflects poorly on the Syrian revolution, particularly news about Taliban's office in Syria and other news items about Islamist fighters." It also cited the Taliban's Shura Council as denying the news and calling it a "rumor." Specifically, Ahmed Kamel said the reports of the Taliban's presence were a "systematic" and "rapid" campaign by pro-government outlets to "smear" the rebels. He said that these were "sick attempts to make the Syrian people look like a bunch of radical Islamists. Syria is bigger than all of these lies and we know, based on our contacts inside Syria, that no Pakistani Taliban are fighting alongside the Syrian rebels. The Taliban want to kill Americans and Israelis, so why they should go to Syria when we are fighting for freedom, democracy and justice against a tyrant?" In addition, large numbers of Pakistani Shia fighters have fought on the pro-government side, mainly in the Zeinabiyoun Brigade, which has up to 1,000 fighters in Syria. 158 Shia Pakistani fighters were killed in Syria between January 2012 and August 2018. The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) have shared a list of the names of 29 Pakistanis among who are in their custody for fighting for the Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Others Other Non-Arab fighters came from Turkey, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Though they were reported to be callous, under-trained and poor, particularly in comparison to the Chechens. Other Muslim contingents included: South and Central Asians (Afghans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis), Westerners (Belgian, British, French, U.S., Australia, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Canada and Austria), as well as Azerbaijan (members of the country's Sunni minority), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. The core foreign support lies with the Al Qaeda-linked ISIS, which is in opposition to the Islamic Front and other non-Islamist groups. Reports indicated the inclusion of Buddhist-majority Khmers fighting with ISIS, including those who studied in madrassas in the Middle East. A Turkish member of the Turkistan Islamic Party Hudhayfah al-Turki blew himself up in Aleppo. A French national named Ubeydullah was killed while fighting for the Turkistan Islamic Party in 2017. The Turkistan Islamic Party had another member from France, Reda Layachi, who was of Moroccan descent and went by the name Abu Talha. Reactions Government Syria On 3 July 2013, it was reported that Syrian aircraft had dropped leaflets over areas in Idlib province calling on both rebels to turn themselves over to the authorities and for foreign fighters to return to their countries. International Official In June 2014, the European Union's Director of Justice and Home Affairs Gilles de Kerchove estimated that there were about 500 fighters from the E.U. with the U.K., Ireland and France estimated to have the most citizens fighting there. He added that while "not all of them are radical when they leave, but most likely many of them will be radicalised there, will be trained. And as we've seen this might lead to a serious threat when they get back." European intelligence agencies were said to have stepped up investigations with Britain and Belgium increasing efforts to track how people are recruited. The Netherlands' officials raised the terror threat level to "substantial" partly over concerns about radicalised citizens returning from Syria. The director of the U.S. government's National Counterterrorism Center Matthew Olsen told the Aspen Security Forum that an increasing number of foreign fighters from the West were fighting for the Nusra Front and that they were "the most capable fighting force within the opposition. Syria has become really the predominant jihadist battlefield in the world. We see foreign fighters going from Western Europe and, in a small number of cases, from the United States to Syria to fight for the opposition." He, along with other speakers, speculated that there was an increased threat of attacks should the fighters return home. The European Union's counter-terrorism coordinator, Gilles de Kerchove, said that about 600 fighters had traveled from Europe to Syria and that should the Balkans and North Africa be counted there would be thousands of fighters. Olsen added that "the concern going forward from a threat perspective is there are individuals traveling to Syria, becoming further radicalised, becoming trained and then returning as part of really a global jihadist movement to Western Europe and, potentially, to the United States." Despite former Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi's call for a jihad in Syria, the interim leadership in the country said that it had no intention of calling for such a jihad and that it would re-evaluate Morsi's cutting of diplomatic relations with Syria. On 8 July, following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, amid fears that many fighters were going to Egypt in support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt put travel restrictions on Syrian entering that country and required a visa before they entered Egypt. The Kremlin was said to be concerned about links between northern Caucasus militants and the Islamist oppositions fighters. The Australian government was also concerned about returning fighters. Saudi Grand Mufti Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh called for Syrians to be "enable[d]" to protect themselves. He also said of fighters going to the country that "this is all wrong, it's not obligatory. I do not advise one to go there...you will be a burden to them, what they want from you is your prayer. These are feuding factions and one should not go there. I do not advise one to go there...Going to a land that you do not know and without experience, you will be a burden to them, what they want from you is your prayer. Muslim should be fearful of God and not deceive young Muslims and exploit their weakness and lack of insight and push them to an abyss. I advise them to advise as they would advise their sons." This was seen as a Saudi fear of its citizens returning home with skills they learnt against the Saudi state. Turkish intelligence supported Islamist radicals like the al-Nusra Front and aided their passage into Syria and supported arming the rebels. Then President Abdullah Gul said Syria risks becoming "Afghanistan on the shores of the Mediterranean" and that Turkey could become a Mediterranean Pakistan. French Interior Minister Manuel Valls said that French national fighting for extremist groups could become enemies of France when they return to home. The Norwegian Police Security Service estimated that up to 40 Norwegians had gone to Syria to fight, but that the number might be higher. As of November 2013 at least five are presumed dead and some have returned to Norway. Many are recruited through Islamist groups in Norway and fight for organisations such as Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar, ISIS and al-Nusra. Both the Security Service and academics have expressed worry that returning fighters might pose a future threat to Norway. The U.K. also confirmed over 200 Syrian trained fighters had returned home with the intent to carry out attacks. In April 2014, it was announced that nine unnamed European countries were to take measures to prevent its citizens from fighting in Syria. They would be joined by the United States, Turkey, Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia. Belgian Interior Minister Joelle Milquet said that his country had taken steps in 2014 to address the problem and sought to increase international cooperation in the matter because "coping with the return [of fighters], that is our main concern." It followed European Union warnings that its citizens were going to fight in Syria and countries like Somalia and Sudan and that they could return more radicalised and trained in guerrilla tactics that could prove a security risk. Milquet added that an informal ministerial group with France in 2013 year, brought together officials from the U.K., Netherlands and Spain, which, in turn, then met officials from the U.S., Canada and Australia. France and England had also announced plans to prevent their citizens from fighting in Syria. France announced a set of 20 measures to deal with the issue with President Francois Hollande saying "France will take all measures to dissuade, prevent and punish those who are tempted to fight where they have no reason to be," while Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius estimated that about 500 French citizens were involved in the conflict. The U.K. police announced that they would appeal to Muslim women to help persuade youths not to fight in the war. In April 2014, the U.K. enacted Operation Mum that seeks Muslim women informing against family members who consider going to Syria to fight. It comes as up to 700 citizens were said to have traveled there, with 20 known deaths and more in detention. Australia expressed concern that veterans of the conflict posed a graver threat that those during the September 11 attacks, while another unnamed official compared the threat to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Prime Minister Tony Abbott said:This is a big issue; it's concerning people right around the world. We have an ongoing Islamist terror threat and the situation in Syria has the potential to escalate that threat as militarised radicals come back. I don’t say that there is any simple solution to this problem, but the vigilance that's been maintained since 2001 needs to be increased in these circumstances and its certainly no time to be reducing the emphasis on good intelligence which has been a very important part of Australia's response to the terror threat ever since then. Abbott signed an agreement with French President François Hollande to share intelligence on each other's citizens who had fought in Syria. He made a similar deal with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono when the met on Batam Island in early June 2014. The ISIS flag was seen being waved thrice in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Chief Minister Omar Abdullah alleged that: "You have to understand that no ISIS group has been identified so far in the valley. The flag of the ISIS was waved by some idiots, which does not mean that ISIS has any presence in Kashmir." He further noted that legal action was taken against the tailor who made it and those who flew it. In another instance it was waved after Friday prayers. Also, the entire leadership of self proclaimed ISIS affiliate was killed by Indian security forces in June 2018, this erasing any presence of group in the area. The governments of Malaysia and Indonesia as well the Philippines and Thailand were also concerned about returning fighters. On at least one occasion Malaysian reports indicated that Islamic State supporter terrorist groups have emerged to stake a claim over parts of mainland Southeast Asia. While some arrests were made, some of them had fled to the Philippines to forged an alliance with Abu Sayyaf, which is one of the Filipino terrorist group notourious for kidnapping, beheading and extortion. Many of the terrorists fled from Malaysia are believed to be not a Malaysian citizens, but instead were either Filipino and Indonesian nationalities who have disguised as a Malaysians by using fake identities. Malaysia's first suicide bomber attack occurred under the auspices of ISIS (though in Iraq). In 2014, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz introduced the Expatriate Terrorist Act which would allow the federal government go to court to revoke the citizenship of those who joins or aids a foreign terrorist group. He cited his view that it was "necessary" to prevent citizens to fight for ISIS from returning to carry out "unspeakable acts of terror here at home." In November 2014, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2178 which focused on how states should deal with the foreign fighter phenomenon. The Resolution presents a holistic approach to the problem and therefore stresses to not only focus on military and intelligence solutions, but incorporate preventative and rehabilitative measures as well. Furthermore, governments are encouraged to developed counter narratives together with communities and NGO's. Governments have adopted a wide range of policies and measures in order to deal with the issue of foreign fighters. Measures change per country, and focus for example on prevention, law enforcement or rehabilitation and reintegration. For example, informative hotlines have been set up as well as implementation of the deprivation of citizenship. With a focus on more preventative measures, countries have developed programs that focus on inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue as well the use of counter-narratives. Other Personal In at least Suluk in Raqqa, ISIS was teaching their version of Sharia to Europeans and other foreigners at a house. Further, at least three fathers, two Belgians and a Russian, traveled to northern Syria to try and bring home their sons fighting for the opposition. Another former Belgian soldier successfully brought back his son from Syria. Analysis Western reactions have generally been of concern about returning Islamist foreign fighters. Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton said: "The balance of power within the Syrian opposition between responsible forces and terrorists is already murky at best. If even more al Qaeda supporters are moving in, it raises the risks of supplying weapons even to 'friendly' opposition forces even higher." Former CIA official and former staff member of the White House National Security Council Bruce Riedel added: "Syria is the new epicenter for the global jihad with would be 'martyrs' arriving from across the Islamic world to fight Assad. They are getting experience in the terror arts they will bring home." Aaron Zelin of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy wrote that "not everyone who has joined the Syrian rebels is al Qaeda, and only a small number may ever become involved in terrorism after returning to Europe. That said, it would be wrong to conclude that individuals who have trained and fought in Syria pose no potential threat. Numerous studies show that individuals with foreign training and/or fighting experience have featured prominently in European based terrorist plots. [Other studies have shown that foreign-trained fighters] are far more lethal, dangerous and sophisticated than purely domestic cells." because the returning fighters are more experienced and battle hardened than those in domestic cells. Having fought and survived the war, domestic cells would most likely look up to and follow the instructions of returning fighters when carrying out violent attacks. It might be more difficult to prevent a terrorist attack from a cell headed by a Foreign fighter that have knowledge in weapons handling, constructing explosives out of improvised goods and operational planning than a cell headed by a leader without this practical training. He suggested a recurrence of roving attackers that followed the Iraq war in the 2000s, the Bosnia war in the 1990s and the Afghanistan war in the 1980s. The Free Beacon suggested the growing number of foreign fighters was indicated by the release of videos such as one showing the execution of three Christians, including a Roman Catholic priest. Other such videos are the increasing number of "martyrdom announcements." The New York Times suggested the influx of foreign Islamist fighters could make Syria a new haven for such fighters akin to Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment's Thomas Hegghammer estimated in November 2013 that between 1,132 and 1,707 Europeans from 12 such countries had gone to Syria to fight, with a majority from France (200–400), the United Kingdom (200–300) and Belgium (100–300). However, an ISIL deserter alleged that foreign recruits were treated with less respect than Arabic-speaking Muslims by ISIL commanders and were placed in suicide units if they lacked otherwise useful skills. In order to gain respect, foreign fighters may engage in far more violent actions than local fighters. Most local fighters are unwilling to terrorize their own relatives or neighbors and thus foreign fighters are deployed to violently control the locals. Turkey was said to be concerned about the presence of radical jihadists on their border with Syria. The Carnegie Middle East Center noted the "unprecedented" speed at which the numbers of fighters have mobilised in comparison to earlier modern conflicts in the Islamic world. Shahriman Lockman of the Malaysia-based Institute of Strategic & International Studies said of the return of fighters: "It is worrisome, yes. If they wanted a safe haven for their training and operations, they could easily go to the numerous failed states in Africa. But they chose to operate from Malaysia, where the risk of being under surveillance is much higher." In his 28 May 2017 Face the Nation interview, US Secretary of Defense James Mattis announced a shift from "attrition" to "annihilation" tactics in the fight against ISIS; according to Mattis, the intention is "that the foreign fighters do not survive the fight to return home to North Africa, to Europe, to America, to Asia, to Africa." Blowback Amidst concern of blowback, the first reported case of a former fighter in the conflict to attack those outside Syria occurred in May 2014 at the Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting. Though unconfirmed, ISIS reportedly claimed responsibility for the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa. See also List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War Final Report of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter TravelMilitary activity of ISIL References Further reading Byman, D., 2015. The Homecomings: What Happens When Arab Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria Return?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(8), pp. 581–602. Edwin Bakker, Christophe Paulussen, Eva Entenmann, "Dealing with European Foreign Fighters in Syria: Governance Challenges and Legal Implications" (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague) Cerwyn Moore (2015) Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and "Beyond", Terrorism and Political Violence, vol.27, no.3, 395-415 Nash, Ed; Desert Sniper, Little, Brown (2018) Shtuni, Adrian. "Breaking Down the Ethnic Albanian Foreign Fighters Phenomenon." Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal'' 98.4 (2015): 460-477. Shtuni, Adrian. "Ethnic Albanian Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria." Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, April 30 (2015). Mark Youngman and Cerwyn Moore (2017) ‘Russian-Speaking’ Fighters in Syria, Iraq and at Home: Consequences and Context van Zuijdewijn, J.D.R., 2016. Terrorism and Beyond: Exploring the Fallout of the European Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Syria and Iraq. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6). 21st century in international relations Islamic terrorism and Norway Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom Islamic terrorism in the United States Islamic terrorism in France Islamic terrorism in Russia Islamic terrorism in China Islamic terrorism in Australia

39863942

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%20%28TV%20series%29

1864 (TV series)

1864 is a 2014 Danish television historical war drama series written and directed by Ole Bornedal. It is based on two books by Tom Buk-Swienty about the Second Schleswig War of 1864 between Denmark and an alliance of Prussia and Austria which ended in defeat for Denmark and the loss of a quarter of its territory to Prussia. It follows two brothers from a remote village on Funen who enlist in the Danish army just before the outbreak of war, and experience the horrors of combat in Schleswig. It also features actual historical figures such as Danish prime minister D. G. Monrad and Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck. It was the most expensive Danish TV series to be made to date. Production 1864 was produced by Miso Film for DR. It was a co-production with Film Fyn, TV2 (Norway), TV4 (Sweden), SF Studios, ARTE, ZDF Enterprises and Sirena Film (Czech Republic). DR had recently produced the highly successful series The Killing, Borgen and The Bridge, and several of the stars of those series, such as Lars Mikkelsen, Sidse Babett Knudsen and Søren Malling, were among the cast. 1864 was filmed on location at Dybbøl, scene of the climactic battle of the war, in the Svanninge Hills on Funen, and at Hagenskov, Egebjerggård and Hvidkilde Manors, also on Funen. The battle scenes were filmed in the Czech Republic over a period of seven weeks. Tom Buk-Swienty, on whose books the series was based, was a historical consultant on the series. It was the most expensive television series ever made in Denmark, with a projected cost of 173 million kroner (about $25 million). The director, Ole Bornedal, described it as "a classic story about power and the abuse of power...of people getting separated." The BBC's John Wilson said it had "the sense of the epic in scale" but with "a great undertone of tragedy." The background to the opening credits is the painting (From the outposts, 1864) by Vilhelm Rosenstand. Plot summary 1850s In 1851, the people of a Danish village await the return of the victorious soldiers from the First Schleswig War. Among the soldiers is farmer Thøger Jensen, who has suffered a severe leg wound and returns to his wife Karen and sons 12-year-old Laust and 11-year-old Peter. Also returning is Didrich, son of the local landowner, the Baron, who served as a captain. Didrich has been severely damaged psychologically by the war and has also been tainted by cowardice; his father reveals that he bribed his fellow officers not to report him to the military authorities. Didrich's mother died giving birth to him, and his father (Waage Sandø) has never forgiven him; while kind to his tenants, he treats his son with scorn. Overjoyed to have their father home, Laust and Peter also befriend Inge Juel, the spirited daughter of the Baron's new estate manager. Didrich, too, who is increasingly becoming a dissolute alcoholic, has feelings for Inge, although she is only a child. At the harvest festival celebrations he propositions her, but she slaps his face and runs away. Later, Thøger, whose wound has never really healed, dies suddenly while working in the fields. Laust goes to work for the Baron as a stable boy. In Copenhagen, the leader of the National Liberal Party, D. G. Monrad, meets famous actress Johanne Luise Heiberg, who begins to encourage him in his nationalist ideas. 1860s In the 1860s, Monrad is now Council President (prime minister), and has become a convinced nationalist. He actively tries to provoke a war with Prussia over the Schleswig-Holstein Question, still encouraged by Mrs Heiberg. Monrad tries to persuade the new king, Christian IX, that declaring war would show the people that Christian, who was born in Schleswig and grew up speaking German, is a true Dane. In Berlin, King Wilhelm, his minister-president, Otto von Bismarck, and his chief of the general staff, General Helmuth von Moltke, greet Denmark's sabre-rattling with disbelief but also relief as such a war would fit perfectly into Bismarck's plan of placing Prussia as the dominant power in the German Confederation. In the village, Laust and Peter have grown into young men, now both in love with Inge. A group of gypsies led by Ignazio arrives in the village and ask for work. Although Inge's father says they need help with the harvest, Didrich orders them to leave. Later, he and his dissolute friends catch Ignazio's son, Djargo, poaching pheasant on the Baron's land and severely flog him. He is found by Laust, Peter and Inge, who take him to the Baron. The Baron chastises his son and gives the gypsies work in the harvest. He also persuades Laust and Peter and their friend Einar to join the army. The brothers complete their basic training and return to the village on leave, arriving at the harvest festival celebrations. They leave with Inge and both end up kissing her. However, after they leave her, Laust, on the pretext of going to search for his lost knife, returns to her without Peter's knowledge and they make love. Later, Didrich, drunk as usual and unable to find Inge, rapes Ignazio's beautiful, mute daughter Sofia, who keeps the attack to herself. The brothers return to the army, where they and Einar are assigned to a company of the 8th Brigade. There they befriend Alfred, a naive young man from Skagen, Erasmus, a cheerful bearded giant who is a miller in civilian life, and Johan Larsen, a middle-aged veteran who has a reputation for being psychic and is soon promoted to corporal. They also form good relations with the company's second-in-command, the young Second Lieutenant Wilhelm Dinesen, and with their senior NCO, Sergeant Jespersen. Monrad's plans are finally realised when he announces that Denmark has fully annexed Schleswig and Prussia decides to declare war. The 8th Brigade is sent south to occupy the Danevirke, a line of fortifications which has always been regarded as the country's southern border and which is regarded in Danish mythology as impregnable. However, when they arrive they find the Danevirke dilapidated, with no barracks accommodation. They are also assigned a new company commander to replace the former ancient and senile officer, who has died en route; it is Didrich, who has been recalled to the colours. The company is ordered to Mysunde, where they witness the devastation of the Battle of Mysunde, the first battle of the war giving the Danes an early victory, although Didrich keeps them well behind the action. Laust and Peter have both been writing to Inge and she to them, but she and Laust have also been exchanging further secret letters. Peter receives one of these by mistake and realises that his brother has slept with Inge. Devastated, he disowns Laust. Didrich later promotes Johan to sergeant and Laust to corporal. It becomes obvious to the Danish commander, General Christian de Meza, that he cannot hold the Danevirke because the marshes and water on which he had relied to defend its flanks have been frozen solid by the hard winter, and he asks for permission to withdraw to Dybbøl, but Monrad refuses. De Meza withdraws anyway and is replaced by the unimaginative General Georg Gerlach, who is guaranteed to do anything he is told to do. Peter, Einar and Jespersen are among a small party led by Dinesen who volunteer to remain behind at the Danevirke to spike the guns after the Danish withdrawal. They escape just before the Prussians arrive and are pursued by a group of Prussian hussars, who capture them and execute one man before Dinesen, who has managed to escape, reappears and surprises them; caught off guard, all the hussars are killed by the Danes. Dinesen begins to get a reputation for ferocity and invincibility. Meanwhile, during the retreat to Dybbøl, Didrich orders Laust to jump into a frozen pond to retrieve a cannon that has fallen in. After his friends pull him out he begins suffering from severe hypothermia and he and his friends, including Johan, Alfred and Erasmus, begin to fall further behind the column. They thereby miss the Battle of Sankelmark, although they come upon the bloody aftermath. Back in the village, Inge realises she is pregnant by Laust. Her mother disowns her and she leaves with the gypsies when they head south to see whether they can make any profit from the war. During the journey she and Djargo realise Sofia too is pregnant and Djargo swears to kill Didrich, whom he correctly surmises has raped his sister. They reach Dybbøl, where Inge encounters Didrich, who tells her that both brothers are dead. The Danish army digs in at Dybbøl. Both Laust's and Peter's groups arrive, although they do not encounter one another. Laust, now dying from pneumonia, is taken to a military hospital where Inge and Sofia are working as nurses, although they do not meet. Djargo disguises himself as a soldier to try to kill Didrich, but is caught. Didrich wants him executed, but Jespersen persuades him that this would be a crime and he instead has him locked in a dugout. Dinesen leads his group in a nighttime raid to kill the German bandsmen who have been playing marches near the Danish lines. Celebrating after the successful raid, Alfred, who has joined the group, has too much to drink and climbs onto the parapet, where he has both hands blown off by an exploding shell. He later dies of blood loss in a hospital, where Inge and Peter pass next to each other but do not notice the other. Johan mysteriously manages to cure Laust of his pneumonia and he returns to the company. Finally, the Prussians attack, beginning with a remorseless six-hour artillery barrage. They are now commanded by the highly competent Prince Friedrich Karl, the Prussian king's nephew, who has replaced the 80-year-old and increasingly senile Field Marshal von Wrangel. Most of Didrich's company are holding the trenches, although Dinesen's men are with the main body of the brigade who are forming a reserve behind the lines. The Prussian infantry attack and Erasmus is killed. Djargo, who has escaped during the barrage, finds Didrich and stabs him in the thigh, but is killed by a stray bullet before he can finish off his sister's rapist. Didrich, terrified and cowering, tries to surrender to a group of Prussian soldiers, but they ignore him. The 8th Brigade attacks, led by Dinesen after its commanding officer refuses to advance without orders from his superiors, and manages to push the Prussians back temporarily. A counterattack, however, destroys the brigade and kills Jespersen, and Peter, trapped behind enemy lines, finally realises that he has to find his brother. Meanwhile, Laust has discovered the wounded and frightened Didrich and begins carrying him to safety. However, he is spotted and shot dead by the Germans. Peter, arriving too late but witnessing his brother's death, falls into shock and is captured and confined to a prisoner of war hospital in Austria. Meanwhile, Inge gives birth as the battle rages. Realising his country is defeated, King Christian surrenders, although Monrad, abandoned by Mrs Heiberg, still tries to persuade him to continue fighting. Johan infiltrates the Prussian lines the night after the battle and collects all the papers, letters and photographs from the bodies of his dead comrades. He then travels throughout Denmark handing them to their families. When he reaches Laust and Peter's village he tries to give Laust's last letter to Inge, who has been taken back in by her parents, but her mother Ingrid (Helle Fagralid) refuses to let him see her and later reads and burns the letter without giving it to her. The Baron asks Johan about Didrich, who is in a prisoner of war camp in Hamburg, and Johan bitterly tells him the truth: that his son is a coward and a deserter. As he leaves, the Baron shoots himself. Later Didrich is released and returns to the village, to find himself the new Baron. He asks Inge to marry him, implying an estate manager's daughter would be a fool to refuse such an offer from a nobleman. Still believing both Laust and Peter to be dead, she accepts, although she becomes hysterical when her child, whom she has named Laust after his father, is taken from her; Didrich has made it clear that he does not want another man's bastard. Two years later, Peter, now sane, fit and healthy once more, is finally released and works his way back across Austria and Prussia to Denmark, encountering en route Prussian troops now marching to fight their former allies, the Austrians. He returns to the village to find Sofia and her baby, whom she has named Peter after him, living with his mother. He goes to see Inge, who, pregnant with her and Didrich's first child, breaks down when she sees him and realises Didrich lied to her. Peter knocks a typically offensive Didrich down and leaves. He finds little Laust in the orphanage in which he has been abandoned and adopts him as his own son. He falls in love with and marries Sofia, who is now capable of at least limited speech, celebrating with his family and friends, including Einar, who has also survived the war. Monrad and his family make plans to leave for New Zealand. Inge's voiceover tells us that she and Didrich had a number of children, each of whom seemed to calm him a little more, although he was never truly normal. 2010s A parallel and linked story takes place in the modern day. Troubled teenage tearaway Claudia and her drug dealer boyfriend Zlatko are taken on a school trip to the Dybbøl battlefield, where they are bored and smoke marijuana. Soon afterwards Claudia, whose brother was killed while serving in the army overseas (probably in Afghanistan) and whose parents have retreated into depression, leaves school and is found a temporary job as carer for Baron Severin. In his nineties, nearly blind, confined to a wheelchair and probably suffering from dementia, Severin lives alone in his mansion, which it is soon clear is the same mansion formerly owned by Didrich. While looking for things to steal to finance her boyfriend's drug dealing, Claudia finds a handwritten journal, which turns out to be Inge's memoirs, written just before her death in 1939. Inge was Severin's grandmother and he asks Claudia to read it to him. She begins reluctantly, but soon warms to the story and to the old man, and it is this story, read by both Claudia and Inge, that forms the voiceover at various points in the series. Later Claudia discovers that through her mother she is Sofia's great-great-great-great-granddaughter and that she and Severin are therefore distant cousins (presumably her great-great-great-grandfather was little Peter, who was Didrich's son, as was Severin's father). She tries to sell the jewellery she has stolen from Severin, but the jeweller becomes suspicious and calls the police and she flees back to the mansion. Tearfully she admits to Severin what she has done, but he says he knows and forgives her. As she reads the end of the story to him, she realises that he was with Inge at the end and wrote the whole thing down for her. Excitedly she asks him about it, but then realises that the old man has died as she was reading. Cast Main cast members from the series: Esben Dalgaard Andersen as Erasmus Pilou Asbæk as Didrich Peter Benedict as Lieutenant-General Edwin von Manteuffel Rasmus Bjerg as Colonel Max Müller Sarah Boberg as Karen Jensen Rainer Bock as Minister President Otto von Bismarck Fanny Bornedal as Inge Juel (12 years old) Sarah-Sofie Boussnina as Claudia Henriksen Nicolas Bro as Bishop D. G. Monrad Zlatko Burić as Ignazio Sylvester Byder as Laust Jensen (12 years old) Heikko Deutschmann as Lieutenant-General Helmuth von Moltke Karel Dobrý as Major-General August von Goeben Helle Fagralid as Ingrid Juel Barbara Flynn as Queen Victoria James Fox as Lord Palmerston Peter Gilsfort as Inge's Father Jordan Haj as Djargo Kristian Halken as Major-General Georg Gerlach Stig Hoffmeyer as Hans Christian Andersen Olaf Johannessen as Carl Christian Hall Eva Josefíková as Sofia Sidse Babett Knudsen as Johanne Luise Heiberg Johannes Lassen as Second Lieutenant Wilhelm Dinesen Lars Lohmann as King Frederick VII of Denmark Jens Christian Buskov Lund as Alfred Søren Malling as Johan Larsen Bent Mejding as Baron Severin Barnaby Metschurat as General Prince Friedrich Karl Louise Mieritz as Emilie Lütthans Lars Mikkelsen as Thøger Jensen Dieter Montag as King Wilhelm of Prussia Benjamin Holmstrøm Nielsen as Peter Jensen (11 years old) Jakob Oftebro as Laust Jensen Søren Pilmark as Major E. A. Lundbye Peter Plaugborg as Sergeant Jespersen Henrik Prip as King Christian IX of Denmark Rainer Rainers as Johann Gottfried Piefke Hans-Michael Rehberg as Field Marshal Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Carl-Christian Riestra as Einar Adam Ild Rohweder as Lieutenant Viggo Monrad Waage Sandø as the Baron Jens Sætter-Lassen as Peter Jensen Søren Sætter-Lassen as General Christian de Meza Philip Schenker as Lieutenant-General Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein Roland Schreglmann as Ludwig Marie Tourell Søderberg as Inge Juel Jens Jørn Spottag as Major-General Glode du Plat Troels Malling Thaarup as Ernst Schau Ludwig Trepte as Heinz Besir Zeciri as Zlatko Broadcast 1864 was first broadcast on DR1 on 12 October 2014. It was broadcast in a four-week run on BBC Four in the United Kingdom, starting on 16 May 2015 with 2 episodes shown each week. The series premiered on Swedish commercial broadcaster TV4 and on the Franco-German network Arte in June 2015. It was shown on Irish public service broadcaster RTÉ2 in July 2015, and in Australia on SBS, commencing on 7 June 2016. Reception The series divided reviewers in Denmark; some were enthusiastic, praising the lavish cinematography, while others considered the cost should have been used for other programming, especially more Scandinavian noir. Some Danish critics and historians felt that the series contained historical inaccuracies, particularly in its assertion that excessive nationalism drove Denmark into a war that was bound to end in defeat. The 1864 war had a profound effect on Denmark, setting the country's course for its modern development. As a result, Tom Buk-Swienty, the series' historical consultant, believed that that sort of debate was inevitable. On the other hand, producer Peter Bose commented that "we were expecting debates but were rather surprised by the continuous bashing". It received a positive reception from reviewers in the United Kingdom, however. Andrew Collins of The Guardian said that "1864 really is in television’s top rank", and that "the most expensive TV series in Danish history puts every kroner up there on the screen." Gerard O'Donovan of the Telegraph said that DR had "taken a key moment in their nation’s history and made it as compelling as any noir drama." Ellen E. Jones of the Independent said that "the scale of this series is too ambitious to grasp in a single episode, but the more you watch, the deeper you’ll be sucked in." References External links 2010s Danish television series Danish drama television series DR television dramas Danish-language television shows Costume drama television series War television series Television shows set in Denmark Television series set in the 1850s Television series set in the 1860s Fiction set in 1864 Television series set in the 2010s Cultural depictions of Otto von Bismarck Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on television

39912374

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey

Morrissey

Steven Patrick Morrissey (; born 22 May 1959), known professionally as Morrissey, is an English singer, songwriter, and author. He came to prominence as the frontman of rock band the Smiths, who were active from 1982 to 1987. Since then, he has pursued a successful solo career. Morrissey's music is characterised by his baritone voice and distinctive lyrics with recurring themes of emotional isolation, sexual longing, self-deprecating and dark humour, and anti-establishment stances. Born to working-class Irish immigrants in Davyhulme, Lancashire, Morrissey grew up in nearby Manchester. As a child, he developed a love of literature, kitchen sink realism, and 1960s pop music. In the late 1970s, he fronted punk rock band the Nosebleeds with little success before beginning a career in music journalism and writing several books on music and film in the early 1980s. He formed the Smiths with Johnny Marr in 1982 and the band soon attracted national recognition for their eponymous debut album. As the band's frontman, Morrissey attracted attention for his trademark quiff and witty and sardonic lyrics. Deliberately avoiding rock machismo, he cultivated the image of a sexually ambiguous social outsider who embraced celibacy. The Smiths released three further studio albums—Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead, and Strangeways, Here We Come—and had a string of hit singles. The band were critically acclaimed and attracted a cult following. Personal differences between Morrissey and Marr resulted in the separation of the Smiths in 1987. In 1988 Morrissey launched his solo career with Viva Hate. This album and its follow-ups—Kill Uncle, Your Arsenal, and Vauxhall and I—all did well on the UK Albums Chart and spawned multiple hit singles. He took on Alain Whyte and Boz Boorer as his main co-writers to replace Marr. During this time his image began to shift into that of a burlier figure who toyed with patriotic imagery and working-class masculinity. In the mid-to-late 1990s, his albums Southpaw Grammar and Maladjusted also charted but were less well received. Relocating to Los Angeles, he took a musical hiatus from 1998 to 2003 before releasing a successful comeback album, You Are the Quarry, in 2004. Ensuing years saw the release of albums Ringleader of the Tormentors, Years of Refusal, World Peace Is None of Your Business, Low in High School, California Son, and I Am Not a Dog on a Chain, as well as his autobiography and his debut novel, List of the Lost. Highly influential, Morrissey has been credited as a seminal figure in the emergence of indie rock and Britpop. In a 2006 poll for the BBC's Culture Show, Morrissey was voted the second-greatest living British cultural icon. His work has been the subject of academic study. He has been a controversial figure throughout his music career due to his forthright opinions and outspoken nature—endorsing vegetarianism and animal rights, criticising royalty and prominent politicians, including support of some far-right activists with regard to freedom of speech and British heritage, defending a particular vision of national identity while critiquing the effect of immigration on the UK. Early life Childhood: 1959–1976 Steven Patrick Morrissey was born on 22 May 1959 at Park Hospital in Davyhulme, Lancashire. His parents, Elizabeth (née Dwyer) and Peter Morrissey, were Irish Catholics who had emigrated to Manchester from Dublin with his only sibling, elder sister Jacqueline, a year before his birth. Morrissey claims he was named after American actor Steve Cochran, although he may instead have been named in honour of his father's brother who died in infancy, Patrick Steven Morrissey. His earliest home was a council house at 17 Harper Street in the Hulme area of inner Manchester. Living in that area as a child, he was deeply affected by the Moors murders, in which a number of local children were killed; the crimes had a lasting impression on him and would inspire the lyrics of the Smiths song "Suffer Little Children". He also became aware of the anti-Irish sentiment in British society against Irish immigrants to Britain. In 1970, the family moved to another council house at 384 King's Road in Stretford. Following a primary education at St. Wilfred's Primary School, Morrissey failed his 11-plus exam and proceeded to St. Mary's Secondary Modern School, an experience he found unpleasant. He excelled at athletics, though he was an unpopular loner at the school. He has been critical of his formal education, later stating, "The education I received was so basically evil and brutal. All I learnt was to have no self-esteem and to feel ashamed without knowing why." He left school in 1975, having received no formal qualifications. He continued his education at Stretford Technical College, where he gained three O-Levels in English literature, sociology, and the General Paper. In 1975, he travelled to the U.S. to visit an aunt who lived in New Jersey. The relationship between his parents was strained, and they ultimately separated in December 1976, with his father moving out of the family home. Morrissey's librarian mother encouraged her son's interest in reading. He took an interest in feminist literature, and particularly liked the Irish author Oscar Wilde, whom he came to idolise. The young Morrissey was a keen fan of the television soap opera Coronation Street, which focused on working-class communities in Manchester; he sent proposed scripts and storylines to the show's production company, Granada Television, although all were rejected. He was also a fan of Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey and its 1961 film adaptation, which was a drama focusing on working-class life in Salford. Many of his later songs directly quoted A Taste of Honey. Of his youth, Morrissey has said, "Pop music was all I ever had, and it was completely entwined with the image of the pop star. I remember feeling the person singing was actually with me and understood me and my predicament." He later revealed that the first record he purchased was Marianne Faithfull's 1964 single "Come and Stay With Me". He became a glam rock fan in the 1970s, enjoying the work of English artists like T. Rex, David Bowie and Roxy Music. He was also a fan of American glam rock artists such as Sparks, Jobriath and the New York Dolls. He formed a British fan club for the latter, attracting members through small adverts in the back pages of music magazines. It was through the New York Dolls' interest in female pop singers from the 1960s that Morrissey too developed a fascination for such artists, including Sandie Shaw, Twinkle, and Dusty Springfield. Early bands and published books: 1977–1981 Having left formal education, Morrissey proceeded through a series of jobs, as a clerk for the civil service and then the Inland Revenue, as a salesperson in a record store, and as a hospital porter, before abandoning employment and claiming unemployment benefits. He used much of the money from these jobs to purchase tickets for gigs, attending performances by Talking Heads, the Ramones, and Blondie. He regularly attended concerts, having a particular interest in the alternative and post-punk music scene. Having met the guitarist Billy Duffy in November 1977, Morrissey agreed to become the vocalist for Duffy's punk band the Nosebleeds. Morrissey co-wrote a number of songs with the band—"Peppermint Heaven", "I Get Nervous" and "I Think I'm Ready for the Electric Chair"—and performed with them in support slots for Jilted John and then Magazine. The band soon disbanded. After the Nosebleeds' break-up, Morrissey followed Duffy to join Slaughter & the Dogs, briefly replacing original singer Wayne Barrett. He recorded four songs with the band and they auditioned for a record deal in London. After the audition fell through, Slaughter & the Dogs became Studio Sweethearts, without Morrissey. He came to be known as a minor figure within Manchester's punk community. By 1981, he had become a close friend of Linder Sterling, the frontwoman of punk-jazz ensemble Ludus; her lyrics and style of singing both influenced him. Through Sterling, he came to know Howard Devoto and Richard Boon. At the time, Morrissey's best male friend was James Maker; he would visit Maker in London or they would meet in Manchester, where they visited the city's gay bars and gay clubs, in one case having to escape from a gang of gay bashers. Wanting to become a professional writer, Morrissey considered a career in music journalism. He frequently wrote letters to the music press and was eventually hired by the weekly music review publication Record Mirror. He wrote several short books for local publishing company Babylon Books: in 1981 it released a 24-page booklet he had written on the New York Dolls, which sold 3000 copies. This was followed by James Dean is Not Dead, about the late American film star James Dean. Morrissey had developed a love of Dean and had covered his bedroom with pictures of the dead film star. The Smiths Establishing the Smiths: 1982–1984 In August 1978, Morrissey was briefly introduced to the 14-year old Johnny Marr by mutual acquaintances at a Patti Smith gig held at Manchester's Apollo Theatre. Several years later, in May 1982, Marr turned up on the doorstep of Morrissey's house, there to ask Morrissey if he was interested in co-founding a band. Marr had been impressed that Morrissey had authored a book on the New York Dolls, and was inspired to turn up on his doorstep following the example of Jerry Leiber, who had formed his working partnership with Mike Stoller after turning up at the latter's door. According to Morrissey: "We got on absolutely famously. We were very similar in drive." The next day, Morrissey phoned Marr to confirm that he would be interested in forming a band with him. Steve Pomfret—who had served as the band's first bassist—soon abandoned the band, to be replaced by Dale Hibbert. Around the time of the band's formation, Morrissey decided that he would be publicly known only by his surname, with Marr referring to him as "Mozzer" or "Moz". In 1983, he forbade those around him from using the name "Steven", which he despised. Morrissey was also responsible for choosing the band name of "The Smiths", later informing an interviewer that "it was the most ordinary name and I thought it was time that the ordinary folk of the world showed their faces". Alongside developing their own songs, they also developed a cover of the Cookies' "I Want a Boy for My Birthday", the latter reflecting their deliberate desire to transgress established norms of gender and sexuality in rock in a manner inspired by the New York Dolls. In August 1982, they recorded their first demo at Manchester's Decibel Studios, and Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but they weren't interested. In late summer 1982, Mike Joyce was adopted as the band's drummer after a successful audition. In October 1982, they then gave their first public performance, as a support act for Blue Rondo à la Turk at Manchester's The Ritz. Hibbert however was unhappy with what he perceived as the band's gay aesthetic; in turn, Morrissey and Marr were unhappy with his bass playing, and so he was removed from the band and replaced by Marr's old school friend Andy Rourke. After the record company EMI turned them down, Morrissey and Marr visited London to hand a cassette of their recordings to Geoff Travis of the independent record label Rough Trade Records. Although not signing them to a contract straight away, he agreed to cut their song "Hand in Glove" as a single. Morrissey chose a homoerotic cover design in the form of a Jim French photograph. It was released in May 1983. It was championed by DJ John Peel, as were all their later singles, but it failed to chart. The band soon generated controversy when Garry Bushell of tabloid newspaper The Sun alleged that their B-side "Handsome Devil" was an endorsement of paedophilia. The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song "has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child molesting". In the wake of their single, the band performed their first significant London gig, gained radio airplay with a John Peel session, and obtained their first interviews in music magazines NME and Sounds. The follow-up singles "This Charming Man" and "What Difference Does It Make?" fared better when they reached numbers 25 and 12 respectively on the UK Singles Chart. Aided by praise from the music press and a series of studio sessions for Peel and David Jensen at BBC Radio 1, the Smiths began to acquire a dedicated fan base. In February 1984 they released their debut album, The Smiths, which reached number 2 on the UK Albums Chart. As frontman of the Smiths, Morrissey—described as "lanky, soft-spoken, bequiffed and bespectacled"—subverted many of the norms that were associated with pop and rock music. The band's aesthetic simplicity was a reaction to the excess personified by the New Romantics, and while Morrissey adopted an androgynous appearance like the New Romantics or earlier glam rockers, his was far more subtle and understated. According to one commentator, "he was bookish; he wore NHS spectacles and a hearing aid on stage; he was celibate. Worst of all, he was sincere", with his music being "so intoxicatingly melancholic, so dangerously thoughtful, so seductively funny that it lured its listeners ... into a relationship with him and his music instead of the world." In an academic paper on the band, Julian Stringer characterised the Smiths as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups", while in his study of their work, Andrew Warns termed them "this most anti-capitalist of bands". Morrissey had been particularly vocal in his criticism of then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; after the October 1984 Brighton hotel bombing, he commented that "the only sorrow" of it was "that Thatcher escaped unscathed". In 1988, he stated that Section 28 "embodies Thatcher's very nature and her quite natural hatred". The Smiths' growing success: 1984–1987 In 1984, the band released two non-album singles: "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" (their first UK top-ten hit) and "William, It Was Really Nothing". The year ended with the compilation album Hatful of Hollow. This collected singles, B-sides and the versions of songs that had been recorded throughout the previous year for the Peel and Jensen shows. Early in 1985, the band released their second album, Meat Is Murder, which was their only studio album to top the UK charts. The single-only release "Shakespeare's Sister" reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, though the only single taken from the album, "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore", was less successful, barely making the top 50. "How Soon Is Now?" was originally a B-side of "William, It Was Really Nothing", and was subsequently featured on Hatful of Hollow and the American, Canadian, Australian and Warner UK editions of Meat Is Murder. Belatedly released as a single in the UK in 1985, "How Soon Is Now?" reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. During 1985, the band undertook lengthy tours of the UK and the US while recording the next studio record, The Queen Is Dead. The album was released in June 1986, shortly after the single "Bigmouth Strikes Again". The record reached number 2 in the UK charts. However, all was not well within the band. A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule. Meanwhile, Rourke was fired in early 1986 for his use of heroin. Rourke was temporarily replaced on bass guitar by Craig Gannon, but he was reinstated after only a fortnight. Gannon stayed in the band, switching to rhythm guitar. This five-piece recorded the singles "Panic" and "Ask" (with Kirsty MacColl on backing vocals) which reached numbers 11 and 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart, and toured the UK. After the tour ended in October 1986, Gannon left the band. The band had become frustrated with Rough Trade and sought a record deal with a major label, ultimately signing with EMI, which drew criticism from some of the band's fanbase. In early 1987, the single "Shoplifters of the World Unite" was released and reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. It was followed by a second compilation album, The World Won't Listen, which reached number 2 in the charts—and the single "Sheila Take a Bow", the band's second (and last during the band's lifetime) UK top-10 hit. Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band—including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr—saw them on the verge of breaking up. In July 1987, Marr left the band and auditions to find a replacement proved fruitless. By the time that the band's fourth album Strangeways, Here We Come was released in September, the band had broken up. The breakdown in the relationship has been partly attributed to Morrissey's annoyance with Marr's work with other artists and to Marr's growing frustration with Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Morrissey attributed the band's break-up to the lack of a managerial figure—in a 1989 interview with then-teenage fan Tim Samuels. Strangeways peaked at number 2 in the UK, but was only a minor US hit, though it was more successful there than the band's previous albums. Solo career Early solo work: 1988–1991 Several months before the Smiths dissolved, Morrissey enlisted Stephen Street as his personal producer and new songwriting partner, with whom he could begin his solo career. By September 1987, he had begun work on his first solo album, Viva Hate, at Wool Hall Studios near Bath; it was recorded with the musicians Vini Reilly and Andrew Paresi. Rather than featuring pre-existing images of celebrities, as the Smiths' album and single covers had done, the cover sleeve of Viva Hate featured a photograph of Morrissey taken by Anton Corbijn. In February 1988, EMI released the first single from this album, "Suedehead", which reached number 5 on the British singles chart, a higher position than any Smiths' single had achieved. The second single from the album, "Everyday Is Like Sunday", was released in June and reached number 9. The album reached number 1 on the UK album charts. The album's final song, "Margaret on the Guillotine", featured descriptions of Thatcher being executed; in response, the Conservative Member of Parliament Geoffrey Dickens accused Morrissey of being involved in a terrorist network and police Special Branch conducted a search of his Manchester home. Morrissey's first solo performance took place at Wolverhampton's Civic Hall in December 1988. The event attracted huge crowds, with NME journalist James Brown observing that "the excitement and atmosphere inside the hall was like nothing I have ever experienced at any public event". Following Viva Hate, Morrissey put out two new singles; "The Last of the Famous International Playboys" was about the Kray twins, gangsters who operated in London's East End, and reached number 6 on the UK singles chart. This was followed by "Interesting Drug", which reached number 9. After his songwriting partnership with Street ended and was replaced by Alan Winstanley and Clive Langer, he recorded "Ouija Board, Ouija Board", released as a single in November 1989; it reached number 18. Christian spokespeople and tabloid newspapers condemned the song, claiming that it promoted occultism, to which Morrissey responded that "the only contact I ever made with the dead was when I spoke to a journalist from The Sun." With Winstanley and Langer he began work on his first compilation album, Bona Drag, although only recorded six new songs for it, the rest of the album comprising his recent singles and B-sides. The album reached number 9 on the UK album chart. Two of the newly recorded Bona Drag tracks were released as singles: "November Spawned a Monster", a song about a woman who is a wheelchair user, reached number 12 in the charts but received criticism from some who believed that it mocked disabled people. The second, "Piccadilly Palare", referenced London rent boys and featured terms from the polari gay slang. Released in November 1990, it reached number 19 in the charts. The song attracted some criticism from the British gay press, who were of the opinion that it was wrong for Morrissey to utilise polari when he was not openly gay; in an interview the previous year he had nevertheless acknowledged his attraction to both men and women. Adopting Mark E. Nevin as his new songwriting partner, Morrissey created his second solo album, Kill Uncle; released in March 1991, it peaked at number 8 on the album chart. The two singles released in promotion of the album, "Our Frank" and "Sing Your Life", failed to break the Top 20 on the singles charts, reaching number 26 and 33 respectively. Another of the album's tracks, "Found, Found, Found", alluded to Morrissey's friendship with Michael Stipe, the lead singer of American indie rock band REM. Planning his first solo tour, Morrissey assembled several musicians with a background in rockabilly for his new backing group, including the guitarist Boz Boorer, Alain Whyte and Spencer Cobrin. Morrissey began the Kill Uncle tour in Europe; he brought Phranc as his support act and decorated the stage of each performance with a large image of Edith Sitwell. On the US leg of his tour, he sold out Los Angeles' 18,000 seat The Forum in fifteen minutes, faster than Michael Jackson or Madonna had done. During the performance, David Bowie joined him onstage for a rendition of T. Rex's "Cosmic Dancer". In the US, he sold out 25 of his 26 other performances; one Texan appearance was filmed by Tim Broad for release as the VHS Live in Dallas. He proceeded to Japan—where he was frustrated by the authorities' tough stance toward fans—and then Australasia, where he cancelled several dates due to acute sinusitis. The early 1990s were described by biographer David Bret as the "black phase" in Morrissey's relationship with the British music press, which was increasingly hostile and critical of him. In some cases, this involved the press spreading misinformation, such as the claim that he and Phranc were recording a cover of "Don't Go Breaking My Heart"; others, such as those of Barbara Ellen in NME, were closer to personal attack than musical review. NME claimed that his cancelled performances reflected a disrespect towards his fans. He became increasingly reticent in talking to British music journalists, expressing frustration at how they constantly compared his solo work with that of the Smiths; "my past is almost denying me a future". He told one interviewer that the band he was then working with were technically better musicians than the Smiths had ever been. Changing image: 1992–1995 In July 1992, Morrissey released the album Your Arsenal, which peaked at number 2 in the album chart. It was the final release from producer Mick Ronson; Morrissey related that working with Ronson had been "the greatest privilege of my life". Your Arsenal reflected Morrissey's lament for what he regarded as the decline of British culture in the face of increasing Americanisation. He told one interviewer that "everything is informed by American culture—everyone under fifty speaks American—and that's sad. We once had a strong identity and now that's gone completely". A number of the tracks on the album, most notably "Certain People I Know" and "The National Front Disco", dealt with the lives and experiences of tough, working-class youths. Your Arsenal was critically well received, and often described as his best album since Viva Hate. The first single, "We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful", had been released in April 1992 and peaked at number 17; this was followed by "You're the One for Me, Fatty", which reached number 19 and "Certain People I Know", which reached number 34. From September to December, Morrissey embarked on a 53-date Your Arsenal tour in which he varyingly decorated the stage with backdrops of skinhead girls, Diana Dors, Elvis Presley, and Charlie Richardson. One of the performances was recorded and released as Beethoven Was Deaf. By the release of Your Arsenal, Morrissey's image had changed; according to Simpson, the singer had converted "from the aesthete interested in rough lads into a rough lad interested in aestheticism (and rough lads)". According to Woods, Morrissey developed an air of "quietly assured masculinity", representing "a more robust, burlier, beefier version of himself", while the poet and Morrissey fan Simon Armitage described the transition as being one from that of "stick-thin, knock-me-over-with-a-feather campness" to that of a "mobster and bare-knuckle boxer image". This new image was reflected in the cover art for Your Arsenal; a photograph taken by Sterling, it featured Morrissey onstage with his shirt open, displaying a muscular torso beneath. In mid-1993, Morrissey co-wrote his fifth album, Vauxhall and I, with Whyte and Boorer; it was produced by Steve Lillywhite. Morrissey described the album as "the best I've ever made", and at the time believed it would be either his final or penultimate work. It was both a critical and commercial success, topping the UK album chart. The album had been named for Vauxhall, a district of South West London famous for the Royal Vauxhall Tavern gay pub. One of the album's songs, "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get", was released as a single in March and reached number 8 in the UK. The single's sleeve featured images of Jake Walters, a skinhead in his twenties, who was living with Morrissey at the time. Walters had introduced Morrissey to York Hall, a boxing venue in Bethnal Green, part of London's East End, with the singer spending an increasing amount of time there. That year, he also released a non-album single, "Interlude", a duet with Siouxsie Sioux: the track was a cover of a Timi Yuro song. The record was published under the banner "Morrissey & Siouxsie"; due to record company issues, "Interlude" was only available on import outside Europe. In the autumn of 1994, Morrissey recorded five songs at South London's Olympic Studios. In January 1995 the single "Boxers" was released, reaching number 23 on the singles chart. In February 1995, he embarked on the Boxers tour, supported by the band Marion and featuring a backdrop depiction of the boxer Cornelius Carr. One of these performances was filmed by James O'Brien and released as the VHS Introducing Morrissey. In December 1995, the song "Sunny" was released as a single; a lament for Morrissey's terminated relationship with Walters, the song was the first of Morrissey's singles not to chart. In 1995 the compilation album World of Morrissey was released, containing largely B-sides. Move to Los Angeles: 1995–2003 After his contract with EMI expired, Morrissey signed to RCA. On this label he recorded his next album, Southpaw Grammar, at the Miraval Studios in southern France before releasing it in August 1995. Its cover art featured an image of the boxer Kenny Lane. It reached number 4 in the UK album charts, but made little impact compared to its two predecessors. In September 1995, Morrissey served as the support act for the European leg of Bowie's Outside Tour. Backstage at the Aberdeen gig, Morrissey was taken ill and taken to hospital; he did not return for the rest of the tour. Later referring to the tour critically, he stated that when you become involved with Bowie, "you have to worship at the Temple of David". In December 1996, a legal case against Morrissey and Marr brought by Smiths' drummer Joyce arrived at the High Court. Joyce alleged that he had not received his fair share of recording and performance royalties from his time with the band, calling for at least £1 million in damages and 25% of all future Smiths album sales. After a seven-day hearing, the judge ruled in favour of Joyce. In summing up the case, Judge Justice Weeks referred to Morrissey as "devious, truculent and unreliable when his own interests were at stake", with the words "devious" and "truculent" being widely used in press coverage of the ruling. Marr paid the money legally owed to Joyce but Morrissey launched an appeal against the ruling. He claimed that the judge had been biased against him from the start of the proceedings because of his public criticisms of Thatcher and her government. Morrissey lost his appeal in July 1998, although he launched another soon after; this too was unsuccessful. In a November 2005 statement, Morrissey said that Joyce had cost him £600,000 in legal fees alone and approximately £1,515,000 in total. Morrissey returned on Island Records in 1997, releasing the single "Alma Matters" in July, followed by his next album Maladjusted in August. The album peaked at number 8 in the UK album charts. Its further two singles, "Roy's Keen" and "Satan Rejected My Soul", both peaked outside the top 30 on the UK singles chart. Having been unhappy with the cover design for Southpaw Grammar, Morrissey left control of cover art of Maladjusted to his record company, but again was unsatisfied with the result. Uncut reported in 1998 that Morrissey no longer had a record deal. The following year, he embarked on the Oye Esteban Tour, and was one of the headliners of the Coachella Festival in California. Leaving Britain, Morrissey purchased a house in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles. It had formerly been the residence of Carole Lombard and had been re-designed by William Haines. Over the next few years he rarely returned to Britain. In 2002, Morrissey returned with a world tour, culminating in two sold-out nights at the Royal Albert Hall, during which he played as-yet unreleased songs. Outside the US and Europe, concerts also took place in Australia and Japan. During this time, Channel 4 filmed The Importance of Being Morrissey, a documentary which aired in 2003; it was Morrissey's first major screen interview to appear on British television. He told interviewers that he was working on an autobiography, and expressed criticism of reality television music shows like Pop Idol which were then in their infancy. Comeback: 2004–2010 In 2003, Morrissey signed to Sanctuary Records, where he was given the defunct reggae label Attack Records to use for his next project. Produced by Jerry Finn and recorded in both Los Angeles and Berkshire, Morrissey's seventh solo album was You Are the Quarry; it was released in May 2004. The album's cover art featured an image of Morrissey carrying a machine gun. It peaked at number 2 on the UK album chart and number 11 on the U.S. Billboard album chart. The first single, "Irish Blood, English Heart", reached number 3 in the UK singles chart, the highest ranked single of his career. Promoting the album, he made appearances on both Top of the Pops and Later with Jools Holland, and gave his first television interview in 17 years on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross; Morrissey was visibly uncomfortable with Jonathan Ross' questions. He also agreed to interviews with various press outlets, including the NME, stating that "the nasty old guard" who controlled the magazine in the 1990s were gone and that it was not "the smelly NME any more". To promote the album, Morrissey embarked on a world tour from April to November. He marked his 45th birthday with a concert at the Manchester Arena, supported by Franz Ferdinand; it was recorded for release as the DVD Who Put the M in Manchester?. Morrissey was also invited to curate that year's Meltdown festival at London's Southbank Centre. Among the acts he secured were Sparks, Loudon Wainwright III, Ennio Marchetto, Nancy Sinatra, The Cockney Rejects, Lypsinka, The Ordinary Boys, The Libertines, and playwright Alan Bennett. He had unsuccessfully attempted to secure appearances from Brigitte Bardot and Maya Angelou. That year he also performed at several UK music festivals, including Leeds, Reading, and Glastonbury. Morrissey's eighth studio album, Ringleader of the Tormentors, was recorded in Rome and released in April 2006. It debuted at number 1 in the UK album charts and number 27 in the US. The album yielded four singles: "You Have Killed Me", "The Youngest Was the Most Loved", "In the Future When All's Well", and "I Just Want to See the Boy Happy". The album was produced by Tony Visconti; Morrissey called the album "the most beautiful—perhaps the most gentle—so far". Billboard described the album as showcasing "a thicker, more rock-driven sound". In December 2007, Morrissey signed a new deal with Decca Records, which included a Greatest Hits album and a new studio album. Greatest Hits charted at number 5 in the UK album chart. "That's How People Grow Up" was the first single from Greatest Hits, reaching number 14 in the UK charts. A second single from the album, "All You Need Is Me", followed. His ninth studio album, Years of Refusal, originally due in September, was postponed until February 2009, as a result of the death of producer Jerry Finn, and the lack of an American label to distribute the album. When released by the Universal Music Group, it reached number 3 in the UK Albums Chart and 11 in the US Billboard 200. The record was widely acclaimed by critics, with comparisons made to Your Arsenal and Vauxhall and I. A review from Pitchfork Media noted that with Years of Refusal, Morrissey "has rediscovered himself, finding new potency in his familiar arsenal. Morrissey's rejuvenation is most obvious in the renewed strength of his vocals" and called it his "most venomous, score-settling album, and in a perverse way that makes it his most engaging". "I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris" and "Something Is Squeezing My Skull" were released as the record's singles. The song "Black Cloud" features the guitar playing of Jeff Beck. Throughout 2009, Morrissey toured to promote the album. As part of the extensive Tour of Refusal, Morrissey followed a lengthy US tour with concerts booked in Ireland, the UK, and Russia. In October 2009, Swords, a B-sides collection of material released between 2004 and 2009, was released. It peaked at 55 on the UK albums chart, and Morrissey later called it "a meek disaster". On the second date of the UK tour to promote Swords, Morrissey collapsed onstage in Swindon, and was briefly hospitalised. Following the Swords tour, Morrissey had fulfilled his contractual obligation to Universal Records and was without a record company. Further albums and literary work: 2010–present In April 2011, EMI issued a new compilation, Very Best of Morrissey, for which the singer had chosen the track list and artwork. In March 2011, Morrissey took Ron Laffitte as his manager. In June and July 2011, Morrissey played a UK tour; during his 2011 performance at Glastonbury Festival, Morrissey criticised UK Prime Minister David Cameron for attempting to prevent a ban on wild animals performing in circuses, calling him a "silly twit". This was followed by several dates elsewhere in Europe. Morrissey's 2012 tour started in South America and continued through Asia and North America. Morrissey played concerts in Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Portugal, England, and Scotland. In late September, while visiting Strand Bookstore in Manhattan, he saved an elderly lady who had fainted beside him. Between January and March 2013, Morrissey toured 32 North American cities, beginning in Greenvale, New York and ending in Portland, Oregon. Patti Smith and her band were special guests at the Staples Center concert in Los Angeles, and Kristeen Young opened on all nights. In January 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer and several engagements were re-scheduled. On 7 March, Morrissey was hospitalised again, this time with pneumonia in both lungs. One week later, the rest of the tour was cancelled. During his rehabilitation he spent time in Ireland, where he watched the country's football team play a match against Austria in the company of his cousin Robbie Keane. In April, EMI reissued the single "The Last of the Famous International Playboys", backed by three new songs: "People Are the Same Everywhere", "Action Is My Middle Name", and "The Kid's a Looker", all recorded live in 2011. Starting in June, Morrissey performed in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile. In August, Morrissey's concert at Hollywood High School on 2 March 2013, had a worldwide cinema release. Morrissey: 25 Live marks Morrissey's 25th year as a solo artist, and was the first authorised live Morrissey DVD in nine years. In July, Morrisey cancelled the South American leg of his tour due to a "lack of funding", saying it was "the last of many final straws". In October 2013, Morrissey's autobiography, titled Autobiography, was released after a "content dispute" had delayed it from the initial release date of 16 September 2013. The book's release caused controversy as it was published as a "contemporary classic" under the Penguin Classics label at Morrissey's request, which some critics felt devalued the Penguin Classics label. Morrissey had completed the 660-page book in 2011, before shopping it to publishers such as Penguin Books and Faber and Faber. The book received divergent reviews: The Daily Telegraph giving it a five-star review that described it as "the best written musical autobiography since Bob Dylan's Chronicles", while The Independent criticised the book's "droning narcissism" as well as its status as a Penguin Classic. The book entered the UK book charts at number 1, nearly 35,000 copies being sold in its first week. In December, a 2011 live cover version of Lou Reed's "Satellite of Love", was released as a single. In January 2014, Morrissey signed a two-record deal with Capitol Music. His tenth studio album, World Peace Is None of Your Business, was released in July. Prior to its release, he embarked on a US tour in May, but was hospitalised in Boston in early June, cancelling the remaining nine tour dates. After finishing a six date tour in the UK, he did a US tour during June and July, including a concert in New York with special guest Blondie at Madison Square Garden. In July 2015, he publicly claimed that an airport security guard had groped him at San Francisco International Airport. He filed a sexual assault complaint; the Transportation Security Administration found no supporting evidence to act on the allegation. In August, Capitol Music and Harvest Records ended their contracts with Morrissey. In October, he disclosed he had received treatment for Barrett's oesophageal cancer. In September 2015 Penguin Books published Morrissey's first novel, List of the Lost. In November 2017, his eleventh studio album, Low in High School, was released through BMG and Morrissey's own Etienne record label. That same month, Morrissey attracted press attention and criticism for comments made in an interview with Der Spiegel: he stated that it was "quite sad" that distinct national identities in Europe were being undermined by politicians trying "to introduce a multicultural aspect to everything", and that some individuals claiming victimhood as part of the Me Too movement were not genuine victims of sexual assault but were "simply disappointed". Morrissey accused Der Spiegel of misquoting him and said it would be his last print interview. He played two shows at Los Angeles' Hollywood Bowl in November. Morrissey's first UK tour since 2015 began in Aberdeen and concluded in London. In November 2018, Morrissey released a cover of the Pretenders' "Back on the Chain Gang", performing it on The Late Late Show with James Corden. In May 2019, Morrissey played a seven-night residency at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in Broadway, prior to the release of his twelfth studio album, a covers album titled California Son. Morrissey released an 11-track album I Am Not a Dog on a Chain in late March 2020. The lead single, "Bobby, Don't You Think They Know?" sung with Motown soul artist Thelma Houston, was also made available on streaming sites. In November 2020, Morrisey's deal with BMG expired and was not renewed. Artistry Lyrics Mark Simpson characterised Morrissey as "the anti-pop idol", representing "the last, greatest and most gravely worrying product of an era when pop music was all there was". Music journalist and biographer Johnny Rogan stated that Morrissey's œuvre seems based on "endlessly re-examining a lost, painful past". Morrissey's lyrics have been described as "dramatic, bleak, funny vignettes about doomed relationships, lonely nightclubs, the burden of the past and the prison of the home". According to Mark Simpson, there is a common feeling that his music's emphasis on the sadness of life is depressing. His lyrics are characterised by their usage of black humour, self-deprecation, and the pop vernacular. Many of his lyrics avoid mentioning the gender of the narrator, and thus provide both male and female listeners with multiple points of identification. Simpson felt that his lyrics often highlighted "the essential absurdity of gender". Discussing the Smiths' lyrics in 1992, Stringer highlighted that they placed great emphasis on the concept of Englishness, but added that unlike the contemporary Two-Tone and acid house movements, they focused on white England rather than exploring its multi-cultural counterpart. Although noting that during the 1980s emphasising white identity was a trait closely linked with right-wing politics, Stringer expressed the view that the Smiths represented "the only sustained response that white, English pop/rock music was able to make" against the Thatcher government's "appropriation of white, English national identity". His lyrics have expressed disdain for many elements of British society, including the government, church, education system, royal family, meat-eating, money, gender, discos, fame, and relationships. In his lyrics for the Smiths, Morrissey avoided explicit descriptions of the consummation of sex; rather, he sings about the anticipation, frustration, aversion, or final disappointment with sex. Stringer suggested that this deliberate avoidance of sex was a reflection of the band's 'Englishness' because it invoked English cultures' "lack of emotional expression, the way in which feelings, and especially sexual feelings, cannot be expressed directly through casual touch, body contact and so on". Male homoerotic elements can be found in many of the Smiths' lyrics. However, these also included sexualised descriptions featuring women. Morrissey has described having "a macabre fascination" with violence. Simpson opined that Morrissey's lyrics "bleed and throb with violent imagery", citing the references to bus crashes and suicide pacts in "There is a Light that Never Goes Out", smashed teeth in "Bigmouth Strikes Again", and nuclear apocalypse in both "Ask" and "Everyday is Like Sunday". More broadly, Morrissey had a longstanding interest in thuggery, whether that be murderers, gangsters, rough trade, or skinheads. Performance style Morrissey's vocals have been cited as having a particularly distinctive quality. Simpson believed that Morrissey's work embodied and personified that of the "Northern Women", speaking in styles of vernacular language that would be common to many women living in northern England. In this he was strongly influenced by the Northern singer Cilla Black, who had a successful career as a pop music singer in the 1960s, as well as Viv Nicholson, who similarly earned fame during that decade. Other female singers from that decade who have been cited as an influence on Morrissey have been the Scottish Lulu, and the Essexer Sandie Shaw. However, Stringer noted that rather than expressly singing in a Mancunian working-class accent, Morrissey adopted a "very clipped, precise enunciation" and sang in "clear English diction". He is also noted for his unusual baritone vocal style (though he sometimes uses falsetto). When performing onstage, he often whips his microphone cord about, particularly during his up-tempo tracks. Simpson believed that Morrissey often gave "slyly aggressive gestures" while onstage; he cited two instances from Top of the Pops, one in which Morrissey used hand gestures in order to pretend shooting at the audience during "Shoplifters of the World Unite" and another in which he turned his microphone cord into a hangman's noose while repeating the lyrics "Hang the DJ, hang the DJ" in the song "Panic". Rogan claimed that Morrissey exhibited "a power onstage which I have seldom seen from any other artiste of his generation", and that while performing he "oozes charisma, offering that peculiar combination of gauche vulnerability and athleticism". On various occasions, Morrissey has expressed anger when he believes that bouncers and the security teams at his concerts have treated the audience poorly. For instance, at his San Antonio concert as part of the Your Arsenal tour he stopped his performance to rebuke bouncers for hitting fans. Personal life Throughout his career, Morrissey has retained an intensely private personal life. A longtime resident of Los Angeles, he also maintains homes in Italy, Switzerland, and the UK. In 2017, Los Angeles declared 10 November "Morrissey Day". Friends refer to him as "Morrissey", and he dislikes the nickname "Moz", telling one interviewer that "it's like something you'd squirt on the kitchen floor". His mother, Elizabeth Anne Dwyer, died in August 2020 at the age of 82 from gallbladder cancer. Stringer characterised Morrissey as a man with various contradictory traits, being "an ordinary, working-class 'anti-star' who nevertheless loves to hog the spotlight, a nice man who says the nastiest things about other people, a shy man who is also an outrageous narcissist". He further suggested that part of Morrissey's appeal was that he conveyed the image of a "cultivated English gentleman (and being every inch the typically English 'gent' he is perfectly representative of that type's loathing for cant and hypocrisy, and his fragile, quasi-gay sexuality)". Similarly, Morrissey biographer David Bret described him as being "quintessentially English", while Simpson termed him a Little Englander. During the 1980s, interviewer Paul Morley stated that Morrissey "sets out to be a decent man and he succeeds because that is what he is". Eddie Sanderson, who interviewed Morrissey for The Mail on Sunday in 1992, said that "underneath all the rock star flim-flam, Morrissey is actually a very nice chap, excellent company, perfectly willing and able to talk about any subject one cared to throw at him". Having photographed him in 2004, Mischa Richter described Morrissey as "genuinely lovely". Morrissey is known for his criticism of the British music press, royalty, politicians and people who eat meat. According to Bret, his "withering attacks" on those he disliked are typically delivered in a "laid-back" manner. He is a lapsed Catholic and has criticised the Catholic Church. In 1991, he said that he believed in an afterlife. He is a cousin of Irish footballer Robbie Keane and once said, "To watch [Keane] on the pitch—pacing like a lion, as weightless as an astronaut, is pure therapy." He is also a fan of boxing. He has described suffering from clinical depression, for which he has pursued professional help. Animal rights advocacy A vocal advocate of animal welfare and animal rights issues, Morrissey has been a vegetarian since the age of 11. He has explained his vegetarianism by saying that "if you love animals, obviously it doesn't make sense to hurt them". Morrissey announced in 2015 that he is a vegan. He spoke of difficulties transitioning from vegetarianism to veganism. In a 2018 interview, Morrissey stated that he "refuse[s] to eat anything that had a mother" but has always had difficulties with food, stating that he only eats bread, potatoes, pasta, and nuts despite the increasing availability of more varied vegan food than ever before. Morrissey is a supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). In recognition of his support, PETA honoured him with the Linda McCartney Memorial Award at their 25th Anniversary Gala on 10 September 2005. He appeared in a PETA advert in 2012, encouraging people to have their dogs and cats neutered to help reduce the number of homeless pets. In 2014, PETA worked with animator Anna Saunders to create a cartoon called Someday in honour of Morrissey's 55th birthday. It features his song "I Know It's Gonna Happen Someday" and highlights the journey of a young chick. In January 2006, Morrissey attracted criticism when he stated that he accepts the motives behind the militant tactics of the Animal Rights Militia, saying, "I understand why fur-farmers and so-called laboratory scientists are repaid with violence—it is because they deal in violence themselves and it's the only language they understand." He has criticised people who are involved in the promotion of eating meat, including Jamie Oliver and Clarissa Dickson Wright. The latter had already been targeted by some animal rights activists for her stance on fox hunting. In response, Dickson Wright stated, "Morrissey is encouraging people to commit acts of violence and I am constantly aware that something might very well happen to me." Conservative MP David Davis criticised Morrissey's comments, saying that "any incitement to violence is obviously wrong in a civilised society and should be investigated by the police". Morrissey has also criticised the British royal family for their involvement in fox hunting. In 2006, Morrissey refused to include Canada in his world tour that year and supported a boycott of Canadian goods in protest against the country's annual seal hunt, which he described as a "barbaric and cruel slaughter". In 2018, he changed his approach, feeling that his previous "stance was ultimately of no use and helped no one", and pledged to donate to animal protection groups in the cities where he would perform. He also invited those groups to set up stalls at his concerts. During an interview with Simon Armitage in 2010, Morrissey said that "you can't help but feel that the Chinese are a subspecies" due to their "horrific" treatment of animals. Armitage said: "He must have known it would make waves, he's not daft. But clearly, when it comes to animal rights and animal welfare, he's absolutely unshakable in his beliefs. In his view, if you treat an animal badly, you are less than human." At a concert in Warsaw on 24 July 2011, Morrissey stated, "We all live in a murderous world, as the events in Norway have shown, with 97 dead. Though that is nothing compared to what happens in McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Shit every day." His comments, referencing the 2011 Norway attacks which resulted in the killing of 77 people, were described as crude and insensitive by NME. He later elaborated on his statement, saying, "If you quite rightly feel horrified at the Norway killings, then it surely naturally follows that you feel horror at the murder of ANY innocent being. You cannot ignore animal suffering simply because animals 'are not us'." In February 2013, after much speculation, it was reported that the Staples Center had agreed for the first time ever to make every vendor in the arena completely vegetarian for Morrissey's performance on 1 March, contractually having all McDonald's vendors close down. In a press release, Morrissey stated, "I don't look upon it as a victory for me, but a victory for the animals." The request was previously denied to Paul McCartney. Despite these reports, the Staples Center retained some meat vendors while closing down McDonald's. Later in February, Morrissey cancelled an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live! after learning that the guests for that night also included the cast of Duck Dynasty, a reality show about a family who create duck calls for use in hunting. Morrissey referred to them as "animal serial killers". In 2014, Morrissey stated that he believed there is "no difference between eating animals and paedophilia. They are both rape, violence, murder." In September 2015, he expressed his revulsion at the "Piggate" scandal, saying that if Prime Minister David Cameron had really inserted "a private part of his anatomy" into the mouth of a dead pig's severed head while at university, then it showed "a callousness and complete lack of empathy entirely unbefitting a man in his position, and he should resign". Also in September, he called Australian politician Greg Hunt's campaign to cull 2 million invasive cats "idiocy", describing the cats as smaller versions of Cecil the lion. Sexuality Morrissey's sexuality has been the subject of much speculation and coverage in the British press during his career, with claims varyingly being made that he was celibate, a frustrated heterosexual, or bisexual. In a 1980 letter he described both himself and his girlfriend as bisexual, although adding that he "hate[d] sex". The Encyclopædia Britannica states that he created a "compellingly conflicted persona (loudly proclaimed celibacy offset by coy hints of closeted homosexuality)" which has "made him a peculiar heartthrob". Speculation was further fuelled by the frequent references to gay subculture and slang in his lyrics. In 2006 Liz Hoggard from The Independent said: "Only 15 years after homosexuality had been decriminalised, his lyrics flirted with every kind of gay subculture." During his years with the Smiths, Morrissey professed to being celibate, which stood out at a time when much of pop music was dominated by visible sexuality. Marr said in a 1984 interview that Morrissey "doesn't participate in sex at the moment and hasn't done so for a while". Repeatedly, interviewers asked Morrissey if he was gay, which he denied. In response to one such inquiry in 1985, he stated that "I don't recognise such terms as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and I think it's important that there's someone in pop music who's like that. These words do great damage, they confuse people and they make people feel unhappy, so I want to do away with them." As his career developed, there was increased pressure placed on him to come out of the closet, although he presented himself as a non-practising bisexual. In a 1989 interview, he revealed that he was "always attracted to men and women who were never attracted to me" and thus he did not have "relationships at all". In 2013 he released a statement which said, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many." In 1997, Morrissey said that he had abandoned celibacy and that he had a relationship with a Cockney boxer. That person was revealed in his autobiography to be Jake Walters. Their relationship began in 1994, and they lived together until 1996. In a March 2013 interview, Walters said, "Morrissey and I have been friends for a long time, probably around 20 years." Morrissey was later attached to Tina Dehghani. He discussed having a child with Dehghani, with whom he described having an "uncluttered commitment". In his autobiography Morrissey also mentions a relationship with a younger Italian man, known only as "Gelato", with whom he sought to buy a house in around 2006. Political opinions British politics In an academic paper on the Smiths, Julian Stringer characterised the band as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups", while Andrew Warns termed them the "most anti-capitalist of bands". Simon Goddard described Morrissey as being "pro-working class, anti-elite and anti-institution. That includes all political parties, parliament itself, all public schools, Oxbridge, the Catholic church, the monarchy, the EU, the BBC, the broadsheet press and the music press. Because his comments are not consistent with any one political agenda it confuses people, especially on the left. If anything, he's a professional refusenik." Morrissey has exhibited enduring anti-royalist views from his teenage years and has fiercely criticised the British monarchy. In a 1985 interview with Simon Garfield, he stated that he had always "despised royalty" and that royalist sentiment is a "false devotion". In a 2011 interview, he publicly identified as a republican, stating that he regarded the British royal family as "benefit scroungers and nothing else". In a 2012 interview with Stephen Colbert, he spoke out against the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, stating: "It was a celebration of what? 60 years of dictatorship. She's not [my Queen]. I'm not a subject." Morrissey's first solo album, Viva Hate, included a track entitled "Margaret on the Guillotine", a jab at Margaret Thatcher. Following her death in 2013, Morrissey called her "a terror without an atom of humanity" and said "every move she made was charged by negativity". He described Thatcher's successor, John Major, as "no one's idea of a Prime Minister ... a terrible human mistake". During the Iraq War, he described George W. Bush and Tony Blair as "insufferable, egotistical insane despots". In February 2006 Morrissey stated he had been interviewed by the FBI and by British intelligence after speaking out against the American and British governments. He said: "They were trying to determine if I was a threat to the government ... it didn't take them long to realise that I'm not". In 2010 he endorsed Marr's statement that Prime Minister David Cameron was forbidden from liking the Smiths, criticising the Prime Minister's hobby of stag hunting. In response to the Manchester Arena bombing in May 2017, Morrissey criticised Prime Minister Theresa May, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham, and Elizabeth II for their statements regarding the bombing. European Union In 2013 Morrissey said that he "nearly voted" for the UK Independence Party, expressing his admiration for party leader Nigel Farage and endorsing Farage's Euroscepticism regarding UK membership of the European Union. In 2019, he claimed "It's obvious that "he [Farage] would make a good prime minister - if any of us can actually remember what a good prime minister is." In October 2016, he praised the UK's referendum on EU membership as "magnificent" and said the BBC had "persistently denigrated" supporters of the Leave campaign. In 2019, he argued that the result of the EU referendum should be respected, stating "My view has always been that the result of the referendum must be carried through. If the vote had been remain there would be absolutely no question that we would remain. In the interest of true democracy, you cannot argue against the wish of the people" and added that he found "absolutely nothing attractive about the EU." Race and support for Anne Marie Waters Morrissey has faced ongoing accusations of racism since the early 1990s from media and commentators around the globe – prompted by his comments, actions, and recorded material. However, he has constantly rejected accusations of racism, and won a libel action forcing an apology from NME, a British music magazine, saying: "We do not believe [Morrissey] is a racist." Various sources accused Morrissey of racism for making reference to the National Front, a far-right political party, in his 1992 song "The National Front Disco"; it has been argued that this criticism ignored the ironic context of the song, which pitied rather than glorified the party's supporters. According to Bret, these and other allegations of racism typically entailed decontextualising lyrics from Morrissey songs such as "Bengali in Platforms" and "Asian Rut". NME also accused Morrissey of racism on the basis of the imagery he employed during his 1992 performance at the Madstock festival at Finsbury Park in north London; Morrissey included images of skinhead girls as a backdrop, and wrapped himself in a Union flag. Conversely, these actions resulted in Morrissey being booed offstage by a group of neo-Nazi skinheads in the audience, who believed that he was appropriating skinhead culture. Morrissey sued NME for libel over a 2007 article which criticised Morrissey after he allegedly told a reporter that British identity had disappeared because of immigration. He was quoted as saying: "It's very difficult [to return to England] because, although I don't have anything against people from other countries, the higher the influx into England the more the British identity disappears. ... the gates of England are flooded. The country's been thrown away." His manager described the article as a "character assassination". In 2008, The Word apologised in court for a piece written by David Quantick, which commented on the 2007 NME article and suggested Morrissey was a racist. Morrissey accepted The Words apology. The legal suit against NME began in October 2011 after Morrissey won a pre-trial hearing. Morrissey's case against NME editor Conor McNicholas and publisher IPC was due to have been heard in July 2012. The parties settled the dispute in June 2012, with NME issuing a public apology. Morrissey's lawyer said that "no money was sought as part of a settlement. ... The NME apology in itself is settlement enough and it closes the case." In October 2017, he expressed the view that the 2017 UKIP leadership election had been rigged against anti-Islam activist Anne Marie Waters. In April 2018 he endorsed Waters' new far-right party, For Britain, subsequently wearing a party badge during several performances in New York City in 2019. Morrissey's apparent support for the For Britain party saw adverts of his album California Son withdrawn from Merseyrail stations, and several record stores refusing to stock the album. In June 2018, Morrissey reaffirmed his support for Waters and For Britain, stating "she believes in British heritage, freedom of speech, and she wants everyone in the UK to live under the same law. I find this compelling." At the same time, Morrissey also expressed comments criticising the treatment of anti-Islam activist Tommy Robinson, and said: "It's very obvious that Labour or the Tories do not believe in free speech … I mean, look at the shocking treatment of Tommy Robinson." In June 2019, Morrissey rejected further accusations of racism against him, saying, "The word is meaningless now. Everyone ultimately prefers their own race—does this make everyone racist?" In response to his recent political comments, fellow singer-songwriter Billy Bragg accused Morrissey of dragging the legacy of Johnny Marr and the Smiths "through the dirt". However, Nick Cave wrote an open letter defending Morrissey's right to freedom of speech to voice his beliefs, as well as arguing that his musical legacy should be kept separate from his political opinions. American politics At a Dublin concert in June 2004, Morrissey commented on the death of Ronald Reagan, saying that he would have preferred if George W. Bush had died instead. During a January 2008 concert, Morrissey remarked "God Bless Barack Obama" and criticised Hillary Clinton, naming her "Billary Clinton". However, in 2015, he accused Obama of not doing enough to tackle police brutality, stating he could not "see him doing anything at all for the black community except warning them that they must respect the security forces." He endorsed Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election, although later criticised her as "the face and voice of pooled money" and praised Bernie Sanders as "sane and intelligent", accusing the US media of paying insufficient attention to his campaign. Morrissey called Donald Trump "Donald Thump" and accused him of not having any sympathy for the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting. When asked in a 2017 interview if he would push a button that would kill Trump if given the opportunity, he responded that he "would, for the safety of the human race." He later said the United States Secret Service questioned him over his comments on Trump. Impact and legacy David Bret has characterised him as an artist who divides opinion among those who love him and those who loathe him, with little space for compromise between the two. The press termed him the "Pope of Mope". Fandom Simpson stated that Morrissey had a global fan following that was unrivalled in its devotion to the singer, characterising this as "the kind of devotion that only dead stars command" normally. Morrissey's fans have been described as being among the most dedicated of pop and rock fans. Music magazine NME considers Morrissey to be "one of the most influential artists ever", while The Independent says, "Most pop stars have to be dead before they reach the iconic status he has reached in his lifetime." According to Bret, Morrissey's fanbase "religiously followed his every pitfall and triumph". Simpson highlighted an example during the US leg of Morrissey's 1996 Maladjusted tour in which young men asked the singer to sign autograph their necks, which they subsequently had permanently tattooed into their skin. Rogan compared Morrissey to Wilde's character Dorian Gray "in reverse; while he slowly ages, his audience remains young". Rogan also noted that while onstage, Morrissey "revels in the messianic adoration" of his fans. Soon after achieving national fame, Morrissey became a gay icon, with Bret noting that by the start of his solo career, Morrissey already had a "massive gay following". This development was influenced by the speculation around his own sexual orientation, his lyrics that dealt with such subjects as age-gap sex and rent boys, as well as the Smiths' heavy use of gay and camp imagery on their record covers. Morrissey's gay following was not restricted to Western countries, for he remained popular within the Japanese gay community as well. The film 25 Live evidences a particularly strong following amongst the singer's Latino/Chicano fans. In various countries, fanzines were established devoted to him. Morrissey is especially popular in Mexico where his mixture of poetical lyrics full of "bitter melodrama" and black humor appeals to Mexicans. The fact that Morrissey is a great admirer of Mexicans further increases his appeal in Mexico as one Mexican DJ Camilo Lara was quoted as saying in 2015: "There is this violent country. And then there is this Brit from Manchester who sees us with eyes of love". Morrissey's popularity in Mexico is only exceeded by his popularity with Chicanos (Mexican-Americans). There are a number of Morrissey fansites. In the early 2000s Morrissey issued a "cease and desist" notification against the fan website Morrissey-Solo for publishing claims, never proven, that Morrissey had failed to pay members of his touring personnel. In 2011, he issued a lifetime concert ban against the site owner who, it was claimed, had caused "intentional distress to Morrissey and Morrissey's band" over a number of years. Another fansite, True-To-You, enjoys a close relationship with Morrissey and functioned as his official website for statements until May 2017. In April 2018, Morrissey launched his own website, Morrissey Central. Influence Morrissey is routinely referred to as an influential artist, both in his solo career and with the Smiths. The BBC has referred to him as "one of the most influential figures in the history of British pop", and NME named the Smiths the "most influential artist ever" in a 2002 poll, even topping the Beatles. Rolling Stone, naming him one of the greatest singers of all time in a 2014 poll, noted that his "rejection of convention" in his vocal style and lyrics is the reason "why he redefined the sound of British rock for the past quarter-century". Morrissey's enduring influence has been ascribed to his wit, the "infinite capacity for interpretation" in his lyrics, and his appeal to the "constant navel gazing, reflection, solipsism" of generations of "disenfranchised youth", offering unusually intimate "companionship" to broad demographics. Paul A. Woods described Morrissey as "Britain's unlikeliest rock 'n' roll star in several decades", noting that at the same time he was also "its most essential". Bret described him as "probably the most intellectually gifted and imaginative lyricist of his generation", listing him alongside Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, and Jacques Brel as being one of "the monstres sacrés". Journalist Mark Simpson calls Morrissey "one of the greatest pop lyricists—and probably the greatest-ever lyricist of desire—that has ever moaned" and observes that "he is fully present in his songs as few other artists are, in a way that fans of most other performers ... wouldn't tolerate for a moment." Simpson also argues that "After Morrissey there could be no more pop stars. His was an impossible act to follow ... [his] unrivalled knowledge of the pop canon, his unequaled imagination of what it might mean to be a pop star, and his breathtakingly perverse ambition to turn it into great art, could only exhaust the form forever". In 2006 Morrissey was voted the second greatest living British icon in a poll held by the BBC's Culture Show. The All Music Guide to Rock asserts that Morrissey's "lyrical preoccupations", particularly themes dealing with English identity, proved extremely influential on subsequent artists. Journalist Phillip Collins also described him as a major influence on modern music and "the best British lyricist in living memory". In 1998 he received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. In 2002, NME, by this point a critic of Morrissey, nevertheless considered him to be the "most influential artist ever". In 2004, Q gave him its best songwriter award. In November 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Morrissey as 92nd of "The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time". The list was compiled from ballots cast by a panel of 179 "music experts", such as Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys and Bono, who were asked to name their 20 favourite vocalists. Other scholars have responded favourably to Morrissey's work, including academic symposia at various universities including University of Limerick and Manchester Metropolitan University. Gavin Hopps, a research fellow and literary scholar at the University of St Andrews, wrote a full-length academic study of Morrissey's work, calling him comparable to Oscar Wilde, John Betjeman, and Philip Larkin, and noting similarities between Morrissey and Samuel Beckett. The British Food Journal featured an article in 2008 that applied Morrissey's lyrics to building positive business relationships. A book of academic essays edited by Eoin Devereux, Aileen Dillane and Martin Power, Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, which focuses on Morrissey's solo career, was published in 2011. He is regarded as an important innovator in the indie music scene; while in 2004, Pitchfork Media called him "one of the most singular figures in Western popular culture from the last 20 years." A Los Angeles Times critic wrote that Morrissey "patented the template for modern indie rock" and that many bands playing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival "would not be there—or at least, would not sound the same—were it not for him". Similarly, the critic Steven Wells called Morrissey "the man who more or less invented indie" and an artist "who more than anybody else personifies" indie culture. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic writes that the Smiths and Morrissey "inspired every band of note" in the Britpop era, including Suede, Blur, Oasis, and Pulp. Other major artists including Jeff Buckley and Thom Yorke have also been influenced by Morrissey. Colin Meloy of the Decemberists, who recorded a 2005 EP of Morrissey covers titled Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey, acknowledged Morrissey's influence on his songwriting: "You could either bask in that glow of fatalistic narcissism, or you could think it was funny. I always thought that was an interesting dynamic in his songwriting, and I can only aspire to have that kind of dynamic in my songs". Brandon Flowers of the American rock band The Killers has revealed his admiration for Morrissey on several occasions and admits that his interest for writing songs about murder such as "Jenny Was a Friend of Mine" and "Midnight Show" traces back to Morrissey singing about loving "the romance of crime" in the song "Sister I'm a Poet". Flowers was quoted as saying, "I studied that line a lot. And it's kind of embedded in me". Noel Gallagher called Morrissey "the best lyricist I've ever heard". A 2017 biopic of Morrissey's early years, titled England Is Mine, was written and directed by Mark Gill and stars Jack Lowden. The film, which co-stars Jessica Brown Findlay, premiered at the closing gala of the Edinburgh Film Festival on 2 July 2017 and went into wide release in the UK and US in August 2017. In an April 2021 episode of The Simpsons titled "Panic on the Streets of Springfield", Morrissey inspired the parody character of Quilloughby. Voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, Quilloughby is portrayed as a romantic figment of Lisa Simpson's imagination. She has her dream shattered when she finds out that he has aged into a grey, overweight frontman with anti-immigrant views. The episode was criticised by Morrissey as based on "complete ignorance". Awards and nominations Brit Awards |- | 1995 | rowspan="2" | Himself | rowspan="2" | Best British Male | |- | 2005 | GAFFA Awards |- | 2005 | rowspan=2|Himself | rowspan=2|Årets Udenlandske Sanger | |- | 2007 | Grammy Awards |- | 1993 | Your Arsenal | Best Alternative Music Album | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1998 | Himself | Outstanding Contribution to British Music | Lunas del Auditorio |- | 2007 | Himself | Best Foreign Rock Artist | MOJO Awards |- | 2004 | rowspan="2" | Himself | Icon Award | |- | 2005 | Inspiration Award | Meteor Music Awards |- | 2005 | rowspan="2" | Himself | rowspan="2" | Best International Male | |- | 2010 | NME Awards |- | 1984 | rowspan=20|Himself | rowspan=2|Best Songwriter | |- | rowspan=4|1985 | |- | Best Dressed | |- | Best Haircut | |- | rowspan=2|Best Male Singer | |- | rowspan=2|1986 | |- | rowspan=2|Most Wonderful Human Being | |- | rowspan=3|1987 | |- | Best Male Singer | |- | Safe Sex | |- | rowspan=3|1988 | Favourite NME Cover Of 1988 | |- | Most Wonderful Human Being | |- | rowspan=6|Best Solo Artist | |- | 1989 | |- | 1990 | |- | 1991 | |- | 1992 | |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | |- | Hero of the Year | |- | Hottest Man | |- | 2006 | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD | PLUG Awards |- | 2006 | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD of the Year | Pollstar Concert Industry Awards !Ref. |- | 1987 | The Smiths | Small Hall Tour Of The Year | | Q Awards |- | 1994 | Himself | Q Songwriter Award | |- | 2004 | "Irish Blood, English Heart" | Best Track | Rober Awards Music Poll |- | 2013 | "Satellite of Love" | Best Cover Version | |- | 2014 | Himself | Comeback of the Year | Personnel Current members Boz Boorer – guitar (1991–present) Jesse Tobias – guitar (2005–present) Matt Walker – drums (2007–present) Gustavo Manzur – keyboards (2012–present) Mando Lopez – bass guitar (2014–present) Discography The Smiths The Smiths (1984) Meat Is Murder (1985) The Queen Is Dead (1986) Strangeways, Here We Come (1987) Solo Viva Hate (1988) Kill Uncle (1991) Your Arsenal (1992) Vauxhall and I (1994) Southpaw Grammar (1995) Maladjusted (1997) You Are the Quarry (2004) Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006) Years of Refusal (2009) World Peace Is None of Your Business (2014) Low in High School (2017) California Son (2019) I Am Not a Dog on a Chain (2020) Bonfire of Teenagers (2022) Publications Publications by Morrissey The New York Dolls. by Steven Patrick Morrissey. Manchester: Babylon, 1981. Reprint. Manchester: Babylon, 1995. . James Dean Is Not Dead, Manchester: Babylon, 1983. . By Steven Patrick Morrissey. Exit Smiling, Manchester: Babylon, 1998. . Edition of 1000 copies. By Steven Patrick Morrissey. . List of the Lost. London: Penguin, 2015. . Publications with contributions by Morrissey Marc Bolan: Wilderness of the Mind. London: Xanadu, 1992. . By John Willans and Caron Thomas. With an introduction by Morrissey. About Marc Bolan. Cockney Reject. John Black, 2005. . By Jeff Turner and Gary Bushell. With a foreword by Morrissey. About Cockney Rejects. The Autobiography: Bowie, Bolan and the Brooklyn Boy. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. . By Tony Visconti. With a foreword by Morrissey. See also List of animal rights advocates References Citations Sources Further reading Brown, Len, Meetings with Morrissey, Omnibus, 2008. Campbell, Sean and Coulter, Colin, eds., Why Pamper Life's Complexities? Essays on The Smiths, Manchester University Press, 2010. Devereux, Eoin; Dillane, Aileen; and Power, Martin J., eds., Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, Intellect Books, 2011. Goddard, Simon, Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths, Ebury Press, 2009. Greco, Nicholas P., Only If You Are Really Interested: Celebrity, Gender, Desire, and the World of MORRISSEY, McFarland and Co., 2011. Hingley, Martin; Leek, Sheena; Lindgreen, Adam, "Business relationships the Morrissey way", British Food Journal, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 128–143, 2008. . Hopps, Gavin, Morrissey: The Pageant of His Bleeding Heart, Continuum, 2009. Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey, self-published, 2007. Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey & Marr: The Severed Alliance, Omnibus, 1993. Sterling, Linder, "We Are Your Thoughts", Linda Works: 1976–2006, JRP Editions, 2006. Sørensen, Jesper, Alle dage er som søndag, Rosenkilde, 2009. Woronzoff, Elizabeth, Because the Music That They Constantly Play, It Says Nothing to Me About My Life:' An Analysis of Youth's Appropriation of Morrissey's Sexuality, Gender, and Identity", monograph, Simmons College of Arts and Sciences Graduate Studies, February 2009. External links Official The Smiths website Morrissey on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs 1959 births Living people 20th-century English writers 20th-century English male singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century English novelists 21st-century English male singers 21st-century LGBT people Alternative rock singers Bisexual men Bisexual musicians British alternative rock musicians British indie pop musicians Critics of multiculturalism Decca Records artists English activists English baritones English autobiographers English male singer-songwriters English animal rights activists English people of Irish descent English republicans English rock singers English expatriates in the United States Far-right politics in the United Kingdom Harvest Records artists Island Records artists Ivor Novello Award winners LGBT musicians from England LGBT singers from the United Kingdom LGBT-related controversies in music Liberty Records artists Lost Highway Records artists Mercury Records artists Musicians from Manchester Parlophone artists People from Davyhulme People with mood disorders Polydor Records artists RCA Records artists Rough Trade Records artists Sire Records artists The Smiths members Torch singers Veganism activists

40106633

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20prison%20escapes

List of prison escapes

The following is a list of historically famous prison escapes, and of multiple prison escapes: Famous historical escapes There have been many infamous escapes throughout history: 13th century In 1244, whilst imprisoned in the Tower of London, Tyrone Vain Yow crafted a makeshift rope made of bed sheets and cloths, lowered it, and climbed down. However, because he was heavy, the rope broke and he fell to his death. 17th century In 1621 Dutch author Hugo de Groot escaped from Loevestein Castle, where he was held captive, by hiding himself inside a book chest. He was then smuggled outside. 18th century Englishman Jack Sheppard took to theft and burglary in 1723, and was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times, making him a notorious public figure and wildly popular with the poorer classes. The Italian author and adventurer Giacomo Casanova escaped from prison in 1757. 19th century On November 27, 1863, John Hunt Morgan and six of his officers, most notably Thomas Hines, escaped from their cells in the Ohio Penitentiary by digging a tunnel from Hines' cell into the inner yard and then ascending a wall with a rope made from bunk coverlets and a bent poker iron. In the Libby Prison escape, during the American Civil War, over 109 Union POWs broke out of a building at Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia on the night between February 9 and February 10, 1864. Fifty-nine of the 109 prisoners successfully made it back to the Union lines; two were drowned in the nearby James River, and forty-eight were recaptured. Anarchist activist Peter Kropotkin managed to escape from a low-security prison in St. Petersburg. He hid himself in one of the finest restaurants there and later moved to England. The notorious outlaw Billy the Kid managed to escape from prison in 1881, but was captured and shot by Pat Garrett only a few months later. 1900–1949 In 1901, Lum You was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by a Pacific County, Washington court. He enjoyed great public sympathy, including from county officials, who supposedly allowed him to escape by leaving his cell door unlocked at night. He eventually seized the opportunity, but within a few days he either gave himself up or was recaptured. German Naval Air Service Kapitänleutnant Gunther Plüschow escaped from the Donington Hall prisoner of war camp in 1915. Frederick Mors, an Austrian-born American serial killer, was declared insane and placed into the Matteawan Institution for the Insane in the United States in 1915. He escaped in 1916 and was never seen again but supposedly resurfaced in Connecticut in 1917. His body was possibly found in 1923 and identified as a suicide. In 1921, at age 22 Victor Folke Nelson made a sensational and highly publicized run and escape from a line of 13 prisoners after attending chapel at the Charlestown State Prison. Despite an attempted intervening tackle from a prisoner trusty and bullets from a guard's gun, Nelson ran some distance, leapt, caught the lower end of the window bars, and scaled the 40-foot high wall of the prison's Cherry Hill section.At the top of the wall, he performed "what was always believed an impossible stunt: throwing his body across a 10-foot space to the wall," where he managed to catch hold of the coping of a nearby structure and then to drop 30 feet down to the Boston and Maine railroad tracks. He was convinced to volitionally return to prison by his respected mentor and progressive penologist Thomas Mott Osborne several months later. In 1922, a IRA bomb blew a hole in the wall of the Jail in Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland. 106 IRA prisoners escaped. A few weeks later, these same prisoners returned fully armed, and took over the whole prison, freeing remaining prisoners. Leonard T. Fristoe was imprisoned for double murder in 1920 of a police Constable and a deputy Sherriff in Nevada. He escaped from Nevada State Prison in 1923. He lived for nearly 46 years under the allias of Claude R. Willis, before being turned in by his own son. After serving several years in prison he died of natural causes. John Dillinger served time at the Indiana State Penitentiary at Michigan City, until 1933, when he was paroled. Within four months, he was back in jail in Lima, Ohio, but his gang sprang him, killing the jailer, Sheriff Jessie Sarber. Most of the gang was captured again by the end of the year in Tucson, Arizona, due to a fire at the Historic Hotel Congress. Dillinger alone was sent to the Lake County jail in Crown Point, Indiana. He was to face trial for the suspected killing of police officer William O'Malley during a bank shootout in East Chicago, Indiana, some time after his escape from jail. During this time on trial, a famous photograph was taken of Dillinger putting his arm on prosecutor Robert Estill's shoulder when suggested to him by reporters. On March 3, 1934, Dillinger escaped from the "escape-proof" (as it was dubbed by local authorities at the time) Crown Point, Indiana county jail, which was guarded by many police officers and national guardsmen. Newspapers reported that Dillinger had escaped using a fake gun made from wood, blackened and shined with shoe polish. French prisoner René Belbenoît escaped from the penal colony of French Guiana on March 2, 1935 when he and five others took to the sea with a boat they had bought. After a series of daring adventures, during which all of the other escapees were captured, he reached the United States in 1937. In 1938 his account, Dry Guillotine, was published. Belbenoît had written it in French and it was translated in English by Preston Rambo. It went through 14 printings in less than a year. Japanese prisoner Yoshie Shiratori broke out of prison four times, first from Aomori Prison (1936), Akita Prison (1942), Abashiri Prison (1944), and Sapporo Prison (1947). A novel and TV-drama Hagoku was based on his true story. Fort San Cristóbal is located on the top of the mountain San Cristóbal, which is very close (4 km) to Pamplona, Spain. Built inside the mountain, it served as a prison despite the fact that it had been obsolete since its opening in 1919, due to its weakness against aviation. On May 22, 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, around 30 prisoners organised a mutiny for a massive prison break. 792 prisoners fled but only three succeeded in getting to the French border; 585 were arrested, 211 died and 14 of the arrested who were considered the leaders were sentenced to death. Most fugitives were intercepted during the following days. In 1988, a sculpture was erected to honour the memory of the prisoners who died there. The fort ceased to be a prison in 1945. Colditz Castle was used as an "escape-proof" prisoner-of-war camp during World War II, but over the course of 300 escape attempts, 130 prisoners escaped. Thirty escapees eventually managed to reach friendly territory. The men had tunneled, disguised themselves as guards, workmen or women, sneaked away through sewer drains, and even built a glider in a plan to get over the wall. André Devigny, a French resistance fighter during World War II, escaped Montluc Military Prison in Lyons with his cellmate in April 1943. French author Henri Charrière tried to escape in vain several times, but eventually was successful in 1943. His story, Papillon, was published and filmed under the same name. In the Great Escape, 76 Allied POWs (primarily Commonwealth airmen) escaped from Stalag Luft III during World War II. 73 of the escapees were captured and fifty of them were executed by the Gestapo, while only three succeeded in reaching neutral territories. In the Cowra breakout, at least 545 out of 1,004 Japanese POWs escaped from Number 12 POW Compound at Cowra on the night of 4 August 1944. Out of the roughly 500 escapees, 231 died and 108 were wounded. 31 killed themselves and 12 were burnt to death in huts set on fire by the Japanese. Sixteen of the wounded showed signs of attempted suicide. In the Latrun Prison break, 20 members of the Jewish underground group Lehi escaped from Latrun prison camp in Latrun, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel), through a 76 meter long tunnel on the night of October 31, 1943. In the Great Papago Escape, over 25 German POWs escaped by tunneling out of Camp Papago Park POW facility, near Phoenix, Arizona, on the night of December 23, 1944. They then fled into the surrounding desert but because the rivers in Arizona were mostly dry and had not been navigable for decades, most of them were recaptured without bloodshed over the next few weeks. In the Acre Prison break, 28 members of the Jewish underground groups Irgun and Lehi escaped from Acre Prison in Acre, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel) on May 4, 1947. 12 members of the Jewish underground groups Irgun and Lehi escaped from the central prison (today the Museum of Underground Prisoners) in Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, on February 20, 1948. 1950–1975 In 1955, serial killer Edward Edwards pushed past a guard and escaped from an Akron, Ohio jail while being held on burglary charges. By 1961, he was on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Edwards was captured in Atlanta, Georgia on January 20, 1962. In 1959, Frank Freshwaters escaped from an Ohio prison while serving a sentence of involuntary manslaughter from a 1957 car accident. After 56 years he was arrested in Florida. In the Alcatraz escape on June 11, 1962, American criminals brothers John and Clarence Anglin, and Frank Morris escaped Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on Alcatraz Island using an inflatable raft, never to be seen again. It was never determined by the FBI whether they succeeded in their escape or died in the attempt. In 1971, a 45 meter long tunnel was dug and 111 political prisoners, including future president José Mujica, escaped from the high security Punta Carretas Penitentiary in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was the largest prison escape in history. In 1973, three Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped in the Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape, when a hijacked helicopter landed in the exercise yard at Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. In 1974, Thomas Knight, a man awaiting trial for a double murder, escaped from the Miami-Dade County Jail, along with ten other prisoners. Eight of the eleven escapees were captured within two days but Knight remained a fugitive for over three months. While on the run, Knight committed another murder. He was captured in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and later executed in 2014. In 1975 Billy Hayes, a convicted drug smuggler escaped from a İmralı prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, using a rowboat. He made his way to Greece, where he was eventually deported to the U.S. Hayes wrote a book on his experiences, Midnight Express, which was later adapted into the 1978 film of the same name starring Brad Davis as Hayes. 1976–1999 On 5 April 1976, in the Segovia prison break, twenty nine prisoners escaped from prison, in Spain's largest prison break since the country's civil war. The majority belonged to the Basque separatist group ETA. The majority of prisoners were recaptured in shoot outs with the authorities in the next few days, during which one escapee was killed, though four managed to escape to France. On 10 June 1977, the convicted murderer of Martin Luther King, Jr., James Earl Ray, escaped from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Tennessee, along with six others. Ray was recaptured after two days. He had been running and hiding in the mountainous forest surrounding the prison. On 23 September 1977, a group of seven prisoners, including Patrick Kimumwe, escaped from the fortified compound of the State Research Bureau, the Ugandan intelligence agency during the rule of Idi Amin. Serial killer Carlton Gary escaped from a low-security prison by sawing through the bars of his cell. Later in 15 March 1983, Gary escaped again from police custody. In 1977, convicted murderer James Robert Jones escaped from prison in Kansas, and lived in Florida for 37 years under the alias of Bruce Walter Keith. He was arrested in March 2014. It is assumed that he used someone else's identity. On 30 December 1977, serial killer Ted Bundy escaped from prison while most of the guards were off for Christmas. He did so by sawing through the vent of his cell with a hacksaw blade, ending up in the chief jailer's apartment (who was away on Christmas break). He then stole some clothes from a closet and left the building. Earlier in June he escaped from a courthouse by jumping out a window in the court's law library. In 1979, Assata Shakur successfully escaped prison in Union, New Jersey when three members of the Black Liberation Army took prison guards as hostages, freed Shakur and fled in a prison van. No one was injured during the prison break, including the guards-turned-hostages who were left in the parking lot. In 1984, Shakur escaped to Cuba where she gained political asylum. Shakur was moved to the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists List on May 2, 2013. In 21 January 1980, three prisoners of Basque separatist group ETA (pm) escaped from the prison of San Sebastian. They were: Izaskun Arrazola, Jesus Maria Salegi and Mikel Matxirena. They mingled with visiting relatives and walked out the front door. On 23 July 1980, Zdzisław Najmrodzki, had escaped from the prison in Gliwice, Poland, by jumping from the barred window. His crewmates had partially saw off the bars a few days prior to escape which allowed him to break them. Najmrodzki slid down the line outside the building and got to the awaiting him a motorcycle. Overall, between 1974, and 1989, he had escaped in total 29 times from prisons and the authorities. On 2 March 1982 in Peru, PCP guerilla fighters assaulted the Ayacucho prison, resulting in the release of 255 inmates. In the 1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak on 23 September 1983, 41 Tamil political prisoners and 151 criminal prisoners escaped in eastern Sri Lanka. In the Maze Prison escape on 25 September 1983, 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army members escaped from HMP Maze in Northern Ireland, the biggest prison escape in Irish or British history. On 7 July 1985, in prison of San Sebastian two prisoners escaped: Joseba Sarrionandia and Iñaki Pikabea. Both of them belonged to the Basque separatist group ETA and they managed to escape as there was a concert in the jail with Basque singer Imanol Larzabal. They hid themselves inside two loudspeakers. The Basque Radical Rock group Kortatu created the song Sarri, Sarri in honor of this escape, which became a big hit. The escape was planned with theater critic Mikel Albisu, who would become the leader of ETA. He drove the ban where they escaped. During three months, the two fugitives and Antza were hiding in a flat in San Sebastián, before moving to France. Since that day Sarrionandia has lived exiled in secret during more than 30 years and the topic of exile is foremost in his writings. On 3 September 1989, Zdzisław Najmrodzki, had escaped from the prison in Gliwice, Poland, via tunnel. While walking at the prison yard, he had fallen underground into the tunnel, dug over the course of 3 weeks by his mother and a crewmate. From the tunnel, he had got to the motorcycle prepared for him outside the prison. Overall, between 1974, and 1989, he had escaped in total 29 times from prisons and the authorities. In 1984, six death row inmates, including the Briley Brothers (Linwood and James), escaped Mecklenburg Correctional Center, making it the largest mass death row escape in American history. All were recaptured within 18 days, and all six men would eventually be executed. The final execution took place in 1996. On 4 December 1986, William Scott Day escaped a psychiatric center in Ypsilanti, Michigan, then embarking on a killing spree in several states spanning 39 days. He was eventually re-captured and sentenced to life imprisonment in Tennessee, which he served until his death in 2006. In November 1987 Peter Thomson aged 19 at the time escaped from Winchester Prison. During a 2 hour window of opportunity, Peter Thomson broke out from the education wing onto the grounds and promptly made his way over the prison wall. A large-scale search was made of the surrounding area, but he was never found. On 7 March 1993, Peter Gibb and Archie Butterley escaped from the Melbourne Remand Centre in Australia, with the help of prison guard Heather Parker who was having a relationship with Gibb. Police found Butterley shot dead six days later and re-captured Gibb. In 1993, ten prisoners escaped from Pārlielupe prison in Jelgava, Latvia. The following year, 95 prisoners escaped through a tunnel they had excavated. As of August 2005, four prisoners, two from each of the escapes, were still at large. In 1994 Arthur Rudy Martinez, an inmate serving a life sentence after being convicted of numerous rapes and robberies, escaped from a Washington State prison and eluded capture for nearly two decades. He later turned himself in to authorities after being diagnosed with cancer in an attempt to take advantage of free medical care he would receive in prison. He died two months later. Trikala, Greece, on 23 May 1995, Albanian inmates staged a daring escape from an old Turkish administration building-turned-prison, using weight dumbbells to break the locks of the gates and bed springs as a ladder to scale the wall. 29 prisoners escaped, and about half of them absconded to Albania and were never recaptured. Only Albanian inmates escaped, having kept escape plans secret from the prison's international population. On March 17, 1995, in Sublette, Kansas Dawn Amos, Douglas Winter and David Spain escaped in the early morning hours after shooting Sheriff Deputy, Irvin Powell twice. The trio later fled to Colorado where an elderly man was kidnapped and later released unharmed. Powell later died of his injuries in an Oklahoma City hospital three days later. In the 1995 Vellore Fort Jailbreak on 15 August 1995, 43 Tamil Tiger inmates escaped from Vellore Fort prison in India. On August 27, 1995, multiple prisoners escaped from Vridsløselille Prison in Copenhagen, Denmark after a bulldozer was driven into the prison wall. In January 1997, Korean criminal Shin Chang-won escaped from Busan Prison in South Korea. In 1998, the Belgian child molester Marc Dutroux notoriously managed to escape for a few hours. He was caught the same afternoon, but the incident forced two politicians to resign and deepened the loss of faith in the Belgian judicial system. Martin Gurule escaped from the Texas Death Row at Ellis Unit in 1998. He was found dead a few days later. In 1999, Leslie Dale Martin and three other inmates on Louisiana's death row escaped from their cells at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. They were caught within hours, before they even managed to escape prison grounds. The four men had managed the escape with the use of hacksaws that had been smuggled in for them by a bribed corrections officer. Other officers were inattentive to the inmates' two to three week effort at cutting their cell doors and window. After the escape, two corrections officers were fired and two others were demoted. Two corrections officers later overheard Martin plotting another escape, which included taking hostages and commandeering a vehicle to ram the prison's front gates. Martin was immediately moved to the holding cell outside the death chamber, a month before his execution in 2002. 2000–present The Texas 7 escaped from John B. Connally Unit on December 13, 2000. Six of them were captured after over a month and a half on the run; the seventh killed himself before being captured. In January 2001, three inmates escaped from Chicago State Penitentiary's H-Unit (Hi-Max). One of them was injured during the escape, and while trying to get back into the prison he got caught in the razor between the fences. The other two offenders (one serving a life sentence for murder, the other for rape and kidnapping) were at large for several days before being apprehended in a small town approximately from the prison. In New York, convicted murderers Timothy A. Vail and Timothy G. Morgan escaped from Elmira State Penitentiary in July 2003; both were recaptured in two days. Colton Harris-Moore fled a three-year sentence by walking out of a halfway house in April 2008. On 11 July 2010, he was captured at Harbour Island, Bahamas and sent back to Seattle. The Sarposa Prison attack was a raid on the Kandahar detention facility in Kandahar, Afghanistan by Taliban insurgents on June 13, 2008. One of the largest attacks by Afghan insurgents, the raid freed 400–1000 prisoners. On August 4, 2008, Sarah Jo Pender escaped from Rockville Correctional Facility with the help of prison guard Scott Spitler, who was expecting a $15,000 payment. She remained on the run for four months. Eight inmates charged with violent crimes escaped from the Curry County Adult Detention Center in Clovis, New Mexico on August 24, 2008. The men escaped by climbing prison pipes in a narrow space inside a wall, then using homemade instruments to cut a hole in the roof. The jailbreak was featured on a September 6 episode of America's Most Wanted. As of October 2010, convicted murderer Edward Salas was the only inmate still at large. Salas was taken into custody by the U.S. Marshals Service on Thursday, October 4, 2012, in Chihuahua City, Mexico, and was extradited back to New Mexico. Lance Battreal, Charles Smith, and Mark Booher escaped from a Michigan City, Indiana prison on July 12, 2009 through tunnels under the prison yard. Smith was captured on July 20, 2009 near Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley's vacation home in Grand Beach, Michigan. Battreal was captured on July 21, 2009 at his mother's house in Rockport, Indiana. Booher was captured on July 23, 2009 in a hotel in Indianapolis, Indiana. On March 30, 2010, three inmates, Quentin Truehill, Kentrell Johnson, and Peter Hughes escaped from Avoyelles Parish Sheriff's Office in Mansura, Louisiana after holding an officer hostage. They went on a crime spree through Louisiana and Florida that included multiple robberies and thefts, and all three participated in the kidnap and murder of Florida State University grad student, Vincent Binder. They were ultimately apprehended nearly two weeks after the escape in Miami, Florida. Hughes and Johnson are currently serving life in prison for Binder's murder, and Truehill is sitting on Florida's death row for the same offense. Three inmates at an Arizona for-profit Management and Training Corporation-operated facility escaped on July 30, 2010. Daniel Renwick and Tracy Province were murderers and John McCluskey had been convicted of attempted murders. Renwick was captured in a shootout in Rifle, Colorado on August 1, 2010. Though he still had 32 years on his sentence in Arizona, he was sentenced to 60 years to be served in Colorado. Province, already a lifer, was captured on August 9, 2010, in Meeteetse, Wyoming. After being sentenced to 38 1/3 years in Arizona, he was quickly extradited to face murder charges in New Mexico. McCluskey, who had been doing consecutive 15-year sentences, was captured with Casslyn Welch, his cousin/accomplice, in eastern Arizona on August 19 in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest. He was sentenced to 43 years in an Arizona prison on escape, kidnap, hijacking, and robbery charges. Like Province, Welch, and McCluskey were soon extradited for the alleged robbery, hijack, and murder of two vacationers in New Mexico. Kenneth John Gonzales, the U.S. Attorney in New Mexico, filed death penalty charges against all three. McCluskey was convicted after a three-month trial in Albuquerque on October 7, 2013, after Province and Welch testified against him, conditions of their plea bargains. The death penalty phase of the proceedings began on October 21, but the jury delivered a sentence of life imprisonment for McCluskey, and Province received the same. Welch was sentenced to 40 years. On July 27, 2013, 1,000 inmates escaped from the Queyfiya prison near Benghazi, Libya. The escape occurred after a wave of political assassinations and attacks on political offices around the country. Local residents of Benghazi forced the inmates out of the prison. In October 2013, Kevin Patrick Stoeser escaped from the Austin Transitional Center where he was serving the remainder of a 156-month sentence for four counts of child sexual assault and one count of possession of child pornography. He had pleaded guilty to these charges in 2003. He was never captured, but DNA-confirmed remains of his skull were found near Del Valle, Texas on September 8, 2014. On June 8, 2014, Robert Elbryan, 42, Joe Game, 53, and George Broussard, 63, escaped from a Quebec detention center with help from a helicopter. The three men were arrested a couple of weeks later and returned to the same facility. On September 11, 2014, T.J. Lane, 19, serving three life sentences for indiscriminately killing fellow students at his Ohio high school in 2012, Clifford E. Opperud, 45, serving 12 years for robbing, burglary and kidnapping, and Lindsey Bruce, 33, sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of a 5-year-old girl, escaped Allen-Oakwood Correctional Institution by scaling a fence. Bruce was captured a few minutes after the escape, Lane was apprehended about 5 hours, and Opperud about 8 hours later. On June 6, 2015, Richard Matt, 48, and David Sweat, 34, were discovered missing from the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, New York during a headcount at 5:30am. An "external breach" was found on a street approximately 500 feet south of the prison wall. Both inmates had been convicted of murder. Richard Matt was shot dead on June 26, 2015, near Lake Titus in Upstate New York. Two days later on June 28, 2015, David Sweat was captured just miles from the Canada–US border, shot twice before being taken to a local hospital. In June 2015, 2 convicts escaped maximum security in the Tihar Prison Complex in Delhi, India by digging a tunnel under a wall and scaling it. On July 11, 2015, Mexican drug lord Joaquín Guzmán Loera, also known as "El Chapo", escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Center No.1, a maximum security prison. His escape involved an elaborate tunnel leading from the shower area in his cell stretching 1.5  km to a house construction site. The shower area in his cell was not detectable to the security cameras, creating a blind spot. The tunnel lay 10 meters underground and was equipped with a ladder to climb to the bottom, artificial lights, air ducts, and various construction materials. A makeshift motorcycle was found in the tunnel, believed to have been used to excavate the tons of earth removed, transport materials, and Guzmán himself. An investigation and manhunt quickly followed. He was recaptured on January 8, 2016. On January 22, 2016, three inmates escaped the Orange County Men's Central Jail, a maximum security jail in Orange County, California. The three inmates (Jonathan Tieu, 20; Hossein Nayeri, 37; and Bac Tien Duong, 43) cut through steel bars, made their way through plumbing tunnels, and used a makeshift rope made out of bedsheets to rappel down the multistory facility. Bac Tien Duong surrendered to police in Santa Ana CA on January 29. The other two inmates, Hossein Nayeri and Jonathan Tieu were arrested in San Francisco on January 30. On 7 November 2016, two inmates escaped HMP Pentonville in North London. The two inmates (Mathew Baker and James Whitlock) used diamond-tipped cutting equipment to break through cell bars before they scaled the perimeter wall. They left mannequins in their beds to fool the prison guards. Two days later, Baker was found – with dyed hair and a fractured leg – hiding under a bed at his sister’s home. Whitlock was found at an address in Homerton, east London, after six days on the run. On 5 April 2019, about 200 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant detainees revolted and attempted to escape from Dêrik prison in al-Malikiyah, Syria. The breakout was foiled, and some of the prisoners were subsequently distributed to other detention centers. On November 3, 2019, Samuel Fonseka, 21, and Jonathan Salizar, 20, both convicted murderers, escaped from the Monterey County Jail, located in Salinas, California. The two men escaped after using a “hard-plastic” cleaning brush to knock a hole in the restroom sheetrock ceiling. The hole was in a blindspot in the communal bathroom that could only be seen by someone inside the restroom. They then escaped by going through the 11-inch-wide hole, then through a maintenance gap between walls, and finally out a hatch that was kicked open, with the cameras nearby blocked by recent construction. After they escaped, they took off their jail suits; they were wearing street clothes underneath that allowed them to blend in as they headed to Tijuana, Mexico. Fonseca and Salazar had been in rival gangs and were not known to associate with each other before being housed in the same unit of the jail. Similarly, it is unknown why the two headed for Tijuana, how they made the 7-hour trip, and why they tried to re-enter the United States from Mexico around midnight three days after their escape, only to be arrested by the U.S. Marshals on the border. Fonseca was accused of killing two men over three days in Salinas in June 2018. Salazar was arrested in the October 2017 shooting death of a Salinas man and the wounding of the man’s wife while the couple drove in a Salinas neighborhood On 6 September 2021 Zakaria Zubeidi and five other Palestinian militants escaped by tunnel from Gilboa Prison in Israel. On December 1, 2021, a group of gangsters broke into a prison in Tula, Mexico, freeing nine inmates (including a drug lord) and injuring two law enforcement officers. People who escaped multiple times See also Prison escape List of helicopter prison escapes List of prisoner-of-war escapes References Works cited Lists of events

40116438

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20August%202013

Deaths in August 2013

The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2013. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. August 2013 1 John Amis, 91, British broadcaster, classical music critic and writer. John Blumsky, 84, New Zealand broadcaster and journalist. Chua Boon Huat, 33, Malaysian Olympic field hockey player, traffic collision. John Dengate, 74, Australian folk singer and songwriter. Arthur J. England Jr., 80, American judge, member of the Florida Supreme Court (1975–1981). Mike Hinton, 57, American guitarist, cancer. Dick Kazmaier, 82, American football player and businessman, winner of the Heisman Trophy (1951), heart and lung disease. Gail Kobe, 81, American actress (Peyton Place, Gunsmoke) and producer (The Bold and the Beautiful). Bob Livingstone, 91, American football player. Ritham Madubun, 42, Indonesian footballer, stroke. Babe Martin, 93, American baseball player (St. Louis Browns). Colin McAdam, 61, Scottish footballer (Dumbarton). Tomasz Nowak, 52, Polish Olympic boxer. P. V. Ranga Rao, 73, Indian politician, heart disease. Toby Saks, 71, American cellist, founder of the Seattle Chamber Music Society, pancreatic cancer. Wilford White, 84, American football player (Chicago Bears, Toronto Argonauts), natural causes. 2 Patricia Anthony, 66, American science fiction author. Julius L. Chambers, 76, American lawyer and civil rights activist. V. Dakshinamoorthy, 93, Indian carnatic musician and music director. Richard E. Dauch, 71, American automotive executive, co-founder of American Axle, cancer. Kurt Ehrmann, 91, German Olympic footballer. Ola Enstad, 70, Norwegian sculptor. *Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida, 97, Brazilian geologist. Peter Goldstone, 86, British solicitor and judge. George Hauptfuhrer, 87, American lawyer and basketball player. Raymond E. Joslin, 76, American television executive (Hearst Corporation), stomach cancer. Alla Kushnir, 71, Russian-born Israeli chess grandmaster. Par Par Lay, 67, Burmese comedian and satirist, prostate cancer. Thomas McAnea, 63, Scottish master counterfeiter, lung cancer. Quincy Murphy, 60, American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives (since 2002), cancer. David Nalle, 88, American diplomat, writer and lecturer, editor of the Central Asia Monitor. Joe F. Smith, 94, American politician, Mayor of Charleston, West Virginia (1980–1983), member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (1997–2002). Barbara Trentham, 68, American actress (Rollerball), complications from leukemia. Pixie Williams, 85, New Zealand singer, complications from dementia, diabetes and Parkinson's disease. 3 Yuri Brezhnev, 80, Russian Soviet politician. John Coombs, 91, British racing driver and team owner. Les Cooper, 92, American doo wop musician. Dixie Evans, 86, American burlesque dancer, stroke. Jack Hightower, 86, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1953–1955), Senator (1965–1974), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1975–1985). Jack Hynes, 92, Scottish-born American footballer. Marina Kalashnikova, Russian historian and journalist, cancer. Eiichi Kawatei, 79, Japanese sports executive (ITF, ATF), led push to return tennis to Olympics in 1988, heart failure. Samuel Lamb, 88, Chinese Christian pastor. Georgine Loacker, 87, American scholar. Rose Morat, 107, American centenarian and assault victim. Joy Onaolapo, 30, Nigerian champion Paralympic weightlifter (2012). (death announced on this date) John Palmer, 77, American journalist and news anchor (NBC News), pulmonary fibrosis. Duane J. Roth, 63, American pharmaceutical and technology executive, CEO of CONNECT, complications from injuries in bicycle collision. Dutch Savage, 78, American professional wrestler and promoter, complications from stroke. Suthee Singhasaneh, 85, Thai politician, Senator and MP, Minister of Finance (1986–1988, 1991–1992). Ronald Siwani, 32, South African cricketer. Donald Ungurait, 76, American acamedic. Arline Usden, 75, British journalist. Iryna Zhylenko, 72, Ukrainian poet. 4 Betty Babcock, 91, American politician, First Lady of Montana (1962–1969), member of Montana House of Representatives (1975–1977). Keith H. Basso, 73, American anthropologist, cancer. Sherko Bekas, 73, Iraqi Kurdish poet. Yitzhak Berman, 100, Ukrainian-born Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1977–1984), Speaker (1980–1981), Minister of Energy and Water Resources (1981–1982). John Billingham, 83, British-born American space executive (NASA), chief of life science at Ames Research Center. Ronny Bruckner, 56, Belgian businessman. Wilf Carter, 79, English footballer (Plymouth Argyle), cancer. Inmaculada Cruz, 52, Spanish politician, member of the Senate (since 2011), cancer. Art Donovan, 89, American football player (Baltimore Colts), inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame (1968), respiratory ailment. Dominick Harrod, 72, British journalist, BBC economics correspondent, complications from a fall. Bill Hoskyns, 82, British Olympic silver-medalist fencer (1960, 1964). Norris Hoyt, 76, American politician, member of the Vermont House of Representatives (1975–1983). Daniel Kan, 86, Dutch mathematician. Srđan Marilović, 45, Serbian sprint canoer. Olavi J. Mattila, 94, Finnish politician. Charles Molette, 95, French Roman Catholic priest and archivist. David Plawecki, 65, American politician, member of the Michigan Senate (1970–1982). Des Raj, 69, Indian cricket umpire. Renato Ruggiero, 83, Italian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2001–2002), Director General of World Trade Organization (1995–1999). Jasjit Singh, 79, Indian military officer, air commodore (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses). Tony Snell, 91, British RAF fighter pilot. Fritz Stange, 76, German Olympic wrestler. Stanisław Targosz, 65, Polish military officer, commanding general of the Polish Air Force (2005–2007). Charles-Omer Valois, 89, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint-Jérôme (1977–1997). Billy Ward, 20, Australian Olympic boxer (2012), suicide. Kramer Williamson, 63, American sprint car racing driver, inducted into National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (2008), race collision. Sir John Forster Woodward, 81, British military officer, Royal Navy admiral (Falklands War). Tim Wright, 63, American bass guitarist (Pere Ubu, DNA), cancer. 5 Ruth Asawa, 87, American sculptor, natural causes. Malcolm Barrass, 88, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers), dementia. İnal Batu, 76, Turkish politician and diplomat, Ambassador to the UN and Italy, MP (1997–1999). Shawn Burr, 47, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks), complications from a fall. Jaime Luiz Coelho, 97, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop and Archbishop of Maringá (1956–1997). George Duke, 67, American Grammy Award-winning jazz fusion keyboardist, chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Willie Dunn, 71, Canadian Mi'kmaq folk singer, film maker, songwriter and First Nations activist. Kenneth John Frost, 78, American astrophysicist. Robert Häusser, 88, German photographer. Joseph Lehner, 100, American mathematician. *Lin Chieh-liang, 55, Taiwanese physician and toxicologist, pneumonia and multiple organ failure. Hector Luisi, 94, Uruguayan politician, Foreign Minister (1967–1968), Ambassador to the United States (1985–1990). Qaqambile Matanzima, 63, South African tribal leader and politician, stabbed. Mohamed Ezzedine Mili, 95, Tunisian telecommunications engineer, Secretary General of ITU (1967–1982). Quraish Pur, 81, Pakistani scholar, writer and television host. Roy Rubin, 87, American basketball coach (Philadelphia 76ers, Long Island University). Frank Valdor, 75, German band leader. May Song Vang, 62, Laotian-born American Hmong community leader, widow of General Vang Pao, complications from cancer. Leonard Watson, 85, New Zealand cricketer. Rob Wyda, 54, American judge, commander of U.S. Navy Reserve JAG Corps, heart attack. 6 Steve Aizlewood, 60, Welsh footballer (Newport County, Portsmouth). Dino Ballacci, 89, Italian football player and manager. Ze'ev Ben-Haim, 105, Israeli linguist. Marco Bucci, 52, Italian Olympic discus thrower (1984), heart attack. Jeremy Geidt, 83, British-born American stage actor and acting coach (Harvard University), co-founder of the American Repertory Theater, heart attack. John Kingsmill, 92, Australian author. Lidia Korsakówna, 79, Polish actress. Luis de Jesús Lima, 68, Guatemalan radio journalist, homicide. Martin Geoffrey Low, 63, British biologist. Stan Lynde, 81, American cartoonist (Rick O'Shay, Latigo), cancer. Earlene Roberts, 77, American politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1989–2005). Mava Lee Thomas, 83, American baseball player (Fort Wayne Daisies), Alzheimer's disease. Dave Wagstaffe, 70, English footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers, Manchester City, Blackburn Rovers). Jerry Wolman, 86, American football team owner (Philadelphia Eagles, 1963–1969) and hockey team owner (Philadelphia Flyers). Selçuk Yula, 53, Turkish footballer, heart attack. 7 Samuel G. Armistead, 85, American linguist. Zev Asher, 50, Canadian experimental musician and filmmaker, cancer. David Braybrooke, 88, American political philosopher, complication following cancer surgery. Buurtpoes Bledder, 1–2, domestic cat in Netherlands, motor accident. Roy Davies, 79, Welsh Anglican prelate, Bishop of Llandaff (1985–1999). Ernest Hartmann, 79, Austrian-American psychoanalyst, heart failure. Thomas Fee, 82, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1970–1994). Almir Kayumov, 48, Russian football player and referee, suicide. David Leighton, 91, American Episcopalian prelate, Bishop of Maryland (1972–1985). Hélène Loiselle, 85, Canadian actress, Alzheimer's disease. Elisabeth Maxwell, 92, French holocaust scholar, widow of Robert Maxwell. Paul Mercier, 89, Canadian politician, MP for Blainville—Deux-Montagnes (1993–1997) and Terrebonne—Blainville (1997–2000). Hiroshi Ogawa, 62, Japanese animator (Crayon Shin-chan, Lupin III), stomach cancer. Anthony Pawson, 60, Canadian genetic researcher, expert in cell communication. Margaret Pellegrini, 89, American actress (The Wizard of Oz), complications of a stroke. Sean Sasser, 44, American HIV activist, educator and reality TV personality (The Real World: San Francisco), mesothelioma. Pat Sheahan, 85, New Zealand Rugby Union player and publican. Luís Gonzaga Ferreira da Silva, 90, Portuguese-born Mozambican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lichinga (1972–2003). Abhay Pratap Singh, 76, Indian politician. Keith Skillen, 65, English footballer (Workington A.F.C.), motor neurone disease. William Stack, 76, British Olympic boxer. Vasily Tikhonov, 55, Russian ice hockey coach, fall. Meeli Truu, 67, Estonian architect. Alexander Yagubkin, 52, Russian boxer, world amateur heavyweight champion (1982). 8 Les Ascott, 91, Canadian football player (Toronto Argonauts). Chikondi Banda, 33, Malawian footballer, complications of malaria. Karen Black, 74, American actress (Five Easy Pieces, Nashville, Easy Rider, The Great Gatsby), ampullary cancer. Johannes Bluyssen, 87, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Den Bosch (1966–1983). Fernando Castro Pacheco, 95, Mexican artist and teacher. Jack Clement, 82, American record and film producer, songwriter and singer (Sun Records, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, U2), liver cancer. Al Coury, 78, American music executive, complications from a stroke. Petar Georgiev, 48, Bulgarian Olympic gymnast. Nicolae Gheorghe, 66, Romanian anthropologist and Roma activist, colon cancer. Johnny Hamilton, 78, Scottish footballer. Derek Hockridge, 79, British actor and translator (Asterix). Jiří Krejčík, 95, Czech film director (Divine Emma), screenwriter and actor (Cosy Dens). Igor Kurnosov, 28, Russian chess grandmaster, traffic collision. Jimmy McColl, 88, Scottish Olympic footballer (1948). Joseph M. McLaughlin, 80, American judge, member of the US District for Eastern NY (1981–1990), US Court of Appeals – Second Circuit (since 1990), pneumonia. Barbara Mertz, 85, American mystery writer (The Last Camel Died at Noon). John Rankine, 94, British science fiction author. Regina Resnik, 90, American operatic mezzo-soprano. Juana Marta Rodas, 88, Paraguayan ceramist. Jaymala Shiledar, 86, Indian singer and actor, multiple organ failure. Léon Aimé Taverdet, 90, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Langres (1981–1999). Ios Teper, 98, Australian Ukrainian-born Soviet military officer, awarded Order of the Red Banner for Battle of Berlin. James Sterling Young, 85, American historian and academic. 9 Hezekiah Braxton, 79, American football player. Lester Fuess Eastman, 85, American physicist, engineer and educator. Harry Elliott, 89, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals). Eduardo Falú, 90, Argentine guitarist and composer. Leo Fraser, 86, American politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (1985–1991), Senate (1991–2001), leukemia. Haji, 67, Canadian actress (Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!). Glen Hobbie, 77, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals). Ruthe Jackson, 92, American community organizer and broadcaster. Louisa Jo Killen, 79, British musician, folk singer (The Clancy Brothers) and songwriter, cancer. Johnny Logan, 86, American baseball player (Milwaukee Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates). William Lynch Jr., 72, American politician, complications related to kidney disease. Brian Moll, 88, British-born Australian actor (A Country Practice, Street Fighter). Ishtiaq Mubarak, 65, Malaysian Olympic hurdler (1968, 1972, 1976) and coach. Phill Nixon, 57, British darts player, cancer. John Oakley, 88, New Zealand cricketer. Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, 89, Portuguese academic and author. John H. Ross, 95, American military officer, Reconnaissance Army Air Corps pilot decorated for the Battle of the Bulge. Vladimir Vikulov, 67, Russian Olympic champion ice hockey player (1968, 1972). Anup Lal Yadav, 89, Indian politician, MP for Saharsa, Bihar MLA for Triveniganj. 10 Batile Alake, 78, Nigerian waka singer. William P. Clark Jr., 81, American civil servant, National Security Advisor (1982–1983), Secretary of the Interior (1983–1985), Parkinson's disease. László Csatáry, 98, Hungarian police commander, convicted Nazi war criminal, pneumonia. Jonathan Dawson, 71, Australian film maker, critic and historian. Eydie Gormé, 84, American singer ("Blame It on the Bossa Nova"). David C. Jones, 92, American USAF general, Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1974–1978), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1978–1982), Parkinson's disease. Somdet Kiaw, 85, Thai Buddhist prelate, acting Supreme Patriarch of Thailand, Abbot of Wat Saket (since 2004), blood infection. Calvin Ledbetter Jr., 84, American politician and academic, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1967–1976). Sir Quo-wei Lee, 95, Hong Kong banker, chairman of Hang Seng Bank Ltd., unofficial member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. Ahmed Mustafa, 69, Pakistani cricketer, Parkinson's disease. Jody Payne, 77, American musician (Willie Nelson's Family), heart failure. Joaquim Rufino do Rêgo, 87, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Quixadá (1971–1986) and Parnaíba (1986–2001). Allan Sekula, 62, American artist, cancer. Tan Ah Eng, 58, Malaysian politician, MP for Gelang Patah (2004–2012), brain cancer. Bob Thomas, 87, American politician and newspaper columnist, member of the Nevada Assembly (1982–1988). Amy Wallace, 58, American writer, heart condition. 11 Comrade Alipio, Peruvian guerrilla leader. George Barasch, 102, American labor union leader. Bob Bignall, 91, Australian Olympic soccer player (1956). Penelope Casas, 70, American food author, pioneer of Spanish cuisine in the United States, complications from leukemia. Charles Nelson Corey, 98, American football coach. Raymond Delisle, 70, French racing cyclist, suicide. Jean Bethke Elshtain, 72, American philosopher and academic, complications from heart failure. Don Friedman, 83, American politician and radio talk show host, member of the Colorado House of Representatives (1962–1976). Zafar Futehally, 93, Indian ornithologist and conservationist, lung failure. Shirley Herz, 87, American Tony Award-winning publicist (2009), complications from a stroke. David Howard, 76, English ballet teacher. Matthew Kaufman, 70, British biologist. Claire Mackay, 82, Canadian writer, cancer. Paul McCarron, 79, American businessman and politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. Francis Joseph Charles O'Reilly, 91, Irish businessman, banker and academic; Chancellor of the University of Dublin (1985–1998). Denis Perera, 82, Sri Lankan army general and diplomat. Henry Polic II, 68, American actor (When Things Were Rotten, Webster, Batman: The Animated Series), cancer. Lamberto Puggelli, 75, Italian stage and opera director. Gianni Rocca, 84, Italian Olympic sprinter (1948). George Tall Chief, 96, American Sioux tribal leader, Chief of Osage Nation (1982–1990), National Native American Hall of Fame inductee. Judit Temes, 82, Hungarian Olympic champion swimmer (1952). Maung Wuntha, 68, Burmese writer and activist, cancer. 12 Tereza de Arriaga, 98, Portuguese painter. Lilian Bennett, 90, British businesswoman. Hans-Ekkehard Bob, 96, German military pilot, World War II flying ace. Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, 44, Dutch royal, complications following 2012 skiing accident. F. Joseph Gossman, 83, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Raleigh (1975–2006). Jeffrey Gros, 75, American ecumenist and theologian. I. B. Holley Jr., 94, American military historian. Pauline Maier, 75, American historian and academic, lung cancer. David McLetchie, 61, Scottish politician, MSP for Lothian (1999–2003, since 2011) and Edinburgh Pentlands (2003–2011), cancer. Vasily Peskov, 83, Russian writer and journalist. Paul O'Neill, 84, Canadian actor, writer, historian and broadcaster (CBC). Ramon Pereira P., 94, Panamanian radio broadcaster. Robert Trotter, 83, Scottish actor (Take the High Road), director and photographer. Henny ter Weer, 91, Dutch Olympic fencer (1948). 13 Anatoly Albul, 77, Russian Olympic bronze medalist wrestler (1960). Kris Biantoro, 75, Indonesian actor and singer, kidney disease. Lothar Bisky, 71, German politician, MEP (since 2009), MP for PDS (2005–2009), Landtag of Brandenburg (1990–2005). Bert de Jong, 56, Dutch rally driver, cancer. Jim Evans, 83, Australian rugby league footballer. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, 9th Duke of Arión, 79, Spanish sailor (sport). Tompall Glaser, 79, American country music singer. Damon Intrabartolo, 39, American playwright (Bare: A Pop Opera) and orchestrator (Superman Returns, In Good Company). Bertice Jacelon, 98, Trinidadian cricket umpire. Laurence Kaapama, 29, Namibian footballer (Eleven Arrows, national team). (body discovered on this date) Alfonso Lara, 67, Chilean footballer (Colo-Colo), cancer. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba Larios, 79, Spanish Olympic sailor. Janusz Lewandowski, 82, Polish diplomat, cancer. Rui Moreira Lima, 94, Brazilian military fighter pilot. Jun Sadogawa, 34, Japanese manga author (Muteki Kanban Musume), suicide by hanging. Aaron Selber Jr., 85, American retail executive and philanthropist, heart failure. *Alyce Spotted Bear, 67, American Three Affiliated Tribes academic, politician and civil servant, National Advisory Council on Indian Education (since 2010), liver cancer. Earl Stevick, 89, American linguist. Sir Michael Stoker, 95, British physician. Bruno Tognaccini, 80, Italian cyclist. Sonatane Tuʻa Taumoepeau-Tupou, 70, Tongan politician and diplomat, Foreign Minister (2004–2009). Jean Vincent, 82, French football player (Lille OSC, Stade de Reims) and coach (FC Nantes, Cameroon, Tunisia). 14 Gia Allemand, 29, American model and reality television star (The Bachelor), suicide by hanging. Stephen Easley, 60, American politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (2013), complications from an infection. Vin Evans, 78, English cricketer (Durham). Kevin Feeney, 61, Irish judge, member of the High Court (since 2006), suspected heart attack. *René Fernández Apaza, 89, Bolivian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Sucre (1983–1988) and Cochabamba (1988–1999). John Forfar, 96, British paediatrician and academic. Jack Garfinkel, 95, American basketball player (Boston Celtics). Jack Germond, 85, American journalist (Washington Star, The Baltimore Sun) and novelist, pulmonary disease. Dilip Singh Judeo, 64, Indian politician, MP for Bilaspur (1989–1998), Chhattisgarh MLA for Kharasia (1988–1989), kidney and lung infections. Sándor Keresztes, 94, Hungarian diplomat and jurist, president of the Christian Democratic People's Party (1989–1990), MP (1947–1948, 1990, 1994–1998). Lisa Robin Kelly, 43, American actress (That '70s Show), multiple drug intoxication. Allen Lanier, 67, American rock keyboardist and guitarist (Blue Öyster Cult), complications from COPD. Min Lu, 60, Burmese humorist, poet and writer, lung cancer. Amer Abdel Maksoud, Egyptian professional footballer, murdered. Luciano Martino, 79, Italian film producer, director and screenwriter, pulmonary edema. Iqbal Mirchi, 63, Indian underworld figure, heart attack. Paddy Power, 84, Irish politician, MEP (1977–1979), TD for Kildare (1969–1989). Mack Rankin, 83, American oilman and Texas Rangers part-owner. Mark Sutton, 42, British stuntman, parachutist at 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, stunt wing-diving accident. 15 Abdul Rahman Al-Sumait, 65, Kuwaiti Islamic scholar and medical practitioner, complications of a heart condition. S. M. Laljan Basha, 56, Indian politician, MP for Guntur (1991–1996) and Andhra Pradesh (2002–2008), traffic collision. Jane Harvey, 88, American jazz singer, stomach cancer. Peter Huttenlocher, 82, German-born American neuroscientist, pneumonia. Miroslav Komárek, 89, Czech historical linguist. Beatrice Kozera, 92, American book character (On the Road), natural causes. Bert Lance, 82, American civil servant and presidential advisor, Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1977). William S. Livingston, 93, American academic, President of the University of Texas at Austin (1992–1993). Rosalía Mera, 69, Spanish textile executive (Inditex, Zara), complications from a stroke. Sławomir Mrożek, 83, Polish playwright. Selliah Ponnadurai, 78, Sri Lankan cricket umpire. August Schellenberg, 77, Canadian-born American actor (Free Willy, Eight Below, The New World), lung cancer. Marich Man Singh Shrestha, 71, Nepali politician, Prime Minister (1986–1990), lung cancer. Robert R. Taylor, 73, Canadian wildlife photographer, cancer. Jacques Vergès, 88, Thai-born French lawyer, heart attack. Pat Wiggins, 73, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1998–2004) and Senate (2006–2010). 16 Ilkka Auer, 83, Finnish Olympic athlete. Desh Azad, 75, Indian cricketer. Roy Bonisteel, 83, Canadian journalist and television host, cancer. Chris Hallam, 49, Welsh Paralympian swimmer and wheelchair racer, cancer. Kalyan Mitter, 76, Indian cricketer and coach. John Munro, 84, Australian cricketer and football player. Carlos Prada Sanmiguel, 73, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Duitama–Sogamoso (1994–2012). David Rees, 95, British mathematician. John Ryden, 82, Scottish footballer (Tottenham Hotspur). Francesco Scaratti, 74, Italian footballer (A.S. Roma). Ray B. Sitton, 89, American lieutenant general, Director of the Joint Staff (1976–1977). 17 Mayavaram Saraswathi Ammal, 91, Indian classical flautist. Stephen Antonakos, 86, Greek-born American painter and sculptor. Bo Bing, 91, Chinese English grammar academic, respiratory failure. *Chow Yam-nam, 76, Thai mystic, respiratory disease. Jim Clark, 88, Australian VFL footballer (Carlton Football Club). John Connelly, 85, American college baseball head coach (Northeastern University). Rod Craig, 55, American baseball player (Seattle Mariners), stabbed. Thomas Crowley, 77, American politician, member of the Vermont Senate (1967–1991), complications from hip surgery. Odilia Dank, 74, American politician, member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1994–2006), cancer. Jan Ekström, 89, Swedish author and adman. Devin Gray, 41, American basketball player (Sacramento Kings, San Antonio Spurs, Houston Rockets), heart attack. Jack Harshman, 86, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). *Joseph Hoàng Văn Tiệm, 74, Vietnamese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bui Chu (since 2001). John Hollander, 83, American poet, pulmonary congestion. Claus Jacobi, 86, German journalist, editor-in-chief of Der Spiegel (1962–1968). David Landes, 89, American academic. Kjell Lund, 86, Norwegian architect, songwriter and singer. Frank Martínez, 89, American artist, complications from diabetes and renal disease. Benjamin Mwila, 70, Zambian politician, Minister of Defence (1991–1997), MP for Luanshya, complications of malaria. *Thomas Nguyễn Văn Tân, 72, Vietnamese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Vĩnh Long (since 2001). Noel Pidding, 86, Australian rugby league player (St George Dragons). Wallace H. Robinson, 93, American Marine Corps general. Fernando Urdapilleta, 89, Argentine Olympic equestrian. Gus Winckel, 100, Dutch military pilot. 18 Christopher Barton, 85, British Olympic rower (1948). Bill Bond, 71, American tennis player. Florin Cioabă, 58, Romanian Romani Pentecostal minister, cardiac arrest. Robert Curtis (American football), 78, American football coach. Wes Dakus, 75, Canadian rockabilly musician. Josephine D'Angelo, 88, American baseball player (South Bend Blue Sox). Keith Dollery, 88, Australian cricketer. Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba, 96, Spanish noble, Duchess of Medinaceli (since 1956). Dezső Gyarmati, 85, Hungarian Olympic water polo champion (1952, 1956, 1964), silver medalist (1948), bronze medalist (1960) and coach. Jean Kahn, 84, French Jewish community leader and human rights activist. Alberto Marsicano, 61, Brazilian musician, translator, writer, philosopher and professor. Edith Master, 80, American Olympic equestrian (1976). Eyob Mekonnen, 37, Ethiopian reggae singer, complications from a stroke. Tjostolv Moland, 32, Norwegian Army officer and private security contractor, suicide by hanging. José Luis Montes, 57, Spanish football player and coach. Albert Murray, 97, American literary and jazz critic, biographer and novelist. Elaine Sortino, 64, American softball coach (University of Massachusetts), cancer. Rolv Wesenlund, 76, Norwegian actor and comedian. 19 Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, 89–90, Saudi Arabian prince, second-oldest surviving son of King Abdulaziz. Abdur Rahman Boyati, 74, Bangladeshi folk singer. Pat Delaney, 69, Irish hurler (Kilkenny GAA). Russell Doughten, 86, American film producer (A Thief in the Night), renal failure. Reha Eken, 88, Turkish footballer. Abdelrahman El-Trabely, 23, Egyptian Olympic wrestler (2012), shot. Abdul Rahim Hatef, 88, Afghan politician, President (1992). Donna Hightower, 86, American singer. Hoàng Cầm, 93, Vietnamese military officer, Senior Lieutenant General (1984–1992), recipient of the Medal of Ho Chi Minh. Mike Tichafa Karakadzai, 56, Zimbabwean military officer and politician, car accident. Mirko Kovač, 74, Montenegrin writer. Wacław Kuźmicki, 92, Polish Olympic decathlete (1948). William McDermott, 83, Irish-born Peruvian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Huancavélica (1982–2005). R. S. McGregor, 83–84, New Zealand philologist. Stephenie McMillan, 71, British set decorator (The English Patient, Chocolat, Harry Potter), Oscar winner (1997), ovarian cancer. Matti Murto, 64, Finnish Olympic ice hockey player (1972, 1976), esophageal cancer. Sid Parnes, 91, American academic. Fritz Rau, 83, German music promoter. José Sarria, 90, American LGBT rights activist and drag queen, founder of the Imperial Court System. Kenneth N. Stevens, 89, American computer scientist. Olev Subbi, 83, Estonian artist. Dagon Taya, 95, Burmese author and peace activist. Cedar Walton, 79, American jazz pianist. Lee Thompson Young, 29, American actor (The Famous Jett Jackson, Friday Night Lights, Rizzoli & Isles), suicide by gunshot. 20 Sathima Bea Benjamin, 76, South African jazz singer, wife of Abdullah Ibrahim. Alan Bluechel, 88, American politician. Jim Brothers, 72, American sculptor, cancer. Narendra Dabholkar, 67, Indian social activist, shot. Don Hassler, 84, American jazz musician and businessman. Wayne Hodgson, 54, New Zealand cricketer. Mahmoud Hweimel, Jordanian politician, Member of the House of Representatives, cancer. Leslie Jaeger, 87, British–born Canadian civil engineer and academic. Bishun Khare, 80, Indian scientist (SETI Institute). Lando, 23, German Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz, 89, French historian and archaeologist. Elmore Leonard, 87, American author (Get Shorty, Three-Ten to Yuma, Out of Sight), complications from a stroke. Jimmy Mankins, 87, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1975–1983). Marian McPartland, 95, British jazz pianist, writer, composer, and radio host (Piano Jazz). John W. Morris, 91, American army lieutenant general, Chief of Engineers (1976—1980). Mun Kyong-jin, North Korean head of the Unhasu Orchestra, executed by firing squad. Ewa Petelska, 92, Polish film director (Copernicus) and screenwriter. Charles Pollock, 83, American furniture designer, fire. Ted Post, 95, American director (Hang 'Em High, Magnum Force, Beneath the Planet of the Apes). Jayant Salgaonkar, 84, Indian historian, academic and astrologer, founder of Kalnirnay almanac. Costică Ștefănescu, 62, Romanian footballer (UEFA Euro 1984), suicide by self-defenestration. 21 Abdul Razzaq Baloch, 35–42, Pakistani journalist, strangulation (body found on this date). Jean Berkey, 74, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (2000–2004) and Senate (2004–2010). Sid Bernstein, 95, American music producer and promoter, brought The Beatles and The Rolling Stones to the United States. Wellington Burtnett, 82, American Olympic silver medallist ice hockey player (1956). Rodolfo Tan Cardoso, 75, Filipino chess player, heart attack. Malathi Chendur, 84, Indian Telugu writer, novelist and columnist. C. Gordon Fullerton, 76, American astronaut and test pilot (ALT program, STS-3, STS-51-F), complications from a stroke. David Gilhooly, 70, American ceramicist and printmaker, cancer. Kemaluddin Hossain, 90, Bangladeshi jurist. Huw Jenkins, 68, Welsh cricket player (Glamorgan). Elwyn John, 77, Welsh priest. Matti Kasvio, 69, Finnish Olympic swimmer. Ulvis Katlaps, 45, Latvian ice hockey player, stomach cancer. Fred Martin, 84, Scottish footballer (Aberdeen). Enos Nkala, 81, Zimbabwean politician, Minister of Finance (1980–1983), Minister of Defense (1985–1988), multiple organ failure. Lew Wood, 84, American television journalist (The Today Show, CBS News), kidney failure. 22 Robert M. Bowman, 78, American air force officer. Keiko Fuji, 62, Japanese singer and actress, fall. Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen, 83, Danish badminton player. Sir Geoffrey Inkin, 78, British soldier and public servant. Petr Kment, 71, Czech Olympic bronze-medalist Greco-Roman wrestler (1968). William McIlroy, 85, British secularist and atheist activist. Ronald Motley, 68, American lawyer, led efforts against tobacco companies, complications of organ failure. Jetty Paerl, 92, Dutch singer ("De vogels van Holland"). Paul Poberezny, 91, American aviation pioneer, aircraft designer and founder of the Experimental Aircraft Association, cancer. Jim Ramsay, 83, Australian politician, Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Balwyn (1973–1988). Andrea Servi, 29, Italian footballer, lung cancer. Peter Waieng, 47, Papua New Guinean politician, Minister of Defence, stabbed. 23 Alan Brown, 80, English cricketer (Northumberland). Red Burns, 88, Canadian academic. Richard J. Corman, 58, American railroad executive, owner and founder of R.J. Corman Railroad Group, multiple myeloma. Stephen Crohn, 66, American medical research subject (HIV), suicide. David Garrick, 67, English singer. William Glasser, 88, American psychiatrist and developer of reality therapy, respiratory failure from pneumonia. Tonnie Hom, 80, Dutch swimmer. Charles Lisanby, 89, American production designer, complications from a fall. Henry Maxwell, 81, New Zealand rugby league player (Point Chevalier Pirates). Dean Meminger, 65, American basketball player (New York Knicks, Atlanta Hawks). Konstanty Miodowicz, 62, Polish politician, member of the Sejm (since 1997), complications from neurosurgery. Peter Needham, 81, South African cricketer. Vesna Rožič, 26, Slovene chess player, peritoneal cancer. Irwin Russell, 87, American entertainment lawyer (Michael Eisner, Jim Henson, Dr. Seuss), complications from leukemia. Nasser Sharify, 87, Iranian academic and librarian. Gilbert Taylor, 99, British cinematographer (Star Wars, The Omen, Dr. Strangelove). Javanshir Vakilov, 62, Azerbaijani diplomat and academic. David Watkins, 87, British politician, MP for Consett (1966–1983). Vadim Yusov, 84, Russian cinematographer (Ivan's Childhood, Andrei Rublev, Solaris). Tatyana Zaslavskaya, 85, Russian economic sociologist. 24 Gerry Baker, 75, Scottish-American soccer player (Ipswich Town, Manchester City). Sonia Coutinho, 74, Brazilian journalist, short story writer and novelist, heart attack. Ricardo Elizondo Elizondo, 63, Mexican writer, cancer. Julie Harris, 87, American Tony Award-winning actress (The Belle of Amherst, East of Eden, Knots Landing), heart failure. Alf Kaartvedt, 92, Norwegian historian. Julio Marigil, 77, Spanish footballer. Muriel Siebert, 84, American financial executive and philanthropist; first woman member of the New York Stock Exchange, cancer. Newton de Sordi, 82, Brazilian World Cup champion footballer (1958), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Filippo Strofaldi, 73, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Ischia (1997–2012). P. W. Vidanagamage, 79, Sri Lankan cricket umpire. Mike Winters, 82, British comedian. José Zárate, 63, Colombian footballer. 25 Ciril Bergles, 79, Slovene poet, essayist and translator. António Borges, 63, Portuguese economist and banker, pancreatic cancer. Robert J. Corts, 96, American politician and judge. Domenico Crusco, 79, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Oppido Mamertina-Palmi (1991–1999) and San Marco Argentano-Scalea (1999–2011). William Froug, 91, American television writer and producer (Bewitched, The Twilight Zone, Gilligan's Island). Akio Hattori, 84, Japanese mathematician. Bobby Hoff, 73, American poker player. Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster, 80, British-born American information scientist. Liu Fuzhi, 96, Chinese politician, Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (1988–1993). Bill Nilsson, 80, Swedish motocross racer. Rajko Pavlovec, 81, Slovenian geologist. Raghunath Panigrahi, 79, Indian classical singer and music director. *Abdul Samad Abdulla, 67, Maldivian politician, Foreign Minister (since 2012), kidney failure. Gylmar dos Santos Neves, 83, Brazilian World Cup champion footballer (1958, 1962), stroke. Karl-Wilhelm Welwei, 82, German historian. 26 John Dawe, 85, Australian Olympic sailor. *Hélie de Saint Marc, 91, French Resistance member and military officer, participant in 1961 Generals' Putsch. John J. Gilligan, 92, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives for Ohio (1965–1967), Governor of Ohio (1971–1975), heart failure. Kauko Hänninen, 83, Finnish Olympic bronze medallist rower (1956, 1960, 1964, 1968). Henny Knoet, 71, Dutch designer (Efteling), cancer. Luigi Lucchini, 94, Italian steel executive, President of Confindustria (1984–1988). Gerard Murphy, 64, British actor (Batman Begins, Doctor Who, Waterworld), prostate cancer. Bill Schmitz, 59, American football coach, United States Coast Guard Academy (1993–1996), Austin Peay University (1997–2002), suicide by jumping. Jack Sinagra, 63, American politician, member of the New Jersey Senate (1992–2002), Mayor of East Brunswick, New Jersey (1989–1991). Sybille Verckist, 78, Belgian Olympic swimmer. Clyde A. Wheeler, 92, American politician and lobbyist. George Whittaker, 93, Canadian politician. 27 David Barker, 75, English physician and epidemiologist. Zelmo Beaty, 73, American basketball player (St. Louis Hawks, Utah Stars). Helene Brandt, 77, American sculptor. Chen Liting, 103, Chinese playwright and film director. Kent Finell, 69, Swedish radio host (Svensktoppen). Max Fuller, 68, Australian chess master. Carl Graffunder, 94, American modernist architect. Magnhild Holmberg, 70, Norwegian politician. Jean Jansem, 93, Turkish-born French painter of Armenian themes. Chris Kennedy, 64, Australian film director (Doing Time for Patsy Cline, A Man's Gotta Do), heart attack. Zoltán Kovács, 26, Hungarian footballer. Anatoly Onoprienko, 54, Ukrainian serial killer and mass murderer, heart failure. Bill Peach, 78, Australian journalist and television presenter, cancer. Henry Rebello, 84, Indian Olympic triple jumper (1948) and sport administrator. Héctor Sanabria, 27, Argentinian footballer (Deportivo Laferrere), heart attack. Lucy Smith, 78, Norwegian academic, Rector of the University of Oslo (1993–1998), cancer. David Stenhouse, 81, English biologist. Dave Thomas, 79, Welsh international golfer and golf course designer. 28 Bernard Becker, 93, American ophthalmologist and glaucoma researcher (Washington University School of Medicine), lung cancer. Lorella Cedroni, 52, Italian political philosopher. John Bellany, 71, Scottish painter. Matt Doust, 29, American-born Australian artist, epileptic seizure. Edmund Fitzgerald, 87, American businessman. Murray Gershenz, 91, American actor (The Hangover, I Love You, Man, The Incredible Burt Wonderstone) and entrepreneur, heart attack. Ray Grebey, 85, American labor negotiator for Major League Baseball. Gus, 27, American polar bear, euthanized. (death announced on this date) László Gyetvai, 94, Hungarian footballer (Ferencváros, national team). Ajay Jha, 57, Indian first-class cricketer, heart attack. Francis Kajiya, 59, Zambian footballer. Diarmuid Ó Gráinne, 63, Irish writer and journalist. Larry Pennell, 85, American actor (Ripcord, The Great White Hope, Bubba Ho-Tep). Frank Pulli, 78, American baseball umpire, complications from Parkinson's disease. Brian Smith, 57, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers). Barry Stobart, 75, English footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers). Aajonus Vonderplanitz, 66, American food activist, fall. Rafael Díaz Ycaza, 87, Ecuadorian writer. 29 Jack Beal, 82, American realist painter. Artan Bushati, 49, Albanian football manager. Bob Green, 87, Australian naturalist, photographer and conservationist. Peter Grzybowski, 59, Polish artist. Joan L. Krajewski, 79, American politician, Member of the Philadelphia City Council (1980–2012), complications from COPD. Robert MacEwen, 85, Scottish rugby player. Darren Manzella, 36, American gay rights activist, traffic collision. Cliff Mason, 83, English professional footballer. Medardo Joseph Mazombwe, 81, Zambian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Chipata (1970–1996) and Cardinal Archbishop of Lusaka (1996–2006), cancer. Cliff Morgan, 83, Welsh rugby player and broadcaster. Bruce C. Murray, 81, American space scientist, Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1976–1982), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Fernando Solijon, 47, Filipino radio journalist, shot. Steven Tari, 41–42, Papua New Guinean cult leader, slashed. Are Vesterlid, 92, Norwegian architect. 30 Alfredo Betancourt, 98, Salvadoran writer. William C. Campbell, 90, American golfer, U.S. Amateur champion (1964), President of the United States Golf Association (1982–1983). Howie Crittenden, 80, American basketball player (Murray State University). Eva J. Engel, 94, German-Jewish scholar. Allan Gotthelf, 70, American philosopher, cancer. Seamus Heaney, 74, Irish poet, Nobel Prize laureate (1995). Geresom Ilukor, 77–78, Ugandan bishop. Romana Kryzanowska, 90, American Pilates instructor and author. Leo Lewis, 80, American football player (Lincoln Blue Tigers, Winnipeg Blue Bombers). John "Juke" Logan, 66, American blues harmonica player, complications from esophageal cancer. Lotfi Mansouri, 84, Iranian opera director (Canadian Opera Company, San Francisco Opera). Glenn Terrell, 93, American academic, President of Washington State University (1967–1985). Tokai Teio, 25, Japanese thoroughbred racehorse, heart attack. 31 Jean-Louis Beaumont, 87, French politician, Deputy (1978–1981, 1993–1997), mayor of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (1977–2008). William John Brennan, 75, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Wagga Wagga (1984–2002). Peter Calder, 87, British mechanical engineer. Alan Carrington, 79, British chemist. Sir David Frost, 74, British broadcaster (That Was the Week That Was, The Frost Report, The Nixon Interviews), heart attack. Jimmy Greenhalgh, 90, British football player and manager (Darlington F.C.). Robert Lebron, 85, American impressionist artist. LeRoy Martin, 84, American police officer, Chicago Police Department superintendent (1987–1992). Samuel Rovinski, 81–82, Costa Rican author of plays, novels, short stories and essays. Donald W. Steinmetz, 88, American judge. Jan Camiel Willems, 73, Belgian mathematician. References 2013-08 08

40358004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%27s%20Aldridge%20Academy

Duke's Aldridge Academy

Duke's Aldridge Academy (formerly Northumberland Park Community School) is a co-educational secondary school located in the Northumberland Park ward of Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey, United Kingdom. The school offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils. The school site is located immediately next to Tottenham Hotspur F.C.'s newly built Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, which can be seen from the playground. History Northumberland Park Community School was founded in 1972. There were delays in the construction of the school building in Trulock Road, so pupils were temporarily taught in former Tottenham County School buildings in Tottenham Green. The school eventually occupied its purpose-built site in 1977. The inaugural Headmaster was Mr David Pert. Mr John Coughlan became Headmaster in 2002, followed by Mr Andy Kilpatrick in 2005 (as Headteacher), and last Miss Monica Duncan in 2009 (who changed her title from Headteacher to Executive Principal in 2019). Kilpatrick received an OBE from HM The Queen for services to education after an incident in which he was attacked at knifepoint by a Year 10 pupil in 2008. Northumberland Park underwent a number of building extensions over the years, including a renovation and redecoration programme of works as part of the Building Schools for the Future scheme. The school had an attached provision for students in Years 12 and 13, Northumberland Park Community School Sixth Form, but this was closed in the early 2000s after being put into special measures by Ofsted. Following the opening of Haringey Sixth Form Centre in nearby White Hart Lane, Haringey Council closed all school sixth forms in the poor east of the borough (retaining those in the wealthy west of the borough) and declared all schools in the Tottenham and Wood Green to be designated feeder schools for the new sixth form centre. Previously a community school administered by Haringey London Borough Council, in September 2017 Northumberland Park Community School converted to academy status and is now sponsored by the Aldridge Education Trust. The conversion to academy status was a source of controversy, with former members of Northumberland Park's senior leadership team claiming that the school had converted to academy status in the way set out by the Department for Education, and others disputing this claim. Admissions The school follows Haringey Council's admissions procedure. In the event of oversubscription, priority is allocated first to students with Education, Health and Care Plans, then to children in care/Looked After Children, then to those with an exceptional social or medical need. As the feeder school for new-arrivals in the United Kingdom for Haringey Council, pupils with refugee or asylum seeker status, or who do not speak English as a first language and are recently settled in the UK, are automatically admitted to the school. Performance and data Exam results and school performance The school suffered many years of poor examination results and was frequently in Ofsted special measures. However, in 2013 the school achieved its highest GCSE pass rate, with 41% of pupils achieving the required 5 GCSE or BTEC qualifications at grades A*-D. This means that 59% of pupils still do not achieve the minimum requirement as laid out by the Department for Education. However, the improved rate was celebrated at the time. Demographics Most pupils live near the school in areas of pronounced social disadvantage. Overall attainment on entry in Year 7 is very low in most years; the proportion of students on the school's Special Educational Needs register is well above average at 33%. The proportion eligible for free school meals is 81%, which is well above the national average and the highest in the London Borough of Haringey. As of the 2018/19 academic year, the parents of 48% of pupils had registered for additional school funding to tackle disadvantage through the Pupil Premium. Boys outnumber girls at the school by about 10%. Pupils are drawn from a range of ethnic minority backgrounds and 53 languages are spoken. The largest groups are Turkish and Kurdish (at 21%), Somali (at 24%), Black Caribbean (at 31%), and Black African (at 15%). Numbers of Eastern European pupils are increasing, particularly those of Romanian, Bulgarian and Polish ethnicity, reflecting population change in the local area. Among the smallest ethnic groups are those from the Indian subcontinent (at 3.8%), Chinese (at 1.4%), and White British (at 0.6%). In the homes of a very high proportion of pupils, at 72%, English is an additional language, with about 36% of pupils at very early stages of learning English. Student mobility is a feature of the school; 28% are refugees, mainly of Turkish or Kurdish background. A number of pupils, particularly those of Kurdish background, are suspected to be of adult age. However, difficulties with verifying the age of refugees has meant that those misleading authorities about their age are admitted to the school. This has led to safeguarding concerns. The school is the designated feeder school for Haringey Council for new-arrivals in the United Kingdom, including refugees and asylum seekers, and migrants from within the European Union and elsewhere. Staff turnover is high, but the school has made efforts to improve retention of staff, including health and wellbeing programmes, free on-site secure parking, and provision of discrete stab vests which can be worn under clothes to protect from pupil or intruder knife attacks. The school previously participated in several initiatives under the Labour government of the early 2000s, including Excellence in Cities, a small Education Action Zone initiative, and Urban Regeneration. Reputation and improvement efforts Exam results and Ofsted inspection reports The school suffered many years of poor examination results and was frequently in Ofsted special measures. However, by the mid-2000s the school had been rated as 'satisfactory' with several 'good' features. Crime and safety concerns The school has suffered from crime and anti-social behaviour on and around its premises since its foundation, but particularly from the late 1990s onwards. By the mid-2000s, knife-related incidents had become commonplace, including an incident which led to the departure of Andy Kilpatrick as Headteacher in which a knife was held to his throat by a Year 10 pupil. Kilpatrick later received an OBE for his work at Northumberland Park. According to a local authority report, several leading criminal figures were "cultivated" in the school, including Khalid Mohamed Omar Ali, the Whitehall terror suspect, and Reece Dempster, the murderer and rapist who received a life sentence, a rarity in the UK. The high prevalence of gang membership among the pupil body and within the wider local area of Tottenham also presents challenges for the school, with safeguarding concerns around how gangs operate within the school, exploiting younger pupils who join their ranks. To quell concerns of violence, the school initiated several intervention programmes in the late 2000s focused on its Black Caribbean, Black African, Somali, Turkish/Kurdish, and Eastern European (specifically Romanian and Bulgarian) ethnic groups. The school also established new academic attainment programmes for these pupils to provide additional support with their learning, as well as a stream for minority ethnic groups in the school (namely those of Indian subcontinent origin and Chinese pupils). This led to concerns around a lack of support for White British pupils, who were the school's smallest ethnic group at 0.6% and were the only group not to receive this additional support. To further help combat the prevalence of violence on school premises, knife arch metal detectors were installed at all pupil entrances, and the Metropolitan Police began to maintain a permanent presence on site. The school had previously received visits from a dedicated schools police officer as part of the Safer Schools Partnership, which sees officers attached to local secondary schools, but this was short lived due to safety concerns. A knife drop bin was installed in the boys toilets out of the view of CCTV in 2017, to allow pupils to safely dispose of knives without fear of punishment. Building redevelopment The school was partially redeveloped as part of the Building Schools for the Future programme, which included the construction of a new Internal Exclusion Unit and Art Block, the installation of new library and computing facilities, and a redecoration of parts of the school which were not redeveloped. Improvements were made to the playground surface, with new Astroturf laid on the football pitch, and a repainting of the school's locally-infamous 16 ft wall from purple to dark blue. New CCTV, security and fire alarms, and entry systems were also installed. School identity Uniform and school colours The school's colours were previously purple and yellow, however a decision was taken to change this owing to association with the local NPK (Northumberland Park Kings) gang, who themselves had based their colours on the school's uniform. The school colours are now turquoise and white, in line with Aldridge Education branding. The school uniform includes a purple sweatshirt and white or lilac polo shirt. Pupils wear grey or black trousers or jogging bottoms, or a grey or black skirt. Pupils do not have to wear uniform with the school logo on to reduce costs. Shoes or trainers must be black. The school is due to change its uniform as part of the academy transition process. The school subsidises some of the cost of pupils' uniform by giving cash grants to families. Non-compliance with the uniform policy is widespread. The school's motto was previously 'Motivate. Aspire. Transform.', however, this has since been changed to 'Inspire to Excel' as part of the transition to academy status and to bring the school further in line with Aldridge branding. Historically, the school's motto since its founding in 1977 was the Latin phrase 'Curamus'. School newspaper Historically, there was a monthly school newspaper under the name 'Curamus', the Latin phrase which was the school's motto, written and edited by pupils. Curamus ceased to be printed some time in the late 1990s. The tradition of a school newspaper was revived in 2013 with the NPCS News, which is a termly magazine. However, NPCS News did not have pupil involvement as before, and was instead produced by the school's Marketing Officer and administrative staff. The magazine was renamed 'Duke's News' in 2018 to reflect the school's transition to academy status and membership of the Aldridge Education academy chain. Extra-curricular activities Duke of Edinburgh's Award Pupils can participate in The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, which is a voluntary programme of activities that can be undertaken by anyone aged from 14 to 25, founded by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. The school allows pupils in Year 9 to work towards achieving the Bronze Award, followed by an opportunity to complete the Silver Award during Year 10. Performing arts (school specialism) The school was a designated ‘specialist arts college’ under the UK specialist schools programme. In line with this subject specialism, pupils take part in a range of activities organised by the Music and Drama departments. Highlights include the annual Jamaican Independence Day assembly which features singing and steel pans. Pupils also have the opportunity to design their own performances, such as the 2017 pupil-led play ‘Dutty Babylon’ which focused on the life of musician Smiley Culture and culminated with a rendition of his infamous song, ‘Police Officer’, and a 2018 video on police stop and search, which saw pupils criticising the Metropolitan Police Service which they considered to be "institutionally racist". The school's performing arts provision has been praised for giving pupils a voice to express themselves. Clubs The school has a number of lunchtime and after school clubs, including film club and chess club. It also has a thriving self-defence club which aims to instruct pupils on how to tackle an attacker with a knife if they are unable to run away given the high prevalence of knife crime in the local community, including incidents on school grounds. Peripatetic lessons Pupils at the school are able to learn to play instruments, including the Turkish Bağlama, Trinidadian and Tobagonian steel pans, and the recorder. The school subsidises some of the cost for pupils to learn to play these instruments as a result of its expressive arts subject specialism. Inclusion At the school, the proportion of students on the school's Special Educational Needs (SEN) register is well above both the national and borough average at 33%. Pupils with disabilities and additional needs are supported in mainstream classrooms and follow the school's curriculum. Many of these students have English as an additional language, further complicating their learning difficulties. The school has been accused of off-rolling and permanently excluding pupils with SEN several times, most recently in the 2017/18 academic year. Under the leadership of a new Headteacher in 2009, the SEN Department was disbanded and replaced with a new 'Differentiation Department', much to the derision of staff, parents and pupils who felt that this would single out students with SEN as 'different'. Prior to 2009, Northumberland Park had been a beacon school for its outstanding SEN provision, including work to integrate pupils with additional needs into the mainstream school community. Notable former pupils Gak Jonze, rapper Viddal Riley, boxer Wretch 32, rapper Letitia Wright, actress Notable former staff Jane Clarke, scientist Raman Patrick Sisupalan, footballer The Vale School The school shares part of its main building with The Vale School, a special school for pupils with complex medical needs. The Vale remains separate to Northumberland Park, sharing only its premises. Pupils from The Vale arrive and leave school at different times to Northumberland Park pupils, to avoid the crowds. In 2013, The Vale School received a royal visit from HRH The Countess of Wessex to open a new outdoor garden designed to support pupils' physical development. The royal visit was attended by staff and pupils from the school, and the ceremonial Mayor of the London Borough of Haringey. In 2014, part of the garden was destroyed by pupils from Northumberland Park, but was rebuilt the following year by volunteers from several local charities as part of a 'community action day'. References External links Duke's Aldridge Academy official website Secondary schools in the London Borough of Haringey Academies in the London Borough of Haringey Educational institutions established in 1972 1972 establishments in England

40456857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karole%20Rocher

Karole Rocher

Karole Rocher (born 4 July 1974) is a French actress best known for her role as Roxane Delgado in the French TV series Braquo. Life and career Karole Rocher grew up in Sartrouville, outside Paris, with her father and spent her summers with her mother in a village in Corsica. At 16 she worked nights as a waitress until she was noticed by the entourage of Princess Erika. It was in 1995 that Karole Rocher began her acting career alongside Romain Duris appearing in a music video of Princess Erika directed by Olivier Dahan for the song Faut qu’j'travaille. In 1997 she met director Sylvie Verheyde, she made her film debut playing the role of Virgine in Un frère. In 1998 she was then given her first lead role in the Rachid Bouchareb directed movie L'Honneur de ma famille with Roschdy Zem. She worked alongside Roschdy Zem again in the 2000 film Sauve-moi. She then went on to continue working with Sylvie Verheyde in Princesses in 2000, Amour de Femme in 2001, Scorpion in 2007, Stella in 2008 and Confession of a Child of the Century in 2011. In 2009 she landed a leading role in police TV series Braquo written and directed by Olivier Marchal as Lieutenant Roxane Delgado with Jean-Hugues Anglade, Nicolas Duvauchelle and Joseph Malerba. In the 2011 film Poliss she played the role Chrys for which she was nominated for a César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Personal life At the age of 19, she met a boy of 7 called Thierno, who was neglected by his parents. She took him in and raised him as her own son. Today, Thierno is a fashion stylist and photographer. Karole is also the mother of two daughters from different fathers, Barbara, born in 1996, and Gina who was born in 2002. Karole is close friends to the actors, Nicolas Duvauchelle, whom she met on the set of the series, Braquo and JoeyStarr, who met during Le bal des actrices and Polisse. Filmography Film Television External links official website 1974 births Living people French film actresses French television actresses People from Bezons 20th-century French actresses 21st-century French actresses People from Sartrouville

40472761

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braquo

Braquo

Braquo is a French crime drama television series created by Olivier Marchal. It was produced by Capa Drama with the participation of Canal+ in association with Marathon Group, Be-Films and RTBF. Braquo was first broadcast in France from 12 October to 2 November 2009. The first season of Braquo established a record audience for an original production of the channel and surpassed that of many U.S. productions broadcast by the network. The second season started on Canal+ on 21 November 2011. A third and apparently final season was announced by lead actor Jean-Hugues Anglade in 2011. The ending of the third season, with two plot strands left unfinished, suggested a possible return. The series was available in the US from Hulu as of September 2013. The fourth - and final - season of Braquo was shot between February and June 2015 in Marseille and Paris. It is directed by Xavier Palud and Frédéric Jardin and written by Abdel Raouf Dafri. It screened in France in September 2016, closely followed by a Spanish broadcast and began airing in the UK in November on FOX UK. The name of the series comes from the French word braquage, meaning armed robberies, particularly of banks. Plot The protagonists are four police agents in the Hauts-de-Seine area of Paris: Eddy Caplan (Jean-Hugues Anglade), Walter Morlighem (Joseph Malerba), Théo Vachewski (Nicolas Duvauchelle) and Roxanne Delgado (Karole Rocher). Their colleague Max Rossi (Olivier Rabourdin) is accused of criminal misconduct, and commits suicide. His guilt is then presumed, disrupting the lives of the other four. The four police agents then decide to "cross the yellow line": do whatever is necessary, even breaking the law, to clear Rossi's name. In crossing the yellow line, however, they fall under the close scrutiny of Vogel, of the police internal affairs bureau, a sworn enemy of Caplan. Cast Episodes First season (2009) First broadcast: between 12 October and 2 November 2009 by Canal+. Max La Ligne jaune (The Yellow Line) La Tête dans le sac (Head in a Bag, or Caught Red-Handed) L'Autre Rive (Over to the Other Side) Loin derrière la nuit (Running After the Night) Tarif de groupe (Group Rate) Tangente (Tangent) Eddy Second season (2011) First broadcast: between 21 November and 12 December 2011 by Canal+. Les Damnés (The Damned) Seuls contre tous (Alone Against All) Tous pour un (All for One) Chèvres et Chacals (Goats and Jackals) Infiltré (Infiltrated) Mère (&) patrie (Mother (&) Homeland) Au nom du pire (In the Name of the Worst) 4 moins 1 (4 Minus 1) Third season (2014) First broadcast: between 10 February and 3 March 2014 by Canal+. Affliction Nos funérailles (Our Funerals) Odessa Stoukatch Le Lait et le Miel (Milk and Honey) Prologue Andreas Entre la Terre et l'Enfer (Between Earth and Hell) Fourth season (2016) First broadcast: between 12 September and 3 October 2016 by Canal+ (two episodes per night). A l'ancienne (The old way) Ma part d'enfer (My share of hell) Nathan Pharaons (Pharaos) Onze virgule (Eleven decimal points) Bankster Un jeu sans fin (A game without end) Jusqu'au bout et jusqu'à la fin (To the finish and to the end) See also List of French television series References External links Season 4 News 2000s French drama television series 2010s French drama television series 2009 French television series debuts French police procedural television series Television shows set in France International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series winners Television shows set in Paris Canal+ original programming 2016 French television series endings

40606037

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20wrestling%20in%20Puerto%20Rico

Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico

Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico has been considered one of the most popular forms of entertainment in Puerto Rico for more than fifty years. It is considered the highest source of income in the sports entertainment industry on the island; a minor industry within its tertiary sector in its overall economy. After sports commentator José Antonio Géigel and a group of wrestlers founded the first promotion based in Puerto Rico, the discipline has consistently remained being broadcast in local television. Originally a mixture of foreign wrestling styles, the Puerto Rican wrestling style developed into a unique form of performing. Most notably, local promotions relied on unusual matches, often involving foreign objects or odd arenas. Local wrestling is considered to be one of the pillars that contributed to modern hardcore wrestling, being the territory where the first "fire" and "death" matches took place. Local promotions exploited the innovation and held their cards in large stadiums, eventually becoming an element of popular culture. During the course of six decades, Carlos Colón, Sr. has developed over 70 scars in his forehead that are product of this method of performing, becoming the main symbol of the style's nature. The storylines in Puerto Rico have historically revolved around the "foreign heel" formula, with local wrestlers obtaining victories over notable figures that include Ric Flair, Harley Race, Hulk Hogan, Terry Funk, Diamond Dallas Page, Scott Hall, Booker T, Samoa Joe and Curt Hennig among several others. Women's wrestling has been historically inconsistent due to the lack of participants, with the division's championships being activated and inactivated depending on the quorum available. Despite this, some performers have achieved local success, such as Soldelina "La Tigresa" Vargas and "La Rosa Negra" Nilka García. Internationally, there is a stark contrast to this situation, with Puerto Rican women successfully establishing a presence in the major promotions in both the United States and Mexico. Sparse attempts have been made to popularize women's wrestling, including the foundation of women-only promotions. As a popular form of entertainment, professional wrestling has impacted several aspects of Puerto Rican popular culture, including sports, politics and television. Due to its ambiguous status as a form of "sports entertainment", local professional wrestling has been monitored by government commissions that regulate both legitimate sports and spectacles such as cockfighting throughout the years. Led by Carlos Colón, Sr. and Victor Jovica, the World Wrestling Council is the oldest active promotion in Puerto Rico. Historically, counter-promotions emerged to challenge WWC's monopoly, with the most successful attempt being made by Víctor Quiñones's International Wrestling Association. The World Wrestling League is the only company that began with an international scope instead of first attempting to establish a local presence. An unorganized independent circuit also operates on a lower tier, confronting problems with clandestine wrestling promotions. Puerto Rican professional wrestling style Technical approach and elements The Puerto Rican professional wrestling style has been influenced by several countries, beginning with the settlement of local wrestlers in New York during the 1950s Great Migration. Among the first performers to adopt the American style was José Miguel Pérez, Sr., who added an aerial element to it during an age where aerial maneuvers were uncommon. This hybrid version became common among Puerto Rican wrestlers that permanently settled in the United States, with Pedro Morales using a cannonball dive and Gilberto "Gypsy Joe" Meléndez being the first to jump successfully from the top of a steel cage onto an opponent, a move that later became associated with Jimmy Snuka. Morales' style was also influenced by his gimmick of "Latin brawler", heavily relying on stiff kicks and punches as well. These performers were among the first to introduce this way of performing to Puerto Rico during the early years of local professional wrestling. During the following years, more variations were introduced, particularly due to freelancers traveling abroad and learning different practices. The introduction of Mexican wrestlers in the 1960s slightly promoted the use of more aerial maneuvers, but the style did not become widespread. Similarly, Cuban wrestlers brought in after the Cuban Revolution brought their own style. However, Carlos Colón, Sr. was among the most influential in shaping a local idiosyncrasy. He originally intended to work in the Mexican style that he learned early in his career, but being unable to fully adapt to it, decided to mix it with the traditional American variant. Later, after spending several years wrestling in Canada, he learned a more aggressive or "stiffer" approach than the one seen in American wrestling, while also learning the grappling practices used there. Colón ultimately decided to further elevate the aggression of the "stiff" variant and combined it with the other styles, a practice that was quickly adopted by most of the Puerto Rican performers during the 1970s and 1980s. This version, which became the early forerunner to the modern Puerto Rican style, relied on heavy hits in a manner similar to its Japanese counterpart, but was more dependent on blading (the use of a blade to simulate an open injury) and the use of foreign objects to maximize the spectacle. The local circuit became notorious for its gimmick matches, and is credited with the introduction of fire as an element in professional wrestling. In subsequent years, the highly publicized feud between Colón and Abdullah the Butcher became recognized as one of the cornerstones in the creation of hardcore wrestling, having toured several of the National Wrestling Alliances territories and placing bloody performances. Their rivalry gained such momentum that it was commercialized with the release of a set of action figures in a series known as "Greatest Grudge Matches". A second aspect of the Puerto Rican style was subsequently introduced when locals became mainstream visitors in Mexican lucha libre promotions during the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. While wrestlers such as Johnny Rivera had continued the aerial maneuvers of Pérez and his contemporaries, the re-introduction of Mexican elements also brought in the serial chaining of grappling moves and some of its typical maneuvers such as the hurricanrana. These were subsequently blended into the prevalent style imposed by Colón and his predecessors, with also the inclusion of some high-risk aerial moves innovated locally, such as Miguel Pérez, Jr.'s back flip senton over the top rope towards an opponent outside the ring. Among the first wrestlers to perform in the contemporary style were Ray González, Jesús Castillo and Juan Rivera, known professionally as Savio Vega, who also added some elements from Japanese wrestling following the creation of Víctor Quiñones's W*ING promotion and his previous work at Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), which featured Puerto Rican factions and was responsible for introducing the local style to a new public. Prior to this, Atsushi Onita had imported the concept of the "death match" from Puerto Rico to Japan, becoming successful in FMW. With the creation of the International Wrestling Association and its developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation, now known as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), some of the blading was reduced, generally reserved as a shock factor for bigger events and eventually being dropped altogether. However, the other elements of the Puerto Rican style have remained unchanged, except for the occasional influence of the "sports entertainment" formula during storylines, being passed down to the current generations of wrestlers developed by the IWA and WWC. However, the World Wrestling League has chosen to exclude blading from its events, only conserving the stiff approach and aerial maneuvers. Storyline structure The most common storyline format used in Puerto Rico involves the "foreign heel" formula. This began during the early years of local professional wrestling, when there was direct competition between the emergent local promotions and more established foreign competition that imported its product. In the 1970s, the World Wrestling Council adopted it as its main creative tendency. The promotion began to fully exploit this by introducing Lawrence Shreve, a Canadian performer more commonly known as "Abdullah the Butcher", as the first WWC World Heavyweight Champion. Portrayed as a wild and violent foreigner, he was billed as having won the belt in a fictional tournament held in Japan. However, this was part of an angle to elevate Colón to main event status by winning the title three days after its introduction. From that point onwards, he was consistently portrayed as a "Puerto Rican patriot" and a "sports hero". Colón sold this gimmick by adopting "Soy Boricua" by Bobby Valentín as his theme song. WWC brought in established wrestlers from the United States, Canada and Japan, adopting a formula where they would win the championship by employing illegal tactics, only to lose it back to him in a bloody match to conclude the feud. In order to further sell, they employed a second tactic which consisted of bringing performers that were considerably muscular and tall, promoting "David vs. Goliath" feuds. After establishing Colón as a top seller, WWC decided to focus on improving the credibility of the young WWC World Heavyweight Championship. The promotion did so by bringing in the holder of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to wrestle in several cards, where it was booked as an "undefeated" adversary, always retaining against a local performer or wrestling to a time limit draw. After building this reputation, WWC brought in Ric Flair and placed him in a feud for the WWC World Heavyweight Championship. Flair was a major main event performer in the United States and was brought in as a foreigner that only wanted to win the title in order to dispose of it afterwards. During promotional videos, he claimed that it was "unworthy of being called a World Heavyweight Championship", a distinction that "only the NWA World Heavyweight Championship [deserved]". The ensuing match was promoted as being "larger than the World" and to crown the "Undisputed Champion of the Universe", with a steel cage being added as a stipulation. The result marked the first time that a NWA Champion lost in Puerto Rico, exponentially raising Colón's popularity. Afterwards, WWC continued to exploit the foreign heel formula, but added the element of storyline injuries that resulted in the title being held up, resulting in a final match for the vacant belt. This pattern was continued until 1987, when Colón decided to lose cleanly to Hercules Ayala, signaling the beginning of a new format, in which local heel characters would be able to outpace the foreign wrestlers. This was the norm throughout the next decade, until Carly Colón made his in-ring debut. Subsequently, WWC brought in established foreign talents again, placing him over wrestlers like Ramón Álvarez, Curt Hennig, Horace Hogan, Konnan and Jerry Flynn. Shortly afterwards, the format was also reused to promote Eddie Colón, who was booked in wins over Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Kid Kash. During this timeframe, the International Wrestling Association also used the strategy to further the careers of emerging talents, Germán Figueroa and Gilbert Cosme (also known as "Ricky Banderas"), who bested Super Crazy, Diamond Dallas Page and Scott Hall among others in their route to becoming main event performers. Since then, the local promotions have continued to employ this tactic, with the latest notable example taking placing at the IWA's Golpe de Estado 2010, where both Dennis and Juan "Savio Vega" Rivera went over Daniel Bryan on the same night. Bryan was brought in as the defending IWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Champion, while being contracted to WWE and serving as the first contender to the WWE United States Championship. This tendency is also seen in tag team competition, with examples including Thunder and Lightning defeating The Dudley Boyz and "Los Dueños de la Malicia" defeating The Latin American Xchange. Commissions and regulation The first government entity to regulate professional wrestling was the Comisión de Boxeo y Lucha Libre Profesional del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (lit."Boxing and Professional Wrestling Commission") which also covered both amateur and professional forms of boxing, which being a legitimate combat sport remained the main focus of the commission. By the early 2000s a revision to the regulations of professional wrestling was being discussed, however, this plan was fully abandoned when the Commission was disbanded and professional wrestling was assimilated into the recreation division of the Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation (DRD). Despite this, former commissioners Ismael Van Drake, Hugo Duarte and Héctor González remained tied to the business by appearing in angles for the IWA and WWC. Following the dissolution of this entity the practice of professional wrestling was loosely sanctioned as a form of entertainment for a period of nearly a decade. However, in 2007 a new regulation was drafted and approved, the document known as Reglamento de Espectáculos de Combate (lit. "Combat Spectacle Requirements") also extended to forms of martial arts. A joint effort between the DRD and Puerto Rico Department of Treasury (DH) resulted in the issue of several licenses and the normalization of the tax statements of independent companies. The effort was led by the president of the relevant subdivision of the DRD, the Comisión de Seguridad en la Recreación y el Deporte (lit. "Commission for Safety in Recreation and Sports"), led by Osvaldo Rivera Cianchini. On June 5, 2007, the DRD concluded the first phase of a broad investigation into the licenses of several wrestlers, resulting in fines ascending to several thousands of dollars. In 2011, the Commission was revived with Miguel Laureano, son of José Laureano, serving as its new director. A new set of requirements was proposed in November 2011, which forced professional wrestlers to undergo yearly tests for blood-transmitted diseases in order to receive and renew their licenses. However, the approval of this document was stalled and Laureano handed it over to his successor Ramón Dasta. In 2013, the Commission was disbanded and integrated into the DRD's Security Commission which then organized a committee led by former basketball referee Juan "Pucho" Figueroa to draft the latest revision to the regulations. The new proposal also pursued mandatory anabolic steroids tests as an addition to the ones performed to detect infectious diseases. History The early years; Géigel and other pioneers Professional wrestling was introduced to Puerto Rico during the second half of the 20th century. However, what was seen of the discipline was through television programming imported by foreign companies and rarely featured Puerto Rican wrestlers in notable performances. No actual events or cards were regularly organized in Puerto Rico until the 1960s, with the few exceptions focusing exclusively in foreign talents and only occurring on an average of twice a year. One of the first local promoters was José Antonio Géigel, a sports commentator, who in 1960 joined a group of wrestlers led by a Puerto Ricans Tomás Marín Rodríguez and "El Eléctrico", who had learned to wrestle abroad, and completed by Eddie Salas, King Vadu, Wito el Águila, El Terrible Cardona, El Coyote López, Ché Torres, El Verdugo, Goliath and Mr. Crotona. The promotion remained nameless, however, it managed to negotiate and secure television rights to Telecadena Perez Perry (WKVM-11). Shortly afterwards, it was acquired by Riverita, a promoter who brought in Pito Rivera Monge, a radio host that began narrating the television programming. After one year, the promotion was bought by Arturo Mendoza, a foreign promoter that resided in Puerto Rico. Under Mendoza, the company saw an influx of other Latin American talent, headed by a "El Tigre" Pérez, Fu Ling Chang, Maravilla, Dr. Black, El Gran Toledo and José "La Muerte Vengadora" Velázquez. However, Mendoza confronted difficulties and was forced to sell the promotion to Joe Romero. Under Romero the company experienced a severe drop in popularity. This was due to a promotional model that included bringing in several wrestlers from the United States including "The Tolos Brothers" Chris and John Tolos, Pampero Firpo, Moose Cholak and The Fabulous Kangaroos, sidelining the local talent. Despite this, Marín remained a constant in the roster throughout this timeframe while performing as a heel (villain), winning the Television Championship once and the Caribbean Tag Team Championship twice along El Dragón. By the end of Romero's run, the only two Hispanic wrestlers remaining were Huracán Castillo and Black Georgie and the strategy backfired, resulting in an economic collapse in 1966. This was followed by a hiatus of several months, during which no live wrestling was organized in Puerto Rico. Clerence Lutrall and Eddie Graham, North American promoters of L&G Promotions, attempted to exploit this by bringing in foreign talent and holding some cards, but failed to establish their presence despite offering regular events. Due to their lack of attractive local wrestlers, L&G Promotions brought in José Lothario and promoted him as "Puerto Rico's Adopted Son". The Latin American talent was salvaged by "La Amenaza Roja" Pedro Godoy and another sports commentator, René Molina. Eventually, Mendoza returned to work in Puerto Rico's west coast and remained active until the mid-1970s, when he left the country. Isidoro García Stadium became a frequent venue for professional wrestling and Canal 5 in Mayagüez broadcast the programming. Wrestlers that became known during this run include Barrabás, Gato Montés, Lotario, El Gato Negro, Castro Salvaje, Judas, Jet Delgado, El Vikingo, Hugo Savinovich, Enoc Girón, Vampiresa, Sammy Rodríguez, El Profe, Al Quiñones and El Beautiful Charlie. Other companies included King Wrestling and National Wrestling, organized by Campeón Escalera and Galán. During this period, championships were not as important as they have become and a series of them existed, also including the World Heavyweight and Puerto Rico Singles Championship. Occasionally, foreign champions were brought in to defend their titles, which also resulted in some of the local talent winning these. By the mid-1970s, these promotions had closed. This caused some of the local talent to leave professional wrestling and sell their gear out of frustration. Three of the local wrestling families became involved in the discipline during this time, including the other members of the Marín clan, El Perfumado, El Coloso Marín and Pulpo Marín; the Castillo clan, formed by Huracán Castillo, Sr. and Jesús Castillo and the Pérez clan consisting of Miguel Perez Sr. and his eponymous son. Capitol Sports Promotions, World Wrestling Council In 1973, Colón and Victor Jovica founded a promotion known as Capitol Sports Promotions and served as shareholders along Gorilla Monsoon. Capitol Sports made its television show a cornerstone in its marketing strategy. Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre has remained on the air since the promotions inception in 1973 first appearing in Telecadena Pérez Perry, before being acquired by Teleonce and its sister network WSTE-DT, and airing on Sunday's primetime slot at 6:00 in the evening. Afterwards, the show moved to Telemundo where it began a transition to the 10:00 A.M. slot on Saturday mornings. Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre eventually moved to WAPA-TV, where it was given four weekly hours, airing its show from 11:00 A.M. to 1:00 P.M. on Saturdays and Sundays. A local newspaper, El Imparcial, served as their mainstream media connection. However, after more than a decade with this schedule, WAPA-TV decided to shorten the program, removing two weekly hours, now being aired 12:00 to 1:00 P.M. during the weekends. After being unknown during its start, WWC heavily relied on its local talents. Besides Colón, their roster featured José Rivera, Miguel Pérez, Hércules Ayala and José Huertas-González. Capitol Sports also absorbed the foreign wrestlers that had established residence in Puerto Rico, such as Huracán Castillo and Maravilla and Raoul "Maravilla" Castillo. When WWC began hosting live tours, the company focused in the main island's rural municipalities. This proved to be a successful approach, since the lack of competition resulted in sold out stadiums throughout the region. Pérez was the main Puerto Rican star, joined by a young Colón. In order to directly compete with L&G Promotion, which had a roster that included Dusty Rhodes, Mike Graham, Pak Song, Bill Watts, Ron Fuller, Buddy Roberts, Terry Brown, Les Thornton, Greg Valentine, Jerry Brisco, Don Muraco and Dory Funk, Capitol Sports began relying on gimmick matches. Among the promotional stunts featured during this timeframe was Victor, a bear trained to wrestle, who mainevented a card against Gil Hayes. Colón, Eddie Gilbert and El Vikingo also wrestled Victor. A similar strategy was the introduction of short wrestlers or "Minis" to Puerto Rico, which began with performers Little Bobo, Tom Thumb, Kid Chocolate and Billy the Kid. Female wrestler also debuted, including Sherry Lee and Kathy O' Day. The promotion also imported talents from Pedro Martínez's International Wrestling Association. In the mid-1970s, Capitol Sports contracted El Santo, with both Colón and the company being featured in a film, La Noche de San Juan: El Santo en Oro Negro. Pérez remained the main local talent, feuding with Jerry Graham over the CSP Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. He and Colón were also pushed as a team, winning the CSP North American Tag Team Championship from Bruce Swayze and Jim Dalton and feuding with The Assassins. Meanwhile, Don Serrano, Ted Oates, José Rivera and Julio "El Rayo" López completed the cards offered by the promotion. Colón was systematically built as the new star in the company, with Ox Baker, Luke Graham and Ernie Ladd being recruited for angles involving the North American Title. Capitol Sports also managed to contract what had been one of L&G Promotion's top talents, José Lothario. Capitol then entered a working agreement with Dominicana de Espectáculos, which resulted in a talent exchange that brought in Jack Veneno and El Puma to Puerto Rico. As a product of this, Colón also toured the Dominican Republic and even performed as a heel in a match where he teamed with Masambula to challenge Mil Máscaras and Veneno. The partnership also migrated to the United States, where Huertas-González defeated Veneno on December 20, 1976. Another wrestler pushed was Julio López, who became known as "Barrabás" and feuded with Pérez. Colón continued rising, this time defeating Dick Steinborn for an imported Junior Heavyweight Championship. During this timeframe, South America produced more wrestlers which resulted in the introduction of Vikingo, Salvador Pérez and Ciclón Sudamericano, who were booked for the North American Tag Team Championships. The Canadian and independent circuits also served a main source of foreign talent, with the inclusion of performers such as “Cowboy” Bob Ellis, Tor Kamata, Odd Job Tosh Togo, Dick Steinborn, The Infernos, The Kangaroos, Pampero Firpo, Toru Tanaka, Higo Hamaguchi, Gordon Nelson, Antonino Rocca, Bruno Sammartino, Hartford Love, Jim Dalton, Bruce Swayze, Daniel Martel, Afa & Sika, Jack Evans and Larry Sharpe. Among these was Abdullah the Butcher, a wrestler that had feuded with Colón at Stampede Wrestling in the early 1970s and that was recruited in 1978. The feud was an immediate hit in Puerto Rico, producing several high profile and violent matches. As a monster heel, he was booked as the antithesis of the fan friendly Colón, growing to become the most popular villain of the time. This began a series of stipulation matches, which brought in elements like foreign objects, barbwire and interventions in order to emphasize the violence of the feud. The rivalry, which included the CSP World Heavyweight Championship being traded back and forth between them, was so popular that it was even covered in the mainstream news outlets. Several story line injuries were created in order to promote these matches, including a spot where Colón was temporarily blinded after ammonia was thrown into his eyes. Other foreign talent that visited Capitol Sports during the 1970s includes Cowboy Bob Ellis, Eric The Red, The Samoans, Ox Baker, Kendo Kimura, the Martel Family, Dutch Mantel, Hartford Love and Ernie Ladd. After his initial run, Miguel Pérez served mostly a tag team wrestler. In the 1980s, Capitol Sports joined the National Wrestling Alliance, becoming the most prominent territory in the Caribbean region. After Colón became a member of the NWA Board, an influx of established wrestlers began performing in Puerto Rico. A variety of NWA champions began being booked in the promotion's events, including Dusty Rhodes, Harley Race, Jack Brisco, Terry Funk, Dory Funk, Giant Baba, Tommy Rich, Kerry Von Erich and Ronnie Garvin. Among them, Ric Flair proved to be the most successful, becoming instrumental in raising Colón's credibility a titlist and being involved in the distinction of "Universal" being granted to the CSP World Heavyweight Championship. Unlike the previous foreign champions, Flair willingly helped establish Colón, later claiming that he enjoyed his stay in Puerto Rico. The promotion also brought in other attractions to boost assistance, such as André the Giant. During this timeframe, the promotion was being consistently rated in the global top five, reaching the third position among the Americas. Hércules Ayala was the promotion's secondary star, being booked in matches for the Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship and winning several secondary championships during a run that included wins over Randy Savage. Ayala and Pedro Morales were among the few wrestlers outside of Colón to gain matches against NWA World Champion Ric Flair. In the Mid-1980s, the creative line took a sudden turn and Colón recruited Abdullah to join him in order to wrestle with Stan Hansen and Frank Goodish, known professionally as "Bruiser Brody". However, this alliance was short-lived: Colón abandoned a cage match and Abdullah was ambushed inside of it, reigniting their feud. The emergence of the promotion also resulted in the rise of high-profile local talent in the midcard. The most prominent secondary feud of this time was between Huertas González and "Chicky Starr" José Laureano. This began in an angle in which González was portrayed as Laureano's teacher, only for the latter to turn after claiming that he was being held back. Their feud was featured throughout the archipelago, peaking at Aniversario 1985, where Huertas-González won a "mask vs. hair" match. It continued throughout the remainder of the decade, with Laureano also serving the manager of several wrestlers that were brought as adversaries to Huertas-González. The tag team division saw the emergence of teams like The Medics and The Invaders. Attempting to continue a degree of innovation, CSP began a main storyline feud between Colón and Ayala, which remains one of the most notable in the promotion's history. Now reduced to a midcard role, Miguel Peréz wrestled his last match along his son, Miguel Pérez, Jr., who along Jesús Castillo and Ricky Santana served a new generation of performers that obtained the midcard titles. Despite never being promoted to the top of the card in Capitol, Pérez, Jr. unsuccessfully challenged Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Aniversario 1986. Through the rest of the year, Colón remained the main focus of the promotion, going through a series of undefeated streaks. The Universal Heavyweight Championship was occasionally vacated, including a period were a tournament was held to crown a new champion. However, this only served as a tactic to improve the number of reigns claimed by Colón, who went on to win the title in the final. Ayala was stripped of the belt after a backstage segment, with Colón retaking his role. Ronnie Garvin was brought in and booked to win the championship, dropping it back in a rematch. On April 14, 1988, Colón defeated Harley Race, whom he had previously wrestled to a 60-minute draw at Aniversario 1983. On July 17, 1988, Huertas-González summoned Goodish backstage to have a discussion. After a fight ensued, Huertas-González stabbed Goodish in a lung. While Colón and a doctor tended to Goodish, Huertas-González entered into another confrontation, this time with Jovica, who was trying to prevent him from exiting the building. Several Puerto Rican wrestlers and some foreign talents led by Juan Rivera and Tony Atlas, have stated that Huertas-González entered the locker room with something wrapped inside a towel, which they believe was a knife. While Goodish was transported to a hospital, Huertas-González managed to exit the premises, changing clothes before the police arrived and returning to the scene. Goodish died while undergoing a second operation that night. After the testimonies were gathered, a trial followed, where Huertas-González alleged self-defense. The wrestlers present received subpoenas for a first date, which was postponed. However, the subpoenas for the second date were delivered late, which resulted in several foreign wrestlers missing the trial, while most if the other wrestlers refused to do so due to Huertas González's position within the promotion. Colón testified on the defense's behalf. It was established that both wrestlers had been involved in confrontations for over a decade, due to Goodish deviating from a script while both worked for the WWWF. The judge presiding the case ruled that it had been self-defense, with Huertas-González being released without serving a sentence. Prior to the event, Capitol Sports had planned to sell pay per view events to the United States' audience, but this was aborted as a consequence and never reconsidered. The incident resulted in a period during which the promotion lost support from the fan base, losing most of its previous acquisitive power. Several high-profile international wrestlers refused to work in the promotion as a form of protest. In an aggressive marketing campaign Dino Bravo, Dick Murdoch and Ron Garvin were brought to serve as challengers for the Universal Heavyweight Championship. During the initial stage of the boycott, Capitol brought Steve Strong and built him with a "satanic" gimmick, placing him over Colón to win the title. This storyline was extended and concluded with two additional reigns in Colón's record. Leo Burke was given the next run, serving as a transitional champion. By this time, Juan Rivera, then known as "T.N.T." was feuding with him in the midcard, gathering significant fan support. He would be given a title run on February 9, 1990, with his win being boisterously cheered by the crowd. However, Capitol's creative team decided to return to Colón as holder, with Abdullah the Butcher shortly holding the belt to facilitate the change. Rivera was given a heel turn and feuded for the Universal Heavyweight Championship. However, his run in the main event finished with a 60-minute draw against Colón. This marked the final stage of Rivera's initial run in Capitol, with him eventually leaving the company and joining the World Wrestling Federation. During the following years, Colón would continue as the promotion's top star, gathering more reigns over Greg Valentine and Leo Burke. Following the fallout from the Goodish incident, some of the local main event talents decided to distance themselves from CSP. Chicky Starr and Hercules Ayala joined Gloria Uribe and Hugo Savinovich in 1991, headlining the events of the Americas Wrestling Federation (AWF), a promotion that also managed to recruit more of CSP's roster. Despite this, the AWF folded two years after its foundation. CSP integrated women's wrestling into its programming, with the CSP Women's Championship being traded among foreign wrestlers until Soldelina "La Tigresa" Vargas first won it in 1992, becoming the top female performer. She held the title for a prolonged time period, until the division became inactive. By 1993, Colón had won the Universal Heavyweight Championship on 15 different occasions. After managing to stabilize the economic losses, he decided to retire, but ultimately returned following a sharp decline in sales. During this timeframe, CSP brought in Greg Valentine to hold the championship as a transitional champion while they built the next local main event talent. Valentine retained the title for several months, defeating Huertas-González regularly. The promotion's booking staff wanted to promote Ray González to fill the vacant position, however, Colón was hesitant to promote a young wrestler, fearing that he would leave the company like Rivera. On April 24, 1994, he allowed González to defeat Valentine to win the Universal Heavyweight Championship, but his run was short and he failed to become popular with the public due to being portrayed as a weak champion. After dropping the belt to Dutch Mantell, González was demoted to the midcard, with Colón returning to the main event. He remained the top local talent during the next years, feuding with Nelson Frazier, Jr. and Ramón Álvarez, concluding with his 19th reign as champion. Jesús Castillo and Milton Adomo served as transitional champions following these storylines. Despite managing to survive, Capitol Sports Promotions went bankrupt and reorganized its assets under a new name, World Wrestling Council. In the first half of 1996, the World Wrestling Association emerged in Puerto Rico, becoming the direct competition to WWC. The booking for the promotion was done by Félix López and Juan Rivera, who became the first WWA World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Goldust on August 31, 1996. Besides Rivera and Dustin Rhodes, the promotion featured the participation of other WWF talents including Jake Roberts, Fred Ottman, The Undertaker, Triple H, Bam Bam Bigelow, Charles Wright and Yokozuna. Its roster was completed by other talents from the independent circuits of Puerto Rico and Florida. In December 1996, the WWA held a match between Rico Casanova and Sid Vicious for the WWF Championship in a show held at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. On April 23, 1997, Rivera defeated Ramón Álvarez to win the WWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. However, the promotion closed in June of that year. The last of the Colón-Abdullah matches took place in 1997, when Colón won a "loser leaves Puerto Rico" contest. This banishment was short-lived, since he was brought in again and both teamed again one last time. By this time, Colón's popularity had started flailing and González was again promoted to the main event scene after performing several years in the midcard. WWC also contracted Laureano again and resumed the feud with Huertas-González. Despite this, he was later used to enhance the career of Ray González. A storyline was created where Colón would train González and help him win the Universal Championship a second time. He dropped the championship to Milton Adomo by accepting a challenge that Colón opposed. This marked the beginning of Ray González's first heel turn. After blaming Colón for losing the championship, he defeated all of the midcard face (fan favorite) wrestlers. Eventually Colón and González entered a feud and exchanged the title twice. González migrated to a rivalry with Pierroth, during which he defeated the Mexican luchador in hair vs. mask and loser leaves town matches. The Colón-González feud was immediately resumed and continued throughout 1999, with both once again exchanging reigns. Concurrently, Carly Colón was introduced to the public as a camera man. An angle to integrate him to the roster soon followed, with González slapping him after learning of his identity, leading to a series of confrontations. IWA vs. WWC; legitimate rivalries During the 2000s, most of the angles and storylines seen in the Puerto Rican circuit were based on actual rivalries and animosity between local promotions. Following the reorganization of Capitol Sports Promotions into the World Wrestling Council, one of its main shareholders, Víctor Quiñones, left Puerto Rico and joined Japan's Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling. In that country, he eventually became an associate with Micky Ibaragi in order to begin his own promotion, Wrestling International New Generation (W*ING). He led the company into a radical storyline approach, even referencing the Goodish incident by bringing in Ray "Hercules" Fernandez and booking him as the "Super Invader", an "assassin" character. This innovative style was carried over to Quiñones' other promotion, IWA Japan, which opened two months after W*ING closed and continued with the "extreme" booking. In 1999, he returned to Puerto Rico and gathered several local wrestlers to form a new promotion, which was also called International Wrestling Association. The other shareholders, Carlos Colón, Sr. and Victor Jovica, attempted to obtain his investment in Capitol, but never offered any money, aborting the attempt. The IWA subsequently entered into a deal with World Wrestling Entertainment to become a developmental territory, which saw an influx of foreign wrestlers entering it, as well as the members of Los Boricuas. Despite technically competing for the wrestling market, both promotions avoided conflict until Juan Rivera was contracted by IWA and was sued by WWC over the ownership of the "T.N.T." character, that he had used in Capitol Sports in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the first storyline jab between them, Rivera avoided the legal case by simply renaming the character El Hombre Dinamita (lit. "The Dynamite Man") with his attire and overall gimmick remaining unchanged. In 2002, the IWA responded by recruiting Ray González, who after being involved in a monetary dispute for six months left WWC. Known as "Rey Fénix", Gonzalez served as fold to Germán Figueroa and Gilbert Cosme, helping to establish them as main attractions in local wrestling. In May 2003, Rivera and Eddie Colón had a legitimate discussion when they casually coincided in a restaurant. IWA responded to the event by having Armando Gorbea read a purported fan letter that was signed by someone named "Eddie" to the crowd. In June 2003, Carly Colón signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. The following month in the tour to promote Summer Attitude 2003, Daniel García Soto claimed in a segment that he had confirmed the arrival of the "son of a former world champion" and "legend that is universally recognized" to the IWA, which was heavily implied to be Colón, but actually served as a plot devise to introduce David Flair. Before the identity was revealed, Colón's music was played over the sound system, only for the crowd to be told by Rivera that they should avoid "acting like morons". After Huertas-González joined the IWA, WWC referenced the death of Goodish by airing a match between both in Superestrellas. Shortly afterwards, Rivera re-adopted the "T.N.T." character, now under the name El hombre que ellos llaman T.N.T. (lit. "The man that they call T.N.T.") as a direct reference to WWC. By 2004, the IWA had gained an upper hand in the rivalry between both promotions, with WWC considering to sell stocks to outside investors such as Panda Energy and Jimmy Hart. However, it was Quiñones himself that ultimately lent the money so that it could continue in operation. When IWA decided to suspend its programming due to the 2004 Summer Olympics, WWC ran an old promotional video featuring Ray González encouraging them to attend its show. Parallel to this, he was involved in an angle in which he won 49% of IWA's stocks, entering into a feud with the owner of the remaining 51%, Quiñones himself. In 2004, the IWA held a brief talent exchange with Ring of Honor (ROH). As part of this, the promotion held an invasion angle where several talents joined their roster, including B.J. Whitmer and Dan Maff. During this angle, the IWA bested ROH in both tag team and singles competition. In exchange, Carlos Cotto represented the IWA in a match at Glory By Honor III. On August 28, 2004, at Bad Blood, González announced that from that point onwards, IWA would be known as "Capitol Sports", claiming that Quiñones had already received documentation legally confirming this move. The move was explained by citing that he was a double agent all along and still owned 16% of WWC's shares (in reference to a storyline ran when he still wrestled there), actually working along his "business partners" (in reference to Carlos Colón, Sr. and Victor Jovica) to take over the IWA. The change was expanded to the website and promotional videos to include a modified darker and duller version of Capitol's actual logo, while playing a music score associated with that promotion, Apollo 100's Joy. Capitol's influence was portrayed by González, who changed the announced cards in order to benefit their interests. The group then began recruiting Huertas-González to join them, claiming that their origin in "Capitol binds them". In September 2004, somebody assaulted Huertas-González backstage, leaving behind Juan Rivera's trademark bat. It was subsequently revealed that the culprit was Alex "Lighting" Cruz acting on González behalf to speed un the process, just when Huertas-González was about to sign a contract and join the "Capitol" faction. On October 9, 2004, González announced that Capitol had formed an alliance with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling-NWA for Golpe de Estado and that this move would bring in NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarret, Robert Roode, Konnan and Shawn Hernandez to compete on its behalf. This portrayed the group as a strong foreign faction, while the IWA was mostly defended by native talent. Immediately after completing this announcement, Juan Rivera proposed that they bet the stocks in a match with the winner taking full control of both halves of the promotion, which was accepted. On October 14, 2004, at Golpe de Estado, González lost to Figueroa with the score tied between Capitol and IWA, ending the name change angle. WWC retaliated with a video emphasizing its history aired during their weekly show, Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre. During the final months of 2004, Germán Figueroa and the IWA experienced creative disagreements and WWC pursued the opportunity to contract him. The IWA then approached Abdullah the Butcher and offered him a role in Histeria Boricua 2005, but he declined the invitation. Both Figueroa and his wife Verónica Polera were expected to appear in Euphoria 2005, with the promotion booking her as special referee and referencing him in their final promotional videos, but they made an appearance in Histeria Boricua instead. At Euphoria, WWC responded by placing Ramón Álvarez in a segment where he insulted their family and children. Afterwards, the IWA aired an out of character interview with Figueroa, who claimed that WWC advertised him, but was actually planning to have a masked Eric Pérez portraying him until his contract expired. The promotion also ran an scripted attack issued by Huertas-González, during a backstage segment. WWC launched a double offensive in Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre, first criticizing Quiñones and then placing Pérez in a segment where he made a veiled attack towards Figueroa. The promotion also circled a press release stating their version of the events. The IWA also exploited the lack of a women's division in WWC, contracting Soldelina Vargas and introducing new talents. Their main performer was Zuleyma "Amazona" Pérez who held both the IWA World Women's Championship and the IWA Junior Heavyweight Championship. WWC also reactivated the division, with female wrestling experiencing a renaissance that led to the exposure of Nilka "Black Rose" García, Karen "Demonique" Jackson, Yahaira "Sweet Nancy" Mojica, "La Bella" Carmen Álvarez, Milagros "Genesis" Rivera and Karla "Killer Kat" Galdón among others. Despite this, the women's division was inconsistently used, with the performers switching between promotions depending in which one it was active. The result of this was that García, Mojica and Rivera held the championships of both the IWA and WWC. The relationship between both promotions remained as a calm rivalry, only interrupted with random indirect attacks from one of the parts, such as WWC placing a decorative tombstone inscribed with the phrase "RIP IWA" during a Halloween special. Later that year, the IWA ran a short angle with the Extreme Wrestling Organization, at the moment a regional independent promotion, which ended following disagreements. González's association with Jarrett soon concluded, leading to a feud between them. This angle concluded on April 3, 2005, when González defeated Jarrett in a titular contest to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. His reign was short, being stripped on the same event and remaining unrecognized by the NWA. That same year, IWA recruited Roger Díaz and gave him the gimmick of "Carlitos", which mocked the Colón family by portraying an uneducated servant working for Kasey James. In April 2007, Mario Savoldi became involved with the IWA bringing two wrestlers that he represented and were originally scheduled to perform for WWC the month before. In July 2007, Carlos Cotto and Jeff Jeffrey left the IWA and appeared in a WWC show hooded. Their identities were confirmed when the IWA Intercontinental Championship was declared vacant. The IWA immediately began negotiating with them, with both making an appearance as the hooded figures seen in WWC. Despite the initial return, Jeffrey returned to WWC afterwards, while Cotto remained in the IWA leading its own hooded faction known as Los Encapuchados de la Calle (lit. "The Hooded Ones from the Streets"). In WWC, Jeffrey was joined by more IWA talent when Miguel "Biggie Size" Maldonado, a former IWA World Tag Team Champion, appeared masked in another show. The faction was later completed by two independent wrestlers and named "La Rabia", being booked in WWC's main angles along a newly arrived Figueroa. Both companies portrayed the hooded figures as invaders, with the IWA exploiting the attention that the initial jump generated creating a second faction that was purportedly linked to La Rabia, Los Encapuchados del Consejo (lit. "The Hooded ones from the Council") that served as antagonists to Los Encapuchados de la Calle. In September 2007, the IWA recovered Germán Figueroa, disrupting the storyline that WWC was running around him. The conflict between IWA and WWC was reignited after Scott Hall failed to attend a title defense of the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship, which in turn was vacated and awarded to the number one contender, Miguel Maldonado. On December 29, 2007, the title was announced as "held up" following the events where he was declared the champion following Hall's absence to Lockout. The commission's decision was announced during the company's holiday recess and Maldonado still retained physical possession of the championship belt. On January 6, 2008, Jack Meléndez, who had been managing "La Rabia", abandoned the company citing differences with the company's personnel. Following Meléndez's exit from the company, La Rabia abandoned the company as well, no-showing the special event scheduled for January 6, 2008. That same night, Maldonado appeared at the International Wrestling Association's Histeria Boricua event, with the championship belt still in his possession and challenged Freddie "Blitz" Lozada, the current IWA World Heavyweight Champion to a unification match. The match took place later in the event with Lozada winning both belts. Following this match WWC's merchandise manager, José Roberto Rodríguez, who had been allowed entry into the building, demanded that the belt was returned to him. However, by this time, the IWA's personnel had replaced the belt with Revolution X-Treme Wrestling's championship belt (which was in Rivera's possession) and had transferred the Universal Championship to a secure location. This led to a discussion between personnel from both companies and Rodríguez's expulsion from the event. After the event's conclusion, police officers were contacted but the IWA retained physical possession of the championship. The IWA Photoshoped the images of the plate by adding "Capitol" over the usual location of "Universal" and by modifying its silver hub to a bronze coloration, promoting the event by playing Joy in the background of their advertisement. The belt was returned to WWC personnel following an ultimatum, which claimed that the company would take legal action if it wasn't returned within forty-eight hours. However, both the International Wrestling Association and the National Wrestling Alliance recognized the unification match, considering Lozada the first Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion in Puerto Rico. With the absence of the stable, WWC brought Ron Killings and booked Orlando Colón to defeat him in an attempt to re-establish the performer, who had been neglected during the La Rabia angle. However, the IWA was unable to capitalize on the impact of this angle due to Mario Savoldi abandoning the company while still in possession of part of the promotion's property. This resulted in the roster splintering in two factions, with the wrestlers that sided with Savoldi leaving for a company that was supposed to debut named "International Wrestling Entertainment". The following month, Rivera and Pérez recovered control of the IWA with Ricky Vega, one of Savoldi's main supporters, eventually making a surprising return. Ray González avoided siding with either faction, instead returning to WWC under the guise of "El Cóndor". He was immediately involved in WWC's main angle, a tournament to crown a new Universal Heavyweight Champion. On August 8, 2008, the IWA responded with another parody character, Raymond Zales, which was deliberately pronounced ray-mon-SAH-les to mimic the phonetic pronunciation of Ray González's name (ray-gon-SAH-les). On August 25, 2008, Daniel "Noriega" Torres left WWC shortly after winning the tournament to crown a new Universal Heavyweight Champion. He signed with EWO and took the new belt with him, forcing WWC to revert to the previous version. Torres eventually joined the IWA, carrying the Universal Heavyweight Championship in a black bag, claiming that it was an illegitimate title due to the unification angle, choosing to pursue the IWA Undisputed Heavyweight Championship instead of defending it. That same year, a faction led by Juan Rivera and Miguel Pérez, Jr. known "Los Autenticos" began "La Lotería del Terror", an angle in which members selected from a list of current and former employees of WWC would be attacked. As part of this angle, stable members Dennis Rivera and Noel Rodríguez visited one of WWC's events, but only stalked the outside of the venue. One of the chosen was an actual WWC wrestler, who made a single appearance in the IWA as part of this angle following a payment dispute. When this was resolved, WWC uncharacteristically gave continuation to the angle by staging a "rescue" scene. In September 2009, Torres returned to WWC, still carrying the new Universal Heavyweight Championship belt in a black bag, challenging the incumbent champion, Ángel "BJ" Rosado, to an unification of the two titles. He won and was briefly referred to as the "Undisputed Universal Heavyweight Champion". On December 12, 2009, WWC announced that Shane Sewell was leaving to sign with the "sister enterprise", spoiling a surprise appearance scheduled for the IWA's Christmas in PR. Weeks later, when WWC contracted Gilbert Cosme for Euphoria 2010, the IWA countered by filing a copyright claim to prevent the use of the "Ricky Banderas" character. WWC instead used the ring name "El Triple Mega Campeón". The inconsistent use of the women's division extended throughout the late 2000s, with the IWA even recurring to transsexual characters to keep the belt involved in the booking. In 2010, both promotions dropped their respective championships from the events. That year, IWA directly parodied José Roberto Rodríguez by giving a gimmick named "El Mostro" to David Muñiz, who adopted the former's likeness and was depicted in odd or otherwise humiliating storylines. The Extreme Wrestling Organization, by now the largest independent company in Puerto Rico and de facto third main company, entered in conflict with both the IWA, for not allowing its wrestlers participation in one of its events and WWC, for contracting the EWO World Heavyweight Champion without forcing him to drop the title. El Bombazo and Tiempos de Guerra In June 2010, Juan Rivera was contacted by Hugo Savinovich in order to become involved in an angle with WWC. For three years, Savinovich served as the producer of Aniversario, the WWC's main annual event. While still in negotiation, Rivera appeared in a talk show along Carlos Colón. Promotion of the angle began there by staging a spot where he criticized Carly Colón's supposed addiction to painkillers, prompting Colón to leave the stage. This marked the first time that both performed together in almost two decades, following the lawsuit filled by WWC over the "T.N.T." character. During the following weeks Rivera continued this line by issuing two challenges in IWA events, as well as changing the name of his finisher to "La Painkiller". On the final edition of WWC's Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre show before Aniversario 2011, he interrupted the programming by stepping into the camera while wearing an IWA shirt. At the actual event, Rivera led a large group of IWA wrestlers, including incumbent Undisputed World Champion Hiram Tua, who promptly invaded the WWC ring, beating down the WWC Tag Team Champions, Wilfredo "Lynx" Rivera and Alejandro "Niche" Marrero. This event became known as "El Bombazo", referencing the "T.N.T" gimmick and the explosive nature of actual TNT. Upon gaining control over the ring, Rivera addressed the crowd and issued another challenge to Colón who responded in a subsequent interview issuing a challenge of his own. The possibility of an invasion angle had been negotiated and stalled during the course of the month. Miguel Pérez, Jr. was not involved in the negotiations, discovering about the angle when it became official. The WWC responded by entering the IWA's next event, Summer Attitude and vandalizing Quiñones' Hall of Fame induction. Despite this, the negotiations between the promotions were halted. A brief continuation took place at Septiembre Negro 2011, with Dennis Rivera and Noel Rodríguez defeating "Lynx" Rivera and "Niche" Marrero for the WWC World Tag Team Championship to unify it with the IWA World Tag Team Championship. They became the first unified tag team champions recognized by at least two of the three major promotions, but the reign was short-lived when WWC stripped them and Rivera and Rodríguez responded by legitimately taking them. Following a tour in which they defended the Unified Puerto Rico Tag Team Championship concluding in the EWO against a tag team known as "La Milicia", Rodríguez was legitimately ambushed by Alejandro "Niche" Marerro and Wilfredo "Lynx" Rivera, who took one belt of each pair. With no use to a pair of non-matching belts, the issue was resolved backstage and each promotion received their respective titles back. Prior to the WWC's Euphoria 2012 event, Rivera reappeared in Súperestrellas de la Lucha Libre, supporting Cosme (who was then allowed to use the "Ricky Banderas" character) in his contest against Colón. He eventually costed Colón the match, playing a video stating that the "hunt had begun" that lasted for the remainer the scheduled time. At Summer Attitude 2011, Chris Angel defeated Hiram Tua to become the first undefeated Undisputed World Champion, a feat in local wrestling history. On August 6, 2011, Jonathan Ayala accomplished an extremely rare feat by winning a title in his first official wrestling match, earning the IWA World Tag Team Championship along Féliz "Zaion" Torres. Angel went on to defeat all contenders, one of them being Carlos Cotto, who was subsequently fired by Pérez after questioning his involvement in a match between both. This event launched a storyline between the IWA and the Extreme Wrestling Organization, the largest independent company and de facto third main promotion in Puerto Rico. On December 17, 2011, Cotto won the EWO World Heavyweight Championship, only to be interrupted by Pérez. This was in response to a previous confrontation between both, that occurred following an unrelated charity card. After defending the title at Tierra de Nadie 2012, Pérez once again reclaimed his contract. In this event, Dennis Rivera and Noel Rodríguez participated in a scripted version of the incident at WWC, taking the EWO Tag Team Championship belts with them. At Histeria Boricua, Angel was absent for a scheduled defense due to a storyline injury, which resulted in the title being stripped from him. The interim General Manager went on to proclaim himself champion, issuing an open challenge which was accepted by EWO's first contender, a masked wrestler known only as "Bonecrusher", who won it in a squash match. Earlier in the event, EWO wrestlers recovered their promotion's belts, while La Milicia countered by taking the IWA's, which Dennis Rivera and Noel Rodríguez actually lost to an IWA team known as "The Faces of Fear" following the distraction. The confrontations between Cotto and Pérez continued in two of IWA's events expanding to include EWO's CEO, Richard Rondón, as well. The IWA became the first to win gold officially, when Victor Ortíz teamed with Carlos Cupules to win the EWO Tag Team World Championship. In concurrent fashion, EWO employee Orlando Toledo debuted at the World Wrestling Council as a manager, cutting a promo and issuing and issuing an open challenge. On February 2, 2012, EWO uploaded a video to their YouTube account in which Toledo was hinted to be a "double agent" during a reunion with Luis Estilo, the EWO Puerto Rico Heavyweight Champion, in which he claimed that "Puerto Rico['s wrestling scene would] tremble". At la Hora de la Verdad, Toledo aided Gilbert in earning a WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship opportunity by distracting Ray González, in the process becoming the main heel manager in WWC. Following this event, EWO released another video, in which he was seen in the locker room during La Hora de la Verdad while speaking with Estilo by phone. On February 25, 2012, following more intervention from the IWA, Cotto issued a challenge to end the conflict, an unification match for the EWO World Heavyweight Championship and IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. Two days later, Toledo was once again featured in an EWO/WWC video, now talking to an unidentified person. On March 1, 2012, the unification challenge was accepted by Pérez and Rondón in a backstage segment. At Clash of the Titans, Bonecrusher defeated Cotto, becoming the Unified World Champion. In this event, La Milicia won the IWA World Tag Team Championship from The Faces of Fear, who pursued revenge after being left belt-less despite defeating the champions. Clash of the Titans concluded when a group of masked wrestlers, known as "Ejercíto Negativo" and that was hinted to be working for Wilfredo Rivera and Alejandro Marrero, interrupted and began feuding with both promotions. Juan Rivera, who had remained uninvolved in the first events of the angle, sided with the IWA upon returning and assaulted EWO employees in the climax of Clash of the Titans. At Payback, the Ejercíto became more intrusive forcing disqualifications in several titular matches between IWA and EWO, as well as taking briefcases with contracts to challenge for the EWO Puerto Rico and IWA Caribbean titles. This event was marked with yet another confrontation between Pérez and Rondón. However, the storyline was halted due to differences between the parts, leading to a backlash that sent the IWA into a period of inactivity and weakened the EWO, which was replaced by the World Wrestling League among the major promotions. The attempt to pursue the EWO-WWC angle officially came to a conclusion in August 2012, when Richard Rondón publicly criticized WWC by claiming that it was interfering with EWO. WWC vs. WWL In the final months of 2012, WWL emerged as an international promotion, forming alliances with more than a dozen organizations, including Total Nonstop Action and the National Wrestling Alliance. It also created a local partnership with WWC, booking Carly Colón for its international tour, who proceeded to defeat two established Mexican performers in Blue Demon, Jr. and La Parka II as part of his in-ring debut. WWC also reinforced its roster with the absence of direct competition, including offering a full-time contract to Juan Rivera. WWL imposed its presence by importing the champions of other promotions and placing their own over them. Notable examples include the AAA World Trios Champions, Los Psycho Circus, who first lost to WWL World Heavyweight Champion José Torres, Jeff Jarrett & Matt Morgan and were afterwards defeated by Los Boricuas. WWL World Tag Team Champions Eric Pérez and Roberto Rubio defeated the AAA World Tag Team Champions, The Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy and Joe Líder), to retain their titles. However, when WWL decided to change its business model and hold more local cards, the working relationship between both was broken. The first moves of this rivalry came shortly afterwards, when the promotion acquired wrestler Savio Vega and narrator Willie Urbina from WWC. Also reorganizing its roster to adopt most of the free agents released by IWA, the promotion held an event titled "Insurrection" and revived the La Rabia angle led by Dennis Rivera. The promotion closed the season at Navidad Corporativa, this time announcing the acquisition of Gilbert Cruz, who was actively involved in a feud for the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. After WWC failed to secure an appearance by "El Patrón" Alberto del Rio at Aniversario 2014, WWL capitalized by recruiting him for a new event named Guerra de Reyes held on January 5, 2015. The focus of WWL's booking on the rivalry of corporative heel stable known as "The Gentlemen's Club" and the anti-establishment faction of "La Rabia" led to several comparisons with IWA, which came to a peak when the public chanted its name during an event named International Cup 2015, where Savio Vega stated that his desire was to rename the promotion during a skit. The following day, Negrín decided to halt the continuation of the product, citing his frustration with "parasites" in an unscripted announcement. WWC exploited this to acquire John Yurnet, who had been performing as "Mr. 450" and had been involved in a feud for the WWL Americas Championship. Two weeks later, the promotion resumed operations but the roster suffered several changes, including the departure of the Rivera brothers. WWL resumed its feud with WWC, this time by adopting the same timeslot as Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre when introducing a new program titled High Voltage on the local affiliate of Mega TV. On June 25, 2015, WWL announced the signing of Huertas González, who had been previously involved in WWC's main angle as a trainer for Ray González, Jr. and who held a backstage role as booker. A response came weeks later, when the father and son tag team of Germán and Alex Figueroa left the promotion and appeared at Summer Madness 2015. Shortly afterwards, WWL introduced the rivalry between promotions to its script, acquiring Ash Rubinsky from WWC and placing him in a new stable named "El Consejo" (lit. "The Council"). The second member of this group was revealed on August 2, 2015, when David Montes made his WWL debut after months of making sporadic appearances for the former. In anticipation to Noche de Campeones 2015, Joe Bravo made his return to WWC and left the WWL Americas Championship vacant, also adopting the epithet "Gentleman" in reference to his previous involvement with The Gentlemen's Club faction. In August 2015, WWL published a segment implying that El Consejo had leader which featured an unknown wrestler impersonating Ray González and congratulating the stable for what they had done. A rebuttal came in the form of a video where González urged those involved to "abandon [that] rubbish" which was followed by the announcement that he was now the legitimate owner of a fraction of the promotion. At an event titled Sin Piedad, WWL introduced another parody group named La Verdadera Revolución, which wore the same outfit as WWC's masked trio La Revolución. Independent circuit During the 2000s the wrestling industry saw a notable increase of independent promotions, which has led to the establishment of more than forty different companies throughout the years. There is little cooperation between them and there is no established territorial divisions, most of the time these serve a local fan base and often close after few cards. The storyline continuity in these companies is erratic due to the lack of legal contracts, free flow of talent and reliance on guest wrestlers from the major promotions. The northern coast and metropolitan area remains the region with most of the promotions. Iman Latin Wrestling, LXW, Independent Championship Wrestling, New Generation Wrestling, Caribbean Pro Wrestling, New Wrestling Nation, SSW, PXC, NEW, National Xtreme Wrestling, Bayamón Wrestling Club, CWE, CILL, XNW, XWZ, Hottest Stars of Wrestling, Revolution Wrestling Xtreme, Puerto Rico Latin Wrestling and Extreme Borinquen Wrestling are based in northern municipalities. Companies that have organized events in the Cordillera Central include New Order Wrestling, United Association Wrestling, PWA, Champion Wrestling Association, New Pro Wrestling, Caribbean Xtreme Wrestling Alliance, WCS, Totally Xtreme Wrestling, F.L.O.W., PWO, Revolution Wrestling Association and Borinquen Sports Promotions. In the west coast, John Wrestling Promotion, New Revolution Wrestling, Xtreme Wrestling Elite and Universal Wrestling Entertainment regularly hosted events. Launched in 2005, New Wrestling Stars (NWS) held its first shows in the southwestern coast, but eventually attempted to expand to all of Puerto Rico. First by participating in the IWA's Juicio Final 2005 and subsequently by acquiring established talents including Figueroa, Shane Sewell and Bison Smith, as well as several midcard talents that had performed for both IWA and WWC. NWS continued to expand by leasing a segment in WWC's Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre and even staged an inter-promotional angle in which Sewell unsuccessfully represented them against Carly Colón in the main event of WWC's Aniversario 2005. NWS, who had previously worked a brief alliance with IWA, also received a loan of the "T.N.T." character from WWC and convinced Adrian Cortés to perform it. The promotion closed on September 10, 2006, but part of its roster managed to establish themselves as international wrestlers, with José Torres and John Yurnet working in events for WWE and TNA. The Caribbean Wrestling Federation, World Wrestling Revolution, New Wrestling Generation, EWA, WWO, WWG, G.W.W., SCW, Puerto Rico Wrestling Alliance and PW have since continued to stage cards in this region. Despite the unstable nature of the independent circuit, some of these upstarts have managed to influence the larger companies or establish alliances with international counterparts. In the mid-2000s, Richard Filipo organized Caribbean Wrestling Entertainment, from which Chris Angel first emerged. PRWA was also a member of the American Independent Wrestling Alliance, along Arena Gladiadores of El Salvador, United Independent Wrestling Affiliates of the United States and Wrestling Anarchy Revolution in Mexico. Lucha Libre Xtrema International established a connection with Panama's Lucha Xtrema Nacional and presented co-promoted shows outside of Puerto Rico. The company continued this model after being reorganized into the International Gladiators Wrestling Alliance. The east is by far the less populated region, serving as host to the Xtreme Wrestling Alliance, New Faces of Wrestling, World Professional Wrestling and Championship Wrestling Factory. Minor promotions include the Boricua Wrestling Council, PRLW, Xtreme Wrestling Force, AIWF, CWS, WIW, Maximum Wrestling Council, AWC, NGW, U.W.C., E.W.Z. and Millennium Wrestling Entertainment. Due to the economic challenges of competing in a highly over-saturated market with the lack of proper sponsors, several promotions have either failed to consistently hold events or have closed permanently. Throughout the last decades the examples include King Wrestling, National Wrestling Organization, Xtreme Caribbean Wrestling, C.H.W., WWS, Wrestling Organization Anti-Society, National Wrestling Federation, XWC, IWE, EWE, Wrestlevent, World Professional Wrestling, IWC, IWR, HCW, HWR, the Borinquen Wrestling Association, Breakout Ultimate World Wrestling, Nonstop Wrestling Entertainment, NWC, New Championship Wrestling, Team Wrestling Association, Total Wrestling Champion, Star Wrestling Alliance, LPW, LWE, LMW, LNR, LWR, PEW, JPW, JP Productions, DCW, All Star Wrestling and UWA. NWA Pro Caribbean and Women of Wrestling Puerto Rico began by catering to a specific demographic, but failed to gain a foothold. Other organizations like Manny Díaz's Manny's Wrestling Authority are mostly focused in hosting charity events. This expansion has continued well into the 2010s, with the foundation of Perfect Stars Wrestling and Action Wrestling Associated, both of which salvaged part of the IWA's roster. In 2013, WWC began an angle in which José Huertas-González accused independent wrestlers for the state of the business, randomly assaulting them in odd situations. This is one of the few instances in which one of the major promotions has directly referenced and acknowledged the independent circuit besides their brief alliances with the larger ones such as NPW and EWO. Both PRWA and EWO mocked the angle, responding with comedic characters "El Jibarito de Jayuya" Pepe Huertas and "El Inveider", both of which openly mocked WWC's booking and lack of a structure to develop younger talent. Impact and influence Puerto Rican wrestlers abroad After Miguel Pérez, Sr. established himself as one half of the first tag team champions in what is now known as WWE by winning the NWA Capitol Tag Team Championship along Antonino Rocca, several wrestlers have followed in his footsteps. The tag team of Pérez and Rocca never lost a match in NWA Capitol/WWWF and remain the only undefeated champions in the promotion's history, also being the best-selling act in Madison Square Garden between 1957 and 1960. The most successful among Puerto Rican wrestlers performing exclusively in foreign territory was Pedro Morales, who began his career by winning heavyweight and tag team championships in promotions such as Worldwide Wrestling Associates, the American Wrestling Alliance, NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions and NWA San Francisco. Morales' biggest success came in WWE's predecessor, the World Wide Wrestling Federation, where he became the first wrestler to win the Triple Crown Championship by gathering the WWE Championship, WWE Intercontinental Championship and WWE World Tag Team Championship. During the course of his career, he wrestled several of the best performers of his time earning wins over the likes of Blue Demon, Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair. Morales was the first Latin American to win a recognized world heavyweight championship and to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame. After winning the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship along Al Madril (a tag team known as "Los Compadres") José Huertas-González also performed in WWWF, with an initial run that lasted from 1973 to 1977. As a midcard talent, he gathered wins over the likes of Pancho Valdéz, Mr. Fuji, Joe Turco, Frank Valois, Tito Torres and Lou Albano, also being involved in lasting series against Joseph "El Olympico" Corea, Johnny Rodz and Tony Altimore. After The Invaders became a four-man stable in WWC, they also performed in the United States, capturing the NWA San Francisco Pacific Coast Tag Team Championship twice. The team eventually moved to WWF, where Roberto Soto joined Huertas-González. Beginning in 1983, The Invaders entered an extended winning streak, often performing more than once per card. After this initial run, the team challenged The Wild Samoans for the WWF World Tag Team Championship, winning by disqualification. The Invaders remained recurrent challengers for the titles, defeating most of the other teams but losing to the champions. Victor Rivera also experienced success in this division. A perennial tag team performer, also winning the NWA Americas Tag Team Championship, NWA Los Angeles World Tag Team Championship, WWA Americas Heavyweight Championship and WWA World Tag Team Championship during his career, he first won the WWF International Tag Team Championship along Tony Marino and the WWF World Tag Team Championship with Dominic DeNucci five years later. In the cruiserweight division, José Estrada, Sr. also held the WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship during this timeframe. He also formed part of the lesser Los Conquistadores tag team. The other half of Los Conquistadores was José Luis Rivera, who was also part of a team known as The Shadows. Six years after Morales retired, Juan Rivera joined the promotion first known as "Kwang" and later as "Savio Vega". Despite not being booked to win a championship during his run, the creative team used him to work with wrestlers that were being pushed, which led to him being credited the first singles losses in the WWE careers of Stone Cold Steve Austin and Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. During the late 1990s, the involvement in WWE was limited to a stable known as Los Boricuas, which participated in a storyline where it feuded against the Nation of Domination and Disciples of Apocalypse. This marked the WWF debut of Jesús Castillo, Jr. and José Estrada. The team was completed by Pérez, Jr., who since his WWC days had wrestled in Extreme Championship Wrestling as a challenger for the ECW World Tag Team Championship and was undefeated in World Championship Wrestling with wins over Steve Armstrong, Jesús "Ciclope" Ortíz, La Parka and Juventud Guerrera. The team feud concluded with Rivera defeating the leaders of the other two factions. Shortly afterwards, the group dissolved into two tag teams and was released. The Colón family has established its presence in WWE. The first member was Carlos Colón, Sr., who first worked for the promotion when it was known as WWWF and performed one last time at the 1993 Royal Rumble, being later recognized by his induction into the Hall of Fame. However, the most successful member has been Carly Colón, who debuted by becoming the first wrestler to win the WWE United States Championship in his official SmackDown brand debut. The following year, he became the first wrestler to win a title on two debuts within the promotion, winning the WWE Intercontinental Championship in his first appearance at the Raw brand. On August 18, 2008, Eddie Colón joined his brother in the WWE after becoming one half of the first winning the Florida Championship Wrestling Florida Tag Team Champions along Eric Pérez. The brothers were joined in a team known as The Colóns, became the first team to hold the WWE Tag Team Championship and World Tag Team Championship at the same time, making them the first Unified WWE Tag Team Champions. The following year, Eric Pérez made his SmackDown debut after spending four years in development territories, during which he also won the Deep South Wrestling Tag Team Championship and FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship. In November 2011, Orlando Colón was promoted to SmackDown after winning the Florida Tag Team Championship, eventually joining his cousin Eddie to form a team known as Primo & Epico, which went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. Prior to this, Carly Colón and Ray González were undefeated in the short-lived X Wrestling Federation, which had been established with the intention to directly compete with WWE. The promotion also signed José Torres and Germán Figueroa in 2007, but both were released before being making an appearance in the main brands. In 2002, Germán Figueroa joined the National Wrestling Alliance's Total Nonstop Action Wrestling while working for the IWA. He went on to be involved in a main event feud with Jeff Jarrett and subsequently won the NWA World Tag Team Championship with D'Lo Brown. Four years later, the promotion held a show in Puerto Rico, where they announced the signing of Banderas, who appeared in a series of events between 2007 and 2008 as "Judas Mesias". Since this initial incursion into the market, TNA has established several talent exchange programs in an attempt to establish the company locally. Their first associate was the IWA, which received Samoa Joe and Booker T, both of whom went on to lose cleanly to Carlos Cotto in challenges for the IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. Afterwards, the WWL pursued a similar arrangement, in which Bobby Roode, James Storm, Christopher Daniels and Kazarian were lent for its debut show. Months later, Perfect Stars Wrestling did the same contracting Robbie E. After NWA and TNA concluded their working relationship, Germán Figueroa continued to work with them at NWA On Fire, becoming the NWA North American Champion and holding it along the NWA On Fire Heavyweight Championship. Between 2007 and 2008, the IWA was briefly affiliated to the NWA. As a result, on October 14, 2007, the promotion sanctioned a match to determine the first contenders for the NWA World Tag Team Championship, where Carlos Cotto & Freddy Lozada defeated The Naturals, Ricky Vega & Shane Sewell and Tim Arson & Big Vito. The challenge was announced to be against "The Real American Heroes" Karl Anderson and Joey Ryan and scheduled to take place in Las Vegas, however, the title opportunity was never redeemed. WWL is the first promotion to concurrently hold alliances with both TNA and NWA since both entities separated. The independent circuit of the United States has received the addition of several Puerto Rican wrestlers seeking international attention. Gilberto "Gypsy Joe" Meléndez began his career in the independent circuit of New York, establishing a career in the independent circuit that lasted six decades and gained him accolades such as "perfecting" how to use a chair to hit an opponent. Nicknamed "The King of Death Matches", Meléndez's longevity was recognized in 2007 by WWE Magazine who proclaimed him the oldest active performer in the world, a distinction that he held for four more years until his official retirement. As a purely independent performer, most of his accomplishment came in the NWA's territories, where he won 17 different titles sanctioned under the governing body for promotions such as Heart of America Sports Attractions (Central States Wrestling), Jim Crockett Promotions, Continental Wrestling Association and Stampede Wrestling. Contemporary examples include, John Yurnett and Daniel "Noriega" Torres, who migrated from Puerto Rico and established residence in Chicago, where both have captured titles. After becoming the International Wrestling Revolution Group 2009 Rey del Ring and winning the IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Championship in Mexico, Enrique "Ricky" Cruz joined Torres in Gladiadores Aztecas de Lucha Libre Internacional, where the team won the promotion's tag team championship. The Dagger Bros. relocated to Texas after performing for PRWA, IWA, WWC and NWS, establishing themselves as a team in the Texas Wrestling Association (TWA), NWA 360, NWA Branded Outlaw Wrestling among several other promotions. On December 15, 2012, "Los Fugitivos" Rivera and Marrero defeated the Texas Tornados to win the TWA World Tag Team Championship at EWO's X-Mas Aggression. The following year, The Dagger Bros. won these championships, this time over "The Arab Crimson Dynasty" Al Farat and Akbar Farat, also holding Texas Wrestling Entertainment's titles. Cosme won the WSX Championship in his only match for MTV's Wrestling Society X and became the Lucha Underground Champion in a similar effort by El Rey Network. There are rare instances in which a wrestler born in Puerto Rico was introduced to the business and found success before performing locally. Jonathan Figueroa, known as Amazing Red, became the youngest wrestler to win the TNA X Division Championship when he was 20 years old, a record that has stood for over a decade. Joe "Hercules" Gómez was born in the municipality of Juncos, eventually moving to Pennsylvania and establishing himself in the World Xtreme Wrestling, where his performance earned him the promotion's International and Heavyweight Championships as well as a local "Independent Wrestler of the Year" award. The Independent Wrestling Federation's Wrestling School exports its students to Puerto Rico, Japan and Canada after graduating, while they also recruit some local talents such as Antonio Rivera. Due to the cultural and language similarities of Puerto Rico and the other Latin American countries, several local wrestlers have toured the region. Among the most successful is Cosme, who after joining Lucha Libre AAA World Wide in 2005 has performed under the characters of "Muerte Cibernética", "Asesor Cibernético", "Ricky Banderas" and "El Mesias". During his initial run, he won the IWC World Heavyweight Championship and the GPCW SUPER-X Monster Championship. Subsequently, Cosme won the tournament to crown the first AAA Mega Champion. Since then he has won it a total of four times, more than any other wrestler. Besides this, Cosme won several tournaments during this run, including the 2008 Copa Antonio Peña, the 2010 Lucha Premier and the 2013 Rey de Reyes. Despite this success he was not the first to win a championship in the highly-nationalistic Mexican circuit, Johhny "Invader III" Rivera defeated Aníbal to win the Universal Wrestling Association's World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship in 1984. Juan Rivera has also won titles in several of the region's countries. In Panama, he performed for Revolution X-treme Wrestling and won a battle royal to determine the first RXW World Heavyweight Champion. Parallel to this, Rivera wrestled in Wrestling Alliance Revolution of Ecuador, winning the WAR World Heavyweight and Tag Team Championships. Rivera also held the Dominican Wrestling Entertainment Tag Team Championship along Miguel Pérez. This particular promotion has hosted several Puerto Rican wrestlers, with Rico Casanova and Joe Bravo holding the DWE World Heavyweight Championship and DWE National Dominican Championship. Among the first to establish a career in this country was Edwin Ramos Vargas (also known as Chamaco Vargas and Puño de Hierro) from Maricao, Puerto Rico, who became one of the main performers during the 1980s, feuding with Jack Veneno, Relámpago Hernández, Astroman and most notably Hugo Savinovich (unmasking him), while also winning Dominicana de Espectáculo's Light Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships. In 1990, the Dominican Wrestling Federation was founded and relied on talent from Puerto Rico to promote its cards, among which was Carlos Colón, Sr. and Jesús Castillo. Another Puerto Rican wrestler that moved to the Dominican Republic, Carlos "Livewire" Dávila, participated in Campeones del Ring: Hacedores de Proezas, a multi-promotional event held in Bolivia on June 25, 2013, where he won the DWE World Heavyweight Championship. In 2003, Edwin "Cobra" Vázquez held an undefeated streak in the Dominican Wrestling Association. In Peru, Germán Figueroa became the first foreign wrestler to win the Leader Wrestling Association's Maximum Heavyweight Championship. Besides the frequent tours to Japan, some talent has established permanent residence in Japan, which resulted in more success as Gaijin (lit. "non-Japanese") performers. When Quinones left IWA Japan following monetary disagreements, he brought some of the local talent with him in his return to FMW. Along "The Headhunters" Víctor and Manuel Santiago he created a stable known as the Puerto Rican Army which antagonized both FMW and W*ING. The group served as FMW's main heel team during its run. Backstage, Quiñones became FMW's booker and was responsible for contacting foreign wrestlers. The Puerto Rican Army dominated both FMW and W*ING, prompting an unexpected alliance between both promotions. Despite this, The Puerto Rican Army bested FMW in a match for the promotion's money. Led on screen by Quiñones, the stable would adopt foreign wrestlers into the group to reinforce its structure. José Estrada, Jr. led the Puerto Rican faction in Japan while performing as "The Crypt Keeper", holding the W*ING Heavyweight Championship more times than any other wrestler and possessing the longest reign at 194 days. Parallel to this Rafael Rodríguez Moreno, known as "Jason the Terrible", won the FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship with Michael Kirchner. In tag team competition, "The Headhunters" won the FMW Six Man Street Fight Tag Team Championship and the FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship. The team went on to win the IWA Japan World Tag Team Championship. Rodríguez Moreno also accomplished this feat by winning the titles along Tim Patterson. The team's decline began when it lost the money previously won to FMW in a "yen in a pole match". Afterwards, they joined a new group called "Funk Masters", with both Quiñones and "The Headhunters" remaining a villainous faction. Second generation wrestlers have frequently identified with their heritage, implementing the flag of Puerto Rico and several other cultural elements into their gimmicks and ring gear. Throughout the independent circuit of the United States, Nelson Erazo has held the largest number of championships among diaspora Puerto Ricans. Known as "Homicide", he is a multiple-time Ring of Honor World Heavyweight Champion and has held over twenty titles, including the NWA and TNA World Tag Team Championships along fellow second-generation performer, Shawn Hernandez, as part of the Latin American X-Change stable. This group was composed in its entirety by wrestlers with ties to the archipelago, with Konnan and Ricky Vega also tracing their lineage to Puerto Rico. The most successful second-generation female performer has been Lisa Marie Varon. Known as "Victoria" and "Tara", she has won a world championship on separate different occasions, being a two-time WWE Women's Champion and five-time TNA Knockouts Champion. AJ Lee followed the same path, first winning the FCW Divas Championship (while working under a developmental contract) and the WWE Divas Championship on June 16, 2013. Thea Trinidad also experienced some success in while working as "Rosita" in TNA, holding the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship once. Like Varon, Reby Sky was brought into professional wrestling after gaining notoriety in another discipline, this time modeling. Others, such as Ivelisse Vélez and Rodríguez where introduced to the business early in their lives, continuing to practice it until gaining recognition. Vélez in particular was signed to a WWE developmental contract and appeared in NXT, also participating in the WWE Tough Enough and TNA's Gut Check challenges. Afterwards, she won Pro Wrestling Revolution's Women's Championship and Shine Wrestling's Championship. Vélez was the second Puerto Rican to compete in Tough Enough, since Nidia Guenard won the first edition in 2001. "Puerto Rican" as a gimmick Ever since Morales proved to be a major draw with the diaspora in New York, promoters have kept the "ethnic champion" character as a mainstay. A marketing strategy that was once bluntly described by Pro Wrestling Ohio's Walter Klasinski, who stated "Are you Latino? That's a gimmick. People will love that. You can come out to Latino music. We'll drape you in a Puerto Rican flag". In the Tri-State area, wrestlers such as "The Boricua Beast" Dan Maff, "The Boricua Badass" Jorge Luis Rivera, Eddie Kingston, "The Boricua Princess" Amber Rodríguez and Astro Boricua adopted "Nuyorican" gimmicks throughout the 2000s, some of the playing a significant role in the popularization of the practice in areas such as The Bronx. From its inception Fighting Spirit Wrestling focused on selling their product to members of the diaspora, featuring performers such as "The Puerto Rican Prodigy" Ángel Ortíz and "The S.A.T." Joel and Jose Maximo, also crowning Gilbert Cruz as their first heavyweight champion. The Independent Wrestling Federation, based in New Jersey, pushed Antonio Rivera by booking him as a Junior Heavyweight and Tag Team Champion. Jamin Olivencia began his career in performing for in this area for Empire State Wrestling, where he won the tag team championship. He eventually moved to Ohio Valley Wrestling, becoming the 11th OVW Triple Crown Champion. Based in one of the states that saw an immigration of workers after Operation Bootstrap, New England Championship Wrestling also created its own set of characters in the form of "Boriqua" and "Puerto Rican Brother". In Florida, the Independent Wrestling Council has pushed the gimmick of "El Borincano", booking it for the IWC Tag Team Championship. World Xtreme Wrestling, with bases in Florida and Pennsylvania, has exploited this practice creating several gimmicks such as "Puerto Rican Chile" and "The Puerto Rican Ground Hog" (collectively known as "The Latin Hit Squad") and placing them in matches for the WXW tag team and hardcore championships in order to appeal to their Hispanic fan base. "The Latin Hit Squad" has also held the tag team championships of The National Wrestling League and NWA Liberty States under similar characters. Frequently, wrestlers with no direct relation have been billed as "Boricuas". MTV's Lucha Libre USA gave the characters of "San Juan Kid" and "PR Flyer" to Damon Kendrick and Louis Lyndon, naming the team "PR Powers". This foreign heel character has become increasingly popular in Mexico, where it is influenced by the notorious Puerto Rico-Mexico boxing rivalry, which has produced dozens of high-profile matches for boxing world championships. However, despite the involvement of several Puerto Ricans in Mexican lucha libre, the gimmick has been usually handed to wrestlers of other nationalities. Among these are the Legión de Puerto Rico, which featured Cuban-born David Sierra, who received a heavy push performing as the masked "El Boricua" and his tag team partner, Miami-based Ricky Santana. The "El Boricua" character was so popular as a rudo, that it was adopted in 2000 by Víctor Manuel Góngora Cisneros, who was entering the final stages of his career and sought a fresher character in order to compensate for his declining physical performance. This move proved successful, granting him a final run as a main event heel before losing the mask. However, the luchador that was responsible for openly adopting the "nationality shift" trend was Norberto Salgado, known as Pierroth, Jr. or Comandante Pierroth. Who after wrestling for WWC and performing in a feud with González which resulted in losing his mask a second time, returned to Mexico. In CMLL he entered into a feud with the Legión de Puerto Rico, leading the CMLL tecnicos against them and unmasking Sierra. In 2000, he entered a period of inactivity that lasted two years due to health concerns. In 2002, Salgado emerged from this forced retirement and unexpectedly adopted the gimmick of a self-proclaimed Puerto Rican known as Pierroth de Puerto Rico. The stable was named El Comando Caribeño and was commonly referred to as "Los Boricuas", despite being formed by Panamian Veneno, Canadian Al Barone and Mexicans El Gran Markus, Jr. (Candido Robles Cruz), Violencia (Bias Columba), Killer (Luis Vera Rodríguez) among others. Dominican Rafael Herbert Reyes was introduced to the team as Salgado's supposed son, "Hijo del Pierroth". The only Puerto Rican member that the group had during its run was Julio Estrada, who had previously worked with Salgado in Puerto Rico and defended the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship over Blue Demon, Jr. and Poder Mechita. El Comando Caribeño soon established its presence as CMLL's main villainous stable. While representing Puerto Rico, Salgado experienced a surge in popularity as a rudo which was reflected in his luchas de apuestas record, defeating Máscara Año Dos Mil, Cien Caras, Apolo Dantés and Brazo de Plata during this run. He also expelled Violencia and Gran Markus, Jr. winning luchas de apuestas over them as well. In 2013, original member of the stable, Arthur "Poder Boricua" Muñoz, was repackaged as the new "Comandante Pierroth". This was followed by the introduction of a group known as El Nuevo Comando Caribeño. Like the first version of the stable, it featured wrestlers that claimed to be Puerto Rican despite being mostly formed by Mexican wrestlers, with masked luchadora Zeuxis being its only member born in Puerto Rico. After Salgado decided to stop supporting other "Pierroths", Reyes dropped the Hijo del Pierroth gimmick while retaining his character, now as "Pierko el Boricua" and winning his first mask afterwards. Despite losing the mask in 2009, Reyes readopted the character the following year while wrestling for MTV's Masked Warriors. In the United States the role of the "rudo Puerto Rican" has also become widespread in cities with large Mexican populations. The trend has also been scarcely used in locations with large Puerto Rican populations, such as Orlando's Pro Wrestling Fit USA. However, Californian promotion Revolution Pro Wrestling deviated from this formula, imbuing the fan favorite character of "Mr. Exitement" to a Puerto Rican and even booking him for the PWR Mexican Lucha Libre Heavyweight Championship. He was billed as a "giant killer" and continued to have success in NWA California, where he won the Patriot Cup. Likewise, Ecuadorian wrestler Pablo Márquez adopted the ring name of El Puerto Riqueño or El Puerto Ricano while performing as a fan favorite in ECW. There he challenged for the ECW Television Championship on several occasions under this gimmick, but was not able to win the belt. The Puerto Rico vs. Mexico rivalry has even been employed by promotions in neutral states, such as North Connecticut's Power Pro Wrestling. Sports and politics Due to its popularity, professional wrestling has made occasional crossovers with other aspects of Puerto Rican culture. During the 1980s, when it rivaled legitimate sports such as boxing, basketball and baseball, it competed with them for some of the large venues. Capitol Sports took advantage of this in 1984, when Colón wrestled former heavyweight boxing world champion Joe Frazier in a match that served as a scripted predecessor to modern mixed martial arts. The event was worked with a round format and featured Frazier scoring two knockdowns in the first before Colón won by pinning him in the fifth. Frazier also served as the referee of a series of matches where Colón wrestled Goodish and Ayala. In 1990, Héctor Camacho worked as a manager in Capitol Sports Promotions. After years without the involvement of a boxer in WWC, Félix "Tito" Trinidad was named the referee in a match between Ray González and Orlando Colón at Aniversario 2009. Carlos Cotto, a member of the prominent Cotto boxing family, made his professional boxing debut in 2013 after concluding his amateur career with a record of 1-0 (1 knockout). On February 23, 2013, Cotto became the first wrestler to fight in a boxing match and then perform in a wrestling event during the same night. Cotto repeated this feat months later and even referenced it by defeating Samsom Walker in an scripted "boxing gloves" match for the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. Politics as an aspect that involves a large amount of publicity, has also gathered the attention of professional wrestlers. In consecutive elections, Juan Rivera has run as a write-in candidate for the Governorship of Puerto Rico for the unregistered and tongue-in-cheek Partido Luchador Puertorriqueño. On the other hand, Dennis Rivera is a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, who has served as an activist for free university education. In 2010, Laureano announced that he intended to run as senator at-large for the New Progressive Party. He obtained the approval of the party's leadership and even promoted his candidature in WWC cards. However, after several months he discontinued this campaign. He subsequently stated that he did so after witnessing how the party worked, criticizing that it benefited the higher classes and noted that he had changed his political affiliation to the Popular Democratic Party in 2012. Laureano later actively supported that party's candidate for the mayor of the municipality of Bayamón, Darlene Reyes. Another wrestler that became involved in political campaign was Huertas-González, who supported the PNP's candidate, Jorge Santini, in his unsuccessful bid to retain the San Juan mayorship against Carmen Yulín. Wrestling had been used before as a form of entertainment during political campaigns, with the performance of the Jose and Julio Estrada as "Mr. PPD" and "Mr.PNP" in 1988. Economic impact Professional wrestling is considered the highest source of income in the sports entertainment industry in Puerto Rico; a minor industry within the island's tertiary sector in its overall economy. Historically, the assistance rate of the events has been irregular, reaching high and low-points thought the last four decades. During the peak of CSP's monopoly of the business, the promotion experienced a degree of unparalleled success. In 1984, the company established the assistance record for a single event, performing before a crowd of 34,383 at Hiram Bithorn Stadium. The epitome of this success came at Aniversario 1986, where CSP held events in three different venues at once and sold 43,000 tickets. For the remainder of the decade, the promotion continued to sell-out several venues, with all Aniversario events selling at least 11,000 tickets. The first collapse took place in the 1990s, following the Goodish incident and which was exacerbated due to the creative line of the product becoming stale. Despite this, the promotions made adjustments that led to a steady recovery to close the decade. Between 1999 and 2001, the IWA experienced losses of $1,500,000 in initial investments, while contracting around 60 full-time and 40 indirect or partial employees. During the IWA's peak of popularity, professional wrestling was second in assistance among all sports and competitive performance. Selling over 500,000 tickets (with the IWA gathering sales of 443,250 in 2003) it was only surpassed by the Baloncesto Superior Nacional, the main basketball league in Puerto Rico, which sold 1,300,000 tickets. This also placed it above AA baseball (400,000), women's volleyball (326,480) and Major League Baseball Montreal Expos series (312,862). The growth during this timeframe was estimated at 30% and was expected to reach an average of 600,000 fans. The price of the tickets steadily remained at $10.00 for adults and $5.00 for children for regular shows with higher prices for special events, these rates were more expensive that the sport leagues that it competed against. Along these figures, a notable increase in the assistance of followers belonging to the middle-high and high classes. This success also extended to the Internet, where the main local professional wrestling sites received thousands of daily hits. However, the second half of this decade experienced a sharp decline in assistance. By the beginning of the 2010s professional wrestling events saw a series of years where events were mostly empty, with regular shows rarely selling 1,000 tickets and most cards rounding the low hundreds. Derivative products Professional wrestling has been a common target for comedic parody in Puerto Rican television. Sunshine Logroño was the first to introduce a character based on the practice, introducing Vitin Alicea. The character was portrayed as a gym owner, trainer, wrestling manager and Colón's "biggest fan". The segment was heavily used to promote WWC's events, with some of the heel wrestlers assaulting him for comedic purpose. However, it also featured some of Alicea's students, fictional professional wrestlers King Cabra and Culebro Mendoza. Among the performers that visited the segment were Ray González, Dutch Mantell, Victor Rodríguez, Carlos Colón, Sr. and Carly Colón, while he also became involved in actual wrestling cards. In the 2000s, comedian Miguel Morales hosted a segment covering fictional promotion, the Estudio69 Wrestling Federation (WW69) as part of his program. The show featured a character named Ito Rolón, named after Colón and Trinidad, who was portrayed as the perennial EWF Intergalactic Champion and who promoted his faux action figure line. He would make appearances preceded by cheers from the public and his theme song, "Ahí viene Ito Rolón", always opening his promos by saluting his three aunts or "mamas": Ada, Dora and Ita. The comedy in these segments involved wrestlers using chairs and other objects made out of foam to attack each others, and then appearing to convulse while covering their faces with ketchup. Most of Rolón's matches were against La Piedra and most skits were hosted in random public locations, rarely taking place inside an actual ring. This was self-parodied with odd gimmick contests, including a “24-hour Puerto Rico-wide Hard Core Match”, which was filmed in San Juan, Cayey, Ponce and Caguas. Backstage segments featured Lugo, a parody of Savinovich, and an unnamed Commissioner. During course of the show, they ran a series of angle-like sketches, including a Rolón heel turn where he was revealed to be Laureano's illegitimate child and a storyline where he was betrayed by all of his allies and abandoned Puerto Rico for a secluded island, remaining there and growing a beard until being convinced to return by Lugo. The roster would also feature his tag team partner Tite el Plomero, La Bestia, El Doctor Muerte, El Hijo de Hercules and Lugo himself as a "mysterious masked wrestler". Morales himself teamed with Juan Rivera while portraying Rolón in a match that actually featured real maneuvers, defeating "Los Intocables" Miguel Pérez, Jr. and Jesús Castillo, Jr. (accompanied by Kevin "Pain" Landry) despite being legitimately injured. A women's division was composed by two teams, the TeDan and Melones sisters. The character of Ito Rolón made a one night return a decade later, now as the champion of the Univision Wrestling Federation (UWF) introducing several characters including Chicho Libre, Rasta Man and manager El Barracuda. In 2002, television producer Kobbo Santarrosa made a crossover by wrestling Carlos Colón, Sr. in his in-ring debut. A controversial figure as the host of the defunct SuperXclusivo, Santarosa performed as a heel and lost the match by stoppage due to blood loss. Besides television, the practice has influenced other aspects of popular culture, with the notable example being the popularization of the phrase Bregando Chicky Starr (lit. "Dealing like Chicky Starr") when referring to illegal or otherwise immoral acts. In the early 2000s, the University of Puerto Rico held a series of academic congresses that discussed the practice of professional wrestling an its impact in society, which included the participation of Laureano himself. A less common form of influence involves a wrestler creating an unsanctioned championship and borrowing the name of a local promotion to bestow some credibility upon it. Pierroth was responsible for the creation of two fictional WWC titles. The first was the "WWC Intercontinental Championship", which he brought to Puerto Rico and later went on to become the IWRG Championship after being unified in a match against Pirata Morgan in Mexico. The second was a "WWC Hard Core Championship" that preceded the actual WWC Hardcore Championship and was carried by him in the CMLL as a symbol of the Comando Caribeño's purported Puerto Rican link. David Sierra mimicked this action, bringing in his version of the "WWC Cuba Heavyweight Championship". In the IWA, a stable known as La Conexion Arabe did the same, introducing a version of the "IWA Arab Heavyweight Championship" decorated with the flag of the United Arab Emirates when one of its members won the IWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. More than a decade later, a short-lived fraudulent "IWA" title also appeared outside the promotion. A similar concept was also created by religious ministry Luchando Contra Las Tinieblas, which is mostly composed by former professional wrestlers and referees, with a belt inscribed with "Jesucristo" (Jesus Christ) and adorned with server crosses being featured in sermons. In this same line, churches have actually hosted wrestling events, such as CristoManía. See also List of professional wrestling attendance records in Puerto Rico List of professional wrestling promotions in Puerto Rico References External links Puerto Rico Theatre in Puerto Rico

40697847

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine%20Madness%20Running%20Club

Divine Madness Running Club

Divine Madness Running Club is a spiritual community which promotes training for and running ultramarathons as a means for personal growth. The club was founded by Marc Tizer in Boulder, Colorado in the 1990s, but now operates primarily from a ranch in New Mexico. Tizer, also known as Yousamien or Yo, is described as the organization's coach and also as its guru, and former members of the club have further called him a "manipulative, alcoholic, sex-addicted despot". Tizer's training methods include sleep deprivation, food withholding, and forcing club members to consume alcohol and have sex with him and with one another. Background While running has become a casual exercise for fitness and weight reduction for many, Divine Madness pushes the outer edge of the sport's envelope, specializing in ultra marathons ranging from 50 to 100 miles. The running club is based in Boulder, Colorado. The mainstream runners in the area are said to appreciate the discipline, and the achievements of the club. Some mainstream runners have likened the club to a cult, due to the club often being more than just a running club. The leader of the club is Yo Tizer, who is often referred to as a teacher rather than a leader. He was quoting saying he preferred the club to be referred to as a “school” or a “community.” For his own runners, he will often test their adaptability by tacking on extra miles in the middle of a training run; group members are urged to finish each run, working through any pain barriers. The top Divine Madness runners live in a rental house in Boulder. Other members of the group, whose ages range from 24 to 59, also live in communal clusters of five or six people. Not everyone agrees with the methods employed. In a civil lawsuit filed in late 1996, Georgiana Scott, John Hunt and Melissa Huntress claim that, rather than liberating members of the group, Tizer controlled them through fasting, sleep deprivation, isolation from friends and family and the prohibition of monogamy. Some members after leaving the group have also voiced their issues about the club. Preparation A frequent competitor and previous champion Steve Peterson was known for taking 55-mile training runs in order to prepare his body and mind for the events. Peterson at the time was about to defend his title in the Leadville Trail 100. Some runners such as Peterson believe it is a much larger effort adhering to Eastern spiritual traditions, meditation and holistic healing methods. The preparation methods have also featured in the book Born to Run. Contributors Fred Pilon, the publisher of UltraRunning Magazine, estimates that there are 8,000 Americans who run ultra marathons, which is defined as anything above the standard 26.2-mile marathon. That group includes Joe Schlereth of Fresno, Calif., who ran 9,021 miles in 1996 (173.5 miles a week), and the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team of Jamaica, Queens, which began a 3,100-mile race, around a city block, on June 13 with a 51-day time limit. Most ultrarunners, Pilon said, are hobbyists who average 50–60 miles per week. Training Methods Divine Madness is known for using unconventional training methods. They use a method called muscle testing, where downward pressure is applied to a runner’s outstretched arm. It is said that experts in this technique can determine muscle strength, emotional state, nutritional need and the correct fit of a running shoe. Tizer has been known to jump in the middle of a group of elite runners at Bolder Boulder, a popular annual 10-kilometer race, to briefly get a close look at their running form. Divine Madness runners succeed by training in groups, as do Kenyan and Mexican distance runners. The ultra club also has a support system that would be the envy of any American distance runner hoping to qualify for the Olympics or win the New York City Marathon, which is a sprint for Divine Madness runners. Associated with the group are a personal trainer, a physical therapist, a sports psychologist, a nutritionist and a registered nurse. Runners eat twice a day, adhering to a regulated diet of carefully chosen proportions. The organic diet is 40 percent fat, 20 percent protein and 40 percent carbohydrates. The group also uses some unusual running techniques, such as a pronounced swinging of the hips, which is designed to rely more on the natural range of motion of the body's joints rather than the burning of muscle fuel for propulsion. The Divine Madness runners, who average 120–130 miles a week, do a 30-mile training run each Wednesday and are a fixture on the trails in Boulder on Sundays when they run for 25 to 50 miles, which can require eight or more hours. Sexual Harassment In late 1996, Georgiana Scott, John Hunt and Melissa Huntress filed a lawsuit claiming that, rather than liberating members of the group, Tizer controlled them through fasting, sleep deprivation, isolation from the members family and also their friends. It alleges that Tizer required that female clients sleep with himself and a number of other community clients before being allowed to have sexual contact with their partners. Anyone who tried to leave the group or change the norm were subject to physical illness and emotional destruction. A fourth former member of the group, Michele Hirsen, recently filed a complaint with the Boulder police department alleging that Tizer sexually assaulted her. In her report to the police, Hirsen said that in his role as spiritual guide and teacher, Tizer always made himself more available to his female students. Hirsen said the following about the subject: There's not a lot of room for an individual to have a self, he has emotional and psychological control over everyone around him. He's a manipulative, diabolical person. He has a system where he tries to seduce any woman that comes across his path without concern for their boundaries and sensitivities. Many women felt confused and violated by these interactions. Envelope Marriage In 1989 Yo Tizer began a practice of "envelope marriage", where one male and one female member would each have their name draw from a hat and then they were "married" for a week in order to break them from their "attachment" to choosing partners. He advised them that he could control fertility by muscle testing and herbs. When the women often became pregnant he would order them to have abortions to break their "attachments" to being mothers. Except for his own children, who he allowed to be born and raised in The Community, and for several women who he deemed so pathologically self-centered that they needed to be broken of their "attachment" to themselves. References Running clubs in the United States Sports in Boulder, Colorado

40765353

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20RWBY%20characters

List of RWBY characters

This is a list of characters who appear in RWBY, an original anime-style CG-animated web series created by Rooster Teeth Productions. According to series creator Monty Oum, every character's name is tied to a specific color. There are also other teams with their name combining to form acronyms that are also tied to a color. Creation and conception Oum designed the characters with assistance from artist Ein Lee. Oum had been browsing Lee's DeviantArt work and asked if she wanted to do some designs. The only rule provided for the series was "everyone must be badass." Lee also said that some of the characters were conceived between her and Oum, where he would provide a description followed by her sketching some ideas, or vice versa. Others were from brainstorming with other people. The characters utilize designs inspired by classic fairy tale characters. Each character has an associated color, and it is the first letters of these colors, red, white, black, and yellow, that give the series its name. Lee said that looking to people, Google image searches, and fashion were inspirations: "how people dress−down to the littlest detail—gives many subtle (and some not so subtle) hints about who they are. It’s all about giving the characters a unique and memorable look that people can still identify with." Oum also drew inspiration from the Final Fantasy video games and the "ridiculously obnoxious weapons". The series was written by Oum, along with fellow Rooster Teeth employees Miles Luna and Kerry Shawcross. Oum was initially concerned about a story focusing on female characters being developed by a primarily male crew, but said they managed to do well developing the female characters. Main characters Team RWBY Team RWBY (pronounced "ruby") is composed of four female students from Beacon Academy. Each member is associated with a color and alludes to a character in the fairy tale world—reflected in their names and personalities. Ruby Rose Voiced by: Lindsay Jones / Saori Hayami The 15-year old main protagonist who typically dresses in a black dress and a red cloak, using the Crescent Rose scythe as both a melee weapon and as a high caliber sniper rifle. In Volume 7, the blade of the scythe can rotate on the rifle. Her Semblance is called "Petal Burst", which enables her to transform into a fast burst of rose petals. Initially, it was thought that Ruby's ability was primarily speed, enabling her to run faster than the human eye can catch, and change directions in mid-air. But in Volume 8, Penny explains that Ruby's Semblance is traveling at extreme velocities while breaking herself down to her molecular components to negate her mass, and then reassembling herself at the destination. She can also use her Semblance on others. As her mother Summer Rose died when she was very young, Ruby is raised on the island of Patch by her father Taiyang and older half-sister Yang Xiao Long. Her uncle Qrow Branwen teaches her how to wield a scythe and fight properly, with Ruby stating that she was "complete garbage" before he took her in as his pupil. Ruby was also inspired by the heroic fairy tales Yang read to her as a child to become a Huntress to protect the world from evil. At the start of the series, Ruby's skills and resolve when Torchwick robbed a Dust shop robbery impresses Professor Ozpin enough to enroll her into Beacon Academy two years early. Despite her social awkwardness, obsession with weapons, and dependence on her sister, Ruby becomes friends with her classmates while exhibiting the skills and qualities that placed her as the leader of Team RWBY. In Volume 2, Ruby leads her team as they investigate Torchwick's plan, and later help in the effort to stop the criminal's attack on Vale. In the Fall of Beacon, Ruby fends off Torchwick and Neo, but later witnesses Cinder killing Pyrrha. In despair, she unleashes her hidden power that envelopes both Cinder and the Wyvern. As she recovers in Patch, Ruby learns from Qrow that she and her mother are descendants of powerful silver-eyed warriors whom the Grimm long feared, since the warriors can tap into the God of Light's power to inflict harm on the Grimm in various ways. A few months later, informally calling themselves Team RNJR (pronounced "ranger"), Ruby travels with the remaining members of Team JNPR to Haven Academy in Mistral in order to find leads on their enemies. During their travels, Ruby is targeted by Tyrian, but she evades capture with Qrow's help. In Volume 5, Ruby trains in hand-to-hand combat under Ozpin's guidance while reunited with Weiss and Yang. During the Battle of Haven, briefly knocked out by Emerald while subconsciously activating her silver eyes, Ruby and her teammates reunite with Blake as they win. In Volume 6, Ruby begins losing faith in Ozpin upon seeing his continued mistrust and learning the truth behind him and Salem.. This results in a guilt-ridden Ozpin sealing himself in Oscar's mind, forcing Ruby to develop leadership traits to restore morale while dealing with Qrow's increased alcoholism as they are joined by Maria Calavera. It was after an encounter with the Apathy Grimm that Ruby learns Maria was originally a silver-eyed warrior and requests her mentorship to consciously use her powers. She later takes charge of the group's plan in stealing an Atlas airship, and when they later fight Cordovin. After a failed attempt to negotiate with the operative, Ruby destroys the Colossus's cannon by firing at the Dust inside. In the fight against the Leviathan, Ruby uses her silver eyes to petrify it. After Cordovin finishes off the Grimm, Ruby makes amends with the operative and her group is allowed passage to Atlas. In Volume 7, Ruby has become conflicted with the morality of her actions. As she hides the truth about Salem and the Relic of Knowledge from Ironwood because she does not fully trust him, she worries that she has become the same as Ozpin. She also develops a friendly rivalry with Harriet, as they are both have speed-type Semblances. After receiving her license from Ironwood, Ruby asks Qrow about Summer and her last mission and rekindles her friendship with Penny. When Salem demands the Relics, Ruby is emotionally devastated when she finds out that the witch was responsible for Summer's death. In Volume 8, Ruby argues with Yang over the group's next action, causing her to lead a group without her sister to launch Amity Colosseum to warn the rest of Remnant about Salem. Thanks to Penny, Pietro and Maria, Ruby's message to the world about Salem and the Relics is successfully broadcast. After seeing Ironwood's threat to Mantle, Ruby coordinates a plan of Penny's return to get to the vault and summons Ambrosius to create a new body for Penny's soul. In the passageways to Vacuo, Ruby fends off a vengeful Neo but is tossed into the void with Blake by Cinder. Ruby alludes to the fairy tale character Little Red Riding Hood. Weiss Schnee Voiced By: Kara Eberle / Yōko Hikasa The 17-year-old heiress to the Schnee family, a powerful high-class family based in Atlas. Their Schnee Dust Company provides much of the worldwide supply of Dust, despite the family being targeted by the White Fang due to the immoral business ethics of Weiss’ father Jacques, which included mistreatment of Faunus laborers. While inheriting her family's white hair and blue eyes, Weiss gained a noticeable scar over her left eye as a result of fighting an Arma Gigas. Weiss uses a Dust revolver/rapier named Myrtenaster. The sheath can create more than one change of elemental Dust, using a dial like silver encasement just above the bottom of her sword. The Dust crystals encrusted in the encasement allow Weiss to change the power of her sword in battle. Her Semblance is unique in the way that it is a hereditary trait in her family. Her ability consists of "Glyphs" that have a variety of push and pull effects, and the ability to summon previously defeated foes with the Arma Gigas as her primary summon. Weiss chose to become a Huntress at Beacon Academy with aspirations of restoring her family's honor, as she disagreed with her father's business methods. While initially an egotistic know-it-all with some misplaced prejudice toward the Faunus, she gradually matures and gains understanding, repeatedly showing great trust in her teammates and even protecting the Faunus Velvet Scarlatina during battle. Weiss greatly admires her older sister Winter, but has a more distant relationship with the rest of her family. In Volume 1, Weiss reluctantly accepts Ruby as her partner, but they argue frequently until Weiss is told by Professor Port to be more humble and work with Ruby. In the end of the Volume, Weiss argues with Blake about the Faunus and the White Fang. After the cat Faunus runs away and later returns, Weiss makes amends with Blake. In Volume 2, Weiss obtains information from the SDC to investigate Torchwick's Dust robberies. She later rejects Jaune's invitation to the school ball to go with Neptune. In Volume 3, Weiss reunites with Winter and has a session with her to try to master her summons. Following the fall of Beacon, Weiss is taken back to Atlas by Jacques. In Volume 4, her relationship with her father is still strained as she eventually got disinherited and confined in her room within the Schnee manor as the result of losing her temper during a cocktail party. But once she masters summoning, Weiss escapes from her confinement with Klein's help and stows away in an airship to find Winter in Mistral. In Volume 5, Weiss is captured by Raven Branwen after the cargo ship crash lands in the outskirts of Anima. However, she breaks free from her confinement and reunites with Yang. Eventually, the two of them make their way to Mistral and reunite with Ruby. During the Battle of Haven, Weiss is easily overpowered by Vernal and is fatally impaled by Cinder. But her life is saved when Jaune unlocks his Semblance and amplifies her Aura to enable her wound to heal. In Volume 6, Weiss shows great displeasure with returning to Atlas. In Argus, she finds that she is the only one of her group that can go to the northern kingdom because she is a Schnee. She later smuggles Maria onto an airship so they can steal it for the group, but they are then attacked by Cordovin. In Volume 7, Weiss is reunited with Winter, but is later shocked to find that her older sister has been chosen to be the next Winter Maiden. She is disheartened when the first mission in Atlas is in an abandoned Dust mine once owned by her father. Weiss also expresses her guilt to Blake about the discrimination her family displayed to the Faunus, and she confronts Jacques and learns that her mother's condition has worsened in her absence. After Jacques wins the election, Weiss becomes suspicious of her father and obtains a video from her mother, Willow, about his secret meeting with Watts. She promptly exposes the video during Jacques' dinner party, which leads to his arrest. After defeating the Ace-Ops, Weiss is forced to part ways with Winter to escape from Atlas. In Volume 8, Weiss brings Ruby's group to the Schnee manor after Nora is injured in the escape from the command center. She makes amends with Whitely after he calls Klein back to the manor to treat Nora, and later fights the Hound to save her family. In the Atlas vault, Weiss provides blueprints for Ambrosius to create a new body for Penny and passageways from Atlas and Mantle to Vacuo, but accidentally tells him to make the door to Vacuo one-way and is knocked into the void by Cinder. Weiss alludes to Snow White, as her full name Weiss Schnee is German for "White Snow". Character designer Ein Lee said that Weiss was her favorite character among the four main girls to draw: "She's so delicate, and I love princess types." Blake Belladonna Voiced By: Arryn Zech / Yū Shimamura Blake is introduced as a 17-year old Faunus with cat ears with a love for books. She is the daughter of the White Fang's founder Ghira Belladonna, who formed the White Fang as a social rights advocacy group. But even as the White Fang turned into extremist paramilitary organization, Blake remained in the group against her parents' wishes until she left in disgust over Adam Taurus's disregard for civilian lives and joined Beacon Academy to make a difference as a Huntress. Blake's weapon is the Gambol Shroud, a "variant ballistic chain scythe" according to Oum with a sharpened sheath that has a pistol in the hilt, which is also attached to a long ribbon. Blake uses blade and sheath in attacking combinations, while also using the momentum of the blade anchored to an object to maneuver herself with the ribbon, even in midair. Her Semblance, "Shadow", allows her to create a hollow clone of herself that functions as an afterimage decoy while she moves in a different direction, later using Dust to give the clone an additional effect depending on the type of Dust used. Before Volume 4, Blake concealed her Faunus identity by hiding her cat ears under a black bow as she felt she would have experienced discrimination like other Faunus. As a cat Faunus, Blake often exhibits feline behavior like being fearful of Ruby and Yang's pet dog Zwei and fish being her favorite food. In the Volume 1 finale, Blake accidentally reveals herself to be a Faunus to her team and runs away but is found by Sun. After confronting the White Fang over their alliance with Torchwick, Blake returns to her team and makes amends with Weiss. In Volume 2, Blake investigates Torchwick's plan to the point of exhaustion, but is pulled back by Yang. After the Fall of Beacon, during which Yang was severely injured by Adam when she came to her aid, Blake runs off without telling anyone as she leaves for her homeland in the island nation of Menagerie to settle things with her parents. During Volume 4, she accepts Sun's company while discarding her bow, reunites with her parents and wants to avoid anything associated with the White Fang until Sun is attacked by Ilia Amotila. As Sun recovers, Blake reveals that she ran away from Team RWBY because she doesn't want anyone getting hurt because of her. Sun convinces her that she's only hurting her friends even more by pushing them away. Blake decides to take back the White Fang once learning of Adam's plan to take control of the organization and attack Haven. In Volume 5, following a seemingly hopeless attempt to rally the people of Menagerie to protect Haven from the White Fang, Blake wins her peoples' support when the White Fang attempt to kill her parents while redeeming Ilia. In the Battle of Haven, Blake leads the Menagerians and stops Adam's attack while destroying his reputation within the White Fang. After successfully defending Haven, Blake reunites with Team RWBY as she joins them in their journey to Atlas. Despite returning to the group, Blake still feels uneasy with Yang out of guilt for her injuries during the Fall of Beacon. At an abandoned farm estate, she tries to assure Yang about facing Adam, but accidentally insults her instead. In Argus, Blake is sent by the group to disable the radar as they steal an airship, but is interrupted by Adam who fights her. She is easily overwhelmed and her sword is destroyed, but she is eventually saved by Yang, and the two team up to defeat and kill Adam. In Volume 7, Blake is haunted for causing Adam's death, even when Yang assures her that it was something that they had to do. Her sword is repaired by Pietro with a yellow lightning streak where the blade was broken. After Ironwood orders for Robyn's arrest, Blake is convinced by Yang to reveal the truth about Amity's new purpose as a CCT to the Mantle politician. In Volume 8, Blake joins Ruby's group to launch Amity, and is concerned with Ruby and Yang's estranged relationship. But she reconnects with Yang as they regroup at the Schnee manor. In the passageways to Vacuo, Blake tries to save Ruby from falling into the void, but they end up falling by Cinder's hand. Blake is an allusion to Beauty and the Beast, arguably to both Belle and the beast. Yang Xiao Long Voiced By: Barbara Dunkelman / Ami Koshimizu Yang, the fourth member of Team RWBY, is a blonde-haired girl and, at 17 years of age, Ruby's older half-sister. She wields twin shotgun gauntlets called Ember Celica. After she loses her right arm (and thus the gauntlet) in Volume 3, her replacement bionic arm is installed with a shotgun mechanism at the wrist. In Volume 7, Yang has Pietro add sticky grenades to her arsenal. Her Semblance, "Burn", works on a "recoil-based system": whenever Yang takes a hit, her strength, toughness and striking power rise in proportion to her injuries. Her glowing hair and eye color change are caused by excess energy from the buildup, which also results in Yang often acting very "hotheaded" in battle. Yang is the "big sister" of the group, caring deeply for her teammates. She is also very optimistic, never giving up in battle and hard times. Yang has revealed that her birth mother left her family shortly after she was born and hasn't been seen since, which acts as a driving force for her character. She has been determined to find Raven ever since she realized that Summer Rose, Ruby's mother who also helped raise Yang, wasn't her own biological mother. Yang wanted to become a Huntress because of the adventure, as she calls herself a thrill-seeker in search of a life where she doesn't know what lies ahead of her. In the Yellow Trailer, Yang interrogates Junior at his club for her mother's whereabouts In Volume 2, Yang revisits Junior's club with Neptune to find out about Torchwick's plans. She later stops Blake from overexerting herself in her investigation of Torchwick, and convinces the Faunus to attend the school ball. Near the end of Volume 3, during the Battle of Beacon, Yang's right arm is severed by White Fang member Adam Taurus, following a desperate attempt to help a wounded Blake. In the aftermath of the fall of Beacon, she is bedridden in her home on the island of Patch, where she has become bitter and depressed. After the time-skip betweens Volume 3 and 4, Yang is still on Patch, trying to get used to life with one arm. She shows signs of PTSD, having visions and nightmares of Adam cutting her arm. She is also shown to be hesitant to use a bionic arm provided to her by Pietro. After an encouraging talk with her father Taiyang, Prof. Port, and Dr. Oobleck, in which Yang admits to being scared of moving on, she puts the arm on and resumes training with her father. While sparring, Yang learns to fight without relying on her Semblance as much as she did before, and learns more about her mother from Taiyang. In the volume finale, she arrives on the continent of Anima and heads for Mistral to find Ruby. In Volume 5, Yang's personality has drastically changed to a more serious tone, and her left arm frequently shakes after a fight and when she is emotionally stressed. She approaches Raven and asks her to use her Semblance to teleport her to Ruby and Qrow, and unexpectedly reunites with Weiss. Despite her mother's attempts to convince her to forget about Ruby and join the tribe of bandits, Yang's request is ultimately granted and she and Weiss reunite with Ruby in Mistral. She is still angry at Blake for leaving her alone after the Fall of Beacon, but calms down thanks to Weiss' counsel. In the Battle of Haven, Yang confronts Raven at the vault and successfully has her mother relinquish the Relic of Knowledge. Reuniting with her teammates, Yang forgives Blake and welcomes her back into the team. In Volume 6, when Blake tries to make things up to her, Yang assures her that everything is fine and that she is happy that Team RWBY is back together. But she displays anger when she finds that Ozpin is still hiding secrets. Yang still has nightmares of Adam and is mad when she feels that Blake is pitying her. In Argus, Yang saves Blake from Adam and they team up and kill him. In Volume 7, Yang questions Ruby's decision to hide the truth about Salem and the Relic of Knowledge from Ironwood, and tries to comfort Blake over Adam's death. Even though she trusts her little sister, Yang proceeds with Blake to reveal Amity's new purpose to Robyn. But this action backfires on Yang when Ironwood finds out what she and Blake told Robyn, leading to the order for their arrest. In Volume 8, Yang argues with Ruby about the group's next course of action, causing her to break from the team and lead her own group to evacuate Mantle. After Oscar is captured, Yang argues with Ren and shows that her relationship with Ruby has estranged. Inside the Monstra, Yang confronts Salem about Summer's death but to no avail. After they escape from the witch, Yang is hostile to Emerald but makes amends with Ruby and Blake at the Schnee manor. She later breaks down on Summer's fate, but tries to bolster Ruby in taking risks. In the passageways to Vacuo, Yang sacrifices herself to save Ruby from Neo and falls off into the void. Yang is an allusion to Goldilocks. Prior to the series, one of Oum's Tweets had a photograph of his computer monitor that reveals a file named "Taiyang Xiao Long", later revealed to be the name of Yang's father. Team JNPR Team JNPR (pronounced "juniper") is inspired by historical figures who had taken on the appearance of the opposite gender. In Volume 4 after the loss of Pyrrha, Ruby temporarily joins their group and they informally rename themselves Team RNJR ("ranger"). Jaune Arc Voiced By: Miles Luna / Hiro Shimono A blond-haired student and the leader of Team JNPR who uses a sword and shield combination called Crocea Mors, an heirloom formerly belonging to his great-great-grandfather. His shield can fold into a sheath for his sword, although it retains its weight. In Volume 4, Jaune upgraded the shield so that it can act as a second blade for the sword. In Volume 7, the shield is further upgraded by Pietro with hardened light Dust on the sides that Jaune can use to act as a glider in air, and the crest can now hold Dust. His Semblance, "Aura Amp", allows him to amplify his Aura or that of others, and he can quickly recharge his Aura even when broken by Volume 7. Jaune tries to appear confident in front of the girls, especially Weiss, but it often does not work out and he gets depressed over it, although because he treats Pyrrha normally, the latter is attracted to him. In one of the Volume 1 storylines, he is bullied by Cardin Winchester, although he later stands up for his teammates by disobeying Cardin's order to prank Pyrrha, and then saves Cardin from an Ursa. Although he used fake transcripts to get into Beacon and had not attended combat school, he is supported by his schoolmates who believe in his leadership, and his partner Pyrrha later helps him train. In Volume 2, Jaune frequently advances on Weiss but is turned down every time. At the school ball, he learns of Pyrrha's attraction to him and makes amends with her. In the finale, Jaune leads his team to help Team RWBY in protecting Vale. In the end of Volume 3, Jaune goes with Ruby, Nora and Ren to Haven in search for answers and find the ones responsible for the events at Vale and Beacon, as well as Pyrrha's death. In Volume 4, he has Crocea Mors upgraded with accents from Pyrrha's old armor, and wears a sash around his waist in her memory, and continues to be heavily affected by her death. In Volume 5, Jaune works under Ozpin's guidance to find out what his Semblance is. In the Battle of Haven, upon being confronted by Cinder Fall, Jaune fights her to avenge Pyrrha but is easily overpowered. After Weiss is fatally impaled by Cinder, Jaune unlocks his Semblance and saves her from certain death. In Volume 6, Jaune is able to see his older sister, Saffron, when the group arrives at Argus. Upon learning of Ozpin and Salem's past, he lashes out at Oscar for being Ozpin's vessel. But upon finding Pyrrha's statue and coming to terms with her death, Jaune makes amends with Oscar and offers a plan of stealing an Atlesian airship to get to Atlas. In Volume 7, Jaune begins his Huntsman career protecting preschoolers in Mantle, while also attracting the affections of young women. This experience will later prove useful for him as he leads one of the evacuations during the Battle of Mantle. In Volume 8, Jaune acts as a mediator for the group, when Ruby and Yang argue over their next move, and later when Yang and Ren argue over their failures. When they are later captured by the Ace-Ops, Jaune convinces Winter to let him and his group scout the Monstra to find Oscar before detonating the Grimm with a bomb. At the Schnee manor, Jaune amplifies Penny's Aura to help her fight off the virus inside her. At Atlas, Jaune tries to warn the people of the fall of Atlas but is cut off by Watts. In the passageways to Vacuo, Jaune regretfully kills Penny so she can pass on the Winter Maiden's power to Winter. He later falls into the void as the passageways are destroyed by Cinder. His name is a reference to the French heroine Joan of Arc. In September 2020, Luna announced his departure from Rooster Teeth, but that he would continue to co-write the series and voice Jaune going forward. Nora Valkyrie Voiced By: Samantha Ireland, Kristen McGuire (Young) / Aya Suzaki An orange-haired student at Beacon who carries Magnhild, a war hammer that can be converted into a grenade launcher. Her Semblance, "High Voltage", is the production and manipulation of electricity, allowing her to channel the energy to her muscles and gain superhuman strength. Nora is very talkative and hyperactive, which tends to annoy her teammates, but she's also the most positive member of the team, almost always staying upbeat. She also displays a serious side when necessary, as when she tries to protect Ruby from Tyrian and when she calms Ren down during their battle with the Nuckelavee. She and Ren are long-time friends, though Jaune briefly assumes the two are a couple, which causes Nora to quickly say that they're not "together-together". In a flashback in Volume 4, it's revealed that Nora was living on the streets of Kuroyuri when she was a child. When the village was attacked by Grimm and Nora was abandoned by her mother, Ren saved her, beginning their friendship. In the end of Volume 3, Nora goes with Ruby, Jaune and Ren to Haven. In Volume 4, Nora has upgraded Magnhild, so that it can apparently hold a stronger electric charge. In the finale, she and Ren become a couple after their fight with the Nuckelavee. In Volume 7, Nora is disheartened when Ren gives her the cold shoulder during their first mission in Atlas. But she is able to kiss him during Robyn's political rally before chaos ensues. After Ironwood increases the military in Mantle following Jacques' electoral victory, Nora loses her temper as she berates the general for allowing Mantle to suffer while Amity is being rebuilt. In Volume 8, Nora's estrangement with Ren worsens as she joins Ruby's group to launch Amity. But she later shows signs of codependence as she admits that she is lost without Ren. At the command center when Penny is overpowered by the Ace-Ops, Nora overexerts herself by absorbing too much electricity to break the others free from the control room to rescue the android. Unconscious and severely injured with body scars, she is brought to the Schnee manor where she is later tended to by Klein. Nora wakes up to momentarily calm Penny down when the robot begins to be hacked. After finding out that her scars won't go away with Jaune's help, Nora admits her love for Ren but wants to find her self identity before entering a relationship with him. Her first name comes from the Nora Barlow Columbine, while her last name, "Valkyrie", is inspired by the female warriors found in Norse mythology. She alludes to the Norse god Thor. According to the show's producers, the concept of her weapon was based on the annual Festival of Exploding Hammers in Mexico. Pyrrha Nikos Voiced By: Jen Brown / Megumi Toyoguchi (Volumes 1–2, Volume 3 (Blu-Ray/DVD)), Shizuka Itō (Volume 3 (TV)) A red-haired student with a long ponytail and bright green eyes. She wielded Miló, a javelin that could transform into a rifle or a xiphos sword, and a shield called Akoúo̱. Her Semblance is "Polarity", which is the ability to manipulate objects with magnetism. Prior to enrolling at Beacon, she graduated from Sanctum Academy with highest honors and had a record number of wins at a regional tournament for Huntsmen and Huntresses, landing her a cover photo on a Pumpkin Pete's cereal box. Due to her reputation, she has found forming relationships with others difficult because others often assume she is "too good for them" and that she is "at a level they simply cannot obtain". When Jaune ignores that and treats her normally, she becomes attracted to him and chooses him as her partner during the initiation. In Volume 3, Ozpin selects her to be the next Fall Maiden as he and Ironwood are forced to execute the transference by transplanting Amber's dying soul into her body, which Pyrrha feared as it would either kill her or she would no longer be herself. Though Pyrrha decides to go through with it, Cinder kills Amber to complete her transition into the Fall Maiden. Pyrrha attempts to stop Cinder after getting Jaune to safety, but is overpowered and incinerated.. Pyrrha's death affected Ruby, who saw her die and awakened her power, and Jaune, who uses a training video she made for him where she nearly confesses her feelings for him. But Jaune eventually moves on after coming across a memorial statue of Pyrrha in Argus, inspiring him and his fellow surviving JNPR teammates to continue their mission. Monty Oum stated that Pyrrha was given her name for her red hair, and her full name is a reference to a Pyrrhic victory. She also alludes to Achilles from Homer's The Iliad. Lie Ren Voiced By: Monty Oum (Volumes 1–2), Neath Oum (Volume 3–present), Apphia Yu (Young) / Soma Saito A black-haired student at Beacon who dual wields machine pistols with attached blades, collectively called StormFlower. In Volume 7, Pietro upgraded StormFlower so the blades can be projected from the guns to act as grappling hooks. His Semblance, "Tranquility", masks negative emotion, which allows him and his targets to avoid detection from Grimm. In Volume 8, Ren's Semblance evolves to allow him to see the emotions of those around him in the form of lotus petals with various colors. His power also allows him to detect the emotions of those nearby He and Nora are long-time friends, though he is the exact opposite of her, as he is mostly quiet, mellow and mature. Originally from Kuroyuri village in the Anima continent, Ren lost his parents during a Grimm attack by Nuckelavee with his awakened Semblance allowing him and Nora to be the only survivors of the attack. Joining Ruby alongside Jaune and Nora to Haven in the Volume 3 finale, Ren is able to avenge his parents when they encounter Nuckelavee after ending up in Kuroyuri, and reciprocate Nora's feelings for him. In Volume 7, Ren's relationship with Nora turns for the worse when he ignores her affections for him during their first mission in Atlas. He becomes more focused on training and going on missions, and admits to Nora that he has a hard time expressing his feelings. But Ren is kissed by Nora, and he returns his affections for her before chaos erupts at Robyn's political rally. Afterwards, he becomes colder when he accepts Ironwood's order to arrest Robyn and find out who Tyrian is working for. In Volume 8, Ren is disheartened when Nora goes with Ruby's group while he joins Yang in evacuating Mantle. After Oscar is captured by the Grimm, Ren lashes out at Yang and Jaune over their failures. When they are captured by the Ace-Ops, Ren's Semblance evolves, allowing him to see the emotions of the Ace-Ops. After they escape from the Monstra with Oscar and Emerald, Ren figures out that Ozpin has reemerged. At the Schnee manor, Ren makes amends with his teammates and admits his love for Nora. While his name in Chinese (猎人) translates to "huntsman", Ren (蓮) is also Japanese for "lotus", which is his emblem. He alludes to the legendary Chinese hero Hua Mulan. Although the character was originally voiced by the series creator, Monty Oum, his brother Neath Oum would later replace him as the voice actor from Volume 3 to the present, following Monty's death in 2015. Qrow Branwen Voiced by: Vic Mignogna (Volumes 3–6), Jason Liebrecht (Volume 7–present) / Hiroaki Hirata A cool-headed and nonchalant former instructor at Signal Academy with a heavy drinking habit, Qrow is Raven's younger twin brother, making him Yang's biological uncle and an honorary uncle to Ruby. He was the fourth member of Team STRQ. Having taught Ruby to wield her Crescent Rose, his weapon, Harbinger, is a giant sword that can transform into a cannon or a scythe. Volume 6 reveals that he based Harbinger's design off of Maria's weapons because he admired her as the Grimm Reaper. His Semblance, "Misfortune", brings negative probability to those around him, and unlike other Huntsmen, his is always active and uncontrollable, with the result that he tries to fight alone so that it affects his enemies and not his comrades. As revealed in Volume 5, being originally part of the Branwen Tribe, he and Raven were sent into Beacon to be trained as Hunters to give their people an advantage against Hunters. But Qrow renounces his kin for being killers and thieves, becoming a member of Ozpin's inner circle while given the ability to transform into a crow to serve as Ozpin's spy. For the first two volumes, Qrow works as Ozpin's scout to find out about Salem's plans. Qrow makes his official debut in Volume 3 as he reveals to Ozpin that their enemies are making a move on Beacon. After the Fall of Beacon, Qrow tells Ruby that he specifically worked for Ozpin and resolve to continue in the man's stead while discreetly following Team RNJR as they head for Haven. In Volume 4, Qrow continues to watch over the team discreetly while having an encounter with Raven in Higanbana where he questions his twin's callousness towards Yang while questioning her of the Spring Maiden's location. Qrow ends up revealing himself to Ruby when Tyrian attacks her group and ends up being poisoned by Tyrian's stinger, revealing most of what he knew to Team RNJR as they manage to get him to Mistral for a quick recovery. In Volume 5, following a meeting with Lionheart, Qrow is reunited with Ozpin when meets Oscar. Leaving RNJR in Ozpin's care, Qrow attempts to find some to Huntsmen help protect the Relic of Knowledge and learns they all died during their missions. In the Battle of Haven, furious upon realizing Lionheart's role in the deaths of Mistral's hunters, Qrow disowns Raven when she allied herself with Salem. In the aftermath, after he receives the Relic from Yang, Qrow is instructed by Ozpin to take it to Atlas. In Volume 6, Qrow's faith in Ozpin is destroyed when he learns of his leader's past and lack of a plan to destroy Salem. His alcoholism worsens and causes problems for the group, especially for Ruby. Qrow initially turns down Jaune's plan of stealing an airship to get to Atlas, but his arguments is stopped by Ruby. As the group goes through with the plan, Qrow starts to panic when things start to go wrong and he blames himself for it. After the fights with Cordovin and the Leviathan, Qrow begins to abstain from alcohol. In Volume 7, Qrow is in awe of Clover because of his good fortune Semblance and bonds with him. After the Beacon students receive their Huntsman licenses, Qrow assures Ruby that her actions are morally right while opening up with her about Summer. Qrow teams up with Clover during the Battle of Mantle to help Robyn subdue Tyrian, only to be devastated when Tyrian kills Clover. Qrow, along with Robyn, is arrested by Atlesian forces when Tyrian frames him for Clover's death. In Volume 8, Qrow is kept in prison, vowing to kill Ironwood and becoming closer to Robyn. After Cinder destroys the prison to free Watts, Qrow escapes with Robyn to find and kill Ironwood, but is pulled back by the Mantle politician. They then work with Marrow to stop Ironwood's bomb from going to Mantle, but eventually fights Harriet when she flies off with the bomb herself. In the aftermath of Atlas falling, Qrow desperately tries to contact his nieces if they made it out, but is horrified when they do not respond. Qrow alludes to Muninn from Norse mythology and is based on the Scarecrow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In February 2019, Rooster Teeth announced that Mignogna would no longer be part of the cast of RWBY amid accusations of sexual harassment. The following July, Liebrecht was announced as the new voice of Qrow. Ozma Ozma is an ancient warrior who has been reincarnated by the God of Light to defeat Salem. While Ozma is named after Princess Ozma from the Oz book series, his reincarnations reference the title character of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Ozma Voiced by Aaron Dismuke and Shannon McCormick An ancient warrior who was Salem's lover before he died from an illness. As Salem's desire to resurrect Ozma resulted in her rebellion against the gods, Ozma is brought back to life by the God of Light to stop her. But even vowing to reincarnate forever until Salem is defeated, Jinn reveals that Ozma cannot kill his former lover. Every time he dies, his soul transmigrates into a new like-minded host, allowing him to take control of his host body while both can access each other's memories with Professor Ozpin his current incarnation at the start of the series and referred as such before his origins are revealed. One of his past incarnations was the basis of the wizard from a story based on the creation of the first Maidens, another being a king who fought through war. Though he is stoic and affable to those around him and can be blunt at times, he is a humble man who deeply cares for his students despite admitting to being slightly mistrustful due to countless acts of betrayal he suffered across his past lives. Professor Ozpin Voiced by Shannon McCormick / Kazuhiko Inoue The headmaster of Beacon Academy, armed with a cane, The Long Memory, which has numerous functions that include serving as a melee weapon capable of generating a protective force field. The cane has vast amount of powerful kinetic energy stored inside, accumulated by Ozpin during his past lifetimes. Despite appearances, Ozpin is gradually revealed as Ozma's reincarnation. In Volume 1, Ozpin allows Ruby to enroll into Beacon 2 years early after she stops one of Torchwick's robberies. He later oversees the initiation and assigns the new teams afterwards. As school begins, Ozpin tells Ruby to be more responsible as a leader, and later receives a message from Qrow regarding Salem's actions. In Volume 2, Ozpin is at odds with Ironwood for bringing military airships for festival securities. During the mission assignments, Ozpin allows Team RWBY to take on a mission not allowed for first-years. In Volume 3, Ozpin chooses Pyrrha to become the next Fall Maiden, but his efforts are thwarted by Cinder Fall and he loses to her in battle. In Volume 4, Ozpin's soul or part of it transmigrates into the body of Oscar Pine, whom he urged to reach Haven where he is reunited with Qrow. In Volume 5, Ozpin tasks Qrow to find Huntsmen to protect the Relic of Knowledge while he personally trains Team RNJR and Oscar for their eventual fight with fight Salem. After the Relic is secured following the Battle of Haven, Ozpin has Oscar instruct Qrow to bring it to Atlas. In Volume 6, having promised earlier to be forthright with Yang and the others, Ozpin comes under fire for still withholding vital information as he admits to being slightly mistrustful due to countless acts of betrayal he suffered across his past lives. After his secret past is exposed by Jinn, he loses everyone's trust and he seals himself within Oscar's mind. However, during the airship heist in Argus, Ozpin guides Oscar in landing the airship, hinting that he has been aware of the group's activities after the train crash. In the finale of Volume 7, Ozpin emerges from Oscar's mind after the farmboy is knocked out of Atlas by Ironwood and guides him to safely land on Mantle. In Volume 8, Ozpin shares Oscar's desire to not have their souls merge in the future. When they are later captured by Salem, he goes along with Oscar's plan to sabotage Salem's inner circle. Ozpin questions Hazel's loyalty to the witch and later reveals Salem's full past. At the Schnee manor, Ozpin apologizes to Ruby's group for not trusting them and reveals the existence of Ambrosius. Oscar Pine Voiced by Aaron Dismuke / Rie Kugimiya A young farm boy who appears in Volume 4 and lives with his aunt before starting to hear Ozpin's voice mysteriously communicating to him. It would later be revealed that Oscar has become Ozpin's new vessel following his demise in the Volume 3 finale. A reluctant Oscar eventually complies with Ozpin's request to travel to Haven. Once in Mistral, Oscar meets Qrow and receives Ozpin's cane as he joins Ruby's group, while revealing he can become a temporary medium for them to directly communicate with Ozpin. He later trains alongside Team RNJR to strengthen his Aura and discover his Semblance. In Volume 6, Oscar is able to resist Ozpin's control and helps Ruby to summon Jinn, only to end up being ostracized by most of the others by extension, when they lose trust in Ozpin. In Argus, Oscar is assaulted by Jaune and leaves the group for a while to have time to himself, acquiring a change of clothes, before returning to the group to help them with the time he has left as himself. In the fight against Cordovin, Oscar is able to figure out the Colossus' weakness, helping Ruby to defeat it. Later, during the group's flight to Atlas, Oscar admits that he was guided by Ozpin in crash-landing the airship. In Volume 7, Oscar is entrusted with the Relic of Knowledge by Ruby while the others go on their first mission in Atlas. But he is uneasy with Ruby's decision to hide what they know about Salem and the Relic from Ironwood, as he feels that they are doing the same as what Ozpin did to them. Oscar then trains under Ironwood, fighting with Team JNR against Team FNKI at one point. After learning about the Relic of Creation, Oscar advises Ironwood to reach out to those he fears and try to gain their trust. When the Huntsmen mobilize to head for Mantle, Oscar stays behind in Atlas to tell Ironwood about Salem's immortality. He is later attacked by Neo and loses the Relic of Knowledge to her, despite receiving help from Team JNR. Oscar then heads for the Vault to talk sense to Ironwood, but to no avail as the general shoots him out of Atlas. However, Oscar receives guidance from Ozpin to save themselves from death. In Volume 8, Oscar reunites with Ruby's group, but keeps Ozpin's reemergence a secret and joins Yang's group to evacuate Mantle. As he helps with the evacuation, he admits to Ozpin that he does not want their souls to merge. Oscar is then captured by the Hound, taken to Salem, and is tortured by both her and Hazel on how to activate the Relic of Knowledge. Realizing that Salem has her minions divide the humans before invading a kingdom, Oscar decides to sabotage her own forces in the same matter, first by revealing the lamp's secrets to Hazel to gain his trust. After showing Jinn to Hazel and Emerald, Oscar reunites with Yang's group and nearly escapes with them and the thief. But when Salem captures them and Hazel turns on her, Oscar unleashes most of the power stored in the Long Memory at the witch, destroying the Monstra in the process. As the group head for the Schnee manor with Emerald, Oscar admits that Ozpin has reemerged and wants to give him and the thief a chance for redemption. He is believed to allude to Tippetarius, or the disguised form of Princess Ozma from The Marvelous Land of Oz Penny Polendina Voiced by: Taylor "Pelto" McNee (English): / Megumi Han An orange-haired student came to the Vytal Festival to compete in the combat tournament. She wields Floating Array: a small backpack that contains an array of gun-bladed weapons and wires. She can also use the swords as an energy beam cannon. She is known to act awkwardly around people, though she quickly becomes friends with Ruby. Debuting at the end of Volume 1, Penny fends off Torchwick and the White Fang while helping Ruby search for Blake. In Volume 2, it is revealed that Penny is an android capable of generating an Aura. But in Volume 7, her creator Pietro reveals that her Aura was originally a part of his. Penny tells the truth of her origins to Ruby and asks her to keep it a secret. In Volume 3, she reveals her body is vulnerable to magnets. During Penny's battle against Pyrrha in the Vytal Festival, Pyrrha is affected by Emerald's hallucinating Semblance, reflecting Penny's attack, causing the wires connected to her swords to tear her apart. In Volume 7, Penny is shown to have been rebuilt sometime after the Fall of Beacon and upgraded with thrusters in her feet allowing her to fly. She has become the protector of Mantle and part of Ironwood's inner circle, but no longer has a team, and is ordered by the general not to focus on making friends. Penny is later framed for massacring several of Robyn's supporters by Watts and Tyrian during a political rally, and Mantle demands Penny be destroyed. Her name is later cleared when Jacques' secret meeting with Watts is exposed, and she joins the Huntsmen as they head for Mantle to fight off the Grimm, regaining the people's trust in her. While helping Winter in receiving the Winter Maiden's power, Penny ends up inheriting the Maiden's power while confronted by Cinder, joining Team RWBY soon after in fleeing Atlas. In Volume 8, Penny joins Ruby's group in launching Amity but is conflicted about going against Ironwood and her role as the new Winter Maiden. While in Amity, Penny defeats Cinder and goes against her father's command to push Amity high enough to broadcast Ruby's message to Remnant, but is later hacked by Watts through her sword stolen by the Ace-Ops. After crashing in front of the Schnee manor, Penny starts to succumb to Watt's virus but is knocked out by the Hound. As she reawakens, Penny begins to fly to the vault due to the virus but is stopped by Ruby's group and Emerald, and is then able to temporarily hold off the virus thanks to Jaune boosting her Aura. Arriving at the vault, Penny opens it for Team RWBY and succumbs to the virus. But her soul is separated from her robot body by Ambrosius, and she is given a human body as her old one is terminated. In the passageways to Vacuo, Penny is mortally wounded by Cinder. She lets Jaune kill her so that she can pass the Maiden's power to Winter. Penny alludes to the character Pinocchio, hiccuping every time she tells a lie. Emerald Sustrai Voiced by: Katie Newville / Marina Inoue A light green-haired girl with dark skin who was an associate of Cinder's and uses Thief's Respite, a pair of pistols with attached blades that can also extend via chains, similar to a kusarigama. Her Semblance, "Hallucinations", allows her to cast hallucinations on people's minds, advantageous for her thieving skills, though it becomes a strain to her if she tries to do it on more than one person. By the time of Volume 8, Emerald has trained in improving her Semblance, as she can cast hallucinations on multiple people and keep them for an extended period of time. Ever since she was recruited by Cinder, Emerald had an undying loyalty to her, even if she serves someone as evil as Salem. But after she learns of Salem's true goals and is nearly killed by the witch, Emerald defects to support Ruby's group. In Volume 3, Emerald is indirectly responsible for Penny's destruction by casting a hallucination onto Pyrrha, causing the Beacon student to impulsively use her polarity Semblance to tear the robot apart. In Volume 4, Emerald serves as Cinder's translator. In Volume 5, during the Battle of Haven, Emerald is emotionally distraught at Cinder's apparent death. In despair, she unleashes a powerful hallucination of Salem on Ruby's group. She is carried away from Haven by Hazel. In Volume 6, Emerald is forced by Salem to acknowledge Cinder as the reason they failed at Haven. She is still devoted to Cinder and denies that her master never cared for her, causing her and Mercury to argue. In Volume 8, Emerald helps Cinder infiltrate Amity but later brings her master back to the Monstra after her loss against Penny. She later overhears Oscar explaining Salem's true goal to Hazel and tries to relay it to Mercury but to no avail. After seeing Jinn, Emerald works with Hazel to help Oscar escape and later leads Yang's group to the exit. When they are caught by Salem, Emerald is nearly tortured by the witch for her betrayal and the loss of the Relic but is saved by Hazel and escapes the Monstra. She is then taken prisoner by Yang's group as they head for the Schnee manor to reunite with their teammates, but she helps them in restraining Penny when the robot is hacked again by the virus. At the academy, Emerald disguises herself as Penny to launch a surprise attack on Ironwood. She is said to allude to Aladdin from the classic anthology book One Thousand and One Nights. Supporting characters Maria Calavera Voiced by: Melissa Sternenberg An elderly woman with prosthetic eyes, though she cannot see color with them. She was originally a silver-eyed Huntress known as the Grimm Reaper before being blinded by the Faunus assassin Tock. The cane she uses was one of her two kamas, Life and Death, that combine at the ends to form a twin-bladed weapon. Her Semblance, which she calls "Preflexes", allows her to react to attacks almost before they happen. Unlike most Hunters, due to the risk of being targeted by Salem, Maria was trained by her father instead of attending a school. She meets Team RWBY, Qrow and Oscar after they crash-land into the snow region of northern Anima. Upon learning that Ruby has silver eyes, Maria teaches her to consciously use her powers when they are attacked by the Apathy Grimm. In Argus, she becomes a mentor to Ruby and shares what she knows about the silver eyes. She is later smuggled onto a military airship by Weiss to pilot it to the rest of the group, but the pair is then attacked by Cordovin's giant robot. Maria pilots the ship to provide air support for the group, and later to fly the group to Atlas. In Volume 7, Maria takes the heroes to Pietro so they can find a safe way to Ironwood. She is the only member of the group to avoid being captured by the Ace-Ops. Maria later gives moral support to Pietro after Penny is framed for murder. In the volume finale, Maria secures an airship to help Teams RWBY and JNR, Pietro and Penny to escape Atlas. In Volume 8, Maria helps Penny and Pietro in launching Amity, but later fends off Neo and learns that the illusionist is after Ruby. She alludes to the typical image of the Grim Reaper in popular culture. Team STRQ Team STRQ (pronounced "stark") is a now-defunct team composed of Ruby and Yang's relatives, commented to have similarities to Team RWBY like being favored by Ozpin. The presumed leader of Team STRQ, and the mother of Ruby and stepmother of Yang whose gravestone is frequently visited by Ruby. She is later revealed to be the second lover to Yang and Ruby's father, Taiyang, the first being Yang's mother, Raven, but whether she married him is currently unknown. Based on an old photograph of her, Summer wore a white hooded cloak, similar to the red cloak Ruby would later wear. According to Yang, Summer went on a mission but never came back and her death deeply affected Ruby and Taiyang. Prior to her disappearance, Yang says that she remembered Summer as a "Super Mom", able to handle being a loving parent as well as able to go on dangerous missions. In the Volume 6 finale, Summer is shown in person during a flashback, revealing that she, like her daughter, possesses silver eyes. . In Volume 7, Qrow tells Ruby that even Ozpin did not know the nature of Summer's last mission, Salem revealing herself as the one who is responsible for Summer's fate. Her full name is a reference to the poem, The Last Rose of Summer, and her gravestone has a line from the poem, "Thus kindly I scatter." Voiced by: Burnie Burns / Kenyu HoriuchiYang and Ruby's widowed father, only mentioned many times in the first two Volumes before appearing out of focus seen when Ruby visits Summer's grave. He appears in the Volume 3 finale where he watches over his daughters in their home in Patch as they recover from the battle of Beacon. Taiyang is mentioned to be a bit overprotective of both of his daughters and loves them dearly. Like Qrow, he is also a teacher at Signal. In Volume 4, Taiyang receives a bionic arm for Yang from Ironwood and encourages Yang to gradually accept the prosthesis while helping her learn to not depend too much on her Semblance and opening up about Raven. When Yang is about to leave, he asks her whether she is going after Raven or Ruby. In the finale of Volume 5, Taiyang is confronted by Raven. His name, Taiyang (太阳), is Chinese for "sun." Beacon Academy/Vale Voiced by: Kathleen Zuelch / Masumi AsanoA Huntress and teacher at Beacon Academy who wields a riding crop, The Disciplinarian, as her weapon, in a similar fashion as a magic wand, and whose Semblance is "Telekinesis". With her Semblance, not only can she control objects, but can also repair those which were broken before. She mostly teaches combat classes, tends to be more stern and strict with her students, and is apparently behind only Ozpin in rank at Beacon. In Volume 4, Port and Oobleck reveal that Goodwitch is working to restore Beacon to its former glory. Her name is derived from the character Glinda the Good Witch of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Voiced by: Ryan Haywood (Volumes 1–4) / Anthony Sardinha (Grimm Eclipse) / Soichi AbeA veteran Huntsman and teacher at Beacon Academy, and is an expert on fighting different creatures of Grimm. His weapon, Blowhard, is a blunderbuss that has axe blades attached to the stock. In Volume 1, Port tells Weiss to be more humble and support Ruby as a teammate. In Volume 4, it is Port who tells Yang that she needs to handle her fears. It is also shown that he is afraid of mice. His name and his tale of taking on a Beowolf in his youth allude to Peter and the Wolf. Voiced by: Joel Heyman / Yuichi KarasumaA teacher at Beacon Academy, teaching Remnant history. His weapon of choice is Antiquity's Roast, a thermos (from which he drinks coffee out of) that can also transform into a flamethrower. He frequently sips coffee and moves around and speaks at an extremely accelerated rate. Despite his bumbling nature, he is actually very wise and knowledgeable, choosing to learn from mankind's past mistakes so that they won't happen again in the future. Unlike other Huntsmen who fight, Oobleck chooses to defend people by passing his knowledge on to other Huntsmen and Huntresses. He believes that knowledge is the most powerful weapon from all of them. He is named after the children's book Bartholomew and the Oobleck by Dr. Seuss. Team CRDL Team CRDL (pronounced "cardinal") is formed as another first-year team at Beacon Academy, alongside RWBY and JNPR. Voiced by: Adam Ellis / Subaru Kimura: A burnt orange-haired student and the leader of Team CRDL. He wears silver-gray armor and wields a giant mace called The Executioner. Cardin has a reputation as a bully, he and the rest of his team are shown to be picking on several fellow students. After he finds out that Jaune Arc faked his application to Beacon, he is briefly able to manipulate him into doing his bidding. He also, alongside the rest of his team, bullies Velvet Scarlatina because of her being a Faunus. Cardin alludes to the Cardinal of Winchester who presided over the Trial of Joan of Arc. Voiced by: Shane Newville / Jun Miyamoto: A green-haired student who wields a pair of Dust-daggers, Shortwings, as a shout out to Will Scarlet. : A light brown-haired student who fights with a long sword called Hallshott that can fire bullets. : A dark blue-haired student whose weapon is a halberd called Feather's Edge. Team CFVY Team CFVY (pronounced "coffee") consists of second-year Beacon Academy students. Velvet Scarlatina first appears in Volume 1, , while the others begin appearing in Volume 2. They serve as the protagonists of RWBY: After the Fall novel series, having been transferred to Shade Academy in Vacuo following the Fall of Beacon. The team's members have a red and brown color scheme and are named after desserts. Voiced by: Ashley Jenkins / Shizuka Itō: A fashionably dressed girl with military-themed accessories and wields her weapon Gianduja, a briefcase that transforms into a minigun. Its destructive power is magnified due to her "Hype" Semblance, allowing her Aura to enhance the effect and power of anything Dust-based. Her name is derived from Cocoa, theorized to be based on Coco Chanel. A young, black, blind man who was an orphan living in Vacuo before attending Beacon, wearing an orange vest and armed with his weapon Sharp Retribution, a pair of wrist-mounted blades. His Semblance is "Telepathy", which allows him to compensate for his blindness while allowing him to communicate with his teammates. His name is derived from fox hunter pie, as well as the story of The Fox and the Hound. Voiced by: Caiti Ward / Megumi Han: A brown-haired Faunus with rabbit ears at Beacon Academy. Monty has described her combat style to be very mage-like, along with being very agile. Her weapon, Anesidora, is a camera that she uses to take pictures of other students' weapons, which allows her to conjure holographic copies of their weapons, but can only be used once per picture. She uses her weapon in conjunction with her Semblance, "Photographic Memory", which allows her to mimic other people's moves. Rooster Teeth held a fan contest to design her combat uniform, the result of which was announced on March 6, 2014. Her name is derived from The Velveteen Rabbit and red velvet cake. Voiced by: Joe MacDonald / Ryōsuke Morita: The final member of team CFVY, Yatsuhashi is a tall male in a green one-sleeved robe armed with Fulcrum, a long sword. His Semblance, "Memory Wiping", allows him to erase a person's memories when he touches them, trivial memories permanently lost while the timing that important ones are later recalled within a duration of time equal to how long Yatsuhashi was touching that person. His name comes from the Japanese treat of the same name, and his name was revealed in a series of tweets of the treat by Monty culminating in a singular image of Yatsuhashi Kengyo along with the phrase "You'll figure it out". Junior's faction Voiced by: Jack Shannon Pattillo / Katsuya Miyamoto: A club manager who fights Yang in the "Yellow" trailer. His weapon is a bazooka that can change into a large bat-like club. He has some sort of connection to Torchwick, as the two were seen briefly together at the club and Roman initially recruited Junior's minions for his early dust robberies before replacing the henchmen with White Fang members.. Later on in Volume 2, Yang visits him in his club again, hoping to get some lead on Torchwick's plans. His name means "black bear" in Chinese, with his nickname alluding to the baby bear from Goldilocks. Voiced by Maggie Tominey / Aya Suzaki: A pair of black-haired twins who work for Junior. They are the daughters of gangster leader, Lil' Miss Malachite. Melanie fights with bladed heels while Miltia utilizes a pair of claws. They are altered designs of the first design of Ruby and Weiss, and they allude to the story of Snow White and Rose Red. Others : Ruby and Yang's pet Pembroke Welsh Corgi. He only makes a few appearances in the main RWBY series but is featured more extensively in the RWBY Chibi series. In Volume 2, Zwei is sent to Ruby and Yang by Taiyang via mail to be taken care of. After Ruby sneaks the dog on her team's assignment, he helps them and Oobleck fighting Torchwick and the White Fang. Zwei returns to the family home in Patch following the Fall of Beacon. His name is a play on the corgi Ein from the manga/anime series Cowboy Bebop. Voiced by: Patrick Rodriguez: A shop owner of various places such as From Dust Till Dawn. He is often seen being robbed or his property damaged. In Volumes 2 and 3, he operates a noodle stand on the Vytal Festival grounds. Shopkeep survives the Fall of Beacon and watches Ruby's broadcast to the world with Goodwitch in Volume 8. Voiced by: Adam Ellis / Kenta Miyake: A puma Faunus with finger claws who was a former White Fang member before deserting them to open a book shop in Vale. He planned on fleeing to Vacuo, but he is killed by Mercury and Emerald. Atlas Academy/Atlas Atlesian Military James Ironwood Voiced by: Jason Rose / Masaki Terasoma Headmaster of Atlas Academy and a renowned military leader, also being a member of Ozpin's inner circle despite disagreeing with him over using military force to handle threats head-on. According to Glynda, he tends to take his work with him wherever he goes. His weapons, collectively called Due Process, are a pair of revolvers that can be attacked to a cannon. His Semblance, "Mettle", enables him to hyper-focus and carry through with whatever decision he makes. In Volume 3, it is revealed that Ironwood has a robotic right arm, torso and leg. In his debut in Volume 2, Ironwood brings his military forces, which puts him at odds with Ozpin immediately. After Torchwick's attack on Vale, Ironwood is put in charge of security for the tournament by the council. But in Volume 3, Ironwood is unable to use his forces to fight off the Grimm, as they are either destroyed or hacked. In Volume 4, Ironwood has returned to Atlas to continue his duties as General and Headmaster of Atlas. It is shown that he is a close friend of the Schnee family, despite his strained friendship with Jacques over putting an embargo on Dust exportation and then closing off Atlas's borders to prevent another war. By Volume 7, Ironwood plans to restore global communications by turning Amity Colosseum into a CCT tower, and to reveal Salem's existence to the world, which is why he called all of Atlas back to the kingdom to fight the Grimm that will flock to them when panic breaks out. But with Watts and Tyrian causing chaos in Mantle, Ironwood slowly descends into paranoia and starts to make irrational decisions, including the order for Robyn's arrest for stealing supplies for Amity. He is able to regain his composure long enough to reveal Salem's existence to the council, order the evacuation of Mantle, and lure and defeat Watts in Amity. But Ironwood's paranoia returns when Salem demands for the Relics, prompting him to abandon Mantle and move Atlas out of Salem's reach, while ordering the arrest of Teams RWBY and JNR, Qrow and Oscar when their lies and treachery are revealed to him. In the finale, the betrayal of Team RWBY results in Ironwood shooting Oscar out of the Vault, and becoming enraged when he learns from Winter that the Maiden powers are gone, preventing him from using the Relic of Creation to move Atlas. Ironwood's intolerance of RWBY's actions results in him becoming one of the main antagonists of Volume 8, shooting Councilman Sleet dead and ordering Watts to hack into Penny to have her come back to Atlas. When Salem begins her attack on Atlas, Ironwood has a bomb prepared to destroy the Monstra. After the Battle of Atlas, Ironwood thwarts the effort of Ruby's group to evacuate Mantle. He then releases a broadcast to demand Penny's return, threatening to destroy Mantle with his bomb if she does not comply. Though he is initially defeated by Team JNR, Oscar, Emerald and Winter, and locked up in prison, Ironwood escapes, kills Jacques, and overpowers Winter at the vault. But he is later defeated by her when she receives the Maiden powers from Penny. Ironwood is unable to stop Salem from taking the Relics and is left to die in the fall of Atlas. Ironwood alludes to the Tin Woodman from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Winter Schnee Voiced by: Elizabeth Maxwell / Ayako Kawasumi Weiss' elder sister and Ironwood's right hand in the military, armed with a saber with a detachable estoc. Like Weiss, having left the Schnee family to make a difference, Winter inherited their family's "Glyphs" Semblance, which she fully mastered to easily summon constructs modeled after defeated Grimm. While dignified and distant, Winter deeply cares for Weiss and is ill-tempered, as shown when Qrow insulted the Atlas military while provoking her to fight him. In Volume 3, Winter arrives in Vale to oversee additional security units for the tournament. She then gives Weiss a lesson on how to master summoning techniques before returning home. While Volume 4 explains Winter is in Mistral after the fall of Beacon to uncover an impending threat that is rising from the kingdom, Volume 5 reveals she was called back to Atlas when Ironwood closed the kingdom's borders. By Volume 7, Winter has become part of Ironwood's inner circle and is chosen by the general to become the next Winter Maiden. Despite having the choice made by Ironwood, Winter sees the task as a privilege for her to do good in Remnant. After the Battle of Mantle, Winter proceeds to get the Maiden powers from Fria but the power is transferred to Penny instead while they are attacked by Cinder. Severely injured by the Fall Maiden, Winter refuses help from Weiss but allows her, Ruby, and Penny to escape with their group. She later reports to Ironwood that they lost the Maiden powers In Volume 8, after recovering from her injuries, Winter replaces Clover as the leader of the Ace-Ops and searches for Penny after Watts' hacking into the robot. After arresting Yang's group, she is later convinced by them to let them scout the Monstra for Oscar before setting off a bomb inside in the Battle of Atlas. Deciding that she can't stand by Ironwood any longer, Winter fakes Marrow's arrest and contacts Weiss. She then turns on the general and knocks him out, and puts him in prison next to Jacques. But at the vault, Winter fights Ironwood and initially loses until Penny passes on the Maiden powers to her. After defeating Ironwood again, Winter fends off Cinder but fails to save Weiss and Jaune from falling into the void. Regretfully, she heads to Vacuo to protect the people of Atlas and her family from the Grimm. Winter is an allusion to The Snow Queen. Caroline Cordovin Voiced by: Mela Lee The special operative in charge in Argus. Cordovin is a prideful and arrogant woman who looks down on all non-Atlesians, and is emotionally unstable, especially when provoked. Upon meeting the group of heroes, she refuses to allow any of them to go to Atlas, except for Weiss. She also has a bad history with Maria. When the group tries to steal a military airship, Cordovin overreacts by piloting a giant mech called the Colossus to attack them. After seemingly defeating the group, she refuses Ruby's offer for a truce and prepares to attack her, only for Ruby to destroy the mech's cannon. Reflecting on Ruby's words, Cordovin finishes off the Leviathan after Ruby freezes it, and then allows the group to continue to Atlas. Cordovin alludes to the nursery rhyme, "There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe". Dr. Pietro Polendina Voiced by: Dave Fennoy An elderly Atlesian scientist who traverses with a mechanic wheelchair, and is responsible for the creation of Penny, Yang's robotic arm, and Maria's cybernetic eyes. Maria visits him roughly every ten years to have her implants adjusted. With Penny's creation, Pietro gave her a huge portion of his Aura. He cherishes Penny as his own daughter but is overprotective of her, so much that he is against letting her going into harm's way to achieve a goal. In his earlier years, Pietro had a team of scientists that included Watts. When arriving in Mantle, Maria suggests that he may be able to get them a meeting with General Ironwood. After they arrive in his charitable free clinic, Pietro quickly recognizes Yang's arm, Weiss, and by association team RWBY telling them that his "daughter" told him all about them. Before the heroes' first mission in Atlas, Pietro upgrades their weapons at their request. After Penny is framed for committing murder in Mantle, Pietro shows signs of his health deteriorating as he tries to look after his daughter. In the finale, Pietro flees Atlas with Penny, Teams RWBY and JNR, and Maria. In Volume 8, Pietro hacks the Ironwood's terminal to send a launch signal for Amity. He and Maria later join Penny at the colosseum to broadcast Ruby's message, but they are thwarted by Cinder. Pietro is initially against Penny's offer to push Amity into broadcast range, and is later devastated when he loses contact with her. Pietro is an allusion to Geppetto from Pinocchio. Dave Fennoy previously voiced Dr. Merlot in RWBY: Grimm Eclipse. Ace-Ops The Ace-Ops are a special team of Huntsmen in the Atlas Military. Like Winter and Penny, they are part of Ironwood's inner circle. In Volume 8, The Ace-Ops are led by Winter following Clover's death. Each member is an allusion to one of the Aesop's Fables, with the team's name being a homophone of the word 'Aesop'. Voiced by: Chris Wehkamp: Leader of the Ace-Ops who wields an extendable fishing pole called Kingfisher. His Semblance is good fortune. Clover develops a friendship with Qrow, and seems to have had a past relationship with Robyn. During the Battle of Mantle, Clover and Qrow join Robyn in confronting Tyrian. But when he is ordered by Ironwood to arrest Qrow, Clover fights both Qrow and Tyrian and is killed by the Faunus with Qrow's sword, with a remorseful Qrow and Robyn framed for his murder. He alludes to A Fisherman’s Good Luck. Elm Ederne Voiced by: Dawn M. Bennett: A muscular woman who wields a giant hammer, Timber, that doubles as a rocket launcher. Her Semblance allows her to use her Aura to root her feet into the ground. In the Volume 8 finale, Elm works with Vine to try to stop Harriet from destroying Mantle, and is later devastated by Vine's death. Elm alludes to the elm from The Elm and The Vine. Marrow Amin Voiced by: Mick Lauer: A dog Faunus who wields Fetch, a machine gun that can extend into a bladed boomerang. His Semblance can freeze specific targets by uttering the word "stay". Marrow was a replacement for former Ace-Op member Tortuga. In Volume 7, Marrow is skeptical of Robyn fighting for equal rights for everyone in the kingdom of Atlas. He later tries to plead with the Mantle politician when Penny is framed for causing a massacre at the political rally, but to no avail. In the Battle of Atlas in Volume 8, Marrow protests to Winter about setting off the bomb while Yang's group is still inside the Monstra. After Ironwood threatens to destroy Mantle to make Penny return, Marrow angrily speaks out at Ironwood for risking people's lives and is taken away by Winter for both of them to defect. He then aids Qrow and Robyn by subduing his former team but is knocked out by an explosive android sent by Watts. Marrow alludes to The Dog and Its Reflection. Harriet Bree Voiced by: Anairis Quinones: A woman with a mohawk who wields exoskeletal gauntlets called Fast Knuckles. Her Semblance allows her to move super fast, and she notes that her reaction time is quicker than Ruby's. Although she trusts her fellow Ace-Ops, Harriet only sees her team as coworkers and not as friends. In Volume 8, Harriet is the Ace-Op that is most hostile towards Ruby's group for their treachery to Ironwood, going so far as to be willing to kill them. She later reveals to the general that Winter went against his order to detain Yang's group. Harriet then carries the bomb herself to Mantle and later fights Qrow, but stands down when her teammates plead for her to stop. Harriet alludes to the hare from The Tortoise and the Hare. Vine Zeki Voiced by: Todd Womack: A pale man with unique forehead tattoos and wields Thorn, a giant shuriken-like weapon. His Semblance allows him to create extendable arms and legs. In Volume 8, Vine is willing to follow through with Ironwood's threat to Mantle to make Ruby's group cease in resisting. But after being initially stopped by Qrow, Robyn and Marrow, Vine comes to his senses and tries to stop Harriet from destroying Mantle. When they are unable to disarm the bomb, Vine sacrifices himself to contain the explosion with his Semblance. Vine alludes to the vine from The Elm and The Vine. Penny's team Voiced by: Yssa Badiola / Ami Naito: A dark-skinned girl with a beret who serves as Penny's handler while being unaware of her being an android. Team FNKI Team FNKI (pronounced "funky") is a team participating in the Vytal Tournament. Weiss and Yang take on two of their members during the doubles rounds and the two fight during the Battle of Beacon. The other two members are introduced when Team FNKI returns in Volume 7. In Volume 8, Team FNKI is sent to the front lines during the Battle of Atlas. Voiced by: Flynt Flossy / Tooru Sakurai: A dark-skinned boy with a fedora hat who wields a trumpet that can release sound waves to disorient his opponents. His Semblance creates the "Killer Quartet", in which he generates three clones of himself, each wearing a different colored necktie and armed with a trumpet. He initially hated Weiss because her family put his father out of business, but later respects her when she risks her own safety for her team's victory. His name is taken from a joke commonly used in Rooster Teeth's gaming content division Achievement Hunter's series "Let's Play Minecraft". Voiced by: Meg Turney / Konomi Fujimura: A talkative Faunus girl with a cat tail and roller skates who wields a glowstick-like nunchaku. Her name is derived from the internet meme Nyan Cat, and she creates a rainbow trail as she skates. A tall man with long blue hair. He and Ivori allude to the dress, with Kobalt being the black/blue version. A grey-haired and tan-skinned man with glasses who uses a whip. He and Kobalt allude to the dress, with Ivori being the gold/white version. Team BRIR Team BRIR (pronounced "briar") is a team active in Atlas, but are not native to the kingdom. They serve as supporting characters in the video game RWBY: Arrowfell. A blonde haired woman who wields a pair of swords. A dark-skinned woman with red dreadlocks. A brunette-haired woman. A ginger-haired woman who wields a pair of drills. Happy Huntresses The Happy Huntresses are composed of Atlas Academy graduates who did not join the military, and instead use their talents to serve Mantle. They refer to the Merry Men. Robyn Hill Voiced by: Cristina Vee Leader of the Happy Huntresses and a Mantle politician who is going against Jacques in the council election of Atlas. Her weapon is a wrist-mounted crossbow with bladed fans that act as a shield, and her Semblance acts as a lie detector when she physically holds someone's hand. She seems to have a history with Clover. In her Volume 7 debut, Robyn confronts Clover about Ironwood using vital supplies for his plans with Amity Arena, instead of reinforcing Mantle's defenses. When she holds a political rally on the election day, Robyn is assaulted by Tyrian in a blackout but wrongfully accuses Penny. She also loses the election to Jacques after Watts rigs the votes. In response, Robyn steals Amity supplies until she is confronted by Blake and Yang, who tell her about Amity turning into a CCT, and the military being framed for murder in Mantle. At Jacques' dinner party, Robyn interrogates Ironwood with the council until Weiss exposes Jacques' crimes, and learns about Salem from Ironwood as the Grimm attack Mantle. She later helps Ironwood in telling the people of Atlas and Mantle about Salem, and then defeats Tyrian with Qrow and Clover. But after Ironwood abandons Mantle, Robyn turns on Clover but is severely injured when Tyrian crashes their aircraft and arrested soon after. In Volume 8, Robyn becomes closer to Qrow as they are held in prison. She escapes with him after Cinder destroys the prison, and later refrains him from killing Ironwood. Robyn and Qrow then destroy the drones carrying the bomb to Mantle, but they chase after Harriet and the bomb after their efforts are thawrted by Watts. Robyn is an allusion to Robin Hood. Fiona Thyme Voiced by: Michele Sontag A short white-haired Faunus with sheep ears. Her Semblance, "Pocket Dimensions", allows her to teleport objects by touching them. She is first seeing spying on the Atlesian Military as they occupy the old SDC mine with Amnity, and she later stands with Robyn as they confront Clover. During Robyn's political rally, Fiona is severely injured by Tyrian but later recovers to help with stealing supplies meant for Amity. In Volume 8, she works with Joanna in evacuating Mantle. Fiona alludes to Friar Tuck. Joanna Greenleaf Voiced by: Marissa Lenti A tall tanned woman with short dark-green hair and a muscular build. Volume 8, she asks Ruby's group for help in evacuating the citizens of Mantle to the crater of Atlas. Joanna alludes to Little John. May Marigold Voiced by: Kdin Jenzen A blue-haired woman. Her Semblance enables her to create an illusionary force field, preventing those outside to see what is happening on the inside. Originally part of the upperclass from Atlas, May was disowned by her own family for being transgender. In Volume 8, May helps Ruby's group in sneaking into the Atlas Command Center to launch Amity. After they hide from the Atlas military at the Schnee manor, May gets impatient on waiting for help after Ruby's message to Remnant. Believing that Mantle needs more help than Atlas, May leaves the manor on her own and regroups with Fiona and Joanna in Mantle. May alludes to Maid Marian. Jenzen confirmed on Twitter that May is the cousin of Henry Marigold, and is the first transgender character of the series. Schnee Household Father of Willow and grandfather of Winter, Weiss, and Whitley, and the founder of the SDC. After working in the mines in his youth, Nicholas took his father's inheritance and formed SCD to provide Dust to the entire world of Remnant. He would personally oversee Dust expeditions and built a trustworthy reputation for the company. But his early days in the Dust mines forced him to retire, and allow his son-in-law, Jacques, to take over SDC. While he has yet to make an appearance, the portraits in the Schnee manor show Nicholas as a noble knight. Nicholas is an allusion to Santa Clause. Voiced by: Caitlin Glass: The abused wife of Jacques and mother of Winter, Weiss, and Whitley. Like her daughters, Willow has the family Semblance of "Glyphs". She has been an alcoholic since learning that Jacques only married her for the Schnee family name and wealth. In Volume 7, Willow reveals to Weiss that she placed hidden cameras throughout the Schnee manor to spy on Jacques, pleading with her daughter not to abandon Whitley despite siding with their father. She later watches as Jacques is arrested for his secret dealings with Watts. In Volume 8, Willow locks herself up in her room for reasons unknown, but later comes out of confinement when the Hound attacks the Schnee manor. Although struggling with her alcoholism initially, she uses a summon to save Whitely from the Hound, and later kills the Grimm with her son by toppling a statue over it. Voiced by: Howard Wang / Marina Inoue: The younger brother of Weiss and Winter, an arrogant youth who considers his older sisters' career choices as pointless and barbaric. In Volume 4, Weiss noting how he seemed different since she first enrolled at Beacon. But in Volume 7, Willow implies to Weiss that Whitley has been subjected to Jacques's abuse since his sister's escape from Schnee manor. In Volume 8, Whitely is angered when Weiss returns to the manor with her group and saddened when she sends him away even after he offers to help. But after witnessing Nora's injuries (partially inspired by Ruby's speech), he calls Klein back to the manor to treat the girl. Though the youngest Schnee makes clear that he only did so to help the life of someone in need, not for Weiss herself. Whitely also makes arrangements for SDC's cargo ships to be utilized to evacuate the people at the crater, and later kills the Hound with his mother. He later offers his assistance to Ruby's group by giving blueprints of Atlas to Weiss for Ambrosius. Voiced by: J. Michael Tatum / Ken Uo: The Schnee family butler, Klein is supportive of Weiss and is shown to deeply care for her. Klein eventually helps Weiss escape from Schnee manor near the end of Volume 4, revealed in Volume 7 to have been fired as a result. In Volume 8, Klein returns to the manor at Whitely's request to treat Nora and Penny. His full name is German for "small seven", thus he alludes to the seven dwarves from Snow White. This is more evident with his mood swings and eye color. Others Voiced by: Alejandro Saab: An Atlesian citizen who is May Marigold's cousin. In Volume 4, he attends the Schnee charity event without understanding its purpose. Henry tries to woo Weiss, but only angers her and is forced to leave in disgrace. Voiced by: Eric Baudor: An avid supporter of Robyn. He is arrested for throwing a brick at a military airship. While on the ship with the heroes, Forest reveals to them about Robyn's campaign. After he is dropped off by the police, Forest is killed by Tyrian. Voiced by: Chad James and Anairis Quinones: Two members of the Atlas council. They first appear at Jacques' dinner party to interrogate Ironwood over his recent actions. When Weiss exposes Jacques' secret meeting with Watts, both Sleet and Camilla recognize the mad doctor and learn about Salem's existence from Ironwood. In Volume 8, Sleet is killed by Ironwood after calling out the general for his fear. Voiced by: Christian Young: A Huntsman who uses a pair of maces and swords, with the former having guns at the top. His Semblance turns his skin into metal to reduce the effect of blunt and cut trauma. While Cinder was a slave at the Glass Unicorn hotel in Atlas, Rhodes discovered her stealing one of his swords. Taking pity on her, he trained her in secret to become a Huntress. Years later, after discovering that Cinder had killed her stepfamily, Rhodes fought her out of his duty as a Huntsman, only to be killed himself by her. His swords were taken by Cinder following his death. Haven Academy/Mistral Leonardo Lionheart Voiced by: Daman Mills A lion Faunus with a tail who was the headmaster of Haven Academy, armed with wrist-mounted shield named Stalwart that fires combined Dust projectiles. While originally a member of Ozpin's inner circle, Lionheart betrayed them as he allied himself with Salem's faction. Volume 5 confirmed that Lionheart's reasons of working for Salem were out of fear, having given her the names of numerous Hunters that were killed off in secret and helping set up an ambush for Qrow and the Beacon students during the Battle of Haven. When the tide turns against Salem's faction, Lionheart tries to run away but is killed by Salem's Seer Grimm. He is based on the Cowardly Lion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Team SSSN Each member of Team SSSN (pronounced "sun") has a Big Bang motif. They appear alongside Team CFVY in the novel RWBY: Before the Dawn. Sun Wukong Voiced by: Michael Jones / Tomoaki Maeno A blond-haired Faunus with a monkey tail. His weapon, Ruyi Bang and Jingu Bang, is a collapsible bō staff that splits into two nunchaku that can also function as sawed-off shotguns. With his Semblance, "Via Sun", he can create astral projection clones of himself in battle. He possesses great speed and agility from his monkey-like traits and seems to be able to see through disguises, as he noticed Blake's Faunus heritage despite her bow. Even though he attends the academy in Mistral, he's actually a native of Vacuo. He lost his parents at a young age, unable to remember their faces. His only family left is his cousin, Starr Sanzang. In the end of Volume 1, Sun stows away on a ship arriving in Vale and later fights alongside Blake against Torchwick and the White Fang. In Volume 2, Sun joins Blake as she infiltrates a White Fang meeting to learn of their connections to Torchwick. In Volume 4, Sun follows Blake without his team because he believed that she will be fighting the White Fang. Upon discovering that she is instead going home, he decides to accompany her to protect her from harm. In Menagerie, Sun quickly bonds with Kali, Blake's mother, but constantly leaves bad impressions with Ghira, Blake's father. After he gets injured by Ilia Amotila, Sun learns the reasons for Blake's departure from her team. He criticizes her, saying that she is only hurting her friends even more by pushing them away. In Volume 5, Sun aides the Belladonnas in rallying the people of Menagerie to defend Haven. He later saves Blake from capture after she is ambushed by Ilia, and later fights the Albain brothers alongside Ghira. In the Battle of Haven, Sun helps Blake in defending the school, and later encourages her to rejoin her team. In Volume 6, Sun parts ways with Blake and prepares to take his team to Vacuo. In Before the Dawn, Sun struggles to regain the trust of his team after leaving them alone for so long and decides to have them join Team CFVY in their investigation of The Crown. Eventually, after a final battle with The Crown, while defending Shade Academy, Sun makes amends with Team SSSN. Later on, he watches Ruby's message being broadcast with Neptune. Sun alludes to the character of the same name from Journey to the West. Scarlet David Voiced by: Gavin Free A red-haired young man with a cape who wields Hook and Darling, a flintlock pistol and a cutlass, as his weapons of choice. The handle of the pistol can be fired as a grappling hook. His Semblance is "Gliding", which allows him to maneuver in the air and land safely. In the Before the Dawn novel, Scarlet is at odds with Sun due to his leader's constant abandonment of the team. He also enters into a relationship with Nolan. Scarlet alludes to Peter Pan, specifically from Peter Pan in Scarlet. His outfit is an allusion to G-Dragon of Big Bang. Sage Ayana Voiced by: Josh Ornelas A green-haired and dark-skinned young man with tattoos and a long coat, and wields Pilgrim, a large sword with Roman numerals on it. In Before the Dawn, he, like Scarlet, is frustrated with Sun going off on his own, resulting in him giving his leader the silent treatment. During Shade Academy's re-initiation, he is made leader of Team SSEA, though is not a good team leader according to Scarlet. Sage alludes to one of the fables by Aesop, though the exact character and tale are unknown. It is believed that he is based on The Pilgrim and the Sword. His outfit is an allusion to Taeyang of Big Bang. Neptune Vasilias Voiced by: Kerry Shawcross / Yoshiki Nakajima A blue-haired man with goggles who has a large rifle that fires electricity and can turn into a guandao and Trident named Tri-Hard (as per Sun's suggestion). Although he has a cool image, he is unable to dance, which is a source of embarrassment for him, and has an intense fear of water. His fear of water comes from an accident as a child involving his water controlling Semblance, "Water Attraction", in which he nearly drowned himself and his older brother, Jupiter. In Volume 2, Neptune accompanies Yang to Junior's club to learn of Torchwick's plans. In Volume 6, Neptune accompanies Sun as he parts ways with Blake. In Volume 8, Neptune watches Ruby's message to Remnant with Sun. Neptune alludes to the Roman sea god of the same name. His appearance and outfit is styled after Big Bang member T.O.P. Team ABRN Team ABRN (pronounced "auburn") fights Team RWBY in the first (team) round of the Vytal Festival Tournament. Its members are among the group of students that fights off Grimm and Atlas mechs during the Battle of Beacon. In Before the Dawn, they have transferred to Shade Academy following Lionheart's death. Arslan Altan Voiced by: Ami Naito: A dark-skinned young woman who is capable of hand-to-hand combat and wields a rope javelin. Bolin Hori Voiced by: Jon Risinger / Ryōsuke Morita: A black-haired young man who wields a staff. Reese Chloris Voiced by: Erin Winn / Chisato Mori: A light green-haired girl who rides a hoverboard that absorbs Dust crystals and transforms into dual pistols. Nadir Shiko Voiced by: Eiji Takeuchi: A pink-haired teenage boy who wields an assault rifle that can also transform into a sword. Team SAFR Team SAFR (pronounced "sapphire") are the main protagonists of RWBY: The Grimm Campaign. Two years prior to the events of the main series, the team was assigned by Qrow Branwen to investigate the rise of Grimm and criminal organizations in the Mistral city of Kuchinashi. Arrastra Skye Voiced by: Laura Yates: A blue-haired Faunus with cat legs. Her weapon, Windlass, is a large pickaxe which can convert into a crossbow form. Her Semblance, "Equilibrium", allows her to restore the Aura of a willing ally through Dust, though the receiver will suffer from side effects. Asher Mora Voiced by: Chad James: A grey-haired man who wields Fortune's Fangs, a hawkbill knife and hook that can extend into a glaive. His Semblance, "Flash", allows him to release a bright light from his body that blinds others within the vicinity and damages Grimm. Fenix Nemean Voiced by: Chris Kokkinos: A red-haired Faunus with a lion's mane. his weapon, Pandora's Aegis, is a pair of bronze, arm-mounted brass claws which can convert into arm-mounted shields. His Semblance, "Beast Mode", turns him berserk and increases his physical capabilities, but can be reverted through various ways. Pyke Rite Voiced by:Kerry Shawcross: A brown-haired man who wields Rasen, a drill cannon mounted on his right hand. His Semblance, "Fate's Hand", has him ask fate for the best way to handle a situation, and hoping for the best. Sometimes it improves outcomes, but other times it can make outcomes worse. Arc Family Jaune's ancestor who fought in the Great War, and the original wielder of Crocea Mors. Voiced by: Lindsay Sheppard: Jaune's elder sister who is currently living in Argus with her wife Terra and their son Adrian. She is the only daughter of the family to have moved out. She helps her brother's group by having Adrian distract the military base with his cries. She is based on Sappho of Lesbos. Voiced by: Jamie Smith: Saphron's wife and Adrian's mother. She works as a technician at the city of Argus' relay tower, though she has been falsely blamed for technical troubles. Terra guides Blake on how to disable the tower's radar when the group tries to steal an airship. Voiced by: Lucella Wren Clary: Saphron and Terra's son, and Jaune's nephew. His cries are capable of delivering powerful sound waves. Others and Voiced by: Kaiji Tang / Yoji Ueda and Dawn M. Bennett / Azusa Tanaka: The parents of Lie Ren. They lived in Kuroyuri with their son, and Li was an archer. They were both killed when Grimm destroyed the town. Shade Academy/Vacuo Professor Theodore The headmaster of Shade Academy who is mentioned in the novel RWBY: After the Fall. He is a genderbent allusion to Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz. Professor Xanthe Rumpole The history teacher of Shade Academy and Theodore's right-hand woman. Her Semblance allows her to touch any non-living object and turn it to gold in an instant. In Before the Dawn, Rumpole secretly allows Team CFVY to investigate The Crown. She is an allusion to Rumpelstiltsken. Team BRNZ Team BRNZ (pronounced "bronze") fights Team JNPR in the first (team) round of the Vytal Festival Tournament. In Before the Dawn, it's revealed that almost all of the team was killed in the Fall of Beacon, with Nolan being the sole survivor. Brawnz Ni Voiced by: Blaine Gibson / Ryuichi Kijima: A black-haired man with gray highlights who wields a pair of claws. Roy Stallion Voiced by: Atsushi Miyamoto: A dark-skinned male with dreadlocks who wears gauntlets capable of firing circular saws. He was carried off by a Nevermore during the Battle of Beacon, and his death was later confirmed in After the Fall. Nolan Porfirio Voiced by: Aaron Marquis: A maroon-haired man who wields an electrically charged cattle prod. In Before the Dawn, it was revealed he had romantic feelings for Roy, and later entered into a relationship with Scarlet. He is intended as the "Lost Boy" to Scarlet's Peter Pan. May Zedong A beanie-wearing female who wields a sniper rifle with a blade on the underside of the stock. Team NDGO Team NDGO (pronounced "indigo") fights Team SSSN in the first (team) round of the Vytal Festival Tournament. The characters are based on fans who were Indiegogo backers for the movie Lazer Team. Nebula Violette Voiced by: Kate Warner: A purple-haired girl who wields a crossbow that can transform into a sword. Dew Gayl Voiced by: Kim Newman / Chisato Mori: A blonde-haired girl who wields a spear capable of creating tornadoes. Gwen Darcy Voiced by: Mylissa Zelechowski English/ Konomi Fujimura: A black-haired girl who wields throwing knives that she keeps in her armored skirt. Octavia Ember Voiced by: Claire Hogan: A red-haired girl who wields a kris sword that can release fire torrents. Her Semblance is called "Sand Skating", which allows her to traverse sandy environments at high speeds. Temporary Teams In Before the Dawn, Theodore forms temporary teams that are mixes of Shade, Beacon, and Haven academy students. Team BYRN (pronounced "burn"): Bolin Hori, Yatsuhashi Daichi, Rae Noire, and Neptune Vasilias Team FNDU (pronounced "fondue"): Fox Alistair, Nolan Porfirio, Dew Gayl, and Umber Gorgoneion Team NOVA ("nova"): Nebula Violette, Octavia Ember, Velvet Scarlatina, and Arslan Altan Team ROSC (pronounced "rosy"): Reese Chloris, Olive Gashley, Scarlet David, and Coco Adel Team SSEA (pronounced "sea"): Sage Ayana, Sun Wukong, Elektra Fury, and Ariadne Guimet Menagerie Nation Ghira Belladonna Voiced by: Kent Williams / Masafumi Kimura Blake's father, and chieftain of Menagerie. His Faunus trait is his retractable panther claws at his fingertips. He originally served as leader of the White Fang before stepping down. Tall and imposing, Ghira loves and cares about Blake immensely, and is highly protective of her. He also has a hard time liking Sun, unlike his wife. After Blake and Sun's encounter with Ilia Amotila, Ghira examines her stolen scroll, finding Adam's Taurus' plans of overthrowing Sienna Khan and attacking Haven. In Volume 5, Ghira tries to rally the people of Menagerie to take the White Fang back from Adam and defend Haven. He also defends his home from White Fang insurgents with help from Sun. After successfully defending Haven, Ghira decides to form a new brotherhood of Faunus who want to create a better future. Ghira's name could possibly be derived from Bagheera, a black panther from the classic story The Jungle Book. Kali Belladonna Voiced by: Tara Platt / Megumi Toyoguchi Ghira's wife and Blake's mother. Like her daughter, Kali has black Faunus cat ears. Upon meeting Sun, she takes a liking to him and quickly bonds with him. Later on, Kali helps defend her home from White Fang insurgents. During the Battle of Haven, she leads the police force to arrest Adam. Kali is named after the Hindu goddess, and the name is Sanskrit for black. Ilia Amitola Voiced by: Cherami Leigh / Mariya Ise A chameleon Faunus who is an old acquaintance of Blake's, able to change her skin tone and eye color at will. She wields Lightning Lash, a rapier-like weapon that doubles as a whip that can give off an electrical charge. Before joining the White Fang, Ilia lived in the mining community in Mantle with her parents enrolling her in an Atlas prep school. While Ilia's abilities allowed her to perfectly blend in with the humans, she lost control of them when she attacked her schoolmates in a fit of rage upon hearing them snicker about a mining accident that killed her parents. First mentioned by the Albain brothers, who state that she would be elated at Blake's return, Ilia spies on the Belladonna household before being forced to elude Blake and Sun while warning the former that she should have not returned. In Volume 5, it is revealed that she had romantic feelings for Blake. Angered by Blake's crush on Adam, Ilia carries out an order by the Albain brothers to subdue Blake while her associates assassinate Ghira and Kali. After Blake escapes, however, Ilia fights her at the Belladonna home where Blake convinces her to leave the White Fang and help defend Haven. In the Battle of Haven, Ilia prevents Adam from destroying the school by disarming his explosives. In Volume 6, Ilia parts ways with Blake by remaining in Mistral to help Ghira with his new Faunus movement. She is the first confirmed non-heterosexual character to appear in the series. Ilia is believed to allude to Kaa from The Jungle Book. Maidens Maidens are women who are capable of wielding great magic, including control over the weather and natural elements, as well as being the only ones to access one of the four Relics each. The original Four Maidens, each named after the four seasons, were given their powers by Ozpin in one of his past lives with their magic transferred into the body of another woman. Fall Maidens; Voiced by: Laura Bailey / Ayako Kawasumi: The previous Fall Maiden who is a skilled combatant armed with a staff with Dust crystals on each end and is capable of hand-to-hand combat, ending up in a comatose state when attacked by Cinder who siphoned half of her power. Her body was placed in an Atlas-made life support device in the Vault under Beacon Academy, Ozpin and the others resolving to risky gambit to transfer Amber's remaining powers and soul into a willing Pyrrha. But Amber is killed by Cinder as the process commenced. Spring Maidens; Winter Maidens; Voiced by: Luci Christian: The previous Winter Maiden. In Volume 7, she is on life support at an Atlesian medical facility, with Winter Schnee chosen as her successor. Fria is visited only by Winter, to ensure that the Maiden will only think of the operative at her death, so that she will transfer her powers to her chosen successor. It is implied that Fria is into painting, but she frequently suffers from seizures in her left arm. Fria eventually dies during Cinder's attack, only for the power to be passed to Penny instead of Winter. Fria alludes to the character Blue Fairy from the tale Pinocchio. Deities and Relic Beings Two deity brothers who were initially at odds with each other before they created humanity together on the foundation of creation, destruction, knowledge and choice. When Salem tried to have them resurrect Ozma, the brothers curse her with immortality as punishment. When she led a human rebellion against the brothers, the God of Darkness destroys all of humanity except for Salem, and the brothers left Remnant while leaving behind the four Relics as a beacon to summon them to judge the new race of humans that came to be in their absence. Deities; Voiced by: Chase McCaskill: The eldest deity brother, the first to refuse Salem's request to resurrect Ozma as it would disrupt natural order and cursed her with immortality after she used his brother to commit the deed. Following his brother wiping out the human rebellion, the God of Light grants Ozma the ability to reincarnate to stop Salem while creating the four Relics as a means to summon him and his brother back to Remnant. After seeing Jinn's vision, Maria deduces that the power of the silver-eyed warriors comes from the God of Light. Voiced by: Bruce DuBose: The younger of the deity brothers who both created the Grimm and granted magic to humans. When he resurrects Ozma at Salem's behest before learning he was her second choice following a brief fight with the God of Light, the God of Darkness joins his brother in cursing Salem and later wipes out of most of humanity when Salem turned them on the brothers. When he leaves Remnant with his brother, the God of Darkness shatters the moon in the process. Relic Beings; Voiced by: Colleen Clinkenbeard: The being within the Relic of Knowledge, summoned by whoever says her name while holding it, freezing time for her and her summoner during that duration. Jinn can answer three questions once a century, only able to answer events that had or are occurring as a manifestation of knowledge. The Relic of Knowledge was held within Haven Academy until the Volume 5 finale when Raven uses her Spring Maiden powers to unseal it with Team RWBY acquiring the artifact with Ozpin wanting to take it to Atlas for safe keeping. Ruby summons Jinn in Volume 6 to learn the truth about Ozpin, the being granting her request by revealing to Team RWBY, Qrow, Oscar and Maria how Ozpin and Salem transcended their humanity. When later summoned by Ruby during the battle against the Leviathan, initially upset that the girl had no intent of asking her a question, Jinn praises the girl for her cleverly using her for time to activate her silver eyes while explaining that she would not exploit her ability to freeze time again. In Volume 8, Jinn emerges when Oscar activates the Relic to show Hazel and Emerald, though no one has a question at that moment. But she is later summoned by Cinder, and she reveals to the Fall Maiden, Neo and Watts regarding Ruby's group in evacuating the people of Atlas and Mantle to Vacuo. Voiced by: Valentine Stokes: The being within the Relic of Creation that has an energetic and playful personality. Like Jinn, he stops time for him and whoever summons him. Ambrosius has the power to create anything his summoner wishes, though his power has certain limits. He can make only one creation at a time, and when he creates something else, his previous creation ceases to exist. He also needs blueprints to know what exactly he is going to create, and cannot bring the dead back to life and use his powers to destroy. Ever since the creation of Atlas, Ambrosius had been using his power to keep the city afloat in the sky. But when he is summoned by Team RWBY, he stops supporting Atlas and separates Penny's soul from her infected body. Ambrosius also creates inter-dimensional passageways from Atlas and Mantle to Vacuo, though he warns Team RWBY not to fall off. But the door to Vacuo Ambrosius creates is only one-way, as commanded unwillingly by Weiss. He alludes to Merlin. Antagonists Salem's Inner Circle Salem Voiced by: Jen Taylor / Kikuko Inoue The main antagonist of the series who, prior to her formal introduction in the season three finale, was known as Mysterious Narrator, providing the origins of Remnant and Dust, along with narration for the first World of Remnant shorts. Volume 6 would reveal she was originally human before her attempt to save Ozma cursed her with immortality by the gods, causing the near extinction of humanity in rallying them against the deities, and her attempt of drowning herself in a Grimm Pit mutated her into a human-Grimm hybrid. When Ozma was given the ability to reincarnate, Salem ends up in eternal conflict with her reincarnated lover over how best to guide the surviving humans while resolved to divide and rob them of their hope. Her ultimate goal is her own death, by summoning the gods back to Remnant and have them kill all of the unworthy humanity, herself included. However, she does not disclose her goal to her subordinates. Salem first appears in the Volume 3 finale, revealed to have masterminded the actions of Cinder's factions while claiming Ozpin is dead during a meeting with her underlings at the beginning of Volume 4. According to Qrow, Salem is after the four Relics left by the deity brothers who created Remnant. In Volume 5, she has made a deal with the White Fang for the destruction of Haven. During the Battle of Haven, Salem has her Seer kill Lionheart when he tries to escape. In Volume 6, Jinn reveals Salem's origins to Team RWBY, Qrow, Oscar, and Maria. When her subordinates return from Haven, she forces them all to accept Cinder as the cause of their loss, while becoming enraged upon learning that Ozpin had reincarnated sooner than expected. In the volume finale, Salem creates an army of flying Beringel to personally lead the attack on Mantle. In Volume 7, Salem appears via Seer to Team RWBY and Ironwood's group to inform them that she is coming for Atlas while demanding for the Relics, revealing that she had something to do with Summer's fate. Salem eventually arrives with her army as Ruby's group is forced to flee Atlas. In Volume 8, Salem receives the Relic of Knowledge from Cinder and has the Hound find and bring Oscar to her. She later tortures the farmboy on how to use the lamp and has Hazel carry out the beatings. After punishing Cinder for her disobedience, Salem has the Fall Maiden search for Watts and Penny. She then disables Atlas' shield with her Grimm river and lands the Monstra onto the city, beginning her invasion. Salem later finds the lamp missing and captures Yang's group and Emerald as they try to escape the Monstra. Before she can torture the latter, she is betrayed by Hazel and fights both him and Oscar. Salem is temporarily destroyed by Oscar with the power of the Long Memory. In the finale, Salem is fully revived and receives the Relics of Knowledge and Creation from Cinder. Her name is based on the town of Salem, Massachusetts, known for its witch trials and alludes to the Wicked Witch from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Cinder Fall Voiced by: Jessica Nigri / Yūko Kaida A mysterious woman who possesses magma-based powers in creating various type of weapons: these include Midnight – a pair of blades that combine to form a bow that she uses to fire arrows – as well as a variety of weapons she creates using her Fall Maiden powers. Cinder's Semblance, "Scorching Caress", allows her to heat objects and manipulate their shape. She also fights with glass and has been noted to have fused Dust into some of her clothing. Cinder is a very cunning and secretive woman, with goals of gaining power and becoming feared by others, and the end goal of overthrowing Ozpin, as per her superior Salem's wishes. However, in Volume 8, Cinder declares that she serves no one, as she only wants the powers of the Maidens. After Watts berates her for her ego, self-entitlement and past failures, Cinder becomes more cunning and ruthless as she later betrays him and Neo to accomplish her goals. Originally an orphan from Mistral, Cinder was adopted and brought to Atlas but is forced to become a slave at the Glass Unicorn hotel by her stepmother. There, she is constantly abused and tortured by her stepfamily. One night, Cinder steals a sword from Rhodes, who pities her and decides to train her in secret to become a Huntress. Years later, when her stepsisters discover her sword, Cinder mercilessly kills her entire stepfamily, and later Rhodes when he turns on her. The years of abuse take their toll on Cinder, molding her into a sadistic woman craving for power. Cinder leads a team with Mercury and Emerald, recruiting Adam and Roman into helping her devastate Beacon. In Volumes 1 and 2, she has Roman conduct several Dust robberies in Vale and recruit the White Fang, while she and her subordinates pose as Haven students and hack into the school computer system. In Volume 3, as she launches the Battle of Beacon, Cinder kills the Fall Maiden and claims her power while killing off Ozpin and Pyrrha, the latter's death resulting in Cinder being exposed to Ruby's hidden powers manifesting. Volume 4 reveals that Cinder lost her left eye and arm, the arm replaced with a Grimm limb grafted onto her body, and is initially forced to have Emerald speak for her until she regains her speech. After going through Salem's treatment, Cinder proceeds to master her new powers. In Volume 5, a fully recovered Cinder is ordered by Salem to seek out Raven Branwen and convince her to hand over the Spring Maiden so they can acquire the Relic of Knowledge. But Cinder deviates from the plan by arranging to help Raven kill Qrow if she and Vernal can help her get the Relic of Knowledge, leading an ambush as she overpowers Jaune and fatally wounds Weiss during the Battle of Haven. Once at the vault holding the Relic of Knowledge, Cinder reveals her Grimm arm as she kills Vernal for the Spring Maiden's power, learning too late that Raven is the real Spring Maiden. Volume 6 reveals that Cinder barely survived Raven's attack as resolves to regain Salem's favor to taking the Relic from Team RWBY. She seeks out Lil' Miss Malachite for intel on Ruby's whereabouts before being joined by Neo, whom she promises the honor of killing Ruby to in return for the Relic. Cinder then sets out with Neo for Atlas. For most of Volume 7, Cinder lays low in Atlas while having Neo infiltrate the Schnee manor to find the Relic of Knowledge, later instructing her to acquire it during the Battle of Mantle. She later uses the chaos to follow Winter to Fria's location in order to take the Winter Maiden's power for herself, only for Penny to end up acquiring the power instead while Cinder is forced to retreat when Ruby arrives and uses her silver eyes. After retreating, Cinder regroups with Neo and takes the Relic of Knowledge to bring it to Salem. In Volume 8, Cinder gives the lamp to Salem to regain her trust but is still defiant to her master as she wants the Winter Maiden's power. Against Salem's orders, Cinder heads for Amity and fights Penny to steal the power but is soundly defeated. After she is brought back to the Monstra by Emerald and Neo, Cinder is punished by Salem for her disobedience. On the witch's order, Cinder breaks Watts out of prison and begins her search for Penny. She later receives a message from Neo to capture Ruby in exchange for the Relic of Knowledge. Cinder uses the lamp's final question to ask Jinn of Ruby's plan, then coordinates a surprise attack with Neo, ambushing Team RWBY in the passageways to Vacuo and fighting a now-human Penny. But she later steals the Relics, mortally wounds Penny, betrays Neo, and knocks her and most of Team RWBY into the void. After leaving Watts to die to cover her tracks, Cinder lies to Salem about Ruby's fate as she hands over the Relics to the witch. Cinder is an allusion to Cinderella. Dr. Arthur Watts Voiced by: Christopher Sabat / Tōru Ōkawa A doctor who is formal yet arrogant and condescending to his allies. His main weapon is a twenty-bullet revolver while using his rings to both hack into networks, and use hard-light Dust as a shield. Watts once served as a scientist in Atlas alongside Pietro and is an old acquaintance of Jacques, faking his death during the Paladin project. First appearing in the first episode of Volume 4, Watts is instructed by Salem to assume Cinder's role in meeting their informant, revealed in the finale as Haven's headmaster Professor Lionheart. In Volume 5, Watts is requested by Salem to return to her and build a replacement tail for Tyrian. Prior to his departure, Watts accompanies Cinder and her group to negotiate with the Branwen tribe camp and voices his disapproval of Cinder putting her vendetta towards Ruby before their mission. Watts later heads for Atlas with Tyrian under Salem's orders, where he hacks into Mantle's security to avoid detection. In Volume 7, Watts offers his services to Jacques by rigging the votes while destroying Ironwood's reputation with doctored footage, using the businessman to access Altas's systems and disable the heating during a snowstorm so the resulting negativity would instigate the Grimm to attack Mantle. But after the plan to destroy the city begins to fall apart, Watts heads for Amity where he is captured by Ironwood. He later watches in the finale as Salem arrives at Atlas. In Volume 8, seemingly under Ironwood's order, Watts hacks into Penny using one of her swords stolen by the Ace-Ops. He then steals the general's scroll to contact Salem about the Winter Maiden. During the witch's attack on Atlas, Watts is freed by Cinder who is searching for Penny. He later reveals to Cinder that he planted a virus into Penny so that she opens the vault and then self-destruct. As his life is threatened by an angry Cinder, Watts berates her for her past failures and is spared by a broken Fall Maiden. After finding out the plan of Ruby's group for evacuating Atlas and Mantle to Vacuo, Watts takes down the CCT to cut off Jaune's warning, releases Ironwood from prison, and autopilots the ship carrying Ironwoood's bomb to Mantle. But he is then betrayed by Cinder who traps him in the control room and dies in the fall of Atlas. Watts alludes to John Watson from Sherlock Holmes. Tyrian Callows Voiced by: Josh Grelle / Yoku Shioya A pale psychopathic scorpion Faunus with a long, black braided ponytail and yellow eyes that turn purple while striking with his stinger, showing himself to be extremely devoted to Salem. He wields The Queen's Servants, which are a pair of wrist-mounted blades with gun barrels. His Semblance allows him to channel his Aura at his hand and slice through another's Aura to cause severe damage. Tyrian was a serial killer in Anima who escaped capture when the prison cargo ship carrying him was attacked by Grimm and he joined Salem afterward. In Volume 4, mocking Cinder for the injuries she suffered at the Fall of Beacon, Tyrian is assigned by Salem to find and capture Ruby. However, while catching up to Team RNJR, Tyrian is forced to retreat after Ruby cut off his tail when he poisoned Qrow. After returning to Salem and losing her favor, distraught Tyrian vents out his frustrations on a Beowolf that tried to kill him. In Volume 6, Tyrian is outfitted with a new bionic tail developed by Watts and accompanies the scientist to Atlas after mocking Mercury and Emerald over their dilemma with Cinder's absence. In Volume 7, Tyrian begins his killing spree of people critical of Ironwood, including Forest, to further ruin the general's reputation in Mantle. He continues the spree at Robyn's political rally, assaulting the Mantle politician and killing several civilians, while Watts uploads an edited video of Penny to frame her for the attack. Tyrian targets Robyn during the Battle of Mantle and is briefly captured by Qrow and Clover. He later takes advantage of a fight between the two to crash their airship, eventually killing Clover with Qrow's weapon. In Volume 8, Tyrian heads for Vacuo with Mercury under Salem's order. Tyrian alludes to the scorpion from The Scorpion and the Frog while named after a shade of purple. Hazel Reinart Voiced by: William Orendorff / Akio Ōtsuka A muscular man who is normally reserved and composed with his Semblance, "Numbing Agent", serving as a form of painkiller whenever he embeds raw Dust crystals into his body to augment his strength. Hazel joined Salem as he blamed Ozpin for the death of his sister Gretchen during a training mission while she attended Beacon, his calm exterior replaced with rage when in Ozpin's presence. He reveals to Oscar that he has tried to kill the witch multiple times, only to fail and eventually join her inner circle in the hope of creating a new world. In Volume 4, crossing paths with Oscar, Hazel is sent by Salem to Anima to meet up with Adam to ensure Sienna Khan's loyalty. In Volume 5, Hazel meets Khan but is mortified that Adam used him as an excuse to kill her without his knowledge and consent. He then joins Cinder and Raven as they ambush Qrow's group in the Battle of Haven, attacking Oscar once learning that Ozpin reincarnated into the boy. After losing the battle, Hazel escapes from Haven with Mercury while carrying an unconscious Emerald. In Volume 6, Hazel tries to take responsibility for the defeat at Haven, only to be pinned down by an angry Salem who already knew that it was Cinder who was responsible. In Volume 8, Hazel brutally tortures Oscar on how to activate the Relic of Knowledge. He is later distraught when he learns from Oscar about Salem's true goal of destroying all of Remnant just for her own death. After seeing Jinn emerge from the Relic, Hazel helps Oscar and Emerald to escape from the Monstra. When they and Yang's group are captured by Salem, Hazel turns on his master and fights her in Gretchen's memory. He later sacrifices himself by restraining Salem so that Oscar can hit the witch with a powerful blast of kinetic energy. Hazel and Gretchen's names come from Hansel and Gretel. Mercury Black Voiced by: J.J. Castillo (Volume 2), Yuri Lowenthal (Volume 3–present) / Hikaru Midorikawa A gray-haired associate of Cinder's who uses a pair of greaves, Talaria, that also function as guns. His legs are mechanical prosthetics which were implied to be surgically attached because of damage caused to his natural legs by his father, Marcus. Mercury unlocked his Semblance before it was stolen by Marcus, and was not able to get it back after training. Mercury is responsible for televising a live video feed of the destruction unleashed on Vale and Beacon near the end of Volume 3. In Volume 5, Mercury tries to intimidate Raven during the negotiations between her and Salem's faction. After the Battle of Haven, he is forced to escape, with Hazel carrying Emerald. In Volume 6, Mercury argues with Emerald about their place in Salem's faction and that Cinder never cared for them. In Volume 8, Mercury is promoted to Salem's inner circle and is no longer Cinder's subordinate. He later leaves for Vacuo with Tyrian, dismissing Emerald's warning of Salem's true goal. He alludes to the Roman god of the same name. Tock Voiced by: Ruth Urquhart A crocodile Faunus from Maria's younger days as the Grimm Reaper, armed with a pair of saber swords, a set of sharp metal implanted teeth and possessing a Semblance that makes her nigh invulnerable for one minute at a time. Tock was sent by Salem to assassinate Maria and steal her silver eyes, managing to blind Maria before being killed by her. Tock is an allusion to the Crocodile from Peter Pan. Cinder's faction Roman Torchwick Voiced by: Gray G. Haddock / Shinichiro Miki An orange-haired criminal whom Ruby fights in the series' first episode, armed with the Melodic Cudgel, a cane which doubles as a firearm and grappling gun. Throughout the first two Volumes, Roman aids Cinder's plans in numerous Dust robberies and enlisting the White Fang to cause public unrest until he was arrested by the authorities in the Volume 2 finale. But this would later to be part of Cinder's plan, as Neo frees him and they take control of an Atlas ship during the Fall of Beacon. However, Roman ends up being devoured by a Griffon that he unknowingly attracted with his nihilism while overpowering Ruby. From Volume 6 onwards, Roman's hat is worn by Neo. His attire is inspired by the lead character Alex from the novel/film A Clockwork Orange, while his name is primarily an allusion to Candlewick or Lampwick from Pinocchio. Neopolitan Voiced by: Casey Lee Williams Born Trivia Vanille and often nicknamed "Neo", she is an associate of Roman's with heterochromic eyes that change color between pink, brown, and white depending on her mood, while her hair is pink and brown with streaks of white. Neo has an parasol called Hush, which is capable of blocking powerful blasts with a hidden blade in its handle. Her illusion-based Semblance, "Overactive Imagination", has a variety of uses, from physical illusions to disguises for herself. Though she is mute, Neo continuously smiles as a way of taunting her opponents. In RWBY Chibi, Neo communicates through signs, a la Wile E. Coyote. First appearing in Volume 2, Neo helps Roman escape from Team RWBY with her illusions. Later, she swiftly defeats Yang and almost kills her, but is forced to retreat with Raven's sudden arrival. While assumed dead when knocked into a Grifon horde by Ruby, while on an airship during the Battle of Beacon, a revenge-driven Neo resurfaces in Volume 6 and joins Cinder's cause after attempting to kill her, when Cinder promises her the honor of killing Ruby, whom they both hate. In the volume finale, Neo disguises an airship for her and Cinder to get to Atlas undetected. In Volume 7, Neo disguises herself as a waitress at the Schnee manor, where she leans of the locations of both Ruby and the Relic of Knowledge. Despite wanting to go after Ruby, Neo is ordered by Cinder to retrieve the Relic from Oscar first. Neo succeeds in acquiring the Relic despite Oscar and Team JNR briefly taking it back. In Volume 8, Neo accompanies Cinder and Emerald to Amity in the hopes of killing Ruby, but they lose and are forced to retreat back to the Monstra. Having enough of waiting for her revenge, Neo steals the lamp to make a demand on Cinder for Ruby in exchange for the Relic and information on how to unlock it. In the passageways to Vacuo, Neo knocks Yang into the void after her plan to kill Ruby is thwarted. She is then betrayed by Cinder and is knocked herself into the void by the Fall Maiden. Neo's name and appearance both reference neapolitan ice cream. According to writer Eddy Rivas, Neo alludes to the ancient Greek deity Hecate. In BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle, Neo's name is incorrectly spelled "Neo Politan". White Fang The White Fang is an organization composed of persecuted Faunus fighting for civil rights like those committed by the Schnee Dust Company using their people for labor, originally established by Ghira Belladonna as a peaceful civil disobedience group. But when he stepped down five years prior to the beginning of the series and is succeeded by Sienna Khan, the White Fang became a terrorist cell under the gradual influence of Adam Taurus who staged a coup before the organization became fragmented in the aftermath of the Battle of Haven. Adam Taurus Voiced by: Garrett Hunter / Yūichi Nakamura A red-haired man with bull horns and Blake's former mentor-turned-archenemy, in the "Black" trailer, revealed in Volume 4 as the leader of a White Fang splinter group based in Vale. He wears a mask to conceal his SDC brand and scar over his left eye. He wields a chokutō and a gun called Wilt and Blush, respectively. Blush doubles as Wilt's sheath, and Adam can shoot Wilt out from the gun as a projectile. His Semblance is "Moonslice", which enables him to absorb attacks with Wilt and strike back with countered force. While a mentor figure to Blake, who considered him a hero for Faunus rights like most of the White Fang, Adam gradually became an extremist who considers his people as superior to humans. When Blake left the White Fang when Adam showed a complete disregard for the crew of a train they attacked in the "Black" trailer, Adam became obsessed with making her pay for her betrayal. Despite his initial refusal, Adam allies himself with Cinder and provides his subordinates to Torchwick. Following Torchwick's arrest, Adam assures Cinder that the White Fang will continue to cooperate with her group. Adam leads the White Fang during the Fall of Beacon in the climax of Volume 3 and overpowers Blake, slicing Yang's right arm off to make good on his promise. In Volume 4, while the Albain brothers publicly denounced his actions, Adam has their support as he plans a coup to overthrow Sienna Khan as High Leader and launch a full-scale attack of Haven. In Volume 5, after murdering Sienna during an arranged meeting between her and Hazel, Adam readies his forces to attack Haven while ordering the Albain brothers to have Blake brought to him and her family killed. But everything falls apart when Blake ruins his intent to detonate bombs laced around Haven and being told that he means nothing to her, the White Fang falling into disarray when he abandons his subordinates to escape. In Volume 6, Adam kills his own army after losing their support with his obsession brought into question. At Argus, Adam sees Blake and Yang once again and gleefully attempts to kill them both in order to execute his final act of revenge, but they stand against, overpower, and finally kill him. Adam's name and relationship to Blake compliment her reference to Beauty and the Beast as Adam was the true name of the Beast. However, the companion book RWBY: the Official Companion confirms that he is actually based on Gaston from the 1991 Disney Film. White Fang Lieutenant Voiced by: Gray G. Haddock / Kenji Nomura A higher-ranking White Fang member under Adam who works with Roman Torchwick during Volume 2, armed with a chainsaw-like sword which he uses during his battle against Weiss on the train towards Vale. Sienna Khan Voiced by: Monica Rial The former High Leader of the White Fang who has tiger ears, succeeding Ghira after he stepped down. Her weapon is Cerberus Whip, a chain whip with three detachable Dust blades. Her Semblance, "Grudge", makes her stronger, faster and more vicious when her foes' Auras are weakened are brokened. Khan firmly believes in using fear and violence to end the humans' prejudice towards the Faunus, but denounces any unnecessary actions that would justify the prejudice as Adam had done during the Fall of Beacon. Adam later arranges a meeting between Sienna and Hazel for the latter to see if the White Fang can be of service to Salem. But Sienna is instead killed by Adam in a coup, with her death fabricated so she would be a martyr for the White Fang's cause. Sienna alludes to Shere Khan from The Jungle Book. Corsac and Fennec Albain Voiced by: Derek Mears and Mike McFarland Fox Faunus brothers who represent the White Fang in Menagerie. Corsac is taller with a gray fox tail, and Fennec is shorter with light brown fox ears. They each wield a Dust-powered sai, collectively called Cyclone and Inferno. They secretly work for Adam, thought they have become uneasy with his leadership because of his obsession with Blake's suffering. The brothers personally lead the White Fang during the assault on the Belladonna household in an attempt to kill Ghira and Kali, ending with Fennec's death while Corsac is arrested. James Ironwood James Ironwood Jacques Schnee Voiced by: Jason Douglas / Madoka Shiga The husband of Willow, the father of Weiss, Winter, and Whitley, Weiss's archenemy, and the former head to the Schnee Dust Company. His surname was "Gelée" before he married into the Schnee family, priding himself in maintaining the family's good name at any cost. While Jacques brought great success to the SDC after convinced his father-in-law Nicholas to let him take over the company, some of the practices he established to maintain the SDC have been considered controversial. The actions of the White Fang stating attacks on SDC over poor labor practices involving Faunus employees gradually plays a part in Jacques's strained relation with Weiss, with their family irreparably broken when Jacques admits to Willow that he married her only for the Schnee name during Weiss' tenth birthday. Jacques is introduced in the Volume 3 finale when he takes Weiss back to Atlas in the aftermath of the Fall of Beacon. In Volume 4, upset over Ironwood's Dust exportation embargo, Jacques has Weiss participate in a charity concert to boost the Schnee family's public image. But the commotion Weiss causes during the charity's cocktail party forces Jacques to remove her as his heir and confine her in Schnee manor before she escapes him. In Volume 7, Jacques runs against Robyn for election on the Atlas Council, confronts Ironwood about taking control of an old SDC Dust mine, and coldly informs Weiss of Willow's condition. Jacques is later approached by Watts, who offers his services to rig the election and further destroy Ironwood's public image. Jacques proceeds to challenge Ironwood to defend his seat on the council after winning the election, only to be stripped of his position and arrested for treason when Weiss presented evidence of his dealings with Watts to the council. In Volume 8, Jacques is locked in prison and tries to feign innocence against Robyn's accusations. Though Cinder destroys the prison to free Watts, Jacques is recaptured by the military. He is then killed by Ironwood after the general breaks out of prison. Jacques alludes to Jack Frost. Raven Branwen Voiced by: Anna Hullum / Megumi Hayashibara The former third member of Team STRQ, the mother of Yang, the first lover of Taiyang, Qrow's older twin sister and leader of the Branwen Tribe who follows a survival of the fittest philosophy. Raven is armed with Omen: an ōdachi with interchangeable blades inside the sheath as her weapon of choice with her Semblance, "Kindred Link", allowing her to create a portal to whoever she has a bond with. As revealed in Volume 5, she and Qrow were sent into Beacon to be trained as Hunters to give their people an advantage against hunters. While she initially became a member of Ozpin's inner circle, as he gave her to shapeshift into a raven, Raven questioned Ozpin and resolved to learn the truths of their world on her own, her world-views calling her and Qrow to have a falling out while Taiyang reveals that Raven's flaws were the cause of Team STRQ, and his marriage to her, breaking up as she leaves him sometime after Yang was born. Raven becomes the current Spring Maiden during that time after killing off her predecessor, using Vernal as a decoy to conceal her power. First appearing in Volume 2 to save Yang from Neo, Yang later having a dream of them meeting, Raven is formally introduced when she meets Qrow in Higanbana after their tribe accidentally caused a Grimm attack at Shion village and questioned her brother if Salem obtained one of the Relics while voicing his decision to turn his back on their tribe. In Volume 5, Raven's men capture Weiss after her cargo ship crashes near their camp, only to let her go after Yang arrives and demands Raven to take them to Ruby and Qrow. Raven attempts to convince Yang not to join Ruby in battling against Salem, revealing what Ozpin told her along with the power she gave her. When Cinder arrives to force an alliance, Raven agrees to help her obtain the Relic of Knowledge in return for Qrow's death while intending to take the Relic for herself to ensure her tribe's survival. During the Battle of Haven, after fighting her brother, Raven proceeds to accompany Cinder and Vernal to the vault and reveals herself as the real Spring Maiden when Cinder impales Vernal. Raven defeats Cinder and opens the vault to the Relic, but is later confronted by Yang who realized her mother's true motivation is that she is afraid of Salem despite her stubbornness to admit it. Raven is ultimately forced to relinquish the Relic to avoid a confrontation with Salem, and tearfully apologizes to Yang as she leaves to see Taiyang in Patch. Raven alludes to Huginn from Norse mythology. Branwen Tribe Vernal Voiced by: Amber Lee Connors: Raven's right-hand woman and decoy for the title of the Spring Maiden. Her weapons are a pair of wind and fire wheels with guns attached inside. In her debut in Volume 5, Vernal tells Weiss that the tribe is planning on using her as a ransom for Jacques, and that her older sister has returned to Atlas. Later on during the Battle of Haven, she engages Weiss in combat as per Raven's orders, and easily defeats her. At the vault of the Relic of Knowledge, Vernal is impaled and killed by Cinder for the Maiden's power, only for her to be exposed as a decoy for Raven. Shay D. Mann Voiced by: Clifford Chapin: A bandit from Raven's tribe who whom Yang brutally punched at a gas station where he harasses her while drunk, leading her to the camp with the intend to rob her before he and his aid are defeated and learning Yang is Raven's daughter. Later, while guarding the camp gates, he is confronted by Cinder's faction and Watts. His name is a play on the phrase "shady man". The Crown The Crown is an organization based in Vacuo. They serve as the major antagonists in the RWBY novels After the Fall and Before the Dawn. Jax Asturias and Gillian Asturias Twin siblings who are the founding leaders of the Crown, seeking to destroy Vacuo's government and restore it to a monarchy under their rule. Jax possesses a mind control Semblance while Gillian's Semblance enables her to augment others with Aura she siphoned from people, the latter's Semblance being the cause of their mother's death at childbirth with Jax being born frail and dependent on his sister. Raised by their father to be xenophobic towards foreigners and believing they were descended from Vacuo's first king Malik the Sunderer, the twins dropped out from Shade Academy along with their teammates Rosa Schwein and Argento Pocoron to establish Crown and form an army of brainwashed super soldiers. But their cope ends in failure, with Gillian turning herself in after being forced by Jax to augment Yatsuhashi's Semblance in placing her brother into a vegetative state. They are an allusion to Jack and Jill. Carmine Esclados A veteran Huntress who is the main antagonist of RWBY: After the Fall, armed with sai and possessing a telekinesis Semblance she uses to manipulate her weapons and local weather patterns. She was originally from Atlas before she transferred to Vacuo and graduated Shade Academy, hired alongside her partner Bertilak Celadon by the Asturias twins to traffick people with highly potent Semblances before they are captured by Team CFVY. But the two escape with Carmine placing the blame of their failure on Bertilak, reassigned to hinder Shade Academy's investigations on the Crown and later as Gillian's bodyguard when the Crown makes it move. Carmine sacrificed herself to protect Gillian from a cave-in caused by an explosion, with her fate unknown. She is an allusion to Esclados the Red. Grimm The Grimm, also known as the Creatures of Grimm, are soulless monsters that appear throughout the natural world of Remnant as they are devoid of aura and thrive on the worst aspects of humanity. The Grimm are creations of the God of Darkness that manifest from his domain's Grimm Pits, pools containing a dark substance that kills a non-Grimm being on contact. The Grimm were created for the purpose to destroy everything made by the God of Light, which later includes humans whom both brothers created together. Following the previous version of humanity wiped out by their creator, Grimm instinctively prey on new humans and Faunus races before their discovered of "Dust" with the Huntsmen and Huntresses established to control the creatures' numbers. But Salem, as the result of her attempted suicide in a Grimm Pit, is able to control the Grimm as she orchestrated Beacon's downfall through Cinder Fall to erode enough of the peoples' faith in the Hunters to enable the Grimm to annihilate the city nearly unopposed. Grimm display no enmity towards normal wildlife; humans and Faunus are the only races attacked on sight. When Grimm die, their corporeal form evaporates, preventing detailed anatomical or biological studies. Grimm in captivity will die, if they are unable to kill their captors or escape, implying that they cannot be kept alive by conventional means. If the theory of Grimm not needing to feed is true, it is entirely possible that they survive on negative emotions as sustenance, or the act of killing in itself. Because they were created by the God of Darkness, Grimm can be fearful around those with silver-eyes whose access to the God of the Light's power can have varying effects on them that include paralysis, petrification, and complete atomization. Grimm are portrayed as black in color with white masks with yellow markings and red trail-like designs. The name "Grimm" comes from the pair of brothers who wrote several fairy tales. The vocal sound effects of the Grimm are mostly done by William Orendorff. Known species of Grimm Beowolf: Grimm creatures who bear resemblance to werewolves that serve as foot soldiers for the stronger Grimm. In the "Red Trailer", the Beowolves appeared without their white masks, looking more like the traditional werewolf, before they were redesigned. There is a larger variant of this species known as an Alpha Beowolf. They are named after the poem Beowulf. Geist: Ghost-type Grimm that can possess inanimate objects and turn them into large monsters known as Gigas, indirectly introduced through an Arma Gigas that Weiss defeated in the "White Trailer". The Geist is properly introduced in Volume 4 through a Petra Gigas that Team RNJR defeated. They are named after the spirit. Ursa: Bear-like Grimm creatures. The smaller and more common ones are called Ursa Minor, while the larger and more powerful variety are known as Ursa Major. Their name is Latin for bear. King Taijitu: Large Amphisbaena-like serpentine Grimms, with a second inverted-colored head where the tail would normally be. In the manga, four King Taijitu were fused into an orochi variant by the Tentacle Grimm. Death Stalker: Large scorpion-like Grimm creatures with glowing golden stingers for tails. They are named after the scorpion species. Nevermore: Grimm creatures that take the form of a bird, resembling the raven and condor. They come in a variety of sizes. The large ones have the ability to shoot large feathers to pin down enemies or prey. They are named after the catchphrase of the poem The Raven, by Edgar Allan Poe. Boarbatusk: Boar-like Grimm creatures with the ability to tuck into a ball and roll in place charging an attack in similar fashion to Sonic the Hedgehog. Goliath: Elephant-like Grimm creatures that can be seen wandering outside Mountain Glenn, most rumored to be centuries old and more intelligent than common Grimm. The variant seen on the Solitas continent is called the Megoliath. According to RWBY: After the Fall, these Grimm attack by flattening their targets. They are named after the Philistine giant Goliath from Abrahamic religions and the word Goliath is now often used to describe something incredibly large and powerful. Creep: Non-animal Grimm based on birds and reptiles. Griffon: Large winged panther-like creatures with spiked tail, talons, and a white bird's head. Its body resembles a large cat, and it has a spiked tail. They are named after the legendary creature of the same name. Wyvern: A dragon Grimm who excretes the dark substance that compromises a Grimm Pit which spawns Grimm. The Wyvern was lying dormant near Mountain Glenn until the events of the Volume 3 finale awakened it for the Fall of Beacon, petrified on top of Beacon Tower when Ruby subconsciously used her silver eyes on it. But the Wyvern still lives while drawing more Grimm to the fallen school. Tentacle: A skull-like Grimm exclusive in the manga that can possess organic beings, using that ability to merge other Grimm into a more powerful creature. So far it has only been seen in the manga. Ravager: Bat-like Grimm encountered in the deserts of Vacuo. Beringel: Gorilla-like Grimm. They are named after the scientific species name of the Eastern gorilla. In the Volume 6 finale, Salem creates an army of winged Beringel, possibly alluding to the flying monkeys of The Wizard of Oz. Sea Feilong: Enormous serpent Grimm that dwell in water and attack with lightning breaths, it has a pair of hidden wings that it can unfurl from its back. It shares the name of the legendary Chinese winged creature, Feilong literally meaning "Flying Dragon". Seer: Small, jellyfish-like Grimm that can float in the air, it has long red tentacles tipped with sharp bone-like barbs, two seers can connect over large distances serving as a form of communication between Salem and her agents. Nuckelavee: A gigantic Grimm that resembles a demonic humanoid fused to a horse-like creature from the waist down, the monster having destroyed several villages throughout the continent of Anima while being responsible for the total destruction of Ren's village. It attacks with its elastic limbs and ear-piercing scream. In the finale of Volume 4, it is defeated by Team RNJR and slain by a vengeful Ren. Lancer: Hornet-like Grimm that can fire their stingers like a harpoon capable of destroying airships. The much larger variety, known as the Queen Lancer, can fire projectiles from its abdomen. Manticore: A flying lion-like Grimm that breathes fire and uses it scorpion tail. It is named after the legendary creature from Persian mythology. Sphinx: A flying lioness-like Grimm with a serpent for a tail, leading a pack of Manticores to attack a train when they sense the Relic in Team RWBY's possession. It is named after the legendary creature from Greco-Egyptian mythology. Apathy: Humanoid Grimm that come in hordes with their ear-piercing shrieks able to drain their humans of their willpower, the ability being fatal if enough Apathy have amassed around a person. One pack of Apathy made their home on Brunswick Farms when the head of the estate captured two members to lessen tension and failed to seal the pack in time, resulting in the death of the entire household in their sleep. Team RWBY and company ended up fighting for their lives when they stumbled onto the nest and manage to survive when Ruby learns to consciously use her silver eyes. Leviathan: A giant bipedal crocodilian Grimm the size of a skyscraper capable of breathing fire. It is able to survive being petrified by Ruby's silver eyes before it is killed by Cordovin. It is named after the legendary sea monster of Jewish belief. Sabyr: A smilodon-like Grimm that have incredible speed and can jump long distances. Centinels: Giant centipede-like Grimm capable of burrowing through the ground. Teryx: Raptor-like Grimm with translucent wings. Monstra: A whale-like Grimm which serves as a mobile, airborne fortress for Salem. It is destroyed by Oscar during his and Hazel's fight against Salem. The Monstra's name is similar to that of Monstro from Pinocchio. Tempest: Giant jellyfish-like Grimm capable of making electrical currents. They serve as personal guards for the Monstra, creating large storm clouds as cover for it when arriving in Atlas. The Hound: An unusual Hybrid Grimm which takes the form of a canine, but also can transform into a bipedal creature and can grow wings. It also displays a high level of intelligence, using human shields and is capable of speech. In Volume 8, the Hound captures Oscar and brings him to Salem It later attacks the Schnee manor and nearly captures Penny, but is pushed back by Ruby's power which reveals that this Grimm is a silver-eyed Faunus experimented on by Salem. The Hound is killed by Willow and Whitely who topple a statue on it leaving only the Faunus skeleton behind. Jason Liebrecht provides the vocals for the Hound. Cenitaur: A Grimm fusion of a centipede and a centaur. They can spit out green acid stored in their stomach. Sulfur Fish: Small Grimm that resemble a silverfish. This was designed by a fan artist who won the Full Sail University and RoosterTeeth Animations Grimm Design contest. Razorwing: Harpy-like Grimm that serve as enemies in RWBY: Arrowfell. Other Lil' Miss Malachite Voiced by: Luci Christian: The leader of a Mistral gang whose members have a spider tattoo, possessing a sixth sense that allows her to predict the current whereabouts of others. When approached by Cinder for the location of Ruby and her friends in Volume 6, Malachite withheld the information out of curiosity over who would ask for Cinder. Her hunch is later proven true when hired by Neo. She is also the mother of the twins Melanie and Miltia. She is an allusion of Little Miss Muffet. Dr. Merlot Voiced by: Dave Fennoy: The main antagonist of RWBY: Grimm Eclipse, which takes place between Volumes 2 and 3 of the series, a scientist and former colleague of Ozpin before they drifted apart due to Merlot's obsession of understanding the Grimm and improve on their design. Merlot established Merlot Industries in the Mountain Glenn settlement, being the cause of the settlement's failure when he had his subordinates attract Grimm for use in their experiments. But Merlot survived and continued his research on an island where he created mutant variants until Team RWBY's interference forces him to self-destruct his laboratory, his fate currently a mystery. Dr. Merlot is an allusion to Dr. Moreau. Dave Fennoy returned to the series in Volume 7 as Dr. Pietro Polendina. Madame and Cinder's Stepsisters Voiced by: Linda Leonard and Amanda Lee: The stepfamily of Cinder. The mother was the owner of the Glass Unicorn in Atlas. After adopting Cinder, the mother subjugated her stepdaughter to a life of slavery and allowed her daughters to torment her. Years later, after the daughters discovered Cinder's sword in her room, the whole family is mercilessly killed by her. They allude to the stepfamily of Cinderella. Mike and Marty Voiced by: William Ball and Joe Nicolosi: Cinder's Beowolf lackies from "RWBY Chibi". Floyd Voiced by: Kerry Shawcross: Cinder's Geist henchman from "RWBY Chibi", having a rivalry with Mike and Marty. Starro The antagonist of the "Rwby/Justice League" crossover series, an alien creature that arrived on Remnant two decades prior and has gradually been taking over with an interest in powerful Semblances. He is based on Starro the Conqueror from DC Comics. RWBY x Justice League Clark Kent A farm boy from Patch who helps Taiyang with farming. His Semblance, "Yellow Sun Empowerment", gives him super strength, speed, heat vision and flight. According to Clark, his Semblance draws power from the sun and he cannot use it during nighttime. While with Ruby and Yang in Patch, Clark is hypnotized by Starro-possessed Grimm into attacking the sisters but is broken free from his trance. He later works with Yang and Blake to fight Arthur and possessed sea creatures. Clark is based on Superman. Diana Prince An automaton created by her Faunus mothers. Her Semblance, "Weapon Summoning", calls forth her lasso, tiara and gauntlets. After she is saved by Blake from a possessed shark, Diana teams up with Weiss to investigate the SDC and runs into Victor. She is based on Wonder Woman. Bruce Wayne A wealthy Faunus with bat ears hailing from Atlas. His weapon, Batwing, is a double headed battle axe. His Semblance, "Detective Mode", gives him the ability to detect patterns and unlock puzzles. Befriending Weiss at the Schnee Manor, Bruce works with her to solve a theft which he himself is accused of. He later works with Ruby to locate a speedster at the Faunus Quarter. Bruce is based on Batman. Barry Allen A tortoise Faunus with green scales on his shoulders. His Semblance, "Constant Speed" makes him super fast and leaves a trail of lightning. Barry works with Jesse to investigate the disappearances at the Faunus Quarter. He is based on the Flash. Jesse Quick A Faunus with a fox tail. Initially mistaken by Ruby and Bruce for the speedster they are looking for, it is revealed that Jesse acts as a decoy for Barry as they investigate the disappearances. She is based on Jesse Chambers. Victor Stone A cyborg. He was an astronaut that was involved in a space program accident which he miraculously survived. Victor holds a grudge against the SDC and steals their technology for his prosthetic parts. Initially hostile to Weiss and Diana, Victor joins them on their investigations of the kidnappings throughout Remnant. He is based on Cyborg. Arthur Curry A Faunus with shark fins on his elbows and back. His Semblance enables him to communicate with animals through telepathy. At the Vale Harbor, Arthur attacks Blake, Yang and Clark for the various kidnappings. But after working with them to fend off possessed sea creatures, he joins the group. In the past, Arthur saved Clark's life in a Dust mine. He is based on Aquaman. Jessica Cruz A member of the Green Lantern Corps who arrived on Remnant in search of Starro, acquiring a Semblance while still able to use her Lantern Ring. Having saved Victor from the space program accident, Cruz makes herself known while rescuing Team RWBY and co from the Starro-possessed Team JNPR and Faunus. Jessica is based on the Green Lantern. Works cited notes "Vol." is the shortened form for "Volume" and refers to the DVD volume or season for the series. "Ch." is shortened for "Chapter" and refers to the episode number within the volume, with Vol. 1 having 16 and Vol. 2–4 having 12 chapters. "WoR" refers to "World of Remnant", an encyclopedic series of short videos that reveals more information about the world of RWBY. "WoR" has been incorporated in the RWBY volumes since Volume 2. See List of RWBY episodes for more details. Explanatory notes References External links Rooster Teeth official site Fictional monster hunters

40807529

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%20Mensa

Vic Mensa

Victor Kwesi Mensah (born June 6, 1993), known professionally as Vic Mensa, is an American rapper and singer. He was a member of the group Kids These Days, which broke up in May 2013, after which he released his debut solo mixtape Innanetape. He is currently signed to Roc Nation. Mensa is also a founder of the hip-hop collective Savemoney which includes frequent collaborator Chance the Rapper. He also is the founder of the SavemoneySavelife foundation, whose mission is to use art and entertainment to foster sustainable change, and funds three programs in Chicago centered on health and the arts. Mensa's debut single "Down on My Luck" was released in June 2014 by Virgin EMI. His debut studio album The Autobiography was released in July 2017. Mensa has been outspoken on the issue of gun violence. Life and career 1993–2012: Early life Victor Kwesi Mensah was born on June 6, 1993. His father is from Ghana and his mother is a white American. Mensa grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. He attended Whitney M. Young Magnet High School and while a freshman, met Chancelor Bennett in passing (Bennett would later be known as Chance the Rapper). Mensa began his career when he formed a band called Kids These Days in 2009. The band would eventually release two projects, an extended play titled Hard Times in 2011, and a mixtape titled Traphouse Rock in 2012. 2013–2014: Innanetape and XXL Freshman Class Following the band's split up in May 2013, Mensa performed with Gorillaz frontman Damon Albarn at Albarn's 2014 performance at the Governors Ball Music Festival, where he performed the track "Clint Eastwood", filling in for MC Del the Funky Homosapien. When announcing a tour for 2015, Mensa said that he has plans to collaborate with Albarn sometime in the near future. On September 18, 2013, it was announced, that Mensa would be joining J. Cole and Wale on the What Dreams May Come Tour. Mensa would eventually release his debut mixtape, Innanetape, which was released on September 30, 2013. Following the end of the What Dreams May Come Tour, he toured Europe with Danny Brown, for the beginning of February 21, 2014 and ending on March 8. To cap off his rise to stardom, Mensa was chosen to be on the cover of XXL for the Freshman Class of 2014. Mensa's debut single "Down on My Luck" was serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom on May 12, 2014. On the same day, the music video for the song was released. "Down on My Luck" was then released for digital download in international markets on June 6, 2014, by Virgin EMI Records. 2015–2017: There's Alot Going On and The Autobiography On February 12, 2015, Kanye West debuted a song, titled "Wolves" at his Adidas Originals showcase. The song featured Mensa himself, along with Sia. Mensa later performed "Wolves" alongside West and Sia on Saturday Night Live's 40th Anniversary Celebration three days later. Mensa would later release an official collaboration with Kanye West, titled "U Mad" on April 10. Eleven days later, Roc Nation announced that Vic had signed to its label, and a video of Mensa signing the deal alongside Jay-Z backstage at his On the Run Tour in Chicago was released on Tidal. Later on in 2015, Mensa received a nomination for Best Rap Song at the 58th Grammy Awards as a songwriter for co-writing Kanye West's single "All Day". On February 8, 2016, it was announced that Mensa, along with Travis Scott and iLoveMakonnen, will be a part of Alexander Wang's "WANGSQUAD" campaign. On February 19, Mensa released a single, titled "No Chill" onto iTunes with Skrillex. It was produced by Skrillex and Jahlil Beats. Mensa's collaboration on Kanye West's "Wolves", would eventuality be released after West updated the album's Tidal track list off his seventh studio album The Life of Pablo with a reworked version of "Wolves", which included previously removed guest vocals from Mensa and Sia, and separated Frank Ocean vocals into a separate track on March 16, 2016. On June 3, 2016, Vic Mensa released his second extended play titled, There's Alot Going On. With only one guest feature from Ty Dolla Sign, the EP tackled issues such as the Flint water crisis, the Shooting of Laquan McDonald, and self-inflicted wounds. Mensa's EP debuted at number 127 on the US Billboard 200 chart. He and his friends were stopped by police for assumed stealing after his spending spree at Barney's of $4,000. He has performed as the opening act during Justin Bieber's Purpose World Tour in Europe. Leading up to the release of Mensa's debut studio album, he released his third extended play, The Manuscript on June 8, 2017. Three days later, Mensa announced and revealed the album's title of his debut studio album titled, The Autobiography. Mensa would release the lead single titled, "Wings" featuring Pharrell Williams and Saul Williams on July 13. The Autobiography was released on July 28, 2017, through Roc Nation. The album featured guest appearances from Weezer, Syd, The-Dream, Chief Keef, Joey Purp, Pharrell Williams, Saul Williams, Ty Dolla Sign, and Pusha T. The album debuted at number 27 on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 15,000 copies first week. 2018–present: Hooligans, 93Punx and V Tape Mensa later went on and released his fourth extended play titled, Hooligans on December 14, 2018. The extended play was supported by the singles: "Reverse" featuring G-Eazy and "Dark Things". In January 2019, Mensa formed a punk rock and rap band named 93Punx, they later released a cover of The Cranberries song "Zombie". 93Punx later released their debut single, "Camp America", featuring children in cages in an ICE-inspired video. The singles "3 Years Sober" with Travis Barker and "It's a Bad Dream" featuring Good Charlotte was followed up and released in July and August 2019 respectively. Their self-titled album was released on August 23, 2019. Mensa returned in August 2020 with his first single of the year, "No More Teardrops", featuring Malik Yusef and Wyatt Waddell, a song tackling police brutality, street crime, corruption and the prison system. The song will appear on Roc Nation's upcoming compilation album, Reprise. Mensa would later release his fifth extended play, V Tape, on August 21, 2020 which features from Snoh Alaegra, SAINt JHN, BJ Chicago Kid, Peter Cottontale and Eryn Allen Kane. Controversies In October 2018, as part of his BET Hip Hop Awards Cypher, Mensa dissed late rapper XXXTentacion, referencing his domestic abuse charges. Subsequently he received backlash on social media as well as from other artists. Mensa later apologized on Instagram saying: "Recently, I did a freestyle for the BET [Hip Hop] Awards cypher addressing and condemning rappers who unabashedly abuse women and those who stand up for them and even call them legends, I stand behind those statements. It was pre-recorded weeks ago, and I had no idea a grieving mother would be in the audience to honour her lost son. I never intended to disrespect her, and I offer my deepest condolences for her loss at the hands of gun violence. However, I vehemently reject the trend in Hip Hop of championing abusers, and I will not hold my tongue about it. I don’t give a fuck about getting attention. I care about bringing awareness and holding people accountable for their actions". On January 15, 2022, Mensah was arrested at the Washington Dulles International Airport by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police after U.S. Customs and Border Protection discovered a cache of drugs including LSD and psilocybin mushrooms, capsules and gummies. He was charged with felony narcotics possession charges. Artistry In interviews with XXL and Complex, Mensa cited hip hop artists such as Jay-Z, Kanye West, Earl Sweatshirt, A Tribe Called Quest, Timbaland, Eminem, Biggie Smalls, Missy Elliott, Lupe Fiasco, UGK, J Dilla, The Pharcyde, DMX, Nas, 2Pac, Hieroglyphics, De La Soul, Wu-Tang Clan, Lil Wayne, Kid Rock, and Snoop Dogg as musical influences. In 2013, XXL called his breakthrough mixtape Innanetape "lyrical nourishment" and commented on his ability to "bend words at will, cramming syllables into lines with obvious glee." Discography Studio albums The Autobiography (2017) Collaborative albums 93Punx (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 1993 births Living people American hip hop record producers American male rappers American people of Ghanaian descent Midwest hip hop musicians Rappers from Chicago Songwriters from Illinois American hip hop singers 21st-century American rappers Record producers from Illinois 21st-century American male musicians American male songwriters

40840855

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tunnel%20%28TV%20series%29

The Tunnel (TV series)

The Tunnel () is a British-French crime drama television series adapted from the 2011 Danish-Swedish crime series The Bridge (Bron/Broen). The series began broadcasting on 16 October 2013 on Sky Atlantic in the UK, and on 11 November 2013 on Canal+ in France. The series stars Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy as British and French police detectives Karl Roebuck and Elise Wassermann. The plot follows the two detectives working together to find a serial killer who left the upper half of a French politician and the lower half of a British prostitute in the Channel Tunnel at the midpoint between France and the UK. The killer is nicknamed the "Truth Terrorist" and is on a moral crusade to highlight many social problems, terrorising both countries in the process. As the series progresses, the killer's true intention is revealed. The Anglo–French adaptation of The Bridge was announced as a joint project between Sky and Canal+ in January 2013. Tunnel head writer Ben Richards worked with Hans Rosenfeldt, the creator of the original series. Due to the setting, the dialogue of the series is bilingual, a first for a British / French television co-production. Filming took place between February and August 2013 with a budget of £15 million, and was shot on location in Kent, England and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. It was produced with both British and French crew members. The premieres on both Sky Atlantic and Canal+ received strong ratings for the respective channels, with an initial consolidated figure of almost 900,000 in the UK and 1.3 million in France. Critical reception of the series has been generally positive, with Dillane and Poésy's acting being praised, as well as the plot's grittiness. Some reviewers made favourable comparisons with The Bridge, though others criticised The Tunnel for being identical. The producers admit that the first episode is a copy of the original. On 16 February 2015, Canal+ and Sky Atlantic announced that a second series would begin production in March, set to air in early 2016, entitled The Tunnel: Sabotage, and consisting of eight episodes. Series 2 would focus on the crash of an airliner into the English Channel, with Dillane and Poésy returning; it premiered on Canal+ on 7 March 2016. The debut on Sky Atlantic was originally set for 5 April 2016 but was put off until a week later in deference to the Brussels terrorist attacks on 22 March 2016. It premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The renewal for a third and final series was announced on 20 January 2017 entitled The Tunnel: Vengeance and consisting of six episodes. It began filming in March 2017 and premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. Canal+ did not announce a corresponding date for France at the time of the UK release. Season 3 premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018. In the United States, the first season aired on many PBS stations from June through August 2016. The second season was broadcast from June through August 2017. The third season aired July through August 2018. Cast and characters Main Stephen Dillane as Det. Chief Inspector Karl Roebuck Clémence Poésy as Captain/Commander Elise Wassermann Angel Coulby as Laura Roebuck (Regular: Series 1–2, Guest: Series 3) Thibault de Montalembert as Commander Olivier Pujol Cédric Vieira as Lieutenant Phillipe Viot Thibaut Evrard as Gaël (Series 1–2) Fanny Leurent as Officer Julie William Ash as Det. Constable Boleslaw 'BB' Borowski (Series 2–3) Juliette Navis as Lieutenant Louise Renard (Series 2–3) Laura de Boer as Eryka Klein (Series 2) Marie Dompnier as Madeleine Fournier (Series 2) Emilia Fox as Vanessa Hamilton (Series 2) Johan Heldenbergh as Robert Fournier (Series 2) Hannah John-Kamen as Rosa Persaud (Series 2) Stanley Townsend as Chief Superintendent Mike Bowden (Series 2) Christine Bottomley as Helena Carver (Series 3) Eileen Davies as Lilian Wright (Series 3) William Gaminara as Wesley Pollinger (Series 3) as Commander Astor Chaput (Series 3) Felicity Montagu as Chief Superintendent Winnie Miles (Series 3) Angeliki Papoulia as Lana Khasanović (Series 3) Sharon Rooney as Kiki Stokes (Series 3) Brian Vernel as Anton Stokes (Series 3) Recurring Series 1 Tobi Bakare as Det. Constable Chuks Akinade Jeanne Balibar as Charlotte Joubert Tom Bateman as Danny Hillier Sigrid Bouaziz as Cécile Cabrillac Mathieu Carrière as Alain Joubert Catalina Denis as Veronica Nigel Lindsay as Jonno Jack Lowden as Adam Roebuck Joseph Mawle as Stephen Beaumont Keeley Hawes as Suze Beaumont James Frain as John Sumner Anastasia Hille as Det. Superintendent Andrea Kerrigan Jean-Toussaint Bernard as Mathieu Series 2: Sabotage Nicolas Wanczycki as Thibaut Briand Mish Boyko as Stefan Cyzrko Edyta Budnik as Vladka Horvath Clarke Peters as Sonny Persaud Paul Schneider as Artem Baturin Con O'Neill as Neil Grey Jan Bijvoet as The Chemist Series 3: Vengeance Angela Wynter as Celeste India Ria Amarteifio as Maya Roebuck Wim Willaert as Jacques Moreau Tony Jayawardena as Lawrence Taylor Nicholas Burns as Richard Carver Phil Zimmerman as Jimmy Jones Liliane Rovère as Edith Dutheil Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy Stephen Dillane plays Detective Chief Inspector Karl Roebuck of Northbourne Police (a fictional counterpart to the real life Kent Police), an ageing British detective used to getting his own way. Roebuck's role parallels that of Martin Rohde (played by Kim Bodnia), the Danish detective in The Bridge. Karl and Martin share some characteristics, but also differ in certain ways; for instance, Karl is "more educated and a more troubled man". Dillane was drawn to the political questions raised in the storyline, as well as the series' "novelistic telling". Clémence Poésy plays Capitaine (later Commander) Elise Wassermann of the DCPJ, the French detective and Roebuck's opposite. Wasserman's role parallels that of Saga Norén (played by Sofia Helin), the Swedish detective in The Bridge. Elise shares some characteristics with Saga, including driving a Porsche (in Elise's case, a Porsche 944), picking up men from bars for casual sex, and exhibiting behaviour consistent with Asperger syndrome. The innate seriousness of the character was a trait that Poésy found "quite annoying", but the actress came to appreciate Elise's honesty. Both Dillane and Poésy opted not to view the original Scandinavian series, with the latter stating that it would allow her more freedom in interpreting the character. Poésy dubbed her English lines for the French broadcast. Guests The series includes several guest stars. Joseph Mawle plays a social worker named Stephen Beaumont, Tom Bateman appears as journalist Danny Hiller, and Tobi Bakare plays Chuks Akinade. Thibault de Montalembert plays Olivier Pujol, who is the head of the Calais police service, and Elise's superior. Sigrid Bouaziz plays Cécile Cabrillac and Cédric Vieira plays Philippe Viot; these characters are police officers who work with Elise. Mathieu Carrière and Jeanne Balibar play banker Alain Joubert, and his wife Charlotte, respectively. Merlin actress Angel Coulby stars as Laura Roebuck, Karl's wife, while Jack Lowden plays Adam, his son. Keeley Hawes guest-starred as Suze Harcourt, a care worker and drug addict, along with Liz Smith, who plays Harriet, an elderly woman under Harcourt's care. James Frain plays Kieran Ashton ("John Sumner"), a former colleague of Karl, who faked his suicide and became the Truth Terrorist, serving as the primary antagonist of the first season and a behind-the-scenes antagonist in the second season. The character is motivated by the loss of his identity and family, as well as betrayal from Karl by his affair with Kieran's wife before her death. Frain believed that Kieran is the most disturbing character he has played. Portraying the character, the actor wanted to make his actions understandable, though not justifiable. Development and production The Anglo–French adaption of the Danish/Swedish series The Bridge was first announced by Sky in January 2013. The ten-part series was to be a co-production between British broadcaster Sky and French broadcaster Canal+. Sky Atlantic director Elaine Pyke commissioned the show with the intention of establishing the channel as a home for British dramas following the channel's release of the drama series Hit & Miss and Falcón. Due to the setting of the series, it would be bilingual, with dialogue being spoken in English and French. This made The Tunnel, according to its producers, the first series in British and French television to be bilingual. Being a "50–50 co-production" between the British and French, the crew were a mix from both countries, and neither party has "final control". The series employed both British and French writers and directors to collaborate on the series, with former Spooks writer Ben Richards leading the writing team. Multiple versions of the script were used, which were translated for both languages. Five directors were hired for the series, three of them British and the other two French. Dominik Moll is considered the head director, with the other directors being Hettie MacDonald, Thomas Vincent, Udayan Prasad and Philip Martin. The series' executive producers are Sky's Anne Mensah; Canal+'s Fabrice De La Patellière; Kudos' Jane Featherstone, Karen Wilson, Manda Levin and Ben Richards; Shine France's Nora Melhli; and Filmlance's Lars Blomgren. Ruth Kenley-Letts is the series producer. Jane Featherstone, the chief executive of the production company Kudos, said of the British–French collaboration: "We have had to work very collaboratively to make sure we are appealing to both nations. I honestly don't know if we have got that right yet. The French like things to be slightly slower, we like them pacier." In developing the storyline of the series Featherstone said that "the team took what was wonderful from [the original] and then forgot about it, in the nicest possible way, and made their own show." While working for the series, Richards worked with Hans Rosenfeldt, the Swedish writer who created The Bridge. Many aspects of the first episode are virtual copies of the first episode of the Scandinavian series, including: the female lead "stripping unselfconsciously to her underwear in the office", the male lead's relationship with his teenage son, and the "sleazy journalist [being] held captive in his own car with a ticking bomb", the last of which was a sequence Richards wanted to repeat in the remake. However, Richards said that as the series progressed and the drama unfolded the storylines would diverge from the original. Featherstone also noted there would be plenty of changes, saying that many had "seen both [The Bridge and The Tunnel], who feel that they get satisfaction because the characters go on different journeys and the actors all bring a whole new level of interest in it". Filming and locations The budget of the series is estimated to be £15 million. Filming began in February 2013 and concluded in August 2013, with location shooting largely taken place in Kent and northern France. Filming in Kent was based in Discovery Park in Sandwich and was supported by the Kent Film Office. A former Pfizer facility was used as a number of sets, including the Calais police station and Elise's apartment. The series was filmed throughout five districts: Canterbury, Dover, Folkestone and Hythe, Swale and Thanet. Several prominent locales were featured, including Folkestone Harbour; The Turner Contemporary art gallery; Westwood Cross shopping centre; and the towns of Dover, Folkestone and Margate. Production also made use of the Kent Film Office's legal powers to close certain roads for uninterrupted filming. An estimated £2.5 million of the budget was spent on, among other services, accommodation, locations, parking and catering, providing a boost for the Kent economy. The filming in France was supported by the Nord-Pas de Calais Film Commission and benefited from the Tax Rebate International. Shooting took place over 31 days across Boulogne-sur-Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, and Wissant. Some scenes of The Tunnel were also shot in the Channel Tunnel itself, which makes the series the first television drama production to do so. The producers spent "months of gentle negotiation" with Eurotunnel, the company that operates the tunnel, for permission to shoot scenes there. Eurotunnel allowed it. According to Moll, "The only thing they didn't want was to see train passengers in danger or fires." Moll also noted that they did not shoot in the actual midpoint of the tunnel, stating "once you are a few kilometres in, it all looks the same." Filming for series two again took place in Kent and France. The production filmed for 85 days in Kent between April and July 2015, with a further 50 days in the county for pre- and post-production, spending an estimated £1.5 million. The Kent filming locations included Eurotunnel, Folkestone Harbour, Discovery Park, Deal (including the pier), Folkestone, Dover (including the port and Dover Castle), Westwood Industrial Estate Margate, Ramsgate, The Barn in Upstreet, St Martin's Hospital, and Knowlton Court. For series three, filming locations in East Kent included Reculver, Botany Bay, Ramsgate Royal Harbour and Port of Dover. Release Broadcast The Tunnel had a world premiere on 7 October 2013 in France at the international television trade exhibition MIPCOM in Cannes. In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic premiered the series on 16 October 2013 at 9 pm, and continued weekly until 18 December. The debut was seen by an average of 362,000 overnight viewers, considered strong ratings for the channel. With consolidated ratings taken into account, the first episode went up to 803,000 viewers on Sky Atlantic, with an extra 90,000 viewing from its catch-up channel, Sky Atlantic +1. However, the second episode dropped a third of its overnight audience, leaving it with 236,000 viewers. The finale was seen by 267,000 overnight viewers. In France, the series premiered on Canal+ on 11 November 2013 at 8:55 pm, with two out of ten episodes airing consecutively, and concluded on 9 December 2013. The premiere attracted 1.3 million viewers, making it one of the highest rated original series debut for the channel. The first series had an average audience of 1.04 million viewers per episode. Series 2, titled The Tunnel: Sabotage, premiered on Canal+ on 7 March 2016, and concluded on 28 March 2016. The second series debut on Sky Atlantic was originally set for 5 April 2016 but was put off until a week later in deference to the Brussels terrorist attacks on 22 March 2016. Series 2 premiered in the UK on 12 April 2016 and was made available via Sky's On Demand service. The season finished on 31 May 2016. Series 3, titled The Tunnel: Vengeance, premiered on Sky Atlantic on 14 December 2017, with all episodes released on the same day. The season premiered on Canal+ on 4 June 2018, and the finale aired on 18 June 2018. In the United States, The Tunnel was broadcast on many PBS stations. Season 1 aired from 19 June through 21 August 2016, Season 2 from 15 June through 3 August 2017, and Season 3 from 1 July through 5 August 2018. The Tunnel is distributed by Endemol Shine International in the U.S. Home media A four-disc DVD box set (Region 2) of Series 1 was released in France by StudioCanal on 20 December 2013, with special features including a "making of" feature and interviews featuring Clémence Poésy and Dominik Moll. The DVD and Blu-ray of Series 1 was released in the United Kingdom on 13 January 2014 by Acorn Media UK, and includes three discs, with special features including a making-of feature, cast and crew interviews, and a picture gallery. The box set of Series 2 was released in France by StudioCanal on 29 March 2016. Starting on 1 February 2014, the first episodes of The Tunnel – along with some other original Sky Television series – were released for free in the UK on YouTube as an attempt to attract more Sky subscribers. All 3 seasons are streaming on Voot Select in India. Episodes Reception The Tunnel received generally positive reviews from television critics. Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy stated that while remakes are "often underwhelming", The Tunnel was "gripping stuff", and he believed that viewers "should find plenty to enjoy" in the series. The performances of Dillane and Poésy were also lauded. Gerard Gilbert of The Independent was positive in his assessment of the series, stating that "as an avid fan of The Bridge, I am happy to report that The Tunnel works well in its own right – it's intelligently made, well cast and ambitiously cinematic", adding that it had "succeeded in its high-risk strategy of re-working a near-flawless Scandi-drama in our Anglo-French image". Ellen E Jones, also of The Independent, said that Dillane and Poésy's performances "stuck closely" to the original characterisation of the leads from the Scandinavian version. Of the execution, Jones stated: "should you bother watching The Tunnel even if you've already seen the original? The early signs are good. The makers obviously have sense enough to preserve what was effective about the original, and invention enough to distinguish their work too." In a review posted early in the first season, Gerard O'Donovan of The Daily Telegraph expressed mixed feelings about the series "so far at least", saying: "there was no sense that this was doing much different from other mainstream crime thrillers. Sticking too close to the original script meant a golden opportunity was missed to dig deeper into the attitudes and history that both connect and divide the UK and France". However, he also wrote that he would be "happy to be persuaded otherwise if the action develops". Harry Venning of The Stage believed that, plotwise, the collaboration between the British and French police forces and style were "all very effectively done, creepily atmospheric and splendidly gruesome", but also stated that the best thing about the series was "the interplay between Stephen Dillane's easygoing, laddish, rosbif detective inspector and his po-faced, glacial but – wouldn't you know it – extremely sexy Gallic counterpart, played by Clémence Poésy." Metro reviewer Keith Watson, having rated the series four stars out of five, stated: "the idea is great. But what's surprising about The Tunnel (Sky Atlantic) is that it's less a version of, more a faithful remake." The Guardian posted a number of reviews on its website. Julia Raeside deemed the series a "perfectly cast remake of Swedish-Danish crime hit", and stated that "this confirms Dillane as one of our very finest. Such control. Poésy is beautifully chilly, and Joseph Mawle (another cracker) leads an asylum-seeker subplot. It's also really funny." Writing about the finale, Reaside said of Dillane's performance: "If this were on a terrestrial channel, he'd be up for all the awards." On the Karl–Elise partnership, she stated: "I wasn't sure about them as a pairing but was immediately convinced by their uncomfortable chemistry." Having not enjoyed The Bridge, Andrew Anthony called The Tunnel an "attractive proposition", adding that "there's an engaging confidence to the slow revelation of the story. All in all, this looks good." Sam Wollaston was more critical of the series, stating that, while the tone was "atmospheric, intriguing, gripping" and there were strong performances from the lead cast members, The Tunnel was "exactly the same as the (recent) original". Wollaston felt that the only "obvious" difference was that, in the original series, there "was a bridge, this is a tunnel. However magnificent an engineering feat the Channel tunnel is, it can't compete as a spectacular location with the Øresund Bridge." Awards and nominations Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Globes de Cristal Award Guild of British Camera Technicians International Emmy Award Royal Television Society See also The Bridge (Danish/Swedish TV series) The Bridge (US TV series) Notes References Further reading External links The Tunnel Series 1 at Sky Atlantic (archive) The Tunnel: Sabotage at Sky Atlantic The Tunnel at Canal+ 2013 British television series debuts 2013 French television series debuts 2017 British television series endings 2017 French television series endings 2010s British drama television series 2010s French drama television series British crime television series British drama television series British television series based on non-British television series English-language television shows French crime drama television series French-language television shows French television series based on non-French television series Lesbian-related television shows Serial drama television series Sky Atlantic original programming Television series by Endemol Television shows set in France Television shows set in Kent Television shows shot in Kent The Bridge (TV series) Canal+ original programming Detective television series

40848408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201967

October 1967

The following events occurred in October 1967: October 1, 1967 (Sunday) Representatives of the world's communist nations had been invited to a celebration in Beijing to mark the 18th anniversary of the October 1, 1949 takeover of China by the Communists, but China's second-in-command, Lin Biao, gave an address that was described as having "rude anti-Soviet attacks and outbursts against the international communist government." With that, the Soviet guests walked out, and were joined by those from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia and Poland. Color television was introduced in France at 2:15 in the afternoon on the ORTF's second channel, la deuxième chaîne, which used the SECAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire) technology. Only 1,500 households in France had color televisions at the time; within a year, 200,000 color sets were used in France. The final day of the regular season in baseball's American League came down to a game between the Boston Red Sox and the Minnesota Twins, who both had 91-70 records after Boston's 6–4 win the day before. The Detroit Tigers were at 90-70 going into their final two games, and could have forced a playoff if they could win both parts of their doubleheader against the California Angels. Boston beat Minnesota, 5–3, in a game that ended at 3:25 in the afternoon Eastern Time, to finish at 92 wins and 70 losses. Eighty minutes later in Detroit, the Tigers had a 91–70 record after a 6–4 win over the Angels, and baseball fans watched to see whether the Tigers could win their last game; unfortunately, the Angels took a five-run lead after five innings, and would hold on for an 8–5 win. October 2, 1967 (Monday) Thurgood Marshall was sworn in to office as the first African-American justice of the United States Supreme Court. He would serve for 24 terms of the Court, announcing his resignation on June 27, 1991, and would pass away on January 24, 1993. Former Greek Prime Minister Panagiotis Kanellopoulos was placed under house arrest by Greece's military government after he issued a public appeal for democracy. England, Wales and Northern Ireland adopted a judicial procedure that was already in Scotland, allowing for jury verdicts by less than a unanimous decision. Thereafter, juries could decide a case by a 10-2 or an 11-1 margin. Lesotho Airways made its first flight, taking off from Maseru in Lesotho to Johannesburg in South Africa in a Douglas DC-3. Born: Frankie Fredericks, track and field athlete, and the only Olympic medalist from Namibia; winner of silver medals in the 100m and 200m races in 1992 and 1996; in Windhoek Gillian Welch, American country singer-songwriter; in New York City Tohir Yoʻldosh, Uzbek founder of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, as Tohir Abduhalilovich Yuldashev in the Uzbek SSR of the Soviet Union (killed by drone strike, 2009) October 3, 1967 (Tuesday) Flying an X-15 experimental aircraft, U.S. Air Force Major William "Pete" Knight made the fastest flight of a powered aircraft, at a speed of Mach 6.72 ( per hour. The mark remains unsurpassed. Britain's Royal Navy commissioned its first Polaris ballistic missile submarine, . The National Assembly of South Vietnam voted, 58 to 43, to approve the results of the September 3 presidential election won by Nguyen Van Thieu. North Vietnam rejected a proposal by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson to discuss peace. The decision was announced in the Hanoi newspaper Nhan Dan. United States bombers struck targets in North Vietnam as close as ten miles from Communist China, striking the Loc Dinh highway bridge, the Bao Dang highway bridge 15 miles from the frontier, and the Ha Thuoc railroad yards, the northernmost penetration that American bombs had been dropped in Vietnam. Carl B. Stokes became the first African-American to win a primary election for mayor of a large American city, defeating incumbent mayor Ralph S. Locher of Cleveland in the Democratic primary. Stokes would win in November against Republican candidate Seth Taft. Born: Rob Liefeld, American comic book creator, in Anaheim, California Died: Woody Guthrie, 55, American folk singer and songwriter, died of Huntington's disease Malcolm Sargent, 72, British orchestra conductor Pinto Colvig, 75, American voice actor known for being the original voice of the Disney character Goofy October 4, 1967 (Wednesday) Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicated in favor of his son, Hassanal Bolkiah, but would remain an adviser to the nation's new ruler until his own death in 1986. The Shag Harbour UFO incident occurred in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia on the tenth anniversary of the Sputnik launch, as "an illuminated object, sixty feet in diameter, descended from the sky and disappeared beneath the waves" in front of numerous witnesses, including a constable of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A Canadian Coast Guard vessel rushed to the impact point and found a "thick yellow foam" 80 feet wide at the crash site. Acting on the possibility that the object had been a crashing airplane, Canadian Navy divers conducted a four-day search of the harbor for wreckage but found nothing. The cliché of "a bull in a china shop" was played out literally in the town of Chester, Pennsylvania when three steers escaped from Medford's Inc., a slaughterhouse and meatpacking plant, and "caused a considerable amount of damage to the china and other valuable items in a downtown jewelry store." The three animals raced a few blocks up Market Street (now Avenue of the States) and onto Edgmont Avenue, then charged into the Morris Jewelry Store. No people were injured, but the steers smashed display cases on their way back out. The formerly German parcel of land Verenahof was officially transferred to Switzerland, along with an equal amount of formerly Swiss land being transferred to Germany. Born: Liev Schreiber, American stage, film and television actor, in San Francisco Died: Claude C. Bloch, 89, U.S. Navy Admiral October 5, 1967 (Thursday) The Maiskoe-Ashgabat-Bezmeyn natural gas pipeline, in length and under the management of the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry, began its first deliveries of natural gas from the Turkmen SSR (now Turkmenistan) in Central Asia through the Russian SFSR. Pacific Ocean Park, located in Santa Monica, California, was closed down by a bankruptcy trustee. The park had been operating only on weekends during its final months of operation, and its last actual day had been on Sunday, October 1. Nicknamed "P.O.P.", the amusement park had opened in 1958 and had pioneered the concept of allowing visitors to get on rides as often as they wished after paying for admission, which was promoted by using "P.O.P." to stand for "Pay One Price". Born: Guy Pearce, British-born Australian film actor, in Ely, Cambridgeshire Died: USMC Major Clifton C. Williams, Jr., 35, American astronaut, was killed while piloting a T-38 jet plane from Patrick Air Force Base in Florida to the Brookley Air Force Base in Alabama. Major Williams had been one of 14 men chosen for NASA Astronaut Group 3, and would have been the lunar module pilot for Apollo 12 in late 1969. He would be replaced by Alan Bean for the mission. October 6, 1967 (Friday) Three students at Duke University became the first persons to be certified as a physician assistant (PA). Kenneth Ferrell, Victor Germino and Richard Scheele, each of whom had been a medical corpsman in the United States Navy, had entered the two-year experimental program in 1965 after the American Medical Association had granted permission to Dr. Eugene Stead to implement the proposal by Dr. Charles Hudson. The Canadian record for heaviest rainfall in 24 hours was set at the town of Ucluelet, British Columbia, located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with 489 millimeters (19.25 inches) of precipitation from a downpour that had started the day before. The government of South Vietnam implemented its new policy toward student protesters by drafting 12 demonstrators into the South Vietnamese Army. Born: Attila Ambrus, Hungarian folk hero nicknamed "The Whiskey Robber" for his predilection for drinking whiskey before carrying out his heists of banks, post offices and other businesses during a six-year career between 1993 and 1999; in Fitod, Romania October 7, 1967 (Saturday) The National Development Council that decided domestic policy in India was reorganized to include the Prime Minister and all cabinet ministers, the Chief Ministers of each of all states and territories, and members of the Indian planning commission. Saad Jumaa, who had served as Prime Minister of Jordan since before the Six-Day War, resigned to return to the diplomatic corps, and was replaced by former Prime Minister Bahjat Talhouni. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued a directive banning unscheduled, hostile demonstrations against foreigners. Film actress Elizabeth Taylor escaped death by a matter of seconds while in Sardinia for the filming of the Universal Pictures release Boom!. Taylor had just stepped out of a trailer that served as her dressing room in the hills of the Porto Conte Natural Park, when the vehicle's brakes and safety blocks failed, sending it plunging over a 150-foot high embankment and into the Mediterranean Sea. Born: Toni Braxton, American R & B singer, in Severn, Maryland Died: Norman Angell, English author and politician, winner of the 1933 Nobel Peace Prize Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson, 25, African-American civil rights activist and Executive Secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, died of cancer. October 8, 1967 (Sunday) Guerrilla leader Che Guevara was captured by the 2nd Battalion of the Bolivian Rangers. Only 17 guerrillas were left when the Rangers surrounded them in the El Yuro Ravine near La Higuera; Guevara ordered his men to split into two groups and attempt to fight their way out. Minutes later, a bullet grazed Guevara's leg and he was unable to run. The distraction from the excitement of his capture allowed the other men to escape. China's Communist Party and its State Council issued an "urgent circular" directing all government institutions to "send all young intellectuals and others down to work in the villages and up to the mountains, with a permanent assignment to remain in the countryside and spread the revolution and grasp production"; over the next three years, as many as 30,000,000 "educated youth" would be relocated to rural areas. Meeting in Washington, D.C., the Democratic National Committee voted unanimously to hold the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, a choice that would prove to be disastrous. Died: Clement Attlee, 84, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1945–1951. October 9, 1967 (Monday) Che Guevara, who had been captured the day before, was executed following an interrogation at the schoolhouse in the village of La Higuera. In order to avoid the publicity of a trial, Bolivia's President René Barrientos ordered that Guevara be put to death. Army Sergeant Mario Terán carried out the task, shooting Guevara nine times with a semiautomatic rifle, in order to support news that Guevara had been killed in battle. A cyclone struck the Orissa state in India, killing 531 people and leaving almost one million people in the Cuttack and Balasore districts homeless; the storm arrived without warning shortly before noon and continued for more than ten hours. Among the casualties of the flood were 38 people on a Maharashtra State Transport bus that was washed away by floods about five miles outside of Koregaon. The bus had been carrying 60 passengers on a route from Satara to Nimsod when it was washed into a culvert. Only 22 people were pulled to safety, while 14 bodies were recovered and another 24 people were missing. Thirty-five of the 40 crew on the freighter Panoceanic Faith died after the American ship suddenly sank. Nearly all of the deaths were from hypothermia, because the men on board had time to launch only one life raft before the boat was capsized by waves. The freighter was from Kodiak, Alaska, when its skipper radioed for help. A Japanese ship, the Igaharu Maru picked up two survivors, and the Norwegian ship Visund saved the other three. Ground control at NASA deliberately crashed the American space probe Lunar Orbiter 3 onto the Moon's surface after eight months in orbit and the sending of more than 600 high resolution photographs of the surface. Rockets were fired on the probe in order to bring it down on the far side of the Moon; two days later, NASA would do the same with Lunar Orbiter 2. The United States bombed the previously off-limits Can Bi airfield near Haiphong for the first time during the Vietnam War, while other American bombers flew within 15 miles of the Communist Chinese territory to knock out a bridge. Born: Eddie Guerrero, American professional wrestler, in El Paso, Texas (died of heart failure, 2005) Died: Joseph Pilates, 83, German physical trainer who developed the pilates exercise regiment that bears his name Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, 70, English physical chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1956 winner André Maurois, 82, French historian, novelist and author Gordon Allport, 69, American psychologist and pioneer in personality psychology October 10, 1967 (Tuesday) The Outer Space Treaty between the United States, the Soviet Union, and 10 other nations took effect at a ratification ceremony held at the East Room of the White House. U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Secretary of State Dean Rusk signed on behalf of the U.S., while ambassadors from the other nations (including Anatoly Dobrynin for the USSR and Sir Patrick Dean for the UK) signed on behalf of their countries. The parties agreed that they would not place nuclear weapons in space, and pledged to not establish military bases, nor make territorial claims, on the Moon or any other celestial bodies. Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the release of all ministers of the Kingdom of Yemen who had been held in detention since their capture in the North Yemen Civil War. Born: Gavin Newsom, 40th and incumbent Governor of California, in San Francisco Died: Bernard Floud, 52, British Member of Parliament for Acton and television executive, committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning in his home after being denied a security clearance by the British intelligence agency, MI5. October 11, 1967 (Wednesday) The body of Che Guevara was buried in an unmarked grave by the Bolivian Army at the airfield in Vallegrande. Prior to his burial, the hands were severed at the request of the government of Argentina, for comparison of his fingerprints to Argentinian police records to verify his identity. The burial site was then paved over with concrete to build an airport runway. Almost 30 years later, the skeletons of Guevara and five other people would be found on June 28, 1997, in an excavation of the burial site and would be returned to Cuba after being positively identified. Hamdi Cana'an, the Palestinian mayor of Nablus in the West Bank, requested a special meeting with Israel's Defense Minister Moshe Dayan after three weeks of sanctions against the city in response to its civil disobedience. Since September 22, the Israeli Army had enforced a 14-hour curfew that required everyone to be off of the streets at 5:00 in the afternoon and to remain inside until 7:00 the next morning, and the city telephone system had been shut down, and soldiers carried out searches of homes and businesses. The next day, the Israelis prohibited anyone from entering or leaving Nablus. Mayor Cana'an agreed to call off the month-long boycott by Nablus businesses after Dayan told him that "The choice you have is either orderly life or rebellion, but you should know that if you choose rebellion, we'll have no other option but to break you." Two days after NASA deliberately crashed Lunar Orbiter 3 onto the Moon's surface, it did the same to Lunar Orbiter 2. A press release from NASA the next day said that its purposeful crash of the two probes had been directed from commands sent from the Langley Research Center at Hampton, Virginia, in order "to free their radio frequencies for future use". Five of the six expansion teams in the National Hockey League made their debut on the same evening, as the original six NHL teams were reconstituted as the league's Eastern Division, and the six new teams were in the Western Division. In their first games, the Pittsburgh Penguins lost to the Montreal Canadiens, 2–1; the California Seals beat the Philadelphia Flyers, 5–1; and the Minnesota North Stars and the St. Louis Blues played to a 2–2 tie. The Boston Red Sox forced a seventh game in the World Series with an 8–4 win over the St. Louis Cardinals. Born: Peter Thiel, German-born American entrepreneur, billionaire and philanthropist; in Frankfurt Tazz (Peter Senercia), American professional wrestler, in Brooklyn Artie Lange, American comedian, in Livingston, New Jersey Died: Stanley Morison, 78, British typographer who designed numerous fonts, including Times New Roman Yatuta Chisiza, 41, former Minister of Home Affairs for the southern African nation of Malawi, was shot and killed by government security forces only days after he had re-entered the country to lead a coup against Malawian President Hastings Banda. The next day, the President ordered Chisiza's bullet-riddled body to be placed on public display. October 12, 1967 (Thursday) Cyprus Airways Flight 284 crashed into the Mediterranean Sea while on its way from Athens to Nicosia, killing all 66 people on board. The Comet jet had 59 passengers and a crew of seven, was at an altitude of about 29,000 feet and was 13 minutes away from its destination when an explosion sent it plummeting. Falling five miles, the jet struck the water near the Greek island of Kastellorizon. Traces of an explosive were found in one of the seat cushions, suggesting that a bomb had been placed beneath one of the passengers, but no theory for a motive was ever confirmed. The St. Louis Cardinals defeated the Boston Red Sox, 7 to 2, to win the World Series in the deciding 7th game. Bob Gibson, who had pitched the Cardinals to wins in Game 1 and Game 4, allowed only three hits in winning Game 7. U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk announced during a news conference that Congressional proposals to start a peace initiative would be futile, because of North Vietnam's opposition. Israeli settlers established their first kibbutz in the Golan Heights territory recently captured from Syria, moving into the abandoned Syrian village of Quneitra to form the Israeli settlement of Merom Golan. The Naked Ape, by Desmond Morris, was first published. October 13, 1967 (Friday) U.S. President Johnson signed Executive Order 11375, expanding affirmative action programs to women in an effort to end gender discrimination within the U.S. government. The Federal Women's Program was established from the order "to enhance opportunities for women in every area of federal employment." The Royal Navy frigate HMS Brighton arrived at Gibraltar, beginning a permanent presence of British guardships to protect the British territory from harassment by neighboring Spain. The American Basketball Association, a challenger to the NBA, played its very first game. Willie Porter of the Oakland Oaks scored the first ABA points, and the Oaks went on to a 132–129 win over the Anaheim Amigos at the Oakland Coliseum in front of 4,828 fans. The Catholic University of Portugal was established by the Holy See at the request of the conference of Portuguese Bishops, and would receive governmental recognition on July 15, 1971. Malawi's President Hastings Banda signed an order banning the operations of the Jehovah's Witnesses within the southern African nation as "an unlawful society dangerous to the good government of Malawi." Twenty-five people died and 18 were injured when the bus they were in fell into a ravine near Izmir in Turkey. Born: Javier Sotomayor, Cuban track and field athlete, and, as the only person in the world who has made a vertical jump of eight feet, holder of the world record for the high jump since 1988, in Limonar Hannu Lintu, Finnish symphony conductor, in Rauma Trevor Hoffman, American baseball pitcher for 19-years, in Bellflower, California October 14, 1967 (Saturday) The Holland America Line became the first cruise line to abolish tipping aboard its passenger ships and freighters. The company instead raised the wages of its employees and the cost of a cruise to passengers. The Chicago Bulls, the 10th and newest franchise of the National Basketball Association, played their very first game, a 105–90 loss to the Boston Celtics. October 15, 1967 (Sunday) Michigan Governor George Romney publicly responded to an article in the New York Law Journal, which had concluded upon a review of judicial interpretations of the natural-born-citizen clause in the U.S. Constitution, at Article II, section 1. Romney had been born to American parents while they were in Mexico in Chihuahua City. Romney, who was considering a campaign for the Republican Party nomination for president in 1968, said in Detroit, "I didn't do anything to be an American citizen except to be born. I am a citizen naturally born." Twenty party-goers in the Philippines were killed, and another 40 injured, when the bus they were on fell off of a bridge in the municipality of Catarman, Northern Samar and fell into the Nyyt River. Survivors said that the bus driver, who escaped the bus and fled the scene, had appeared to have been drunk. October 16, 1967 (Monday) "Stop the Draft Week" was launched in front of the induction centers of 30 American cities, by thousands of people protesting against the Vietnam War. At Oakland, 600 demonstrators blocked the entrance of that city's center, including folk singer and activist Joan Baez, who was one of 125 people arrested. At New York City, 300 demonstrators blocked center entrances. Buses brought protesters to Boston, where 70 draft cards were burned and 200 cards turned over to clergymen of the Unitarian Universalist Church. Similar anti-draft protests took place in Los Angeles; Chicago; Washington, D.C.; San Francisco; Philadelphia; Minneapolis; Portland, Oregon; Albany, New York; and Ithaca, New York;, where people either attempted to give their draft cards back to federal authorities, or burned them. According to one account, over 1,000 cards were turned in during the week, and "by the end of the war, 600,000 men had violated the Selective Service laws," with only 3 percent actually prosecuted. Forty-two people, most of them women who were on a sightseeing tour of Buddhist temples in South Korea, were killed when their bus plummeted off of a 40-foot cliff near Gimcheon (Kimchon). The driver and the other 10 passengers on board were seriously injured. Born: Davina McCall, English television host, in Wimbledon, London. October 17, 1967 (Tuesday) The first "rock musical", Hair, premiered at the theater inside the Astor Library in New York City's East Village. Featuring a "multiracial cast of hippies", and attracting attention with "the full-frontal nudity of the cast" to close one scene, the show combined the music of Galt McDermot and the lyrics of James Rado and Gerome Ragni, and was sold out for each of its performances during its six-week trial run. It would also become "the first Off-Broadway musical to transfer successfully to Broadway". In the Battle of Ong Thanh, sixty-four soldiers in the U.S. Army's 28th Infantry Regiment were killed and 75 wounded in an ambush by the Viet Cong. Born: René Dif, Denmark singer and songwriter for the group Aqua; in Copenhagen Venus Terzo, Canadian film, television and voice actress, in Vancouver Died: Hsuan-t'ung, 61, the last Emperor of China (1908-1912), and the only monarch of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (1932-1945). Known informally as Puyi, he served 14 years in prison as a war criminal, then was pardoned and given a nominal job by the Communist Chinese government as an assistant editor for a party magazine. In that he had no children, his heir as head of the House of Aisin Gioro was his younger brother, Pujie, who would live until 1994. October 18, 1967 (Wednesday) The Soviet Union's Venera 4 probe became the first craft from Earth to land on Venus. The Soviets initially reported that the probe transmitted signals for 94 minutes as it descended through the Venusian atmosphere, starting at 10:14 a.m. Moscow time (0734 UTC), and continued until a crash landing According to the TASS news agency announcement, the Venus probe only stopped transmitting after it impacted the ground and sent back data that the surface temperature of Venus was , that the atmospheric pressure was 15 times that of Earth, and that the atmosphere of Venus was composed primarily of carbon dioxide. Subsequent reports dropped the claim of transmitting from the surface after scientists worldwide pointed out that some of the metals used in satellite instruments would melt at a 280 degree Celsius temperature, and reports two years later would note that "It is generally agreed that Venus 44 did not reach the surface intact." The Nobel Prize committee announced in Stockholm that Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald and Ragnar Granit would share the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries on the visual processes of the eye. Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison demonstrated over the efforts of Dow Chemical to use the university campus for recruiting new employees; 76 people would be injured in the ensuing riot. Baseball's American League owners voted to allow the Kansas City Athletics, owned by Charles O. Finley, to relocate to California as the Oakland Athletics starting in 1968, and to expand from ten teams to 12 no later than 1971 by adding a new Kansas City team (the Kansas City Royals) and a team in Seattle (the Seattle Pilots, who would later relocate as the Milwaukee Brewers). According to a later account, the move of any team required two-thirds approval, and only got six of ten votes on the first ballot (with Baltimore against and 3 abstaining), but the New York Yankees added a seventh vote on the next round. Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, was released. It would become an enormous box-office and critical success. October 19, 1967 (Thursday) The American Mariner 5 probe made a fly-by of Venus, coming within of the planet's surface. The data from the Soviet Union's Venera 4, which had landed the day before, and the United States probe Mariner 5, would be analyzed by a combined team of Soviet and American scientists in the year that followed. The long Tyne Tunnel underneath the River Tyne was dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II and opened to traffic. The tunnel runs more than a mile between Jarrow and Howdon in the county of Tyne and Wear in northeast England. Born: Amy Carter, known for living in the White House during her adolescence as the daughter of President Jimmy Carter; in Plains, Georgia October 20, 1967 (Friday) Guilty verdicts were returned against Neshoba County, Mississippi Deputy Sheriff Cecil R. Price and six other defendants for violations of federal civil rights laws in connection with the 1965 murder of three civil rights workers in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Another eight defendants were acquitted, including Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence Rainey. The trial was held before an all-white jury in the U.S. District Court in Meridian. The defendants received sentences ranging between three and ten years in prison. Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin filmed an unidentified animal near Bluff Creek, California, which has been claimed to be "Bigfoot" or "Sasquatch". The authenticity of the film has been questioned. As one historian notes, "Experts of the time examined the film and found no flaws or evidence of fakery, but in 1999, with improved methods of analysis, suspicions of hoaxing emerged. A small object on the creature's body looks the head of a zip-fastener to what may be a monkey suit." Another author notes that "Minutiae of the creature's physiognomy, such as the exact way in which it moves its neck, and its unusual method of distributing its weight as it walked, have led many to conclude that this could not be a man in a suit." Died: Shigeru Yoshida, 89, Prime Minister of Japan after World War II, from 1946 to 1947 and 1948 to 1954 October 21, 1967 (Saturday) In a culmination to "Stop the Draft Week", at least 30,000 people protested outside the Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense. Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin symbolically chanted to "levitate" the building and to "exorcise the evil within." The Pentagon was defended by 2,500 U.S. Marshals and U.S. Army soldiers, and 174 protesters were arrested. The protest, organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (colloquially known as "the Mobe"), started with a rally at the Lincoln Memorial with "perhaps 100,000 people, followed by a march to the Pentagon across the Arlington Memorial Bridge by about 35,000 people. In the view of one historian, "the protest had restrained the hawks in the administration from more vigorous pursuit of the war, because the Johnson began to fear that 'domestic crisis' would mount" and at the same time "rejuvenated the peace movement and brought together almost all its factions." An editorial in The Lewiston Daily Sun asserted that the core of the protest was made up of "Professional troublemakers, many of them Communist agitators". Forty-seven of the 190 men on board the Israeli destroyer INS Eilat were killed after the ship was struck by three Egyptian Styx missiles and sank. At 5:30 p.m. local time the torpedo boat TP-504, directed by Commander Ahmed Shaker, fired the first missile to hit the Eilat, and TP-501, under the command of Lutfi Jadallah, made hits with two missiles that caused the ship to sink. There were 143 survivors, 91 of whom were wounded. The dead included the Eilat captain, Commander Yitzhak Shoshan. Israel would retaliate three days later by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal. Died: Ejnar Hertzsprung, 94, Danish astronomer who developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for stellar magnitudes, and determined the distance, in light years, of Cepheid variable stars. October 22, 1967 (Sunday) Voters in South Vietnam cast their ballots to fill the nation's 127-member House of Representatives. Turnout was reported at 72.9 percent, and there were almost 1,200 candidates, an average of more than nine contestants for each seat. Born: Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier and five-time World Cup winner; in Rauris (killed in competition for the 1994 women's World Cup, 1994) Salvatore Di Vittorio, Italian classical composer and symphony conductor, in Palermo Carlos Mencia, Honduran-born American comedian, in San Pedro Sula October 23, 1967 (Monday) Charles de Gaulle became the first French Co-Prince of Andorra to visit his Andorran subjects. In addition to being President of France, de Gaulle was joint ruler (along with Spain's Bishop of Urgel) of the tiny nation located in the mountains between France and Spain, pursuant to the 1278 agreement creating the nation. De Gaulle was the eighth French head of state (and co-prince) since 1278 to have the first name "Charles". West German millionaire Hannsheinz Porst, who had built his fortune as owner of the Photo Porst chain of photography supply shops, was arrested in Nuremberg for espionage. Since 1953, Porst, secretly a member of East Germany's Communist Party Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, had been passing copies of confidential West German documents to the East. On July 8, 1969, Porst would be convicted of espionage and sentenced to an additional 30 months in prison. A laboratory technician at the Hammermill Paper Company in Lockhaven, Pennsylvania, killed six of his co-workers and wounded five others after an argument with members of his car pool. Leo Held, who was also a member of the county school board, drove to the factory and began shooting with a .38 caliber automatic pistol, then wounded another member of the car pool who worked at the local airport. From there, he returned home, then murdered another co-worker who lived across the street from him. Police captured Held after a shootout with him in his backyard. According to survivors, Held was angry because of an argument a few weeks earlier when other members of the car pool refused to ride with him "because of his dangerous driving habits." Held would die of a pulmonary embolism two days later. Died: Helen Palmer, American children's book author and wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss); suicide by sodium pentobarbital overdose October 24, 1967 (Tuesday) U.S. Army Lt. General Lewis B. Hershey, the Director of the Selective Service System, issued the first of two memoranda that would collectively become known as the "Hershey Directive", ordering draft boards nationwide to draft anti-war protesters into the armed services. The October 24 memo directed that a young man who had burned his draft card should be reclassified as Class 1-O for being delinquent. Two days later, Hershey issued a longer memorandum directing that draft-registered protesters, or the persons who encouraged them not to enlist, be reclassified for drafting or prosecution, which would include changing student deferments. "Demonstrations, when they become illegal, have produced and will continue to produce much evidence that relates to the basis for classification," Hershey wrote, adding, "A local board, upon receipt of this information, may reopen the classification of the registrant, classify him anew, and if evidence of violation of the act and regulations is established, also to declare the registrant to be a delinquent and to process him accordingly. This should include all registrants with remaining liability up to 35 years of age." Hershey would say at a November 8 press conference that voiding student deferments for protesters was not a form of protesting dissent because, "I've never felt that going into the service of the United States is a punishment, whether voluntarily or through the draft." An injunction against enforcing the directive would be issued by a federal court, and the United States Court of Appeals would rule on June 6, 1969, that draft boards had no right to reclassify any registrants based on protest activities. Israel retaliated against Egypt for the sinking of the INS Eilat by destroying two major oil refineries that handled 80 percent of Egypt's capability for refining and storing petroleum. The El Nasser Refinery produced 3.5 million tons of oil a year, and the Suez Refinery 2 million, prior to the attack. The refinery at Alexandria, which provided the remaining 1.5 million tons, was not affected. Born: Jacqueline McKenzie, Australian stage and screen actress, in Sydney October 25, 1967 (Wednesday) The Abortion Act 1967 was approved in the British Parliament after the House of Commons gave its assent to amendments made to the original bill by the House of Lords, to take effect six months after royal assent, which would be given two days later. Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Libya and would make efforts to modernize the bureaucracy and the Libyan armed forces. Al-Bakkoush, who continued to serve as Justice Minister, replaced Abdul Qadir al-Badri, who had been forced to resign after his harsh measures in breaking strikes by oil workers and student protests. In Arcadia, Florida, all seven children of migrant farm worker James Joseph Richardson, ranging in age from two to eight years old, were fatally poisoned after eating a lunch that had been prepared for them before Richardson went to work. Richardson would spend 22 years in prison after initially being sentenced to the death penalty for the children's deaths, but would be exonerated after evidence was discovered that the children had been poisoned by their babysitter. After being released on April 25, 1989, following evidence of prosecutorial misconduct in the 1967 trial, Richardson would later be paid $1.2 million by the state of Florida for his wrongful imprisonment. Died: Margaret Ayer Barnes, 81, American playwright and novelist, 1931 Pulitzer Prize winner October 26, 1967 (Thursday) The coronation ceremony of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, ruler of the nation since 1941, took place in Tehran on the Shah's 48th birthday. The Shah, who would be overthrown less than a dozen years later, had reportedly vowed that he would not allow himself to be crowned until he could restore Iran to greatness. During the ceremony, he "took his seat on the fabled Peacock Throne and placed on his head an egret-plumed crown containing 3,755 jewels." He then bestowed his 29-year old wife Farah Diba as the Shahbanu with a crown that had "1,469 diamonds and 177 rubies, emeralds and pearls". U.S. Navy pilot John McCain III was shot down over North Vietnam and taken prisoner. The son of Vice Admiral John S. McCain Jr., Lt. Commander McCain had taken off from in an A-4 Skyhawk on his 23rd bombing mission, when his plane was struck by an anti-aircraft missile. He ejected over Hanoi, and broke both arms and his right leg in the process, and parachuting into the Truc Bach Lake in the heart of the city, upon landing. Local citizens saved him from drowning by dragging him to the shoreline, and some began to beat him before another citizen intervened. McCain, the son of a U.S. Navy admiral, would be a prisoner of war for more than five years, turning down a chance at being set free early before finally being released on March 15, 1973. He would later be elected a U.S. Senator for Arizona and be the Republican candidate for president in 2008. Born: Keith Urban, New Zealand-born Australian and American country music singer; in Whangarei October 27, 1967 (Friday) Father Philip Berrigan, a Roman Catholic priest in the St. Peter Claver Church of Baltimore, broke into the city's selective service office and poured blood into 16 file drawers as a protest against the Vietnam War. Berrigan, who was sent to jail, was joined in the attack by Reverend James Mengel of the United Church of Christ, Thomas Lewis and David Eberhardt of the Baltimore Interfaith Peace organization. The Abortion Act 1967 was given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II, to take effect on April 27, 1968 in order to allow the British Ministry of Health a six-month transition time "to make arrangements in state hospitals" for the new procedures. The new law would replace an 1801 act that allowed abortions only if the mother's life or her physical health were "gravely endangered". Under the new law, abortions would also be allowed if there was a risk that the child would be born with "physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped"; if the mother's mental health might be injured; or if "any of her existing children might be injured mentally or physically". For the first time, abortions would also be available without cost under the national health care system. U.S. Air Force Colonel John P. Flynn was taken prisoner when his F-105 Thunderchief fighter was struck by a surface to air missile while he was flying over North Vietnam in wartime. Flynn became highest-ranking American prisoner of war of the Vietnam War, and would not be liberated from the Hỏa Lò Prison (nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton"), until his release (along with 107 other prisoners) on March 14, 1973. During his time as a POW, he would be promoted to the rank of brigadier general on May 1, 1971. Born: Scott Weiland, American rock musician for Stone Temple Pilots; in San Jose, California October 28, 1967 (Saturday) The 103-year-old Chamizal dispute between the United States and Mexico was declared at an end in a joint statement by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz at Ciudad Juarez. Effective on the proclamation, or 0.6875 square miles (1.78 square km) of land was ceded from the U.S. to Mexico. On the way to the ceremony, Johnson and Díaz were cheered by at least 200,000 Mexican residents, giving Johnson "a welcome seldom seen by any American President in his own country." Troops of the Democratic Republic of the Congo began an offensive to retake Bukavu from Belgian mercenaries. Born: Julia Roberts, American film and television star, winner of the 2000 Academy Award for Best Actress and of an Emmy Award in 2014; in Smyrna, Georgia October 29, 1967 (Sunday) Expo 67 closed in Montreal, after having attracted more than 50,306,648 visitors in six months, a record attendance for any world's fair. Canada's Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson declared at the closing ceremonies that the exhibit had been "one of the most imaginative acts of faith in Canadian enterprise and ability ever attempted," and added, "We have discovered that we do have a character and quality of our own, rich and diverse, but Canadian." Despite the record number of visitors, the fair, which opened on April 28, ran a deficit of US$250,000,000. Oscar Gestido, the President of Uruguay challenged former Uruguayan Treasury Minister Amílcar Vasconcellos to a duel, two days after the former minister had made a speech criticizing the Gestido administration. President Gestido had taken offense at a statement by Vasconcellos that the nation was "governed by a lack of common sense". Uruguay was, at the time, one of the few nations in the world where fighting a duel with deadly weapons was legal, but national law required that the challengers' seconds had to appoint a court of honor to decide whether there were grounds for a duel. Born: Rufus Sewell, English stage, film and television actor, in Twickenham Péter Kun, Hungarian hard rock guitarist, in Pusztaszabolcs; killed in motorcycle accident, 1993 Died: Julien Duvivier, 71, French film director Jack McVitie, 35, London criminal known as "Jack the Hat", was murdered by Reggie Kray and Ronnie Kray, the "Kray twins". McVitie had made the mistake of accepting £500 from Ronnie to commit a murder, then bungled the attempt. After McVitie got drunk and made a show of "waving a shotgun and saying he was looking for the twins", word got back to the Krays and they hired two henchmen to bring him to an apartment. McVitie was stabbed beneath his eye with a carving knife and repeatedly in the stomach by Reggie, who then "impaled him through the throat to the floor" and disposed of the body. The murder would be the crime that put the Kray twins (and their brother Charlie, who disposed of the body) in prison. October 30, 1967 (Monday) Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188, launched by the Soviet Union, accomplished the first automated docking and separation of unmanned spacecraft in orbit, using only transmitted commands from ground controllers. Kosmos 186 had been put into orbit three days earlier, and Kosmos 188 docked with it after its launch. The Constitutional Conference on Equatorial Guinea was convened in Madrid by Spanish and Guinean participants, to discuss three possibilities for the independence of Spain's few African colonies. One was for the island of Fernando Pó (now called Bioko) and the mainland colony of Río Muni to become two separate nations; the second was to allow the colony to become part of the adjacent nation of Cameroon; and the one ultimately chosen was to create a single federal republic in which the island and the mainland would be autonomous provinces. Hans Bethe, a German-born physicist at Cornell University who had helped develop the hydrogen bomb and protections against radiation hazards, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, while Manfred Eigen, Ronald W. Norrish and George Porter were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Police in Prague forcibly broke up a protest by university students who were angry about repeated cuts in electric power to their dormitories, located in the city's Strahov district, leading to even more meetings that was reported by the press in Czechoslovakia "with an openness unthinkable even a few months before." Czechoslovakian Communist Party Secretary Antonin Novotny was unable to suppress the anti-government protests because of dissension within the party's Presidium. Born: Ty Detmer, American college and professional football player, 1990 Heisman Trophy winner; in San Marcos, Texas October 31, 1967 (Tuesday) Queen Elizabeth II conducted the State Opening of Parliament and informed the members of the House of Lords that their hereditary succession and many of their governmental powers would be eliminated. Reading from a speech written by Prime Minister Harold Wilson, the Queen said "Legislation will be introduced to reduce the powers of the House of Lords and to eliminate its present hereditary basis, thereby enabling it to develop within the framework of a modern parliamentary system. Wilson's Labour Party would find strong opposition by the Conservative Party to the reform of the House of Lords, and would proceed no further with the legislation after 18 months. Major reforms would not come until 1999. Nguyen Van Thieu was sworn into office as the 4th President of South Vietnam. In his inaugural address, President Thieu said, "I will make a direct proposal to the North Vietnamese government to sit down at the conference table" to seek a way of ending the Vietnam War. Born: Vanilla Ice (Robert Van Winkle), American rap artist, in Dallas Buddy Lazier, American auto racing driver and winner of the 1996 Indianapolis 500; in Vail, Colorado References 1967 1967-10 1967-10

40901659

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Andy%20Lopez

Killing of Andy Lopez

The fatal shooting of Andy Lopez by Sonoma County sheriff's deputy Erick Gelhaus took place on October 22, 2013, in Santa Rosa, California. 13-year-old Lopez was walking through a vacant lot and carrying an airsoft gun that was designed to resemble an AK-47 assault rifle. Gelhaus opened fire on Lopez, presumably mistaking the airsoft gun for a real firearm. The shooting prompted many protests in Santa Rosa, and throughout California. On November 4, 2013, the Lopez family filed a federal civil rights lawsuit at the U.S. District Court. On July 7, 2014, District Attorney Jill Ravitch announced no charges would be filed against Gelhaus. On July 1, 2015, the FBI announced no criminal charges would be filed against Gelhaus, due to lack of evidence to prove that he violated Lopez's civil rights. Backgrounds Andy Lopez (June 2, 2000 – October 22, 2013) was a 13-year-old boy who attended Cook Middle School in Santa Rosa. He was raised in the Moorland Avenue neighborhood in southwest Santa Rosa. He transferred to Lewis Opportunity School from Cook Middle School one week prior to his death. Erick Gelhaus is a Sonoma County sheriff's deputy, and has worked with the agency for 24 years. He is also an Iraq War veteran. Gelhaus is a firearms instructor and is a contributing writer to gun publications. He was an instructor for ten years at Gunsite Academy, an Arizona-based company that teaches gun-handling, marksmanship, and law enforcement to "elite military personnel, law enforcement officers and free citizens of the U.S." He specialized in teaching pistol, carbine, shotgun and rifle lessons. He accidentally shot himself in the leg in 1995 while on duty with the sheriff's office, reportedly while holstering a gun during an attempt at searching a teenager for weapons. In his 24 years in law enforcement, he had never shot a suspect until the shooting of Lopez. Shooting According to Santa Rosa Police Lieutenant Paul Henry, two Sonoma County sheriff's deputies (Gelhaus and Michael Schemmel; Schemmel was driving the patrol car) were patrolling the Moorland Avenue neighborhood when they spotted Andy Lopez approximately ahead carrying an airsoft replica of an AK-47 assault rifle while he was walking on Moorland, just past the corner of West Robles Avenue. The rifle appeared to be a real weapon, since its orange tip has been previously broken off. As the sheriff's deputies approached the child from behind, Gelhaus radioed an observation of "Code 20, two units" at 3:13:58 p.m. Schemmel activated the light bar and briefly sounded the siren as he parked the patrol vehicle, and Gelhaus exited the passenger's side, calling out to demand that Lopez drop the weapon. Lopez turned to his right, towards the deputies and the barrel allegedly began to ascend. At 3:14 p.m., Gelhaus fired eight shots at Lopez from his department-issued 9mm handgun. The deputies broadcast "shots fired" to dispatch at 3:14:17 p.m., indicating the total time from initial contact to the shooting was seventeen seconds. By Gelhaus's own testimony, he opened fire "a couple seconds" after issuing the command for Lopez to drop the airsoft gun. Seven bullets hit Andy within six seconds. Two of the shots delivered fatal wounds, with one round hitting Lopez on his side while he was turning to face the police, at least four entering from the rear, according to an autopsy. The deputies remained in defensive position until backups arrived, then approached Lopez with guns drawn; after separating the airsoft gun from Lopez he was handcuffed. He was pronounced dead by medical personnel on the scene. Lopez was found to be under the influence of marijuana after an autopsy. The missing orange tip is a US legal requirement for all toy guns for import. However, airsoft and pellet rifles are exempted from the marking requirements. It is also a violation of California law to "openly display or expose any imitation firearm in a public place unless the entire exterior surface of the imitation firearm is painted with a specified color". The 13 year old friend from whom Andy had borrowed the replica later reported that he felt responsible "because he allowed Andy to borrow the gun even though the orange tip of the barrel was broken off making it look real, although he'd told his friend not to take it since it was broken." Investigation On October 26, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started to conduct an independent investigation in Lopez's death. Sonoma County Sheriff Steve Freitas announced in a statement on October 25 that he will cooperate fully with federal investigators. It is the first time the FBI has investigated an officer-involved shooting in Sonoma County since the 1997 shooting death of Kuanchung Kao in Rohnert Park. Investigators said Gelhaus feared for the safety of himself and his partner, and had to make an immediate decision to shoot when Lopez turned around and allegedly began raising the apparent assault weapon in their direction. The gun was later found to be an AK-47 replica air-soft pellet gun with the orange barrel tip marking, required to help distinguish it from a real weapon, broken off, and most witnesses believed it was real or might be real. Witnesses testified that Gelhaus had by then once or twice loudly called upon Lopez to drop the weapon. Gelhaus was in a deputy sheriff's uniform and marked sheriff's patrol car; however, Lopez would not have seen the uniform or patrol car since the officers approached him from behind; In the autopsy, Lopez was found to have significant levels of THC in his blood, consistent with smoking marijuana 60 to 75 minutes previously; he was also found to have a joint in his pocket. 'A 13-year-old boy high on marijuana would likely have suffered "impaired judgment, slowed decision making and increased mental processing time, particularly when having to deal with performance of a sudden, unanticipated tasks, including decisions that needed to be quickly responded to.'" Gelhaus was cleared to return to duty on December 9, 2013, but was able to work at his desk and not on patrol. On July 7, 2014, District Attorney Jill Ravitch announced no charges would be filed against Gelhaus. In August 2014, Gelhaus was allowed to return to patrolling the streets. The district attorney, Jill Ravich, referred the completed investigative report to the Sonoma County Grand Jury, but the civil Grand Jury declined to review it, citing lack of expertise. On July 1, 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that it would not file criminal charges of violating one's civil rights against Gelhaus. According to a Justice Department spokesman, the decision to not file charges against Gelhaus was due to insufficient evidence that he willfully used excessive force that resulted in Lopez's death. A group of federal prosecutors and FBI agents reviewed the case and determine there was a lack of evidence Gelhaus violated Andy Lopez's civil rights. Aftermath Civil action Arnoldo Casillas, the lawyer representing Lopez's family, said that the shooting was unconstitutional because it violated the Fourth Amendment's limits on police authority. On November 4, the Lopez family filed a lawsuit at the U.S. District Court in San Francisco, claiming that Deputy Erick Gelhaus shot Lopez "without reasonable cause." The civil action trial was initially scheduled to start in April 2016. In February 2016, the trial was delayed by Sonoma County's challenge to the January ruling by U.S. District Court Judge Phyllis Jean Hamilton that allowed the case brought by the parents of Andy Lopez to go forward. Hamilton had dismissed three of the five claims that Gelhaus violated Lopez's civil rights but said she would leave it to a jury to decide whether he acted unreasonably. Steven Mitchell, the attorney who would have defended Sonoma County in the federal lawsuit filed by Lopez's parents, committed suicide two weeks after the decision to delay the case was made. On June 25, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court denied Sonoma County's petition, clearing the way for the case against the Sonoma County sheriff's deputy to proceed toward a trial. In December 2018, the lawsuit was settled for $3 million. Protests A series of protests were organized and held following Lopez's death. The protests were mainly organized by immigrant, religious and community groups and activists. Many protesters have stated that Lopez's shooting was a case of police brutality, and that Lopez, who was Latino, was a victim of racial profiling by the deputies. On October 25, 2013, more than 100 people, consisting mostly of middle school and high school students, protested at the Santa Rosa City Hall. On October 29, over 1,000 people attended a protest in downtown Santa Rosa, in the form of a mass march. The march initiated in the Courthouse Square in downtown Santa Rosa, and ended at the Sonoma County Sheriff's Office. Lawyer John Burris, who represented the family of police shooting victim Oscar Grant, gave a speech at the rally. Attendees traveled from all over the San Francisco Bay Area to attend the event. Many protesters held picket signs demanding justice. Up to 200 people attended a march in Santa Rosa on November 5, 2013, including activist Cindy Sheehan. They also demanded that District Attorney Jill Ravitch issue an arrest warrant for Gelhaus or put together a grand jury, but she declined to do either until the fact gathering investigation was complete, stating that the investigation would take time. Rallies were held statewide on November 9, 2013, in Santa Rosa, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Merced. On November 26, 2013, several people were detained during protests in Santa Rosa. A dozen demonstrators were cited for blocking traffic, and one demonstrator was arrested and booked for resisting arrest. There were 80 people attending that protest, consisting of local middle and high-school students, and several members of By Any Means Necessary (BAMN), a Bay Area-based civil rights group. On December 3, 2013, protesters targeted Ravitch at her re-election fundraiser. On December 9, 2013, Gelhaus was cleared to return to duty, which resulted in additional protests. A 31-year-old man was arrested for battery on a police officer for allegedly punching a police officer and hitting another officer with a picket sign during a protest at the Santa Rosa City Hall on December 10, 2013. Charges were dropped against him in May 2014. A second person was arrested for obstructing a police officer and violating probation. Multiple protesters vandalized the front door of the Sonoma County Jail, breaking its glass. On February 17, 2014, protesters for Andy Lopez gathered at the Santa Rosa Plaza food court to eat lunch while wearing shirts displaying "RIP Andy Lopez". Several mall security guards came up to them and asked them to remove their T-shirts or leave the mall. The attorney for Simon Malls, owner of Santa Rosa Plaza, apologized in a letter issued to relatives of Andy Lopez, stating that they were disappointed that the security guards did not comply with the mall's policies and procedures. The head of security for Santa Rosa Plaza was fired one month later in connection with the incident. On July 12, 2014, more than 100 protesters held a rally at the Old Courthouse Square in Santa Rosa, demonstrating their disapproval with prosecutors' decision to not file charges against Erick Gelhaus. A small group of protesters marched onto northbound Highway 101, blocking traffic. On June 2, 2020, a memorial and march was held in Santa Rosa in Lopez’s honor, on what would have been his 20th birthday, and coinciding with the George Floyd protests. Tributes A memorial park was created for Lopez in December 2013, located near the site of his death. In March 2016, the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors approved an additional $1.2 million of fund money for the park and a name for it. The park is named "Andy's Unity Park" and encompasses 4.22 acres. The park's estimated cost was $4 million, with $3 million for the construction. The park was opened in June 2018 with a final cost of $3.7 million. LandPaths, a Sonoma county non-profit, helped create Andy’s Unity Park Community Garden and maintains the park along with community involvement. See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, October 2013 Police misconduct Shooting of Michael Brown and the subsequent 2014 Ferguson unrest Shooting of Tamir Rice Shooting of Akai Gurley Shooting of John Crawford III Shooting of Ezell Ford Death of William Corey Jackson Shooting of Kuanchung Kao Death of Eric Garner Entertech shooting deaths Emmett Till References External links 2013 in California Deaths by firearm in California History of Santa Rosa, California History of Sonoma County, California Latino people shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Incidents of violence against boys Protests in the United States Law enforcement in California

41277077

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20El%20Se%C3%B1or%20de%20los%20Cielos%20cast%20members

List of El Señor de los Cielos cast members

The following is a list of actors, and the characters they played, who appeared in the Telemundo series El Señor de los Cielos. Main characters Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas (seasons 1–6; guest season 7), the main protagonist of the series, leader of the Casillas Cartel, and the patriarch of the Casillas family. Ximena Herrera as Ximena Letrán (seasons 1–2), Aurelio's wife, and Rutila, Luzma and Heriberto's mother. Robinson Díaz as Miltón Jiménez "El Cabo" / Pío José Valdivia (season 1–7; recurring season 2; special guest stars season 5), is the main distributor of drugs in Colombia, former partner of El Tijeras, Leader of the North Valley Cartel/Rastrojos Cartel, and the main enemy of Aurelio. In season 7 after escaping from the authorities, he changes his name to Pío José Valdivia. Raúl Méndez as Víctor Casillas "Chacorta" (seasons 1–2). Aurelio's brother, and Víctor and Carlo's father, Aurelio’s second-in-command and right hand man. Gabriel Porras as Marco Mejía (season 1), commander obsessed with capturing Aurelio Casillas. Carmen Villalobos as Leonor Ballesteros (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1), Colombian infiltrated agent and the female protagonist of the series during seasons 2–3. Mauricio Ochmann as El Chema (seasons 2–3; special guest stars season 1), Leader of the Venegas Cartel, Leonardo and El Chemita's father, El Rojo’s adoptive brother, Aurelio’s ally and rival, Fabricio Ponce’s big enemy, Ricardo Almenar’s enemy and rival. Alberto Guerra as El Chema (season 6; recurring season 7) Fernanda Castillo as Mónica Robles (seasons 2–5; recurring season 1) Marlene Favela as Victoria Navárez (season 2), Daughter of Governor Pedro Navárez and later Governor of Jalisco. Carmen Aub as Rutila Casillas (seasons 3–7; recurring season 2), Heriberto's and Luzma's sister. Ismael and Nazareno's half-sister. Daughter of Aurelio and Ximena. Terina Angell as Child Rutila (season 1) Ana Sofía Durán as Child Rutila (season 2) Maritza Rodríguez as Amparo Rojas (seasons 3–4) Sabrina Seara as Esperanza Salvatierra (seasons 4–5, recurring season 3), Aurelio's Ex-lover. Vanessa Villela as Emiliana Contreras (seasons 4–5), Lencho's daughter. Marisela González as Eunice Lara "La Felina" (season 5, recurring season 4) Mariana Seoane as Mabel Castaño / Ninón del Valle (season 5). El Chema's former lover, Gary Robert's Widow. Leonardo's Mother. Miguel Varoni as Leandro Quezada (season 5–6), Leader of the Santa Norma Cartel. Guy Ecker as Joe Navarro (season 6–present) Ninel Conde as Evelina López (season 6–7) Carlos Bardem as Chivo Ahumada (season 6), Former Candidate of the Governor of Coahuila Alejandro López Silva as El Súper Javi (season 6; recurring seasons 3–5, 7), Former Commander of the FARC. Francisco Gattorno as Gustavo Casasola (season 6), Former Member of the Cuban Forces Jesús Moré as Omar Terán Robles (season 6; recurring seasons 3–5), Corrupted President of México. Lisa Owen as Alba Casillas (season 6; recurring seasons 1–3, 5, 7), Aurelio's and Chacorta's mother. Isabella Castillo as Diana Ahumada (season 6–7), El Chivo's daughter, and Amado's girlfriend. María Conchita Alonso as Nora Requena (season 6) Matías Novoa as Amado Casillas "El Águila Azul" (season 6–7), Aurelio's half-brother, and Diana's boyfriend, former agent of the CIA Iván Arana as Ismael Casillas (season 6–7; recurring seasons 4–5), the missing son of Aurelio, Aurelio’s forth second-in-command after chacorta, Heriberto and Víctor Jr. Héctor Bonilla as Arturo López "El Rayo" (season 6) Former Culiacán citizen, Aurelio and amado’s former boxing trainer Roberto Escobar as José Valdés (season 6; recurring season 7), Commander of the Cuban Forces. Fernando Noriega as Eutimio "Rojo" Flores (season 6; recurring seasons 5, 7). El Chema's Former second-in-command and right hand. Super Javi's right hand man. Eduardo Santamarina as Balthazar Ojeda (season 7; recurring season 6) former Agent of the CIA and Member of the Balcanes Cartel, Renzo Volpi's second-in-command, El cabo new ally/partner and second-in-command, and amado’s arch-enemy Danna García as Violeta Estrella (season 7) Recurring characters Introduced in season 1 Andrés Parra as Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug trafficker from Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord. Leader of the Medellín Cartel. Sara Corrales as Matilde Rojas (seasons 1–2), Chacorta's wife. Fernando Solórzano as Óscar Cadena, Colombian drug trafficker from El cartel. Leader of the North Valley Cartel. Arturo Barba as Alí Benjuema "El Turco" (seasons 1–2), Aurelio's legal adviser. Sophie Gómez as Irina Vorodin (seasons 1–2), El Turco's partner. Juan Ríos Cantú as General Daniel Jiménez Arroyo "El Letrudo", General accomplice of Aurelio and Chacorta. Fabricio Ponce and Marco Mejia's boss government colleagues Angélica Celaya as Eugenia Casas, Marco's girlfriend. Marco Pérez as Guadalupe Robles, Mónica's brother, One of the leaders of the Robles Cartel, Aurelio’s enemy Rocío Verdejo as Doris de Jiménez, El Letrudo's wife. Tommy Vásquez as Álvaro José Pérez "Tijeras" (seasons 1–4), El Cabo's partner and right hand, El Cabo’s second-in-command. Fabián Peña as Jesús Linares, Eugenia's friend. Emmanuel Orenday as Gregorio Ponte (seasons 1–2), Leonor's partner in the police. Ruy Senderos as Heriberto Casillas (seasons 1–2), Aurelio's First son, Aurelio’s second Second-in-command After chacorta Bianca Calderón as Roxana Mondragón, Isidro's girlfriend. Ángel Cerlo as General Castro, a corrupt politician. Arnoldo Picazzo as Flavio Huerta, a corrupt politician. Juan Ignacio Aranda as Ramiro Silva de la Garza (seasons 1, 3–4), a corrupt politician. Ricardo Almenar and Tobias Clark's adviser. Omar Teran's Mentor. An Living in Dublin. Jorge Zárate as Juan Montoya, Mexican drug trafficker from Tamaulipas. Leader of the Villalobos cartel. Javier Díaz Dueñas as Don Anacleto "Cleto" Letrán, Ximena's father, Drug trafficker From Sinaloa and Aurelio’s father-in Law Manuela González as Lorelay "Lay" Cadena (seasons 1–2), Matilde's partner. Fernando Banda as El Vitaminas (season 1–present), Aurelio's bodyguard and right hand man. Carlos Gallardo as Patólogo (season 1) / Carlos Zuleta (season 5–6), Chief of Estado Mayor Presidencial and El Cabo's adviser. Introduced in season 2 Erika de la Rosa as Elsa Marín, she is national attorney and El Chema's partner. Ari Brickman as Jeremy Andrews (seasons 2–3), El Chema's adviser in the DEA after the death of the Chief Jones. Carlos Torrestorija as Maximiliano "Max" Miravalle, Ignacio's father. Tomás Goros as General Antonio Garnica (seasons 2–4), a Corrupt General enemy of Aurelio. Member of the Emes. Surya MacGregor as Cecilia, Ignacio's mother. Antonio de la Vega as Santiago Echeverría, Ximena's lover. Miguel Melo as Young Víctor Casillas Jr., Chacorta's young son. Sahit Sosa as Ernesto Gamboa (seasons 2–3), Rutila's boyfriend. Juan Luis Orendain as Father Lázaro Sánchez, Father of the community. Ausencio Cruz as José Antonio Gutiérrez Velarde "Pepe Johnson", actor partner of Chacorta. Toño Muñiz as Coronel Marcelino Ramos, a corrupt politician. Irineo Álvarez as Pedro Navárez, Victoria's father. Deceased Governor of Jalisco. Manuel Balbi as Rodrigo Rivero Lanz (seasons 2–5), Former Secretariat of Public Security. Leonor's partner in the police, and Rutila and Evelyn's lover. Flavio Peniche as Mario Quintero "El Bigotes", El chema’s right hand and bodyguard Carlos Gascón as Iñaki Izarrieta, Lorelay's boyfriend. Sandra Díaz as Irma Veracierta (seasons 2–3), Chacorta's wife. Sebastián Caicedo as El Tostado Yepes (season 2), Eleazar's twin brother. / Eleazar Yepes (seasons 3–4), El Tostado's twin brother. Edgardo González as Lilo Planas (seasons 2–3), Aurelio's partner. Alejandro de la Madrid as Ignacio Mivalle (seasons 2–4), Leonor's ex-husband. Ofelia Guiza as Diana Quiñones (seasons 2–3), Ignacio's secretary. José Juan Meraz as Ramón (seasons 2–5), Mónica's Second-in-command and right hand. Daniel Rascón as El Toro (seasons 2–7), Former Nogales Butcher, El Chema's right hand man and second-in-command after el rojo left Chema David Ponce as José Manrique "Skinny" (seasons 2–present), Leader of the MS-13, Víctor Casillas Jr. former Right hand man and second in command, El Chacorta’s former partner, one of the Casillas cartel’s Top cartel hitmen leaders along with El chatarrero. Carlos Puente as Pompeyo (seasons 2–present), Rutila's bodyguard and right hand. Paloma Ruiz de Alda as Elga, Iñaki's lover. Introduced in season 3 Sergio Mur as Tim Rawlings (seasons 3–4), agent of the DEA, and accomplice of Aurelio. Gala Montes as Luz Marina "Luzma" Casillas (seasons 3–4), Aurelio's daughter. Isturiz's lover. Renata Manterola as Luz Marina "Luzma" Casillas (season 7–present) Leonardo Daniel as Don Alfredo "Feyo" Aguilera (seasons 3–4), Mexican capo, leader of The Michoacán Family and partner of Aurelio and El Chema. El Oficial's partner. Verónica Montes as Belén Guerrero "La Condesa", Feyo's wife, and Aurelio's lover. Jorge Luis Moreno as Víctor Casillas Jr. (seasons 3–5), Chacorta's adult son, Aurelio’s Former second in command after chacorta and heriberto, Aurelio’s former rival. Nando as Child Víctor (season 1) Miguel Melo as Young Víctor (season 2) Carlos Torres as Enrique Morejón, president of Mexico in season 3. Sandra Beltrán as Julia Reyes, Tim's wife. Viviana Serna as Cristina Salgado, Rutila's friend, and Víctor Jr's lover. Bárbara Singer as Elisa Peña (seasons 3–4), Leonor's friend. Sebastián Ferrat as Juan Antonio Marcado (seasons 3–4), a corrupt militar enemy of Aurelio and leader of the Emes, El chema’s Former accomplice. Sebastian Urdiales as Carlos "Carlitos" Casillas, Chacorta's second son. Adrián Herrera as Carlos "Carlitos" Casillas (season 3, episode 89 to season 4, episode 23) Fernando Sarfatti as Valentín Fons, a corrupted President of México. Néstor Rodulfo as General Camilo Jaramillo (seasons 3–4), Eleazar's partner in Colombia. Alejandro Félix as Chatarrero (seasons 3–present), he is in charge of getting rid of the corpses, El feyo’s Former right hand man and bodyguard, one of the Casillas Cartel top Hitmen leaders along with skinny and top member of the Casillas cartel. Ligia Petit as Gloria, Esperanza's friend. Marco Zetina as Dr. Ricardo Monteverde (seasons 3–4), doctor in charge of the health of Aurelio. Arnulfo Reyes Sánchez as Benjamín "El Espanto", he is in charge of watching Aurelio, so he doesn't commit crimes. Alejandro Navarrete as El Zopilote (seasons 3–present), Aurelio, Victor Jr's and Ismael's bodyguard and second-in-command, Chief of security For the Casillas cartel and right hand man to Víctor jr and Ismael. Plutarco Haza as Dalvio Navarrete "El Ingeniero" (seasons 3–5, 7–present), lawyer and former police. He is a strong and ruthless man, who inherited control of all Chema Venegas businesses, Engineer who designs tunnels like el Chema Gabriel Coronel as Armando Pérez Ricard (seasons 3–4), Venezuelan corrupt businessman associated with the Mexican government. Christian Tappan as Gustavo Gaviria "El Oficial" (seasons 3–4), main enemy of Aurelio, and El Feyo's partner. Roxana Chávez as Eva Ernestina Gallardo (seasons 3–4) Iván Tamayo as Jorge Elías Salazar (seasons 3–5), Former Ambassador of Venezuela, DEA Agent. Marco Treviño as Abel Terán (seasons 3–4), Omar Terán's father. Juan Pablo Franco as Reyesito Lorena del Castillo as Officer Evelyn García (seasons 3–5), Former Marine Officer and Rivero's lover. Franklin Virgüez as General Diosdado Carreño Arias (seasons 3–4), General of the Cartel of the Suns. Cristian Satin as El Roto (seasons 3–5) El ingeniero’s bodyguard and right hand man. Marina de Tavira as Begoña Barraza (seasons 3–6) Citlali Galindo as Mayra Rodríguez (seasons 3–6). President Omar Teran's Private Secretary. Introduced in season 4 Wendy de los Cobos as Aguasanta "Tata" Guerra (seasons 4–5, 7–present), Ismael's mother. Geraldine Zinat as Amalia Ramírez. Nazareno's mother. Diego de Tovar as Nicandro "Niki" Limón, Connie's son, and Aurelio's non-biological son. Ivonne Montero as Consuelo "Connie" Limón, Nicandro's mother, and Aurelio's lover. Carlos Fonseca as Nazareno Ramírez, Aurelio's biological son, Carmen's husband. Father of the Two Children. Ofelia Medina as Lourdes (seasons 4–5) Gabriel Bonilla as Isidro Casillas (season 4–present), Aurelio's and Mónica's son. Introduced in season 5 Patricia Vico as Pilar Ortiz, La Felina's friend. Carlos Mata as Juan Carlos Salvatierra, Esperanza's father. Daniel Martínez as Guillermo Colón (season 5–present) Former Mexican DEA commissioner. Juan Martín Jauregui as Sebastián Almagro, Rutila's lover. Ernesto Benjumea as Melquiades Soler "Penumbra". Commander of the Cartel of the Suns. Ricardo Leguizamo as Rafael Jiménez "Doble 30". Colombian drug lord. Catherina Cardozo as Giuseppina "Pina" Cortini, Esperanza's mother. Valeria Vera as Zoe. Esperanza's lesbian lover. Alan Slim as Jaime Ernesto Rosales (season 5–present), Omar's friend, Corrupt Governor of Quintana Roo. Kristo Cifuentes as Arnulfo Sutamarchan Carlos Rios as Camilo "Vaso E' Leche" Emmanuel Esparza as Tony Pastrana, Spanish corrupt businessman, Crime boss, leader of the Chicago Cartel and Aurelio's enemy. Alex Walerstein as Paul "El Greñas" (season 5–present). Professional hacker and the Casillas cartel’s hacker, Dylan’s former enemy and rival. Juan Manuel Mendoza as Andrés Velandia Francisco Calvillo as Rubén Saba Leonardo Álvarez as Leonardo Castaño (season 5–present), El Chema's son. Mabel's son. El Chemita's brother. Daniela Zavala as Arelis Mendoza (season 5–present), El Greñas' lover, the Ambassador of Venezuela's personal assistant. José Sedek as Bernardo Castillo (season 5–present), the Ministry of Public Security Polo Monarrez as Filemón, Víctor jr’s former cartel hitmen leader and Tony Pastrana’s bodyguard and second-in-command Paloma Jiménez as Paloma Villareal (season 5), First Lady of México. Karla Carrillo as Corina Saldaña / Salma Vidal (season 5–present), Sinaloa Police Officer, El Chema's ex-lover, Aurelio's lover, Amado's partner and former agent of the CIA and DEA. Elsy Reyes as Carla Uzcátegui (season 5–present) Alieth Vargas as Susana (season 5) Pahola Escalera as Paulina Ugalde (season 5) Introduced in season 6 Dayana Garroz as Ámbar Maldonado (season 6–7), Venezuelan Lieutenant colonel, Aurelio's lover and El Chema's lover. Juanita Arias as Kashi, Milena's lesbian lover. Leonardo's lover, Rutila's friend. Gloria Stalina as Milena, Rutila's friend, El Rojo's lover. Marisela Berti as Edith Guzmán (season 6–7), the Ambassador of Venezuela. Claudia Lobo as Esther (season 6–7), Diana and Berenice's mother and Governor of Coahuila. Rafael Uribe as Coronel Garañón. Corrupt Colonel of the ELN and El Cabo's partner. Gastón Velandia as Figueroa, El Cabo's second in command and right hand man. Daniel Martínez Campos as Arístides Istúriz (season 6–7), Ambar's partner and bodyguard Carlos Serrato as Onésimo Jaramillo "El Mocho", One of El Cabo's Cartel top hitmen leaders and chief of security, el Cabo’s bodyguard. Antonio López Torres as El Pulque, Doña Alba's bodyguard and lover Rubén Arciniegas as Samario (season 6–7) El cabo’s top bodyguard and right hand man Thali García as Berenice Ahumada (season 6–7), Diana's sister. Carlos Balderrama as El Manny (season 6-7) Former Soccer trainer, El chema, El Rojo and El Toro’s closest friend, El Chema’s second right hand man, chief of security, and leader of the sicarios and hitmen. karen sandoval as laura [season 6-7] nurse of aurelio and ismael girlfriend Introduced in season 7 Nacho Fresneda as Renzo Volpi, Italian drug lord and leader of the Balcanes Cartel, El Cabo's ally and enemy of Amado. Mabel Moreno as Alejandra, Super Javi's cousin, mother of Angela. Camila Jurado as Angela, daughter of Super Javi and Alejandra. Denia Agalianou as Dalila Zuc, CIA agent. Athina Marturet as Athina, ex-CIA agent, previously Amado's business partner, wife of Nicos. Giannis Spaliaras as Nicos, ex-CIA agent, previously Amado's business partner. Special guest stars Aracely Arámbula as La Doña (season 6) Roberto Tapia as Himself (seasons 1–2, 5) El Dasa as Himself (season 6) Larry Hernández as Himself (season 1) Murder Clown as Himself (season 6) Psycho Clown as Himself (season 6) La Parka as Himself (season 6) Texano Jr. as Himself (season 6) La Arrolladora Banda El Limón as Themselves (season 1) References Lists of actors by soap opera television series El Señor de los Cielos Lists of actors by drama television series

41517826

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

2014 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 2014 in the United Kingdom. Incumbents Monarch – Elizabeth II Prime Minister – David Cameron (Coalition) Parliament – 55th Events January 3 January – strong winds and high tides bring flooding to large parts of Western England, Wales and Scotland. 7 January – four people are killed when a United States Air Force Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter, based at RAF Lakenheath in Suffolk, crashes at a nature reserve in Cley next the Sea, north Norfolk. 8 January – an inquest jury decides that Mark Duggan, whose death sparked the 2011 England riots was lawfully killed by police. 10 January – at the Old Bailey, police officer Keith Wallis pleads guilty to misconduct in a public office over an email he sent to his local MP concerning the Plebgate affair. 12 January – Vincent Nichols, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster is among 19 senior Catholic clergy who will be created Cardinals by Pope Francis on 22 February, it is announced. 13 January – the UK Treasury says that should Scots vote to leave the UK in the following autumn's referendum, it will honour all UK government debt issued up to the date of Scottish independence. 15 January – Birmingham City Council could be forced to sell off some of its assets to pay £1bn of legal claims over equality. 16 January Sir Peter Fahy, the Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police will face prosecution over safety breaches after an unarmed man was shot dead in Cheshire in March 2012. Chancellor George Osborne tells BBC News he wants to see a rise in the minimum wage above the rate of inflation. 18 January The Labour Party confirms that Del Singh, a candidate for the forthcoming European elections, was among two Britons killed during a suicide bombing at a restaurant in the Afghan capital, Kabul the previous day. 16-year-old Lewis Clarke of Bristol sets a new world record after becoming the youngest person to trek to the South Pole. 19 January – the UK Independence Party suspends an Oxfordshire councillor who blamed the floods that hit the country earlier in the month on the government's decision to legalise same-sex marriage because it had angered God. 22 January – UK unemployment falls to 7.1%, surpassing economic forecasts and placing pressure on the Bank of England to raise interest rates. The bank, which said it would consider an increase once unemployment reached 7% says it has no immediate plans to introduce a raise. 24 January – Sedgemoor District Council in Somerset declares a "major incident" in flooded areas as forecasters warn of more rain. 25 January – trees are uprooted and structural damaged caused to buildings by lightning as a heavy rainstorm hits the Midlands region. 27 January – research published by the Centre for Cities think tank suggests a widening economic gap between London and the rest of the UK, with ten times more jobs being created in the capital than elsewhere. 28 January – figures released by the Office for National Statistics indicate the UK economy grew by 1.9% in 2013, its highest since 2007, but growth for the final quarter of the year was 0.7%. 29 January – during a visit to Scotland, Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England says that in the event of Scottish independence, the country would need to give up some powers in return for a currency union with the United Kingdom. 30 January – figures released by the Met Office indicate Southern England and parts of the Midlands have experienced their highest January rainfall since records began in 1910. The announcement comes as military personnel prepare to help residents in flooded areas of Somerset. 31 January – the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013-14 is rejected by the House of Lords after peers vote not to allow more time for a debate, effectively killing off the proposed legislation. February 1 February – Sally Morgan, the outgoing chair of Ofsted claims she is the victim of a "determined effort" by 10 Downing Street to appoint more Conservatives to key public sector positions. 5 February – part of the South Devon Railway sea wall carrying the railway line linking London with the west of England is washed away by a powerful storm that has hit the UK overnight. Thousands of homes are also left without electricity. Prime Minister David Cameron announces that an extra £100 million will be spent on dealing with the aftermath of the floods that have hit the UK. 6 February PC Keith Wallis, who wrote to his MP falsely claiming to have witnessed the Plebgate incident in Downing Street is sentenced to twelve months imprisonment. The Ministry of Defence sends around 40 Royal Marines to the Somerset Levels to help with flood protection as more storms are expected. The Government also provides an extra £30 million for repairs. 7–23 February – Great Britain competes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia and wins 1 gold, one silver and two bronze medals. This is Great Britain's best performance at a winter games since 1924. 8 February Immigration minister Mark Harper resigns from the government after it was disclosed that his cleaner did not have permission to work in the UK. Rail links to South West England are cut off as fresh storms hit the area. 11 February – after visiting some of the country's flood hit areas, David Cameron says that "money is no object" as he announces measures to help those affected by the storms. He also warns that things may get worse before they get better. 1,600 troops are deployed to help in the relief effort, with more available if needed. 20 February – a 4.1 magnitude earthquake is recorded under the Bristol Channel. 22 February – Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols, leader of the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales, is created a cardinal at a ceremony in Vatican City. 25 February – a suspect in the 1982 IRA Hyde Park bombing will not face trial after a judge ruled he cannot be prosecuted because he was mistakenly given an official assurance that he would not face trial. Some 182 letters have been issued as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. 26 February – the two men convicted of the murder of Lee Rigby are sentenced to life imprisonment, Michael Adebolajo without the possibility of parole, and Michael Adebowale with the possibility of parole after 45 years. 27 February – Prime Minister David Cameron appoints a judge to review the crisis over letters sent to paramilitary suspects advising them they would not be prosecuted after First Minister of Northern Ireland Peter Robinson threatened to resign over the issue. The inquiry will present its findings by end of May. 28 February – spree killer Joanne Dennehy is given a whole life sentence for three murders and two attempted murders committed in 2013. March 5 March – Birmingham City Council is to sell the NEC Group because the authority is facing legal claims over equal pay totalling more than £1bn. 6 March Prince Harry launches the Invictus Games, a Paralympic-style sporting championship for wounded soldiers. Home Secretary Theresa May announces a public inquiry into undercover policing after revelations that officers spied on members of Stephen Lawrence's family. 7–16 March – Great Britain finish 10th in the medal table of the 2014 Winter Paralympics, with six medals, the most successful Games since Innsbruck in 1984. Four of Britain's medals were won by visually impaired skier Jade Etherington, making her the greatest British Winter Paralympian of all-time. 11 March – MPs vote 297–239 to allow the controversial Clause 119 element of the Care Bill that will allow ministers to close hospitals in an NHS trust if a neighbouring trust is in financial difficulty, even if the hospital concerned is performing well. 18 March – Scottish Labour's Devolution Commission publishes its long-awaited report setting out proposals for enhanced devolution that will be implemented if Scotland votes no in the referendum and Labour are elected in 2015. 19 March – as part of the 2014 budget, Chancellor George Osborne announces that a new £1 coin will be introduced from 2017. Current £1 coins are vulnerable to counterfeiting, but the new 12-sided two-metal coin, based on the Threepenny bit will be more difficult to copy. 28 March – BBC research suggests that less than 6% of social housing tenants affected by the bedroom taxan aspect of the 2012 Welfare Reform Act that penalises tenants in receipt of Housing Benefit with spare bedroomshave moved house as a result of the controversial measure. 29 March – the first gay weddings take place in England and Wales following a change in the law in 2013 allowing same-sex marriage. 31 March – a jury is selected to hear a fresh inquest into the 96 deaths caused by the 1989 Hillsborough disaster. April 5 April – in horse racing, Pineau De Re, trained by Dr. Richard Newland and ridden by 37-year-old Leighton Aspell, who returned to racing after coming out of retirement, wins the 2014 Grand National at Aintree Racecourse with the odds of 25/1. 6 April Sheffield's Half Marathon is cancelled because there were not enough water supplies for runners on the route. The Boat Race 2014, contested between Oxford and Cambridge University takes place; Oxford winning by 11 lengths (the biggest winning margin since 1973) after the Cambridge boat suffered damage to an oar early in the race. 9 April – Maria Miller resigns of Culture Secretary following a row over her expenses, describing her decision as "the right thing to do". Sajid Javid is appointed as her successor. 20 April – the Anglican Diocese of Leeds, created by merger of the Church of England's West Yorkshire dioceses of Ripon & Leeds, Bradford and Wakefield, comes into being. 22 April – David Moyes is sacked as Manager of Manchester United ten months after succeeding Alex Ferguson. Ryan Giggs will take temporary charge of the team until a permanent successor is appointed. 24 April – Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander announces that Cornish people will be granted minority status under Council of Europe rules governing the protection of national minorities. 25 April – the government has launched an inquiry after the Liverpool Echo reported that Whitehall computers were used to post offensive remarks about the Hillsborough disaster on Wikipedia pages relating to the topic. 28 April A youth is detained by police after a female teacher is stabbed to death in front of students at a school in Leeds. Following a trial at Southwark Crown Court, publicist Max Clifford is convicted of eight indecent assaults on women and girls. 29 April – former Conservative MP Patrick Mercer has resigned from his Newark seat after he was suspended from Parliament for six months for allegedly asking questions in the House of Commons in exchange for money. May 1 May – barrister and part-time judge Constance Briscoe is convicted of perverting the course of justice after a trial at the Old Bailey heard she lied to police investigating the case of former MP Chris Huhne's speeding points. She is sentenced to 16 months in prison the following day. 2 May – publicist Max Clifford is jailed for eight years. 5 May – The World Snooker Championship concludes with Mark Selby defeating defending champion Ronnie O'Sullivan 18–14 in the final to win his first world title 7 May – Former Co-operative Bank chairman Paul Flowers is fined £400 after being convicted of possessing cocaine, methamphetamine and ketamine. Flowers stood down from his role at the bank in 2013 due to allegations concerning drug taking, inappropriate expense payments and use of rent boys. 8 May – Defence Secretary Philip Hammond announces a review of the British Armed Forces will be brought forward from 2018. The review could allow women to serve in front line combat roles for the first time. 9 May – the Giro d'Italia cycle race starts in Belfast. 17 May – Arsenal defeat Hull City 3–2 after extra time at Wembley Stadium to win the FA Cup Final. Arsenal equal the record of 11 FA Cup trophy wins with this victory. 21 May – Clarence House has refused to comment on claims that Prince Charles compared Russian President Vladimir Putin's stance over Ukraine to the actions of Adolf Hitler before World War II during a visit to Canada. 22 May – European Parliament election and local elections are held. 23 May Local election results show a significant increase in support for the UK Independence Party. A major fire damages Glasgow School of Art, one of Scotland's most iconic buildings, for the first time. 24 May – Jonny Wilkinson plays his final rugby match in Britain before retiring from the sport, helping Toulon to beat Saracens 23–6 and win the Heineken Cup. 26 May – in the 2014 European Parliament election, the UK Independence Party emerges ahead of Labour and the Conservatives after achieving a 27% share of votes cast. 31 May – three people are killed and one injured after a vehicle collides with spectators at the Jim Clark Rally in the Scottish Borders. June 5 June – US President Barack Obama says the US's interest in the Scottish independence referendum issue is to ensure it retains a "strong, robust, united and effective partner". 6 June – Robert Jenrick is elected as the Conservative MP for Newark following yesterday's by-election, becoming the first Tory candidate to win a by-election for 25 years. However, the party's majority is reduced by 10,000 following a significant UKIP vote. 7 June – Education Secretary Michael Gove apologises to David Cameron and a Home Office official over a row with Home Secretary Theresa May about how to tackle Islamic extremism following recent revelations about a Muslim plot to take over schools in Birmingham. In addition, May's special adviser, Fiona Cunningham resigns over the row. 9 June – the teaching of creationism is banned from free schools and academies. 12 June – the England national football team competes at the World Cup in Brazil. The team is eliminated after the first round, having finished bottom of their group after failing to win any of their 3 matches and gaining just 1 point. 17 June – production of paper at the Whatman plc mill at Maidstone, established in 1740, ceases. 21 June – Jane Hedges is installed as the first female Dean of Norwich. 24 June – former News of the World editor and Downing Street Director of Communications Andy Coulson is found guilty of conspiring to hack phones. 25 June – the jury in the phone hacking trial is dismissed after failing to reach a verdict on outstanding charges against Andy Coulson. The trial's judge, Mr Justice Saunders, rebukes Prime Minister David Cameron for commenting on Coulson's conviction the previous day while the trial was still ongoing. 30 June Andy Coulson and Clive Goodman are to face a retrial on charges they bought royal telephone directories from police officers. Following a trial at Southwark Crown Court, entertainer Rolf Harris is found guilty on 12 counts of indecent assault between 1968 and 1986. July 4 July Andy Coulson is jailed for 18 months for conspiracy to hack phones. Rolf Harris is sentenced to five years and nine months in prison after being found guilty of twelve counts of indecent assault, but will not face trial over the allegations of downloading sexual images of children. 5 July – the 2014 Tour de France starts in Leeds. 6 July – Lewis Hamilton wins the 2014 British Grand Prix, his second British Grand Prix victory. 7 July – Home Secretary Theresa May announces a major review and inquiry into allegations of historical child abuse across all areas of UK society. The announcement was prompted by reports that the Home Office failed to act on allegations that a paedophile ring operated at Westminster during the 1980s. 10 July – emergency powers giving police the ability to access phone and internet records will be rushed through Parliament after existing legislation was overturned by the European Court of Justice, Prime Minister David Cameron has announced. 14 July The Church of England votes to allow women to be ordained as bishops. William Hague steps down as Foreign Secretary as David Cameron begins a cabinet reshuffle. Other departures from government include Kenneth Clarke and David Jones. Hague is also planning to leave Parliament at the next election. 15 July – Philip Hammond is appointed as Foreign Secretary as Cameron continues his cabinet reshuffle. Michael Gove is sacked as Secretary of State for Education and replaced by Nicky Morgan as Cameron seeks to promote more women to his cabinet. 18 July – 10 Britons are confirmed as having been among 298 people killed in the previous day's crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which came down over the Eastern Ukraine near the Russian border. 20 July – Conservative MP Dan Byles, who holds the North Warwickshire constituency with his party's smallest majority of 54, announces he will step down at the next general election, becoming the twenty third Tory MP to announce their departure at the end of the current parliament. 23 July – the 2014 Commonwealth Games opens in Glasgow. August 2 August – at 40, England's Jo Pavey becomes one of the oldest athletes to win a track-and field-medal at the Commonwealth Games after securing a bronze in the women's 5,000 metres race. 3 August – the 2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony is held in Glasgow. 4 August – events are held around the UK to mark the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War I. 5 August – the first of two televised debates between Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling is held at Glasgow's Royal Conservatoire of Scotland ahead September's referendum on Scottish independence. 6 August – Mayor of London Boris Johnson announces his intention to seek re-election to Parliament at next year's general election. Johnson had previously said he would not stand as an MP before his mayoral term ended in 2016. 10 August – in golf, world number one Rory McIlroy of Northern Ireland wins the PGA Championship. It is his second consecutive major championship win, following The Open Championship, his second PGA Championship win, and fourth major overall. 14 August – police search a Berkshire property belonging to Cliff Richard in relation to an alleged historical sex offense. 18 August – WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who is wanted for questioning in Sweden, says that he will leave his refuge in the Ecuadorean embassy in London "soon". 21 August – a by-election is held to replace Bob Jones, the Police and Crime Commissioner for the West Midlands, who died on 1 July. 22 August – Labour candidate David Jamieson is elected as the Police and Crime Commissioner for the West Midlands. 24 August A British man who contracted the Ebola virus in Sierra Leone is flown back to the UK for treatment. British actor, director, producer, and entrepreneur Richard Attenborough dies, aged 90. 25 August – the second televised debate between Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling is aired from Glasgow. 26 August Publication of the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham, which concludes that at least 1,400 children in the area were subjected to sexual abuse between 1997 and 2013. William Pooley, the first Briton to contract Ebola in the current outbreak is being treated with an experimental drug, ZMapp, it is reported. United Kingdom Independence Party leader Nigel Farage is chosen by his party to fight the South Thanet seat at the next election. Kate Bush stages a comeback concert at the Hammersmith Apollo, her first live performance since 1979. 27 August – West Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Shaun Wright, who was head of Rotherham's children's services between 2005 and 2010 and has come under pressure to step down from his post in the wake of the report into child abuse in the town, resigns from the Labour Party, but says he will not relinquish the role of Commissioner. 28 August Douglas Carswell, the MP for Clacton announces his defection from the Conservative Party to the UK Independence Party, and that he will contest a by-election as a UKIP candidate. Invincible-class aircraft carrier is decommissioned at Portsmouth as the Royal Navy's oldest active ship, leaving the country without an operational 'carrier for at least six years. 29 August – Home Secretary Theresa May raises the UK's terror alert from "substantial" "to "severe" in the wake of ongoing conflicts in the Middle East. 31 August – Kate Bush becomes the first female artist to have eight albums in the UK Albums Chart at the same time. September 5 September – MPs vote 306–231 to back the Affordable Homes Bill, designed to relax controversial housing benefit cuts. The Bill passes its first reading after Labour and Lib Dem MPs voted in favour of the legislation. 6 September – a YouGov opinion poll on Scottish independence commissioned for The Sunday Times gives the Yes campaign a majority for the first time. The 51–49 result applies when undecided voters are excluded. 7 September – speaking on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, Chancellor George Osborne pledges a "plan of action" for further devolution to Scotland if Scots vote No in the forthcoming referendum. 8 September Clarence House confirms that Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is expecting a second child. Speaking in Edinburgh, former Prime Minister Gordon Brown sets out a timetable for transferring more powers to Scotland in the event of a No vote. 9 September The Scottish leaders of the three main UK political parties give their backing to greater devolved powers for the Scottish Parliament as Prime Minister David Cameron and Opposition leader Ed Miliband plan a trip to Scotland to campaign for a No vote. Keith Vaz, Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee, says he will write to the Home Secretary about the possibility of emergency legislation to remove Shaun Wright as Police and Crime Commissioner for South Yorkshire. 10 September – the first Invictus Games are held in London, beginning with an opening ceremony attended by Prince Harry, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall. 12 September – Boris Johnson is selected as the Conservative candidate for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. 13 September – David Cameron condemns the killing of British hostage David Haines as an "act of pure evil", after the release of a video purporting to show the humanitarian aid worker's beheading. 14 September – the closing ceremony of the inaugural Invictus Games takes place in London, with a music concert at Olympic Park featuring artists and groups such as Bryan Adams, Ellie Goulding, James Blunt and the Kaiser Chiefs. 15 September – 'The Vow', a joint statement by the leaders of the three main unionist parties, David Cameron, Ed Miliband and Nick Clegg, promising more powers for Scotland in the event of a No vote, is published in the Daily Record, 16 September – Shaun Wright resigns as Police and Crime Commissioner for South Yorkshire, triggering a by-election. 18 September – a referendum on whether Scotland should be an independent country takes place. 19 September – results of the previous day's referendum. Scotland votes "No" to Scottish independence by a majority of 383,937 votes (No: 2,001,926; Yes: 1,627,989) and a margin of 55.3% to 44.7%. Voter turnout in the referendum is 84.5%, a record high for any election held in the U.K. since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1918. Prime Minister David Cameron announces plans for further devolution of powers to Scotland as well as to the other countries of the United Kingdom with the Smith Commission established under Lord Smith of Kelvin to convene talks. Alex Salmond announces his resignation as First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party following the referendum. 24 September Parliament will be recalled on 26 September to allow MPs to discuss possible UK participation in the US led airstrikes against Islamic State. Nicola Sturgeon launches her campaign to become leader of the Scottish National Party and Scottish First Minister in the forthcoming leadership election. 26 September – MPs vote 524–43 vote in favour of endorsing Britain's involvement in the US-led airstrikes against Islamic State following a seven-hour parliamentary debate. 27 September – Mark Reckless, the MP for Rochester and Strood, quits the Conservative Party and defects to UKIP, triggering a by-election. The announcement is made as the Conservatives gather for their annual party conference in Birmingham. 30 September – police hunting for missing teenager Alice Gross find a body in the River Brent. A murder inquiry is launched the following day after the body is confirmed to be that of the missing girl. October 1 October – membership of the Scottish National Party has trebled from 25,000 to 75,000 in the 13 days since the referendum on Scottish independence 3 October – Prime Minister David Cameron says that Britain will do all it can "to hunt down [and bring] to justice" the killers of British hostage Alan Henning after a video was posted online purporting to show his beheading. 6 October – police confirm that a body found in woodland at Boston Manor Park, west London two days earlier is that of Arnis Zalkalns, the main suspect in the hunt for the killer of Alice Gross. 9 October – voters go to the polls for by-elections in the constituencies of Clacton and Heywood and Middleton. 10 October – Douglas Carswell wins the Clacton by-election as a UK Independence Party candidate, having defected to them from the Conservatives, and giving UKIP its first elected Member of Parliament. Liz McInnes narrowly wins the Heywood and Middleton by-election for Labour, but with a significantly reduced majority after UKIP picked up votes from Labour and the Conservatives. 15 October – Nicola Sturgeon will succeed Alex Salmond as leader of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland after she was the only candidate to put their name forward in the party's leadership election. 20 October – forty-five people are injured after a bus overturns and collides with a car in Hertfordshire. 23 October – senior politicians and the Metropolitan Police criticise a decision by the Parole Board to release prisoner Harry Roberts, who shot dead three police officers in 1966. 24 October – Johann Lamont resigns as leader of the Scottish Labour Party with immediate effect, triggering a leadership election. 26 October – three people are killed after a group of seven surfers got into trouble in the sea at Mawgan Porth, Cornwall. 27 October – plans are unveiled by the Met Office for a £97m supercomputer to study weather and climate. Using 13 times more processing power than previous systems, it will perform 16,000 trillion calculations per second. 30 October – voters in South Yorkshire go to the polls to elect a Police and Crime Commissioner to replace Shaun Wright, who resigned in the wake of the Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal. 31 October With a temperature of 23.6C recorded in Gravesend, Kent and Kew Gardens, Greater London, this year's Halloween becomes the warmest on record, surpassing the previous record of 20.0C set in 1968. Labour's Alan Billings is elected as the Police and Crime Commissioner for South Yorkshire, replacing Shaun Wright. November 2 November – former Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the Better Together campaign Alistair Darling announces he will step down as an MP at the next general election. 3 November The youth who fatally stabbed Ann Maguire at a Leeds school in April is named as 16-year-old Will Cornick. He is sentenced to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure with a minimum tariff of 20 years. Liberal Democrat Home Office Minister Norman Baker resigns from his post, claiming that working in the department is like "walking through mud". 6 November – a woman is murdered in an act of cannibalism at a hostel in Argoed, Wales. The suspect Matthew Williams dies after Gwent Police fire a Taser at him. 7 November – Chancellor George Osborne is criticised as he reveals that the UK will pay its EU budget surcharge in two interest-free sums next year totalling £850m, instead of a larger lump sum of £1.7bn by 1 December, after a rebate from Brussels due in 2016 appears to have been brought forward. Labour describes the announcement as "smoke and mirrors", whilst Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls says it is a "diplomatic disaster for the government". 11 November – the last ceramic poppy is laid at the Tower of London memorial art installation and joins the 888,245 flowers commemorating the armistice and centenary of World War I. 14 November Nicola Sturgeon succeeds Alex Salmond as leader of the Scottish National Party at their annual conference in Perth, while Stewart Hosie is elected to the deputy leadership role vacated by Sturgeon. Angus Sinclair, the serial killer and rapist who murdered Helen Scott and Christine Eadie in Edinburgh's Old Town in 1977 is jailed for 37 years, the longest ever sentence handed out by a Scottish court. Former BBC DJ Chris Denning pleads guilty to further sexual abuse of boys aged nine to sixteen during the 1970s, and 1980s. 16 November Police name five teenagers killed in a motoring accident on the A630 near Doncaster, which occurred the previous day. A case of bird flu is confirmed at a duck breeding farm in Yorkshire. The deadly H5N1 strain is ruled out and officials say that the risk to public health is low. 17 November The Church of England adopts legislation paving the way for the appointment of women as bishops. Band Aid 30 release their cover of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?", thirty years after the original, this time to raise money towards the Ebola crisis in Western Africa. 19 November A British-led Moon mission – Lunar Mission One – is announced. The Scottish Parliament elects Nicola Sturgeon as the first female First Minister of Scotland. 20 November Voters go to the polls in the Rochester and Strood constituency for a by-election triggered by the defection of Mark Reckless from the Conservative Party to the UK Independence Party. Sheffield United withdraws its offer to allow footballer and convicted rapist Ched Evans to use its training facilities following a public backlash against the club. 21 November Mark Reckless wins the Rochester and Strood by-election for UKIP, but with a smaller than expected majority of less than 3,000. The launch is announced of The National, Scotland's first daily newspaper to take a pro-independence stance. 23 November – Britain's Lewis Hamilton wins the 2014 Formula One world title after finishing first in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. 24 November – launch of The National on a five-day trial basis. 25 November – a report into the murder of Lee Rigby by the Intelligence and Security Committee suggests that MI5 could have prevented the killing had they been allowed access to an online forum in which one of the perpetrators discussed murdering a soldier five months before the May 2013 incident. 27 November The Smith Commission, established by David Cameron to look at enhanced devolution for Scotland following the referendum, publishes its report, recommending the Scottish Parliament should be given the power to set income tax rates and bands. A judge says he is satisfied MP and former chief whip Andrew Mitchell called police officers "plebs" during a 2012 row in Downing Street as he rejects a High Court libel action brought by the politician against The Sun newspaper. 28 November – Black Friday promotions spark chaos and violence in stores across the country. Police are called to at least ten supermarkets amid large crowd surges as people hunt for the best offers. December 1 December Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown announces he is to stand down as an MP at the next general election after 32 years. Suffolk doctor Myles Bradbury pleads guilty to abusing eighteen young cancer patients in his care at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge between 2009 and 2013. He is sentenced to 22 years. 3 December – as part of the Autumn Statement, Chancellor George Osborne replaces stamp duty for home buyers with a graduated scheme similar to income tax. 5 December – Scotland reduces its drink-drive limit from 80 mg to 50 mg, bringing the country's legal limit into line with much of mainland Europe. 6 December – reports surface that former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond will stand for Parliament in the Gordon constituency at the 2015 general election. Salmond confirms his intention to contest the constituency the following day. 7 December – greetings card retailer Clintons withdraws a tongue-in-cheek Christmas card detailing ten reasons why Santa Claus "must live on a council estate" after it was deemed to be offensive by the public. 10 December – a "weather bomb" hits the north of the UK, causing winds of up to 144 mph, cutting power from tens of thousands of homes, and creating travel disruptions across land and sea. 12 December – disruption is caused at airports across the country due to a computer system failure at the UK's air traffic control centre, causing hundreds of delays and over eighty cancellations at Heathrow. Delays and cancellations continue the following day. 13 December – MP Jim Murphy is elected as the new Scottish Labour leader beating MSPs Neil Findlay and Sarah Boyack with 55.7% of the vote, declaring it his "driving purpose" to end poverty and inequality. Meanwhile, Kezia Dugdale is elected as the party's new deputy leader. 16 December – Leader of the House of Commons William Hague sets out Conservative plans for English votes for English laws to prevent MPs representing constituencies in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland from voting on legalisation that does not effect their parts of the UK. 17 December – Libby Lane becomes the new Bishop of Stockport and the first woman to become a bishop of the Church of England since the change to canon law just a month ago. 19 December An off-duty police officer dies in hospital after he was attacked during a night out in Liverpool. A High Court judge orders the winding up of Hereford United football club following a petition from the Inland Revenue over unpaid tax debts. 22 December – six people are killed after a refuse lorry crashes into a group of people in Glasgow's George Square. 25 December – parcel delivery firm City Link announces that it has gone into administration after substantial losses. The general secretary of the RMT union calls the timing of the announcement a "disgrace". 29 December – the Scottish Government confirms a case of Ebola being treated in a Glasgow hospital. The victim is a healthcare worker who had travelled back from Sierra Leone the previous day. 31 December Healthcare worker Pauline Cafferkey receives an unnamed experimental anti-viral drug and blood plasma from Ebola survivors as part of her treatment. City Link's administrators announce the loss of 2,356 jobs after a deal to buy the firm fell through. Undated 2014 was the UK's warmest year since records began with an average temperature of 9.9C, 0.2C higher than the previous record set in 2006, according to a Met Office report of 5 January 2015. This means that eight of the UK's top ten warmest years have occurred since 2002. New car sales reach a 10-year high of nearly 2.5million. The Ford Fiesta was Britain's best selling car for the sixth successive year, while the likes of Audi and Fiat also enjoy impressive sales figures. Publications Lynda Bellingham's memoir There's Something I've Been Dying to Tell You. Jeff Kinney's novel 'Diary of A Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul' Russell Brand's non-fiction Revolution. John Campbell's biography Roy Jenkins: A Well Rounded Life. Ben Elton's novel Time and Time Again. Howard Jacobson's novel J. Pip Jones' chapter book Squishy McFluff: The Invisible Cat! Roy Keane's autobiography The Second Half (written with Roddy Doyle). Helen Macdonald's memoir H is for Hawk. Henry Marsh's memoir Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death and Brain Surgery. David Mitchell's novel The Bone Clocks. Michael Morpurgo's children's novel Listen to the Moon. David Nicholls' novel Us. Jamie Oliver's cookbook Jamie's Comfort Food. Ali Smith's novel How to Be Both. Zoe Sugg's young adult novel Girl Online. David Walliams' children's novel Awful Auntie. Births 17 January – Mia Tindall, daughter of Zara Phillips and Mike Tindall Deaths January 1 January Peter Austin, 92, brewer (Ringwood Brewery). Dorothy Baldwin, 111, supercentenarian. Billy McColl, 62, actor (Doctor Who). 2 January Elizabeth Jane Howard, 90, novelist. Ian Mackley, 71, diplomat, High Commissioner to Ghana (1996–2000). 3 January Eric Barnes, 76, footballer. Sir Michael Neubert, 80, politician, MP for Romford (1974–1997). 4 January – Andy Holden, 65, long-distance runner. 5 January Terry Biddlecombe, 72, National Hunt jockey. Brian Hart, 77, racing driver and engineer. Simon Hoggart, 67, journalist E. J. Lowe, 63, philosopher. David Maxwell Walker, 93, lawyer and academic. Ray Williams, 86, rugby union player. 6 January Jim Appleby, 79, footballer. John Ash, 88, ornithologist. James Moorhouse, 90, politician, Member of the European Parliament (1979–1999). 7 January Paul Goggins, 60, politician, MP for Wythenshawe and Sale East (since 1997). Raymond Paul, 85, Olympic fencer (1952, 1956). (death announced on this date) Roy Warhurst, 87, footballer (Birmingham City). 9 January Michael Jacobs, 61, writer. Albert McCann, 72, footballer (Portsmouth). 10 January Kathryn Findlay, 60, architect. Margo Maeckelberghe, 81, artist. Ian Redmond, 53, Scottish footballer. 11 January – Jerome Willis, 85, British actor. 12 January Alexandra Bastedo, 67, actress. John Button, 70, racing driver. Tony Harding, 72, comics artist. Patrick Horsbrugh, 93, British-born architecture professor. John Horsley, 93, actor. Sir Robert Scholey, 92, business executive, Chairman of British Steel (1986–1992). 13 January Bobby Collins, 82, Scottish footballer. Ronny Jordan, 51, jazz guitarist. 14 January Rex Adams, 85, footballer. Alan Blackburn, 78, footballer. (death announced on this date) Sir Nicholas Browne, 66, diplomat. Eric James Mellon, 88, ceramic artist. 15 January – Roger Lloyd-Pack, 69, actor. 16 January – Stan Watson, 76, footballer (Darlington). 17 January Frank Cockett, 97, surgeon and art historian. Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green, 71, politician, businessman and author. 18 January Komla Dumor, 41, Ghanaian journalist and news presenter, died in London. Sarah Marshall, 80, actress. 19 January Sir Christopher Chataway, 82, broadcaster, politician and businessman, MP for Lewisham North (1959–1966) and Chichester (1969–1974). Gordon Hessler, 88, film director (Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park) and screenwriter. Michał Joachimowski, 63, Olympic triple jumper (1972, 1976). Bert Williams, 93, footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers, national team). 20 January – George Scott, 84, professional wrestler. 21 January Dieter Bortfeldt, 72, graphic designer and philatelist. Tony Crook, 93, racing driver. Jocelyn Hay, 86, broadcasting campaigner. Warren Lamb, 90, management consultant. Graham Stevenson, 58, cricket player. 22 January Arthur Bellamy, 71, footballer. Patrick Brooking, 76, army general. 24 January – Lisa Daniely, 84, actress. 25 January Heini Halberstam, 88, mathematician. Karl Slym, 51, business executive, Managing Director of Tata Motors. 26 January Ollie Conmy, 74, footballer. Margery Mason, 100, actress and theatre director. John Farquhar Munro, 79, politician, MSP for Ross, Skye and Inverness West (1999–2011). Gerald B. Whitham, 86, applied mathematician. 27 January – Brian Gibbs, 77, English football player and manager. 28 January Nigel Jenkins, 64, poet. Kenneth Rose, 89, journalist and author. 29 January Jim Rone, 78, Anglican clergy, Archdeacon of Wisbech (1984–1993). Piers Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood, 59, peer 31 January Adegboyega Folaranmi Adedoyin, 91, Olympic athlete (1948). Sebastian Barker, 68, poet. Mike Flanagan, 85, Israeli Armoured Corps soldier. Baden Powell, 82, footballer. Sir David Price, 89, politician, MP for Eastleigh (1955–1992). February 1 February – Tony Hateley, 72, footballer. 2 February Keith Bradshaw, 74, rugby union player. Nicholas Brooks, 73, medieval historian. Cecil Franks, 78, politician, MP for Barrow and Furness (1983–1992). Nigel Walker, 54, footballer. Clifford Williams, 74, rugby player. 4 February – Richard Aldridge, 68, palaeontologist. 5 February – Samantha Juste, 69, television personality (Top of the Pops). 6 February Tommy Dixon, 84, footballer (West Ham United). David Robertson, 70, car racing manager (Jenson Button, Kimi Räikkönen) and team owner (Double R Racing). 7 February David Alexander-Sinclair, 86, army general (1st Armoured Division). Christopher Barry, 88, television director (Doctor Who). Georgina Henry, 53, journalist, deputy editor of The Guardian (1995–2006). 8 February Bernard Hedges, 86, cricket player (Glamorgan). Mike Melluish, 81, cricket player and administrator, President of the Marylebone Cricket Club (1991–1992). Andy Paton, 91, footballer. Sir Richard Peirse, 82, air marshal. 9 February William Goodreds, 93, cricketer. Sir Graham Hills, 87, chemist. Eddie Holding, 83, football player and manager. Roland Oliver, 90, academic and author. Logan Scott-Bowden, 93, army general, first commander of the Ulster Defence Regiment (1970–1971). Sir John Stibbon, 79, army general, Master-General of the Ordnance (1987–1991). Roger Tomlinson, 80, geographer. 10 February Len Chalmers, 77, footballer (Leicester). Mike Cottell, 82, civil engineer. Stuart Hall, 82, cultural theorist. Gordon Harris, 73, footballer. Alan R. Katritzky, 85, chemist. Ian McNaught-Davis, 84, television presenter and mountaineer, President of the UIAA (1995–2004). 12 February Sir Diarmuid Downs, 91, automotive engineer (Ricardo). John Pickstone, 69, historian of science. John Poppitt, 91, footballer. 13 February Alan Burns, 83, author (Europe After the Rain). Lorna Casselton, 75, biologist. Jimmy Jones, 85, footballer. Ken Jones, 83, actor (Porridge, The Squirrels). Rose Finn-Kelcey, 68, artist. John Mortimore, 80, cricket player. 14 February Sir Tom Finney, 91, footballer (Preston North End). John Wilson, 2nd Baron Moran, 89, diplomat and peer. Clifford Wright, 91, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Monmouth. 15 February – Christopher Malcolm, 67, actor (The Empire Strikes Back, Highlander, The Rocky Horror Show). 16 February – Jaroslav Krejčí Jr., 98, Czech-born sociologist, academic and historian. 17 February Gordon Bell, 79, cartoonist. (death announced on this date) Frank Wappat, 84, radio personality (BBC Newcastle). 18 February Gordon Bowra, 77, surgeon (British Antarctic Survey). Peter Davies, 88, rugby player. Arthur Rowley, 80, footballer (Liverpool). Malcolm Tierney, 75, actor (Doctor Who, Star Wars, Braveheart). 19 February – Duffy Power, 72, rock and blues singer. 20 February – Sam Falle, 95, British diplomat, Ambassador to Kuwait and Sweden. 21 February Beatrix Miller, 89, magazine editor (Vogue). Bob Sharpe, 88, footballer (Darlington). John Strawson, 93, army officer. 22 February Keith Bridges, 84, rugby league player. John Christoforou, 92, painter. Sir Richard Ground, 63, judge, Chief Justice of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1998–2004) and Bermuda (2004–2012). Sigbert Prais, 85, economist. 23 February John Grant, 83, children's author. Alice Herz-Sommer, 110, supercentenarian, world's oldest Holocaust survivor, subject of The Lady in Number 6. Mike Parker, 84, typographer and software executive (Helvetica). Norman Whiting, 93, cricketer (Worcestershire). 24 February Alexis Hunter, 65, painter and photographer. Christopher Luxmoore, 87, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Bermuda (1984–1989). Anna Reynolds, 83, opera singer. Alex Russell, 91, footballer. 25 February Dennis Turner, Baron Bilston, 71, politician, MP for Wolverhampton South East (1987–2005). Peter Callander, 74, British songwriter and record producer. Tom Margerison, 90, science journalist, broadcaster and New Scientist founder. 26 February – Gordon Nutt, 81, footballer (Coventry City). 27 February Bryan Clarke, 81, geneticist. Eric Lockwood, 81, rugby league player (Wakefield Trinity). 28 February – David Holmes, 87, journalist and broadcaster, BBC News Political Editor (1975–1980). March 1 March – John Wilkinson, 73, politician, MP for Bradford West (19701974) and Ruislip-Northwood (19792005). 3 March Stan Rickaby, 89, footballer (West Bromwich Albion). Billy Robinson, 74, wrestler and trainer. 4 March Barrie Cooke, 83, artist. Dame Elaine Kellett-Bowman, 90, politician and barrister, MP for Lancaster (1970–1997) and MEP (1975–1984). 5 March Iain Campbell, 72, biophysicist. Sir Robin Dunn, 96, judge, Lord Justice of Appeal (1980–1984). John Uzzell Edwards, 79, painter. Nigel Groom, 89, author and perfume connoisseur. Ernest Anthony Lowe, 85, economist. Ailsa McKay, 50, economist and government policy advisor. Dave Sampson, 73, rock singer. 6 March Gurth Hoyer-Millar, 84, rugby union and cricket player. Sheila MacRae, 92, actress (The Honeymooners). Gwen Matthewman, 86, speed knitter. Margaret Spufford, 78, historian. Marion Stein, 87, pianist. 7 March Sir Richard Best, 80, diplomat, Ambassador to Iceland (1989–1991). Bob Charles, 72, footballer (Southampton). Peter Dunn, 87, engineer. Sir Thomas Hinde, 88, novelist. Peter Laker, 87, cricketer (Sussex). 8 March James Ellis, 82, actor (Z-Cars). Helmut Koenigsberger, 95, historian. 9 March John Christie, 84, footballer (Southampton, Walsall). Monika Kinley, 88, art dealer, collector and curator. 10 March Richard De Vere, 46, illusionist (Blackpool Pleasure Beach). Vince Radcliffe, 68, footballer. John Baird Tyson, 85, explorer and mountaineer. 11 March Marilyn Butler, 77, literary critic and academic, Rector of Exeter College, Oxford (1993–2004). Bob Crow, 52, trade unionist, General Secretary of the RMT (since 2002). Raymond Leslie Morris, 84, murderer (Cannock Chase murders). 12 March George Donaldson, 46, singer (Celtic Thunder). Calvin Palmer, 73, footballer. 13 March Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond, 70, politician and peer, founder of the Norbrook Group, helicopter crash. Raymond Flood, 78, cricket player (Hampshire). 14 March Tony Benn, 88, politician, Minister of Technology (1966–1970), Secretary of State (1974–1979), MP for Bristol South East (1950–1960, 1963–1983) and Chesterfield (1984–2001). Alec Gaskell, 81, footballer. John Bernard Philip Humbert, 9th Count de Salis-Soglio, 66, soldier and lawyer. Hugh Lunghi, 93, military interpreter (Winston Churchill). Sam Peffer, 92, commercial artist. 15 March – Clarissa Dickson Wright, 66, chef and broadcaster, one half of the Two Fat Ladies. 16 March Andrew Kenneth Burroughs, 60, consultant physician. Steve Moore, 64, cartoonist and writer. 17 March – Oswald Morris, 98, cinematographer. 18 March Albert Dormer, 88, bridge player. Derek Knee, 91, military interpreter (Field Marshal Montgomery). 19 March – Eric Davies, 86, football administrator and politician, chairman of Rhyl F.C., mayor of Rhyl. 20 March – Roy Peter Martin, 83, author. 21 March Michael Henley, 76, Anglican primate, Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane (1995–2004). Dennis Jackson, 82, footballer. Sir Colin Turner, 92, politician, MP for Woolwich West (1959–1964). 22 March Mickey Duff, 84, boxing manager and promoter. Ken Plant, 88, footballer (Nuneaton Borough, Colchester United). 23 March Ashley Booth, 74, footballer (St Johnstone, East Fife). Walter Ewbank, 96, Anglican prelate, Archdeacon of Westmorland and Furness (1971–1977), Archdeacon of Carlisle (1978–1984). Peter Oakley, 86, internet vlogger. William Peters, 90, diplomat and activist (Jubilee 2000). 24 March Bryan Orritt, 77, footballer (Birmingham City, Middlesbrough). John Rowe Townsend, 81, children's author (The Intruder). 25 March Lorna Arnold, 98, nuclear historian and author. Jerry Roberts, 93, wartime codebreaker, member of the Testery unit. 26 March – Marcus Kimball, Baron Kimball, 85, politician, MP for Gainsborough (1956–1983). 27 March Jeffery Dench, 85, actor (First Knight). Derek Martinus, 82, television director (Doctor Who, Blake's 7, Z-Cars). Michael Schofield, 94, sociologist and campaigner. 28 March Michael F. Lappert, 85, chemist. Sam McAughtry, 91, writer and broadcaster. 30 March Michael Edmonds, 87, artist, co-founder of 56 Group Wales. Kate O'Mara, 74, actress (The Brothers, Dynasty, Doctor Who). Fred Stansfield, 96, footballer. 31 March Anthony Beattie, 69, civil servant. Bob Larbey, 79, comedy scriptwriter (Please Sir!, The Good Life, As Time Goes By). April 1 April – Colin Scott, 80, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Hulme (1984–1998). 2 April – Lyndsie Holland, 75, opera singer and actress. 4 April Archie Boyd, 95, Royal Air Force officer. Margo MacDonald, 70, politician, MP for Glasgow Govan (1973–1974), MSP for Lothian (since 1999). 5 April Andy Davidson, 81, footballer (Hull City). Alan Davie, 93, painter and musician. Gordon Smith, 59, footballer (St Johnstone, Aston Villa). Peter Thorne, 90, fighter pilot and diplomat. 6 April Dave Blakey, 84, English footballer (Chesterfield). Sir Maurice Drake, 91, High Court judge. 7 April Peaches Geldof, 25, journalist, model, TV presenter. James Alexander Green, 88, mathematician. Perlita Neilson, 80, actress. John Shirley-Quirk, 82, opera bass-baritone singer. 8 April Sandy Brown, 75, footballer. Phil Hardy, 69, film and music journalist. 9 April Robin Holliday, 81, molecular biologist. Sir James Holt, 91, medieval historian. 10 April Richard Hoggart, 95, academic and author (The Uses of Literacy). Sue Townsend, 68, novelist and playwright (Adrian Mole series). 11 April Edna Doré, 92, actress (EastEnders). Patrick Seale, 83, journalist, foreign correspondent and historian (The Observer). Rolando Ugolini, 89, footballer (Middlesbrough). 12 April Robert Potter, 64, geographer. Hamish Watt, 88, politician, MP for Banffshire (1974–1979). 13 April John Brunsdon, 80, artist. Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, 84, herald and banker. 14 April Peter Ellson, 88, footballer (Crewe Alexandra). Tony Gray, 86, clown and comedian (The Alberts). Wally Olins, 83, business consultancy and public relations executive, Chairman of Saffron Brand Consultants. Rosemary Tonks, 85, poet and author. 16 April Stan Kelly-Bootle, 84, songwriter, author and computer engineer. Frank Kopel, 65, footballer (Dundee United). 17 April Bernat Klein, 91, fashion designer and spy. Anthony Marriott, 83, actor and playwright. 18 April Tommy Crossan, 44, dissident Irish republican (Continuity IRA). David McClarty, 63, politician, MLA for East Londonderry (since 1998). Brian Priestman, 87, maestro and conductor (Denver Symphony Orchestra). Zev Sufott, 86, diplomat, Israeli Ambassador to the Netherlands and China. 19 April Derek Cooper, 88, broadcaster (The Food Programme) and food journalist. George Downton, 85, cricketer (Kent). Ian McIntyre, 82, radio broadcaster and executive (BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4). 20 April Peter Scoones, 76, underwater photographer (Life on Earth, Planet Earth, The Blue Planet). Julian Wilson, 73, horse racing correspondent and broadcaster (BBC). 22 April Harry Bell, 89, English footballer. Mohammad Naseem, 90, Islamic leader and political activist, chairman of Birmingham Central Mosque. Gordon Smith, 93, army officer. 23 April Mark Shand, 62, travel writer and conservationist. Patric Standford, 75, composer. 24 April – Sandy Jardine, 65, footballer (Rangers, Hearts, national team). 26 April William Ash, 96, American-born Marxist writer, Royal Canadian Air Force pilot during World War II. Joan Bruce, 86, actress. Philip Sugden, 67, historian and true crime writer (Jack the Ripper). 28 April Gerard Benson, 83, poet. Richard Kershaw, 80, broadcaster and journalist. Jane Macnaught, 55, television producer (Coronation Street, Stars in their Eyes). Bruce Woodgate, 74, aerospace engineer (Hubble Telescope). 29 April Bob Hoskins, 71, actor (Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Mona Lisa, Hook). Daphne Pochin Mould, 93, author and photographer. 30 April Michael Brock, 94, historian. Chris Harris, 71, stage actor. Julian Lewis, 67, developmental biologist. May 1 May Clive Clark, 73, footballer. Mark Elvins, 74, priest and author, Warden of Greyfriars, Oxford (2007–2008). Richard Percival Lister, 99, author, poet, artist and metallurgist. Paul Whetnall, 67, badminton player and coach. Eli Woods, 91, comedian and character actor. 2 May Sir William Benyon, 84, politician, MP for Buckingham (1970–1983) and Milton Keynes (1983–1992). Martin Dent, 88, academic, co-founder Jubilee 2000. Nigel Stepney, 55, Formula One mechanic (Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher), involved in 2007 Formula One espionage controversy. Nigel Vaulkhard, 66, auto racing team owner (Bamboo Engineering, World Touring Car Championship). 4 May Elena Baltacha, 30, tennis player. Mike Hawker, 77, songwriter. Al Pease, 92, racing driver (Formula One). John Hartley Williams, 72, poet. 5 May – Timothy John Byford, 72, television director. 6 May Roger Dimmock, 78, Royal Navy admiral, Naval Secretary (1985–1987). Antony Hopkins, 93, composer, conductor and pianist. Leslie Thomas, 83, author (The Virgin Soldiers). Cedric Thornberry, 77, lawyer, Assistant-Secretary-General of the United Nations. 7 May Sir George Christie, 79, opera manager (Glyndebourne Festival Opera). Colin Pillinger, 70, planetary scientist. David Prentice, 77, artist. 9 May Terry Farmer, 82, footballer (Rotherham United). Mary Stewart, 97, novelist (Merlin series). 10 May – Patrick Woodroffe, 74, fantasy and surrealist artist. 11 May Billie Fleming, 100, long-distance cyclist. David Rowlands, 66, civil servant. Harry Stopes-Roe, 90, philosopher and humanist, Vice President of the British Humanist Association. Alan Wills, 52, record executive, founder of Deltasonic. 12 May Ernie Chataway, 62, heavy metal guitarist (Judas Priest). Hugh McLeod, 81, rugby union player. Joe Mence, 93, cricket player (Berkshire). Hugh Smyth, 73, politician, Leader of the Progressive Unionist Party (1979–2002), Lord Mayor of Belfast (1994–1995). James Walston, 65, political scientist. 13 May Bill Bainbridge, 63, brewer (Three Tuns Brewery). Dick Douglas, 82, politician, MP for Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire (1970–1974), Dunfermline (1979–1983) and Dunfermline West (1983–1992). Tessa Watts, 68, music video producer. 14 May Anthony Christopher, 67, politician, leader of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council (since 2012). Douglas Cummings, 67, cellist (London Symphony Orchestra). John M. Fitzpatrick, 65, urologist. Jeffrey Kruger, 83, music business executive (Flamingo Club, Ember Records). Alexander Murray MacBeath, 90, mathematician. Stephen Sutton, 19, charity fundraiser. Terry Wire, 73, politician, Mayor of Northampton. 15 May Peter Ayerst, 93, World War II RAF fighter and test pilot (Supermarine Spitfire). Michael Mence, 70, cricketer (Berkshire). Geoff Richards, 85, footballer (West Brom). 16 May Louise Wilson, 52, fashion academic (Central Saint Martins). 17 May – David Abbott, 76, advertising executive and copywriter. 19 May Michael Aldrich, 72, inventor. Simon Andrews, 29, motorcycle racer. Sir Jack Brabham, 88, racing driver, triple Formula One world champion (1959, 1960, 1966). Count Suckle, 80, sound system operator and club owner. Phil Sharpe, 77, cricketer (Yorkshire, national team). 20 May Terry Bell, 69, footballer (Reading). (death announced on this date) Fran Broady, 75, Trotskyist and social activist (Alliance for Workers' Liberty). Robyn Denny, 83, artist. Prince Rupert Loewenstein, 80, financial adviser (The Rolling Stones), Bavarian aristocrat. Barbara Murray, 84, actress (Passport to Pimlico, The Plane Makers). 21 May – Duncan Cole, 55, footballer (New Zealand national football team). 22 May – Edward Howel Francis, 89, geologist. 23 May – John Satterthwaite, 88, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Gibraltar (1970–1993). 24 May David Allen, 78, cricketer (Gloucestershire, national team). John McCormack, 79, light middleweight boxer, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). 25 May – Malcolm Simmons, 68, motorcycle speedway racer (Poole Pirates), World Team Cup Winner (1974, 1975, 1977), World Pairs Champion (1976, 1977, 1978). 26 May – Sir John Gorman, 91, politician, Northern Ireland MLA for North Down (1998–2003). 27 May Ruth Flowers, 74, disc jockey. Malcolm MacDonald, 66, music critic. Sir Robert Porter, 90, politician, Minister of Home Affairs and Health and Social Services (1969), Northern Ireland MP (NI) for Queen's University of Belfast (1966–1969) and Lagan Valley (1969–1973). Charles Swithinbank, 87, glaciologist. 28 May – Stan Crowther, 78, footballer. 31 May Jack Casley, 88, football player (Torquay, Headington) and scout. Mary Soames, Baroness Soames, 91, aristocrat. Sir Godfrey Taylor, 88, local government leader. June 1 June Brian Farmer, 80, footballer. John Hills, 53, jockey and horse trainer. Sir Hugo White, 74, Royal Navy officer, Governor of Gibraltar (1995–1997), Admiral and Commander-in-Chief Fleet (1992–1995). 3 June Sir Eldon Griffiths, 89, politician, MP for Bury St Edmunds (1964–1992), Minister for Sport (1970–1974). Karl Harris, 34, motorcycle racer. David MacLennan, 65, actor and theatre producer, founded 7:84 4 June Neal Arden, 104, actor. John Baker, 86, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Salisbury (1982–1993). Cliff Severn, 88, cricket player and child actor (A Christmas Carol, How Green Was My Valley). Sydney Templeman, Baron Templeman, 94, judge and law lord. 5 June – Johnny Leach, 91, table tennis player, World Table Tennis Champion (1949, 1951), team champion (1953), President of the ETTA. 6 June Douglas Bartles-Smith, 77, Anglican priest, Archdeacon of Southwark⋅(1985–2004). Eric Hill, 86, children's writer and illustrator (Spot the Dog). David Lockwood, 85, sociologist. Lorna Wing, 85, psychiatrist, co-founder of the National Autistic Society, coined the term "Asperger syndrome". 7 June Kevin Elyot, 62, scriptwriter (Clapham Junction) and playwright (My Night with Reg). Jane Gray, 112, supercentenarian, oldest living Scottish-born person and Australian resident. Roger Mayne, 85, photographer. Stephen A. Metcalf, 86, missionary. Norman Willis, 81, trade unionist, General Secretary for the TUC (19841993). 8 June John Bartlett, 85, cricket player. Dennis Lewiston, 80, cinematographer (The Rocky Horror Picture Show). Benjamin Whitaker, 79, politician and global poverty campaigner, MP for Hampstead (1966–1970). 9 June – Rik Mayall, 56, comedian, writer and actor (The Young Ones, Bottom, The New Statesman). 10 June Gabrielle Blunt, 95, British actress. Vladimir Derer, 94, politician, founder of the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy. Ian Horrocks, RAF officer. Alex Wedderspoon, priest, Dean of Guildford (1987–2001). 12 June Don Bennett, 80, cricket player and coach (Middlesex). Donald Macaulay, Baron Macaulay of Bragar, 80, politician and life peer. 13 June Willie Harvey, 84, footballer (Kilmarnock). John Michael Ingram, 83, fashion designer. 14 June Sam Kelly, 70, actor ('Allo 'Allo!, Porridge). Francis Matthews, 86, film and television actor (Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, The Revenge of Frankenstein, Dracula: Prince of Darkness). Terry Richards, 81, movie actor and stuntman (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Tomorrow Never Dies). 15 June – John G. King, 88, physicist and professor (MIT). 16 June – Thérèse Vanier, 91, doctor. 17 June Patsy Byrne, 80, actress who played Nursie in Blackadder II. Jeffry Wickham, 80, actor (Ransom, The Remains of the Day, Vera Drake), President of Equity (1992–1994). John Yerburgh, 91, brewery executive, Chairman of Thwaites Brewery (1966–1991). 18 June David Cobb, 93, marine artist. Philip Snell, 85, livestock breeder, chief steward for the Royal Bath and West Show. 19 June Charlotte Greig, 59, novelist and singer. Josephine Pullein-Thompson, 90, author. William Reid, 87, military historian. 20 June Jim Bamber, 66, cartoonist. David Brown, 84, musicologist. Handel Greville, 92, rugby union player (national team). Philip Hollom, 102, ornithologist. Norman Sheffield, 75, rock drummer (The Hunters), recording facility co-owner (Trident Studios) and manager (Queen). 21 June Gerry Conlon, 60, Northern Irish author and human rights activist, Guildford Four member wrongfully convicted of the Guildford pub bombings. Roland Hill, 93, journalist and biographer. Anthony Jacobs, Baron Jacobs, 82, peer and automobile executive, Chairman of the BSM (1973–1990). Doreen Miller, Baroness Miller of Hendon, 81, politician and life peer. Sir Philip Myers, 83, police officer, Chief Constable of North Wales Police (1974–1982). 22 June – Felix Dennis, 67, poet and publisher, founder of Dennis Publishing 23 June – Euros Lewis, 72, cricketer (Glamorgan and Sussex). 24 June – David Taylor, 60, lawyer, Chief Executive of the SFA, General Secretary of UEFA. 25 June Nigel Calder, 82, science writer (New Scientist) and television screenwriter, recipient of the Kalinga Prize (1972). John Fantham, 75, footballer (Sheffield Wednesday). Harry Hookway, 92, civil servant, Chief Executive of the British Library (1973–1984). 26 June – Barry Cole, 77, poet. 27 June Jim Bullions, 90, footballer. P. N. Furbank, 94, writer and literary critic. 28 June – Brian Roe, 75, cricketer (Somerset). 29 June Hedley Kett, 100, World War II submariner. Sir Cameron Moffat, 84, army officer and doctor, Director General Army Medical Services (1984–1987), Surgeon-General (1985–1987). 30 June Danny Canning, 88, footballer. Piers Mackesy, 89, historian. July 1 July – Bob Jones, 59, politician, the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner. 2 July Errie Ball, 103, golf player, oldest Professional Golfers' Association of America member. Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe, 99, aristocrat. Matthew Richell, 41, publisher, CEO of Hachette Australia. 3 July Elizabeth Millicent Chilver, 99, academic administrator, Principal of Bedford College, London (1964–1971) and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford (1971–1979). Arthur Clarke, 92, sports shooter. David Jones, 79, footballer (Swansea City, Yeovil Town). Peter Whelan, 82, playwright (The Herbal Bed, The Accrington Pals). 4 July Alan Alan, 87, escapologist and magician. Paul Apted, 47, sound editor (The Book Thief, The Wolverine, The Fault in Our Stars). Val Biro, 92, children's author, artist and illustrator. Myer Fredman, 82, conductor. 5 July Imogen Bain, 54, actress (The Phantom of the Opera, Casualty). John Bone, 83, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Reading (1989–1996). Elenor Gordon, 80, swimmer, first Scottish Commonwealth Games gold medalist. Elsbeth Juda, 103, photographer. Peter Robert Marler, 86, neurobiologist. Kathy Stobart, 89, jazz saxophonist. Brian Wood, 73, footballer. 6 July Dave Bickers, 76, motorcross racer and movie stuntman (Octopussy, Escape to Athena). Peter Kearns, 77, footballer. Dave Legeno, 50, actor (Harry Potter film series). Andrew Mango, 88, BBC journalist and biographer (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk). 7 July Sheila K. McCullagh, 93, author. Howard Plumb, 42, Olympic windsurfer (1996). Michael Scudamore, 81, jockey, winner of the Grand National and Cheltenham Gold Cup. Anthony Smith, 88, explorer, balloonist and television presenter. 8 July – Tom Collings, 75, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Keewatin (1991–1996). 9 July John Cloake, 89, diplomat, Ambassador to Bulgaria (1986–1990). Robert Methuen, 7th Baron Methuen, 82, peer and politician. John Spinks, 60, guitarist, singer and songwriter (The Outfield). Ken Thorne, 90, television and film score composer (Superman II, Help!), Academy Award winner (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum). 11 July – Ray Lonnen, 74, actor (Harry's Game, The Sandbaggers, Z-Cars). 13 July Con Devitt, 86, trade unionist. Cledan Mears, 91, Anglican clergyman, Bishop of Bangor (1982–1992). Peter Sainsbury, 80, cricketer (Hampshire). 14 July Alistair Hanna, 69, managerial consulting executive. Sir Jimmy McGregor, 90, politician, member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong (1995–1997) and Legislative Council of Hong Kong (1988–1995). 15 July Lyndam Gregory, 59, television and stage actor (EastEnders, Coronation Street, Surgical Spirit). John Milne, 72, broadcaster (BBC Scotland). Gerallt Lloyd Owen, 69, poet. 16 July Harriet Barber, 46, figurative painter. Sir Alexander Stirling, 86, diplomat, Ambassador to Bahrain (1971–1972), Iraq (1977–1980), Tunisia (1981–1984) and Sudan (1984–1986). 17 July J. T. Edson, 86, popular novelist. Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham, 86, politician, educator and chemist, first Warden for Robinson College. 18 July Donald Arden, 98, Anglican prelate, Archbishop of Central Africa, Bishop of Nyasaland-Malawi. Tony Dean, 65, rugby league player (Hull F.C.). Sir Nick Scheele, 70, automotive manufacturing executive, President and CEO of Jaguar Cars (1992–1999) and Ford Motor Company (2001–2005). 19 July – Ray King, 89, footballer (Port Vale, Newcastle United). 20 July Tony Palmer, 50s, Episcopalian bishop. Lynda Patterson, 40, Anglican priest, Dean of ChristChurch Cathedral (since 2013) 21 July – Lettice Curtis, 99, WWII military pilot and test engineer. 22 July John Blundell, 61, economist and policy adviser, Director General of the Institute of Economic Affairs. Morris Stevenson, 71, footballer (Morton). 23 July Dora Bryan, 91, film, television and stage actress (A Taste of Honey, Last of the Summer Wine). Jordan Tabor, 23, footballer (Cheltenham). 24 July David Broomhead, 64, mathematician. Ian Rees Davies, 72, dentist and university administrator, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong (2000–2002). 25 July – Richard Larter, 85, pop artist. 26 July – Sir Richard MacCormac, 75, modernist architect. 27 July Sir Robin Ibbs, 88, banker, Chairman of Lloyds Bank (1993–1997). Christine Oddy, 58, politician, MEP for Midlands Central (1989–1999). 28 July Brian Eyre, 80, materials scientist. Sally Farmiloe, 60, actress (Howards' Way). Alex Forbes, 89, footballer (Scotland national football team) 29 July – Jon R. Cavaiani, 70, United States Army Special Forces sergeant major and prisoner of war, recipient of the Medal of Honor (1974). 30 July Martin Copley, 74, conservationist (Australian Wildlife Conservancy). Sir Peter Hall, 82, urban planner, academic, government adviser, and writer. 31 July Jeff Bourne, 66, footballer (Derby County, Crystal Palace). Kenny Ireland, 68, actor (Benidorm). King Robbo, graffiti artist Bill Walsh, 90, footballer (Sunderland). August 1 August Norman Cornish, 94, artist. Rod de'Ath, 64, drummer (Rory Gallagher). Mike Smith, 59, television and radio presenter (BBC Radio 1). 2 August – Sir Alan Peacock, 92, economist. 3 August Tony Clunn, 68, army officer and archaeologist. James McClure, 88, politician, chairman of the Democratic Unionist Party. Charles Simeons, 92, politician, MP for Luton (1970–1974). David Smail, 76, clinical psychologist. 5 August Chapman Pincher, 100, journalist and historian. Ronnie Stonham, 87, army officer and broadcasting adviser. 6 August Frank Shipway, 79, conductor. Jimmy Walsh, 83, footballer. 7 August Michael Kerrigan, 61, television director. Voytek, 89, television director and production designer. 8 August Ralph Bryans, 72, motorcycle racer, Grand Prix World Champion (1965). Charles Keating, 72, Emmy Award-winning actor (All My Children, Another World). J. J. Murphy, 86, actor (Mickybo and Me, Angela's Ashes, Dracula Untold). Simon Scott, 47, artist and musician. 10 August Peter Chippindale, 69, newspaper journalist (The Guardian) and author. Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw, 101, mathematician and politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (1975–1976), mentor and advisor to Margaret Thatcher. 11 August – Dame Julia Polak, 75, pathologist. 13 August Laurence Mee, 63, marine scientist, director of SAMS. Jean Wilks, 97, educator, headmistress of King Edward VI High School for Girls, President of HMC (1972–1974). 15 August Timothy Cathcart, 20, rally driver. Ken Hawley, 87, industrial historian. Dare Wilson, 95, army general (SAS). 16 August – Andy MacMillan, 85, architect 17 August Sammy Conn, 52, footballer (Airdrieonians, Falkirk). Michael A. Hoey, 79, producer, director and screenwriter. Nicholas Russell, 6th Earl Russell, 45, aristocrat and disability rights campaigner. 18 August Sam Galbraith, 68, politician, MP and MSP for Strathkelvin and Bearsden. James Alexander Gordon, 78, radio broadcaster (BBC Radio 5 Live). 19 August Sam Foster, 82, politician, MLA for Fermanagh and South Tyrone (1998–2003). Geoffrey Leech, 78, linguist. Candida Lycett Green, 71, author. Tom Pevsner, 87, film producer. David St John Thomas, 84, publisher and writer. 21 August Gerry Anderson, 69, broadcaster (BBC Northern Ireland). Helen Bamber, 89, psychotherapist. Don Clark, 96, footballer (Bristol City). John Macklin, 66, Hispanist. Jean Redpath, 77, folk singer-songwriter. 22 August Sir Philip Dowson, 90, architect. Peter Hopkirk, 83, journalist and author (The Great Game). Alan Reynolds, 88, painter. 24 August Richard Attenborough, 90, actor, film director and film producer (Gandhi, Brighton Rock, Jurassic Park, The Great Escape) Alexander Monteith Currie, 86, university administrator. 26 August Simon Featherstone, 56, diplomat, High Commissioner to Malaysia (2010–2014), Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (2004–2008). Caroline Kellett, 54, fashion journalist. Sir Douglas Morpeth, 90, accountant. Jim Petrie, 82, cartoonist (Minnie the Minx). 27 August Bobby Kinloch, 79, footballer (Hibernian). Jimmy Nesbitt, 79, police detective, investigated Shankill Butchers. Sandy Wilson, 90, composer and lyricist (The Boy Friend). 28 August Glenn Cornick, 67, bassist (Jethro Tull). Mary Featherstonhaugh Frampton, 86, civil servant. Alan Reynolds, 88, artist. 29 August – Sir Jasper Hollom, 96, banker, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England (1962–66), Deputy Governor of the Bank of England (1970–80). 30 August Andrew V. McLaglen, 94, film and television director. Sir David Mitchell, 86, politician, MP for Basingstoke (1964–1983) and North West Hampshire (1983–1997). 31 August Bobbie Clarke, 74, British rock drummer. John Crosslé, 82, racecar driver and manufacturer (Crosslé Car Company). Jonathan Williams, 71, racing driver. September 1 September – Hugh McGregor Ross, 97, computer scientist and theologian. 2 September Peter Carter, 57, diplomat, Ambassador to Estonia (2007–2012), Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria (since 2012). William Merton, 96, military scientist and banker. 3 September – Roy Heather, 79, television actor (Only Fools and Horses). 4 September Clare Cathcart, 48, actress (Call the Midwife, Doctors). Willie Finlay, 88, footballer (East Fife). David Wynne, 88, sculptor. 5 September – David Lomax, 76, television reporter and interviewer (Panorama). 6 September Jim Dobbin, 73, politician, MP for Heywood and Middleton (since 1997). Martin Harrison, 65, poet 7 September – Frederic Mullally, 96, journalist and novelist. 8 September – Jane Baker, television writer (Doctor Who, Space: 1999, Watt on Earth). 9 September Howell Evans, 86, actor (Stella). Graham Joyce, 59, speculative fantasy author. Antonín Tučapský, 86, composer. David Whyte, 43, footballer (Charlton Athletic). Robert Young, 49, guitarist (Primal Scream). 11 September – Sir Donald Sinden, 90, actor (The Cruel Sea, The Day of the Jackal, Two's Company). 12 September John Bardon, 75, actor (EastEnders). John Gustafson, 72, singer and bassist (Ian Gillan Band, Roxy Music, The Big Three). Andrea Marongiu, drummer (Crystal Fighters). Ian Paisley, 88, politician, Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (1971–2008), First Minister (2007–2008). Harold Williams, 90, football player. 13 September David Cawthorne Haines, 44, humanitarian aid worker and ISIS hostage. Nigel Walker, 97, criminologist, Wolfson Professor of Criminology. 14 September Assheton Gorton, 84, production designer (101 Dalmatians, Legend, The French Lieutenant's Woman). Angus Lennie, 84, actor (The Great Escape, Crossroads, Doctor Who). E. Jennifer Monaghan, 81, historian. Philip Somerville, 84, milliner. 15 September – Dame Peggy Fenner, 91, politician, MP for Rochester and Chatham (1970–1974, 1979–1997). 16 September Edward Atienza, 90, actor. Michael Hayes, 85, television director (Doctor Who, Z-Cars, An Age of Kings) and newsreader. John Moat, 78, poet, founded the Arvon Foundation. 19 September Robert Long, 77, army officer. Iain MacCormick, 74, politician, MP for Argyll (1974–1979). Derek Williams, 89, rugby union player (Cardiff). 21 September Shirley Baker, 82, photographer. Alastair Reid, 88, poet and scholar. Pete Shutler, 68, folk musician (The Yetties). 22 September E. J. Mishan, 96, economist. Billy Neil, 75, footballer (Queen's Park, Airdrieonians). 23 September – John Divers, 74, footballer. 24 September Christopher Hogwood, 73, conductor. Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, 94. Sir Edward Eveleigh, 96, judge, Lord Justice of Appeal and Privy Councillor. Sir Gordon Manzie, 84, civil servant, Chief Executive of the Property Services Agency. Karl Miller, 83, literary editor (The Listener, London Review of Books). Hugh C. Rae, 78, author. Derek Roe, archaeologist. 25 September Toby Balding, 78, racehorse trainer. Stephen Sykes, 75, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Ely (1990–1999). Dorothy Tyler-Odam, 94, athlete, Olympic silver medalist (1936, 1948). 26 September – Maggie Stables, actress (Doctor Who). 27 September Anna Morpurgo Davies, 77, philologist. Michael Scott-Joynt, 71, Anglican prelate, Bishop of Stafford (1987–1995) and Winchester (1995–2011). 28 September Dannie Abse, 91, doctor and poet. Sheila Faith, 86, politician, MP for Belper (1979–1983). Paul Fatt, 90, neuroscientist. Tim Rawlings, 81, footballer. 29 September Mary Cadogan, 86, writer. Len Stephenson, 84, footballer. 30 September Ralph Cosham, 78, actor and book narrator. Sheila Tracy, 80, broadcaster and musician (Big Band Special). October 1 October Lynsey de Paul, 64, singer-songwriter ("Won't Somebody Dance with Me"). Sir Maurice Hodgson, 94, business executive. George Savage, 72, politician, MLA for Upper Bann (1998–2003, 2007–2011). 2 October Rob Skipper, 28, rock musician (The Holloways). The Spaceape, poet and DJ. 3 October Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby, 83, aristocrat and politician. Alan Henning, 47, humanitarian aid worker and ISIS hostage. 5 October John Best, 74, footballer and manager. David Chavchavadze, 90, author and CIA officer. Philip Howard, 80, journalist (The Times) Ronnie Spafford, 86, army officer and philatelist. David Watson, 74, actor (Beneath the Planet of the Apes). 6 October – Andrew Kerr, 80, festival organizer (Glastonbury Festival). 7 October Richard Laws, 88, zoologist, Master of St Edmund's College, Cambridge (1985–1996). Angus Macleod, 63, journalist and editor. David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel, 92, scientist and peer. Ivor Wilks, 86, historian. 9 October Les Angell, 92, cricketer (Somerset). Sir Sydney Chapman, 78, politician and architect, MP for Birmingham Handsworth (1970–1974) and Chipping Barnet (1979–2005). Tony Priday, 92, bridge player. David Rayvern Allen, 76, cricket historian. Merton Sandler, 88, chemical pathologist. Sir Jocelyn Stevens, 82, publishing executive. Victor Winding, 85, actor (Doctor Who, Frightmare) 10 October Roy Law, 77, footballer (Wimbledon). John Westcott, 93, computer scientist. 11 October – Brian Lemon, 77, jazz pianist. 12 October Tony Hibbert, 96, army officer. Tony Lynes, 85, anti-poverty campaigner. Graham Miles, 73, snooker player. 13 October Mark Bell, 43, musician and house music producer (LFO). Sir John Bradfield, 89, biologist and entrepreneur, founder of Cambridge Science Park. Patricia Carson, 85, historian and author. 14 October Lady Mary Downer, 89, Australian philanthropist, mother of the Australian High Commissioner. A. H. Halsey, 91, sociologist. Oriel Malet, 91, novelist. Agnes Owens, 88, author. 15 October – Sir Christopher Staughton, 81, judge, Lord Justice of Appeal, President of the Court of Appeal of Gibraltar (2005–2006). 16 October Clive Beer-Jones, 65, musician (Black Widow). John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, 88, aristocrat. 17 October John Andrew, 83, Anglican priest. Hermione Hobhouse, 80, architectural historian. 18 October Robert Barbour, 93, Church of Scotland minister and author. Mick Burt, 76, drummer (Chas & Dave). Efua Dorkenoo, 65, campaigner against female genital mutilation. Kenneth House, 78, cricket player (Dorset). Mervyn Winfield, 81, cricket player (Nottinghamshire). 19 October Lynda Bellingham, 66, actress (Doctor Who, General Hospital, The Bill). Kathryn M Chaloner, 60, statistician, Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Iowa. Stuart Gallacher, 68, rugby player (Wales national union and league teams) and executive. Arnold Mitchell, 84, footballer (Exeter City). Don Ratcliffe, 79, footballer (Stoke City). Raphael Ravenscroft, 60, saxophonist ("Baker Street") and author. 20 October Rodney Fitch, 76, designer. Sir John Hoskyns, 87, businessman, policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher. John Solomon, 82, croquet player. 21 October Shirley Baker, 82, photographer. Jim Barrett, Jr., 83, footballer (West Ham). 22 October Elizabeth Forbes, 90, writer and musicologist. George Francis, 80, footballer (Brentford). John Postgate, 93, microbiologist and writer, professor at University of Sussex. Sonia Rolt, 95, canal conservationist. 23 October Sir Ronald Grierson, 93, banker. Bernard Mayes, 85, broadcaster and academic. David Redfern, 78, photographer. Alvin Stardust, 72, singer ("My Coo Ca Choo"). Raleigh Trevelyan, 91, author. 24 October Vic Ash, 84, jazz saxophonist and clarinetist. Martin Garratt, 34, footballer. Gordon MacWilliam, 91, Anglican priest. Malcolm Thompson, 68, footballer (Scarborough). 25 October Jack Bruce, 71, bassist (Cream, Manfred Mann) and composer. Peter Maxey, 83, diplomat, Ambassador to the United Nations (1984–1986). David Somerset, 84, banker, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England (1980–1988). 26 October Vic Allen, 91, academic, sociologist, historian and trade unionist (NUM). Dudley Knowles, 67, philosopher. 27 October – Charles McCullough, 91, politician, member of the Senate of Northern Ireland (1968–1972). 28 October David Trendell, 50, organist and musical director. Charlie Watkins, 91, audio engineer (Watkins Electric Music). 30 October Renée Asherson, 99, actress. Joe Brown, 85, football player and manager (Burnley). Geoffrey Clarke, 89, artist. Christopher J. Turner, 81, diplomat, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1982–1987) and Montserrat (1987–1990). 31 October Ian Fraser, 81, composer and conductor (Scrooge, Christmas in Washington). Sir Henry Harris, 89, cell biologist. Pat Partridge, 81, football referee. November 1 November Joel Barnett, Baron Barnett, 91, politician, MP for Heywood and Royton (1964–1983), Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1974–1979). Anne Cluysenaar, 78, poet and writer. Sheila Shulman, 77, rabbi. 2 November Acker Bilk, 85, jazz clarinetist ("Stranger on the Shore"). G. L. Harriss, 89, medieval historian. 3 November Geoff Cox, 79, footballer (Torquay United). (death announced on this date) Ivor Seemley, 85, footballer (Sheffield Wednesday, Stockport County, Chesterfield). 4 November Colin Docker, 88, Anglican clergyman, Bishop of Horsham (1975–1991). Derek Hogg, 84, footballer (Leicester City). Gerard W. Hughes, 90, Jesuit priest and writer, Chaplain of University of Glasgow (1967–1975). Mervyn Winfield, 81, cricket player (Nottinghamshire). 5 November – Roy Hartle, 83, footballer (Bolton Wanderers). 6 November Maggie Boyle, 57, folk singer. Sir Tommy Macpherson, 94, British Army officer and businessman. Sir Anthony Reeve, 76, diplomat, Ambassador to Jordan (1988–1991), Ambassador to South Africa (1991–1994), High Commissioner to South Africa (1994–1996). 7 November Alex Bain, 78, footballer (Motherwell, Huddersfield Town, Falkirk). (death announced on this date) Bill Green, 97, Battle of Britain fighter pilot. Francis Harvey, 89, poet. Ian Michael, 99, academic, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malawi (1964–1973). Dan Samuel, 4th Viscount Samuel, 89, businessman and peer. 8 November Audrey White, 87, model and author. Sammy Wilson, 82, footballer (Celtic). 9 November – Sammy Reid, 75, footballer (Motherwell, Berwick Rangers). 10 November Brian Farrell, 85, broadcaster and journalist. Sally Hardcastle, 69, broadcaster, (Woman's Hour and The World Tonight). 12 November Warren Clarke, 67, actor (Dalziel and Pascoe, A Clockwork Orange, Top Secret!). Rebekah Gibbs, 41, actress (Casualty). David Mackay, 80, architect. Richard Pasco, 88, actor (Yesterday's Enemy, Rasputin the Mad Monk, Mrs. Brown). Bernard Stonehouse, 88, polar scientist (Stonehouse Bay, Mount Stonehouse). 13 November Mike Burney, 70, saxophonist (Wizzard). Sir William Dugdale, 92, football executive and peer, Chairman of Aston Villa (1975–1982). Dennis Elwell, 84, astrologer. Reg Parker, 87, rugby league player and international coach. Jim Storrie, 74, footballer (Leeds United). 14 November – Paul Vaughan, 89, journalist. 15 November Jack Bridger Chalker, 96, World War II artist. Dame Mary Glen-Haig, 96, Olympic fencer. 19 November Roy Bhaskar, 70, philosopher. Jon Stallworthy, 79, academic, poet and literary critic. 20 November Arthur Butterworth, 91, composer and conductor. Iain Hesford, 54, footballer (Blackpool, Sunderland). 21 November Sir Robert Richardson, 85, army general. Sir John Sutton, 82, RAF officer, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (1990–1995). 22 November Margaret Aston, 82, historian. Frank Caldwell, 93, army general, Assistant Chief of the General Staff (1972–1974). 23 November Anne Cowdrey, 14th Lady Herries of Terregles, 76, racehorse trainer. Mark Keyworth, 66, rugby union player (Swansea, national team). John Neal, 82, football player and manager (Wrexham, Middlesbrough, Chelsea). Clive Palmer, 71, folk musician (The Incredible String Band). David Stoddart, 77, geographer. 24 November – Reg Foulkes, 91, footballer (Norwich City). 25 November Joanna Dunham, 78, actress (The Greatest Story Ever Told). Peter Wescombe, 82, diplomat and co-founder of Bletchley Park Trust. 26 November Sir Arthur Bonsall, 97, civil servant, Director of GCHQ (1973–1978). Malcolm Finlayson, 84, footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers). Frankie Fraser, 90, gangster. Arthur Montford, 85, football commentator. Peter Underwood, 91, author, broadcaster and paranormalist. 27 November P. D. James, 94, crime novelist (The Children of Men, Death Comes to Pemberley). Jack Kyle, 88, rugby union player and surgeon. 30 November Sir Fred Catherwood, 89, politician and Christian writer, MEP (1979–1994). Ann Paludan, 86, author. Elizabeth Young, Lady Kennet, 91, journalist and author. December 1 December David Cooke, 59, admiral, Commander Operations (2006–2009). Jimmy Duncan, 83, footballer (Celtic). 2 December Josie Cichockyj, 50, wheelchair basketball player. Gerry Fisher, 88, cinematographer (Wise Blood, The Go-Between, Fedora). Peter Furneaux, 79, football club chairman and investor (Grimsby Town). John Kotz, 84, politician, Mayor of Hackney. 3 December – Ian McLagan, 69, keyboard player (Small Faces). 4 December Nick Talbot, 37, singer-songwriter (Gravenhurst). Jeremy Thorpe, 85, politician, Leader of the Liberal Party (1967–1976), MP for North Devon (1959–1979) (Thorpe affair). 6 December – Luke Somers, 33, photojournalist and AQAP hostage. 7 December Norman Mair, 86, rugby union player and journalist. Tommy Todd, 88, footballer (Airdrie, Hamilton, Crewe, Derby and Rochdale). 8 December James Brown, 83, cricket player. Scot Young, 52, businessman and reality television personality (Ladies of London), 9 December Lydia Mordkovitch, 70, violinist. Sheila Stewart, 77, singer, storyteller, and author. 10 December – Catherine Hughes, 81, diplomat and academic. 11 December Tom Adams, 76, actor (The Great Escape, Licensed to Kill, Doctor Who). Tim Black, 77, family planning pioneer, founder of Marie Stopes International. Philip Knights, Baron Knights, 94, police officer and peer, Chief Constable of the West Midlands (1975–1985). 12 December John Baxter, 78, footballer (Hibernian). Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 73, historian of mathematics and logic. Dave West, 70, businessman. 14 December – Bobo Faulkner, 73, English model and television personality. 15 December Michael Hare Duke, 89, Anglican bishop. Ray Steadman-Allen, 92, composer and Salvation Army officer. 16 December Martin Brasier, 67, palaeobiologist and astrobiologist. Brian Lister, 88, race car builder (Lister Cars). 17 December – Neil James, 53, rugby league player. 18 December – Mandy Rice-Davies, 70, model, figure in the Profumo affair. 19 December Philip Bradbourn, 63, politician, MEP for West Midlands (since 1999). Jamie Gilroy, 66, politician, co-founder of the Wickerman Festival. Pat Holton, 78, footballer (Motherwell, Hamilton Academical). Colin Strang, 2nd Baron Strang, 92, philosopher and peer. 20 December Joe Anderson, 86, rugby league player (Castleford, Leeds, Featherstone Rovers). Donald Charlton Bradley, 90, chemist. John Freeman, 99, politician, journalist, broadcaster and diplomat, MP for Watford (1945–1955), Ambassador to the United States (1969–1971). Ranulph Glanville, 68, architect and cybernetician. Brian Manley, 85, engineer and scientist. Sam Morris, 84, footballer (Chester City). 21 December Jane Bown, 89, photographer (The Observer). Sonya Butt, 90, Special Operations Executive agent. Roberta Leigh, 87, author and television producer (Space Patrol). Billie Whitelaw, 82, actress (The Omen, The Dark Crystal, Hot Fuzz). Alan Williams, 84, politician, MP for Swansea West (1964–2010), Father of the House (2005–2010). 22 December Joe Cocker, 70, rock and blues singer ("With a Little Help from My Friends", "You Are So Beautiful", "Up Where We Belong"). Chris Davidge, 85, rower. William J. Fishman, 93, academic. Richard Graydon, 92, stuntman and stunt coordinator (James Bond film series). Jeremy Lloyd, 84, screenwriter (Are You Being Served?, 'Allo 'Allo!). Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, 93, biologist and ichthyologist. 23 December Mike Elliott, 68, comedian and actor (Goal!, Billy Elliot). Jeremy Lloyd, 84, actor and screenwriter Debbie Purdy, 51, activist. 24 December Jacqueline Briskin, 87, author. Arthur Louis, 64, reggae cross-over musician ("Knockin' on Heaven's Door"). Barry Williams, 70, spree killer. 25 December Bernard Kay, 86, actor (Doctor Who, Doctor Zhivago). Mary F. Lyon, 89, geneticist. David Ryall, 79, actor. Tony Wilkinson, 66, archaeologist. 26 December Geoff Pullar, 79, cricketer. Ken Riddington, television producer (House of Cards). Jean Stogdon, 86, social worker and campaigner (Grandparents Plus). Andrew Thomson, 78, academic and historian. 27 December Ron Henry, 80, footballer (Tottenham Hotspur, national team). Carol Stone, 60, transgender priest. Bridget Turner, 75, actress (Doctor Who, Casualty, Z-Cars). 29 December Dorrit Dekk, 97, graphic designer. Leslie Silver, 89, Chairman of Leeds United F.C. (1983–1966). 30 December Frank Atkinson, 90, museum director (Beamish Museum). Deborah Bone, 51, mental health nurse, inspired Disco 2000. Derek Coombs, 83, British politician, MP for Birmingham Yardley (1970–1974). Yolande Donlan, 94, actress. Jim Galloway, 78, jazz clarinet and saxophone player. Patrick Gowers, 78, composer. Luise Rainer, 104, actress. 31 December Jimmy Dunn, 91, footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers, Derby County). Michael Kennedy, 88, biographer, journalist and music critic. Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, 99, peer and army officer. See also 2014 in England 2014 in Northern Ireland 2014 in Scotland 2014 in Wales References Further reading See also 2014 in British music 2014 in British television List of British films of 2014 Years of the 21st century in the United Kingdom United Kingdom

41518450

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Smith%2C%20American

Joe Smith, American

Joe Smith, American is a 1942 American spy film directed by Richard Thorpe and stars Robert Young and Marsha Hunt. The film, loosely based on the story of Herman W. Lang, and the theft of plans of a top-secret bombsight, is the account of a worker at an aviation factory who is kidnapped by enemy spies. The opening credits contained the following written prologue: "This story is about a man who defended his country. His name is Joe Smith. He is an American. This picture is a tribute to all Joe Smiths." Joe Smith, American was the first in a series of B films made at MGM under the supervision of Dore Schary who also wrote the initial treatment, based on "his own yarn". His story was later adapted to a postwar setting and new characters to become The Big Operator (1959). Plot In 1942, Joe Smith is a "buck an hour" crew chief on the Lockheed P-38 Lightning assembly line in a Los Angeles defense plant. When plant president Mr. Edgerton and his supervisor Blake McKettrick calls him into his office, Joe is grilled by two men from Washington, Freddie Dunhill and Gus, who later ask him to draw from memory a blueprint put in front of him. When Joe shows he can draw the plans accurately, Edgerton promotes him to head up a new project based on the top secret Norden bombsight. Unable to tell his wife Mary and fourth-grade son Johnny or even his co-workers, about his new job, Joe is targeted by a group of men who want the secrets of the bombsight. While he leaves the plant late at night, his car is forced off the road and Joe is brought to a deserted house. The four men who have kidnapped him, blindfold Joe and beat him, trying to force him to draw the plans of the bombsight. Remembering that his son also had a secret he was keeping no matter what he and his wife asked, and that Johnny was studying about Nathan Hale, Joe refuses to cooperate and is beaten severely. When the spies realize they have no option but to kill Joe, he is driven away but takes the opportunity to throw himself out of their car. An elderly couple come upon Joe lying in the street while the four kidnappers make their getaway. In recovery, even though he is blindfolded, he had sneaked some peeks at the men who held him and tried to memorize sounds in their car that would identify where he was. When the police take Joe on a reconstruction of his drive, he slowly puts together the route and takes them back to a house where three men are confronted. Each of them has some identifying feature, but the ringleader is missing. Finally back home, Joe receives Gus, Freddie, Edgerton and McKettrick who are there to thank him for his bravery. When McKettrick shakes his hand, Joe recognizes the distinctive ring worn by the leader of the kidnappers. The police who are also there, arrest McKettrick before he can escape. One month later, on Father's Day, Mary and Joe have a party with their friends from work and Johnny gives Joe his "secret" gift, a tie. When his friends call Joe a hero, he rebuffs them, saying that there are no heroes in America, just people, "who don't like being pushed around." Cast Production Although considered a war propaganda film, principal photography on Joe Smith, American took place from October 20 to November 11, 1941, prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The prewar arrest of a German factory worker who stole the plans of the Norden bombsight was the basis of the story, with stock photography of the Lockheed Aircraft company incorporated to provide a wartime look. Contemporary sources list both Ava Gardner and John Raitt in the cast. Their appearances are uncredited in the film and likely were extras. Reception In his review of Joe Smith, American, Theodore Strauss wrote, in The New York Times,"In its own simple and unassuming way, "Joe Smith, American," now at the Criterion, does more to underscore the deep and indelible reasons why this country is at war than most of the recent million-dollar epics with all their bravura patriotism. In this film there is no martial music, there are no displays of armed armadas and no one pins a medal on anybody's chest. Instead, the author and director have simply taken one commonplace American and shown, in one tense and sharply cut event when his country's safety was at stake, how it was the little things, the small remembrances of what his life had been, that pulled him through." The New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther gave Joe Smith, American an "honorable mention" in his "Ten Best Films of the Year" list, and several consumer magazines praised the low-budget film for its excellence. According to an article in The Hollywood Reporter on October 27, 1942, Joe Smith, American was one of 10 films selected by the East and West Association to be sent for exhibition in Asian countries as, "most nearly representative of life in the U.S." Box office According to MGM records, Joe Smith, American made $487,000 in the US and Canada and $221,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $222,000. References Notes Bibliography Eames, John Douglas. The MGM Story: The Complete History of Fifty Roaring Years. London: Octopus Books Limited, 1982, First edition 1979. . External links 1942 films 1942 drama films American films American aviation films American drama films American spy films American black-and-white films English-language films Films set in Los Angeles Films set on the home front during World War II Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films World War II films made in wartime World War II spy films Films directed by Richard Thorpe

41566585

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Pantaleon-Weyer%20concentration%20camp

St. Pantaleon-Weyer concentration camp

The Labor Education- and Gypsy Detention Camp St. Pantaleon-Weyer is a former National Socialist detention camp in the municipal area of St. Pantaleon, today again called Haigermoos, in Upper Austria. The camp existed as a Labor Education Camp from July 1940 until the beginning of 1941, when it was converted into a Gypsy Detention Camp and used as such up to November of the same year. Today, a memorial place reminds of this prison. History The camp was situated in Weyer, a part of the municipality Haigermoos, which belonged to the municipality Sankt Pantaleon until 1945. The Labor Education Camp The Labor Education Camp existed from July 5, 1940 until about January 7, 1941. From July 7, 1940 until the end of August 1940, the inn Göschl in Moosach in the parish of Sankt Georgen bei Salzburg served as an edifice for the camp. Then, the Ortsgruppenleiter, the landlord and agriculturalist Michael Kaltenegger, as well as the Gaufürsorgeverband, the organization that officially ran the camp, provided the property of the landlord Geratsdorfer in Weyer as a sublease. Kaltenegger himself had leased it from the economically struggling landlord. The prisoners were deployed in the regulation of the river Moosach. In letters of the Gauleiter August Eigruber from May 31, 1940 and of the Nazi appointee Kubinger from September 10, 1941 directed to all mayors of the district Oberdonau, the purpose of the camp is described as follows: “Admitted can be such fellow citizens, that on principle refuse work, that skip work, that constantly cause disturbances at the work site, or that refuse any taking up of work at all, despite being physically fit. They all, however, have to have reached the age of 18. Also “anti-social” managing directors are included. Only cases of criminal nature cannot be covered in this setting. And serious cases of invalids, as hard physical labors have to be performed.” Corresponding to these guidelines, persons classified as “disagreeable” were consequently brought into the camp; So for example Karl Grumpelmaier from Mauthausen, the manager of a big woodworking business, because he refused to purchase a banner of the German Labor Front. The two teenage prisoners Oskar Heinrich and Heinrich Müller had refused to take part in the company-facilitated sports activities of the paper mill Steyrermühl and were – because they had not reached the age of 18 yet – unlawfully detained in Weyer as “anti-socials”. It is proven in many cases that not only “anti-socials” were admitted to the camp. Only upon their arrival at the camp the inmates were informed about the reasons of their arrest. There were no legal means; on their arrival, resorts of violence through the camp leader August Steininger were regularly the case. The so-called “education” became the responsibility of the camp personnel, which was composed of the SA-Standarte 159 from Braunau am Inn – whom also the camp commandant belonged to. With the continued existence of the camp, the violence of the SA became more and more prominent. The first person to die in the camp was Johann Gabauer from Julbach, who was left lying next to his fellow workers with fatal injuries. Numerous severely injured were admitted to the circumjacent hospitals. An extract from a medical history: “Welts were discovered all over the body. E. temporarily regained conscience at the hospital and related that he had been thrown into the water repeatedly. He died on September 4th 1940. The chief doctor initiated a postmortem examination, in which superficial and bleeding damages of the epithelial layer were detected spread all over the back, especially on the protruding parts of the back, the back of the head and the upper arm. They apparently are the results of physical abuse.” After the death of Joseph Mayer, who came from Neukirchen, the camp physician Alois Staufer saw the opportunity to personally emerge from being involved – which he had become through issuing innocuous death certificates for camp victims. He presented the circumstances of the case to the local court Wildshut. A year-and-a-half-long struggle ensued concerning the arraignment against the superintendent and the camp management, but also against important Nazi figures such as Franz Kubinger and the district superintendent Stefan Schachermayer. The charges that were approved by the ministry of Justice in Berlin consisted of the following: Manslaughter Gross physical abuse Confinement of individuals under the age of 18 Confinement of individuals that couldn’t be declared as “reluctant to work” The Labor-Education-Camp Weyer was closed in the beginning of January 1941 in view of the impending lawsuit. Some of the prisoners were discharged in exchange for a vow of silence; others were transferred to concentration camps. The efforts of the Gauleitung for an abolishment of the lawsuit proved to be successful. The charge against a total of five defendants was dismissed on April 16, 1942, by authorization of Hitler himself. The Gypsy Detention Center From January 19, 1941, after the rushed closing of the Labor Education Camp, the district authorities detained more than 350 Austrian Sinti and Romanies in Weyer. The camp St. Pantaleon was now called “Gypsy Detention Camp”, similar to the camp Lackenbach in Burgenland, that had been established at about the same time. The camp staff was replaced, one gendarmerie leader and ten police reservists formed the supervisory staff, and an officer of the criminal investigation department Linz was appointed camp commander. The SA-Sturmführer Gottfried Hamberger remained administrator. The prisoners in St. Pantaleon were meant to continue with the drainage and regulation activities, however, more than half of the detainees were women and children. Whereas in the Labor Education Camp the camp physician reported death to the registrar, it was now the camp commander or administrator who assumed this duty. The mentioned cause of death is often exceedingly strange: “life-weakness” or “heart failure” with children, "Herzfleischentartung" with an elderly lady. The dead bodies of the Sinti were – according to consistent testimonies of contemporary witnesses – for the time being deposited between shovels and pots in the gravedigger’s cell at the cemetery Haigermoos, and then buried during the night – without discernible gravesite. The camp was closed down on November 4, 1941, the inmates were loaded into cattle cars and – after a three-day stop over in Lackenbach, Burgenland – were brought, together with 4,700 other people, to the Gypsy Camp of the Ghetto Litzmannstadt in Łódź, Poland. No one ever returned from there. Repercussions After the war, a People’s Court Lawsuit was initiated against the people in charge. However, it dragged on up until 1952 because of the flight of two of the main defendants. The lawsuits ended in convictions, the sentences ranged between 15 months and 15 years of prison. The lawsuit against the camp commander August Steininger ended in 1952 with two years and six months of imprisonment. The “Gypsy Detention Camp” was not even mentioned in the trials of the People’s Court after 1945. Even in the lawsuit against Gottfried Hamberger, also an administrator in the camp, the Camp II was not mentioned. And already in April 1955, all convicts were released on the occasion of the amnesty for the ten-year existence of the Second Republic. As from 1949, the Austrian political parties courted for the benevolence of former Nazis at national elections, and from 1950, they often were integrated into community politics. As in many other cases of the same subject matter, this period of history was suppressed or deliberately avoided. So, for example, in the chronicles of the municipality of St. Pantaleon, which were published in 1979 on the occasion of the anniversary of the “Innviertel by Austria”, and in which still only the soldiers killed in the war were mentioned. The memorial Only in the late 1980s, people started to concern themselves with the history of the camp. Ludwig Laher, an author living in St. Pantaleon, and Andreas Maislinger, a historian who was born in the neighboring parish Sankt Georgen bei Salzburg, initiated the erection of a memorial site. It was designed by the artist Dieter Schmidt coming from Fridolfing, Bavaria and inaugurated in 2000. The memorial site is maintained by the municipality St. Pantaleon and the society Memorial Site Camp Weyer. Through the memorial, the municipality Sankt Pantaleon commemorates also its own responsibility as the then competent administration. It is situated within the boundaries of today’s municipality Sankt Pantaleon, and not on the premises of the Weyer concentration camp, which belong to today’s municipality Haigermoos. Pictures Further reading Andreas Maislinger, “Zigeuneranhaltelager und Arbeitserziehungslager” Weyer: Ergänzung einer Ortschronik. In: Pogrom, magazine of the Society for Threatened Peoples 18 (1987), No. 137, S. 33-36. Ludwig Laher: Herzfleischentartung, novel, Haymon Verlag, März 2001, External links Society Memorial Site Camp Weyer, amongst others with pictures of prisoners from the year of 1941 Arbeitserziehungs- und Zigeuneranhaltelager St. Pantaleon-Weyer References Austria in World War II History of Upper Austria Holocaust memorials Braunau am Inn District Reich Security Main Office Nazi concentration camps in Austria

41831279

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Rowley%20%28film%20director%29

Richard Rowley (film director)

Richard Rowley (also known as Rick Rowley) is a documentary filmmaker. His films and TV shows have received three Emmy awards, an Oscar nomination, and other awards and nominations, as well as recognition at film festivals around the world. Rowley's Oscar-nominated feature Dirty Wars was the culmination of ten years as a war reporter in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the lesser-known battlegrounds of America's war on terror. Since then, Rowley has turned his lens on racial injustice in the United States. His 2019 feature for Showtime, 16 Shots, won Television Academy honors and a Peabody nomination for its unflinching look at the police murder of Laquan McDonald and the cover-up that followed. His Emmy-winning series Documenting Hate unmasked an underground Nazi fight club and a terrorist cell. The series received a DuPont Award and prompted an FBI investigation that led to dozens of arrests. His latest film, Kingdom Of Silence, is the story of the life and death of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Selected filmography Rick Rowley directed or co-directed these documentary films: Zapatista (1999) – about the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico This Is What Democracy Looks Like (2000) – about the 1999 World Trade Organization protests in Seattle Black and Gold (2001) – about the Latin Kings in New York City The Fourth World War (2003) – about resistance movements around the world Dirty Wars (2013) – about the war on terror and the Joint Special Operations Command The Blue Wall (2018) – about the shooting of Laquan McDonald and subsequent events 16 Shots (2019) – an updated and expanded version of The Blue Wall Kingdom of Silence (2020) – about the killing of Jamal Khashoggi External links References Living people American film directors Year of birth missing (living people)

41916620

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd%20Alabama%20Infantry%20Regiment

33rd Alabama Infantry Regiment

The 33rd Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry unit from Alabama that served in the Confederate States Army during the U.S. Civil War. Recruited from the southeastern counties of Butler, Dale, Coffee, Covington, Russell and Montgomery, it saw extensive service with the Confederate Army of Tennessee before being nearly annihilated at the Battle of Franklin in 1864. Survivors from the regiment would continue to serve until the final capitulation of General Joseph Johnston in North Carolina in 1865. In addition to the counties named above, the 33rd Alabama drew recruits from three modern Alabama counties that did not yet exist in 1862: Geneva County, which was then a part of Dale and Coffee counties; Crenshaw County, which would be formed from Covington and other nearby counties after the war; and Houston County, which then formed a part of Dale and Henry Counties. Initially assigned to the defense of Confederate forts in Pensacola Bay, Florida, the 33rd was quickly transferred to duty in the Army of Tennessee, where it saw its first significant action at the Battle of Perryville. It went on to fight at Stone's River, Chickamauga, the Siege of Chattanooga, the Atlanta Campaign (including Ringgold Gap and Kennesaw Mountain), and the disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign in late 1864. From just after the Battle of Perryville through the Battle of Franklin, the 33rd fought under the "Stonewall of the West": Major General Patrick Cleburne, an Irish-born officer whom General Robert E. Lee once referred to as "a meteor shining from a clouded sky" for his battlefield prowess. Though it took horrific losses at Perryville (where it suffered eighty-two percent casualties) and at Franklin (where it lost two-thirds of its numbers), it held together with reduced numbers until the final Carolina Campaign in 1865. Historians of the 33rd benefit from extremely detailed accounts of this regiment's service by soldiers who served in it; the most important of these was written by Private W.E. Matthews of Co. B, who left records of nearly every aspect of regimental life from food to clothing to nicknames, sundries and even the soldiers' opinions of two different service rifles they were issued. Recruitment and early deployments Initial organization, officers and strength The 33rd Alabama Infantry Regiment was organized in April 1862, in Pensacola, Florida. The following table shows information about each company at the time of the regiment's initial formation: Ft. McRee The 33rd Alabama was initially assigned to duty during March–April 1862 at Fort McRee, which sat at the entrance to Pensacola Bay, Florida, opposite the Federal-held Fort Pickens. By the time the 33rd arrived, Ft. McRee had been reduced to near-rubble by Federal warships and the guns of Ft. Pickens. However, the local commander, General Braxton Bragg, insisted on holding it, anyway. According to one veteran's memoirs, their time at this location was spent in initial military training, drill, and guard duty. At one point, local commanders decided to remove the coastal artillery from the badly damaged fortress, and the 33rd was asked to help. The guns were removed from their five- to eight-inch bases during daylight hours; later, at night, they were slung beneath a specially built wagon equipped with fourteen-inch-wide tires, to which thirty-six mules were hitched. A lengthy rope was tied to the tongue, and 100 soldiers were tasked with pulling on it to help these mules haul the cannon across the sandy beach to barges on the bay, which in turn carried them on to Pensacola. The guns were replaced with wood planks shaped and painted to resemble artillery, to deceive the Federals into thinking the fort—or what was left of it at this point—was still a threat. While on duty at Ft. McRee, the regiment had its first direct encounter with the enemy—or what it thought was the enemy, at the time. During a fierce rainstorm one night, a Federal ship endeavoring to resupply Ft. Pickens encountered difficulties and jettisoned some of its cargo (described as "many barrels of vinegar, boxes of crackers and other things"); sentinels from Co's B and I mistook these floating crates for an amphibious assault force approaching their position, and fired on them before realizing their error. Private Matthews reported engaging a "whaleboat full of Yankees" trying to salvage some of these supplies; apparently, little damage was done by either side. Moving to Corinth Following their initial duty at Pensacola, the 33rd was ordered to report to Corinth, Mississippi, for duty with General Albert Sidney Johnston's Army of Mississippi. Arriving just after the Confederate loss at Shiloh (in which Johnston was killed and replaced in command by General P.G.T. Beauregard), the 33rd was assigned to the brigade commanded by Colonel Alexander T. Hawthorn, which was part of the Army's 3rd Corps. In July 1862 Hawthorn's brigade became part of a division commanded by Major General William Hardee, and the following month the 33rd was transferred to a brigade (still in Hardee's division) commanded by Brigadier General Sterling Wood. Private Matthews reported being "strung out in muddy ditches in S.A.M. Wood's brigade," in May 1862, and also indicates that he and his comrades traded in their Pensacola muskets for "new painted Enfield Rifles out of the boxes, with Minie balls cartridges, new bayonets and scabbards." He reports that several soldiers were ill, and says that "we did not like the water [in Corinth], except that we carried from a flowing artesian well." This same veteran later provided an anecdote from the regiment's time in Corinth: During this time, the men of the 33rd discarded many items that they now considered non-essential, burdened down as they were on their frequent marches: "hammers, pillows, towels, books, bedclothing, clothing, big knives, tinware, sheepskins, bear skins and other paraphernalia." The Kentucky Campaign Moving south—then north When General Hardee was given command of the "Left Wing" of the Army of Mississippi (now commanded by General Bragg, from the 33rd's Pensacola days), Wood's Fourth Brigade was assigned to the Third Division of the Left Wing, under command of Major General Simon Bolivar Buckner. In concert with the rest of the army, the 33rd left Corinth at the end of July and travelled by train from Tupelo, Mississippi, to Meridian; thence to Mobile, Alabama, and Montgomery, then on to Atlanta, Georgia, and Dalton before arriving at Tyner's Station, just east of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Following this, Wood's brigade marched into the city, where they crossed the Tennessee River on "a ferry boat, propelled by two blind horses" while picking up two months' pay (at $11 per month), a $50 bounty for each soldier, new shoes and clothing, and rations. Battle of Munfordville Up to now, the 33rd had not seen any significant action, but this was about to change. Emboldened by recent successes achieved by Confederate raiders under Colonel John Hunt Morgan and seeking to divert Federal attention from the strategically important towns of Chattanooga and Vicksburg, Mississippi, General Bragg decided to invade Kentucky, a slave state that had remained loyal to the Union—but which still contained a large pro-Confederate minority. Pursuing Federal troops rounded up many stragglers, but refrained from attacking the main Confederate force at first. Bragg's army reached the fortified town of Munfordville, on the Green River, on September 14. Despite the huge advantage in numbers possessed by the Southerners, the Federal commander, Colonel John T. Wilder, refused the initial demand for surrender. Confederate forces attacked his works and were repulsed, settling in for a two-day siege before the Federal commander was finally persuaded to give up after being taken on a personal tour of the Confederate siege lines by General Buckner. Battle of Perryville Following a Confederate victory at Richmond, Kentucky on August 30, Confederate forces advanced deeper into that state, seeking to drive the Federals across the Ohio River and thus establish the Confederacy's northern boundary on that waterway. A drought that summer had impacted both armies, with one soldier of the 33rd Alabama saying that: "we obtained water under deep limesinks, some of these being partly full of water, and Federals had utilized some of the partly filled sinks as a place to butcher cattle and dumped offal into them, making the water unfit to drink." Another soldier, from the 9th Tennessee, reported that the only water available was usually from ponds, and this was "so muddy that we could not wash our faces in it." Food supplies were also impacted by the dry weather, with Federal forces reduced first to half-rations, then to quarter-rations, then to hardtack and finally to "wormy flour". The Southerners fared little better. Desperate for water, both armies converged on the tiny village of Perryville, Kentucky, where water was said to still be available. The Confederates reached the town first, with the 33rd Alabama arriving around 10:00 am on the morning of October 7 and deploying with the rest of Wood's brigade to the north of town. A battle commenced on the morning of October 8, with the 33rd taking little part until late afternoon, when Bragg called for fresh troops to launch an attack on Dixville Crossroads, held by the 34th Federal Brigade under Colonel George Webster. Webster's brigade contained the 22nd Indiana, 75th Illinois and 59th Illinois Infantry regiments, all of whom were raw recruits who had never seen combat before. In addition to these units, the 19th Indiana Artillery under Captain Samuel Harris assisted Webster in defending this area, which later became known as the "Perryville Slaughter Pen." Wood's brigade, including the 33rd Alabama, attacked around 5pm and ran into murderous fire from Webster's men. The Federals, supported by Captain Harris' battery, decimated the attacking Confederates and forced them to withdraw. Regrouping at the base of the hill, the 33rd and its sister regiments—now assisting a fresh brigade led by Brigadier General St. John Richardson Liddell—charged again, taking more casualties but ultimately driving the Federals from the hill after Harris' battery ran out of ammunition and was forced to withdraw. The 22nd Indiana, directly opposite the 33rd Alabama, suffered 65% casualties—the most of any Federal unit on the battlefield. Private Matthews describes the action in these words: When the smoke finally cleared that evening, the Confederates had won a tactical victory at Perryville. However the approach of fresh Union forces and the increasingly untenable situation in Kentucky compelled Bragg to order a retreat. The 33rd and the rest of Bragg's army withdrew to Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap, leaving the Federals in possession of Kentucky for the rest of the war. During the Battle of Perryville, the 33rd Alabama suffered an appalling casualty rate of 82%. Entering the battle with 500 men, the regiment came out with only 88 fit for duty. Of the thirty-two men in the 33rd's Company B who fought at Perryville, two were killed on the field and nineteen more were wounded—of whom only nine would survive. After the battle, Private Matthews reported that the surviving members of the regiment carried their injured comrades to field hospitals, while others removed the personal effects from the dead to return to their families in Alabama. He reports that though exhausted from the day's fighting, the surviving troops spent all that night carrying water to their friends, gathering straw for them to lie on, and assisting the surgeons in caring for them. When some of the wounded complained of being cold, their comrades covered them with their own blankets. Upon returning to their camp later on, the survivors discovered that their left-behind knapsacks had been plundered by persons unknown. According to Matthews, "few of us carried knapsacks, afterwards." Private Matthews reported that "for a few days after the battle, our right shoulders were quite sore from the rebound of our Enfield Rifles when firing, as they were after any prolonged firing, and some rifles kicked worse than others." He equally reported that due to the loss of their horses by all four regimental officers who rode them into the fight, "our regimental officers left them in the rear [thereafter], when going into battle." Matthews also related the account of a mortally wounded soldier named Ward who asked his "body servant" Jesse to return to Alabama and convey his final goodbye to his wife. Matthews emphasized that Jesse could easily have run away in the confusion and sought freedom with nearby Federal troops, but he chose to return home—entirely on his own—carrying his master's message. Fragging While fragging—the assassination of unpopular officers by their subordinates—is generally associated with the Vietnam War, incidents of this nature occurred during the Civil War as well. Private Matthews speaks of a "Lieut. Col. [Henry Virtner] Keep" in the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment, whom he describes as a "tyrant." Keep was viewed as a martinet by his men after he punished them by ordering them to carry heavy fence rails or wooden poles as they marched; Matthews reports that his soldiers promised that he would not survive his first engagement. Although they did not manage to murder him, they were overjoyed to learn of Keep's departure after the battle. With regard to his own unit, Matthews says: "I never heard it rumored that any of our officers of the 33rd Alabama were ever shot by any of our men intentionally, for there were no tyrannical officers such as Colonel Keep in the regiment." He says that discontented men who did not believe that they could "get justice" from their regimental officers were usually able to obtain a transfer to another unit. Action in Tennessee Retreat into Tennessee After withdrawing from Perryville, General Bragg moved south toward Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where he linked up with another Confederate force under Major General Kirby Smith. From here he continued his retreat to Knoxville, Tennessee, where the army drew supplies described as: "flour, corn meal, bacon, fresh beef, rice, salt and the first soap that we had drawn in two months," together with new uniforms and shoes. Here the regiment was rejoined by several previously ill soldiers, who had been left behind at hospitals in Chattanooga at the outset of the Kentucky Campaign. Tragedy on the rails On November 4, 1862, the 33rd Alabama was ordered to board a train which was scheduled to take them to Chattanooga. In a freak accident a few miles south of Cleveland, Tennessee, a large stick of wood fell from the locomotive tender as the train moved rapidly on a downhill grade, breaking the axle of one of the railcars immediately behind it and causing part of the train to derail. Pvt. Matthews reports that when the axle snapped on the boxcar he was in, all the wheels came off and "clogged" under the wheels of the car behind it (occupied by Co. G), causing its separation from the train. Meanwhile, the engine continued to pull the wheel-less B Company car two or three hundred yards down the track before it finally stopped. Several soldiers had been riding on the boxcar roofs: Matthews reported that these were "shook off, like shaking peaches from a tree, and badly jolted when they hit the ground." Others were pinned beneath and within the wreckage; some only escaped by "alighting on their heads." A total of seventeen men were killed in the disaster, with sixty-seven others maimed; many of these would later die from their injuries. Most of the deceased came from Co. G, the "Daleville Blues," including the company commander, Captain Reuben Jackson Cooper. All were buried the next day in a trench dug just southeast of the railroad that was surrounded by a split-rail fence; this remained unmarked and largely forgotten until descendants of the departed erected a monument on the site in November 1989. Battle of Stones River Following the Battle of Perryville, the 33rd Alabama—together with the rest of Wood's brigade—was transferred to a new division commanded by Major General Patrick R. Cleburne, under whom the 33rd would serve for most of the rest of the war. By now Bragg had converted his "wings" into corps; Cleburne's division was assigned to the corps commanded by Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, in what was now officially called the Army of Tennessee. After leaving Chattanooga, General Bragg and his army moved west until they reached the small town of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, southeast of Union-held Nashville. Private Matthews reports that the 33rd Alabama was tasked to serve as a rear guard for their brigade along the line of march, occasionally skirmishing with pursuing Federal forces while contending with muddy roads during the final portion of their journey. Knowing that Murfreesboro and the surrounding area were staunchly pro-Southern in sentiment, Bragg felt compelled to make a stand on relatively flat ground north of the city, even though several more-defensible areas lay further to the north and south. The Federal Army of the Cumberland, now under the command of Major General William S. Rosecrans, closed with Bragg in late December 1862, arriving at Murfreesboro on December 29 and moving into position the following day. Following a musical contest between Southern and Federal bands during the evening hours on the 30th, both armies prepared to attack each other at dawn on the 31st. Incredibly, Bragg and Rosecrans had each made plans to assault each other's right flank, at almost the same moment. Hardee's corps—more than 10,000 troops in all— would attack at dawn in a massive wave, hoping to catch their enemy off guard and preoccupied with eating breakfast and other morning activities, just as they had done at Shiloh where they had achieved complete surprise. A ration of whiskey was issued to the troops at 8:00 pm; soon afterwards they bedded down for the night, sleeping on cornstalks in an effort to keep off the soggy ground. Lieutenant Alfred Moore, the regimental adjutant, describes the action at Stones River and its aftermath in a letter to his mother, Amanda: Private Matthews reported that when the battle first commenced, haze had obscured the field so much that visibility was limited to about fifty feet. He reported that during the initial charge, the Federals abandoned their "breakfast[s] on the fire," together with tents, wagons, knapsacks, foodstuffs and other supplies. Blaming "inferior powder" for causing many of their Enfield rifles to fail at Perryville and now here, he indicates that most of his comrades threw away those weapons in favor of Federal Springfield Model 1861 rifles they found on the battlefield. Matthews equally writes that many soldiers were trading in their original-issue cedar canteens (from their Ft. McRee days) for the "cloth covered, block tin oval shaped Yankee canteen[s]" they found. Federal blankets, shelter halves, hats (which Matthews described as "good") and overcoats were also prized by the 33rd Alabama—those who could not find them on the field, would purchase them from others who had extras. Stones River ended on January 2, 1863, as a Federal victory: though Bragg had inflicted severe losses on Rosecrans' army, he had been unable to drive it from the field. With fresh Union reinforcements threatening to give Rosecrans an overwhelming advantage for a future attack, Bragg chose to retreat to Tullahoma, Tennessee. Smallpox and snowballs During the 33rd's time in Tullahoma, several members of Company I (from Dale County) contracted smallpox, apparently from a soldier who had been on furlough to Columbus, Georgia. The entire regiment was ordered into quarantine, which entailed moving away from the rest of the army and into a nearby creek swamp, where they established camp on high ground and waited out the epidemic. Those who died there were buried in the swamp by other members of their mess, but were not accorded the military honors usually given to those who died in camp or in battle. Once this enforced isolation was revoked, The 33rd celebrated by taking the offensive in an entirely new kind of war. Private Matthews reports: After being removed from quarantine, the regiment witnessed the hanging of a Federal spy, then moved on to Wartrace, where they went into camp for a time. Camp life Although the 33rd was taking a rest at Wartrace, not all of its time was spent leisurely. Its new divisional commander, General Cleburne, drilled his men and held marksmanship competitions together with frequent readiness and equipment inspections. Cleburne's previous record of success went over well with his new troops; he insisted on weapons being clean and well-maintained at all times, and also that his soldiers attend to their own personal hygiene to the best extent possible. Cleburne encouraged competitiveness between his companies and regiments: the man who reported to his company's guard mount with the cleanest weapon and best appearance would be excused from guard duty for that shift, while at the regimental level, the five troops with the best rifles would be excused from duty and would instead be formed into a special reserve to take the place of guards who became sick or were removed for other reasons. A new blue-and-white regimental flag was issued, with "Perryville" and "Murfreesboro" written on it in large white letters, the original one having been virtually destroyed at those two engagements. In camp, soldiers of the regiment occupied themselves in various ways: "we carried wood, water, cooked, washed our clothes, cleaned our guns, conversed, wrote letters to our people at home, tussled, ran foot races, jumped, boxed or jollied each other in friendly ways; some recruits loafed or laid around and grieved of home until sent off to the hospital or died in camp. Other jolly souls sang songs, especially at night; others played various games of chance: cards, dice, kino or other games. We ... fished in creeks or rivers or went in bathing, and some frequently attended religious services ... Green bandsmen near us making discordant noise on their tin horns caused some of the boys to swear, though we liked the music after they had learned to play." Matthews reports that Wartrace was the last place where his regiment used the wall tents they had been issued at the beginning of their service. Once they left there, he says, the tents were either "captured or burned." A sergeant assigned to the unit managed to abscond with all the pocketwatches in the regiment, whereupon he promptly deserted to the Federals. The 18th Alabama Battalion Early in 1863, the 33rd Alabama learned that a battalion of partisan rangers from Jackson County, Alabama, in the northern part of the state, was being "attached" to them for administrative and command purposes, without losing its identity. Recruited in the summer of 1862, the 1st Partisan Rangers Battalion was originally mounted and intended for local service. Composed of five companies that were later consolidated into three, the 18th was attached to the 33rd Alabama in January 1863 (after previously serving under General Nathan Bedford Forrest) and fought with the 33rd thereafter, while still remaining a separate organization. Commanded by Major John H. Gibson, it was also known as Gibson's Battalion. Chickamauga Tullahoma Campaign On June 24, 1863, the Federal Army of the Cumberland opened its Tullahoma Campaign in central Tennessee. This lasted until July 3, and resulted in Bragg's dislodgement from strong defensive positions at Tullahoma and nearby areas including Wartrace. Hearing the Federals open fire on the 24th, the 33rd Alabama cooked three days' rations of flour, beef, bacon and corn meal, then marched back to the main army at Tullahoma, which was evacuated around June 30. Bragg moved south toward Chattanooga, a strategically valuable city that was considered the "gateway" to Georgia and its vital railway center of Atlanta. Halting at a big spring just outside the town of Harrison, Tennessee, the 33rd was initially ordered to guard the river crossings at this point. In September, the regiment was ordered to evacuate this position, and moved into Chattanooga. From Chattanooga they moved to Lafayette, Georgia, thence through Dug Gap in nearby Pigeon Mountain, where Private Matthews reports that the regiment moved "Indian file, one behind another, crawling under, around and over, trees, logs and brush that had been cut and fell on the road through the gap; at times in [a] deep cut in the road full of brush and logs with a high wall on each side ..." The regiment was shelled by nearby Federal troops as they continued on their journey, but managed to make it to McLemore Cove. Engagement at Chickamauga Having forced Bragg to evacuate Chattanooga on September 6 through a series of skillful maneuvers, Rosecrans ordered his army to advance along three different roads into northwestern Georgia in pursuit of the Army of Tennessee. With the Federals divided and unable to support each other due to the mountainous terrain, Bragg chose to concentrate on one Union corps, the XIV Corps, which had advanced through the same gap taken by the 33rd at Pigeon Mountain (and adjacent passes), and was moving toward Lafayette. An abortive assault launched by Cleyburne's and Hindman's divisions at Davis's Cross Roads allowed the Federals to escape to safety, so Bragg now turned north, where Rosecran's main force was rapidly concentrating at Lee and Gordon's Mill along Chickamauga Creek. Having been promised three extra divisions—including two led by the renowned Lieutenant General James Longstreet—Bragg decided to attack Rosecrans' army. Skirmishing commenced on September 18, with the main battle opening on September 19. This engagement would mark one of the very few major contests of the war in which the Confederate force would outnumber the Federals: 65,000 to 60,000. Bragg's plan was for the Confederates to push past the Federals at Chickamauga Creek, then move north toward Chattanooga. If executed correctly, this maneuver would force Rosecrans to give battle against superior numbers under unfavorable conditions, or to withdraw. Unfortunately for Bragg things did not go exactly as he had intended, and by the afternoon of the 19th his forces were strung out along a densely wooded battlefront roughly in length. With the Federals putting up a terrific fight and showing no disposition to give way, Bragg ordered the 33rd Alabama and the rest of Cleburne's division (which had been on the left side of his army up to this point) to move north to the Youngblood Farm, near the far right flank. Though most of the fighting had shifted further south over the course of the afternoon, Bragg understood that the main effort had to come at the opposite end of the field if he was to win. He still believed he could turn the Federal flank in the north, thereby obtaining control over the Lafayette Road and positioning himself between the Federals and Chattanooga, which was his key objective. Night assault at Winfrey Field Wading Chickamauga creek after stripping off their shoes, pants and socks, the 33rd Alabama reached the Youngblood farm around 5:30 pm. After reporting to General Polk, Cleburne expected to be ordered to bed his men down for the evening, as night combat was extremely rare during the Civil War. However, to his immense astonishment, Cleburne received orders to form his troops into line in the fading light, and prepare to launch an immediate assault on the Federals to his front. The 33rd Alabama and the rest of Wood's Brigade took center position in the attack formation, with Polk's Brigade to their right, and Deshler's brigade to their left. Cleburne began his advance at 6:00 pm, through a tiny meadow locally known as Winfrey Field. This plot was described as being "200-300 yards in depth, and long enough to nearly cover the length of his brigade.". The 18th Alabama advanced to the left of the 33rd, while the 16th Alabama and the 45th, 32nd and 15th Mississippi regiments advanced to its right. Three artillery batteries were placed in support, though in the gathering darkness they had potential to inflict as much damage on their friends as on the enemy. This enemy consisted of the 5th Kentucky, 1st Ohio and 32nd Indiana Infantry Regiments (belonging to Baldwin's and Willich's brigades of the Federal Army), who awaited them just behind a split rail fence near the treeline. The 33rd and its sisters advanced cautiously toward the Federals, who quickly opened up on them from the far side of the field. At one point about halfway across, the 16th Alabama suddenly halted; Adams ordered the 33rd to stop, as well. The two regiments resumed their advance after about ten minutes or so, though in the darkness they now had to deal with stragglers firing on them from behind, as well as the enemy to their front. One incident of friendly fire claimed the life of Lieutenant Alfred Moore, who was accidentally shot in the neck from behind by a straggler. A few companies of the 33rd began to waver, but Adams quickly corralled them and got them back into the fight. With the attack now stalling, artillery batteries were brought up in the darkness together with supporting troops under Brigadier General John Jackson; these finally drove the Federals back. The 33rd Alabama crossed the Federal breastworks, heading straight for the nearby 6th Indiana. At this point, with their assault on the verge of success, the commander of the 16th Alabama suddenly ordered his regiment to retreat, upon which they scampered back toward the safety of their own lines. Even though his left flank was now exposed, Colonel Adams chose to close with the 6th Indiana in the pitch-dark woods, where savage hand-to-hand fighting ensued before the Hoosiers finally withdrew. Winfrey Field caught fire behind them from the artillery blasts, though the Rebel shells were mostly sailing over the defenders' heads. Friendly units were now firing into each other in the darkness, lit up only by muzzle flashes and the blaze in the field, which threatened to consume the wounded of each army who lay there. Mass confusion quickly set in on both sides, and although the Confederates achieved some success their attack ultimately ground to a halt, leaving the Federals in control of La Fayette Road. Undeterred by this setback, Bragg decided to attack again the next morning, first in the north and then moving southward as the assault progressed, hoping to "roll up" the Union forces. Private Matthews reports that the men of the 33rd slept that night "in line of battle in the woods, without taking off any of our belongings except shoes and blankets." He reports that the regiment was resupplied with ammunition from a wagon that came up to their position; they also drew rations of crackers and bacon for their breakfast the next morning. Several men from the regiment had failed to remove their ramrods from their rifles as they fired them during the engagement; according to Matthews, these were stuck in trees as high as twenty feet above the ground; others were buried partway in the soil. Assault on La Fayette Road Miscommunication between General Bragg and his subordinates, together with blunders by General Polk, would relegate the 33rd and its sister regiments to a series of futile assaults on the Federal left flank on September 20. At 7:25 that morning, as his men were eating breakfast, Cleburne received orders from Polk to attack the Federal line in a new location known as Kelly Field, in conjunction with troops of Brigadier General John C. Breckinridge, a former Vice President of the United States who had sided with the South. Wood's brigade had become tangled with Stewart's division (part of Longstreet's "wing" of the army), and none of the attackers or their officers realized that they were charging directly into six Federal divisions. General Wood's brigade became separated from the other attacking units, and quickly found itself on its own, attacking the Federals on high ground against overwhelming odds. The 33rd Alabama began its advance about 10:00 am, in conjunction with the nearby 16th Alabama. The latter regiment quickly took cover after the first volley from the Union line, while the 33rd continued to advance until they reached a small ravine, where they sheltered for nearly an hour until ordered to move forward again. The two regiments now moved to a point about 275 yards from the Union line, when the 33rd was suddenly hit with murderous artillery and rifle fire from its right flank. Completely bereft of support from either side, the 33rd continued to advance, ultimately achieving something no other Confederate regiment in that sector managed to do: it crossed the La Fayette Road, General Bragg's main objective. However, it was forced to retreat almost as soon as it had done so, having lost 16 killed and 133 wounded out of the 219 men who had started the assault. Confusion and miscommunication were not confined to the Southern forces. A botched order issued by General Rosecrans opened a large gap in another part of the Federal line: Longstreet quickly exploited it, turning the Federal right flank and crippling their defense. Rosecrans and most of his army fled the field, and only a desperate last-minute stand by Major General George H. Thomas saved the Union army from complete annihilation. The 33rd Alabama took part in a renewed assault on Kelly Field late in the afternoon, but due to its diminished numbers, it played little appreciable role in the final rout of Federal forces in that sector. The Federals retreated all the way back to Chattanooga, where they awaited an immediate attack by Bragg's exultant army. Bragg, however, threw away the greatest victory in his career by dallying on the battlefield to collect left-behind equipment and tend to his wounded, rather than quickly pursuing and destroying the demoralized Federals. Upon reaching Chattanooga, Rosecrans' army quickly improved upon previous Confederate fortifications there; this would ensure their survival and the ultimate defeat of Bragg's forces. Matthews writes that the regiment drew more crackers and bacon that evening, sent their canteens to be filled, then "slept soundly, after the tension of the last two days." The next day was spent burying the dead, with men buried either singly or in pairs: "each wrapped in his blanket with his hat over his face." Major Gibson was mortally wounded during the fighting of the 20th. The final casualty for the 33rd Alabama at Chickamauga was their longtime brigade commander, Brigadier General Wood. Never mentioned in Cleburne's or anyone else's after-action reports, his performance during the assault at Winfrey Field remains shrouded in controversy. Privately accused of cowardace in the face of the enemy, and reportedly threatened with a court-martial by Cleburne, Wood resigned his commission soon after the battle ended, and returned to his law practice in Alabama. Command of his brigade passed to Brigadier General Mark Lowrey, a Southern Baptist minister who was known as the Confederacy's "Preacher General." Chattanooga to Ringgold Gap The Siege of Chattanooga Following the debacle at Chickamauga and his subsequent failure to prevent the routed Union forces from escaping to Chattanooga, Bragg placed that city under siege after hearing that his foes had just six days of food remaining. Entrenching his forces atop Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge overlooking the city and the Tennessee River, Bragg soon learned that he would be facing a new opponent: Ulysses S. Grant. Fresh from his victory at Vicksburg, Grant had been ordered to take command of all Federal forces in the region; his first action upon arriving was to remove Rosecrans and replace him with George Thomas, who had saved the Union army at Chickamauga. With 50,000 new reinforcements to assist him, Grant opened a so-called "Cracker Line" to the starving Federals in the city at the Battle of Brown's Ferry; here the 15th Alabama, another regiment recruited from the same part of the state as the 33rd, was driven from the field after being outnumbered and overwhelmed by attacking Federals. The 33rd Alabama dug in on the west end of Missionary Ridge on November 22, behind a vineyard at its base. Rifle pits were built, and guards rotated there every 24 hours; those not on guard duty set to work clearing all the vegetation from the west slope of the ridge, chopping the trees so that the tops fell toward Chattanooga, creating a natural barrier of tangled tree limbs. Matthews reports that the removal of these trees allowed the cold autumn breezes to chill the troops on the ridge, since the Southerners had nothing but small tents to break the wind. He reports gazing in wonder at the valley below him, where the campfires of thousands of Federal soldiers "[showed] picturesquely at night." A large siege gun was hauled up Lookout Mountain to shell the Union camps and Chattanooga; Matthews recalled that "... at the flash of the gun at night, some soldiers attracted out attention by yelling and watching the long flight and bursting of the shells, [which] were especially attractive to us while standing, squatting or sitting around our camp fires." He says that rations, which had heretofore been plentiful, were "short" during this time. At this point, Bragg chose to divide his army: Longstreet's 4,000 soldiers were ordered to move north to Knoxville to deal with a separate Federal force there under Ambrose Burnside. On November 22, he ordered General Cleburne to take his division, including the 33rd Alabama, together with another division under General Simon B. Buckner to assist. Seeing movement in the Southern lines, General Grant ordered Federal forces to attack near a small rise called Orchard Knob; their success, though limited in scope, led Bragg to recall Cleburne (who was in the process of loading his troops onto their trains); he took up a position just behind his former works which had been occupied by other Southerners after their departure the day before. Holding Tunnel Hill Having successfully lifted the Siege of Chattanooga, General Grant now resolved on a double envelopment of Bragg's army. Major General William T. Sherman was ordered to attack with 20,000 men from the north along Missionary Ridge, while Major General Joseph Hooker was directed to attack from the south along Lookout Mountain, overwhelm the Southern forces there, then continue on to cut off Bragg's retreat while Sherman and Thomas pummeled him from the north and west. The contest kicked off on the morning of November 24, as Hooker drove Confederate forces from Lookout Mountain in the so-called "Battle Above the Clouds," while Sherman crossed the Tennessee River and took up positions along what he thought was the far edge of Missionary Ridge—only to learn that he had occupied a nearby hill, called Billy Goat Hill, instead. The 33rd Alabama, entrenched atop the south end of Missionary Ridge near Bragg's headquarters, heard the sounds of battle on Lookout Mountain, but could not see the action due to a dense fog that had enveloped it. Realizing that his right flank was vulnerable to Sherman's impending attack, Bragg ordered Cleburne at 2pm to double-time from the southern to the northernmost portion of his line—just as he had done at Chickamauga—and take up a new position opposite Sherman at a place called "Tunnel Hill," where a tunnel of the East Tennessee and Georgia railroad passed through Missionary Ridge. Lowrey's brigade, including the 33rd, dug in to the south of the tunnel, but "only skirmishing" took place on that day. Ordered to attack at dawn on November 25, General Sherman delayed until about 7am, when he sent his skirmishers forward. The real attack did not begin until sometime between 10 and 10:30 am. With other units moving onto the ridge to his left, Cleburne shifted Lowrey's Brigade to a spur projecting from the ridge, just north of the tunnel. Advancing into murderous fire, the Federals came to within eighty yards of the Southern positions before a furious Confederate counterattack forced them back, leading Sherman to call off the attack. Cleburne indicated that the brunt of the battle was borne by Smith's Texas Brigade and three Arkansas regiments in Gowan's Brigade; the 33rd Alabama saw "heavy skirmishing," but did not play a major role since the Federals never approached closer than 100-200 yards to their sector of the line. Cleburne's men had done their job, capturing eight enemy flags and 500 prisoners. Just then, disaster struck. Further south along the center of Bragg's line, Federal troops under General Thomas smashed through Confederate positions at the base of the ridge, sweeping up the hill and driving Bragg's men before them. With his army disintegrating before his eyes, Bragg ordered Cleburne to hold the Federals off long enough to let the rest of his men escape. The 33rd Alabama attacked approaching skirmishers in the gathering darkness, allowing the remainder of Bragg's army to cross Chickamauga Creek to the east and retreat into Georgia. Since his division had held more-or-less together during the rout, Cleburne now found his regiments—including the 33rd Alabama—serving as the rearguard of the Army of Tennessee. Ringgold Gap—the "wall of fire" As his army continued to retreat, General Bragg became concerned by the deep mud slowing his supply trains as he passed through the mountains near the town of Ringgold. Fearful that pursuing Federals would catch up and destroy them—and with them, his army—Bragg ordered Cleburne to "hold this position at all hazards." The 33rd Alabama crossed the waist-deep, icy Chickamauga Creek on November 27 stripped from the waist down, "as the cold wind was stinging our exposed anatomy." Finding hot ashes from other regiments' campfires, the Alabamians dried themselves and put their clothes back on, then slept beside the creek bank on the frozen ground. As the rest of their division moved on the next day, the 33rd was left with elements of the 45th Alabama and some of Joseph Wheeler's cavalry to guard the creek against the oncoming Federals. Advance Federal elements skirmished with them as the 33rd and Wheeler's Cavalry slowly backtracked toward Ringgold Gap, turning several times to fire, retreating a short distance, then turning to fire again. Meanwhile, in the gap itself, Cleburne deployed his division in the face of the oncoming Federals. With barely 4,000 men and only two cannon to hold off Joseph Hooker's 16,000 attacking troops, Cleburne arranged his troops across both sides of the narrow pass, ordering them to conceal themselves from view and wait for his signal. Thirty minutes later the 33rd and their friends finally backed into the gap; Matthews reports that the other regiments had done such a good job of concealing themselves that he and his friends never noticed them until they had passed their positions. The 33rd was ordered to take its place with the rest of their brigade in the center atop White Oak Ridge, on the pass's northern side. They arrived just in time; one witness of the battle would later say: "two minutes [more] would have been too late." When Hooker's lead elements entered the mountain pass, Cleburne allowed them to get to within fifty yards of his men before ordering them to open fire. Reeling from the first volleys, the astonished Federals fell back, but quickly regrouped and mounted one furious counterattack after another, seeking first to turn Cleburne's right flank (where the 33rd Alabama was), then his left. Each renewed assault ran into a withering Confederate response, described by one history as "a wall of fire;" one of Cleburne's regiments exhausted its ammunition, and resorted to throwing rocks before the reserve came up and relieved them. Ringgold Gap became a slaughterhouse over the next four hours as Hooker fed regiment after regiment into the fray, only to see each thrown back with severe losses; Private Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee Infantry described the gap as having "the appearance of a roof of a house, shingled with dead Yankees ... From the foot to the top of the hill was covered with the slain, all lying on their faces ... The ground was piled with dead Yankees; they were lying in heaps." Once his columns had reached safety further south in Dalton, Bragg ordered Cleburne to pull back; he withdrew his men, and Hooker took possession of the pass around 2 PM. In the midst of all the carnage, the 33rd Alabama had lost only one man; their division as a whole had lost only twenty killed and 201 wounded, while holding off a Federal force four times their number for nearly five hours. At Ringgold Gap, Cleburne and his men became the stuff of legend; the entire division would receive the Thanks of the Confederate Congress for their performance at this engagement. But the war was far from over, as the Alabamians and their friends would soon learn. The savage waltz Wintering in Georgia Having safely withdrawn to Dalton, Georgia, General Bragg directed Cleburne to camp at nearby Tunnel Hill, a town bearing the same name as the spot he had defended atop Missionary Ridge. Private Matthews reports that the 33rd Alabama was given "some cabins ... above the tunnel ... some were of round oak poles, others of split oak log, their cracks daubed with clay." Captured shelter halves were used as doors, and the men wintered there as best they could. He writes that those who died here were buried nearby; the regiment would accompany them to their final resting place "with arms [rifles] reversed, and sounded taps; however, [we] did not always fire blank cartridges from our guns, for fear of exciting other sick men in camp." Though they worried about the nearly worthless currency they were being paid in, "there was not as much complaint as one might suppose, as all realized that the [Confederate] Government was doing all it could for us." Matthews blamed "hospital rats" for most of the grumbling, and observed that troops in these winter quarters played cards, dominoes, dice or keno; those who had a dollar, said he, could go to minstrel shows. Not everyone in the camp had the best interests of their comrades at heart: "two or more sharpers," said he, would accost soldiers doing various chores and seek to con them out of their earnings. One regiment was assigned to guard duty every day; whenever the 33rd Alabama drew this duty, they packed up their gear and marched a mile or so to the front lines, leaving behind their sick and a guard over their other property. On December 2, 1863, The 33rd Alabama and their comrades in the Army of Tennessee learned that they would be getting a new commander: Braxton Bragg, who had led the army since the Kentucky Campaign, had resigned his position. General Hardee was given temporary charge of the force, but on December 27 General Joseph Johnston, a veteran leader who would prove popular with many of his troops, took command. Dalton With Chattanooga safe and the Confederates retreating, General Grant sent Sherman to Mississippi, against the Confederate rail center in Meridian. Learning of this move, Johnston ordered two divisions of his army, including Cleburne's, to go to the aid of their compatriots in that state. This, in turn, led General Thomas to launch a series of probing attacks along Johnston's lines at Dalton, where he quickly learned that the new Confederate commander was someone to be reckoned with. The 33rd Alabama had proceeded as far as West Point, Alabama, when they were recalled to Dalton. Instead of returning to Tunnel Hill, they were ordered into camp along a creek east of town, where they were put to work digging trenches between that point and their old campsite on the hill. A new flag was presented to the regiment with the words: "Perryville", "Murfreesboro", "Chickamauga" and "Ringgold Gap" embroidered on it, together with an oval-shaped disc in the center containing "33 ALA." With the Federals having retreated temporarily, life at Dalton returned to normal—at least for the time being. Rifle practices were held, with targets set up at various distances up to two-hundred yards, and a "sham battle" was fought using blank cartridges. Rocky Face Ridge West of Dalton, Johnston entrenched a large portion of his army along the crest of Rocky Face Ridge, a rugged mountain extending north-to-south that was pierced by passes at Buzzard Roost Gap, Dug Gap and Snake Creek Gap. Sherman had returned to Georgia after winning a victory at Meridian; here he was given command of a new Federal force known as the Military Division of the Mississippi, consisting of three armies totaling 98,500 men. Johnston, for his part, had 50,000 men at this time. When part of Sherman's army passed through undefended Snake Creek Gap toward Resaca in the Confederate rear, the 33rd Alabama and other units were sent to stop them. Ordered to assault a height near the gap, the 33rd drove the Federals from the ridge, then drove off fierce counterattacks throughout the day. Some soldiers threw rocks at their enemies, while others pried large boulders loose and rolled them down the hill onto the attacking Northerners, who finally withdrew. All these efforts went for naught, however, as Sherman ultimately flanked the "Georgia Gibraltar" and forced Johnston to withdraw toward Resaca. Fire and maneuver Following their retreat from Rocky Face Ridge, Johnston's Army of Tennessee engaged in a war of fight-and-get-flanked, in which Johnston would first dig in at some defensible location, whereupon Sherman would launch diversionary attacks on his smaller force, while flanking the Confederates elsewhere. At Resaca the 33rd Alabama was deployed with the rest of Hardee's Corps along Camp Creek, northwest of town; a series of Federal attacks on their lines were largely repulsed, until Sherman was able to flank Johnston and force him to retreat yet again. Additional battles at Adairsville and New Hope—though the latter was a Confederate victory—did nothing to change the strategic situation, as Sherman inched closer and closer to Atlanta. Moving into the Dallas area on May 26, the Federals attacked Johnston's right flank at Pickett's Mill on May 27. Pickett's Mill Determined to outflank Johnston's latest defensive position in the Allatoona Pass, Sherman moved to the southwest, intending to circle around Allatoona and cut off Johnston's retreat. But Johnston beat him to the punch, pulling back and moving toward Dallas. After a clash at New Hope Church stopped the Federal advance, both sides rushed additional troops into the area; among them was Cleyburne's Division, which deployed on the far right flank of the Southern army in densely wooded terrain with Lowrey's Brigade (including the 33rd Alabama) in reserve on its left. Opposite them were three Federal divisions belonging to Major Generals Thomas J. Wood, Jacob D. Cox and Milo S. Hascall; the overall plan was for Sherman's army to attack the Confederate right flank. For this fight, the 33rd mustered 525 men present for duty, with the number of "effectives" rated at 493. The battle began at 7:00 am, when Cleburne sent Govan's Arkansas Brigade forward in a reconnaissance in force against the Federal left flank. Haskell's men quickly engaged the Southerners, while other Federal forces prepared to counterattack. Just as Cleburne ordered Govan's men to return to their original lines, they were attacked by two Federal divisions led by General Oliver O. Howard, who had swung out beyond the Federal left flank, seeking to turn the Confederate right. Cleburne extended his division in that direction toward a wheatfield; he also ordered his pioneers to rapidly construct trails to facilitate movement of men and supplies between his brigades. Incredibly, the Federal commander, General Howard, only ordered a single brigade to attack, even though six were available to him. This unit quickly became separated amid thick underbrush and rugged terrain, with catastrophic results. Additional Federal units were eventually sent forward, but since they got no support from other units on their line, Cleyburne was free to order Lowrey's Brigade—including the 33rd Alabama—to move to Govan's assistance. Lowrey's men arrived around 5:30, with the 33rd in the lead. Each regiment was ordered to clear the one in front of it, then turn left and come onto line. Confederate General John H. Kelly now came up, and ordered two Arkansas regiments to the left of the 33rd to charge the Federals; the 33rd Alabama chose to charge with them, with seven companies accompanying the Arkansas troops, and the other four veering off into a wooded hollow to the right. The Federals (belonging to the 5th Kentucky) attempted to regroup, but were hit by the 33rd's four right companies, who engaged them briefly in a cornfield before retreating to the safety of the woods, where they continued to fire on the Federals. General Lowrey arrived at this time, personally rallying the 33rd by riding back and forth among them on his horse 'Rebel' as the battle raged around him. The Federals broke and ran, then regrouped, with both sides continuing to blaze away at each other across the cornfield in the gathering twilight. Around 10:00 pm, a night charge by a nearby Confederate brigade under Hiram B. Granbury pushed the Northerners back, causing other Federal units to withdraw and giving the Confederates a victory at Pickett's Mill. Their win would go for naught, though, as Sherman simply moved around the Southerners, heading for Marietta. Here he dislodged Johnston once again, as the two-to-one advantage in Federal numbers and their greater firepower proved too much for Johnston to resist. Kennesaw Mountain By late June 1864, Sherman and Johnston were dancing a strange ballet of attack and maneuver, but the Federal commander abruptly decided to try something new. In later years Sherman indicated that his officers and opponents had become used to his propensity for flanking movements; he wanted to shake things up, he said, and demonstrate that he was capable of different tactics if a favorable opportunity arose. With rain and mud rendering movement difficult, Sherman decided to assault Johnston head-on at Kennesaw Mountain, a 1,808-foot ridge that dominated the surrounding countryside—including the railroad on which he depended for supplies. Johnston had constructed miles of trenches and fortifications on Kennesaw and nearby hills; Cleburne's Division was ordered to take a position in the center of the Confederate line. As it turned out, the main Federal attack would come in Cleburne's direction. The 33rd Alabama, with the rest of Lowrey's brigade, was deployed to the right side of Cheatham Hill, facing two Federal divisions led by Jefferson C. Davis and John Newton—around 8,000 men in all. Newton would attack the sector held by the 33rd, which lay across a shallow creek situated in a valley about twenty feet deep that gave way to sloping ground, all of which was densely forested and covered with thick underbrush that made a proper pre-attack reconnaissance impossible. Felled trees and sharpened stakes driven into the ground complicated the Federal attack, which kicked off with an artillery barrage around 8:00 am on June 27. Though the Northerners managed to make some progress at first, ferocious fire from the 33rd and the rest of their compatriots drove the Federals back. Having lost 3,000 casualties to the Southerners' 1,000, Sherman finally called off the assault and left the field to his foes; a few days later he flanked Johnston once more, causing the Confederates to withdraw yet again and leading to Johnston's dismissal by Jefferson Davis on July 17. The new commander of the Army of Tennessee was John Bell Hood, a hard-charging general who had spent part of the war serving under Longstreet in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Although he had demonstrated great personal bravery numerous times on the battlefield and was regarded as one of the best brigade and division commanders in the entire Confederate Army, Hood's former boss seems to have questioned his fitness for this level of command. "Hood is a gallant fighter," Robert E. Lee is reported to have said upon hearing of his former subordinate's promotion; "but I am doubtful as to the other qualities necessary." Private Matthews, upon hearing that Hood had taken command, says that he "... was known to us as a hard fighter ... all agreed that we had hard work in front of us." Atlanta A death in the family After taking command of the Army of Tennessee, General Hood immediately attacked Sherman in a series of spectacular but ill-advised assaults that ultimately sealed his fate at Atlanta. The first of these came at Peachtree Creek, where the 33rd Alabama was held in reserve and played no role in the contest. Hood's men were initially successful, but miscommunication and fierce Federal counterattacks finally turned the tide in Sherman's favor, and the Army of Tennessee was forced back into their fortifications around the city. One day after Peachtree Creek the 33rd Alabama lost its regimental commander, Colonel Samuel Adams, who had been with it from its inception. Walking along the front line early that morning inspecting his men, Adams was shot by a Federal sharpshooter; he sat down by a small oak tree with both hands over his heart, and died there. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Crittenden took command of the regiment that same day. Battle of Atlanta Despising Sherman's overwhelming numbers and determined to renew his offensive, General Hood decided to attack James B. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee (not to be confused with Hood's own Army of Tennessee). Withdrawing from his outer line of defenses into his interior fortifications, Hood successfully enticed the Federals to move forward, then sent his cavalry to raid Sherman's exposed supply lines while ordering General Hardee's corps—including Cleyburne's Division and the 33rd Alabama—to hit the Union left flank. The 33rd engaged around noon on July 22, charging into a wooded area and capturing "prisoners, guns and accouterments, knapsacks and blankets, files and an ambulance." The regiment stopped at a nearby creek to fill their canteens, which gave the Federal defenders time to bring up artillery and reinforcements; these blasted the 33rd as they emerged from the creek valley and charged through a field and up a hill toward their lines. Private Matthews describes the action in these words: When one Lieutenant in the regiment realized that the captured Federal ambulance contained a 10-gallon keg of whiskey, he immediately sent soldiers back to guard it until it could be safely removed. Once the 33rd had finished fortifying its position, the whiskey was doled out at the rate of one gill per man, measured in a tin cup. Digging in During the Siege of Atlanta, members of the 33rd quickly learned that they were safer below ground than above it. At first they slept on the ground just behind their trenches, but with snipers and artillery wreaking havoc among them at night, they decided to stay in their ditch at all times. Perpendicular trenches were dug to grant access to their rear areas, while lights of any kind were banned at night. With no means of washing their clothes, the men suffered from insect infestations; their agony was compounded by a nearby Federal gun that managed to draw a transverse bead on their trench, doing considerable damage until Confederate counter-battery fire finally silenced it. The regiment was gradually moved to the left each day, digging new ditches in the red clay soil with bayonets, spades or picks, but never engaging the enemy. Jonesborough On the night of August 30, the 33rd Alabama was ordered to move to its left, with its troops collapsing from exhaustion every time the regiment stopped to rest. Arriving in the Atlanta suburb of Jonesborough on the morning of the 31st, the 33rd was fed into the line and permitted to rest for a time. In the afternoon they and the rest of Lowery's Brigade were ordered to charge the Federal works, where they managed to capture two steel cannon. They were quickly ambushed by dismounted Union cavalry commanded by Hugh Judson Kilpatrick and armed with Spencer Repeating Rifles; the brigade managed to drive them back, but were soon stopped by other Federal troops and returned to their lines. On September 1, Cleburne's division was attacked by elements of two Federal corps. Private Matthews reports that the Federals nearly broke their line, only to be driven back with the help of reinforcements from General Cheatham's division. These men were later withdrawn to bolster up another section of the line, however, leaving the 33rd to defend its sector with a single line of troops and no reserve. Further Federal attacks did not materialize; the Northerners were content to snipe at the 33rd throughout the rest of the day while their compatriots smashed through the Confederate line further north, leading the remnants to withdraw around nine that evening. Members of the regiment could see fires and hear explosions on the horizon, as Hood destroyed all of his supplies in Atlanta and evacuated the city.<ref>W.E. Mathews Preston Diary and Regimental History, SPR393, Alabama Dept. of Archives and History, page 29. This conflagration forms a climactic moment in the 1939 M.G.M. Classic Gone With the Wind. </ref> The Alabamians linked up with an ambulance carrying their wounded and followed it to Lovejoy, Georgia, where they repulsed a Federal attack on the railroad there and got the first real night's sleep they had enjoyed in 122 days. Back to Tennessee Moving on After his defeat at Atlanta, General Hood regrouped his army at Lovejoy's Station, following which he moved to Palmetto, Georgia. Here the Army of Tennessee was reviewed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who had come to speak with Hood about his next move. Even after the debacle at Atlanta, Hood still retained a formidable force of 39,000 men, and though Davis expressed disappointment in the way he had fought in Georgia and spoke of relieving him from command, he ultimately decided that Hood would keep his job. Davis did order Lieutenant General Hardee, the 33rd's longtime corps commander, to a new assignment, replacing him with Frank Cheatham. Hoping to draw Sherman away from Atlanta, Hood and Davis decided that the Army of Tennessee would move north toward Chattanooga, seeking to damage Federal supply lines and force Sherman to do battle on terrain favorable to the Confederates. By October 3, 1864, the Army of Tennessee had reached Kennesaw, site of their battle earlier that summer. So far, Hood's plan seemed to be working: Sherman had sent General Thomas back to Nashville to organize troops in that state, while sending another division under Brigadier General James Morgan to Chattanooga. Federal cavalry assigned to follow Hood's army lost track of him periodically and were only able to give an approximate picture of his movements. The 33rd camped near Lost Mountain on the third, on an old battlefield where the Confederate dead had been buried in shallow graves or simply left to rot. Private Matthews reported seeing decaying hands, feet or limbs protruding from the dirt, where dogs and other scavengers had dug up the graves to get at the rotting food in their haversacks. After spending a day reburying the exposed corpses, the 33rd moved on to Dallas and then to Cedartown, where one man in the regiment was killed in a freak accident after lightning struck a stack of rifles he was hanging his haversack on. Turning northeast toward Dalton, the regiment tore up railroad tracks along Sherman's supply line by heating the rails atop a fire made of railroad ties, then bending them. Men from the regiment were beginning to recognize old battlefields and campsites; on one night near Lafayette, the regiment even camped in the exact spot it had occupied just before the Battle of Chickamauga, the year before. With rations severely limited in the picked-over countryside, sorghum became even more popular than ever: soldiers would leave the marching column to gather armfuls of sugar cane for themselves and their friends or steal it from nearby farms at night; while their officers did not publicly sanction this behavior, they were known to eat their share after their troops had bivouacked for the evening. Home, sweet home Bypassing a strong Federal garrison at Resaca, Hood turned southwest and headed into Alabama, toward George Thomas' army headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. For the first time in the war the 33rd would be operating inside its native state, if only briefly. Sherman had turned back toward Atlanta, from whence he would begin his famed March to the Sea, after sending additional troops to help Thomas in Tennessee. Hood's plan was to drive north into Tennessee, defeat Thomas there, then move into Kentucky and thence east into Virginia, where Robert E. Lee was under siege at Petersburg. Seeking to link up with reinforcements under famed cavalry General Nathan Bedford Forrest, Hood moved west through northern Alabama to Florence, then north into Tennessee. Spring Hill At first, Generals Thomas and Sherman did not believe that Hood would actually invade Tennessee, with a Federal army about to burn its way through Georgia. However, as it became clear that this was Hood's destination, Thomas began to take action. Ordering Major General John M. Schofield to move to Columbia on the Duck River, Thomas hoped to intercept Hood before he could seize this important crossing. Hood split his army into three columns: the 33rd and the rest of Cheatham's Corps marched in the westernmost one through seventy miles of freezing rain, sleet and bitterly cold winds toward Mt. Pleasant, where the three columns reunited and continued in the direction of Columbia. Effectively screened by Forrest's cavalry, the Confederates reached Columbia just after the Federals had arrived and started to entrench. Bold maneuvers on the part of General Forrest, combined with artillery fire and effective demonstrations by the rest of Hood's army allowed them to cross the Duck River east of town, moving north toward Spring Hill—for once, the Army of Tennessee had been able to use the same tactic Sherman had used so well against them in Georgia. Amazingly, neither side reported any casualties in this encounter, which had consisted almost entirely of feints and shelling. Having moved around Schofield's rapidly retreating force, Hood hoped to catch and destroy it near Spring Hill, to the north of Columbia. The Army of Tennessee moved rapidly along back-country roads and through fields and woods, with the men required to keep in ranks at all times while stragglers were dealt with severely. Forrest's cavalry arrived at the crossroads around 11:30 am on November 29; there they ran into elements of the Federal IV Corps, which had rushed ahead to hold the crossing until the rest of Schofield's army could arrive. Cleburne's division arrived in the afternoon just as Forrest's men were about to exhaust their ammunition. They immediately deployed for an attack, with the 33rd Alabama crossing a small stream and advancing around 4:00 pm with the rest of their division toward a Federal brigade under the command of Colonel Luther Prentice Bradley. Cleburne staggered his brigades in echelon formation, with Lowrey's Brigade on the far right. Lowrey's men engaged first, with the 33rd advancing "across a slope and across a field, [driving] the Federals from behind some rail defenses, then on up and around ... a horse lot rail fence, barn and dwelling where we were making a stand ... we followed them down a slope, where we halted and reformed the line." With Cleburne personally leading Govan's Arkansas Brigade in support, his division soon routed the Federals and advanced toward Schofield's line of march on the Columbia Pike. Here they were stopped cold by Federal artillery; as darkness fell, the entire Confederate attack ground to a halt. Although Hood planned to attack Schofield's approaching army in the morning, the Federals slipped by him in the darkness while he and his men slept, moving on to the nearby town of Franklin. Here the 33rd and the rest of Hood's army were about to experience their worst day of the war. Franklin On November 30, 1864, General Hood awoke to learn that Schofield's army had slipped by him during the night and was now safely entrenched in Franklin, to the north. Enraged at this unexpected development, Hood angrily blamed his subordinates—especially Cheatham—for letting the Federals escape. Determined to stop Schofield from uniting with Thomas' main force at Nashville, Hood resolved to attack him head-on at Franklin, even though the Federals were now behind formidable fortifications (built for a previous battle fought there the year before). These included breastworks six-to-eight feet high fronted by four-foot wide ditches, and thorny obstructions using branches from Osage Orange trees in the area. Although Hood had roughly 39,000 men, only 27,000 would make the attack; this placed them at even odds with the Federals, who had the same number of men. Hood's army began to arrive at Franklin around 1:00 pm, with the infantry far outpacing their artillery and other support personnel. Rather than wait for his guns to come up, Hood ordered an immediate assault, as the sun would be setting in just over three and a half hours and he did not want Schofield to get away again. Cleburne, Cheatham and Forrest all protested Hood's plan, but their commander remained determined. So, bereft of artillery support, Cleburne now prepared to lead his division across two miles of open field toward the very center of the Federal line. When General Govan said that few of them would live to see the end of this day, a visibly depressed Cleburne replied: "Well Govan, if we are to die, let us die like men." During the attack at Franklin, Lowrey's Brigade formed a second line in Cleburne's division, behind the brigades of Govan and Granbury. Moving through savage cannon fire toward the Carter House Cotton Gin across the field, the 33rd halted briefly with their sister regiments to fix bayonets, having been ordered not to shoot until they reached the Federal trenches. Then screaming their famous "rebel yell" they charged headlong into the breastworks, held in this sector by the 100th and 104th Ohio Infantry regiments, the 6th Ohio Battery and Battery A of the 1st Kentucky. Behind them stood the 16th Kentucky, the 12th Kentucky, the 8th Tennessee (Union) Infantry, and Battery "A" of the 1st Ohio Battery. Behind them was the 175th Ohio Infantry. Two privates of the 33rd left accounts of what happened next. Private Matthews records: Private Andrew Jackson Batchelor, of Company K, gives this account: Savage fighting ensued as Cleburne's Confederates briefly penetrated the inner Federal defenses near the cotton gin; Federal soldiers wrote of desperately trying to stop the onrushing tide not just with rifles, but with axes, hatchets, and "anything that came into hand." Cleburne was killed fifty yards from the breastworks, after having two horses shot out from under him and running the rest of the way on foot, sword in one hand and his kepi hat in the other. In his autobiography, written two years after the war, General Lowrey recalled his brigade's performance at Franklin: The final charge of Patrick Cleburne and his men at Franklin has been featured in Civil War art. Some examples of this include portraits by Dale Gallon, Don Troiani and Mort Kunstler. Of his one-time subordinate, the Irish doctor's son who had risen from a British corporal to a Southern Major General and then to immortality, General Hardee observed: "Where this division defended, no odds broke its line; where it attacked, no numbers resisted its onslaught, save only once; and there is the grave of Cleburne." By the time the smoke cleared at Franklin, the Army of Tennessee had suffered a cataclysmic defeat: it had lost 6,252 men in just a couple of hours, including six dead generals, six wounded, and one captured. In addition, 55 of Hood's regimental commanders became casualties—an appalling loss of mid-level commanders in an army that had lost many, already. The 33rd Alabama lost two-thirds of its original 285 men; the remnant could no longer function as an independent fighting unit, so they were consolidated with survivors from the 16th and 45th Alabama regiments in a single formation, though the regimental designations were not rescinded. Nashville Incredibly, even after his debacle at Franklin, General Hood insisted on continuing his march toward Nashville. He seems to have been motivated more by a desire to prevent his army from disintegrating through desertion than by any thought that he stood a chance of victory, now that Thomas had 71,842 men to his 23,053. Federal engineers had been fortifying the city for over two years; in addition to seven miles of trench lines and fortifications, a powerful fleet of Union ironclads on the Cumberland River offered additional firepower while protecting the city from amphibious assault. Hood arrived at Nashville on December 2 and set to work constructing his own line of fortifications, hoping that Thomas would emerge from behind his own breastworks and attack him under unfavorable conditions. Cheatham's corps, including the badly depleted 33rd Alabama, manned the right section of Hood's line. Lowrey's Brigade held the extreme right flank, which ended at a deep railroad cut belonging to the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. A bitter ice storm began on December 8 and subzero temperatures persisted through December 12, further complicating the Southerners' misery. Hood did not have to wait long for his nemesis to appear: once the weather abated, Thomas emerged from his fortifications on December 15, and hit Hood's army. The 33rd Alabama was engaged with the rest of Lowrey's Brigade by a brigade of United States Colored Troops and another one composed of men described by their own commander as "new conscripts, convalescents and bounty jumpers." Intended to divert Hood's attention from the main attack intended for his left flank, this assault was beaten back, though the Federals continued to fire at the Alabamians and their friends over the course of the day. The Federal attack smashed Hood's left, and he was compelled to retreat to a new and more compact line, some distance to the rear of his original line. The following morning found the 33rd Alabama with the rest of Cheatham's Division on the Confederate left flank, near a road called the Granny White Pike. This section of the front was hit late in the day by a three-brigade attack led by Federal Brigadier General John McArthur, which smashed through the poorly placed defenses and rolled up Hood's line from west to east as additional Union forces joined the assault. Hood's army rapidly disintegrated, with its shattered remnants fleeing down the Granny White Pike and nearby roads to Columbia, not ultimately stopping until they reached Tupelo, Mississippi, 220 miles away.Jacob Cox, LL.D., Major General: Battle of Nashville. Already decimated by its fruitless assault at Franklin, the once-proud Army of Tennessee was all but obliterated at Nashville. Having taken 39,000 men with him into Tennessee the month before, Hood came out with 18,742. His own career irreparably ruined, Hood resigned his position and would not receive another command for the duration of the war. Private Matthews reports that on the day after the battle, "we that could stand were given two or three pounds of flour and a pound or two of beef, and told to get South." The Carolina Campaign Picking up the pieces Following the disaster at Nashville, the few remaining members of the 33rd Alabama withdrew with the rest of their shattered army, first to Columbia, then further south to Decatur, Alabama, and thence to Tupelo. Morale had sunk to an all-time low, with many of the survivors believing they had been "unfortunately handled." In January 1865 the regiment drew shoes and marched from Tupelo to West Point, Mississippi, where they boarded a train that took them first to Meridian and then to Demopolis, Alabama. Here they were forced to sleep in the mud along the tracks, because they could find no branches to make ridge-poles for their tents. On the way to Selma the following day, their train derailed in an eerie repeat of the episode in late 1862; several men from Companies B and G were sitting on top of the cars, and were injured when their boxcars left the tracks. The men dusted themselves off and resumed their journey, arriving in Selma the next day, where they boarded steamboats and proceeded to Montgomery. Carolina Following a 10-day furlough in February 1865, the last remnant of the 33rd Alabama—many bereft of weapons or basic equipment—boarded trains to Augusta, Georgia, where they were brigaded and ordered to march to Rock Hill, South Carolina, where they boarded another train for Smithfield, North Carolina. Here their final assignment awaited them, in Joseph Johnston's newly formed Army of the South. The regiment participated at the three-day Battle of Bentonville on March 19–21, 1865, not arriving on the battlefield until the final day when the contest was already lost. On April 8 they, along with the 16th and 45th Alabama, were consolidated with the 17th Alabama; this remnant was surrendered to General Sherman with the rest of Johnston's army at Bennett Place near Durham eighteen days later. Sherman issued ten day's rations to his former enemies, then released them to return to their homes. On his way back to Alabama, Private Matthews reported that Federal soldiers assigned to guard the trains took pleasure in shooting at livestock from the moving boxcars. On one occasion near Dawson, Georgia, one such Yankee saw a woman plowing with an ox about a quarter-mile from the train; he shot it dead, and Matthews recorded that "had we men aboard protested, they would have shot us." The regimental survivors returned to their homes in southeastern Alabama, where some resumed their lives while others eventually relocated to different counties and states. Regimental commanders, weapons and equipment Commander and other field officers The first regimental commander of the 33rd Alabama was Colonel Samuel Adams, born in 1829 in Abbeville, South Carolina. Educated at South Carolina College (from which he graduated in 1850), he relocated to Greenville, Alabama, where he served as principal of an academy there. He spent his spare time reading Law, and was admitted to the Alabama Bar in 1852. He married Dora Herbert, and soon embarked on a political career, being elected to the U.S House of Representatives from the Whig Party in 1857 and 1859. Adams initially enlisted in the 9th Alabama Infantry in 1861, where he was elected First Lieutenant of his company and served in the Confederate Army of the Potomac, the antecedent of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Released in February 1862 to recruit men in his home state, he was chosen to command the newly formed 33rd Alabama. Adams was wounded in the foot at Perryville while leading a brigade; after returning to regimental command in 1864, he was awaiting a recommended promotion to Brigadier General when he was mortally wounded by a Federal sharpshooter at the Battle of Atlanta. After Perryville Adams was replaced by Colonel Robert Crittenden of Coffee County, who was captured at Nashville. Other regimental officers included: Isaac Corn, James Dunklin, John Crosby, A.N. Moore and Willis Milner. Adams and Moore were killed in battle, Crosby died of natural causes, Dunklin was wounded, and Crittenden was captured. Regimental flag The first regimental flag of the 33rd Alabama was described as: "blue, with a white crescent moon near the center, trimmed with a two-inch white border;" later versions incorporated the regimental number and battles in which it had participated. While in service under General Cleburne, the 33rd did not carry the Confederate battle flag as most units did; instead, Cleburne—who openly encouraged competitiveness among the units in his division—directed them to carry their own distinctive banners, which they were instructed to "make respected" not merely by their enemies, but by their compatriots as well. Cleburne's division especially nursed a rivalry with the division led by Major General Benjamin F. Cheatham; the two often fought side by side, and while good-natured competitiveness ran high between them, so did mutual camaraderie and trust. The colors of the 33rd Alabama were captured at Franklin by Captain J.H. Brown of Company D, 12th Kentucky Infantry Regiment. Unlike other captured Confederate flags, which were displayed for decades in Northern public places or elsewhere, the flag of the 33rd vanished soon after being given the designation "Flag No. 245" in 1865. In 1940, it was rediscovered by accident at an estate sale in Melrose, Massachusetts. Citizens of the town joined with local public figures to purchase the flag, which was presented to the Governor of Alabama during a special ceremony in September of that year. The flag was given to the state archives, where it has been treated to aid in its preservation, and is now on exhibit in their museum. A replacement for the captured regimental standard was made soon after its loss at Franklin; this was described as a "Hardee-pattern battle flag with no numbers, words or battle honors." This banner was kept by Captain Needham Hughes of Co. I, who was acting as the 33rd's brigade commander at the close of the war. He slipped out of the regiment's camp just after the capitulation and wrapped the flag around himself, under his uniform, to prevent it from being turned over to the Union authorities as a trophy of war. Hughes took it home, and it has been in his family ever since. Uniforms W.E. Matthews, a Private in the 33rd Alabama's Company B, left an extremely detailed description of the equipment issued to his regiment by Confederate and state authorities. According to him, their initial clothing issue was as follows: Later, in October 1862, the regiment drew new uniforms upon their return to Knoxville, Tennessee, after the disastrous Kentucky Campaign. Matthews describes: "woolen gray jeans, jacket lined with white cotton sheathing with four C.S.A. brass buttons, a pair of unlined gray jeans pants, a while cotton sheeting shirt and drawers, and white cotton machine-knit [word unintelligible] socks and pair of rough tan brogans, hand-made wooden peg shoes ... Most, or all of us, had been using finger-knit woolen socks, which were sent to us from home." By 1863, with clothing supplies harder to come by, men from the regiment were dressing in "home-woven gray blue, brown or black woolen jeans pants or overcoats ... homemade lamb's wool or beaver or coonskin fur hats ... gray or black hats ... the majority of us wore wool socks sent us from home, while others wore the entire regulation gray uniform including gray caps." Matthews reports that "there were a class of men among us who would rob the dead ... [Other] men who did not entertain the thought of taking the shoes off the dead themselves, but who were in need of shoes and did not know where they could get any, would pay from $10 to $25 for a pair of second-hand shoes to the man who said, usually, that he had bought them and that they did not fit." Some became so desperate by 1863 that they resorted to scrounging old shoes from abandoned campsites that had been exposed to the elements for six months or more. These were initially soaked in water and then worn; some men had to wear two completely different sized shoes, one for each foot. Weapons and equipment Private Matthews describes the first rifles issued to the regiment: These rifles were later replaced by Enfields, which were in turn subsequently discarded for captured Federal Springfield rifles, which were seen as more dependable. Writing about knapsacks, canteens and other gear issued during their initial deployment to Ft. McRee, Matthews described: Other equipment later assigned to the regiment included: "wall tents with a fly for each, a two-mule covered ambulance with team, other two-mule teams and white canvas-covered wagons to carry our tents, cooking utensils, axes, picks, spades and other such things." The regiment lost its wall tents at Wartrace, Tennessee, in April 1863; thereafter, the men made do with captured Federal shelter halves, three of which were often combined to form a usable shelter. By the winter of 1863–64, supply shortages in the South had become acute: new recruits were arriving each month from Alabama without much more than the civilian clothes they were wearing, a "Confederate tin canteen and white cotton cloth haversack, [and a] home-woven wool blanket or cotton bed quilt." These soldiers were quick to exchange those things for "a Yankee U.S. blanket, an oilcloth haversack and cloth-covered canteen," usually by removing them from the battlefield. Rations Rations issued to the men of the 33rd varied, depending on the time and location. Speaking of the regiment's fare during their early days at Ft. McRee, Matthews writes: By the time the regiment reached Corinth, Mississippi, in early 1862, the 33rd was keeping "three days cooked rations in our haversacks of flour or cornbread, crackers, rice, pickled pork, fresh or pickled beef, salt, syrup, sweet potatoes, and drew some soap once a week." "Cattle, hogs, sheep or goats," said Matthews, "were either driven or shipped to us on [railroad] cars, and usually butchered on the banks of a creek into which the offal was dumped." He writes of men wrapping fish they had caught in green leaves, then roasting them in the ashes of their campfires, together with sweet potatoes. In Tullahoma, Tennessee, in early 1863, regimental rations now consisted largely of fresh pork; after the hogs had been butchered, their intestines would be left for any soldiers who wished to make chitterlings out of them. Salt (which Matthews says was carried in "small cloth wallets in our haversacks") and coffee were highly prized, with "ghouls" even taking them from the dead. He also mentions "flour, corn meal, rice, some fresh beef, some sweet and Irish potatoes ... and soap" being issued at this time. By April 1863, rations consisted of "three-fourths pounds of flour, or corn meal, or rice; meat rations: usually three-fourths pounds grass-fed common beef or a half pound of bacon; and salt, occasionally ..." Soldiers supplemented this through foraging, and while rations were plentiful enough at this point to ignore a dead yearling bull they found on one of their marches, Matthews indicates that "a dead yearling, nor a live one for that matter, would not have remained unskinned long near us a month later." By the start of the Atlanta Campaign, the beef issued to the regiment was of such an inferior quality that "some of the boys said they had to walk across their pen twice to make a shadow." While in the field, rations for the 33rd (and other Confederate regiments) were usually cooked at a site located two to five miles in the rear area behind the front lines, where the "regimental skillet wagon" was located. Men were periodically assigned to KP duty here, where they chopped wood, carried water and cooked meals. A regimental teamster was assigned to draw rations daily from the nearest railhead; in May 1864 these consisted of one pound of unbolted corn per man per day, or the same weight of flour made of wheat and cowpeas ground together. In addition, each soldier was allotted a half-pound of bacon, or a pound of fresh beef. When this arrangement proved impractical (such as during combat), uncooked rations were issued, and each soldier was on their own. Unlike modern armies who employ trained cooks, the 33rd made do with troops from the ranks; the quality of their preparations accordingly varied, with Matthews reporting of one cook: "Co. B didn't make [him] any presents." During their ill-fated Franklin-Nashville Campaign in late 1864 regimental rations had dwindled to near nothing, with troops forced to scavenge sorghum from farms; one Mess Sergeant was even jokingly advised to throw away his scales, since the men believed that no more rations would ever be issued and the man should not have to haul the unnecessary weight. Local farmers had fled the area, leaving their fields unplanted and their stock scattered or dead. While cornbread, biscuits and beef were occasionally issued in minute quantities, persimmons were often the only food the 33rd got to eat on a regular basis. When he was wounded at Franklin, Matthews was transferred to a Confederate hospital at Columbia, Tennessee, where he was fed "beef soup, wheat and corn bread, fresh beef often hashed, pork and bacon, Irish potatoes and onions." On their final journey from Mississippi to North Carolina in early 1865, the 33rd drew two-days' worth of rations described as: "three-fourths pound of corn meal and a half pound of flour, and three-fourths pound beef and one-third pound of bacon," plus sweet potatoes. During the final fifteen months of the war, Matthews reports, "we were not accustomed to [having] as much as we could eat, in consequence of which our stomachs became drawn and contracted; and for two years or more after we got home, we could not eat as much as we could before we entered the army." Sundries Various sundries were available at different times to men of the 33rd. At Ft. McRee soldiers could purchase: "a small horn fine-tooth comb, a horn folding pocket comb, a fourth quire of common writing paper, or about twenty-four unstamped envelopes [all of which] cost about twenty-five cents each; and fifty cents for a brass penstaff and steel pen point, or a wood-and-glass inkwell; postage stamps were ten cents each ..." During Christmas of 1862, Matthews writes that matches were at a premium among his friends: "a round wooden box, containing one hundred sulphur matches, and [having] to be quite dry to ignite, [cost] a month's wages at $11.00." Some men carried flint rocks or arrowheads, which they would scrape against their pocketknives to start fires even when it was raining. Other soldiers would gather around "in droves" with twigs, bark and other kindling to ignite and carry back to start their own blazes. By April 1863, groundpeas retailed at 25 cents per "short tin quart;" stick candy was five cents per stick or $3.50 for a five-pound bundle; coffee was $5 per pound, and corn whiskey sold at varying prices, depending on availability. A local farmer who had received supplies from a Blockade runner might sell it for $1.00 per quart, or twenty-five cents per glass—usually only to those who belonged to a club. During the Siege of Chattanooga, Matthews says that liver could be bought at 75 cents per pound; a cow's head cost 50 cents to a dollar per pound, while the tongue cost 75 cents to a dollar. A dollar could also buy a short pint of cowpeas, salt or rice. For a short time the regiment had the services of some women who sold a "very small hot biscuit, without yeast or shortening, and with very little salt in them" for a dollar, as well. Two men in the regiment specialized in baking cakes of flour, black sorghum syrup and a little salt, which were sold by sutlers during the regiment's time at Atlanta. These fetched a dollar apiece, or ten for $9.00, or $66.65 per hundred. Purchasers learned not to eat these while marching, as two men who did were later sent to the rear in an ambulance. Discipline Military justice during the U.S. Civil War was often administered with great severity. Members of the 33rd Alabama, like those of other units on both sides, were compelled at different times to witness punishments meted out to convicted offenders; Matthews describes this episode from the regiment's time in Corinth: Equally draconian was the practice of "drumming a man out of service:" On another occasion, regimental soldiers were called out to witness the executions of two men: one had deserted, and the other was convicted of raping women. On this occasion, however, a last-minute reprieve from the army commander stopped both executions. Discipline within the 33rd Alabama was lenient, compared to this. Most minor offenses were dealt with initially by a warning; if the conduct persisted, the offender might be given extra "police duty," which would entail sweeping, cleaning his living area, digging or cleaning out latrine or offal pits or similar activities during off-duty hours. The worst punishment usually meted out for all but the most serious of offenses was to be confined to the guard quarters while performing extra duty; however, Matthews indicates that those so confined were often helped in doing their punishment work by comrades who felt sorry for them. The worst punishments inflicted on anyone in the 33rd were "bucking and gagging," the wearing of a "barrel shirt," or carrying a rail while marching. According to Matthews, this was done to just one man—and that by the army's provost marshal, not any regimental authority. Sanitation Field hygiene and sanitation are extremely important in the prevention of disease, which was responsible for two-thirds of the deaths suffered during the Civil War. Private Matthews describes some of the sanitary measures taken during the 33rd's time in Tupelo: Matthews reports that when a member of Company B accidentally dropped his pocketwatch into the latrine pit one morning, he paid a black cook $5.00 to get it out. Men from the regiment stripped and washed their socks, underwear and shirts in a creek without using soap or boiling water; then they put on dry socks, pants, coats and shoes while waiting for their wet clothes to dry in the sun—unless they were ordered to move out, in which case they simply put on their sopping clothes and let them dry on their bodies. Men tried to bathe their feet at least once every twenty-four hours, striving to always keep a pair of dry socks to keep their feet from becoming "sore." Half-ripe walnuts and fruit were forbidden for sanitary reasons, and soldiers caught eating them were punished by being forced to dig latrine pits. Mail and packages Often food and clothing would be sent to the regiment from families back home, in care of a soldier returning from furlough. Private Matthews writes that such a man would have to remain with them on the boxcars even after his leave had expired, to prevent them from being stolen. One such man was AWOL for two weeks while keeping an eye on some boxes shipped by families of soldiers from Eufaula, but when he was finally able to obtain transportation for himself and his cargo to the regiment, he was absolved of all charges and nothing further was said. Regimental nicknames Giving nicknames to soldiers has long been a feature of military life. Private David McCook of Company B was referred to as the "Skillet Wagon" by men of other companies, because they were always borrowing his tin pans, buckets or cans for cooking. Private Matthews was called "Marker", while others sported such monikers as "Burnt Tail Coat", "Fatty Bread", "Mumps", "Lousy Jim", "Cakes", "Keno", "Strap" and "Sharp." Matthews further reports that one evening as the regiment was being inspected by its commander, Colonel Adams called a twenty-year-old recruit to attention, referring to him "by a name that he would not have given a married man"; he writes that this name stuck with that man afterward, and was used by the regimental surgeon to warn malingerers away from sick call. Roll of Honor Ten soldiers of the 33rd Alabama were inscribed into the Confederate Roll of Honor during the civil war, all for the Battle of Chickamauga: CPL Bell, Alexander R., Company "H"; 3SG Bush, Richard R., Company "G"; (KIA) CPT Dodson, W.E., Company "C"; CPT Hammett, B.F., Company "B"; PVT Harris, William, Company "K"; PVT Hatten, W.E., Company "I"; PVT Lewis, P.S.H., Company "E"; (KIA) PVT Mock, W.R., Company "A"; PVT Perry, J.D., Company "C"; SGT Sessions, C.L., Company "D". (KIA) The 33rd Alabama in art The 33rd Alabama Infantry has been featured in Civil War art. Some examples include: Pat Cleburne's Men, by Don Troiani; Cleburne, by David Wright; 33rd Alabama Regiment, 1863, by Rodney Ramsey. Re-enactment groups 33rd Alabama Infantry – Modern re-enactment group. See also List of Alabama Civil War Confederate units 15th Regiment Alabama Infantry – Another Confederate regiment recruited earlier in the war from this same area; it went on to fame during the Battle of Gettysburg as the regiment that charged the 20th Maine on Little Round Top. Footnotes Although one source gives this soldier's name as "Marvin L. Wheeler", of Co. A, the Alabama Department of Archives and History lists the author's name as "W.E. Matthews" or "W.E. Matthews Preston," while the National Park Service lists it as "W.E. Preston." Another document indicates that he was "William E. Matthews" during the war, but later changed his name to "Preston." See Dale County Military Archives. Matthew's low opinion of Bragg was shared by another private in the Army of Tennessee, Sam Watkins (of the 1st Tennessee Infantry), who wrote the famous memoir Company Aytch. See Chapter III, "Corinth," where he describes in detail the contempt he had for Bragg—an opinion shared by most of Bragg's senior officers—see also Chapter IV, "Tupelo," Chapter VII, "Shelbyville," and especially Chapter XI, "Dalton," in which he compares Bragg to his eventual replacement, General Joseph E. Johnston, insisting that in his opinion, the latter was just in his punishments, while the former was not. Apparently unbeknownst to Matthews, General Wood had been wounded in the head during the battle; see Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, , pg. 579. Wood would recover and return to command; he survived the war and served as an Alabama state legislator, attorney and professor of law at the University of Alabama before dying in 1891. According to Private Matthews (pg. 13 of his manuscript), several soldiers of the 33rd were absent from the unit during the Battle of Perryville; many of these rejoined the regiment from Confederate military hospitals further south, after the retreat to Tennessee. A common practice among slave-holding soldiers in the Confederate Army (especially early in the war) was to take a slave they considered especially loyal with them to the Army; these men were referred to as "body servants". While their duties were usually much less onerous than the slaves left behind at home, these men were still legally their masters' property. "Bucking and gagging" refers to the practice of sitting a soldier on the ground, gagging him, then tying his arms and legs together, knees between his arms and a rod or stick inserted over his elbows and under his knees. A "barrel shirt" refers to a barrel that had holes for the soldier's arms, which he wore to indicate that he had committed some offense. Lieutenant Moore was the regimental adjutant, and the author of the letter cited earlier in this article describing the Battle of Stones River (see note 97). Of him, Matthews indicates that "it was not supposed that Adjutant Moore had an enemy in the regiment, he not having trouble with anyone; furthermore, he was probably the best liked of all our regimental officers." (page 20) Apparently Moore's death was treated as an accident, though its perpetrator was "scolded ... with an exhibition of feeling that was quite plain." (page 20) A series of five maps depicting the action in the Winfrey Field and nearby woods from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm may be viewed here Civil War Virtual Tours Chickamauga September 19th Winfrey Field 6:00 PM. (Click on the "next" tab or the right arrow to advance to the next map in the sequence). A modern photo of the field is here Civil War Virtual Tours Chickamauga Winfrey Field, and a short video here Winfrey Field at Chickamauga - YouTube. Six members of the 104th Ohio would win the Congressional Medal of Honor at Franklin, all for capturing enemy flags. Flags were very important during the Civil War, not just because they helped one find one's own regiment in the confusion of combat, but also in part because they symbolized the honor, history and prowess of the regiment to which they belonged. See Why Were Flags Enormously Important in the Civil War? for further explanation. Eleven months before his death, General Cleburne had made an astonishing proposal to the Confederate government: he advocated that the South free all of its slaves, then arm and train the males as soldiers to fight alongside whites for a truly free Confederacy. Although it seems to have stemmed more from military necessity than from any moral opposition to slavery (though he refers to it as a "continued embarrassment" and an "insidious weakness"), his proposal details the various reasons given by other Southerners for wanting to preserve the institution. Cleburne's letter was scorned by his associates and suppressed by Jefferson Davis; some historians believe it cost him any chance for a future promotion. For the text of this extraordinary letter, see Patrick Cleburne's Proposal to Arm Slaves. Cleburne's idea forms the theme of the 2008 graphic novel Cleburne, by Justin Murphy. References Bibliography Armstrong, Charles Jacob: Diary of Sergeant Charles Jacob Armstrong, Co. C, 33rd Alabama Infantry. – Unpublished manuscript, held by Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, AL. Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Battles for Atlanta: Sherman Moves East. – Time-Life Books, 1985. . Brewer, Willis: Alabama: Her History, Resources, War Record, and Public Men: From 1540 to 1872. – Barrett and Brown, 1872. Butkovich, Brad: The Battle of Pickett's Mill: Along the Dead Line. – The History Press, 2013. . Cartwright, Thomas Y.: Franklin: The Valley of Death. – Civil War Trust, pub. date unknown. Coleman, James C. (1988): Fort McRee, The Castle Built on Sand. – Pensacola Historical Society, Pensacola, FL, 1988. Connelly, Thomas Lawrence: Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee: 1862–65. – Louisiana State University Press, 1971. . Cooling, B. Franklin, PhD: The Decisive Battle of Nashville. – Civil War Trust, publication date unknown. Cox, Jabob: The March to the Sea, Franklin and Nashville. – Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913. Cozzens, Peter: The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga. – University of Illinois Press, 1994. . Cozzens, Peter: This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. – University of Illinois Press, 1992. . Dunkerly, Robert M.: The Confederate Surrender at Greensboro: The Final Days of the Army of Tennessee. – McFarland Publishers, 2013. . Eicher, David J.: The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. – Simon & Schuster, 2001. . Foote, Shelby: The Civil War: A Narrative: Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. – Random House, 1974. Griffen, John Chandler: A Pictorial History of the Confederacy. – McFarland and Company, 2004. . Hess, Earl J.: Kennesaw Mountain: Sherman, Johnston and the Atlanta Campaign. – University of North Carolina Press, 2013. . Holman, Kurt. Perryville Order of Battle: Forces Present at Perryville, October 8, 1862 (Revised July 1, 2012). – Unpublished paper, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site. Jacobson, Eric A., and Richard A. Rupp: For Cause & for Country: A Study of the Affair at Spring Hill and the Battle of Franklin. – O'More Publishing, 2007. . Joslyn, Mauriel P.: Cleburne: The Defense of Ringgold Gap. – Unpublished paper, 2013. Lance III, Joseph M., Major, USMC: Patrick R. Cleburne and the Tactical Employment of His Division at Chickamauga. – Master's Thesis Presented to Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, KS, 1996. Liddell Hart, B. H. Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. – Da Capo Press, 1993. Matthews, W.E. Preston: Diary and Regimental History of the 33rd Regiment of Alabama Infantry. – Unpublished manuscript, held by Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, AL. McDonough, James: Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy. – University of Tennessee Press: 1984. . McDonough, James: Nashville: The Western Confederacy's Final Gamble. – University of Tennessee Press, 2004. McKay, John E.: Atlanta Campaign. In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. – W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. McPherson, James M., ed. Battle Chronicles of the Civil War: 1864. – Grey Castle Press, 1989. Noe, Kenneth: The Drought That Changed the War. – Published in the New York Times, October 12, 2012. Oake, William Royal: On the Skirmish Line Behind a Friendly Tree. – Farcountry Press, 2006. . Sartin, Jeffrey S., MD: Civil War Medicine: The Toll of Bullets and Bacteria. – Adapted from "Infectious Diseases During the Civil War: The Triumph of the Third Army," in Clinical Infectious Diseases, 16: 580–584. Sword, Wiley. The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. – University Press of Kansas, 1993. . Walker, Scott: Hell's Broke Loose in Georgia: Survival in a Civil War Regiment. – University of Georgia Press, 2005. . Watkins, Sam: Company Aytch: A Side Show of the Big Show. – Plume Books, 1999; originally published 1882. . Woodworth, Steven E., Ed.: The Chickamauga Campaign.'' – Southern Illinois University Press, 2010. . Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Alabama Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America Military units and formations established in 1862 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 1862 establishments in Alabama

42067133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20March%202014

Deaths in March 2014

The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2014. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. March 2014 1 Khandokar Mahbub Uddin Ahmad, 88, Bangladeshi politician. G.K. Chadha, 73, Indian economist, heart attack. Nancy Charest, 54, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA for Matane (2003–2007), hypothermia. J. W. Cole, 86, American football coach and player. Prafulla Dahanukar, 80, Indian painter. Dayuma, 83-84, Huaorani convert to Christianity. A. Richard Diebold Jr., 80, American linguistic anthropologist. Philippe Ebly, 93, Belgian science fiction and fantasy writer. Andy Gilpin, 93, Canadian Olympic champion ice hockey player (1948). Zdeněk Hajný, 72, Czech artist. Alan Heyman, 82, American-born South Korean traditional music scholar. Eckart Höfling, 77, German Catholic priest and missionary. Bangaru Laxman, 74, Indian politician, President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2000–2001), cardiac arrest. Les Layton, 92, American baseball player (New York Giants). Donald Mahley, 71, American diplomat and army officer, representative to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, pancreatic cancer. Dave O'Brien, 57, American collegiate athletic director (Long Beach State, Temple, Northeastern), cancer. Dimitrios Pappos, 74, Greek Olympic skier. Alain Resnais, 91, French film director (Night and Fog, Hiroshima mon amour). Tommy Ed Roberts, 73, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1974–1978) and Senate (1994–2006). Robert L. Spencer, 94, American fashion designer, heart attack. Paul Tant, 68, Belgian politician, Mayor of Kruishoutem (1977–2009). Gyula Tóth, 72, Hungarian footballer. Werner Uebelmann, 92, Swiss entrepreneur and writer. John Wilkinson, 73, British politician, MP for Bradford West (1970–1974) and Ruislip-Northwood (1979–2005). Alejandro Zaffaroni, 91, Uruguayan-born American chemist and entrepreneur, dementia. 2 Ryhor Baradulin, 79, Belarusian poet. Peter Bares, 78, German organist and composer. Ted Bergmann, 93, American sports television and entertainment producer (NBC), complications following surgery. Molly Bobak, 92, Canadian war artist, recipient of the Order of Canada (1995). Bhuvnesh Chaturvedi, 85, Indian politician, State Minister (1993–1996), MP (1978–1996) and Rajasthan MLA for Kota (1972–1977). Porky Chedwick, 96, American radio announcer. Sal DeRosa, 82, Italian-born American soccer coach. Gail Gilmore, 76, Canadian actress, lung cancer. Stanley Grinstein, 86, American businessman, kidney disease. Jacob Jervell, 88, Norwegian theologian, priest and author. Justin Kaplan, 88, American biographer, Pulitzer Prize winner for Biography or Autobiography (1967), Parkinson's disease. Benjamin Lambert, 77, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1978–1986) and Senate (1986–2008). Rudolph Rummel, 81, American political scientist. Stanley Rubin, 96, American film and television producer (Revenge, Bracken's World, The Ghost & Mrs. Muir). Clément Sagna, 71, Senegalese Olympic athlete. Scott Vanstone, 66, Canadian cryptographer, cancer. 3 Ali Anwar, 79, Bangladeshi litterateur and translator. Robert Ashley, 83, American composer, complications from cirrhosis. Christine Buchegger, 71, Austrian actress, complications from surgery. Martin Gutzwiller, 88, Swiss-born American physicist. Stan Koziol, 48, American soccer player, leukemia. Kurt Chew-Een Lee, 88, American military officer, first Asian-American officer in the Marine Corps, recipient of the Navy Cross, suspected heart attack. Curtis McClarin, 44, American actor (The Happening, Law & Order), brain aneurysm. Harold Mowery, 84, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1976–1990) and Senate (1993–2004), pneumonia. Sherwin B. Nuland, 83, American National Book Award-winning author and surgeon, prostate cancer. F. Edward Osborne, 89, American politician, member of the Idaho House of Representatives (1989–1990) and Senate (1991–1992). William R. Pogue, 84, American astronaut (Skylab) and Air Force pilot (Thunderbirds). Juan A. Rivero, 90, American Puerto Rican biologist, founder of the Dr. Juan A. Rivero Zoo, cancer. Billy Robinson, 74, British wrestler and trainer. Joab Thomas, 81, American university administrator, Chancellor of NC State (1975–1981), President of the University of Alabama (1981–1988) and Penn State (1990–1995). Aino-Maija Tikkanen, 86, Finnish actress (The Harvest Month, Mother of Mine), recipient of the Order of the Lion of Finland (1983). Xu Chongde, 85, Chinese political scientist and professor. Shōji Yasui, 85, Japanese actor (The Burmese Harp). 4 Richard W. Burkhardt, 95, American academic, President of Ball State University (1978). Gary Carson, 64, American poker player, academic and author, complications from vascular and renal disease. Renato Cioni, 84, Italian operatic tenor. Barrie Cooke, 83, English-born Irish artist. Hollie Donan, 85, American football player. László Fekete, 59, Hungarian footballer. Mark Freidkin, 60, Russian writer. Lawrence Patrick Henry, 79, South African Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cape Town (1990–2009). Dame Elaine Kellett-Bowman, 90, British politician and barrister, MP for Lancaster (1970–1997) and MEP (1975–1984). Jack Kinzler, 94, American aeronautical engineer, NASA technical director that helped save Skylab. Chuck Kress, 92, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). John Wayne Mason, 90, American physiologist. Maja Petrin, 41, Croatian television and stage actress, heart failure. Boris Pustyntsev, 78, Russian human rights activist. Wu Tianming, 74, Chinese film director and producer, heart attack. 5 Nana Abdullahi, 54, Nigerian judge, first female High Court judge in Jigawa (since 2010). bartcop, 60, American blogger. Iain Donald Campbell, 72, Scottish biophysicist. Deep, Punjabi-American rap artist. Sir Robin Dunn, 96, British jurist, Lord Justice of Appeal (1980–1984). Geoff Edwards, 83, American game show host (Starcade, Treasure Hunt) and actor (Petticoat Junction), pneumonia. John Uzzell Edwards, 79, British painter. Nigel Groom, 89, British author and perfume connoisseur. Eli Hunt, 60, American Ojibwe politician, tribal chairman of Leech Lake Band (1996–2002). Scott Kalvert, 49, American director (The Basketball Diaries), suicide. Little Bridge, 8, New Zealand racehorse, colic. Ernest Anthony Lowe, 85, British economist. Alexander Macdonald, 95, Canadian politician, MP (1957–1958). Ailsa McKay, 50, Scottish economist and government policy advisor, cancer. Buck Melton, 90, American politician, author and lawyer, Mayor of Macon, Georgia (1975–1979). Leopoldo María Panero, 65, Spanish poet. Hank Rieger, 95, American television executive, President of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (1973–1975, 1977–1980). Ros Saboeut, 72, Cambodian musician activist and film subject, complications from a fall. Dave Sampson, 73, English rock singer. Dov Schperling, 76, Latvian-born Israeli Zionist activist. Luis Villoro, 91, Spanish-born Mexican philosopher and writer. 6 Joe Abbey, 88, American football player (Chicago Bears). Alemayehu Atomsa, 45, Ethiopian politician, President of Oromia Region (2010–2014), typhoid fever. Jean-Louis Bertucelli, 71, French film director (Ramparts of Clay, Docteur Françoise Gailland). Christian Casadesus, 101, French actor. Viking Olver Eriksen, 91, Norwegian nuclear physicist. Maurice Faure, 92, French politician and diplomat, Interior Minister, Justice Minister, MP and Senator for Lot, last living signatory of the Treaty of Rome. Jack Finlay, 92, American football player (Los Angeles Rams). Martin Gottfried, 80, American drama critic and biographer, complications from pneumonia. Sérgio Guerra, 66, Brazilian economist and politician, member of the Federal Senate (2003–2011), lung cancer. Tony Herbert, 94, Irish politician (14th & 16th Senator) and hurler (Limerick). Antonio Hidalgo Rodríguez, 71, Spanish footballer (Celta Vigo). Gurth Hoyer-Millar, 84, Scottish sportsman. Frank Jobe, 88, American orthopedic surgeon, invented Tommy John surgery. Jojon, 66, Indonesian comedian, complications from cardiovascular disease. David Koff, 74, American documentary film maker and political activist, suicide. Barbro Kollberg, 96, Swedish actress. Joe Lane, 78, American politician, member of the Arizona House of Representatives (1979–1989), Speaker (1987–1989), Parkinson's disease. Sheila MacRae, 92, English-born American actress (The Honeymooners). Gwen Matthewman, 86, English speed knitter. Jagat Singh Mehta, 91, Indian diplomat and author, Foreign Secretary (1976–1979), High Commissioner to Tanzania (1970–1974). Ron Murphy, 80, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins). Martin Nesbitt, 67, American politician, member of the North Carolina Senate (2004–2014), stomach cancer. Danny Pierce, 93, American artist. Georgy Ragozin, 71, Russian army officer and academic. Luis Rentería, 25, Panamanian footballer (Tauro), lupus. Peter Ruber, 73, American author and editor. Manlio Sgalambro, 89, Italian philosopher and writer. Margaret Spufford, 78, British historian. Marion Stein, 87, British pianist. David Talmage, 94, American immunologist. Anthony Charles "Tony" Unger, 75, Rhodesian Olympic hockey player. 7 Lollu Sabha Balaji, 43, Indian comic actor. Heiko Bellmann, 63, German biologist, writer and photographer. Sir Richard Best, 80, British diplomat, Ambassador to Iceland (1989–1991). Bob Charles, 72, English footballer (Southampton). Hal Douglas, 89, American voice actor and announcer, pancreatic cancer. Peter Dunn, 87, British engineer. Musa Geshaev, 73, Chechen poet, literary critic, songwriter, and historian. Sir Thomas Hinde, 88, British novelist. Anatoly Borisovich Kuznetsov, 83, Russian actor (White Sun of the Desert). Peter Laker, 87, English cricketer (Sussex). Arnulfo Mendoza, 59, Mexican artist and weaver, heart attack. Tamás Nádas, 44, Hungarian aerobatics pilot and world champion air racer, plane crash. Javier Naranjo Villegas, 95, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Santa Marta (1971–1980). Ned O'Gorman, 84, American poet, pancreatic cancer. Victor Shem-Tov, 99, Bulgarian-born Israeli politician, Health Minister (1970–1977), Chairman of Mapam. Uwe Timm, 82, German writer. Patti Wicks, 69, American jazz singer and pianist, heart failure. 8 Runa Akiyama, 59, Japanese voice actress, heart failure. Tom Barrett, 79, English footballer. Leo Bretholz, 93, Austrian-born American Holocaust survivor, activist and writer (Leap into Darkness). Bud Bulling, 61, American baseball player (Minnesota Twins, Seattle Mariners). Jerry Corbitt, 71, American guitarist, harmonica player, singer, songwriter, and record producer, lung cancer. Rowan Cronjé, 76, Rhodesian politician. James Ellis, 82, Northern Irish actor (Z-Cars), stroke. Buren Fowler, 54, American rock and roll guitarist (Drivin' N Cryin', R.E.M.). William Guarnere, 90, American World War II non-commissioned officer and author, key figure in Band of Brothers. Omar Ould Hamaha, 50, Malian Islamist militia commander, air strike. Roy Higgins, 75, Australian jockey (Light Fingers, Red Handed), Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee (1987). Wendy Hughes, 61, Australian AFI Award-winning actress (Careful, He Might Hear You), cancer. Helmut Koenigsberger, 95, German-born British historian. Evgeni Krasilnikov, 48, Russian Olympic silver-medalist volleyball player (1988). Gerard Mortier, 70, Belgian opera director and administrator, pancreatic cancer. Park Eun Ji, 35, South Korean politician. Alan Rodgers, 54, American author and poet, winner of the Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction (1987). Larry Scott, 75, American bodybuilder, Mr. Olympia (1965, 1966), Alzheimer's disease. David Smith, 88, American Olympic champion sailor (1960). Randolph W. Thrower, 100, American politician and jurist, Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1969–1971). 9 Rafael Aburto, 100, Spanish architect. Françoise Adnet, 89, French figurative painter. Franklin S. Billings, Jr., 91, American politician (member and Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives) and judge (US District Court, Vermont Supreme Court). Greg Brough, 62, Australian Olympic swimmer (1968), cancer. John Christie, 84, Scottish footballer (Southampton, Walsall). Lionel Seymour Craig, 85, Barbadian politician, MP for Saint James (1966–1986), Cabinet Minister (1976–1986). Mike Dietsch, 72, Canadian politician, cancer. Mohammed Fahim, 56–57, Afghan politician and military commander, Vice President (since 2009), heart attack. William Clay Ford, Sr., 88, American businessman (Ford Motor Company, Detroit Lions), pneumonia. Valentin Fortunov, 56, Bulgarian writer, publisher and journalist. Melba Hernández, 92, Cuban revolutionary, politician and diplomat, Ambassador to Vietnam and Cambodia, complications from diabetes. Steve Hill, 60, American pastor and evangelist, melanoma. Mike Jagosz, 48, American singer (L.A. Guns), aortic valvuolopathy. Monika Kinley, 88, British art dealer, collector and curator. Richard Liboff, 82, American physicist and author. Husein Mehmedov, 90, Bulgarian Olympic silver-medalist wrestler (1956). Nazario Moreno González, 44, Mexican drug lord, shot. Carlos Moreno, 75, Argentine actor and director, heart attack. Ebrahim Yazdan Panah, 75, Iranian Olympic middle-distance runner. Guillo Pérez, 90, Dominican painter. Justus Pfaue, 72, German author and screenwriter. Joseph Sax, 78, American legal scholar, pioneer of environmental law, stroke. James Schaffer, 104, American Christian leader. 10 Alias Ali, 75, Malaysian politician and newspaper editor (Bernama), MP for Hulu Terengganu (1978–1995), Chairman of Agro Bank, colon cancer. Tom Ament, 76, American politician, Milwaukee County Executive (1992–2002). Roldan Aquino, 65, Filipino actor, complications from a stroke. Juan Balboa Boneke, 75, Equatorial Guinean politician and writer, kidney failure. Eileen Colgan, 80, Irish actress (Far and Away, My Left Foot, Angela's Ashes). Francesco De Nittis, 80, Italian Roman Catholic prelate and diplomat, Apostolic Nuncio to PNG (1981–1985), El Salvador (1985–1990) and Uruguay (1990–1999). Richard De Vere, 46, British illusionist (Blackpool Pleasure Beach), pneumonia and heart attack. Guy Gauthier, 93, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. Ludomir Goździkiewicz, 78, Polish politician, member of the Sejm (1989–1991). Patricia Laffan, 94, British actress, multiple organ failure. Georges Lamia, 80, French footballer. Samuel W. Lewis, 83, American diplomat, Ambassador to Israel (1977–1985). Cynthia Lynn, 77, Latvian-born American actress (Hogan's Heroes), multiple organ failure. Allen Maxwell, 70, American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (2004–2010), Mayor of Monticello, Arkansas, heart attack. Joe McGinniss, 71, American author and political journalist, prostate cancer. Nicolás Mentxaka, 75, Spanish footballer (Athletic Bilbao). Matthew Power, 39, American journalist and magazine editor (Harper's Magazine), complications from heatstroke and exhaustion. John Pring, 86, New Zealand rugby union referee. Vince Radcliffe, 68, English footballer (Portsmouth). Tom Shanahan, 89, American broadcaster and sportscaster. Paul J. Sheehy, 79, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1965–1972) and Senate (1984–1991). T. J. Turner, 35, American football player (New England Patriots), cancer. John Baird Tyson, 85, British explorer and mountaineer. Rob Williams, 52, American basketball player (Denver Nuggets), heart failure. William H. Vernon, 69, American politician, member of the Delaware House of Representatives (1977–1981), cancer. 11 Dean Bailey, 47, Australian football player (Essendon) and coach (Melbourne), lung cancer. Brett Borgen, 79, Norwegian writer. Joel Brinkley, 61, American journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner for International Reporting (1980), pneumonia. Len Buckeridge, 77, Australian billionaire construction executive, founder of Buckeridge Group of Companies, heart attack. Christine Buckley, 67, Irish activist, breast cancer. Marilyn Butler, 77, British literary critic and academic, Rector of Exeter College, Oxford (1993–2004). Bob Crow, 52, British trade unionist, General Secretary of the RMT (since 2002), aneurysm and heart attack. Vladislav David, 86, Czech lawyer and academic. Elisabeth Dhanens, 98, Belgian art historian. Berkin Elvan, 15, Turkish student, head trauma from projected tear-gas canister. Nils Horner, 51, Swedish journalist (Sveriges Radio), shot. Edmund Levy, 72, Israeli judge, member of the Supreme Court (2001–2012). Our Conor, 4, Irish Thoroughbred racehorse, fall. G.S. Paramashivaiah, 95, Indian irrigation engineer. John PiRoman, 62, American screenwriter and playwright. Hermann Schleinhege, 98, German Luftwaffe ace during World War II and Iron Cross recipient. Mehmooda Ali Shah, 94, Indian educationalist. Marga Spiegel, 101, German writer. Bobby Thompson, 74, American football player (Detroit Lions, Montreal Alouettes). Doru Tureanu, 60, Romanian Olympic ice hockey player (1976, 1980). David Yeagley, 62, American Comanche political writer. 12 Cecil Abbott, 89, Australian police chief, Commissioner of New South Wales Police (1981–1984). Bahram Askerov, 80, Azerbaijani physicist. Věra Chytilová, 85, Czech film director, recipient of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Medal of Merit and the Czech Lion award. Phil Conley, 79, American Olympic athlete. Myles Conte, 66, South African cricketer. Richard Coogan, 99, American actor (Captain Video and His Video Rangers, The Californians). Paul C. Donnelly, 90, American aerospace pioneer. Med Flory, 87, American saxophonist (Supersax) and actor (Daniel Boone, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., Lassie). Jackie Gaughan, 93, American hotelier and casino owner (El Cortez, Las Vegas Club, The Western, Gold Spike). Art Kenney, 97, American baseball player (Boston Bees). Bill Knott, 73, American poet. Shawn Kuykendall, 32, American soccer player (D.C. United), thymic cancer. René Llense, 100, French footballer. Fortunatus M. Lukanima, 73, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Arusha (1989–1998). Celmira Luzardo, 61, Colombian television actress. Ola L. Mize, 82, American army officer, Korean War recipient of the Medal of Honor. John Cullen Nugent, 93, Canadian artist, sculptor and photographer. Kjell Nupen, 58, Norwegian artist, cancer. Calvin Palmer, 73, English footballer, cancer. José Policarpo, 78, Portuguese Roman Catholic cardinal, Patriarch of Lisbon (1998–2013), aortic aneurysm. Jenny Romatowski, 86, American AAGPBL baseball player. Zoja Rudnova, 67, Russian table tennis player. David Sive, 91, American environmental lawyer. Ray Still, 94, American classical oboist (Chicago Symphony Orchestra). Jean Vallée, 72, Belgian songwriter and performer. 13 Reubin Askew, 85, American politician, Governor of Florida (1971–1979), member of the Florida House of Representatives (1958–1962) and Senate (1962–1971). Bill Ballard, 67, Canadian concert promoter and sport franchise owner (Toronto Maple Leafs), cancer. Chérifa, 88, Algerian singer-songwriter. Angelo Martino Colombo, 78, Italian footballer. Jan Erik Düring, 87, Norwegian director. Benjamin Enríquez, 83, Filipino boxer. Raymond Flood, 78, English cricketer (Hampshire). Joseph Bacon Fraser, Jr., 88, American real estate developer. Paulo Goulart, 81, Brazilian actor, cancer. Al Harewood, 90, American jazz drummer. Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond, 70, Northern Irish politician, member of the House of Lords, founder of the Norbrook Group, helicopter crash. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, 82, Sierra Leonean politician, President (1996–1997, 1998–2007). S. Mallikarjunaiah, 82, Indian politician, MP for Tumkur (1991–2009), Karnataka MLA for Tumkur (1971–1991), heart attack. Vince McGlone, 97, New Zealand seaman and television personality. Icchokas Meras, 79, Lithuanian-born Israeli writer, recipient of the Lithuanian National Prize (2010). Petar Miloševski, 40, Macedonian footballer (Enosis Neon Paralimni), traffic collision.· Serge Perrault, 93, French ballet dancer and teacher. Pierre Prat, 84, French Olympic athlete. Abby Singer, 96, American production manager (Remington Steele, St. Elsewhere), cancer. Wang King-ho, 97, Taiwanese physician. Henk Weerink, 77, Dutch football referee. Janusz Zabłocki, 88, Polish politician and Catholic activist, MP (1965–1985). 14 John Agoglia, 76, American television executive (NBC), instrumental in decision to replace Johnny Carson with Jay Leno, cancer. Tony Benn, 88, British politician, Minister of Technology (1966–1970), Secretary of State (1974–1979), MP for Bristol South East (1950–1960, 1963–1983) and Chesterfield (1984–2001). Otakar Brousek, Sr., 89, Czech actor. Gary Burger, 72, American singer (The Monks), pancreatic cancer. John Burgess, 82, British record producer and production company executive. Cao Shunli, 52, Chinese human rights activist, complications from pneumonia. Rodney M. Coe, 80, American medical sociologist. Ted Cohen, 74, American philosopher. Jiří Dadák, 88, Czechoslovakian Olympic hammer thrower. John Bernard Philip Humbert, 9th Count de Salis-Soglio, 66, British major. Yves Delacour, 83, French Olympic rower (1956). Richard Dermer, 74, American restaurateur, founder of Hideaway Pizza. Jon Ewing, 77, Australian actor and director. Hans Fogh, 76, Danish-born Canadian Olympic sailor. Alec Gaskell, 81, English footballer. Meir Har-Zion, 80, Israeli commando. Vello Helk, 90, Estonian-born Danish historian. Gašo Knežević, 60, Serbian academic and politician, Minister of Education (2001–2004). Sam Lacey, 66, American basketball player (Cincinnati Royals). Roger Leir, 80, American podiatric surgeon and ufologist. Hugh Lunghi, 93, British military interpreter (Winston Churchill), one of the last living Big Three participants, first British soldier to enter Hitler's bunker. Warwick Parer, 77, Australian politician, Senator for Queensland (1984–2000), Minister for Resources and Energy (1996–1998). Sam Peffer, 92, British commercial artist. Werner Rackwitz, 84, German opera director and politician. Bob Thomas, 92, American journalist (Associated Press) and biographer. Manuel Torres Pastor, 83, Spanish footballer (Real Zaragoza, Real Madrid). Ken Utsui, 82, Japanese actor (Super Giant). Wesley Warren, Jr., 50, American scrotal elephantiasis victim, heart attack. 15 Reşat Amet, 39, Crimean Tatar activist, murdered. Maria Anzai, 60, Japanese singer. Scott Asheton, 64, American drummer (The Stooges), heart attack. David Brenner, 78, American comedian, cancer. Charlotte Brooks, 95, American photographer (Look). Andrew Kenneth Burroughs, 60, British consultant physician. Bo Callaway, 86, American politician, Secretary of the Army, member of the US House of Representatives for Georgia, complications from a brain hemorrhage. Mars Cramer, 85, Dutch economist. Paddy Cronin, 88, Irish fiddler. Huseyn Derya, 38, Azerbaijani rapper, traffic collision. Clarissa Dickson Wright, 66, English celebrity chef and television personality (Two Fat Ladies). H. Hugh Fudenberg, 85, American immunologist. Everett L. Fullam, 82, American Episcopalian priest. Jürgen Kurbjuhn, 73, German footballer (Hamburger SV). Jesper Langballe, 74, Danish politician, MP for Viborg (2001–2011). Jim Mikol, 75, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers). Luca Moro, 41, Italian race car driver, brain tumor. Cees Veerman, 70, Dutch singer and musician (The Cats). 16 George E. Barker, 83-84, British philatelist. Gary Bettenhausen, 72, American race car driver. Marc Blondel, 75, French trade union leader. Markus Brüderlin, 55, Swiss art historian and curator. Carlos Camus, 87, Chilean Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Copiapó (1968–1976) and Linares (1976–2003). Donald Crothers, 77, American chemist. Lapiro de Mbanga, 56, Cameroonian musician, political and social activist, cancer. DJ Edwin, 46, Australian DJ, remixer, songwriter and producer, heart attack. Joseph Fan Zhongliang, 95, Chinese Roman Catholic prelate and confined dissident, Bishop of Shanghai (since 2000). Sanjeeva Kaviratne, 47, Sri Lankan politician, member of the Central Provincial Council, MP for Matale District. Mitch Leigh, 86, American Tony Award-winning composer (Man of La Mancha), pneumonia as a complication of a stroke. Yulisa Pat Amadu Maddy, 77, Sierra Leonean poet, playwright, novelist and political prisoner. Steve Moore, 64, British cartoonist and writer. Frank Oliver, 65, New Zealand rugby player and coach. Alexander Pochinok, 56, Russian economist, Minister of Taxes and Levies (1999–2000), Minister of Labor and Social Development (2000–2004), cardiac arrest. Renzo Ranuzzi, 89, Italian Olympic basketball player. Chuck Scherza, 91, Canadian ice hockey player (Boston Bruins, New York Rangers). Cesare Segre, 85, Italian philologist, semiotician and literary critic. Nicholas Spaeth, 64, American lawyer, North Dakota Attorney General (1985–1992). Kenneth Wade, 81, British chemist. Denké Kossi Wazo, 55, Togolese footballer. 17 Mareike Carrière, 59, German actress, bladder cancer. Jim Compton, 72, American journalist (NBC News), heart attack. José Delicado Baeza, 87, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Valladolid (1975–2002). Mercy Edirisinghe, 68, Sri Lankan actress and singer. Charley Feeney, 89, American sportswriter. Gene Feist, 91, American playwright and theatre director, co-founder of the Roundabout Theater Company. Marek Galiński, 39, Polish Olympic cyclist (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008), traffic collision. Joseph Kerman, 89, American musicologist. Donald Michael Kraig, 62, American occultist author and practitioner, pancreatic cancer. Paddy McGuigan, 74, Irish songwriter ("The Men Behind the Wire", "The Boys of the Old Brigade") and musician (The Barleycorn). Rachel Lambert Mellon, 103, American horticulturalist and arts patron. Oswald Morris, 98, British cinematographer (Fiddler on the Roof, The Guns of Navarone, Oliver!). Antoni Opolski, 100, Polish physicist. Mohamed Salah Jedidi, 76, Tunisian footballer (Club Africain). L'Wren Scott, 49, American fashion designer and model, suicide by hanging. Egon Sendler, 90, German-born French Jesuit priest and art historian. James E. Stowers, 90, American investment management executive and philanthropist, founder of American Century Investments. Roy Trantham, 73, American stock car racing driver, leukemia. Quinto Vadi, 92, Italian Olympic gymnast (1948, 1952). 18 Catherine Obianuju Acholonu, 62, Nigerian academic and feminist scholar, kidney failure. Jeffrey Anderson, 85, Canadian broadcaster, journalist and producer, CBC London bureau chief. Jorge Arvizu, 81, Mexican voice actor, heart failure. Karl Baumgartner, 65, Italian-born German film producer (Le Havre, Underground). Albert Dormer, 88, British bridge player. Kaiser Kalambo, 60, Zambian football player and coach, prostate cancer. Derek Knee, 91, British military interpreter (Field Marshal Montgomery). Serhiy Kokurin, 36, Ukrainian soldier, shot. Joe Lala, 66, American musician and actor (Monsters, Inc., On Deadly Ground), complications from lung cancer. Tivadar Monostori, 77, Hungarian footballer (Dorogi FC). Molavi Ahmad Narouei, 51, Iranian Sunni theologian, human rights activist and journalist. Lucius Shepard, 70, American science fiction author. Ara Shiraz, 72, Armenian architect and sculptor, complications from stroke. Ben Staartjes, 85, Dutch Olympic sailor. Raili Tuominen-Hämäläinen, 81, Finnish Olympic gymnast. 19 Robert Butler, 70, American artist, member of The Highwaymen, complications from diabetes. Ken Forsse, 77, American inventor and television producer, creator of the Teddy Ruxpin, heart failure. Patrick Joseph McGovern, 76, American technology executive, founder and chairman of IDG. Ernest Mühlen, 87, Luxembourgian politician, MEP (1984–1989), MP (1989–1991). Fred Phelps, 84, American pastor and anti-gay activist, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. Philip Saliba, 82, Lebanese-born American Orthodox prelate, Metropolitan of the AOCANA (since 1966). Enric Ribelles, 80, Spanish footballer. Heather Robertson, 72, Canadian journalist (Winnipeg Free Press) and author, cancer. Robert S. Strauss, 95, American politician and diplomat, Ambassador to Russia (1991–1992). László Szőke, 83, Hungarian footballer. Hank Utley, 89, American author and historian, executive director of Boys Club. Idly Walpoth, 93, Swiss Olympian Lawrence Walsh, 102, American lawyer and judge, Independent Counsel for the Iran–Contra affair, member of the US District Court for Southern New York (1954–1957). Joseph F. Weis, Jr., 91, American judge, U.S. Court of Appeals – Third Circuit (1973–1988), U.S. District Court for Western Pennsylvania (1970–1973), kidney failure. 20 Ragesh Asthana, 51, Ugandan-born Indian actor, heart attack. Hennie Aucamp, 80, South African poet, short story writer, cabaretist and academic. Iñaki Azkuna, 71, Spanish Basque politician, Mayor of Bilbao (since 1999) and World Mayor (2012), prostate cancer. Hilderaldo Bellini, 83, Brazilian footballer, two-time World Cup winner (1958, 1962), complications from a heart attack. Helena Belmonte, 28, American fashion model, suicide by jumping. Andrzej Grzegorczyk, 91, Polish mathematician. Judy Harrow, 69, American author and Wiccan priestess. Dick Heller, 76, American sportswriter (The Washington Times). Dennis Jackson, 82, English footballer (Aston Villa). Thomas Jolley, 70, American anti–war protester. Mohamed Mjid, 97, Moroccan politician. Kristian Mosegaard, 83, Danish footballer. Tonie Nathan, 91, American politician, first woman to receive an electoral vote in a presidential election, Alzheimer's disease. Tommy O'Connell, 83, American football player (Cleveland Browns, Buffalo Bills). Ahmad Sardar, 40, Afghan journalist (Agence France-Presse), shot. Khushwant Singh, 99, Indian journalist and author (Train to Pakistan). William Toomath, 88, New Zealand architect. Marc-Adélard Tremblay, 91, Canadian anthropologist. Murray Weidenbaum, 87, American economist, Chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisers (1981–1982). 21 Deborah Backer, 54, Guyanese politician, Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly. Qoriniasi Bale, 85, Fijian lawyer and politician, Attorney-General (1984–1987, 2001–2006). David Beaglehole, 76, New Zealand physicist. Bill Boedeker, 90, American football player (Cleveland Browns). Jim Brasco, 83, American basketball player. Jack Fleck, 92, American professional golfer, winner of the U.S. Open (1955). Linda Gerard, 75, American cabaret artist, cancer. Michael Henley, 76, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane (1995–2004). Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 80, Iraqi religious leader, Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church (since 1980). Terry David Jones, 75, Canadian politician. Vincent Lamberti, 86, American medical researcher, developed the original Dove Soap bar, complications from heart failure. André Lavagne, 100, French composer. Edward E. Masters, 89, American diplomat, Ambassador to Bangladesh (1976–1977) and Indonesia (1977–1981). Simeon Oduoye, 68, Nigerian politician, Senator for Osun (2003–2007). Kiril Pandov, 85, Bulgarian footballer (PFC Spartak Varna). Kostis Papagiorgis, 66, Greek writer and translator. Nenad Petrović, 88, Serbian writer. James Rebhorn, 65, American actor (Scent of a Woman, Independence Day, Homeland), melanoma. Oddvar Rønnestad, 78, Norwegian Olympic alpine skier. Adrian Taylor, 60, American television news producer (60 Minutes, The Early Show), winner of the Peabody Award (2013), pancreatic cancer. Sir Colin Turner, 92, British politician, MP for Woolwich West (1959–1964). William Vahey, 64, American schoolteacher and child molester, suicide by stabbing. 22 Hermann Buhl, 78, German Olympic athlete. Yashwant Vithoba Chittal, 85, Indian Sahitya Akademi Award-winning author (The Boy who Talked to Trees). Mickey Duff, 84, Polish-born British boxing manager and promoter, International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee (1999). Kurt Rudolf Fischer, 92, Austrian philosopher. Riina Gerretz, 74, Estonian pianist. Hamza Abu al-Haija, c. 23, Palestinian militant (Hamas), shot. Yngve A. A. Larsson, 97, Swedish pediatrician, professor of medicine and diabetologist. Thor Listau, 75, Norwegian politician, Minister of Fisheries (1981–1985), MP for Finnmark (1973–1985). Robert Meyers, 89, Canadian Olympic champion ice hockey player (1952). Tasos Mitsopoulos, 48, Cypriot politician, Defence Minister (2014), MP (2006–2013), complications from a brain haemorrhage. Ken Plant, 88, English footballer (Nuneaton Borough, Colchester United). Lou Rell, 73, American Naval and commercial aviator, First Gentleman of Connecticut (2004–2011), cancer. Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty, 62, Indian Yakshagana orator. Patrice Wymore, 87, American actress (The Errol Flynn Theatre, Ocean's 11) and philanthropist. 23 Abdul Hakim, Bangladeshi politician. Ashley Booth, 76, Scottish footballer (St Johnstone, East Fife). Carmelo Bossi, 74, Italian Olympic silver-medalist boxer (1960) and world junior middleweight champion (1970-1971). Dave Brockie, 50, Canadian-born American heavy metal singer (Gwar), heroin overdose. Jack Clancy, 79, Australian football player. Bobby Croft, 68, Canadian basketball player (Kentucky Colonels, Texas Chaparrals), first Canadian to get a full scholarship to NCAA school for basketball. Miller M. Duris, 86, American politician, Mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon (1973–1977). Walter Ewbank, 96, British Anglican prelate, Archdeacon of Westmorland and Furness (1971–1977), Archdeacon of Carlisle (1978–1984). David Henshaw, 74, New Zealand cartoonist. Roy Peter Martin, 83, British author. Jürg Neuenschwander, 67, Swiss organist and composer, cerebral hemorrhage. Peter Oakley, 86, British Internet vlogger, cancer. B. Palaniappan, 83, Indian gynaecologist. William Peters, 90, British diplomat and activist (Jubilee 2000). Parviz C. Radji, 77, Iranian diplomat, Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1976–1979). Jaroslav Šerých, 86, Czech painter, printmaker and illustrator. Miroslav Štěpán, 68, Czechoslovakian politician, member of the Central Committee for the Communist Party (1988–1989), complications from cancer. Adolfo Suárez, 81, Spanish politician and lawyer, Prime Minister (1976–1981) and leader of Spanish transition to democracy, Duke of Suárez (since 1981), respiratory infection. 24 Giuseppe Agostino, 85, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (1973–1998) and Cosenza-Bisignano (1998–2004). Geoff Bradford, 80, English guitarist. Victor Hugo Caula, 86, Argentinian cameraman and director of photography. Robert F. Coleman, 59, American mathematician. Margaret di Menna, 90, New Zealand microbiologist. Rusi Dinshaw, 86, Pakistani cricketer. Arne Løvlie, 83, Norwegian zoologist. Jean-François Mattéi, 73, French philosopher. Tom Mikula, 87, American football player (Brooklyn Dodgers). Oleksandr Muzychko, 51, Ukrainian political activist, shot. Bryan Orritt, 77, Welsh footballer (Birmingham City, Middlesbrough), stroke. Kuldeep Pawar, 65, Indian actor, kidney failure. Paulo Schroeber, 40, Brazilian guitarist (Almah), heart failure. John Rowe Townsend, 91, British children's author (The Intruder). David A. Trampier, 59, American fantasy gaming artist (Dungeons & Dragons). Rodney Wilkes, 89, Trinidadian Olympic silver- and bronze-medalist weightlifter (1948, 1952). 25 Lorna Arnold, 98, British nuclear historian and author, stroke. Harm de Blij, 78, Dutch-born American geographer. Meredith Bordeaux, 101, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (1979–1982). Dil Bahadur Lama, 84, Nepali politician and police official, cardiac arrest. Hank Lauricella, 83, American Hall of Fame football player (Tennessee Volunteers) and politician, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1966–1972) and Senate (1972–1996). Eddie Lawrence, 95, American actor, comedian and singer. Jon Lord, 57, Canadian politician, Alberta MLA for Calgary-Currie (2001–2004), heart attack. Nicky McFadden, 51, Irish politician, TD for Longford–Westmeath (since 2011), complications from motor neurone disease. *Ángel César Mendoza Arámburo, 79, Mexican politician, Governor of Baja California Sur (1975–1981). Nanda, 75, Indian actress (Teen Devian, Gumnaam, Chhoti Bahen), heart attack. Frank O'Keeffe, 91, Irish Gaelic football player (Kerry). Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi, 89, Iranian historian and author. Reinhold Pommer, 79, German Olympic cyclist (1956). Joseph Purtill, 86, American politician and judge, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1959–1961). Jerry Roberts, 93, British wartime codebreaker, member of the Testery unit. Sonny Ruberto, 68, American baseball player (San Diego Padres), cancer. Jonathan Schell, 70, American author, journalist and anti-war activist, cancer. Thi. Ka. Sivasankaran, 88, Indian Sahitya Akademi Award-winning author and literary critic. Robert Slater, 70, American author and journalist, complications from influenza. Ralph Wilson, 95, American Hall of Fame football team owner (Buffalo Bills) and racehorse breeder (Arazi), co-founder of the AFL. Lode Wouters, 84, Belgian Olympic gold- and bronze-medalist cyclist (1948). 26 Roger Birkman, 95, American organizational psychologist. George Bookasta, 96, American child actor, pneumonia. Gangaram Choudhary, 92, Indian politician. Chu Teh-Chun, 93, Chinese-born French painter. Shun Lien Chuang, 59, American engineer. John Garry Clifford, 72, American historian. John Disney, 94, Australian ornithologist. Warren Forma, 90, American documentary filmmaker and author. Barbara Halloran Gibbons, 80, American cookbook author and columnist. Dick Guidry, 84, American politician, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1950–1954, 1964–1976). Tom Jones, 90, Australian politician, Member for Collie (1968–1989). Marcus Kimball, Baron Kimball, 85, British politician, MP for Gainsborough (1956–1983). Wolfgang Kirchgässner, 85, German Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Freiburg im Breisgau (1979–1998). Thomas Landauer, 81, American experimental psychologist. George Lerchen, 91, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers, Cincinnati Redlegs). Mark Stock, 62, American artist, enlarged heart. 27 Francine Beers, 89, American actress (Law & Order, Three Men and a Baby, Keeping the Faith). Bertrando, 25, American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse (Woodward Stakes, Goodwood Breeder's Cup Handicap, Pacific Classic Stakes). Al Cihocki, 89, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians). Kent Cochrane, 62, Canadian amnesiac, had one of the most studied human brains. Max Coll, 82, American politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1972–2004), stroke. John Cornes, 66, Australian rugby player. Jean-Claude Colliard, 68, French political scientist and politician, member of the Constitutional Council (1998–2007). Nevio de Zordo, 71, Italian Olympic silver-medalist bobsledder (1972). Augustin Deleanu, 69, Romanian footballer (Dinamo București). Jeffery Dench, 85, British actor (First Knight). Richard N. Frye, 94, American scholar of Armenian studies. Hal M. Lattimore, 93, American judge, member of the Texas Court of Appeals. Per Lillo-Stenberg, 85, Norwegian actor. Joseph Madachy, 87, American research chemist and mathematician, editor of Journal of Recreational Mathematics. Derek Martinus, 82, British television director (Doctor Who, Blake's 7, Z-Cars), Alzheimer's disease. Robert Ojo, 72, Nigerian Olympic sprinter. Gina Pellón, 87, Cuban painter. P. Ramdas, 83, Indian film director, winner of the J. C. Daniel Award (2007). Joseph Rigano, 80, American actor (Casino, Mickey Blue Eyes, Analyze This), throat cancer. James R. Schlesinger, 85, American government official, Director of the CIA (1973), Secretary of Defense (1973–1975), Secretary of Energy (1977–1979), pneumonia. Michael Schofield, 94, British sociologist and campaigner. Arsenio Valdez, 71, Paraguayan footballer. 28 GOK Ajayi, 82, Nigerian lawyer. Mayada Ashraf, 21-22, Egyptian journalist, shot. Rawle Barrow, 79, Trinidad and Tobago Olympic sailor. Carlos Miguel Benn, 89, Argentine yacht racer. (death announced on this date) Jeremiah Denton, 89, American politician and military officer, Senator from Alabama (1981–1987), recipient of the Navy Cross, complications from a heart ailment. Edwin Kagin, 73, American lawyer, national legal director for the American Atheists, heart disease. Michael F. Lappert, 85, British chemist. Billy Longley, 88, Australian criminal. Sam McAughtry, 91, Northern Irish writer and broadcaster. Godfrey Mdimi Mhogolo, 62, Tanzanian Anglican prelate, Bishop of Central Tanganyika (since 1989), lung infection. Michael Putney, 67, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Townsville (since 2001), stomach cancer. Lorenzo Semple, Jr., 91, American screenwriter (Batman, Flash Gordon, Three Days of the Condor). Noel Sheppard, 53, American media critic and blogger (NewsBusters), lung and lymph node cancer. Avraham Yaski, 86, Romanian-born Israeli architect and academic, recipient of the Israel Prize (1982). 29 Hobart Alter, 80, American surfer and boat designer (Hobie cat). Lelio Antoniotti, 86, Italian footballer. Catherine Hayes Bailey, 92, American plant geneticist. Roderick Bell, 66, Canadian diplomat. Mark Chamberlain, 82, American educator, President of Rowan University (1969–1984). Yosef Hamadani Cohen, 98, Iranian Jewish prelate, Chief Rabbi of Iran (since 1994). Karl Spillman Forester, 73, American senior (former chief) judge, member of the US District Court for Eastern Kentucky (since 1988). Robin Gibson, 83, Australian architect (Queensland Cultural Centre). (death announced on this date) Elbert Gill, 82, American politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1966–1986). Billy Mundi, 71, American drummer (The Mothers of Invention, Rhinoceros), complications from diabetes. Marc Platt, 100, American dancer and actor (Oklahoma!, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers). Oldřich Škácha, 72, Czech photographer and dissident. Ron Stott, 76, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1975–1977), Mayor of North Syracuse, New York (1971–1974). Birgitta Valberg, 97, Swedish actress. Dane Witherspoon, 56, American actor (Santa Barbara, Capitol). 30 Muhammadu Kudu Abubakar, 52, Nigerian Emir of Agaie (since 2004). Robert Billingham, 56, American Olympic silver medal-winning sailor (1988), official and skipper, member of 1992 America's Cup winning team. Richard Black, 92, American commercial artist and landscape painter, creator of the Mr. Clean and Smokey Bear mascots. Thomas Ryan Byrne, 91, American historian, economist, and diplomat. Sean Cusack, 87, Irish soccer player. Gerardo D'Ambrosio, 83, Italian politician and magistrate. Michael Edmonds, 87, British artist, co-founder of 56 Group Wales. Sir David Gibbons, 85, Bermudian politician, Premier (1977–1982). Jan de Graaff, 70, Dutch television journalist. Ray Hutchison, 81, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1973–1977). Keizō Kanie, 69, Japanese actor, stomach cancer. Kate O'Mara, 74, English actress (Dynasty, Doctor Who, Howards' Way), ovarian cancer. Phuntsok Wangyal, 92, Chinese Tibetan politician, military leader and government critic, led invasion of Tibet (1950–1951). Fred Stansfield, 96, Welsh international footballer. 31 Gonzalo Anes, 82, Spanish historian, Director of Real Academia de la Historia (since 1998). Anthony Beattie, 69, British civil servant, complications from a fall. Irene Fernandez, 67, Malaysian advocate for women and migrant workers, heart failure. Władysław Filipowiak, 87, Polish archaeologist and historian. Bryan Gahol, 36, Filipino basketball player, traffic collision. David Hannay, 74, Australian film producer. Edmond Harjo, 96, American Seminole Code Talker during World War II, recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal (2013), heart attack. Ben Johnson, 74, American Makah tribal politician and fisheries expert, heart attack. Charles Keating, 90, American banker, key figure in the savings and loan crisis. Frankie Knuckles, 59, American disc jockey and record producer, complications from diabetes. Bob Larbey, 79, British comedy scriptwriter (Please Sir!, The Good Life, As Time Goes By). Ferdinand Masset, 93, Swiss politician. Jimmy Newton, 35-36, American Southern Ute tribal chief, Chairman of the Reservation (since 2011). Bob Ringma, 85, Canadian politician and army officer. Max Robinson, 81, Australian politician, member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly (1976–1979). Hermann von Siebenthal, 79, Swiss Olympic equestrian. Enrique Plancarte Solís, 43, Mexican drug lord, shot. Roger Somville, 90, Belgian painter. Asep Sunandar Sunarya, 58, Indonesian wayang golek puppeteer, heart attack. Ahmet Yorulmaz, 81-82, Turkish writer. References 2014-03 03

42220089

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brunist%20Day%20of%20Wrath

The Brunist Day of Wrath

The Brunist Day of Wrath is Robert Coover's tenth novel. It is a sequel to The Origin of the Brunists, which told the story of Giovanni Bruno, the lone survivor of a mine disaster that killed 97 of his co-workers, and the first several months of the apocalyptic cult that formed around him, ending in their disastrous scattering. The Brunist Day of Wrath is set five years later, as the cult returns to West Condon. Coover had the idea for the sequel while writing The Origin of the Brunists, and has stated that "it might be said that all my writing has been written in Wrath’s shadow." He took notes over the years, but concentrated on his other writings, until the 2000 election of Bush and the power of the religious right in American politics inspired him to take the sequel much more seriously. Excerpts Excerpts have appeared in Conjunctions, Harper's, Western Humanities Review, Kenyon Review, Five Dials, FlashPoint, and Golden Handcuffs Review. White-bread Jesus, Harper's Magazine, 12/2008 Joshua J. Jenkins Meets Jesus Christ, Western Humanities Review, Summer 2013 The Dance of the Annunciation, Kenyon Review, Fall 2013 Cockcrow to High Noon, Golden Handcuffs Review, Fall–Winter 2013–4 Plot summary In the five years since the events of The Origin of the Brunists, the religion has grown, except in West Condon. Justin Miller has left town, taking a job with network TV. Abner Baxter has also left town, openly preaching Brunist. Eleanor Norton has written a successful book on Domiron and the Brunists. The teenage orphan Colin Meredith, after his rescue from the Brunists, was committed to the same mental hospital with Giovanni Bruno. Clara Collins, widow of Ely, has married Ben Wosznik. The mine entrance area, known as the "Mount of Redemption" to the Brunists, has been idle. The Reverend Wesley Edwards' Presbyterian church sold off their long unused camp grounds to local mine boss John P. Suggs, not knowing he was a Brunist sympathizer. Edwards' wife Debra makes Colin's redemption her great project, wrecking her marriage. Colin had seen Bruno being wheeled out of the institute after surgery, and reports he is dead. Prologue On July 7, the Reverend Joshua Jehoshaphat Jenkins, fresh out of Presbyterian seminary, is riding a bus to his first ministerial appointment. Expected to be met by Ted Cavanaugh, the town banker, at the bus station, he finds no one waiting and no message for him, so he leaves his stuff at the station and goes exploring West Condon on his own. Along the way, a driver for a lost army convoy asks Jenkins for directions to the high school, and when he shows him the only map he has, the driver assumes it was meant as a gift and takes it and leaves. Jenkins finds his church, and since it is open, enters. He finds Jesus at the pulpit waiting for him. They talk a bit, then a woman enters, similarly garbed as Jesus, tells him "those awful people are marching up that hill again," with guns, and recommends they hide in the basement. Jesus decides to proceed onwards to the "infamous hill", since they are likely waiting for him, and over the woman's objections ("they're completely crazy!") invites Jenkins to join him. Book I On Sunday, 29 March, a very brief Easter sunrise outdoor service on a mud hill in the pouring rain is ended by a tremendous lightning-clap. Reverend Wesley has great difficulty leaving and is helped by Cavanaugh. Wesley has great difficulty controlling his inner Jesus, is deemed too senile to continue, and is being edged out of his duties. His wife Debra has openly left him for the Brunists, and his only supporter is Priscilla Tindle, church organist, who resumes their brief affair. The Brunists are rebuilding the former Presbyterian camp near the closed mine, in anticipation of a large crowd of followers showing up for the fifth anniversary of the Day of Redemption. Among the new people are Darren Rector, who is obsessive about Brunist numerology, eschatology and history, and Billy Don Tebbert, Darren's friend and disciple. Georgie Lucci, who survived the mine disaster and left town, has just returned to West Condon, a failure in the big city, moves in with his mother and is a failure again. He finds employment as the frontman for the city's fire inspection shakedown scam. Cavanaugh has problems on many levels. His wife Irene is dying, and has lapsed into an impenetrable fundamentalist mindset. He has to engineer the removal and replacement of the Reverend Edwards. His son Tommy, on Easter break from college, shows no aptitude for business, and is so obviously only interested in girls that he can't even let him work at the bank. He is trying to prevent the Brunist revival, partly made possible by his unthinking approval of the land sale his church had made the previous winter. Cavanaugh starts an affair with Stacy Ryder, an intern who is gifted as his girl Friday at the bank, and is also an older friend of Angela Bonali, who is renewing her own affair with Tommy. Driving back from meeting Stacy in a hotel an hour away on dark roads, Cavanaugh is attacked by the Warrior Apostles, a motorcycle gang. On Saturday, April 18, Brunists from across the country start arriving in force. This includes Abner Baxter and his family, including son Nathan, who is a member of the Warrior Apostles, who come with Nathan. The motorcycle gang robs some Brunist living quarters, and are expelled the next morning when their crime is discovered. Nathan's younger brother Paulie chooses to ride with the gang. On Sunday morning, Abner Baxter, Jr., and Elaine Collins engage in mutual flagellation. A crowd of townspeople, reporters, and law enforcement show up to the mine hill that morning. Tommy, with Sally Elliott assisting, is there, partly out of college educational research interests. Sally uses her family connections to join the Brunist camp for interviews. As she finishes interviewing the aged Harriet McCardle from Florida, the woman dies in her chair, and Sally flees. The Brunists arrange with the town's governance for an ambulance to quietly remove McCardle. Goaded by Cavanaugh's suspicions, a confrontation builds between townspeople and law enforcement, when the Warrior Apostles suddenly return, scare everyone, and hurl a dog's head and two decapitated doves at the crowd. The confrontation is over, the Brunist camp is found to have been trashed. The next day, some of the Brunists leave, others who gave up everything stay on, despite not having any place to stay. Book II Later that week, Cavanaugh learns that much of the Brunist funding comes from Debra Edwards stealing from her husband and his own wife using her separate bank account, apparently set up for tax evasion. He fires Bernice Filbert, her Brunist nurse, and arranges for Catholic nursing only. He arranges for the Chamber of Commerce executive director Jim Elliott to be fired. Mayor Maury Castle is resigning, under threat from unidentified Italians. Charlie Bonali joins the police force. The abandoned mine offices are found to have been broken into. It is hard to identify what might have been stolen, if anything, but the possibility that there had been some dynamite cannot be ruled out. Carl Dean "Ugly" Palmers, now calling himself Pach’ (short for Apache), one of the original Brunists who served three years in prison after his assault on Miller, arrives in town. He has been fed up with religion since prison, tailing the Collins family from a distance, eager and frightened to see Elaine Collins again. The camp is celebrating the news that Suggs has successfully negotiated the purchase of the Mount of Redemption on their behalf. Darren is now predicting seven weeks of waiting, leading to a new date June 7 for the Rapture. Sally hits it off with Billy Don, to Darren's disapproval. They go hunting through cemeteries for the unknown graves of Giovanni and Marcella Bruno, and find what is certainly Giovanni's. To Darren's shock, the tombstone gives his date of death says June 7. Wesley (and his inner Jesus) go wandering when Priscilla runs errands. Wesley discovers his bank account has been closed, and flips out. Priscilla finds him at his old manse. She is pregnant. Saturday night, at the Blue Moon Motel, some of the motorcycle gang are hanging out on their last night in town. When two of them suspect a police set up, they steal Tommy Cavanaugh's station wagon to get their gear out. When they return, they find one of their gang has been beaten to death. The next morning, in a wooden area near the camp, they surprise Abner Junior and Elaine flagellating each other. They beat Abner and rape Elaine. They are interrupted by Pach', Debra, and then the rest of the camp, but make their escape. The Baxters are evicted. Book III Ben, Clara and Elaine take time off, visiting Brunist churches to the east. They return shortly before the June 7 dedication. Elaine is refusing to talk and refusing to eat, and has to be hospitalized and force-fed. Questioning Debra, Ben learns that the bikers were burying something. He looks for the spot, finds it, uncovers a cache of dynamite, and reburies it elsewhere. He will later find a second cache, and takes countermeasures. Franny Baxter escapes her hellish existence by marrying out. Tommy finally breaks off his affair with Angela when she tells him she's pregnant. Her brother Charlie beats Tommy severely, landing him in the hospital. Angela is fired from her bank job. Cavanaugh has the bank foreclose the Bonali house. Wesley's inner Jesus has taken over. Priscilla has great difficulty restraining him. The night before the dedication, the Baxterites stage a raid on the Brunist camp, cutting telephone wires and electricity. They are beaten back in an exchange of gunfire, with one of their own wounded. Several Baxterites are arrested, but only Abner is kept in jail for a time. The dedication of the camp proceeds without electricity. It is interrupted by the news that Suggs has had a major stroke. Dave Osborne's shoe store is going out of business, also facing foreclosure. Osborne distributes notices of a spectacular shoe sale. As a crowd lines up for the noon opening, they witness Osborne hang himself on a noose made of shoelaces. Cavanaugh has the sheriff finally arrest Debra for embezzlement. The evening service at the Brunist camp that night is interrupted by popping sounds. They investigate, and find an adulterous couple killed, apparently by the woman's husband, who has fled. Darren, who admires the Baxterites, is getting more self-righteous, spies on the other top Brunists, adopts Colin, and plans to set things right Lem Filbert's auto shop is torched. Book IV The biker gang, renamed The Wrath of God and with reinforcements, returns the night before the Fourth of July, and lure Sheriff Puller out of the way, using one of the Baxterites as bait, and kill both of them. The deputy sheriff, now acting sheriff, Calvin Smith, is a Baxterite. Sally finally seduces Tommy. Their night in a motel is ended prematurely when they run into Stacy and Cavanaugh in the motel's hallway. On July 5, at a ceremony for the dedication of a symbolic grave of Giovanni Bruno, the town leaders show up with Bruno, a shell of his former self, although the Brunists are skeptical. Darren approaches. Bruno says "Dark...Light", Darren reveals Eleanor Norton's gold medallion which he had stolen from Clara. Bruno crosses himself and falls to his knees and has a fit. A scuffle ensues, interrupted by explosions at the camp, which turn out to be booby traps set by Ben. Five bikers are killed, along with Ben. The bikers vow vengeance on all of West Condon. The Brunists plan on July 7 being the day of Redemption. Clara leaves the camp with her daughter Elaine, who being pregnant, has begun eating again. Early that morning Billy Don calls Sally and arranges to escape the madness with her. He is killed by Darren, who gives unsuspecting Abner Junior the gun. The National Guard, the state Governor with state police, and numerous journalists show up. The bikers engage in a reign of terror, blowing up buildings and cars all across West Condon. At the hospital, a nurse is forced at gunpoint to identify which room Suggs is in, and a biker proceeds to the room and shoots the helpless man. After the bank is blown open, the mayor shows up, and without anyone noticing, walks off with a million dollars and flees, using Lucci as his fall guy. At the mine, as the Baxterites are confronting the Brunists with armed private militia and surrounded by state and federal troops, Jesus walks up to the Mount accompanied by Jenkins and Priscilla. He delivers new, generally confusing, beatitudes, but Abner Baxter accepts them as genuine. The multiple confrontations end with most of the bikers dead, most of the Baxterites arrested, and the Brunists scattered. Jesus abandons Wesley, who is institutionalized. In fact Suggs is not dead—the nurse had named a room where a man had just died—and Bernice takes Suggs home for safety. She negotiates a fantastic home care deal for herself (including a generous close-out payment upon death) with a lawyer who is taking over Suggs's assets. But when Sally learns Suggs is being mistreated, Bernice murders Suggs with a lethal injection. Epilogue Sally becomes a professional writer, and her first book is The Killing of Billy D, a bestselling non-fiction novel about the murder of Billy Don. Abner Junior is eventually cleared while on death row, but not his father. The novel ends with his execution. Reception Previews Reviews References Further reading Discussion of religion in Coover's Brunist novels. External links 2014 American novels Novels about religion

42347569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Ferrell

Jim Ferrell

James Allen Ferrell (born September 15, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the mayor of Federal Way, Washington since 2014. After being a member of the Republican Party for twenty years, in 2012 he switched to the Democratic Party. Ferrell previously served ten years on the Federal Way City Council and was the prime mover behind the city's transition from a Council–Manager form of city government to a Mayor-Council or "Strong Mayor" government. Federal Way is currently the 9th largest city in the state of Washington. Personal background Jim Ferrell grew up in Federal Way until the age of nine when his father died. After his father's passing, he, his mother, his twin brother, Jeff Ferrell (news anchor and reporter for KSLA 12 in Shreveport, LA) and his older brother and sister moved to Yelm, Washington. Jim Ferrell graduated from Yelm High School in 1985 as a multi-sport athlete and student body president. After high school, Ferrell attended the University of Washington and walked on, as an outside linebacker, to the Washington Huskies football team, then led by Hall of Fame head coach Don James. Ferrell spent four seasons (1985–88) on the team, receiving the 1986 Brian Stapp Memorial Award for the most inspirational non-letterman, earning the 1988 Bob Jarvis Award for most inspirational walk-on player, and was chosen by his fellow players in 1988 to win the prestigious Guy Flaherty Medal for the team's most inspirational player, despite being primarily a scout team player for all four seasons. After graduating in 1989 from the University of Washington with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in political science, Ferrell attended the Gonzaga University School of Law and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree (J.D.) in 1993. Jim Ferrell lives in Federal Way with his wife, Wendy, and their son. Professional background While in law school, Ferrell was a White House intern during the presidency of George H. W. Bush and worked as a legislative assistant for State Senators Pete von Reichbauer and Ray Schow; both of whom represented Washington's 30th legislative district, which includes the entirety of Federal Way. During this period, Jim Ferrell was nearly appointed to the Washington State Senate, finishing second behind Schow to fill the seat left vacant after von Reichbauer's election to the King County Council. After receiving his J.D., Ferrell began his career as a prosecutor for the City of Renton, Washington before moving onto the King County Prosecuting Attorney's Office in 1998. That same year Ferrell won an award from the King County Sheriff's Office for performing life-saving CPR on a fellow prosecutor and, in 2003, won an award for chasing down on foot and apprehending a defendant who had fled a courtroom. In 2000, Ferrell became the supervisor of King County's newly created domestic violence court and later (2005–07) served two terms as the president of the King County Prosecuting Attorneys Union. Similar to his near appointment to the State Senate, Ferrell in 2007 finished second behind Dan Satterberg to be appointed as King County Prosecuting Attorney to fill the position following the death of Norm Maleng. Jim Ferrell had risen to the position of King County Senior Deputy Prosecuting Attorney before resigning on December 31, 2013 to take the position of mayor of Federal Way. Political career In 2002, Jim Ferrell challenged the 30th Legislative District's (then) two-term incumbent socially conservative Democratic Washington State Representative Mark Miloscia. Miloscia ended up winning the election by more than 11 percentage points. The following year, Ferrell took on incumbent Federal Way City Councilmember Mary Gates, who had been a city councilmember since Federal Way was incorporated in 1990. Ultimately, Ferrell defeated Gates by nearly 5 percentage points. In his two subsequent city council reelection races in 2007 and 2011, Ferrell did not face any opposition. One of Ferrell's prime initiatives while on the city council was a successful transition to making Federal Way Municipal Court judges elected, instead of appointed. Analogous to this interest in having public accountability for officials, Jim Ferrell supported the February 2008 ballot initiative to transition from a Council–Manager form of city government to a Mayor-Council or "Strong Mayor" government. The initiative failed by about 10 percentage points. The following year, Ferrell spearheaded a second effort to make the same transition in city government. This initiative, on its second attempt, passed by about 3 percentage points on the 2009 General Election ballot. During the campaign to change the city's form of government, Ferrell made clear that he would run for the office of mayor if the initiative proved successful. Later, State Representative Skip Priest, City Councilmember Mike Park, and City Councilmember (and future State Representative) Linda Kochmar also joined the race to become the city's first elected mayor. His campaign focused on opposition to the proposed skyscraper development in the city's downtown, skepticism of the proposed performing arts center, and a focus on public safety. In the primary election, Ferrell and Priest finished as the top-two vote-getters meaning they would face-off in the general election. Ultimately, Skip Priest won the general election by about 4 percentage points. The proposed skyscraper plan, which was a major talking point during the campaign, died three months after the election when the developers could not pay an initial $100,000 to the city on the proposed $350 million project. In April 2012, five months following Ferrell's election to a third term to the Federal City Council, he announced that he would be switching parties; from the Republican party to the Democratic party. In his column explaining his decision, Ferrell said it was motivated by what he saw as a move by the Republican party to more far-right tone and reactionary policies. Chief among his concerns were that the Republican party appeared to him to take neither global climate change nor a 21st-century approach to energy policy seriously. Also concerning Ferrell was what he saw as the Republican party's continued preference toward tax cuts for the rich instead of policies to mitigate the jobs lost and lives upended following the Great Recession of 2008. On May 6, 2013, Jim Ferrell announced his candidacy for Federal Way's mayor in the 2013 election, in what turned out to be a rematch of the 2010 contest between himself and (then) Mayor Skip Priest. In addition to similar themes heard during the 2010 election, Ferrell was also critical of Priest's cuts in the city's workforce, particularly its police force, during his term in office, as well as his advocacy for legislation that would have dismantled Sound Transit. Public safety was of particular interest during the election due to the 2013 mass shooting at Federal Way's Pinewood Village apartment complex that left five dead, in addition to a 24% increase in burglaries and a 12% increase in auto thefts in the city in 2012. The rematch of the 2010 election resulted in the unseating of the incumbent mayor with Ferrell prevailing with more than 55% of the vote. Mayor of Federal Way Jim Ferrell took office as Federal Way's second elected mayor on January 1, 2014. King County Prosecuting Attorney campaign On January 7, 2022, the day that King County Prosecuting Attorney Dan Satterberg announced his retirement, Ferrell filed paperwork to run for the office. He formally launched a campaign for the office on January 27. Electoral history References 1966 births Living people Washington (state) Democrats Washington (state) Republicans Twin people from the United States

42435855

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%201966

March 1966

The following events occurred in March 1966: March 1, 1966 (Tuesday) At 6:56 UTC (9:56 a.m. in Moscow), the Soviet space probe Venera 3 crashed on Venus, becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface. Although it was able to transmit to Earth, its data capture system had failed earlier in transit and was unable to record any data. The 2,118 pound vehicle had been launched on November 16, 1965 "Operation Jericho", the Mizo National Front uprising began in the Assam state of India, when insurgents made simultaneous attacks on government installations at Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai, Vairengte, Chawngte, Chhimluang, Kolasib, Sairang and Demagiri shortly after midnight. At Aizawl, the insurgents raided the city treasury and severed all outside connections at the telephone exchange at Aizawl. MNF leader Pu Laldenga declared Mizo to be an independent nation, and exhorted all Mizos to join the revolt against the "illegal Indian occupation" of the Mizo territory. British Chancellor of the Exchequer (and future Prime Minister) James Callaghan announced the government's plans for the decimalisation of the pound sterling by February, 1971, replacing traditional coinage. The British pound, formerly worth 240 pennies, would be divided into worth 100 cents. Since the reign of King Offa of Mercia in the 8th century, the pound had been worth 240 pennies. In 1504, the shilling, worth 12 pence, had been introduced; with 20 shillings to a pound, it would be superseded by the five pence. The florin would give way to the ten pence coin, and the crown (one-fourth of a pound) would be eliminated, there being no 25 pence coin, along with the "big penny" ("the only coin in the world worth less than its value as metal" ), the threepence and the six pence. The appropriation of an additional 4.8 billion dollars for the American war in Vietnam was approved overwhelmingly by both houses of Congress, with votes of 392-4 in the House of Representatives and 93-2 in the U.S. Senate. The lone opposition came from Senators Wayne Morse of Oregon and Ernest Gruening of Alaska, and Congressmen John Conyers (Michigan), Phillip Burton and George Brown, Jr. (California) and William Fitts Ryan (New York). March 2, 1966 (Wednesday) Kwame Nkrumah arrived in Guinea and was granted asylum by President Sekou Toure, who gave him the honorary title of "Co-President of Guinea". The offer appeared to be made in the hope that if Nkrumah regained power, Toure would become "Co-President of Ghana". March 3, 1966 (Thursday) A violent F5 tornado struck without warning at 4:33 p.m. and devastated the Candlestick Park Shopping Center in Jackson, Mississippi, killing 13 people. The storms wrought catastrophic damage in Mississippi and Alabama along a 202.5 mi (325.9 km) track. Overall, 62 people (all but one in Mississippi) were killed in the storm and hundreds injured The Zond 3 space probe to Mars, launched on July 18, 1965, from the Soviet Union, stopped transmitting at a range of 153,000,000 kilometers, in the third failure of a Soviet interplanetary probe in less than a month. Born: Tone Lōc (stage name for Anthony Terrell Smith), American hip hop artist and voice actor, in Los Angeles Died: William Frawley, 79, American actor best known for portraying "Fred Mertz" on I Love Lucy, suffered a fatal heart attack as he was walking back from a movie to his apartment at the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood. Alice Pearce, 47, Emmy-winning American television actress for her portrayal of the character "Gladys Kravitz" on Bewitched, died of ovarian cancer that she had been battling since the series had started Joseph Fields, 71, American playwright and film producer March 4, 1966 (Friday) The London Evening Standard published Maureen Cleave's interview with John Lennon of The Beatles, in an article headlined "How Does a Beatle Live? John Lennon Lives Like This". One of the topics covered was his religious views, and the article, syndicated in papers worldwide, made little impact at first, including Lennon's statement that "Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink. I needn't argue about that; I'm right and I will be proved right. We're more popular than Jesus now; I don't know which will go first— rock 'n' roll or Christianity. Jesus was all right but his disciples were tick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me." When the article appeared in the teen magazine Datebook in July, however, Lennon's statement proved a backlash against the popular British group in advance of their American tour. On August 2, the station manager of WAQY-AM radio in Birmingham, Alabama would begin urging listeners to boycott record stores and bookstores that sold Beatles' music and memorabilia. At 8:15 p.m. local time, Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 402 from Hong Kong crashed while attempting to land in a fog at Tokyo International Airport. Coming in too low, the DC-8 struck one of the runway approach lights, then hit other lights before hitting a seawall and bursting into flames, killing all but eight of the 72 people on board. A plane taking off from the same airport the next morning would crash, killing all passengers and crew. The Studebaker Corporation announced that it would close its last car factory (located in Hamilton, Ontario) and that all further production of Studebaker automobiles would cease. In 1965, the company— which had sold 268,229 cars at its peak year in 1950— had sold only 11,000 of its vehicles. The American factory, in South Bend, Indiana, had closed at the end of 1963. Born: Dav Pilkey, American children's author best known for the Captain Underpants book series, in Cleveland. March 5, 1966 (Saturday) One day after the Tokyo crash of the Canadian Pacific flight arriving from Hong Kong, BOAC Flight 911 took off from the same airport en route to Hong Kong. After taking off at 1:58 p.m., the Boeing 707 suddenly began breaking apart in severe clear-air turbulence and impacted on Mount Fuji at 2:15, killing all 124 passengers and crew on board. More than half of those killed were the 75 people on an Asian tour that had been sponsored by the Thermo King Corporation for employees and their families. For the first time, the secret, high speed Lockheed D-21 drone, codenamed "Tagboard", was successfully deployed in flight from a supersonic aircraft, after engineers overcame the problem of separating the two aircraft without damaging either one. The M-21 airplane released the drone over the Pacific Ocean off of the coast of California but the drone "stayed close to the M-21's back for a few seconds, which seemed like 'two hours' to the M-21 crew" before setting off on its assigned course. It was lost 120 miles from the launch point. On the fifth day of the Mizo uprising, the Indian Air Force began bombardment of the city of Aizawl, where MNF forces were stationed. The towns civilians had fled the town, while the MNF leadership maintained a headquarters at the Boys' English Middle School. Born: Michael Irvin, American NFL wide receiver and member of Pro Football Hall of Fame, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida Died: Anna Akhmatova, 76, Russian poet March 6, 1966 (Sunday) The Revolutionary Party won a surprise majority (28 of 54 seats) in elections for the Congress of Guatemala but none of the three presidential candidates obtained the necessary majority, so a runoff was scheduled. On the same day, 32 members of the outlawed Guatemalan Party of Labour (PGT), accused of aiding guerrillas, became desparecidos after being arrested by government security forces, in one of the earliest modern examples of "forced disappearance". In elections in Austria the Austrian People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei or ÖVP), led by Chancellor Josef Klaus, gained four seats in elections, gaining a majority with 85 of the 165 positions in the Nationalrat. Operation Masher came to an end in Vietnam after six weeks, with 288 American soldiers killed in action, and a reported 2,150 or more of the North Vietnamese insurgents. Police in Japan responded to the seven-week long "student strike" at Waseda University by occupying the campus and barring students from entering, effectively closing the prominent university until the dispute was settled on June 22. Born: Alan Davies, English comedian and actor, in Loughton, Essex March 7, 1966 (Monday) At the United Nations, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was signed by representatives of nine nations on the first day that it was opened for signature. Brazil, the Central African Republic, Greece, Israel, the Philippines, Poland, and the three members from the USSR (the Soviet Union, the Byelorussian SSR, and the Ukrainian SSR). Two weeks after saying that he intended to withdraw from NATO by April 4, 1969, President Charles de Gaulle of France sent a letter to U.S. President Johnson, informing him that his nation intended to pull out of the alliance effective on July 1, 1966, and that all member armies and equipment would need to be removed from France within a year. De Gaulle's letter arrived at the White House shortly after 3:00 p.m. Washington time (9:00 p.m. in Paris), and at 7:15 p.m., French Ambassador Charles Lucet reported to the U.S. State Department to receive the president's reply from Undersecretary of State George Ball. Stephen Martin, a baseball player at Tulane University, became the first African American to play a varsity sport in the previously all-white Southeastern Conference (SEC). Martin, a walk-on who was attending the school on an academic scholarship, made his varsity debut for the Green Wave in the team's season opener against Spring Hill College. The 1966 season was Tulane's last as an SEC member. March 8, 1966 (Tuesday) At 1:32 a.m., the tall Nelson's Pillar on O'Connell Street in Dublin, was blown up by former Irish Republican Army volunteers, who were apparently marking the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising. As a symbol of Britain's one-time control of Ireland, the Pillar was unpopular. The bomb destroyed the upper half of the Doric column, and the 13-foot tall statue of Lord Admiral Horatio Nelson of Great Britain broke as it crashed into the street. Six days later, the Irish government demolished the rest of the pillar after determining that it could not safely be restored. A stainless steel needle, the Spire of Dublin (120 metres tall to replace the 121 foot tall pillar), would be erected on the site in 2003. Protesting the government of Indonesia's President Sukarno, a mob of students in Jakarta seized control of the building housing the Indonesian Foreign Ministry and destroyed much of the inside, while another group attacked the United States Embassy. After Syria's new President, Nureddin al-Atassi, called for a "liberation war" against neighboring Israel, forces led by General Ziad al-Hariri advanced toward the Israeli border. from the Syrian front towards Israel. The Commander of the 70th Armoured Brigade, Lieutenant General Abd al-Karim, surrendered to the plotters – Muhammad Umran took over as acting commander. With the forces in al-Kiswah defeated and Qatana neutralised, al-Hariri's forces marched upon Damascus and began to set up road-blocks in the city, seizing critical facilities such as the Central Post Office. Captain Salim Hatum, a party officer, seized the radio station. The Ministry of Defence headquarters was seized without a fight, and General Zahr al-Din, the commander-in-chief, was put under arrest. Hafez al-Assad led a small group of conspirators to capture the al-Dumayr air base. Some of its planes were ordered to bomb rebel positions. Later that morning the conspirators convened at army headquarters to celebrate. March 9, 1966 (Wednesday) British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced that a longstanding rule, requiring a wait of 50 years before release of government records, was reduced to 30 years. The effect was to make the records of the last two and a half years of World War I documents immediately available to researchers, along with all other documents of the British Empire up through 1935. George Cornell, 38, an English criminal and a member of The Richardson Gang, was shot dead by Ronnie Kray, at The Blind Beggar pub in Whitechapel, on the East End of London. Known as "the Kray twins", Ronnie and his brother Reggie were the most famous members of organized crime in Britain. "The murder of George Cornell marked the beginning of the end for the Krays", an author would later note, leading to the arrest of both men for murder in 1968, for which both were sentenced to life imprisonment. Another historian would note, "The importance of this killing is that it had such immense repercussions throughout gangland and broke all the rules previously regarded as standard practice." Two days after French President De Gaulle's letter to U.S. President Johnson, Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville told France's 14 NATO Allies that it would withdraw its officers from the unified command, assume full command over its 70,000 military personnel in West Germany, and would close all allied bases that did not surrender to French control. In response to a question from local MP Edward du Cann, the UK Under-Secretary of Defence for the Army, Merlyn Rees, confirmed the closure of Norton Manor Camp near Taunton. March 10, 1966 (Thursday) Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands married German diplomat Claus von Amsberg in a religious ceremony at Amsterdam's oldest church, the Westerkerk, then repeated their vows in a civil ceremony at the Amsterdam City Hall. Outside of the Hall, 2,000 angry protesters, with memories of the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during the Second World War, demonstrated against the union, because von Amsberg had been a member of the Hitler Youth and had served as a soldier in the German Army during the war. That evening, the new Prince Claus appeared on television and asked the nation, "Give us the chance to build on a new future together with you all. The Dutch people were given unspeakably much sorrow and great injustice during the last war... nobody can undo the past." By the time that Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands in 1980, Prince Consort von Amsberg would be regarded as one of the more popular members of the Royal Family. Thousands of Muslims from the Indian state of West Bengal effectively shut down the streets of Calcutta (now Kolkata) with a two mile long procession of marchers, in order to call attention to food shortages, inflation and government repression in their area of India. The march came in response to a call for a bandh, a coordinated work stoppage to achieve a goal. Trains and buses were halted, Most stores and offices closed because their employees could not make it to work, factories were at a standstill, and ships could not enter or leave the inland Port of Calcutta. Prime Minister and Air Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky of South Vietnam, with the support of eight generals on the 10-man military junta, voted to remove Lieutenant General Nguyen Chanh Thi (who was regarded as Ky's main rival for power, and the only one to vote against) as the commander of I Corps, and placed him under house arrest pending forced exile, precipitating the Buddhist Uprising. Born: Edie Brickell, American singer and songwriter, in Dallas Died: Mari Sandoz, 69, American novelist (The Horsecatcher) and biographer (Crazy Horse: The Strange Man of the Oglalas) March 11, 1966 (Friday) The "Transition to the New Order" took place in Indonesia when President Sukarno signed a document that effectively surrendered nearly all of his powers to his Defense Minister, General Suharto, leaving Sukarno as the nominal head of state but only a figurehead. The historic instrument would become known as the Supersemar, an acronym for its official Indonesian title, Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret (literally the "letter of command of eleventh of March), but also a label referencing the prefix " super-" and "Semar", the name of the guardian spirit of the island of Java in Javanese mythology. Sukarno had been holding a meeting of his cabinet at Merdeka Palace as student demonstrators protested outside, and was interrupted with the news that unidentified troops had surrounded the building, and that he should escape. Along with Foreign Minister Subandrio and Deputy Premier Chairul Saleh, Sukarno boarded a helicopter and flew from Jakarta to nearby Bogor. That evening, three generals persuaded Sukarno that the only way to restore order would be to give General Suharto full authority for the remainder of the crisis. Former Harvard University Professor Timothy Leary was sentenced to 30 years in a federal prison and fined $30,000 by a U.S. District Court Judge Ben C. Connally in Laredo, Texas after being convicted under the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 of smuggling marijuana into the United States and failing to pay a tax on it. However, he would successfully challenge the Act as unconstitutional, and the law, along with Leary's conviction, would be voided in 1969 by the United States Supreme Court in Leary v. United States. "Norman 3X" Butler (later Muhammad Abdul Aziz), "Thomas 15X" Johnson (later Khalil Islam) and Thomas Hagan (aka Talmadge Hayer), all members of the Black Muslim's Nation of Islam movement, were found guilty of the murder of activist Malcolm X at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City on February 21, 1965. The jury, composed of three black and nine white jurors, returned its verdict at 12:30 a.m. after deliberations that had started on Wednesday, at the conclusion of an eight-week long trial. All three defendants would be sentenced to life imprisonment on April 14. March 12, 1966 (Saturday) After nearly two years of excavation, Paradip Port was opened on the east coast of India, in the state of Orisha. The Indian Navy survey ship INS Investigator became the first sea vessel to dock at the new deep port, which had been dug by the Yugoslavian dredger ship Vlasina; as such, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia Petar Stambolić was accorded the honor of declaring the port open. Indonesian politician Sudharmono, a supporter of new leader Suharto, wrote a decree banning the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), the pretext for firing all PKI members serving in the Cabinet of President Sukarno. Sixteen top officials would be arrested, including Vice-Premier Subandrio and Third Deputy Premier Chaerul Saleh. President Guillermo León Valencia of Colombia and President Ramón Castro Jijón of Ecuador and other members of his junta met at the Rumichaca Bridge that serves as the main crossing between the two South American nations, and signed the Treaty on Integration of the Borderland of Colombia and Ecuador, an agreement to work together on 57 projects for the benefit of the two countries. Fiji's Alliance Party was created by a merger of two other political parties, the Fijian Association Party and the National Congress of Fiji. Promoting itself as a "multi-racial party", as opposed to the Federation Party, which was primarily Indian, the Alliance attracted Fijian, European and Indian members under the leadership of Kamisese Mara and would win a majority in elections six months later. Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks broke the National Hockey League record for most goals in a season as he scored his 51st goal, breaking the mark of 50 that he and Bernie Geoffrion had shared; Hull would finish the season with 54 altogether, as well as a record 97 scoring points. March 13, 1966 (Sunday) In Portuguese West Africa (now Angola), separatist leader Jonas Savimbi broke with other anti-colonial fighters and announced the foundation of his own group, UNITA (União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola). After the grant of independence from Portugal in 1975, UNITA would continue to fight against the republic government during the Angolan Civil War. In elections in El Salvador, the National Conciliation Party won and retained its majority in the Legislative Assembly, with 31 of 52 seats. An 8.0 magnitude earthquake took place off between eastern Taiwan (closest to Hualien) and Japan's westernmost island, Yonaguni. Despite the magnitude, only six deaths were reported, two in Japan and four in Taiwan. March 14, 1966 (Monday) Without debate, the United States Senate passed the bill abolishing the United States Postal Savings System, in existence since June 25, 1910, and sent it to President Johnson for his signature. The plan, originally created to offer the public "a convenient and safe place for its savings", was limited by law to paying no more than 2 percent interest annually, and no more than $2,500 could be allowed in an account. A Senate committee report on the bill, passed on July 12 by the House of Representatives, concluded that after more than 50 years "the postal savings system as a useful segment of the national economy has run its course." President Johnson signed the legislation two weeks later, on March 28. Major General Nguyễn Văn Chuân became commander of I Corps in South Vietnam, following the removal of General Thi. East German border guards shot and killed two children who had sneaked into the area near the Berlin Wall after nightfall. Jörg Hartmann, aged 10, died at the scene, while Lothar Schleusener, 13, died of his injuries at the People's Police Hospital. The relatives of the two boys were told by East German authorities that the children had died in an accident, and the facts would not be revealed until German reunification. March 15, 1966 (Tuesday) Off the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the United States Navy submersible DSV Alvin first located the American hydrogen bomb that had been missing for 47 days. Still connected to a parachute, the weapon, lost in an air collision on January 17, was 2,150 feet below the ocean surface. In an attempt to retrieve the bomb the next day, the Alvin's attempt caused the parachute line to snap and the bomb would be lost again for two weeks. The 8th Annual Grammy Awards were held, at Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York City, US. Country singer Roger Miller received five awards, Frank Sinatra four and Vladimir Horowitz three. The first military academy in Sierra Leone was opened, at Benguema, with the assistance of advisers from Israel, to educate the new generation of military officers in that African nation. Twenty-five Sierra Leoneans and a Nigerian began training as the first group of cadets. The decennial census was held in Romania, and counted the population of Romania on that date to be 19,103,163 people, of whom 87.7% were of Romanian ancestry, with a substantial minority of Hungarians (more than 1.6 million or 8.7% of the population) being the second largest group. Died: Osendé Afana, 35, Cameroonian Marxist economist and militant nationalist, was killed by Cameroon government troops March 16, 1966 (Wednesday) The first docking of two spacecraft in orbit took place, despite dangerous conditions. At 11:41 a.m. local (Florida) time, Gemini 8 was launched from Cape Kennedy by NASA, carrying two astronauts, pilot Neil Armstrong and co-pilot David Scott. Earlier, at 10:00 a.m., the unmanned Agena target vehicle had lifted off. Upon entering orbit, Gemini 8 was 1,050 miles away from the Agena, and Armstrong and Scott maneuvered their spacecraft toward it, closing to 150 feet by 5:30 p.m. Forty-eight minutes later, at 6:14 p.m., Gemini 8 docked with the Agena. Suddenly, the docked vehicles began a violent roll in space and the crew was forced to separate their craft from the target vehicle. A stuck thruster caused their ship to begin tumbling uncontrollably at 60 revolutions per minute. "With fuel close to depletion and the crew approaching dizziness and then black-out (with its fatal consequences)," an author would later note, Armstrong gradually stopped the spinning by manually operating the capsule's reaction control system and, under mission rules for an emergency, returned to Earth as soon as possible using their remaining fuel. The astronauts were safely recovered by the destroyer USS Leonard F. Mason at 10:23 p.m. Washington time, less than 12 hours after their departure. The Soviet satellite Kosmos 110 and its two passengers, the dogs Veterok and Ugolyok, returned to Earth safely after having been in orbit since February 22. Having been aloft for 22 days, the canine pair had been in space longer than any other living being up to that time. The U.S. House of Representatives voted 291-93 to approve a bill establishing a single standard across the United States for the beginning and ending of daylight saving time, after the U.S. Senate had approved something similar. The bill, which would quickly be signed by President Johnson, established that clocks would be moved forward an hour on the last Sunday in April, and moved back an hour on the first Sunday in October. Previously, the time was set by individual counties and towns. March 17, 1966 (Thursday) In Hamilton, Ontario, the last Studebaker automobile was driven off of the assembly line and production of the vehicle halted entirely. To call attention to the low wages, long hours and poor working conditions of migrant workers on grape farms, Roberto Bustos led more than 65 of his fellow grape pickers to start a march from Delano, California to the state capital at Sacramento, 250 miles away, with the support of the National Farm Workers Association. Over the next 25 days, the marchers would pass through farming communities to plead their case, and by the time they reached the State Capitol building on Easter Sunday, there would be more than 8,000 supporters present. South Vietnamese General Nguyen Chanh Thi was allowed to return to his stronghold of Huế in his former I Corps, in an attempt by the junta to dampen disquiet over his firing. Around 20,000 supporters mobbed him, shouting and trying to touch him. Died: Don Eagle, 40, Canadian-born Mohawk who became a popular professional wrestler; by suicide. March 18, 1966 (Friday) The first regular trans-Atlantic container ship service was inaugurated as United States Lines dispatched the American Racer from New York to Europe, with a cargo of 50 containers. In Moscow, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, national legislative body for the Soviet Union, passed three laws restricting religious practice. The organizer of an unauthorized gathering, ceremony or group could be fined up to 50 rubles. Violations of the laws of separation of church and state were punishable under Article 142 of the Penal Code by one to three years imprisonment. Finally, the definition of such violations was expanded to include organizing religious instruction to children, and carrying out religious activities that "disturbed public order". Pope Paul VI issued changes in traditional Roman Catholic laws concerning interfaith marriage, repealing the rule that a non-Catholic partner would have to sign a promise to raise children born of the marriage in the Catholic faith, as well as ending the penalty of excommunication of Catholics for unapproved marriage outside the faith. Other requirements, such as having a Catholic priest perform the marriage in order for it to be recognized, remained in place. All 30 persons aboard United Arab Airlines Flight 749 were killed when the plane crashed while attempting to land in Cairo during a sandstorm. The final conclusion would be that a defect in the altimeter caused the crew to misjudge their altitude, and that the right wing of the plane struck sand dunes as it made its approach. Born: Peter Jones, British entrepreneur, in Maidenhead March 19, 1966 (Saturday) Described as "a turning point in modern sports history", the NCAA basketball championship, the nearly all-black Texas Western University Miners team upset the number-one ranked (and all-white) University of Kentucky Wildcats, 72-65, at College Park, Maryland. Texas Western Coach Don Haskins took the unprecedented step of pitting five African-American starters against Adolph Rupp's five-man starting lineup. "Racial myths that believed that an all-black team would descend into chaos without the steady guidance of at least one white player were shattered," another observer has noted, adding, "To remain competitive now required recruiting the best players regardless of race... The players from Texas Western did not pioneer the integration of college basketball, but they did put the final nail in segregated basketball's coffin." The game would be dramatized forty years later in the film Glory Road. Paul Vanden Boeynants was inaugurated as Prime Minister of Belgium, succeeding Pierre Harmel, also of Belgium's Social Christian Party Boeyants was part of a new coalition government formed by the Social Christians and the Liberal Party. At 12:01 Washington time, an embargo against American trade with the white-minority ruled nation of Rhodesia was halted, on orders of the U.S. Commerce Department. Exceptions were made only for humanitarian, educational or medical needs. A preseason exhibition baseball game at the Houston Astrodome marked the first test of Astroturf, a substitute for grass made of synthetic nylon fibers. The Los Angeles Dodgers, who beat the Houston Astros, 8-3, would also meet for the regular baseball season opener on Astroturf on April 18. March 20, 1966 (Sunday) The FIFA World Cup Trophy was stolen whilst on exhibition at the Central Hall Westminster in London. Called "the world's most prized trophy" and insured for £37,000 (at the time, $84,000), the nine-pound, solid gold "World Cup" was taken from a locked and guarded exhibition room at some point between 11:00 and noon, coming in through an unattended elevator. The trophy would be found, unharmed, in a garden on March 20. A 6.8 magnitude earthquake struck near the border between Uganda and the former French Congo, collapsing all but one building in the town of Bundibugyo in the Kabarole District and the traditional kingdom of Toro. The quake killed 104 Ugandans, and another 52 Congolese persons. The quake struck 18 days after Prince Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo was crowned as Olimi III, the Omukama of Toro. The last earthquake in the area had been a few days after the coronation of Olimi's father and predecessor, George Rukidi as Rukidi III of Toro. The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, signed in Geneva on April 29, 1958, entered into force after 22 nations had ratified it March 21, 1966 (Monday) In voting for the 200 seats in Finland's parliament, the Eduskunta, Prime Minister Johannes Virolainen's Centre Party lost its plurality, while the Social Democratic Party of Rafael Paasio gained 17 seats and the opportunity to put together a "popular front" government of the Social Democrats, Centrists, Communists and Social Democratic opposition. NASA announced the crew for the first manned Apollo launch, AS-204, commonly referred to as Apollo 1. Selected for the ill-fated AS-204 mission were Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. Senior pilot White was replacing Donn F. Eisele, who had suffered a shoulder injury. In Lower Manhattan, the Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation began the long-awaited demolition of the first of 26 buildings on "Radio Row" (so named for the many electronics stores on Cortlandt Street and nearby warehouses) in order to make way for construction of the planned Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. In one of the more well-known unidentified flying object incidents of the 1960s, 87 students at a women's dormitory at Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan, along with the county Civil Defense director William E. Van Horn, observed a bright glowing object in the sky that momentarily touched down at a nearby field before departing again. Van Horn determined that the area had significantly higher radiation levels than the surrounding terrain and was contaminated with the element boron. The final original episode of the popular TV medical drama Ben Casey was broadcast on ABC. March 22, 1966 (Tuesday) Led by Lazarus Sakaria and Helao Shityuwete, the first guerrillas of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) crossed the Okavango River from Portuguese Angola into what is now Namibia, referred to at the time as the protectorate of South West Africa, in the first steps of a successful fight to win independence from the control of the government of South Africa; all but one of them would be captured within a few days. The first schedule of the Apollo Applications Program was released by NASA, announcing plans for 45 different launches of Saturn rockets, in addition to the ten manned lunar landings ranging from Apollo 11 to Apollo 20. In Washington, D.C., General Motors President James M. Roche appeared before a Senate subcommittee, and apologized to consumer advocate Ralph Nader for the company's intimidation and harassment campaign against him. March 23, 1966 (Wednesday) For the first time in 400 years, the spiritual leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England met, as Pope Paul VI received the Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, in Rome. The following day, they issued "The Common Declaration", pledging to inaugurate between their followers "a serious dialogue which, founded on the Gospels and on the ancient common traditions, may lead to that unity in truth, for which Christ prayed". Before parting, the two men exchanged rings, and by tradition, "every time an Archbishop of Canterbury meets the Pope, he wears Pope Paul VI's ring" It marked the first discussion concerning unity between the Catholic and Anglican churches since the English Reformation had been completed in 1534 although Ramsey's predecessor, Geoffrey Fisher, had met privately with Pope John XXIII on December 2, 1960. Dutch coaster MV Pegasus sank in the River Tagus at Lisbon, Portugal, following a collision with West German ship Transsylvania. All crew were rescued. At the Writers Guild of America Awards 1965, Herb Gardner, Ernest Lehman and Harlan Ellison were among the winners. March 24, 1966 (Thursday) Israel began its first regular television broadcasts at 12:15 p.m., local time, as Israeli Educational Television transmitted black-and-white programming to sixty designated classrooms. Fifteen minutes after the announced noon start, blank sets "suddenly flickered to life with the single message: 'Educational Television Trust— Channel 8'" Minister of Education and Culture M.K. Zahman Aren then welcomed all viewers. By 1966, there were more than 40,000 televisions in Israel, but most had been receiving broadcasts from neighboring Jordan. Initial programming would be limited two hours each evening, and 25 minutes of late afternoon children's shows. The U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, holding that poll taxes, payment required at one time in 11 Southern states in order to cast a vote, were unconstitutional in elections at any level, because they violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Since 1964, poll taxes had been barred for federal elections (in presidential and Congressional elections) by the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the ruling prohibited their use for state and local elections. By 1966, only Virginia, Texas, Alabama and Mississippi still collected a poll tax. Died: Virginia Hill, 49, organized crime figure and former girlfriend of gangster Bugsy Siegel, of an overdose of sleeping pills. March 25, 1966 (Friday) The Sports Car Club of America debuted the first true road racing series in the United States, the Trans Am Series, starting at the Sebring International Raceway in Florida with the first of seven scheduled races. Officially, the series was referred to as the "Trans-American Sedan Championship", because the races (starting with the "Four Hour Governor's Cup Race for Sedans") would be held across the United States in venues between Florida to California, but it was popularly called "The Trans-Am". Foremost of the 44 drivers in the opener was Indy-car champion A. J. Foyt, behind the wheel of a Ford Mustang, but Austrian Gran Prix driver Jochen Rindt would win the opener. Five members of an international Alpine climbing team became the first mountain climbers to complete the 6,000 foot climb up the vertical wall of the north face of the Eiger in Switzerland. Three days earlier, American team captain John Harlin had been at 11,500 feet when his climbing rope was severed by a rock, and he fell 3,000 feet to his death. Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo, popular first as the Maharaja of the Bastar state in British India, and as a wealthy tribal leader after independence, was shot and killed by local police on the steps of his palace in Jagdalpur. According to the official account, police had been escorting a prisoner to a lockup inside the palace when a riot broke out; as police were firing at a crowd running through the palace grounds, Pravir Chandra came out to see what was happening and was accidentally caught in the gunfire. His adherents believed that he was assassinated on the orders of D. P. Mishra, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. The U.S. Navy's Carl Brashear, who had become the first African-American salvage diver in the navy and who aspired to become a master diver, was severely injured as the USS Hoist was working to recover the American hydrogen bomb that had fallen into the Mediterranean Sea during the Palomares incident. A towing line broke, causing a loose pipe to shatter Brashear's leg, which would ultimately be amputated. Nevertheless, Brashear would pursue his ambition and, in 1970, become the Navy's first black master diver. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mexicali was erected as a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Hermosillo. Born: Jeff Healey, Canadian blues musician, in Toronto (died 2008) March 26, 1966 (Saturday) Protesters in dozens of American cities demonstrated against the Vietnam War. In New York 20,000 marched down New York City's Fifth Avenue after a rally in Central Park, while a crowd of 2,000 paraded down State Street in Chicago. In Boston, about 2,000 protested peacefully until someone in the crowd began throwing eggs at the police and, as MIT Professor Noam Chomsky would later recall, "they cleared everybody away in about three seconds". Marches also took place in Washington, San Francisco, Denver, Atlanta, Oklahoma City, and Hartford. Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen became one of the first major casualties of the Cultural Revolution, when he disappeared from public view after co-writing the "February Outline" and disagreeing with the objectives of Party Chairman Mao Zedong. After being in a coma since having a stroke on February 2, Turkey's President Cemal Gürsel was removed from office by vote of the Grand National Assembly. Four spectators at the 12 Hours of Sebring race in Sebring, Florida, were killed, and four others injured, when a Ferrari car driven by Mario Andretti struck a Porsche driven by Don Wester, sending Wester's car through a fence and into the stands. A man and his two sons were dead at the scene, and a woman died of her injuries at a hospital. Earlier in the race, Canadian Driving Champion Bob McLean, was killed in a fiery crash when he lost control in a hairpin turn and struck a utility pole. After 14 seasons, the ABC television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, the network's third-oldest prime time show, telecast its last original episode. The network brought an end of many of its evening programs that would be considered classics in later years, including Ben Casey, McHale's Navy, The Donna Reed Show, The Addams Family, The Patty Duke Show and Gidget. Starring the family of bandleader Ozzie Nelson, his wife, and their sons David and Ricky, portraying themselves, the TV series had started as a radio show on October 8, 1944. March 27, 1966 (Sunday) Wrapped in newspapers, the missing Jules Rimet Trophy was found South London by a mongrel dog named "Pickles", who was being walked by his owner David Corbett. "I was just taking Pickles for his Sunday evening walk," Corbett told reporters. "We came out of the house into the garden, and I was just about to put the lead on him when I noticed he was sniffing at something on the path" at the Corbett home at Beulah Hill at South Norwood. The find yielded a reward of £10,000 ($17,000). Indonesia's new cabinet lineup, agreed between Suharto and Sukarno, was announced. It included Suharto himself as interim deputy prime minister for security and defense affairs, the Sultan of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as deputy prime minister for economic, financial and development affairs, and Adam Malik as deputy prime minister for social and political affairs, whose job it would be to manage foreign policy. In South Vietnam, 20,000 Buddhists marched in demonstrations against the policies of the military government. March 28, 1966 (Monday) Cevdet Sunay was elected the fifth president of Turkey by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, as the replacement for the incapacitated Cemal Gürsel, and would serve seven years until March 28, 1973. In the case of United States v. Price, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that federal civil rights criminal chargers were not limited to "officers of the State" (state and local government officials), but applied also to any "willful participant in joint activity with the State or its agents". Indictments of 15 of the 18 persons charged with conspiracy to the 1964 murder civil rights workers, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goldman and James Chaney in Neshoba County, Mississippi, had been dismissed because they had been private individuals. That evening, with the indictments of defendants in other cases now upheld, the FBI arrested 13 members of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Jones County, Mississippi for the January killing of Vernon Dahmer. In a kidnapping that would remain unsolved fifty years later, high school senior Daniel Jess Goldman was taken from his home in Surfside, Florida, the day before his 18th birthday. A gunman broke into the home of Aaron Goldman, a wealthy Miami building contractor, at 5:00 in the morning, tied up the Goldman parents, demanded $10,000 in cash and then left, taking Daniel with him and warned them to deliver $25,000 ransom the next day with, warning them, "or you'll never see your son alive again". Danny's car was found the next day in a bank parking lot, but when the Goldmans' were called that night, the person on the other end said nothing and the parents were not called again. As the search continued, police revealed that the kidnapper had told Aaron Goldman, "You don't remember me now, but you cheated me. I'm here to get even." Danny Goldman was never heard from again, and is listed as "presumed dead" by the Miami-Dade Police Department. The case would be reopened by the police in 2012. March 29, 1966 (Tuesday) The 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the first party congress in five years, was opened by First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and lasted for eleven days. The most significant action taken was to create the office of General Secretary of the Party (abolished in 1934), restore the name "Politburo" (which had changed to "Presidium" under Joseph Stalin) to the highest level of leadership over the Party, and to reduce the number of Politburo members from 25 to 11. In a fight for the world heavyweight boxing championship, George Chuvalo of Canada became the first challenger to go a full 15 rounds against champion Muhammad Ali, who had a 22-0 record in professional boxing. Chuvalo, who had a record of 34-11 (and two draws) and had never been KO'd, "absorbed every punch" in front of 13,540 fans in Toronto, but lost a unanimous decision (73-65, 74-63 and 74-62) by the judges. Afterwards, Ali praised Chuvalo, commenting that "George's head is the hardest thing I ever punched... I had to back off because he's so strong and you just wear yourself out against a guy like that." After a week of nationwide labor strikes and rioting by students, the ruling military junta quietly departed the Government Palace in Quito and took refuge at a farm outside of town. Rear Admiral Ramón Castro Jijón resigned as President of Ecuador, along with the other two junta members who had ruled Ecuador since 1963, General Marcos Gandara and General Luis Cabrera. After word of their departure spread, municipal and provincial officials quit and police walked off of the job, while the remaining military commanders sent troops as a show of force in the nation's largest cities until a new President could be selected. Former Presidents Galo Plaza Lasso and Camilo Ponce suggested economics professor Clemente Yerovi for the job. Professor Yerovi was sworn into office the next day at 12:30 p.m., a day and a half after the presidency had been vacant. In what one author would later describe as "a psychiatrist's worst nightmare", University of Texas student Charles Whitman confided to the University Health Center staff psychiatrist, Dr. Maurice D. Heatly, about a recurring fantasy of "going up on the Tower" (the observation deck of the 30-story Main Building that overlooked the campus) "and shooting people". Dr. Heatly scheduled Whitman for a follow-up appointment, but prescribed no medication. Four months later, on August 1, the former U.S. Marine would use his sniper training and shoot 42 people, 15 of them fatally, in addition to five others murdered earlier in the day. "Second guessing Dr. Heatly would have been extraordinarily easy on 2 August 1966," it would later be noted, but there was little basis at the time for an involuntary commitment to a mental hospital. The musical comedy It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre, with music by Charles Strouse and lyrics by Lee Adams, and Bob Holiday in the title role. Despite receiving three Tony Award nominations, the production would run for only 129 performances and close on July 17, 1966. March 30, 1966 (Wednesday) White voters in South Africa gave a comprehensive victory to the National Party, led by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, capturing 126 of the 166 seats. At the time, roughly 20 percent of the adults in South Africa were allowed to vote, while the 68 percent who were black were ineligible. Persons classified as "Coloured" were allowed to vote for the four seats (all uncontested in 1966) that were reserved for their White representatives. Died: Erwin Piscator, 72, German theatre director and producer March 31, 1966 (Thursday) The British Labour Party led by Prime Minister Harold Wilson won the United Kingdom General Election, gaining 48 seats in the House of Commons while the Conservative Party lost 52. The shift increased the Labour Party's majority to 364-253 over the Conservatives, up from a slim majority of 316 seats in the 630 seat Commons. Gerry Fitt of Northern Ireland won the first seat ever for the new Republican Labour Party, while the Liberal Party increased to 12 seats. At 10:47 a.m. UTC, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10 on a three-day journey to be the first to place a man-made object into orbit around the Moon. The deadline ended for the first enrollment in the new Medicare program of health insurance in the United States. References Bibliography 1966 1966-03 1966-03

42446485

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Regional%20High%20School%20stabbing

Franklin Regional High School stabbing

The Franklin Regional High School stabbing was a mass stabbing that occurred on April 9, 2014, at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania. Alex Hribal, a 16-year-old sophomore at the school, used a pair of eight-inch kitchen knives to stab and slash 20 students and a security guard. Four students sustained life-threatening injuries, but all survived. Details At around 7:13 a.m., minutes before classes began, Hribal, wearing black clothing, began stabbing and slashing students in the school's first-floor science hallway. After stabbing several people, Hribal pulled a fire alarm, attempting to bring more students out into the hallway, according to witness testimony and surveillance footage. Hribal, who witnesses said looked "emotionless" during the attack, wounded 20 students and a security guard before he was subdued by Sam King, the school's assistant principal, with the help of student Ian Griffith. While he was being restrained by King, Hribal reportedly refused to drop the knives, saying, "My work is not done. I have more people to kill." Aftermath A total of 22 people, including Hribal, were injured during the rampage. Officials said Hribal did not appear to have targeted any specific person. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) treated twelve patients. UPMC officials stated that two boys were in critical condition, two boys were in serious condition, and a boy and two girls were in fair condition. One victim was placed on a ventilator after a knife pierced his liver, while another suffered an open wound to the face that required 11 sutures. The teenage victims ranged in age from 14 to 17. Eight other patients were taken to Forbes Regional Hospital in nearby Monroeville. Several of those victims suffered serious injuries, including "deep wounds to the abdomen," according to hospital officials. In addition to the stabbing victims, two other students suffered unrelated injuries while fleeing the school. Hribal was treated for injuries to his hand. On May 18, 2014, Greg Keener, the last of the victims, was discharged from Forbes Regional Hospital. Franklin Regional High School was closed for several days while workers from a restoration company cleaned up. On April 14, classes resumed at the school. On April 9, 2015, Murrysville marked the one-year anniversary of the stabbing rampage. Several local churches held worship services that night. Perpetrator Alex Hribal (born October 1, 1997), a sophomore who has been described as "really shy," was taken into custody after the stabbing as the suspected perpetrator. He has also been described as "quiet," "smart" and as having "a good future ahead of him." He alleged that he was depressed, had suicidal thoughts during the fifth grade, and that those emotions returned while he was attending Franklin Regional High School. He was believed by police to have threatened at least two students by phone prior to the rampage, but neither student was one of the victims. Officials have declared that Hribal was responsible for the stabbing, that he stabbed people in multiple classrooms, and that he used two "straight knives", measuring 8 to 10 inches (20.32 to 25.4 cm), to carry it out. According to testimony, Hribal had begun planning the attack on September 22, 2013. Several items belonging to Hribal were seized from his home, including a notebook with writing in it and a knife holder assumed to have held the two knives used in the attack. A cellphone was also seized from Hribal's school locker, as was a note dated April 6, which read, "I can't wait to see the priceless and helpless looks on the faces of the students of one of the 'best schools in Pennsylvania' realize their precious lives are going to be taken by the only one among them that isn't a plebian ." On June 10, 2014, a warrant was unsealed which stated that Hribal had written a document about the Norse legend Ragnarök, as well as his dissatisfaction with society. The warrant also stated that two students had received threatening phone calls on the day before the stabbing, which were suspected to have been from Hribal. On September 26, 2014, psychologist Bruce Chambers testified that Hribal was inspired by the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, that he identified with the perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, and that he had originally planned to carry out the stabbing on April 20, the fifteenth anniversary of Columbine, but changed the date to April 9, the birthday of Eric Harris, because April 20 fell on a Sunday that year. Prosecution, guilty plea, and sentencing Hribal was initially charged as an adult with four counts of attempted homicide, 21 counts of aggravated assault, and one count of carrying a weapon on school property. On April 25, 2014, Hribal's charges were upgraded to 21 counts of attempted homicide and 21 counts of aggravated assault, after investigators discovered a note written by him that declared his intention to take lives during the attack. In June 2014, Hribal pleaded not guilty to all charges. He waived a formal arraignment. The Westmoreland County Common Pleas Judge Richard E. McCormick, Jr. ordered a mental health assessment for Hribal. In September 2014, while leaving a mental health hearing, Hribal told a news reporter that he was sorry for committing the attack. He was expected to be transferred to Southwood Psychiatric Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after passing a medical examination and psychiatric evaluation, but the hospital refused to admit him, reportedly due to safety concerns. Three psychiatrists testified for the defense, saying that Hribal had major depressive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. They all agreed that he was responding to treatment. A trial date was postponed several times. A hearing was held to determine whether the case would be transferred to juvenile court; victims of the rampage testified about their injuries and urged the judge to try Hribal as an adult. In September 2015, a judge ruled that Hribal must be transferred from a juvenile detention center to Westmoreland County Prison when he turns eighteen years old. In October 2015, this transfer was carried out, and the judge refused to set bail for Hribal, citing public safety concerns. In June and November 2015, testimony statements were given by victims and defense experts in regards to the decision whether Hribal's case should be moved to juvenile court. The prosecution argued that Hribal planned the attack in advance and traumatized his victims and the community, while Hribal's lawyer argued that no one was killed during the stabbings despite the serious injuries inflicted, and that the victims' testimonies indicated they appeared to have moved on. In May 2016, Judge Christopher Feliciani ruled that Hribal would be tried as an adult. On October 24, 2017, Hribal, then 20, pleaded guilty in the Westmoreland County Court of Common Pleas to 21 counts each of attempted homicide and aggravated assault. Defense attorney Thomassey said that the Hribal family wished to spare victims from having to testify and relive the attack at trial. The plea came after Judge Feliciani denied the defense's requests to allow Hribal to plead guilty but mentally ill. District Attorney John Peck stated that he planned to push for a prison sentence of 30 to 60 years, while Thomassey said he will argue for "as light a sentence as I can." On January 22, 2018, Judge Christopher Feliciani sentenced Alex Hribal to serve 23 1⁄2 to 60 years in prison. School security The school was not equipped with metal detectors. Since February 2013, the school district has had 130 video cameras from various schools live streamed to police, explained as a precaution against violent incidents. On May 5, 2014, the school distributed clear backpacks to all of its students, courtesy of Monroeville car dealership, #1 Cochran. School district spokeswoman Mary Catherine Reljac said in a statement that the measure was intended to "bring an added sense of safety and security during the school day as the school community continues to heal". Reaction Following the incident, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett visited Murrysville and held a press conference, giving a speech praising the heroes of the rampage, saying, "There are a number of heroes in this day. Many of them are students. Students who stayed with their friends and didn't leave their friends." He also called April 9 another "sad day" in the country and asked if schools should have metal detectors. Pennsylvania Senator Bob Casey, Jr. released a statement on the incident, saying, "I am stunned by the senseless tragedy at Franklin Regional High School. Our schools should be places where children can learn and grow without fear of violence. I am inspired by the bravery of the school personnel and students, and I am grateful for the heroic work of the first responders, emergency and medical personnel who cared for those injured. My thoughts and prayers are with the victims, their families and the entire Franklin Regional School District." On April 10, U.S. President Barack Obama called Franklin Principal Ron Suvak to tell him that the FBI would continue to assist in the investigation of the attack. See also List of attacks related to secondary schools References 2014 crimes in the United States 2014 in Pennsylvania Attacks on schools in the United States Crimes in Pennsylvania Mass stabbings in the United States History of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Stabbing attacks in 2014 Attacks in the United States in 2014 April 2014 events in the United States April 2014 crimes in the United States Knife attacks

42482722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan%20Horse%20scandal

Trojan Horse scandal

The Trojan Horse scandal, also known as "Operation Trojan Horse" or the Trojan Horse affair, involves claims of an alleged conspiracy that there was an organised attempt to introduce an "Islamist" or "Salafist" ethos into several schools in Birmingham, England. The name, based on the Greek legend, comes from an anonymous letter sent to Birmingham City Council in late 2013, alleged to be from Birmingham "Islamists" detailing how to wrest control of a school, and speculating about expanding the scheme to other cities. The letter was leaked to the press in March 2014. Around a month later, Birmingham City Council claimed that it had received hundreds of allegations of plots similar to those illustrated in the letter, some dating back over 20 years. Tahir Alam, former chairman of the Park View Educational Trust which ran three schools in Birmingham, was alleged to have written a 72-page document for the Muslim Council of Britain in 2007 detailing a blueprint for the "Islamisation" of secular state schools. This document provided guidance about the religious needs and practices of Muslim parents and pupils that would facilitate their integration into schools. It was entitled Towards Greater Understanding: Meeting the Needs of Muslim Pupils in State Schools. Information and Guidance for Schools and is available as an appendix to the Kershaw Report. The introduction of the document states that the "purpose is to promote greater understanding of the faith, religious and cultural needs of Muslim pupils and how they can be accommodated within schools. It also provides useful information and guidance and features of good practice in meeting those needs." The government's Department for Education initially responded to the scandal by banning Alam and 14 other teachers from the teaching profession for life in 2015. Alam remains banned from any involvement with schools, while the bans against 14 other teachers were eventually overturned, dropped and/or dismissed in courts between 2016 and 2017. The allegations against the teachers were set out in the press and in the Kershaw and Clarke Reports. The teachers were barred from responding to the allegations due to confidentiality orders as part of their employment contracts that were binding also after the suspension. The first opportunity to put their case came when professional misconduct cases were brought against them by the National College of Teaching and Learning (an independent agency of the Department for Education, now replaced by the Teaching Regulation Agency) in October 2015 and May 2017 when the case against the senior teachers collapsed because of "serious improprieties" by the legal team acting for the NCTL. In January 2022, The New York Times released an investigative podcast about the Trojan Horse scandal which characterized it as an "Islamophobic hoax" and compared it to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a historical antisemitic hoax. Background Ofsted inspections were undertaken into 21 schools in Birmingham, with the Education Funding Agency (responsible for academy schools) also investigating Park View Education Trust and Oldknow Academy. Ofsted said it had found evidence of an organised campaign to target certain schools by Islamists and that head teachers had been "marginalised or forced out of their jobs". Golden Hillock School, Nansen Primary School, Park View School – all run by the Park View Educational Trust – Oldknow Academy and Saltley School were placed in special measures after inspectors found systemic failings including the schools having failed to take adequate steps to safeguard pupils against extremism. Another school investigated, Alston Primary, was already in special measures. A sixth school was labelled inadequate for its poor educational standards and twelve schools were found needing of improvements. Three schools were commended. Ofsted subsequently expanded their investigation into schools in East London, Bradford and Luton over concerns regarding a limited curriculum and pupils' detachment from the wider community. Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw accused Birmingham City Council of a "serious failure" in supporting schools in protecting children from extremism. Its leader, Sir Albert Bore, said that the Council accepted the Ofsted findings that schools in the city were failing pupils. Birmingham City Council commissioned Ian Kershaw of Northern Education Trust in Newcastle to review the evidence. However, because some of the schools were academies under the responsibility of the Department for Education, the then Secretary of State, Michael Gove, commissioned a separate report by Peter Clarke, the former head of the Metropolitan police's counterterrorism command. The two inquiries shared evidence, with the Kershaw inquiry deferring matters of extremism to the Clarke inquiry. The latter found that there is "no evidence to suggest that there is a problem with governance generally" nor any "evidence of terrorism, radicalisation or violent extremism in the schools of concern in Birmingham", but said that there was "evidence that there are a number of people, associated with each other and in positions of influence in schools and governing bodies, who espouse, sympathise with or fail to challenge extremist views", and that there had been "co-ordinated, deliberate and sustained" attempts "by a number of associated individuals, to introduce an intolerant and aggressive Islamic ethos" into "a few schools in Birmingham". The report found that senior council officials and elected members were apparently aware of these issues, but dealt with them on a case-by-case basis rather than making "any serious attempt to see if there was a pattern", though it is not clear whether this was due to "community cohesion", an "issue of education management", or appeasement. Birmingham City Council imposed a temporary freeze on the appointment of school governors after probes into Operation Trojan Horse were announced. After the Trojan Horse affair, this was replaced by a new duty to promote "fundamental British values". The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, said that "protecting our children [was] one of the first duties of government" and convened an emergency meeting of the Extremism Taskforce and a ministerial meeting to discuss the affair. He announced proposals to send Ofsted to any school without warning, saying that the schools in question had been able to stage a "cover-up" previously. The government terminated its funding arrangement with three of the schools. In the wake of the findings, Michael Gove, the Education Secretary, announced that all schools in the country will have to promote British values of tolerance and fairness and said that teachers will be banned from the profession if they allow extremists into schools. A number of governors and the Muslim Council of Britain dubbed the reaction of authorities to the plot a "witch-hunt". In protest of the investigations, Tahir Alam and several governors of affected schools resigned. As Holmwood and O'Toole show, neither the Kershaw Report nor the Clarke Report gave any attention to the schools improvement policies of Birmingham City Council or the Department for Education. This had been initiated by Sir Tim Brighouse, who had been Chief Education Officer in Birmingham between 1993 and 2002, and was highly critical of the 2014 Ofsted reports and the subsequent inquiries. This included a special concern with the achievement of pupils of Asian heritage, as set out in its "Asian heritage achievement action plan" of 19 December 2003. Indeed, neither the Kershaw Report, nor the Clarke Report asked the question of how a school could be taken over by governors and teachers. Under the academy schools programme, it could only be done with the active involvement of officials in the local authority (including over the transfer of assets to the new trust) and at the Department for Education and it would require an academically successful school to be the sponsor of 'failing' schools. Neither report addressed this, nor did they report any interviews with those officials and the minutes of the meetings that took place among senior leaders at the various schools. Letter The leaked letter on the alleged plot was reported by media including the BBC on 7 March 2014. The letter was alleged to have been written from Birmingham and sent to a contact in Bradford to expand the operation into that city. Its author described the plan as "totally invisible to the naked eye and [allowing] us to operate under the radar". In it, responsibility was claimed for installing a new headteacher at four schools in Birmingham, and it highlighted 12 others in the city which would be easy targets due to large Muslim attendance and poor inspection reports. It encouraged parents to complain about the school's leadership with false accusations of sex education, forced Christian prayer and mixed physical education, with the aim of obtaining a new leadership of Islamists. The letter described pressure being put on the head teacher at Regents Park school, a school judged to be outstanding and "planting the seed of her cheating". The school was one of those identified in the Kershaw and Clarke Reports, but no information about it was provided. The headteacher and deputy headteacher were subsequently found guilty at an NCTL hearing of falsifying SATS tests. Of the schools mentioned by the letter, the account of Adderley Primary School was the more detailed, alleging that an employment dispute at Adderley was part of the Islamic plot's attempt to unseat the head teacher and install a conspirator with the same radical Islamification goals as the letter writers. West Midlands Police and the city council investigated whether the letter was a hoax and the plot had been concocted to support Adderley's school case at the employment tribunal. Four teacher assistants were suing the school for unfair dismissal after being forced out of the school with fake resignation letters signed in their names. Following a forensic report by a handwriting expert for the tribunal that strongly suggested the signatures were fraudulent, Birmingham City Council advised Adderley's leadership not to fight the claims and withdrew the usual indemnity granted to council-run schools. This audit report was later reportedly retracted by the council following the Trojan Horse letter, and has never been published. The New York Times podcast "The Trojan Horse Affair" uncovered this secret document that disproves one of the central alegations of the Trojan Horse letter, that there was a conspiracy against the headteacher of Adderley primary school. The letter also encouraged getting academy status for successfully infiltrated schools, so as to have a curriculum independent of the local education authority. The Times described the letter as "a crude forgery", noting that "The document appears to show that the conspirators were working to remove a primary school headmistress who was actually dismissed 20 years ago". The Guardian and The Independent both stated that the letter is "widely regarded as a fake". However, both the Kershaw Report and the Clarke Report organised their inquiries in terms of the 5-step plan described in the letter and following the publication of their reports, Birmingham City's education commissioner Sir Mike Tomlinson stated his belief that what the letter described was happening "without a shadow of doubt". The controversy started with a disclosure by a former teacher from Park View School, who was later named as Michael White. His complaints were published on 24 February 2014, whereas the 'trojan horse' letter was not sent to the press until 2 March 2014. Authorship Based on interview and research in The New York Times podcast, Serial, the producers argue that most levels of government did not prioritise the identification of the letter's author. They observe that the letter had disproportionate emphasis on events at Adderley Primary School and the letter's timing proved a boon to Adderley's head teacher, Rizwana Darr, in Adderley's contemporaneous employment dispute immediately after an internal audit report had referred the dispute at Adderley to the police, specifically recommending Darr be investigated. Original allegations On 14 April, the City Council confirmed that it had received over 200 reports from parents and staff at 25 schools in Birmingham. Council leader Sir Albert Bore stated that his council had spoken to authorities in Bradford and Manchester, and said that there are "certainly issues in Bradford which have similarities with the issues being spoken about in Birmingham". Concerns have also been raised by the National Association of Head Teachers about schools in parts of East London and other "large cities around the country". Senior Department for Education sources have also been reported as claiming that coordinated attempts to undermine and supplant head teachers have occurred in Bradford, Manchester, and the London boroughs of Waltham Forest and Tower Hamlets. Two anonymous members of staff at Park View School told BBC Radio 4 that school assemblies had praised Anwar al-Awlaki. Although the school describes itself as "multi-faith", there are claims that the Islamic call to prayer is broadcast to the entire school. A senior teacher told inspectors that the solution to all problems would be a global Caliphate under Sharia law. Michael White, a former teacher at Park View School which was mentioned in the letter, told the BBC that the school's governing board had been "taken over by a Muslim sect" in 1993. He claims he was pressured to ban sex education and the teaching of non-Muslim religions, and was dismissed in 2003 after he told prospective teachers to question the governors. In May 2014, the BBC reported that Tim Boyes, the former headteacher of Queensbridge School, had written anonymously to Birmingham City Council in 2010 to try to expose Operation Trojan Horse, and in June a former prospective school governor said that he had informed authorities of the conspiracy in 2008. Reverend John Ray, OBE, and ex-head teacher of a school in Pakistan, resigned as a governor of Golden Hillock School after 25 years. He raised concerns about the governance of Golden Hillock 20 years ago stating that the Trojan horse plot "reveals something, something that is true". Reverend Ray claimed that in the 1990s, when John Major was Prime Minister, he made the government aware of Islamists from Hizb ut-Tahrir becoming involved at his school. Bhupinder Kondal, principal at Oldknow Academy, stated in July 2014 after the publishing of the reports that she recognised the steps illustrated in the letter and that governors had been trying to undermine her since 2009, although the Local Education Authority would not support her. She also said, "It is not just an academy problem, this was happening before we became an academy." In Bradford, teachers reported instances of governors imposing an Islamic ethos. The BBC reported on gender segregation at a state secondary school, Carlton Bolling College, during trips and after-school workshops, as well as boys-only school trips. The school has a largely Muslim governing body. In 2012, head teacher Chris Robinson resigned, having felt that her reputation, integrity and leadership were being questioned by governors. Investigation The Educational Funding Authority, Ofsted, and Birmingham City Council agreed to investigate the letter, although West Midlands Police decided that it was not a matter for them. Michael Gove, the Secretary of State for Education, said that "wider, more comprehensive action" was needed and appointed Peter Clarke, a former senior Metropolitan Police officer and ex-head of the Counter Terrorism Command. to lead the Department for Education analysis of "evidence of extremist infiltration in both academies and council-run schools". Ofsted investigated in 21 schools in Birmingham in March 2014. The Education Funding Authority conducted a parallel investigation. Ofsted subsequently expanded their investigation into schools in the north and south-east of England. They investigated schools in East London, Bradford and Luton over concerns regarding a limited curriculum and pupils' detachment from the wider community. Birmingham City Council announced an investigation into the allegations, estimated to last six months. Ian Kershaw, Head of Northern Education Trust in Newcastle, was named as its full-time special adviser. In May, Mark Rogers, Birmingham City Council's Chief Executive, had a meeting with head teachers of affected schools. Despite calling for secrecy, a hidden recording was sent to The Daily Telegraph, in which Rogers criticised the approach to the conspiracy by Education Secretary Michael Gove and Chief Schools Inspector Sir Michael Wilshaw. He said that the overview report on the matter could trigger "some kind of bloody firestorm" and "may well lead to significant structural proposals" for the city council. Birmingham City Council was already under investigation by Sir Bob Kerslake over problems of governance associated with financial management, looked after children, waste services and issues of equal pay for work of equal value. Kerslake deferred issues of education to the Clarke and Kershaw Reports, but an appendix to his Report provided contextual data on poverty, adult education attainment, unemployment and school performance across comparator cities and for England as a whole. This showed Birmingham to be performing badly on most indicators, but outperforming other cities and the national average for its school results and the proportion of schools graded outstanding. The Kershaw and Clarke Reports provided no data on school performance in Birmingham or of the schools improvement programme which had shaken up schools following Sir Tim Brighouse's appointment. Allegations and investigation findings As noted above, governors and teachers accused in the various investigations were given no opportunity to respond to the allegations and the claims made in the various reports were not subject to independent scrutiny until misconduct charges were brought by the NCTL against teachers associated with Park View Education Trust. Of 21 schools investigated by Ofsted, and 14 schools investigated by the Clarke Report, charges were brought against teachers at just 4 schools. Richard Kerbaj and Sian Griffiths, writing in The Sunday Times, reported that over 100 teachers would be charged with professional misconduct. In the event, just 12 teachers were subject to NCTL hearings, in which they were accused of "undue religious influence", not Islamist extremism. Most of the allegations presented in the Ofsted and EFA reports were not part of the cases against the teachers because they were not believed to be credible by NCTL lawyers. Others were challenged in court before the case against the senior teachers was discontinued. One EFA inspector went on to become educational adviser to Peter Clarke. Her credibility was called into question by the NCTL Panel when discontinuing the case. A detailed discussion of the evidence presented in the NCTL case is provided in chapter 9 of John Holmwood and Therese O'Toole's book on the Trojan Horse affair. Ofsted and EFA allegations Golden Hillock School, Nansen Primary School, Park View Academy – all run by the Park View Educational Trust – Oldknow Academy and Saltley School were placed in special measures after inspectors found systemic failings including the schools having failed to take adequate steps to safeguard pupils against extremism. Another school investigated, Alston Primary, was already in special measures. A sixth school was labelled inadequate for its poor educational standards and twelve schools were found needing of improvements. Three schools were commended. Ofsted expressed concerns about an exclusively Muslim culture in non-faith schools and children not being taught to "develop tolerant attitudes towards other faiths". The inspections found that head teachers have been "marginalised or forced out of their jobs". Ofsted found that the curriculum was being narrowed to reflect the "personal views of a few governors". Teachers reported unfair treatment because of their gender or religious beliefs. Ofsted found a breakdown of trust between governors and staff and that family members had been appointed to unadvertised senior leadership posts Park View Education Trust were found to be in breach of the Education Funding Agreement by failing to promote social cohesion, failing to promote the social, moral, spiritual, and cultural development of pupils, failing to promote balanced political treatment of issues, and failure to comply fully with safeguarding issues concerning criminal records checks. Park View academy had been identified as outstanding in a 2012 Ofsted report, the first school to be inspected under a tougher new inspection regime introduced by then Secretary of State. Michael Gove. Sir Michael Wilshaw, Chief Inspector at Ofsted, had commented at a national conference that "All schools should be like this and there's no reason why they shouldn't be." Park View School At Park View School, Ofsted reported that "students are not taught citizenship well enough or prepared properly for life in a multi-cultural and diverse society". The EFA inspection found a classroom culture which was not welcoming to non-Muslim pupils. It described a "madrassa curriculum" and reported that "posters were written in Quranic Arabic in most of the classrooms visited. Posters were found in the classrooms encouraging children to begin lessons with a Muslim prayer, one saying: "If you do not pray, you are worse than a kafir", and staff reported that loudspeakers were set up in the school to broadcast a call to prayer. The few pupils that elected to study a Christianity unit as part of the Religious Studies GCSE course had to "teach themselves", because the teacher focused on Islamic studies which the majority were studying. The school staff defended the measures stating that the loudspeakers were put up to make announcements in general, not only the Islamic prayer call and that every school in Britain is legally required to provide a collective act of worship, which is usually Christian in nature but in their case was Islamic for which they applied for and received permission. Year 11 pupils about to sit their GCSEs at the school were instructed to partake in an Islamic fast, taking neither food nor drink, to place them in the right "spiritual frame of mind" for the exams. Additionally, students were expected to fast during the month of Ramadan. Some staff at the school expressed fear that neither eating nor drinking amid high temperatures during the 18 hours of daylight in the months of June and July would compromise pupils' health and their ability to learn. It was alleged that the sexes were segregated in the classrooms and boys and girls suspected of being too friendly towards each other were disciplined. The Department for Education inspection found the seating arrangements "often with boys sitting towards the front of the class and girls at the back or around the sides". The annual sports event for boys and girls was scheduled in different days. Girls claimed to have been discriminated against and said some were sent home from a tennis tournament because their dress was too "revealing". Subjects such as Personal, Social and Health Education, Biology and Sex and Relationships Education were bowdlerised to conform with a conservative Islamic teaching. Pupils studying biology were not taught the section of the syllabus about reproduction and the teacher stated when briefly outlining evolution that "this is not what we believe". A former staff member said that one teacher had handed out a worksheet stating that women "must obey their husbands", and told his class that wives were forbidden from refusing their husbands sex. Pupils and teachers from Park View School denied this version of the story, saying that after this assertion had been raised by a boy during a presentation on sexual education teachers organised an assembly where they explained that "marital rape was legally and morally wrong". A former teacher at the school reported that the current head teacher, Monzoor Hussain, expressed "mind-blowing" anti-American views at school assemblies, describing the US as the "source of all evil in the world". In school assemblies, former staff alleged that a senior teacher frequently praised Anwar al-Awlaki, an al-Qaeda recruiter that had been involved with at least three major terror attacks, and referred to non-Muslims as "kuffar", an insulting term for "infidel". The teacher also used school facilities to copy Osama bin Laden DVDs. External speakers were improperly vetted. An extended Islamic assembly for its Year 10 and 11 pupils was arranged with Sheikh Shady al-Suleiman, an extremist preacher who has called on God to "destroy the enemies of Islam", "give victory to all the Mujahideen all over the world" and to "prepare us for the jihad". A teacher from Park View School was reported to the police after he broke into a female pupil's mobile telephone to prove she was having a "forbidden" relationship with a boy. The 16-year-old girl's phone was confiscated by the teacher during a Sunday event and then taken to a shop for its passcode to be broken, and its contents were then examined by the school. Texts and images of the girl with a boy, a fellow Year 11 pupil at Park View, were used to justify the girl's suspension weeks before her GCSE exams. Golden Hillock School Golden Hillock School in Sparkhill, Birmingham, was put under special measures by Ofsted on 5 June 2014, after being rated "inadequate" in all categories. The inspection said that "too little is done to keep students safe from the risks associated with extremist views". The Ofsted report stated that "students' understanding of other religions is scant as the religious education curriculum focuses primarily on the study of Islam" and said there was a "perceived unfairness and lack of transparency" over appointments to the school and that female members of staff had felt intimidated. Governors at the school banned any discussions regarding sexual orientation and intimacy. This affected the teaching of English, Art, Religious Education and Personal, Social and Health Education. Staff were prevented from teaching Sex and Relationships Advice freely as well as aspects of Safeguarding and Child Protection. Forced segregation of the genders was observed at Golden Hillock and was mandated in some departmental policy documents. On 9 June 2014, Lord Nash, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for schools, wrote to Tahir Alam concerning the OFSTED and EFA reports and outlined the actions required by the school. In August 2014, the Principal Hardeep Saini was replaced by an interim principal. Two other senior teachers were also suspended. In July 2015, Ofsted stated that Golden Hillock was still inadequate. At the tribunal held in October and November 2015, Mr Saini was accused of advising a teacher who had been arrested for having extreme pornography to throw his mobile phone into the canal to make sure there was no problem. As of September 2015, Golden Hillock School was rebranded Ark Boulton Academy after being taken over by the Ark Academy Chain. Oldknow Academy Ofsted found that a small group of governors were "endeavouring to promote a particular and narrow faith-based ideology in what is a maintained and non-faith academy". Staff were afraid to speak out about the significant changes. Ofsted stated that the school had failed to protect students from "the risks of radicalisation and extremism". The school's curriculum was deemed inadequate because it did not promote tolerance and harmony between different cultural traditions. The Education Funding Agency (EFA) found that the school lacked a balanced and broad curriculum and saw several subjects marginalised. It found that non-Muslim staff were banned from assemblies in which the children were preached at and told that white women were "prostitutes". Children were urged to join in anti-Christian chants. Exchange visits with nearby churches had been curtailed. The EFA team concluded: "We saw evidence that Oldknow academy is acting as a faith school and is not making active efforts to make the academy attractive to all faith denominations including pupils of no faith." Segregation was found in one classroom with girls sitting at the back with their heads covered. The school had spent £50,000 on three subsidised trips to Saudi Arabia so that pupils could visit the cities of Mecca and Medina in what the EFA described as "an extravagant use of public funds". Pupils and staff stayed in luxury five-star hotels. The contracts for the taxpayer-funded school trips never underwent a formal tender process, and instead a travel firm was used with close links to a current teacher and former director of the school. For three years running non-Muslim pupils and staff were excluded from these trips. Christmas events were cancelled and raffles and tombolas were banned at a recent school fete because they were considered un-Islamic. The summer play was criticised by staff for its "use of musical instruments" and a teacher was observed covering his ears during his music lesson. Some staff members admonished girls not to partake in school extracurricular visits and activities. During the tribunal it emerged that a photo of a white person was shown to students as an example of what Christians look like. Students were also told that it is un-Islamic to have a pet dog. Nansen Primary School Pupils had limited knowledge of any religion apart from Islam. Effective strategies were not in place to deal with extremism and "governance, safety, pupils' cultural development, equal opportunities and the teaching of religious education are all inadequate". Ofsted found that "the governing body has removed some subjects, such as music, from the timetable". Inspectors found that no humanities, arts or music was taught in Year 6 and only "limited" teaching of these subjects in Year 5. The deputy head of Nansen Primary School, Razwan Faraz, leads a group called the "Educational Activists" which he says introduces an "Islamising agenda" in Birmingham state schools. He worked for a charity believed by the US to have links with terrorist organisations. Saltley School and Specialist Science College Ofsted found that the governing body interfered with the running of Saltley School and undermined the work of its senior leaders. It criticised the spending of the school's budget on paying private investigators to investigate the emails of senior staff and paying for meals in restaurants. Olive Tree Primary School The government ordered an inspection of the Olive Tree school following comments by its head, Abdul Qadeer Baksh, that in an ideal Islamic state, homosexuality would be punishable by death. An Ofsted inspection found that the Islamic school, which shares its premises with a mosque, had books in its library with content that had "no place in British society". The books contained fundamentalist views and promoted executions, stoning and lashing as appropriate punishments. Books available to the children included one which advocated parents hitting children if they did not pray by the age of 10 and another which praised individuals who "loved death more than life in their pursuit of righteous and true religion". Additionally, the inspection stated that "there are too few books about the world's major religions other than Islam". Senior leaders did not ensure "balanced views of the world" were taught and that "contact with different cultures, faiths and traditions is too limited to promote tolerance and respect for the views, lifestyles and customs of other people". The school was rated "inadequate". Laisterdyke Business and Enterprise College During the inspection at Laisterdyke Business and Enterprise College in Bradford, a mainly Muslim secondary school, pupils were forced to revise for their GCSE exams outside in the street as staff did not want them to have an opportunity to speak to inspectors. After resisting attempts by governors to impose an Islamic ethos, teachers were suspended and its principal, Jennifer McIntosh, and her deputy, faced attempts to oust them. It was alleged by teachers that the governors sought to hire the Trojan Horse "ringleader" Tahir Alam and model the school on his Park View School in Birmingham. The governors of the school were sacked in April because of inappropriate interference in the running of the school. Clarke Report An investigation ordered by the government found a "sustained, co-ordinated agenda to impose segregationist attitudes and practices of a hardline, politicised strain of Sunni Islam" in several Birmingham schools. However, the report interviewed none of the teachers or governors against whom allegations were made with the single exception of Tahir Alam. It also did not report any interviews with members of Birmingham Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education (SACRE) responsible for the agreed curriculum on religious education taught in local authority schools in Birmingham, and also responsible for approving deterninations of daily acts of collective worship for other than Christian worship. Nor did Clarke report any interviews with schools improvement officers at the local authority of the Department for Education. Indeed, in presenting his charges, Clarke commented that "it is only fair to point out that the Trust disputed most, if not all, of the allegations". The investigation found there to be "no evidence to suggest that there is a problem with governance generally" nor any "evidence of terrorism, radicalisation or violent extremism in the schools of concern in Birmingham", but said there was "evidence that there are a number of people, associated with each other and in positions of influence in schools and governing bodies, who espouse, sympathise with or fail to challenge extremist views". It found that a number of governors and senior teachers had been promoting a form of Islamism or Salafism. The report identified the Muslim Council of Britain and the Association of Muslim Schools as organisations "[stemming] from an international movement to increase the role of Islam in education". This reflects the views of the neo-conservative Henry Jackson Society and included the description of a document intended to provide guidance about the needs of Muslim pupils in state schools as a "blueprint for Islamisation". It was entitled Towards Greater Understanding: Meeting the Needs of Muslim Pupils in State Schools. Information and Guidance for Schools and is available as an appendix to the Kershaw Report. Its intentions are clearly set out in the introduction where it states "its purpose is to promote greater understanding of the faith, religious and cultural needs of Muslim pupils and how they can be accommodated within schools. It also provides useful information and guidance and features of good practice in meeting those needs." Peter Clarke, former counterterrorism chief, conducted the investigation which gathered and examined 2,000 documents and generated 2,000 pages of interview transcripts from 50 witnesses, including former headteachers, teachers, council staff and school governors. He said some of the witnesses had been very nervous and anxious. He found "very clear evidence" that young people were encouraged to "accept unquestionably a particular hardline strand of Sunni Islam that raises concerns about their vulnerability to radicalisation in the future". It described the ideology being promoted as "an intolerant and politicised form of extreme social conservatism that claims to represent and ultimately seeks to control all Muslims. In its separatist assertions and attempts to subvert normal processes it amounts to what is often described as Islamism." He conducted no interviews with governors or teachers who were accused of misconduct, with the exception of Tahir Alam. Nor did he report any evidence provided by school improvement officers at Birmingham City Council or the department for Education. Nor did he report the evidence of the secretary to Birmingham Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education (SACRE) that the scheme of Islamic collective worship at Park View had been in place since 1996 and had been regularly reviewed since then, and that the school was teaching the agreed local curriculum on religious education, despite not being required to do so as academies. This evidence would come to light when the NCTL misconduct case against senior teachers at PVET collapsed because the prosecution had failed to disclose material from the Clarke Report that it had had in its possession since the start of the proceedings. Detailed allegations The report outlined instances of Islamism or Salafism found in the schools. They included: Anti-Western rhetoric, particularly anti-US and anti-Israel; Segregationism – dividing the world into 'us' and 'them', with them to include all non-Muslims and other Muslims who disagree; Perception of a worldwide conspiracy against Muslims; Attempts to impose its views and practices upon others; Intolerance of difference, whether the secular, other religions or other Muslims. Education and curriculum changes The report found there had been changes made to the curriculum and education plans, including increasing the faith component. The choice of modern language teaching had been restricted to the study of Arabic or Urdu at several schools. At Park View, Golden Hillock, Nansen and Oldknow academy, it is alleged that teachers were instructed not to use images in any subject which displayed even slight intimacy between sexes. The investigation found that "terms such as condom, the pill and so forth have been banned" and that governors had insisted on an Islamic approach to subjects, such as Personal, Social and Health Education, science, religious education, and sex and relationships education. Governors also restricted teaching topics which were part of the Department for Education's Prevent strategy, such as forced marriage and female genital mutilation. No evidence was provided to substantiate these claims. Creationism was taught as fact in school assemblies and science lessons at both Park View and Golden Hillock. Children were banned from playing musical instruments and drama lessons were dropped from the schedule. The art curriculum was altered to "remove full faces or immodest images, such as paintings by Gustav Klimt". These claims by witnesses were unsubstantiated. The educational advisers to the Clarke Report did not set out the guidelines applying to religious education and collective worship in schools and no information was provided about the locally agreed SACRE curriculum which continued to be taught in the schools. The school had a determination from the local SACRE to provide Islamic collective worship since 1996. Responsibility for determinations for academy schools passed to the Department for Education, but they put in place no measures for renewing determinations. The Department for Education had also commissioned a report by Ipsos Mori in 2010 into how schools understood their duties with regard to Community Cohesions and Prevent. This showed that most schools conflated the two and did not have teachers trained in the Prevent duty. Park View was more compliant than would be the case for other schools. In addition, Park View had been designated a National Healthy School for its approach to Personal, Social and Health Education. Intolerance and racism The report found evidence of intolerance at several schools toward gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual people, and said that governors and staff exhibited openly homophobic behaviour. Staff wishing to discuss LGBT matters were lambasted by governors. The investigation found that at Anderton Park Primary School, after a white child joined the school, a Muslim parent instructed staff: "get a white chair and white desk and put the white kid in a white corner with a white teacher and keep him away from the others. If that fails get rid of the white kid." A three-year-old in a nursery said that his family were poor because the Jews and Zionists had all the money. Student ambassadors, known as "religious police" by some staff, are appointed at Park View to report "the names of staff or students who exhibit behaviours deemed unacceptable by conservative Muslims". Park View Brotherhood The investigation obtained 3,000 messages, spanning 130 pages of transcripts, of a private WhatsApp discussion between a group of teachers at Park View School called the Park View Brotherhood. The report stated the messages evidenced that the group had "either promoted, or failed to challenge, views that are grossly intolerant of beliefs and practices other than their own". The discussions contained: "Explicit homophobia, highly offensive comments about British service personnel, a stated ambition to increase segregation at the school, disparagement of Muslims in sectors other than their own, scepticism about the truth of reports of the murder of Lee Rigby and the Boston Marathon bombing and a constant undercurrent of anti-western, anti-America and anti-Israel sentiment." The group promoted links to extremist speakers that betrayed "an Islamist approach that denied the validity of alternative belief", and some group members who believed that the murder of Lee Rigby was staged, encouraged other members to promulgate this view. Figures in the group included Park View Headmaster Mozz Hussain, Deputy Head of Nansen Primary Razwan Faraz and Shahid Akmal, the Chairman of Governors at Nansen. In a discussion on 5 February 2014, a teacher at Oldknow and governor at Small Heath School, revealed that the group's favoured candidate had become the head teacher at Small Heath. Nasim Awan, a governor at Springfield, said that the "first agenda item" should be to apply for Islamic assemblies at the secular school. Faraz replied by saying that the new head "has to establish herself with minimum controversy for first six months", also referring to starting an eventual "Islamising agenda", but at the same time ensuring that the new head does not become a "coconut" in the process. Another participant in the discussion said that "JEWS" (emphasis in original) were making websites with false information on the Quran, while Abdul Malik, Deputy Head of Golden Hillock in Bradford wrote "Al-Islam will prevail over all other ways of life. Look at how [the] Muslim population is increasing in the UK." Criticism of Birmingham City Council The report concluded that based on the examination of emails and correspondence: "There is incontrovertible evidence that both senior officials and elected members of Birmingham council were aware of activities that bear a striking resemblance to those described in the Trojan horse letter many months before it surfaced." It said that the council had been aware of the extremist activities as early as the end of 2012, and that discussions had taken place between officials as early as July 2013, half a year before the emergence of the Trojan Horse letter. Yet, "eight weeks after the letter was received there was no systematic attempt to deal with the issue". Instead, the report concluded, the council was focused on community cohesion. It said that there was never a serious effort to ascertain what was happening in school governing bodies, and that council's approach had been described as one of "appeasement and a failure in their duty of care towards their employees". These claims by witnesses were unsubstantiated. The educational advisers to the Clarke Report did not set out the guidelines applying to religious education and collective worship in schools and no information was provided about the locally agreed SACRE curriculum which continued to be taught in the schools. The school had a determination from the local SACRE to provide Islamic collective worship since 1996. Responsibility for determinations for academy schools passed to the Department for Education, but they put in place no measures for renewing determinations. The Department for Education had also commissioned a report by Ipso Mori in 2010 into how schools understood their duties with regard to Community Cohesions and Prevent. This showed that most schools conflated the two and did not have teachers trained in the Prevent duty. Park View was more compliant than would be the case for other schools. In addition, Park View had been designated a National Healthy School for its approach to Personal, Social and Health Education. Kershaw Report The report commissioned by Birmingham City Council and compiled by former head teacher, Ian Kershaw, concluded that school governors and teachers had tried to promote and enforce radical Islamic values and found evidence of extremism in 13 schools. It said that "manipulative" governors had been determined to introduce "unacceptable" practices and to deny students a broad and balanced education. It found evidence that the "five steps" to destabilise a school's leadership, as outlined in the original Trojan Horse letter, were "present in a large number of the schools considered part of the investigation". It said evidence pointed to a group of "British male governors and teachers, predominantly of Pakistani heritage". The investigation, however, did not find evidence of a "conspiracy" to promote "violent extremism or radicalisation" values. Criticism of Birmingham City Council Mr Kershaw stated that the council had been "slow to respond" to allegations in the letter and said there was "culture within of not wanting to address difficult issues and problems with school governance" for risk of incurring accusations of racism or Islamophobia. The report said that the extremism went unchallenged as the council prioritised community cohesion over "doing what is right". Like Peter Clarke, Kershaw seemed unaware that all schools had a duty to promote community cohesion. Extremism The report found that attempts were made to introduce Sharia law in schools. There were posters in schools warning the children that if they did not pray, they would "go to hell". Girls were taught they could not refuse sex with their husbands, and would be "punished" by angels "from dusk to dawn" if they did. Teachers taught the children at Park View Academy that "good" Muslim women must wear a hijab and tie up their hair. In an incident that was referred to counter-terrorism police, a teacher told the pupils at the Golden Hillock school "not to listen to Christians as they were all liars". Another teacher told the children that were "lucky to be Muslims and not ignorant like Christians and Jews". At Nansen School, Islamic religious assemblies were introduced and Christmas and Diwali celebrations were cancelled. The study of French was replaced by Arabic. At the Oldknow academy, children were asked whether they believed in Christmas and encouraged to chant "no we don't" in response. The pupils were told at an assembly not to send Christmas cards and that Mary was not the mother of Jesus. Kershaw revealed to MPs at the Commons select committee on education in September 2014 that at one school "a film about violent extremism" was shown to the children. In fact, this film was a BBC Panorama programme, a copy of which had been made at the request of West Midlands Police, to show at a session they were providing for the school on the dangers of radicalisation. Criticism of the report Russell Hobby, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers said the organisation could not fully endorse the report. He said that its conclusions did not reflect the full reality in schools, and that discrepancies between this and the governmental report were "regrettable and unhelpful". He said that Birmingham City Council had limited its process and terms of reference "in a way which excludes critical evidence", that it had employed "too narrow a definition of extremism" and that the governmental report had reached a very different set of conclusions by accessing a different evidence base. Response Political Prime Minister David Cameron, on a visit to Birmingham, praised his government's swift action in investigating the conspiracy. He said that "protecting our children" was "one of the first duties of government" and convened an emergency meeting of the Extremism Taskforce and a ministerial meeting to discuss the affair. He announced proposals to send Ofsted to any school without warning, saying that the schools in question had been able to stage a "cover-up" previously. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the Trojan Horse plot was driven by the same Islamic extremism as that of Boko Haram, the Nigerian terrorist group. He said that the efforts to instil fundamentalist practices into Birmingham classrooms were based on a "warped and abusive view of the religion". Michael Gove, the Education secretary, announced that all of England's schools would have to promote "British values" of tolerance and fairness and that teachers would be banned from the profession if they allowed extremists into schools. This would be so despite the fact that the previous duty on schools to promote community cohesion had included an emphasis on 'shared values' which were exactly the same values espoused in the new duty. New clauses were added into funding agreements for academies, stating that the Secretary for Education could close schools whose governors do not comply with "fundamental British values". Harriet Harman, the shadow Culture Secretary, urged the Culture Secretary, Sajid Javid, to protect music from being dropped from school curriculums after learning this had taken place at one of the investigated schools. Deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg also backed the investigation, stating that schools should not become "silos of segregation". Later, he was critical of the Conservatives' plan to teach "British values", claiming that it would alienate moderate Muslims. In a letter to Park View Trust chairman Tahir Alam, Education Minister Lord Nash criticised its running of the schools, saying he was "deeply mindful of the need to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and foster good relations". He said the government would be terminating its funding arrangement with three of the schools. Members of Parliament of all three major parties in Birmingham wrote a joint letter for an inquiry. Khalid Mahmood, the Labour MP for Perry Barr, said that the City Council may have known of previous plots, but not acted due to fears of being seen as anti-Islamic. Mahmood, said that he felt that it was certain that "Salafists" were attempting to change the school's secular nature and "split young people away from their parents". He accused Tahir Alam, chairman of the Park View Educational Trust, of "planning this for 15 years" and honing in Birmingham tactics that he had drafted in his 72-page document, published by the Muslim Council of Britain in 2007, on how to subvert schools to fundamentalist Islam. Mahmood told Channel 4 that he did not believe that the investigation was Islamophobic, stating "Over 200 people complaining to the local authority about what's gone on and you can't really claim that it's a witch-hunt". When the reports were published, Mahmood said that scepticism of the original letter could be "put in the bin", but some people still had "their heads buried in the sand". After the reports were published, Liam Byrne, Labour MP for Birmingham Hodge Hill, said that cultural division in Birmingham had been caused by the rhetoric of the government, and "[Birmingham]'s school system is so fragmented it feels at times likes the Balkans". In May, David Blunkett announced that if in government again, the Labour Party would appoint an 'Independent Director of School Standards' with the power to monitor academies: "In April 2014, the alleged Operation Trojan Horse in Birmingham demonstrated the difficulties that have arisen from this 'absence of transparency. The Labour MP for Poplar and Limehouse, Jim Fitzpatrick, warned of a 'Trojan Horse'-style Islamist plot to infiltrate councils in London. He said that "the Trojan Horse in east London was a political one rather than an educational one" and spoke of racial politics taking hold. He noted that in Tower Hamlets, a borough in which 32 per cent of the population is Bangladeshi, the Tower Hamlets First Party, of which the Mayor was a member, had 18 councillors who were all Bangladeshi, and 17 of them were men. Salma Yaqoob, a former Birmingham City Councillor and prominent Muslim spokesperson, began a group named "Hands Off Birmingham Schools" in the aftermath of the inspections, saying that they were influenced by "a climate of political and media hysteria". Political row between Home Office and Department for Education In June 2014, there was a highly public argument between the Home Office and Department for Education ministers about the responsibility for the alleged extremism. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, intervened, requiring that Secretary for Education Michael Gove apologise to the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism head Charles Farr for briefings critical of him appearing in The Times, and Home Secretary Theresa May to sack a close adviser, Fiona Cunningham, known to be in a relationship with Farr, who was found by a Downing Street inquiry to have been the source of a negative briefing against Gove. Unions The National Union of Teachers (NUT) demanded a full review of academies after the letter was revealed, expressing that political and religious groups had exploited the status at thousands of schools to indoctrinate children. The National Association of Head Teachers (NAHT) has also expressed concerns about the scope of the problem in other major cities, whilst advising that there was no "cause for panic". The general secretary of the headteachers' union, Russell Hobby, said the union has found "concerted efforts" by hardliners to infiltrate Birmingham schools, and that it was working with 30 of its members in 12 schools and had "serious concerns" about some of them. Birmingham City Council Sir Albert Bore, the leader of Birmingham City Council, called the original Trojan Horse letter "defamatory" and "hugely difficult to investigate" and offered protection to the whistleblower if they would come forward to help in the investigation. He later said that the Council accepted the Ofsted findings that schools in the city were failing pupils. The council's Chief Executive, Mark Rogers, said that there was no plot, but that "new communities" had raised "legitimate questions and challenges" to the "liberal education system". In July 2014, after the reports had been published, Bore apologised and admitted that the council had ignored Operation Trojan Horse due to "fear of being accused of racism". Schools David Hughes, a trustee at Park View School, claimed that Ofsted's investigation of the school was biased, and dubbed the inspection a "witch hunt". Tahir Alam, a governor at Park View School since 1997, and former chair of the education committee of the Muslim Council of Britain, said that the accusations had been "motivated by anti-Muslim, anti-Islam sentiment". The Muslim Council of Britain also described the investigation as a 'witch hunt'. Waseem Yaqub, former Head of Governors at Al-Hijrah school, called it "a McCarthy-style witch-hunt" and that the letter was used by councillors "to turn on [Muslims] and use Muslims as scapegoats". Helena Rosewell, a music teacher at Park View for 15 years, stated that her "blood [was] boiling" when investigations started at the school. However, she admitted that senior staff had warned her not to let pupils dance to pop or Bollywood music. Assistant principal Lee Donaghy, a self-declared agnostic, said that the school was achieving more by "accommodating" Muslim practices, but called it "pernicious" the idea "that people running the school are trying to force more religion on these kids than the parents want". On reaction to Gove's call for British values in schools, the Muslim Council of Britain expressed fear that it would effectively bar conservative Muslims from becoming school trustees or governors. Governors resigned from Saltley School in protest after the Ofsted findings were released, stating that they doubted the inspectors' impartiality. Tahir Alam, chair of governors at Park View and labelled by some newspapers as the "ringleader" of Operation Trojan Horse, resigned alongside all of his board of trustees on 15 July. He denied all allegations against him. Media Media coverage of Operation Trojan Horse was varied. Andrew Gilligan of The Daily Telegraph wrote extensively on the episode. He criticised the approaches to the story by the BBC and The Guardian, which he claimed were unduly biased in favour of the schools. Pieces in The Guardian included criticism of the academy system, and demands that all state schools be made secular. The latter piece concluded that in the present system, the schools investigated could have registered themselves as faith schools and been allowed to teach Islamic values with permission from the state. The Guardian also analysed Michael Gove's book on combatting Islamist terror, Celsius 7/7, pointing out that a chapter is titled "The Trojan Horse". The Guardian also revealed that West Midlands Police was investigating whether the alleged plot was a hoax concocted to support one of the schools named in the plot, Adderley primary school, in an industrial dispute. In July 2014, Channel 4's investigative programme Dispatches aired an episode titled "No Clapping in Class" on the issue of faith schools. It interviewed Mohammed Zabar, a Muslim parent who wrote to the Prime Minister in December 2013 about the lack of cultural balance in the curriculum at his daughter's school, Oldknow. A member of staff at Park View also alleged that the school had handed out worksheets stating that wives can not refuse to have sex with their husbands, a claim that the school denied. The show also found evidence of unregistered Haredi Jewish schools in London, which an ex-pupil claimed were not teaching a balanced curriculum. A play about the Trojan Horse affair and the injustices at its heart by LUNG Theatre (Helen Monks, co-writer; Matt Woodhead, co-writer and director) won the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2018 and began a national tour in October 2019. In January 2022, a new podcast by The New York Times, The Trojan Horse Affair, cast many doubts on the multiple investigations and the version of events that emerged. Across eight episodes, journalists Brian Reed and Hamza Syed sought to discover the author of the anonymous letter that triggered the scandal. Adderley primary school is at the centre of the podcast's investigations. Daily Mirror exposé An undercover reporter working for the Daily Mirror posed as a wealthy businessman and potential client of the training firm Exquisitus, a firm owned by Shahid Akmal, the chairman of governors at Nansen Primary School. The reporter recorded a series of meetings with him which the Mirror alleged exposed Akmal as a "sexist, racist bigot". Akmal was recorded saying that "white women have the least amount of morals" and since women were "emotionally weaker" than men, their role was to look after children and the home. Akmal criticised female politicians, saying: "She has to sacrifice her family, she has to sacrifice her children, she has to sacrifice her husband, all in the name of equality." He claimed that girls should be taught cooking and sewing while boys should be taught trades. He claimed that white children were lazy. He said that the "colonial blood" within white people was "very difficult to get rid of that very quickly", as British people "still think they rule half the world". Akmal said that jailing gay people and adulterers was a "moral position to hold" and that they should be exiled from the community. He said "man-made" British laws were "very confusing", unlike those "given by God", which were fair. Reinstatement of headteachers The headteacher of Oldknow Academy, Bhupinder Kondal, handed in her notice in January 2014. Ms. Kondal alleged she had been the victim of undue and unlawful pressure to resign her position by both parents and governors. The previous trustees of the academy having been replaced, she withdrew her resignation and returned to her post on 19 August 2014. Speaking after withdrawing her resignation, Ms. Kondal said: "The pressures outlined in the Trojan Horse letter are very real and it mustn't be allowed to happen again." Shabina Bano, chair of the Oldknow Academy Parents' Association, said parents would welcome Ms. Kondal back because they wanted Ms. Bano had previously been highly critical of the terms of the inspections of the school, claiming that "[My children] never knew words like radicalisation, but have now been exposed to them." Bhupinder Kondal left the school again shortly after. Other In 2017, the academic scholars Therese O'Toole and John Holmwood, who served as an expert witness in the professional misconduct cases, described the Trojan Horse affair as a "false narrative" spread by a hostile British press which led to "a serious miscarriage of justice" against the teachers, drawing comparisons to the Hillsborough affair. Aftermath In May 2015, the National Association of Head Teachers' annual conference heard that the problems associated with Operation Trojan Horse persisted, and there were claims that teachers had received death threats for attempting to dissuade students away from homophobia. Responding to those claims, Education Secretary Nicky Morgan said that there was no place for extremism in education, and there was still more work to be done to eradicate it. "This is a reminder that this is a serious issue and something that is not going to be solved overnight. We have taken action to remove and continue to take action to remove people from being in schools who don't follow British values." National College of Teaching and Leadership (NCTL) hearings The first opportunity for teachers to challenge the claims came when hearings against them for professional misconduct brought by the NCTL were begun in September 2015 over a year after the story about the affair first broke. Case hearings in July and August 2015 took place to establish the nature of the charges to be put and evidence to be submitted (in the case of the senior teachers at PVET, the evidence file expanded from around 1,000 pages to 6,000 pages between the two meetings). No charges of extremism were put forward, only charges associated with 'undue religious influence'. This was after the government had cited the Trojan Horse affair as justification for its new plans to counter extremism. The hearings were expected to be concluded quickly, but continued through until May 2017. The rush to set up the hearings in July and August 2015 (prior to the Conservative Party conference in September) provided little time for the preparation of the case for the defence prior to the start of the hearings in contrast to the long-drawn-out nature of the proceedings once they had started. Arrangements for the hearings were deeply unsatisfactory, with four separate cases brought against different groups of teachers associated with PVET and one other school, Oldknow Academy (which it transpired had a Memorandum of Understanding with PVET, signed at the behest of the Department for Education). Three cases against junior teachers were heard separately from that against the senior leadership team at PVET. The drawn out nature of the cases meant that there were no journalists present to report the detailed rebuttal of claims indicated above, for example of banning Christmas celebrations, or teacher handouts promoting the obligations on wives to consent to sex with their husbands. The hearings dramatically came back into media attention in October 2016 after one of the hearings that had concluded with guilty verdicts against two teachers went to the High Court on appeal. The findings were quashed on grounds of serious procedural irregularities. Mr Justice Phillips declared that evidence for the defence presented in the hearing against the senior leadership team should have been made available to the defendants in the other case. A further comment by Mr Justice Phillips is noteworthy. At paragraph 37 of his judgement, he writes that The charge of failure to disclose documents from the main hearing against senior teachers in other hearings, however, indicated a possibility of a similar failure on the part of NCTL to fulfil its obligations of disclosure in the hearing against senior leaders. The Panel had been ready to announce its decision in the case on 23 December 2016, but an urgent application for disclosure, relating, in part, to transcripts associated with the Clarke Report, was made by defence lawyers on 24 November 2016. Media reporting expressed alarm that the transcripts were those of 'whistleblowers' who had provided statements under terms of confidentiality. However, what was at issue also included other documents outside the Clarke Report that had potentially been relevant to the case. Altogether the documents that were deemed to be relevant amounted to about 1600 pages. As set out in the Panel Report, this included evidence an inspector from the EFA Report who had acted as adviser to the Clarke Report about the circumstances of the EFA inspections where the Panel proposed that "no doubt it would be argued that this further undermined her credibility and the reliability of her evidence" (see paragraphs 124/125 of the Panel's justification of discontinuing). There was evidence from officials at the Department for Education responsible for managing the incorporation of schools into PVET, as well as initiating a memorandum of agreement between PVET and Oldknow (paragraph 123). It also included evidence from then secretary to Birmingham SACRE, given to the Clarke inquiry but not reported by him, which "conflicts with the evidence of NCTL witnesses who had been saying that it was wrong for collective worship to be solely about Islam when a school had a determination but [the secretary] who had been with SACRE for 9 years, said it was acceptable" (paragraph 125). Initially, the failure to disclose the transcripts was explained as a "departmental misunderstanding", albeit one, according to the Panel, where, "even on that basis such failure was simply unacceptable". However, it transpired that, just before the Panel was due to rule on 3 May 2017 on an application by the defence lawyers to discontinue, the NCTL presented a note from their solicitors. This stated that, on 14 October 2014, they had received "25 of the Clarke transcripts to include transcripts of 10 interviewees who went on to be witnesses for the NCTL in these proceedings. This pre-dated by approximately months the date on which the witness statements were signed and finalised". This led the Panel to conclude that the matter had not been a misunderstanding, but that the transcripts were "deliberately withheld from disclosure". In consequence, the Panel judged that the matter was "an abuse of the process which is of such seriousness that it offends the Panel's sense of justice and propriety. What has happened has brought the integrity of the process into disrepute". The case against the senior leaders was discontinued, as were the remaining two cases in July 2017. Unlike the teachers, the lawyers involved in serious impropriety were not subject to professional misconduct charges despite the cost of the hearings. Teachers lost their livelihoods and a community had its reputation besmirched, yet their defence was neither fully heard nor reported. Government officials and policy advisers, as well as journalists previously involved in the case, rushed to announce that the cases had collapsed on a 'technicality'. For example, the co-head of the security and extremism unit at Policy Exchange (the conservative think tank that had advised Michael Gove's schools programme), Hannah Stuart, and its head of education, John David Blake, proposed that, "non-disclosure of anonymous witness statements from the Clarke inquiry was described as an 'abuse of process', and that is deeply unfortunate, but this falls short of an exoneration. The decision to discontinue disciplinary proceedings was based on procedural grounds – not on a shortage of evidence". No mention was made of the fact that allegations of extremism had not been any part of the charges against teachers. Jaimie Martin, former special adviser at the Department for Education, wrote that "it is important to note as [the teachers] were not tried for the charges, they were therefore not cleared of them", and that "people who downplay the seriousness of Trojan Horse, claiming those involved exhibited 'mainstream' Islamic views, are guilty not only of stunning naivety, but of a dangerous error". The academic scholar John Holmwood, who served as an expert witness in the professional misconduct case brought against the senior teachers at Park View Educational Trust, wrote a book with scholar Therese O'Toole about the Trojan Horse affair, Countering Extremism in British Schools? The Truth about the Birmingham Trojan Horse Affair (2017). They described the Trojan Horse affair as a "false narrative" spread by a hostile British press which led to "a serious miscarriage of justice" against the teachers, drawing comparisons to the Hillsborough affair. See also Islamism in the United Kingdom Al-Madinah School, Muslim academy investigated in 2013 over allegations of discrimination and subsequently shut down Sharia patrols (London), vigilante gang convicted in 2014 of violently enforcing Islamic principles in East London References External links Google search for relevant news links Collated Operation Trojan Horse News at ITV News Islamic education in the United Kingdom 2014 in England Islam-related controversies Education in Birmingham, West Midlands Education in Bradford Education in Luton Islam in England Islamophobia in the United Kingdom Conspiracies Birmingham City Council

42547783

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201966

May 1966

The following events occurred in May 1966: May 1, 1966 (Sunday) For the first time in the Vietnam War, the United States attacked Cambodia, after the U.S. 1st Infantry Division came under mortar fire while patrolling in the Tây Ninh Province along South Vietnam's border with the neutral nation. When it was determined that the shelling was coming from the other side of the Cai Bac River that separated the two nations, Lt. Col. Richard L. Prillaman of the 2nd Infantry invoked the right of self-defense within the rules of engagement, and fired shells across the river into a Viet Cong position on the other side. Nicholas Piantanida, an American amateur parachute jumper, was fatally injured while attempting to break the world parachute altitude record. Secured inside a small Styrofoam-insulated gondola, he began his ascent for a planned supersonic free fall from over 120,000 feet. Ground controllers listening to the communications link with the Strato Jump III were startled by the sound of rushing air and a sudden, cut-off call over the radio to abort, Piantanida's oxygen mask having depressurized at about the 57,000-foot mark. Ground controllers immediately jettisoned the balloon at close to — higher than the cruising altitude for commercial jets — and Piantanida's gondola took 25 minutes to parachute to the ground, near Lakefield, Minnesota. The lack of oxygen left Piantanida with brain damage and he would remain in a coma until his death on August 29. Senator Carlos Lleras Restrepo of the Liberal Party won the Colombian presidential election, easily defeating his little-known challenger, lawyer Jose Jaramillo Giraldo. With a margin of 1,891,175 votes against the 742,133 for Jaramillo, Lleras Restrepo polled 71.4% of the ballots. More than 60 percent of eligible voters declined to participate in the election, the highest ever up to that time. Fantasy novelist Diana L. Paxson staged the first "medieval-themed" event for what would later be called the Society for Creative Anachronism, restaging combat between armored knights, as well as recreating other aspects of festivals in medieval England. The First of May Group, an armed Spanish organization fighting the regime of dictator Francisco Franco, staged its first attack, kidnapping the ecclesiastic adviser for the Spanish Embassy to the Vatican, Monsignor Marcos Ussia. Ussia, taken captive as he was driving to his house, remained missing for ten days, before he was released unharmed on May 11. The Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre was officially opened at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Born: Abdelhakim Belhadj, Libyan politician and military leader, in Souq al Jum'aa, Tripoli May 2, 1966 (Monday) In Dallas, leaders of eight separate American religious denominations opened discussions for an eventual merger of Protestant churches. Meeting in the talks were leaders of the Methodist Church (USA), the Episcopal Church, the United Presbyterian Church, the United Church of Christ, the Disciples of Christ, the Evangelical United Brethren, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Presbyterian Church in the United States, encompassing 25 million members. On May 5, leaders of the eight denominations unanimously approved a document outlining common principles for a merger that would take place between 1970 and 1979. Renfrew Airport, Glasgow's domestic air terminal, ceased operations; the last flight to depart flew a short distance to the new facility, Abbotsinch Airport. The first scheduled arrival was a chartered Vickers Viscount turboprop, flown from Edinburgh by British European Airways, which carried 64 members of the architectural firm that had designed the new facility. However, on April 26, a Royal Air Force plane had mistakenly landed at the new airport after confusing it with the old one. May 3, 1966 (Tuesday) Lurleen Burns Wallace, the wife of Alabama Governor George C. Wallace, overwhelmingly won the Democratic Party primary for the nomination for Governor of Alabama, a guarantee of victory in November in the overwhelmingly Democratic state. By law, George Wallace was barred from serving consecutive terms as Governor, but could continue to be the de facto executive by having his wife hold the office. Governor Wallace would die a little more than two years later, on another primary election day (May 7, 1968) from intestinal cancer. After being treated successfully in 1965, the cancer had recurred only five months after she took office. Prime Minister of Canada Lester B. Pearson narrowly avoided a censure by the Canadian House of Commons, after being accused of perjury for contradicting testimony given by Canadian police in hearings on the Gerda Munsinger sex scandal. The vote, which would likely have brought down the Pearson government and led to the calling of new parliamentary elections, failed to pass, 106 to 133. "Pirate" radio stations Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio commenced broadcasting on AM, with a combined potential 100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England in international waters. May 4, 1966 (Wednesday) The Italian automaker FIAT (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) concluded an agreement with the Soviet government to build a car factory in the Soviet Union, with plans for production of 600,000 small and medium-sized cars annually. Vittorio Valletta, the FIAT President, signed the contract with Minister of Automotive Industries Aleksandr Tarasov, and in 1969, the first VAZ (Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod) automobiles would roll off of the assembly line at the factory, located at Togliattigrad (formerly Stavropol-on-Volga) Center fielder Willie Mays of the San Francisco Giants hit his 512th home run, breaking the National League record held by Mel Ott. At the time, that was the fourth best career record for all Major League Baseball players, but Mays would surpass Ted Williams and Jimmie Foxx by August, to be second only to Babe Ruth. Baseball shortstop Larry Brown of the Cleveland Indians was seriously (and almost fatally) injured after he collided with teammate Leon Wagner during a game against the New York Yankees. Brown and Wagner were both attempting to field a fly ball hit by Roger Maris; Brown suffered multiple skull fractures, lapsed into a coma, and was hospitalized for several weeks. A penumbral lunar eclipse took place. "No perceptible change in the appearance of the moon will be noticed in the areas where this eclipse is visible", a report noted at the time, because the Moon was only entering a part of Earth's shadow. May 5, 1966 (Thursday) The first of three strikes by bank employees in Ireland began, shutting down 900 banks in both the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. These strikes would provide economists with a unique opportunity to study the functioning of a modern economy without access to cash deposits. "Businesses with large cash intakes each day are getting rid of their surplus by making deals with firms that have large weekly payrolls but take no cash. One large brewery has taken on the role of banker for pubs. Saloons are favorite places for cashing cheques", a report during the strike noted. An early settlement would be reached in Northern Ireland, but the strike in the Irish Republic would not be settled until July 29. A second strike, in 1970, would last more than six months, and the third and final one would go for more than two months in 1976. In Game Six of the best-of-seven Stanley Cup finals, the Montreal Canadiens defeated the Detroit Red Wings, 3–2 in sudden death overtime, to win the championship of the National Hockey League. Detroit had won the first two games of the series, and Montreal then won the next four. After 2 minutes and 20 seconds in the extra period, Henri Richard rebounded the blocked shot of Dave Balon and sent the puck past the Red Wings' Roger Crozier for the win. In the 1966 European Cup Winners' Cup Final at Hampden Parkin Glasgow, Borussia Dortmund of West Germany defeated England's Liverpool F.C., 2–1, at 17 minutes into extra time after the game was tied at the end of 90 minutes. Reinhard Libuda hit a "perfectly judged cross" past Tommy Lawrence, who had blocked the first shot at goal. Born: Sergei Stanishev, Soviet-born, Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2005 to 2009; in Kherson, Ukrainian SSR. May 6, 1966 (Friday) Ian Brady, 28, was found guilty on three charges of murdering children, and his partner-in-crime, 23-year-old Myra Hindley guilty of murdering two of the victims, 17-year old Edward Evans and 10-year old Lesley Ann Downey, as the Moors murders concluded. Hindley was acquitted of assisting in Brady's murder of 12-year old John Kilbride. Their multiple life sentences (three for Brady, two for Hindley) were set to run concurrently. Trial had been held in Chester, in the county of Cheshire. South Vietnam's Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ backtracked on the April promise to hold free elections for a civilian government by September, announcing instead that the late September voting would be limited to an assembly that would draft a new constitution. Upon completion of that document, an election for a national legislature would be scheduled, and that legislature would then appoint a civilian government. Until then, Kỳ told reporters in Cần Thơ, the military regime would stay in power "for at least another year". May 7, 1966 (Saturday) In China, Chairman Mao Zedong issued the "May Seventh Directive", declaring that "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals reigning over our schools can no longer be allowed to continue." Starting in 1968, professors, teachers, government bureaucrats and other white collar workers would be moved to rural areas, sometimes for several years, to work on farms in order to "live and labor like peasants"; in their recreational time, they were expected to study the works of Mao and of Karl Marx. The forced labor camps would be referred to during the Cultural Revolution as "May 7th Cadre Schools". Founded by Augustus "Gusty" Spence, the paramilitary "Ulster Volunteer Force" (UVF), based in the Shankill area of Belfast, committed the first of many bombings and assassinations in its campaign "to ensure continued rule by the Protestant majority in Northern Ireland". The UVF's first act was to detonate a petrol bomb outside a Catholic-owned pub in Shankill. Instead, the fire killed Matilda Gould, a 76 year old Protestant widow who lived next door to the pub. May 8, 1966 (Sunday) José Joaquín Trejos Fernández was sworn into office for a four-year term as the new President of Costa Rica, succeeding Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich. Lu Dingyi, China's Minister of Culture and director of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party, was summoned to a meeting of the Party's Politburo, without being informed of the purpose. When he arrived, he learned that the meeting was about him, and he was accused of promoting a "reactionary line of culture", fired, and put under arrest. Died: Erich Pommer, 76, German film producer May 9, 1966 (Monday) The People's Republic of China detonated its third nuclear weapon, and claimed that the bomb contained "thermonuclear material", suggesting that they had developed their own hydrogen bomb. However, meteorologists in Japan said that there was no abnormal atmospheric pressure detected after the blast and that "we don't believe that the latest Chinese device was a hydrogen bomb of a megaton class". China had exploded its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964. Two days later, however, Japanese scientists noted that the radioactive fallout from the test was more than 30 times as great as that from either of the two earlier tests, and American officials concluded that the bomb, estimated to be 120 kilotons, was six times larger than previous weapons. The thermonuclear material in the bomb, which had been dropped from Xian H-6 bomber over the test site, would be determined later to be the isotope Lithium-6; China would successfully explode its first hydrogen bomb on June 17, 1967. The Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India was introduced in the Lok Sabha by Jaisukh Lal Hathi, then Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs, but the bill failed in this first attempt. May 10, 1966 (Tuesday) The South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) outlined its battle plan for liberating South West Africa (now Namibia) from the domination of South Africa. The strategy, which would first be implemented on September 26, called for dividing the Namibian battle theater into several regions, and to concentration on the killing of policemen and the destruction of police stations. At a press conference in New York, Bob Hermann and William D. Cox announced the founding of the North American Professional Soccer League, with plans to play professional soccer during the autumn of 1967 in 11 cities. The league, renamed the National Professional Soccer League, would play in ten cities in 1967, and then merge half of its teams with a rival organization, the United Soccer Association to create the North American Soccer League. Thirty African members of the United Nations demanded that the UN Security Council meet immediately to invoke harsher penalties against the white minority government of Rhodesia. The protest came as three envoys of Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith were in London to negotiate with the United Kingdom. Born: Genaro Hernández, Mexican-American boxer, in Los Angeles, California (died 2011) May 11, 1966 (Wednesday) Real Madrid of Spain defeated Partizan Belgrade of Yugoslavia, 2 to 1, to win the European Cup in the final, held at Heysel Stadium in Brussels. May 12, 1966 (Thursday) Busch Memorial Stadium opened in St Louis, Missouri, four days after the previous Busch Stadium (originally Sportsman's Park) hosted its last St. Louis Cardinals baseball game. The old park's home plate was ceremonially transferred, by helicopter, to the new park; the new Busch Stadium would last until 2005. The new park would also serve as the home of the St. Louis Cardinals NFL team until that team's move to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988. Born: Stephen Baldwin, American film actor, in Massapequa, New York May 13, 1966 (Friday) Radio Peking claimed that five American fighter planes had crossed from North Vietnam and into Chinese airspace, and that the fighters used guided missiles to shoot down a People's Liberation Army Air Force plane over Maguan in Yunnan province, and a spokesman called it an "act of war provocation". Hours later, the United States denied the story, but said that one of its F-4C Phantom jets had downed a MiG-17 in North Vietnam, about 25 miles from the border. The Rolling Stones released "Paint It, Black", which would become the first number one hit single in the U.S. and U.K. to feature a music from the Indian string instrument, the sitar (played by guitarist Brian Jones). Born: Darius Rucker African-American country music singer and former rock music vocalist for Hootie & the Blowfish, in Charleston, South Carolina May 14, 1966 (Saturday) Across the United States, more than 400,000 college students took the draft deferment examination, given at 1,200 colleges and universities, in order to be exempted from being drafted into the United States military during the Vietnam War, while anti-war demonstrations took place outside many of the testing centers. Students were allowed three hours to answer 150 questions in order to see whether they could retain their 2-S draft classification; out of 1.8 million students who were 2-S, one million had registered for the test, which would be repeated on May 21, June 3 and June 24, and the test score and class rank would be evaluated by local draft boards. Turkey and Greece agreed to hold talks concerning a peaceful resolution of the ongoing violence in Cyprus, an island republic inhabited by people of Greek and Turkish descent. Everton overcame a 2–0 deficit to defeat Sheffield Wednesday, 3–2, to win the 1966 FA Cup Final, in one of the greatest comebacks in English soccer football history, played in front of 100,000 people at Wembley. By the 57th minute, goals by Jim McCalliog and David Ford had given the Owls a large lead. In the next seven minutes, however, Mike Trebilcock scored twice for the Toffees (in the 59 and 64th minute) to even the match and Derek Temple scored the game winner in the 74th minute. The 18th BRDC International Trophy motor race was held at the Silverstone Circuit and won by Jack Brabham. May 15, 1966 (Sunday) In Japan, the comedy and variety show Shōten was telecast for the first time. Fifty years later, the show continues to be watched on the Nippon Television Network. The program itself is based on a Japanese form of storytelling humor called rakugo, and features six performers who are posed questions by a host. Over 1,000 troops of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam were airlifted from Saigon into Da Nang to take control of the ongoing Buddhist student rebellion in the South Vietnamese city. and recaptured the area after a day-long battle. Five thousand anti-war demonstrators picketed the White House, then rallied at the Washington Monument. Died: Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, 83, former military dictator of El Salvador, was stabbed to death by his chauffeur, Jose Cipriano Morales, in the Jamastran valley of Honduras, where he had been living in exile. Cipriano's father had been one of the 30,000 people murdered by the dictator's "White Guards" between 1931 and 1944. May 16, 1966 (Monday) The "Circular of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", unofficially known as the "May 16 Directive", was approved by the CCP Politburo, and began a period on nationwide upheaval in the world's most populous nation. The document, reviewed and edited by Party Chairman Mao Zedong, declared a nationwide campaign against "those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and various cultural circles", describing such persons as "counterrevolutionary revisionists" whose aim was to "seize political power and turn the dictatorship of the proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie". A moment after midnight, Britain's merchant marines went on a nationwide strike for the first time since 1911, as 62,500 members of the National Union of Seamen demanded a 40-hour work week and higher wages. At the time, Britain's seamen were "among the world's worst paid" according to the NUS, with a base pay of £27 (equivalent at the time to $39.20) for a 56-hour work week. As workers docked and left their ships, British ports were tied up with as many as 400 vessels and, a commentator noted, the walkout "could achieve what German submarines failed to accomplish in two world wars" and idle the Royal Navy. The strike would continue for two months, ending on July 16. At least 175 people died when the ferry MV Pioneer Cebu capsized in the Philippines off of Cebu Island, after the ship was caught by the winds of Typhoon Irma. Of the 262 people known to have been on board, 130 were saved by a passing motor vessel, the Diana, and taken to Bantayan Island. The legendary album Pet Sounds by The Beach Boys was released. Bob Dylan's seminal album, Blonde on Blonde was released in the U.S. In New York City, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made his first public speech on the Vietnam War. The city of Westland, Michigan was created near Detroit, representing the last area of the original Nankin Township whose sections had been incorporated as the villages (and later, villages) of Wayne (1869), Garden City (1927), and Inkster (1927). In a reverse of the usual sequence of naming places, the new city was named after the local shopping center, the Westland Mall. Born: Janet Jackson, American singer, in Gary, Indiana Thurman Thomas, American NFL running back and member of Pro Football Hall of Fame, in Houston Died: Kamel Mrowa, 52, publisher of the Lebanon conservative newspaper Al-Hayat. Mrowa, who frequently criticized Egypt's President Nasser and other Arab leaders, was shot to death in his office. May 17, 1966 (Tuesday) At midnight, 7,500,000 government employees and private workers in France began a 24-hour strike in protest of the strict wage policies of President Charles de Gaulle. Newspapers did not publish, the state-operated radio and television networks went off the air, telephones ceased to operate, subway trains and buses did not run, garbage went uncollected, and electricity and natural gas were in short supply. Closed also were taxis, barber shops, bakeries, laundries and thousands of factories, and those restaurants that remained open "served only cold meals or just one hot dish" because of a shortage of power. Gemini 9 was awaiting launch with astronauts Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan aboard, when the failure of another rocket, carrying the Agena target that they were to dock with, defeated the purpose of the mission. The $145,000,000 Agena mission was on its way toward an orbit 185 miles above the Earth, when a booster engine on the Atlas rocket swiveled and went "under sustained thrust, but at a down angle" according to the NASA statement. Mafia chief Joseph Bonanno, nicknamed "Joe Bananas", surrendered to federal agents in New York City after being gone for 19 months. Bonanno had vanished on October 21, 1964, the day before he was scheduled to appear before a federal grand jury. Bob Dylan and the Hawks (later The Band) performed at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester. Dylan was booed by the audience because of his decision to tour with an electric band, the boos culminating in the famous "Judas" shout. Three years earlier, in his protest song "With God on Our Side", Dylan had sung "Through many a dark hour/I’ve been thinking about this/That Jesus Christ/Was betrayed by a kiss/But I can’t think for you/You’ll have to decide/Whether Judas Iscariot/Had God on his side". Born: Qusay Hussein, designated successor to his father, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and the second most powerful man in Iraq at the time of his death; in Baghdad. Qusay would be killed in a gun battle with U.S. forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. May 18, 1966 (Wednesday) The Parliament of Canada came under a terrorist attack for the first time in the nation's 99-year history, when a bomb exploded in a restroom a few doors away from the office of Prime Minister Pearson in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings. One person, 45-year old Joseph Chartier, was killed in the explosion. At the time, Pearson was attending the ongoing session of the House of Commons. Afterward, police determined that Chartier himself was the perpetrator. Chartier left behind a notebook at his apartment, saying that his intention was "to drop a bomb and kill as many as possible for the rotten way you are running this country" and added, "Mr. Speaker, gentlemen: I might as well give you a blast to wake you up. For one whole year. I have thought of nothing but how to exterminate as many of you as possible." Other Chartier writings showed that he had calculated that he would have two and a half minutes to light the dynamite fuse, walk from the men's room to the Commons chambers, and throw in his bomb; but that he had misjudged the amount of time. Mame, a musical based on the 1955 novel Auntie Mame, opened on Broadway and began a run of 1,508 performances over the next three and a half years. With music and lyrics by Jerry Herman, Mame starred Angela Lansbury in the title role, and Bea Arthur portrayed Vera Charles, a role for which Arthur would win a Tony Award. The musical would close on January 3, 1970. The 1966 Giro d'Italia bicycle race began in Monte Carlo. The race to Trieste would be won on June 8 by Gianni Motta The 1966 European Judo Championships were held in Luxembourg. May 19, 1966 (Thursday) The XB-70 Valkyrie strategic bomber became the first vehicle to hold a sustained speed (more than half an hour) in excess of Mach 3. Literally moving faster than a speeding bullet, at three times the speed of sound, the six-engine jet aircraft was flown at its "triplesonic" speed of more than 2,000 miles per hour for 32 minutes by test pilot Al White of North American Aviation, and his co-pilot, USAF Colonel Joe Cotton. Friction from the air heated the outside of the aircraft to 620 degrees Fahrenheit. As the plane returned to Edwards Air Force Base in California, the two pilots discovered that the landing gear would not lower because of a short circuit; Colonel Cotton reportedly "used a paper clip to short circuit an electrical terminal" to lower the gear, sparing the crew from having "to bail out and abandon the $500 million craft". The Dissolution Honours List, issued by the outgoing UK government, included 12 new life peers. Leroy Grumman retired as chairman of Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co. Died: Alirio Ugarte Pelayo, 43, Venezuelan politician who was preparing to form his own political party as a presidential candidate. Ugarte, who had been suspended from the URD after being the front-runner for their nomination, invited reporters to his home for a press conference, but when the journalists arrived, they found him dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Theodore F. Green, 98, U.S. Senator for Rhode Island from 1937 to 1961; he was known as "The Grand Old Man of the Senate" because he was 69 when he took office, and served until age 93. At the time, Green was the oldest person to have served in the U.S. Senate, a record later broken by Strom Thurmond, who was 100 when his term as U.S. Senator from South Carolina expired in 2003. May 20, 1966 (Friday) Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was sworn in for his fourth term as President of the Republic of China after having been forced to flee to Taiwan from mainland China during his first term. The Kingdom of Buganda had existed as an autonomous traditional monarchy within the Republic of Uganda, and was governed by former Ugandan President Edward Mutesa, under the regnal name King Mutesa II, along with a parliament of chiefs, the Lukiiko, in the capital at Mengo. The Lukiiko passed a resolution to declare the Ugandan central government to be an illegal occupier, and demanded that it remove itself from Bugandan soil without taking into account that the little kingdom had no military power to enforce the resolution and, in the process, gave Ugandan President Milton Obote a reason for military intervention a few days later. The 1966 Cannes Film Festival concluded with Faraon, directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. Born: Mindy Cohn, American child actress best known as "Natalie" on the television show The Facts of Life, in Los Angeles Joey Gamache, American professional boxer and former world lightweight champion, in Lewiston, Maine May 21, 1966 (Saturday) In Northern Ireland, the Protestant Ulster Volunteer Force issued its "declaration of war" against the Roman Catholic Irish Republican Army, a statement that appeared in Belfast newspapers. "From this day we declare war against the IRA", UVF Chief of Staff William Johnston wrote. "Known IRA men will be executed mercilessly and without hesitation. We will not tolerate any interference from any source and we solemnly warn the authorities to make no more speeches of appeasement." A sentry for the Army of Cuba was shot and killed by a U.S. Marine guard firing from the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. Cuban radio identified the dead man as Luis Ramirez Lopez. The U.S. Department of Defense acknowledged the shooting three days later, and said that the Marine guard had told investigators that the Cuban sentry had been an intruder inside the base's fence, and had ignored a warning shot. The Marine, not identified, told his superiors that he had fired again and thought he had wounded the sentry, who, despite being wounded, "was able to surmount the fence and leave the area". The Broadway production of The Subject Was Roses, starring Jack Albertson, Irene Dailey and Martin Sheen, closed after 832 performances, two Tony Awards and one Pulitzer Prize. Albertson and Sheen would reprise their roles for the 1968 film adaptation, for which Albertson would win an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. May 22, 1966 (Sunday) The 271st and final episode of the television legal drama Perry Mason was shown on CBS, bringing an end to a nine-season run that featured Raymond Burr in the title role. The Case of the Final Fade-Out included an uncredited appearance by Erle Stanley Gardner, the author who created the Perry Mason series of books, as a judge presiding over Mason's final murder defense. Members of the production crew appeared in cameo roles portraying the production crew for a fictitious TV series. At the Tūrangawaewae marae in Ngāruawāhia, New Zealand, Princess Piki Mahuta was crowned as Te Atairangikaahu, the first Māori Queen, and the sixth traditional Maori monarch overall in a line of secession that began in 1857. The 1966 Formula One season opened with the Monaco Grand Prix, which was won by Jackie Stewart. Died: Tom Goddard, 65, English cricketer, fifth-highest first-class wicket taker Pat O'Malley, 75, American film actor May 23, 1966 (Monday) The conflict between Cuba and the United States naval base at Guantánamo Province escalated as six Cuban soldiers and an unreported number of U.S. Marines exchanged gunfire at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. According to the U.S., the Cuban soldiers had slipped through the boundary fence and onto the base, and then opened fire. Nobody on either side was wounded. Justice Hugo Black delivered the opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court in Mills v. Alabama, striking down, as unconstitutional, an Alabama court ruling that had held that the printing of a newspaper editorial on an election day could be punishable as a crime. The case arose from the arrest of James E. Mills, the editor of the Birmingham Post-Herald, on November 6, 1962, for urging Post-Herald readers to vote in favor of a measure to reorganize the city government. Black noted that such an interpretation "muzzles one of the very agencies the framers of our Constitution thoughtfully and deliberately selected to improve our society and keep it free." Born: Graeme Hick, Rhodesia-born England cricketer, in Salisbury (now Harare) H. Jon Benjamin, American actor and comedian, in Worcester, Massachusetts Died: Prince Demchugdongrub, 64, Mongol Chinese politician and puppet ruler who had been chairman of the Mongolian military government that led Inner Mongolia in a secession from China in 1938 during the invasion by Japan, and later was the ruler of the Japanese-sponsored Kingdom of Mengjiang from 1939 to 1945, when Inner Mongolia was reincorporated into China. Alvin Langdon Coburn, 84, American photographer May 24, 1966 (Tuesday) The entire 29-man crew of the New Zealand collier MV Kaitawa drowned after the ship foundered in a storm, off Cape Reinga. Wreckage washed ashore the following day, including the remains of a lifeboat, and life jackets that the crew was not able to don in time. It was the worst sea disaster in New Zealand in almost 60 years, when the passenger ferry ran aground near Wellington on February 12, 1909. On orders of Uganda's President Obote, troops led by Colonel Idi Amin Dada invaded the Bugandan capital of Mengo to attack the Lubiri, palace of the King Mutesa II, the Kabaka (paramount chief) of the rebellious traditional kingdom. Outnumbered, the 120 royal bodyguards defended the palace for twelve hours while Mutesa II escaped. Amin then carried out the elimination of "all living creatures that did not leave the palace in time", whether elderly or young, and the destruction of the traditional relics— "drums, spears, crowns, insignia, stools, and so on". Mutesa, who had sneaked out during a rainstorm, was sheltered by two families, then spirited out of the country to neighboring Burundi. He eventually settled in the United Kingdom. Colonel Amin would stage a military coup in 1971, deposing Obote to become the new President. Nigeria's President Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi issued "Decree Number 34", abolishing the system of prior system of autonomous Northern, Eastern and Western Regions that composed the Federal Republic of Nigeria and declaring a unified government. "Nigeria ceases to be what has been described as a federation", General Ironsi said in a radio broadcast. "It now becomes simply the Republic of Nigeria." The decree would prove to be his undoing, and Ironsi would be overthrown two months later. Errol Wayne Noack, a 21 year old Australian Army Private, became the first Australian National Service draftee to be killed in the Vietnam War, only ten days after he had arrived, and would become a symbol for the Australian anti-war movement. Private Noack was the victim of friendly fire, shot by members of another platoon of the 5th Battalion after being mistaken for an enemy combatant. May 25, 1966 (Wednesday) Along with six of her colleagues from the Department of Philosophy at Beijing University, Professor Nie Yuanzi entered the university's dining hall at 2:00 p.m. and placed the first of the "big-character posters" (ta tzu pao or dazibao) on the wall, unleashing what would be a wave of similarly-styled criticisms by Chinese students. In large Chinese characters, the first of the posters was headlined "What the Peking University Committee Is Doing in the Cultural Revolution". Within the text, she accused Vice-Chancellor Lu P'ing and the Committee of undermining the Revolution by suppressing the student movement toward reform. Universities tried to suppress big-character posters in general, but on June 1, Chairman Mao would endorse the campaign, directing the youths of China to expose anyone believed to be a "counter-revolutionary". The Soviet government delivered a diplomatic note to Israel's embassy in Moscow, with a warning that the Soviets were aware of Israel's massing of forces along its northern borders. The note included the warning that "we hope that the Israeli government would not allow external forces to determine the fate of its people and country." Five years after President John F. Kennedy's call for a commitment of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the earth", NASA unveiled the prototype of the machine that would take astronauts there. At tall (equivalent to a 30-story building) the Saturn V rocket was larger than any predecessor, and three times as powerful as the Titan II GLV rocket used in the Gemini program. Died: Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee, 76, Chief of Staff of the Australian Army during World War II May 26, 1966 (Thursday) At midnight, the colony of British Guiana was granted independence as the nation of Guyana, with Forbes Burnham as its first Prime Minister. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and the Duchess of Kent appeared on behalf of Queen Elizabeth. A new Learjet 24 completed a round-the-world flight, landing at the Lear Jet company airfield near Wichita, Kansas at 11:31 a.m., 66 hours and 19 minutes after its departure from Wichita almost three days earlier. The flight was a promotion "to demonstrate the versatility of the plane for world-wide business use". " In the annual U.S. presidential proclamation of the last Monday in May as Memorial Day, President Johnson pledged that the United States would not pull out of the Vietnam War until victory had been achieved. "This nation has never left the field of battle in abject surrender of a cause for which it has fought", Johnson wrote. "We shall not do so now. We shall see this through." On the same day, the United States military command announced that the number of American casualties in Vietnam in the week of May 15–21 marked the highest up to that time in the war, with 146 Americans killed and 820 wounded. The 966 casualties was 36% higher than the previous record of 710 in the week of November 14–20, 1965, when 86 were killed and 565 wounded. Born: Helena Bonham Carter, English film actress, in Hampstead, London Zola Budd, South African runner and one-time women's 5,000 meter world record holder Died: Don Castle, 47, American film actor and television producer, of an accidental overdose of pain medication May 27, 1966 (Friday) Rafael Paasio replaced Johannes Virolainen as Prime Minister of Finland and, for the first time since 1948, included members of Finland's Communist Party in the government. The Communist government ministers had been invited to join in order for the coalition government to win two-thirds majority approval by the 200-seat Finnish Parliament, where Paasio's Social Democratic party had a plurality with only 55 seats, compared to the Centrists' 49 and the Communists' 26. After getting lost during a training mission and running out of fuel, French Air Force pilots safely ejected from, and allowed to crash, six Mystère IV jet fighters, worth $600,000 apiece. At the time, the squadron of planes was only ten minutes away from either the Naval Station at Rota or the Morón Air Base, both operated jointly by Spain and the United States. The six planes crashed in the sparsely populated countryside in western Spain near the frontier with Portugal. Born: Heston Blumenthal, English celebrity chef, in London Titi DJ (Titi Dwijayati), Indonesian pop singer, in Jakarta May 28, 1966 (Saturday) Cuba's Prime Minister Fidel Castro ordered a state of alert for the Cuban armed forces, and told citizens in a nationwide television and radio address to be prepared for an attack from the United States. Castro said that statements by U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk had "practically threatened Cuba with war". The next day, tens of thousands of military reservists were recalled for active duty. May 29, 1966 (Sunday) A group of 40 high school age students at the Middle School of Qinghua University formed a new group to resist the school's principal, Wang Pangyu, and began using the name Red Guards (hongweibing) to describe itself, taking a vow that they would guard China against the people whom Chairman Mao described as those who "conspired to change the color of Communist China." The 105,000 Estadio Azteca football ground in Mexico City hosted its inaugural match, between Club América and Torino F.C. Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz made the initial kick and FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous was the witness. The game ended in a 2–2 draw. Foreign Minister Adam Malik of Indonesia and Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia met at the home of Thailand Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman, and told reporters afterward that the Indonesian Confrontation was over after three years. A treaty would be signed on August 11. May 30, 1966 (Monday) English driver Graham Hill won the 50th Indianapolis 500, ahead of Scotland's Jim Clark, whose team protested that Hill had actually been one lap behind Clark when the checkered flag was waved to end the race. Only seven of the 33 cars, the lowest number ever, actually finished the race. Before even reaching the first turn, 11 of the cars had been eliminated in a 16-car pileup, delaying the race for nearly an hour and a half. Another Scotsman, Jackie Stewart, had been leading the race with only ten laps left, but his engine failed. The next day, Clark's crew reviewed the official racing charts and determined that they (and the operators of the official scoreboard) had overlooked Hill passing by while Clark was at a pit stop. The scorers had corrected the error later in the race and added a lap for Hill on the scoreboard. Surveyor 1, the first American lunar exploration probe, was launched from Cape Kennedy toward a soft landing at the Oceanus Procellarum, the Moon's "Ocean of Storms", and would confirm Soviet discoveries about the suitability of the lunar surface for a manned landing. On the same day, the Soviet Union lost radio contact with Luna 10, which on April 3 had become the first space probe to orbit the Moon. Died: Wäinö Aaltonen, 72, Finnish artist and sculptor Bob Thompson, 48, African-American abstract expressionist painter Alexander MacDonald Shook, 77, Canadian flying ace with 12 kills during World War I Michael Lvovitch Tsetlin, 42, Soviet mathematician May 31, 1966 (Tuesday) Only a few years after most Negroes had effectively been barred, by state voter registration laws, from voting in Alabama, former postal worker Lucius Amerson became the first African-American to win a Democratic Party nomination for a major office in that state, defeating incumbent Macon County Sheriff Harvey Sadler in the primary. In the general election, Amerson would defeat two white opponents who had run against him in the May primary, to become "the only member of his race to hold the office in the South" and the first black sheriff since the Reconstruction Era. One day after their arrest on charges of conspiring to assassinate President Joseph Mobutu, a military tribunal in the former Belgian Congo tried and convicted former Congolese Prime Minister Évariste Kimba and three other former cabinet ministers, and sentenced them to be hanged in public. After a 90-minute proceeding, Prime Minister Kimba, Defense Minister Jeromy Anany, Finance Minister Emmanuel Bamba, and Alexandre Mahamba, were found guilty, and all four were hanged in front of 80,000 spectators two days later. References 1966 1966-05 1966-05

42706883

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge%20%28season%204%29

Revenge (season 4)

The fourth and final season of the ABC American television drama series Revenge premiered on September 28, 2014. This season saw several cast changes as both Barry Sloane and Henry Czerny's characters, Aiden Mathis and Conrad Grayson, were killed off in the Season 3 finale. This was the first season not to feature Czerny's character. James Tupper and Karine Vanasse, who played David Clarke and Margaux LeMarchal respectively, were upgraded to series regulars. The series stars Madeleine Stowe and Emily VanCamp as Victoria Grayson and Emily Thorne, respectively. The principal cast were joined by two new series regulars: Brian Hallisay as Ben Hunter, an aspiring police detective and partner of Jack Porter, and Elena Satine as Louise Ellis, a wealthy heiress and patient at the local psychiatric hospital. The season focuses on the revelation that David Clarke is alive and the continued feud between Emily and Victoria, who is now aware of Emily's true identity and is seeking her own revenge. On April 29, 2015, ABC canceled Revenge after four seasons. Plot Season four of Revenge opens six months after the events of the season three finale. Emily is living in Grayson Manor, Victoria is committed to a mental hospital desperately trying to escape, and David Clarke is alive. For the past three years, Emily has worked to take down all of the people who played a part in framing her father. She has finally taken down the Graysons only to discover that her father is alive. The problem is that Victoria gets to him first and takes her own revenge by feeding him lies about Emily and leaving him in the dark that she is actually his daughter. Emily's revenge is not over. She soon discovers that the man who kept her father kidnapped for most of her life is also still alive. Cast and characters Main cast Madeleine Stowe as Victoria Grayson Emily VanCamp as Emily Thorne / Amanda Clarke Gabriel Mann as Nolan Ross Nick Wechsler as Jack Porter Josh Bowman as Daniel Grayson Christa B. Allen as Charlotte Clarke James Tupper as David Clarke Karine Vanasse as Margaux LeMarchal Brian Hallisay as Ben Hunter Elena Satine as Louise Ellis-Ross Recurring cast Ed Quinn as James Allen Carolyn Hennesy as Penelope Ellis Nestor Serrano as Edward Alvarez Gail O'Grady as Stevie Grayson Courtney Ford as Kate Taylor Josh Pence as Tony Hughes Sebastian Pigott as Lyman Ellis Roger Bart as Mason Treadwell Tommy Flanagan as Malcolm Black Gina Torres as Natalie Waters Courtney Love as White Gold Tom Amandes as Lawrence Stamberg Daniel Zovatto as Gideon LeMarchal Guest cast Yeardley Smith as Phyllis Kim Richards as Stephanie Yancey Arias as Tom Kingsley Adrienne Barbeau as Marion Harper Henry Czerny as Conrad Grayson Margarita Levieva as Amanda Clarke / Emily Thorne Hannah McCloud as young Louise Ellis-Ross Barry Sloane as Aiden Mathis Amber Valletta as Lydia Davis Broadcast The season aired simultaneously on Global in Canada. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on E4 on January 5, 2015. Season 4 premiered in Ireland on RTÉ2 on January 6, 2015 with a double bill before settling into its slot of 9:55pm two weeks later, and completed its run on May 19, 2015 from 10:05pm with a double bill. Production The fourth season began filming on July 11, 2014. Filming on the series finale ended on April 11, 2015. Episodes Ratings References 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Revenge (TV series)

42748073

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20Village

The Secret Village

The Secret Village is a 2013 American psychological thriller directed by Swamy Kandan, written by Kandan and Jason Whittier, and starring Jonathan Bennett, Ali Faulkner, Richard Riehle, and Stelio Savante. It was filmed in the Berkshires, a hilly region of Massachusetts. Faulkner plays a reporter who investigates rumors of persistent ergot poisoning in an isolated, unfriendly town, only to find a plot that involves cults and modern day accusations of witchcraft. It premiered in October 2013 and was released on DVD in December 2013. Plot Rachel, a reporter, is surprised when her roommate, Greg, arrives earlier than expected. Greg explains that his unsupportive ex-girlfriend has kicked him out, and he needs a place to stay while he works on his thriller screenplay. Both Greg and Rachel have been drawn to a small town in the Berkshires that is said to have been plagued with repeated cases of ergot poisoning. Greg wants to write a story about an insular town with a dark past, and Rachel believes that ergot poisoning can explain the accusations of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials. However, Rachel's questions upset the townspeople, who are tired of discussions about the town's history. Encouraged by Greg's faith in her, Rachel continues to dig deeper and ask more questions. Eventually, she meets Paul, a friendly townsperson who is willing to speak about the town's history, rumors of ergot poisoning, and a vague conspiracy that involves the town's elders. Paul urges Rachel to be careful, as there are dangerous secrets in the town that people will kill to protect. Unconvinced, Rachel proceeds with her investigation, only to find Paul dead. When Greg disappears, Rachel becomes increasingly worried about her own safety. Her fears are realized when Joe and Jason, local townspeople who have stalked and harassed her, seemingly attempt to kidnap her. She sees Jason intentionally infect younger townspeople with ergot poisoning, and Jim, a friend of Paul's, shows her evidence that the town keeps these sick people imprisoned as suspected witches. Jim promises to show her further evidence of coverups and cult activity, and Rachel contacts her editor to receive more time to investigate these claims. Dubious of her reports, Rachel's editor insists that she stick to the original story and observe the deadline; instead, she works with Jim to expose the cult. When Greg suddenly reappears, she angrily accuses him of abandoning her and explains the danger that they are in. Greg attempts to calm her and suggests that they get dinner; Rachel reluctantly agrees. While she prepares, she sees Greg go through her research and hand it off to Joe. Hurt by this betrayal, she locks Greg out of the house and asks her skeptical editor to contact the police. Undeterred, Rachel continues her investigations, and Jim takes her on a tour of the house where the town's cult keeps kidnapped victims of ergot poisoning. Before she can do anything to help them, she runs into Joe, who chases her down. Greg helps Joe hold her as Jason injects her with a syringe. Rachel once again tearfully accuses Greg of betrayal and falls unconscious. In the next scene, flashbacks reveal that Rachel has been suffering from ergot poisoning: Paul and Jim are hallucinations, Joe and Jason are concerned townspeople who have been trying to help Rachel, and Greg has agreed to take her to a specialist in New York. On the way to New York, Jim appears to her one last time, asking for her help, but she swallows a pill that causes him to disappear. Cast Ali Faulkner as Rachel Jonathan Bennett as Greg Richard Riehle as Paul Stelio Savante as Joe Karin Duseva as Mary Tobi Gadison as Jim Kef Lee as Jason Miriam Weisbecker as Alexa Production The Secret Village was filmed in a hilly region of western Massachusetts called the Berkshires. The budget was under $200,000. Scouting took place in March 2012, and filming continued until mid-May 2012. One scene took place in New York City, and post-production took place in Los Angeles. Release The Secret Village premiered locally in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on October 25, 2013. It ran from October 25–28, and then had a limited release in New York, Pennsylvania, Florida, and California. Vertical Entertainment released it on DVD on December 17, 2013, and on video on demand on January 1, 2014. Reception Brad McHargue of Dread Central rated it 1/5 stars and wrote, "I wish I could say something good about this film, but throughout its 90 minute run-time, I struggled with simply not turning it off. It's a chore to sit through, and has all the hallmarks of a film that wants to be more than it really is." Harvey Chartrand of Diabolique Magazine wrote that the film is too confusing, lacks suspense, and "does not frighten the viewer in the least." Mark L. Miller of Ain't It Cool News wrote that the film may be too confusing and offbeat for viewers who prefer traditional thrillers. Richardo Vaca of Independent Film Quarterly compared it to M. Night Shyamalan's The Village and wrote, "This is the film cult fans have been waiting for." References External links 2013 films 2013 psychological thriller films American films American independent films American psychological thriller films Salem witch trials in fiction Films about witchcraft Films set in Massachusetts Films shot in Massachusetts Films scored by Robert Folk 2013 independent films

42980964

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Oakley%20Coltman

Arthur Oakley Coltman

Arthur Oakley Coltman (A.O. Coltman) (1894, Edmonton, Middlesex – 1961, Cuckfield, Sussex) was an English architect practising in Malaya for 32 years where he worked as manager of the architecture firm Booty Edwards & Partners. He arrived in Malaya in 1925 and retired in 1957. Early life He was on active service during the First World War before working in the Transvaal, and was officially listed as an absentee member of the Transvaal Provincial Institute of Architects from about 1931 to 1938. He was responsible for many of Kuala Lumpur's greatest Art Deco structures, including the Clock Tower, OCBC Building, and Oriental Building. He also designed the Anglo-Oriental Building near Merdeka Square, which is now known as Wisma Ekran; the Lee Rubber Building, on Jalan Tun H. S. Lee; the Rubber Research Institute, on Jalan Ampang; and the Odeon Cinema, on Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman. Coltman died in Sussex, England at the age of 67 in 1961. Buildings He worked on the buildings including: Oriental Building Situated at Jalan Tun Perak (the former Java Street), next to the Masjid Jamek LRT station, the five-storey Oriental Building rose to the towering height of 82 feet and was the tallest in Kuala Lumpur. Originally called the Oriental Building, it housed Radio Malaya until 1968 and had 'Radio Malaya' in large letters on its façade. The Oriental Building also housed the High Commissioner of India, government departments dealing with the issue of trade licenses, as well as the Malaysian divisional office of the Life Insurance Corporation of India. The building has a curved frontage. Between of the arcade on the ground floor is a central feature consisting of perpendicular piers running up three storeys. Around the central feature, which projects slightly from the frontage, is an acanthus leaf border worked in precast concrete. A white stucco frieze of interlocking discs frames the panel. There is 18,000 feet of floor space in the building arranged around an air-well. The ground floor was designed for retail. The central entrance and show windows had curved plate glass that had to be specifically made in England. Italian tiles were used in the floors throughout the building. The upper four floors, of which one complete floor was reserved for the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Company, was used as office space and was reached by a lift and staircase at the side of the building. The basement was constructed separately, with windows fitted with sliding steel doors. The contract time for completing the structure was eight months, and the construction was to start shortly after late November 1931, with the architects reported as Messrs. Booty and Edwards, the contractors as Gammon (Malaya) Ltd., and Steen Sehested as the consulting reinforced concrete specialist. On 19 September 1936, an earthquake in northern Sumatera in the then-Dutch East Indies led to tremors also being felt in the FMS, and caused damage to the building. It was reported that the third floor wall surrounding the offices of the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Company cracked in many places. Lee Rubber Building The Lee Rubber Building or Nan Yi Building (Chinese: 南益大厦) sits on a prominent corner in Kuala Lumpur's Chinatown. This four-storey Art Deco building was commissioned in the early 1930s by the Lee Rubber Company, a multimillion-dollar enterprise set up by Lee Kong Chian (1893–1967), a Chinese businessman from the southern Malaysian state of Johor who was known as the 'rubber and pineapple king'. Located at the corner of Jalan Tun H. S. Lee and Jalan Hang Lekir (the former High Street and Cecil Street) in Kuala Lumpur, the Lee Rubber Building was the tallest building in KL when it was constructed. Modernist Art Deco rules this building with its striated lines and mouldings complete with differentiated corner treatment topped with a requisite flag pole. Its five-foot way is broken by solid wall-like pillars. It has a strong geometric shape that meets a corner set at a 45° angle. Like most urban Art Deco buildings, the Lee Rubber Building has a flat roof with no cornice or overhang. Its pediment still sports the original name, in English and Chinese. During World War II, it served as the headquarters of the Kempeitai (Japanese Secret Police). Later, the building became one of the branches of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation. Currently, it is the home to a branch of the Popular Bookstore, the Peter Hoe shop (selling local arts and crafts) and Kasturi Tuition Centre. Like most urban Art Deco buildings, the Lee Rubber Building has a flat roof with no cornice or overhang. In 2016, the building changed hands and as a result the building was earmarked for development by its new owners. The building was vacated, but Kuala Lumpur City Hall by-laws forbid the demolition or significant structural alteration. Odeon Cinema The thematic link between the Art Deco style and the new entertainment industry was also evident in the design of the Odeon Cinema (Chinese: 奥迪安戏院) on the corner of Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman and Jalan Dang Wangi (the former Batu Road and Campbell Road) in Kuala Lumpur. The Odeon Cinema was constructed in 1936 by the Cathay Organization. The standalone Odeon Cinema is one of the last few surviving colonial buildings in Kuala Lumpur. It has undergone various changes. It was acquired by Antenna Entertainments and operated as a cinema again between May 2011 and March 2015. Coltman was the architect and Steen Sehested prepared the reinforced concrete design. Initially the façade was coloured grey, green and white however it has faded. It was a product of golden age cinema with featured safety designs such as emergency lighting and fire prevention systems for the projector room. Ventilation grills and exhaust fans enhanced its air circulation. The foyers were laid with locally produced rubber flooring. Art Deco elements include the lettering of the building's exterior signage, vertical pylons and flagpoles. Above the entrance, a horizontal beam, embellished with a mosaic depicting drama, comedy and music, intersects the strong vertical mullions. On the side façade, ribs create a vertical rhythm. Clock Tower Located at the Old Market Square (Medan Pasar Besar) near LRT Masjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur's commercial centre, the Clock Tower is a distinctive architectural landmark. The tower was built to commemorate the coronation of England's King George VI in 1937. The memorial plaques were removed following independence. The sunburst motif is common in Art Deco design and is a prominent feature on the Clock Tower. Anglo-Oriental Building The Anglo-Oriental Building was built in 1937 to house Anglo-Oriental (Malaya) Ltd., a subsidiary of the Anglo-Oriental Mining Corporation (later to become known as the London Tin Corporation), the general managers for a large number of tin mines in Malaya. It was constructed at the junction of Barrack and Club Roads (Jalan Tangsi and Jalan Parlimen today) in Kuala Lumpur, on the site of the former Empire Flats which had been home for many Europeans for years. The building displays a variety of Art Deco details, and represents a stylistic departure from the traditions of classical and British colonial architecture. When constructed in 1937, the building had three storeys, with an exterior made up of reinforced concrete with brick panelling. The main entrance doors were panelled with hammered pewter – a white alloy that resembles tin. The company's name was executed in hammered pewter, another example of the architect using tin as a motif for the company. Dadoes for the staircase and entrance vestibule were made of a new material, Marbrunite, in multiple colours. A motor car garage was incorporated into the ground floor. The Anglo-Oriental building has solid tower-like features flanking the corner entranceways in addition to vertical and horizontal Art Deco patterns and lines. The vertically banded front elevation of the building, which is held between two towers, contrasts with the horizontal bands of the two side wings. The tall, first floor windows of the Anglo-Oriental Building have individual concrete canopies, while the second floor is treated as a narrow band which appears to recede due to the deep, continuous overhang above the windows and the darker shade of Shanghai plaster. An internal open courtyard was roofed over for air-conditioning in the 1960s. During the 1941 Japanese invasion, the building was used as a police station. From 1986 to 1988, the architect Chen Voon Fee renovated the Anglo-Oriental Building and it was converted into Mahkota College, a private college partnered with Boston University. From 1995 to 2005, the Anglo-Oriental Building became a property of Ekran Berhad and it served as the corporate headquarters until 1 January 2005, where the second floor housed the principal place of business of the company. It was then that the present name – Wisma Ekran (House of Ekran) was established. Rubber Research Institute of Malaya (R.R.I.M) Although Art Deco is seen generally in individual urban buildings, in the Rubber Research Institute Building it is employed for a complex of linked, single-storey buildings set in a landscaped compound. The buildings are almost modular with identical facade elements. Unlike most other examples, these buildings are in facing brick, with monumental corner piers. These piers frame the window openings, which are divided into three vertical bands by two large, protruding plaster mullions. Three horizontal rendered beams appear to be threaded through these mullions, visually tying the piers together. On the flat, recessed brick pediment, a plaster motif of layered latex sheets hanging out to dry is a witty allusion to the industry these buildings serve. The buildings are grouped around green courtyards and linked by covered masonry walkways. The walkways have amusing spout details over the beams which throw the rainwater from flat roofs. Art Deco is continued into the interior on heavy, carved timber doors and steel roof lights. This building shows the inventive, even playful, nature of the Art Deco style. The building was designed with a clean modern profile, and features covered walkways which border the central court and give access to all parts of the Institute. This circulation feature connects the blocks of the sprawling single-storey building. The buildings are all made of brick and reinforced concrete with an exterior finishing of plaster and brick. The roof over the vestibule and the library is made of a special insulated glass called thermoflux. Protruding shades or eyebrows shade the glass block windows. The Institute's charge was to promote research into and investigation of all problems and matters relating to rubber. Prior to the establishment of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, there was no centralised location to co-ordinate and consolidate information about the material that played a central role in the Malaysian economy. Early in 1926 a request was made to the Government of the Federated Malay States to locate the institute on Bungsar Estate (archaic – currently known as Bangsar) in Damansara Road, Kuala Lumpur. However, as early as 1929 it was felt that the buildings occupied by the Institute were inadequate as the Institute's permanent home. The institute was subsequently relocated at 260 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur in the heart of the national capital on 14 May 1937. The new building is the property of the Institute and was erected at the cost of around $200,000. The foundation stone was laid by the fifth Sultan of Selangor – Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah on 22 April 1936. The contractor of the building is Bong Sin, with the consulting engineer as Steen Sehested and Coltman as the architect. The structure bears more than a passing resemblance to Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, in its details and overall layout. If this was explicit on the part of Coltman, it would be a most unusual apparition of Prairie Style in South East Asia, and an indication of the architect's ability to work within many stylistic parameters, a flexibility he exhibited throughout his long and distinguished career. Coltman is known for his role in establishing one of the largest firms in the area, and for his part in bringing modernism to the Federated States of Malaya, later Malaysia. OCBC Building This building was designed by Coltman and built in 1937 to house the headquarters of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited in Malaysia, and is a masterpiece of the Art Deco style. Located at the junction of Jalan Hang Kasturi and Leboh Pasar Besar (just behind the Central Market), it has the advantage of double frontage. The three-storey building follows the curve of the road. Unlike other Art Deco facades, the corner of the building is not accentuated due to the recessed entrance and the regularly spaced windows that flow across the facade. At one end is a tapering stepped pylon with a flagpole on top. A muted mosaic panel runs up the centre of the pylon. It included underground parking for bicycles. Internally, an interesting feature is an old elevator with brass and wood fittings and an oversized round window. The main OCBC Bank branch is now newly located at Jalan Tun Perak. Harrisons & Crosfield Building Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, Brunei Honours and awards 1953 President of the Malayan Association of Architects 1946 Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) for service during World War II as part of the Passive Defence Service in Kuala Lumpur 1951 3rd prize in a competition for designing the new $2 million Post Office Savings Bank in Kuala Lumpur (B.M. Iversen won) Gallery References 1894 births 1961 deaths Architects from London Art Deco architects 20th-century Malaysian architects

43013483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Las%20Vegas%20shootings

2014 Las Vegas shootings

The 2014 Las Vegas shootings occurred on June 8, 2014, when a married couple, Jerad and Amanda Miller, committed a shooting in northeastern Las Vegas, Nevada. Five people died, including the two shooters. The couple, who espoused extreme anti-government views, first killed two Las Vegas police officers at a restaurant before fleeing into a Walmart, where they killed an intervening armed civilian named Joseph Wilcox. The couple died after engaging responding officers in a shootout in Wal-Mart; police shot and killed Jerad, while Amanda committed suicide after being wounded. Shootings On June 8, 2014, the Millers first went to a CiCi's Pizza restaurant on foot at 11:22 a.m., finding Las Vegas police officers Igor Soldo and Alyn Beck, who were eating at the restaurant on their lunch break. Prior to the shooting, Jerad had entered the restaurant, observed the area, and then left and returned with Amanda. Jerad Miller fatally shot Soldo in the side of the head with a handgun, then shot Beck in the throat, head and chest. Both Millers then fired at Soldo and Beck, shooting them multiple times after Beck had fallen to the ground. Afterwards, they covered Beck with a yellow Gadsden flag and a swastika. They pinned a note on Beck's body, which read: "This is the beginning of the revolution." They also stole both officers' handguns and spare ammunition magazines. During the restaurant shooting, the Millers loudly declared to other patrons that it happened to be the start of "a revolution". The two then fled to a nearby Walmart, where Jerad fired a shot at the ceiling and ordered shoppers to leave. Joseph Wilcox drew his concealed 9mm Glock 19 and confronted Jerad, but passed Amanda as he did so, not realizing that she was armed and Jerad's accomplice; Amanda shot and killed Wilcox. Police (Officers Brett Brosnahan, Tim Gross, Zachery Beal, John Bethard, David Corbin, and Sergeant Kurt McKenzie) later responded to 9-1-1 calls and arrived at the Walmart, engaging the Millers in a gunfight (The police officers were able to locate the suspects and get information from Officers Troy Nicol and Ryan Fryman who were monitoring the CCTV of the Walmart), during which Amanda was wounded. The Millers moved toward the back of the store, where they tried to protect themselves from gunfire using several items from the store as a barricade. Police Officer Zachery Beal eventually shot Jerad in the chest, killing him, while Amanda shot and critically wounded herself in the head. She was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where she died. Initial reports inaccurately indicated that Amanda shot Jerad repeatedly in the chest after he had "laid down" in front of her, killing him, before committing suicide. An investigation later recovered a 9mm Smith & Wesson M&P handgun, a .38-caliber Ruger revolver, the two handguns stolen from Officers Soldo and Beck (a Glock 17 and H&K USP 9mm, respectively), a Winchester 1300 shotgun, 200 rounds of ammunition, knives, and survival items from both Millers' backpacks. During a search at the Millers' apartment, papers that detailed plans to "take over a courthouse and execute public officials" were found. Victims Officer Igor Soldo, 31 Officer Alyn Beck, 41 Joseph Robert Wilcox, 31 Perpetrators Jerad Miller Jerad Dwain Miller (January 3, 1983 – June 8, 2014) was born in Kennewick, Washington. Jerad was arrested for multiple offenses in Washington and Indiana, starting in 2001. In 2007, he was sentenced to a diversion program after pleading guilty to a felony criminal recklessness charge. In 2009, he was arrested and charged with battery, but was acquitted later that year. In 2011, he was sentenced to two years of probation and drug counseling after pleading guilty to felony drug charges. That same year, Jerad met Amanda Woodruff, with whom he applied for a marriage license in Tippecanoe County, Indiana in August. They later married on September 22. Prior to the shooting, he worked as a street performer. In February 2014, Jerad threatened a Bureau of Motor Vehicles office in Indiana, claiming that he would start killing anyone who showed up to arrest him for having a suspended driver's license. He was described as often talking about conspiracy theories, dressing in camouflage, and espousing his hatred of the federal government and President Barack Obama. He was also a fan of the decentralized police accountability group Cop Block and would share online videos of police brutality, as well as posts of conspiracy theories and anti-government rhetoric. Prior to the shooting, Jerad had accounts on Facebook and YouTube, where he made ranting posts and videos. He once posted on June 2: One month prior to the shooting, Jerad asked several other Facebook users to send him "a rifle to help stand against tyranny". On the day prior to the shooting, Jerad posted a message on his account that forewarned the attack: Amanda Miller Amanda Miller (née Woodruff; December 27, 1991 – June 8, 2014) was born in Indiana. She did not have a criminal record preceding the shootings. In 2011, she met Jerad, with whom she applied for a marriage license in Tippecanoe County, Indiana in August 2012. They married on September 22. Like Jerad, she had a Facebook account, in which she made multiple posts, including numerous photos depicting the Millers dressed as supervillains. In one such photo, Amanda and Jerad were dressed up as Batman villains Harley Quinn and the Joker, respectively; according to a neighbor, the Millers particularly liked to dress up as the characters. In one of her Facebook posts, which was dated May 23, 2011, she wrote: In January 2014, the Millers moved from Lafayette, Indiana to Las Vegas, which Amanda recorded. Presence at Bundy standoff During the April 2014 Bundy standoff, in which the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) attempted to round up cattle belonging to rancher Cliven Bundy, who refused to vacate public land, Jerad was said to have been among the armed protesters who joined Bundy during the incident. According to Bundy's son, Ammon Bundy, the Millers were present during the standoff for a few days, but had been instructed by a militia member to leave due to "their radical beliefs", which did not align with the protest's main issues. They were also instructed to leave because Jerad was a felon in possession of a firearm. Carol Bundy later commented, "I have not seen or heard anything from the militia and others who have came to our ranch that would, in any way, make me think they had an intent to kill or harm anyone." During the standoff, Jerad had made interviews with other protesters at the ranch, and was also interviewed by CNN, NBC News affiliate KRNV-DT, and other news stations, during which he said: Motives Jerad posted several online videos in which he was dressed as the Joker. In one video, he expressed a strong hatred for law enforcement and police officers in general, warning in an online video that they "cannot be trusted". In another, he denounced the US government as being oppressive, especially criticizing their measures at gun control, surveillance, and their treatment of Cliven Bundy. Friends of the Millers reported that they idolized Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the two perpetrators of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, and wanted to follow in their footsteps. The Millers' ideology about the government has been described as "along the lines of militia and white supremacists" by a police official. During the shooting, the Millers placed a swastika on the body of slain officer Alyn Beck and hung a Gadsden flag on the crime scene; police officials remarked that this act did not signify the Millers were white supremacists, but instead was intended to associate police officers with Nazism. The Millers supported the Patriot movement, a collection of various groups with a shared ideology for limited federal government. According to Mark Potok, a spokesperson for the Southern Poverty Law Center, there was no evidence that they belonged in a specific group, but that they considered the outcome of the standoff between Bundy and the BLM as "a huge victory against the federal government", which reportedly motivated them to commit the shooting spree. Reactions Interior Secretary Sally Jewell made a statement on the day following the shootings and commented about the Millers' presence on the Bundy ranch. She said, "It's very important to bring lawbreakers to justice. There's no question that my colleagues back here, the governors of Western states, do not want people riding roughshod over the landscape ... [Bundy] had put our people in grave danger by calling in armed citizens from around the country." U.S. Senator Harry Reid, who had a staff member related to one of the victims, said, "All of Nevada mourns the tragic loss of our neighbors, our friends, and in the case of Officers Alyn Beck and Igor Soldo, our protectors" and called for universal background checks in the purchases of firearms. Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman called the shootings "a cruel act" and also praised the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police for "dedicating their lives to protecting all of us in our community". Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval released a statement, saying that he was saddened by the murders and called the shootings "an act of senseless violence". CiCi's Pizza and Walmart also gave their condolences to the victims, with the latter also stating that it would cooperate with police during the investigation. Las Vegas Sheriff Doug Gillespie described Joseph Wilcox as a hero, saying, "Joseph died attempting to protect others. His death is completely senseless." Wilcox's attempt at stopping Jerad Miller by using his concealed firearm also led to a debate over the necessity of concealed carry and its effectiveness during similar incidents. On social media, there has been some public praise by anti-government radicals for the killings of Soldo and Beck. As a result of aggressive anti-police posts on Facebook, there has been criticism of the site's lack of responsive action. Facebook commented through a spokesperson, "People come to Facebook to share experiences of the world around them and on occasion this may result in the sharing of content that some may find upsetting. We encourage anyone who sees content that violates our community standards to report it to us." See also List of right-wing terrorist attacks 2009 shootings of Oakland police officers 2009 Lakewood shooting 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers 2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers 2010 Las Vegas courthouse shooting Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt 2017 Las Vegas shooting References 2014 in Nevada 2014 murders in the United States 21st century in Las Vegas American police officers killed in the line of duty Anti-Federalism Bundy standoff Patriot movement Sovereign citizen movement Crimes in Nevada Deaths by firearm in Nevada June 2014 events in the United States Murder in Nevada Murder–suicides in Nevada Spree shootings in the United States Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2014 Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department

43014395

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%202014%20Venezuelan%20protests

Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests

The 2014 Venezuelan protests began in February 2014 when hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created the Venezuelan government. The protests have lasted for several months and events are listed below according to the month they had happened. Background 6 January – Miss Venezuela 2004 Mónica Spear and her ex-husband Thomas Henry Berry are killed just outside Valencia, Carabobo. 8 January – Protests begin after the killing of Monica Spear in the capital city of Caracas. 9 January – Seven suspects are arrested in the death of Monica Spear. 23 January – Opposition leaders Leopoldo López and María Corina Machado launch a campaign to remove Maduro from office, named La Salida (The Exit), with an intent to have President Maduro resign through protests with Machado publicly stating "We must create chaos in the streets through responsible civic struggle". 1 February – Leopoldo López called upon students to protest peacefully against the scarcity, insecurity, and shortages. 2 February – Opposition leaders call for a march on 12 February for National Youth Day. 4 February – Protests at the University of the Andes occurred due to insecurity and an attempted sexual assault of a student. 5 February – Student protests at the Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt, where the principal avenues of Caracas were blocked alleging insecurity of the students during the night shift 6 February – Students at the Catholic University of Táchira protested and were accused of attacking a residence. 7 February – Medical students in Táchira continue to protest peacefully. 8 February – Students from the University of the Andes protested outside the headquarters of SEBIN where students were being held arrested. 9 February – Women dressed in black to protest against the arrests that happened in Tachira. 11 February – Students in Táchira, Zulia, Caracas and Coro protested for the release of fellow students. Events February 12 February – Major opposition protests began with student marches led by opposition leaders in 38 cities across Venezuela simultaneous with the national celebrations for the bicentennial year anniversary of Youth Day and the Battle of La Victoria. After the protests, smaller groups remained and threw stones at government forces. The protests turned more violent after government security forces and "colectivos" allegedly used excessive force on protesters and supposedly shot at groups of unarmed people. Bassil Da Costa was the first protester to die after getting a bullet to the head. Later that day, another protester, Robert Reddman, and a pro-government activist were also killed in Caracas. President Maduro blamed "fascist" groups for the deaths caused that day, including opposition leader Leopoldo López, during his closing address in the Youth Day parade that evening in La Victoria, Aragua state. The Colombian news channel NTN24 was taken off the air by CONATEL (the Venezuelan government agency appointed for the regulation, supervision and control over telecommunications) for "promoting violence and unacknowledging authorities". 13 February – Following the death of a colectivo member Juan "Juancho" Montoya, members of colectivos "went on television to call for calm and called for the arrest of opposition leader Leopoldo Lopez. Judge Ralenys Tovar Guillén accepts the Public Ministry's petition to detain Leopoldo López in connection with the unrest that resulted in the death of the colectivo leader and two students. President Maduro organized pro-government demonstrations to counter the opposition and announced that violent anti-government protests are prohibited. Government supporters gathered outside the headquarters of the Public Ministry a day after it was attacked. Seven universities in Venezuela cancelled Youth Day programs due to the large involvement of student protesters. The governor of the Aragua state, Tarek El Aissami, denounced that opposition groups attempted to burn the governorate, attacked the Girardot Municipality town hall, burned a vehicle and wounded ten police officers the previous day. Likewise, The Minister of Ground Transport, Haiman El Troudi, denounced that the ministry headquarters were attacked during the night of the protests. According to Vielma Mora, there was an attempt to take over the electric substation Santa Teresa and destroy a sport school, and the front and a bus of the Bolivarian University of Venezuela were attacked in Táchira. In Valencia, protesters were dispersed by the National Guard in El Trigál where four students (three men and one woman) were attacked inside of a car while trying to leave the perimeter; the three men were imprisoned and one of them was allegedly sodomized by one of the officers with a rifle. 14 February – Students protested outside the Organization of American States in Venezuela asking them for action against the violence. The National Guard of Venezuela dispersed protesters with tear gas in Altamira. The Democratic Unity Roundtable and the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference (CEV) asked for the disarmament of the pro-government colectivos and armed groups The Foro Penal Venezolano (Venezuelan Penal Forum) denounced that the National Bolivarian Police (PNB) manipulated proofs about the use of firearms against protesters in Barquisimeto to avoid incrimination. 15 February – Chavistas protested at Plaza Venezuela in Caracas. A Globovisión reporter and her workmates denounced being attacked with stones in Plaza Venezuela and thanked those who were there that sympathized with her. Haiman El Troudi denounced that Caracas Metro workers were assaulted "with sticks and pipes", and that "damage and destruction" were produced in its facilities during the protests the 12 and 14 February. He also explained that 40 Metrobús units were stoned and now inoperative, and that escalators, train glasses, cameras, signals and fire systems were damaged. CONATEL's CEO, William Castillo, justified taking NTN24 off the air basing in the article 27 of the Law of Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media, which prohibits incitement of hatred, and expressed that he thinks that an "abuse" of the freedom of speech is exercised. According to him, CONATEL carried out a monitoring where "90% of NTN24's programmation was dedicated to Venezuela where the 80% was biased to one side of the conflict." 16 February – The Venezuelan Minister for Communication and Information, Delcy Rodríguez warned that the government will take legal action against international media "media manipulation". Rodriguez claimed that the social networks and national and international media have allegedly reported fake pictures that do not correspond to Venezuela. The Minister of Interior, Justice and Peace, Miguel Rodríguez Torres, assured having evidence that "proves that the protesters in Chacao are outside of the age range of a university student, and that they use very expensive motorcycles with an attire not peculiar of a middle or popular social class student. He accused Ramón Muchacho, the mayor of the Chacao municipality, of not assuming his responsibility for the security of the municipality. Likewise, he criticized the Miranda state governor, Henrique Capriles, of not taking actions to avoid the aggressions in the sector. Henrique Capriles criticized the national government, considering them irresponsibles and affirming that "the civilians don't carry out coups", and asking where are the proofs (of this). 17 February – Armed government intelligence personnel illegally forced their way into the headquarters of Popular Will in Caracas and held individuals that were inside at gunpoint. About 300 opposition protesters gathered outside the headquarters to protest against the infiltration of the facility and are dispersed with tear gas. 18 February – Leopoldo López delivered a speech in Plaza Brión where he pointed out that its necessary to build "a pacific exit, inside the constitution but in the streets" and assured that "there isn't free media anymore to express themselves and if the media stays silent they must go to the streets". He declared that "if his imprisonment allows Venezuela to wake up definitely and for the Venezuelans that want a change, his imprisonment will be worth it." He turned himself to the National Guard at 12:24pm, Venezuelan time, and said he was turning himself to a "corrupt justice". After Lopez turned himself in, the opposition protesters blocked the Francisco Fajardo Highway. Hundreds of his supporters gathered outside the Palacio de Justicia, protesting the fact that in their view Lopez will be judged by an unfair and corrupt justice system in a country where "there is no separation of powers". The opposition protesters were attacked outside the Palacio de Justicia by armed pro-government groups who beat them, threw objects at them from the building and tried to steal their cellphones. Amnesty International said the charges appeared to be politically motivated, and called for the release of López in the absence of evidence. Human Rights Watch said "The Venezuelan government has openly embraced the classic tactics of an authoritarian regime, jailing its opponents, muzzling the media, and intimidating civil society", saying that the Maduro government was blaming opposition leaders, including López, for violence. Some students and professors are arrested for allegedly setting fire to a PDVSA oil truck. Student protesters said they were forcibly removed by police from where they were concentrated for seven days in Maracay. 19 February – Miss Tourism Venezuela Génesis Carmona died after being shot in the head while supporting an opposition protest. Some protesters claim she was killed by a Chavista. Father Palmar, a Catholic priest and supporter of the protests in Zulia was attacked and injured by government forces during a peaceful demonstration. This happened a couple days after Father Palmar gave a speech against Maduro asking for his resignation and claiming that the Cuban G2 was responsible for influencing Maduro. The trial for Leopoldo Lopez was postponed again and moved to Ramo Verde military prison. That evening, a pro-government group known as "La Paz" was seen firing weapons at buildings without impediment from members of Bolivarian National Guard. Pro-government groups on motorcycles also attacked protesters in Sucre with stones and bottles with support from government security forces. After a group of citizens gathered in Caracas asking for no more deaths, groups of Chavistas and GNB responded violently shooting tear gas, buckshot, and shot a 37-year-old law student who was trying to mediate between protesters and the National Guard. 20 February – The removal of María Corina Machado's parliamentary immunity is requested in the National Assembly. The minister of Electric Energy, Jesse Chacón, denounced vandal acts to the property of the National Electric System in the Anzoátegui, Bolívar and Carabobo states. The charges of terrorism and homicide of Leopoldo López are suspended. In response to the death of Miss Tourism Venezuela Génesis Carmona, groups of women planned to defend the family of Génesis and protest her killing on 22 February. A citizen in the Mérida state dies after sustaining fatal wounds while crossing a barricade with barbed wire in a motorcycle with one of her children. 21 February – Venezuela closed its consulates in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire after an alleged attack by a Venezuelan citizen, said Venezuelan Foreign Minister Elias Jaua. A motorcycle rider died after tripping with a guaya (steel cable) placed near a barricade. The government accused the opposition students for the event. 22 February – A student protester, Geraldine Moreno, died in the hospital after sustaining wounds in the face caused by shotgun pellets when a member of the National Guard shot her at point blank range while she was protesting in the Tazajal sector, Carabobo state. 23 February – Tens of thousands of protesters both supporting and opposing the government demonstrated in Caracas which led to some of the most serious clashes seen throughout the protests. About 30 military units arrived at the residence of retired brigadier general Ángel Vivas to arrest him. An engineer dies after being wounded two days ago during a protest in Caracas. 24 February – Opposition and government forces clashed in San Cristóbal, Táchira. Opposition protesters barricaded themselves and threw rocks and firebombs at the National Guard. The National Guard responded with tear gas and shotgun fire. One man was injured by shotgun fire and another was killed after the National Guard shot tear gas at him causing him to fall off a roof. The governor of Tachira, José Vielma Mora criticized the government saying, "I got angry because of the military planes overflying Táchira; it was an unacceptable excess" and pointed out to residents, "I am not part of the regime; I was elected by the people of Táchira". 25 February – A moto-taxi driver dies after being shot the previous day while attempting to remove debris placed by protesters in Maracaibo, Zulia state. 26 February – Lilian Tintori, wife of Leopoldo Lopez, led a quiet protest of women students just before a government peace conference. In Táchira, a group of protesters decapitated a statue of late president Hugo Chávez and posted the pictures on Twitter. The headquarters of the political party Democratic Action in San Cristóbal is looted. Its secretary general, Miguel Reyes, accused the governor Vielma Mora of the events and denounced that the police didn't act. The Government of Venezuela held a National Peace conference that was not attended by opposition figures because according to the opposition, "any talks must be predicated on an agenda agreed upon in advance and the participation of a third party". 27 February – Students led by Juan Requesens protested against violence, detention and torture of students and the shortages in Venezuela, with Herique Capriles visiting, but not as a spokesperson. The government issued an arrest warrant for Carlos Vecchio, a leader of Popular Will on various charges. Medics in Maracay, Aragua state, protest against the condition of the hospitals in the state. President Maduro decreed 27 February as "The Day of No Work in Venezuela" in respect for the fallen of the protests (that date was also the 25th anniversary of the historic Caracazo of 1989). March 1 March – Some cities such as El Tigre, Anaco, Tigrito, Píritu refused to celebrate Carnaval and protesters placed crosses representing those fallen during the protests on beaches popular during Carnaval, which had few visitors due to the protests. Carnaval celebrations in cities also had few attendees due to the protests with most of those at celebrations being police officers. The water in a fountain at Plaza Francia in Caracas was dyed red in protest of the deaths caused by violence. The Venezuelan Attorney General, Luisa Ortega Díaz, denied the opposition's claims of students being the main target of the Venezuelan government, when in fact they represent 35% of all detainees. She also stated that at least 27 government agents are being investigated for violations against human rights, plus another five accused of killing three people on the first day of protests. Meanwhile, President Maduro announced that a National Guard officer had died and another two had been wounded by sniper fire. 2 March – Tens of thousands of opposition protesters marched throughout Caracas protesting against censorship, shortages, insecurity and injustice. The National Guard used tear gas on protesters and played loud music to prevent them from being heard. 3 March – Citizens of Los Salias and Los Teques marched to Ramo Verde Prison to demand "justice and freedom" from the government. 4 March – Thousands of peaceful opposition protesters filled the streets of Caracas. The president of COPEI along with other citizens gathered in front of the United Nations in Chacao asking for the opposition to present their case to the United Nations and claimed that Elias Jaua is trying to conceal what is really happening in Venezuela. 5 March – Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Panama as the nation honored President Chavez on the first anniversary of his death. President Maduro, in an address at the Montana Barracks in Caracas, accused Panama of pushing for regional organizations to intervene in Venezuela as it had asked the Organization of American States for an investigation into the protests. Hours after President Maduro called on the UBCH (Bolivar and Chavez Battle Units), the communal councils, communes, and colectivos during his speech; attacks on an apartment building by some groups who shot at residents and the National Guard who fired tear gas at the building resulted in two deaths in Los Ruices, including a National Guardsman. Members of the National Guard and "colectivos" both attacked peaceful protesters in Caracas with the mayor of the municipality Ramón Muchacho confirming this and denouncing the actions of the National Guard that caused damage saying, "We could see how a well-identified tank of the National Guard deliberately rammed a parked car on a street." Groups on motorcycles in Baruta also "intimidated" protesters and destroyed an opposition barricade. Popular Will denounced that its headquarters in Maracaibo, Zulia state, was hampered with large amounts of garbage and debris. In Punto Fijo, Falcón state, 26 students were detained during the protests; one of them was violently beaten, fracturing his ribcage. 6 March – The Venezuelan government took Panama off the list of exchanging currency on the CADIVI website supposedly due to the tense relations with the country. Mayor of Miranda Henrique Capriles said President Maduro's calling for groups on 5 March was "irresponsible" and said to listeners, "Do you think that will solve the economic problems killing each other? No.". In Caracas, a National Guardsman dies during the protests and a car is set on fire. 7 March – The Penal Court brought 40 complaints of alleged human rights violations that occurred on 12 February to the government. A statue of Hugo Chávez in Yaracuy was set on fire. 8 March – Economic ties between Venezuela and Panama have ceased due to political differences. In order to "crush speculators", President Maduro introduced a new "Cuban-like" rationing system to Venezuela; a system that has struggled in Cuba because "the products offered are not sufficient and families must resort to the black market to survive". 9 March – Bus routes from stations in Altamira, Caracas were suspended indefinitely due to protests possibly affecting 25,000 commuters. Groups of people gathered at Los Ruices and created a mural of white hand prints to show support to victims in Los Ruices of abuse and excessive force that occurred on 7 March. Gisela Rubilar Figueroa was fatally shot in the face while she and a group of people attempted to remove a roadblock in Mérida during a videotaped confrontation with anti-government protesters. Rubilar's home country Chile announced its own investigation. 10 March – Hundreds of doctors and medical students protested the conditions in hospitals and medicine shortages. During the demonstration, Deputy Minister of Health Juana Contreras was affected by tear gas that the National Police fired to disperse the doctors and had to be assisted by the protesting doctors. Police in Anzoátegui entered classrooms at Santa Maria University and attacked students and professors inside of classrooms. A fire occurred at the radio station of University of Los Andes. A student leader, Daniel Tinoco, was killed in San Cristóbal; possibly by "colectivos" or National Guard in the area. 11 March – In several places in Caracas, bags representing body bags were placed to raise awareness about high rates of violence and impunity in Venezuela. In a protest in the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, in Barquisimeto, six persons are injured and many cars burned. Many students denounced the presence of the National Guard accompanied by armed groups inside the university campus. Government supporters led by deputy Nancy Ascencia assaulted deputy María Cortina Machado and the Guayana city bishop, monsignor Mariano Parra, in the Puerto Ordaz airport after Machado participated in many protests with Guyanese students and politicians. 12 March – The Caracas Metro closed seven stations due to safety concerns. UCV students (Central University of Venezuela in Spanish) and opposition protesters marched to Plaza Venezuela to demand Ombudswoman Gabriela Ramírez to resign. The police dispersed the protest with tear gas and water cannons. In Chacao, six tanks, two water cannon trucks and National Guardsmen with tear gas and buckshots dispersed protesters while playing audio of Hugo Chávez and audio of the National anthem of Cuba. NTN24 reported from a lawyer that National Guardsmen and individuals with "Cuban accents" in Mérida forced three arrested adolescents to confess to crimes they did not commit and then the adolescents "kneeled and were forced to raise their arms then shot with buckshot throughout their body" during an alleged "target practice". The governor of Carabobo state, Francisco Ameliach, reported that the National Guard captain, Ramos Ernesto Bracho Bravo, died after being shot in Valencia's highway. Two bystanders, one going to the store and one inside an apartment, were killed after being shot by several dozen colectivos on motorcycles who were attacking opposition protesters in Isabelica, Valencia. President Maduro denounced that violent groups of opposition protesters attacked the Britanic Tower in Altamira. The zone neighbors accused the destruction was caused by infiltrates who weren't detained by the authorities. 13 March – President Maduro said he will make announcements on how to "turn off" the "coup" and said "it is too late to sit down and talk with the MUD" and called Henrique Capriles "an incompetent bum" for his remarks. 14 March – Venezuelan Foreign Minister Elias Juaua accused United States Secretary of State John Kerry of being a murderer, saying that he "activated" violent acts in Venezuela. 15 March – President Maduro accused the United States of "seeking the overthrowing of his government". He also acknowledged that 1529 people were detained, stated that 558 of them were students, and that 105 protesters had been caught carrying firearms. Students of Simón Bolívar University placed 3,000 empty chairs with crosses placed upon them to symbolize the number of people murdered in Venezuela during the first few months of 2014. 16 March – Thousands of opposition protesters marched against the alleged intervention of Cuba within Venezuelan internal affairs with claims including Cuba's intervention within "administrative, financial and military" sectors of the Venezuelan government including the National Armed Forces. A Chilean journalist denounced he was assaulted by the National Guard while he was recording the protests and detentions at the Altamira Square 17 March – After the Minister of Interior, Justice and Peace Lieutenant General Miguel Rodríguez Torres announced the "liberation and pacification" of Altamira Square after days of protest actions, more than six hundred National Guardsmen were deployed in the district. The Association of University Teachers of the Central University of Venezuela (APUCV) voted for the removal of security forces with the president of APUCV saying, "The APUCV wants to make clear its demand to the federal government to respect the Constitution and stop segregating part of Venezuelan society to prevent the student mobilization to the Ombudsman to deliver a document" and that, "We denounce the presence not only of the repressive action of the security forces of the State, but the simultaneous presence of parallel and paramilitary organizations". The opposition deputy César Ramírez denounced that the police detained several students in de Caroní Municipality, Bolívar state. One of them, Bianca Rodríguez, was allegedly beaten, had her own excrements put into her mouth and threatened to be raped by the National Guard. A National Guard captain dies after being shot in the head in Maracay while on duty. 18 March – Groups of mothers gathered in Altamira Square and peacefully protested against the situation in Venezuela. Protesters marched to Ramo Verde prison one month after opposition leader Leopoldo López was arrested. During a press conference, President of the National Assembly Diosdado Cabello said that the government accused María Corina Machado of 29 counts of murder due to the deaths resulting from the protests. An 18 years old student dies in Táchira during a shooting, while many other protesters were injured. The National Experimental University of the Armed Forces (UNEFA) in San Cristobal, Táchira was attacked with petrol bombs and largely destroyed; the dean blamed far-right groups. Municipal services worker Francisco Rosendo Marín was shot in the head while clearing a barricade from a street in Caracas. Claims on social networks blame the attack on an armed group on motorcycles. Panama's ambassador to the OAS, Arturo Vallarino, anticipated in and interview with Voice of America to cede his seat in the Permanent Council of the organization to María Corina Machado to let her talk about the protests. 19 March – Mothers continued to peacefully protest chanting, "We want to free children" in Altamira Square. Students began to have a class in Altamira Square when a professor started teaching a math class to students in the area. In Rubio, president of the Municipal Council Rubio reported that about 150 protesters gathered and were shot at by National Guard that left bullet wounds and injuries that included two children of 1 and 3 years old respectively. A Services Corporation worker was killed while he was clearing a barricade in Caracas. Colectivos entered inside the Architecture and Urbanism Faculty of the CUV, beating students and damaging the facilities. The students were also robbed and had their clothing taken away. The university rector, Cecilia García Arocha, informed that the classes would be suspended temporally due to the recent violence. María Corina Machado travels to Washington to participate in the OAS session after accepting Panama's government offer to cede their seat in the organization. 20 March – Miguel Rodríguez Torres announced the demilitarization of the Altamira Square and that its responsibility was returned to the local area police "after the liberation of the public spaces". Opposition mayor Vicencio Scarano Spisso was tried and sentenced to ten and a half months of jail for failing to comply with a court order to take down barricades in his municipality which resulted in various deaths and injuries in the previous days. María Corina Machado responded to legal accusations made against her saying, "In a dictatorship, the weaker the regime is, the greater the repression". Deputy Dario Vivas said that once María Corina Machado returns to Venezuela from her meeting with the OAS, she will not have any immunity. President Nicolás Maduro gifted new cars to National Guardsmen for recognition of their services. National Guard officer Jhon Castillo was shot dead during a second attack on the National Experimental University of the Armed Forces. 21 March – The Permanent Council of the OAS stated its session to discuss the topic "Current situation and dialogue in Venezuela". Before beginning the intervention of María Corina, the Member States' representatives discuss if the meeting will be public of private after Nicaragua's delegate to the OAS, Ricardo Seintenfus, asked the meeting to be closed, followed by Venezuela's ambassador, Roy Chaderton, who asked voting for this initiative. With 22 votes in favor, 11 against and an abstention from Barbados, the Member States decided the meeting to be closed. The countries that voted for an open process to the press were Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and United States. María Corina qualified the decision as "censorship". A group of Venezuelans protested in front of the seat of the OAS in Washington demanding transparency after the decision was taken. Henrique Capriles rejected the negative of the OAS to allow María Corina to discuss about the problems in Venezuela. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a statement qualifying the decision as an "international victory against the coup". Adán Chávez, older brother of Hugo Chávez, has joined the government's effort of criticizing opposition mayors who have supported the protest actions, stating that they "could end up like Scarano and Ceballos" by being charged for various cases. 22 March – Thousands of opposition protesters demonstrated throughout Venezuela in the cities of Caracas, Mérida, Barquisimeto, San Cristóbal, Zulia, Cumaná, Valencia, Bolívar and Coro. Caracas had one of the largest demonstrations where thousands of opposition protesters gathered in a protest called "Por la Libertad". Both opposition and government supporters protests rallied in the capital city Caracas to protest for the release of political prisoners and against the alleged vandalism and destruction caused by opposition protesters respectively in their designated venues. María Corina Machado was arrested when she arrived at Maiquetia Airport but was later released. Argenis Hernandez died in hospital after being shot in the stomach in Valencia. A bus driver died after being shot by a group of hooded gunmen in San Cristóbal. Another protester was hit by a bullet in Mérida during a shoot out and died minutes after arriving at the hospital. 23 March – Protests inside of the Centro Comercial Galerías Mall in Maracaibo continued. A worker from the state-run Corpoelec shot at protesters injuring one woman and killing a pregnant reporter working for Venevision in Los Teques, Miranda state. 24 March – President Maduro blamed all the deaths during the protest on the "coup" attempt. A group of 70 young protesters set up tents near the entrance of the United Nations headquarters in Los Palos Grandes. Speaker Diosdado Cabello announced that María Corina Machado no longer has access to being in the National Assembly as a deputy, therefore expelling her in accordance with the Assembly rules and in compliance with articles 149 and 191 of the Constitution of Venezuela, which states that "public officials shall not be permitted to accept employment, honors or rewards from foreign governments without authorization from the National Assembly" and that "deputies of the National Assembly shall not be permitted to accept or hold public employment positions without giving up their investiture(…)". María Corina Machado said that she would be deputy as long as the people wanted her to be. 25 March – President Maduro announced that three Venezuelan Air Force generals were arrested for allegedly planning a "coup" against the government and supporting the protests, and will be charged accordingly. On the same day, Minister of the Interior, Justice and Peace Miguel Rodríguez Torres accused opposition mayor Daniel Ceballos of being financially backed by Colombia to conspire against Maduro's government and for using it to support the protests. 26 March – The New York Times published an op-ed by Leopoldo López under the headline "Venezuela's Failing State." where he explained he wrote, "from the Ramo Verde military prison outside Caracas," lamenting that for the past fifteen years, "the definition of 'intolerable' in this country has declined by degrees until, to our dismay, we found ourselves with one of the highest murder rates in the Western Hemisphere, a 57 percent inflation rate and a scarcity of basic goods unprecedented outside wartime." María Corina Machado arrived in Venezuela protected by three representatives of the Congress of the Republic of Peru, Martín Belaúnde, Luis Galarreta and Cecilia Chacón, with Galarreta saying, "We came to support María Corina Machado by this unusual and unacceptable arbitrariness that you want to do". President Maduro said that the United Socialist Party of Venezuela has already chosen candidates to possibly replace arrested officials through an election that he said "we will win". 27 March – In Sucre, groups of people protested due to a lack of water in the area. 225 military officers rejected the allegations against the three air force generals, saying that to bring them before a martial court "would be violating their constitutional rights, as it is essential first to submit a preliminary hearing" and asked the National Guard "to be limited to fulfill its functions under articles 320, 328 and 329 of the Constitution and cease their illegal repressive activities of public order" against the protest actions. Venezuelan Vice President Jorge Arreaza said that a national human rights council was created and "will receive all complaints of alleged assaults". In Maracaibo, colectivos attempted to rape individuals in an apartment complex without intervention from National Guardsmen stationed in the area. 28 March – Members of the Student Movement gathered at the Bello Monte morgue to recite Our Father in respect to the fallen. Protesters blocked traffic on Francisco de Miranda Avenue. Colectivos attacked the Popular Will headquarters in Maracaibo burning it. 29 March – Three protests took place in Caracas in the areas of Altamira, Los Cortijos and Las Mercedes. Protesters in Carabobo blocked Bolívar Avenue while demonstrating against the government. While protesting just outside Valencia in Carabobo, hundreds of protesters were shot at with buckshot and tear gas by police. Henrique Capriles criticized President Maduro saying that while Venezuelans die, the president "sleeps like a baby while everything happens", mocking a statement President Maduro said to CNN during an interview with Christiane Amanpour. 30 March – In San Cristóbal, tear gas engulfed the city where clashes between protesters and police took place since 4am. María Corina Machado regretted the attacks from the previous night against residents in Tachira that had their homes allegedly attacked with gunfire, stones and tear gas by the National Guard and police. 31 March – Student protesters placed tents outside the entrance of the UN headquarters in Caracas asking why it has not given the country attention. Students of the Central University of Venezuela blocked the Francisco Fajardo Highway while protesting. Deputies and students called for a gathering the next day to accompany María Corina Machado to a National Assembly meeting. April 1 April – In a New York Times op-ed, President Maduro discusses the ongoing protests. He writes of distortions by the foreign media, claiming the protests primarily represent wealthier segments of society, not "mainstream sentiment," and points to improvements in inequality and poverty and the creation of universal health care and education programs. Citizens of Caracas protested demanding justice and the end of repression. María Corina Machado along with supporters began a march toward downtown Caracas protesting against Machado's expulsion and were surrounded by the National Guard which prevented them from leaving and dispersed with tear gas. Protests in front of the UN headquarters began blocking Francisco de Miranda Avenue. Barricades continued to block traffic in many cities. Amnesty International presented a report about "torture, abuse, arbitrary arrests, helplessness and human rights violations against opponents of the government" with the organization saying protesters "do not want to talk for fear of retaliation". 2 April – Students from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), Andrés Bello Catholic University (UCAB), Simón Bolívar University (USB), Monte Avila University (AMU) and the Metropolitan University (Unimet) conducted meetings discussing which activities should be performed in the future. Students of UCV continued to protest and refused to return to classes. A professor at Simon Bolivar University did not deny that trees have been used in barricades but says that the president's claim of 5,000 trees is a "product of political confrontation" and said that deforestation by companies was more dangerous due to "the lack of environmental monitoring by the Ministry of Environment". The Bolivarian National Police began using stun grenades on protesters in Chacao. 3 April – The Colegio de Abogados de Venezuela went to the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and denounced the imprisonment of public officials calling it a "kidnapping". President Maduro signed a decree creating the Human Rights Council, with the aim of "fully enforcing the Venezuelans' human rights". Maduro stated that "If they want to change the government out of desperation, whether at the level of a mayor, a governor, or the President of the Republic, here is your way to do it (the Constitution of Venezuela). Collect the signatures, if you get enough of them, then we're calling a referendum in 2016". Colectivos entered into the UCV, and a student was undressed and beaten by these groups. 4 April – In the early morning, about 70 protesters gathered discussing problems in Plaza Candelaria and were assaulted by colectivos with violent insults, threats with firearms and some pushing while neighbors retaliated with fireworks and throwing objects. Leopoldo Lopez was formally indicted of "arson in degree of determiner, public incitement, damage to public property and grade determiner conspiracy" and could face more than 13 years in prison if convicted. In Barquisimeto, a tank belonging to the National Guard ran over a fleeing 18-year-old protester. President of the faculty association of the Central University of Venezuela, Victor Marquez, called on President Maduro to protect students saying the problems at the university "stem from a government policy of not allowing peaceful public protests" after colectivos armed with wooden clubs, metal rods and guns attacked the university at least 10 times during the protests while government forces watched without intervening. A student misteken for a colectivo was attacked in an opposition protest. 5 April – María Corina Machado visited student protesting in front of the UN headquarters. President Maduro said he would not have dialogue with "fascists" and said the MUD does not want dialogue because they are "betting on a meltdown". 6 April – The Student Movement called on Venezuelans to place Venezuelan flags and other objects containing the Venezuelan flag's tricolor on cars, homes and clothing. Nairobi Pinto, chief editor for Globovision was kidnapped by two hooded men. Clashes between protesters and government forces occurred throughout the day in El Cafetal, Caracas. The protesters reported the tear gas used during the clashes was expired. 7 April – Physicians that were protesting blocked Urdaneta Avenue in Caracas. Chavista workers from Sidor protested against the government explaining issues with benefits, agreements, investments, weak pay increases and the "abandonment" by the government. 8 April – Mothers and fathers in Chacao had a silent demonstration and dressed in black with blank signs to protest against those who lacked interest in Venezuela's current crisis. A meeting between MUD and the Venezuelan government was held at the Casa Amarilla after the government accepted conditions for dialogue. 9 April – Medical students form UCV had a "Health Day" and protested while seeing patients on the street. Workers of the media demanded for the release of Nairobi Pinto, the chief editor for Globovision. 10 April – Bioanalysis students of the Central University of Venezuela held class at the Plaza de Los Palos Grandes while protesting. A small group of protesters traveled around Caracas dressed in army men costumes and holding signs saying, "As a child, they were my heroes, now the repress me". At night, a large group of students and citizens protested against their "lost future" and in respect to for those who have died during the protests. Peace talks between Maduro and the opposition's Democratic Unity Round Table alliance, including Henry Capriles, are televised. Foreign ministers of Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador also partake, while a Vatican representative reads a letter from Pope Francis supporting national reconciliation. A follow-up meeting is announced for April 15. After the six hours of peace talks, skepticism was generated between conflicting parties and also among citizens in Venezuela. 11 April – Members of the Movement of Young Venezuelans began a hunger strike while continuing to protest in tents in front of the UN headquarters. Diosdado Cabello insulted opposition members who attended the peace talks a day before declaring, "They sat a group of Venezuelans whose intention to sit and listen to what we were saying is recognized, but do not like to be told things". Leaders of Popular Will told Venezuelans to keep protesting until the Venezuelan government provided changes and said that the previous day peace talks had taken place in "unfair conditions", during which "a sole party acted as moderator". A group on motorcycles protested in Sucre causing blockages of traffic. 12 April – Thousands of opposition protesters in separate groups each wore a different color of red, yellow and blue and began to demonstrate in Caracas after Maria Corina Machado called on them to protest. 13 April – President Maduro announced plans of a new "ministry of international communication" due to an alleged "communications war unleashed against the country, the revolution and especially against me as president". Athletes gathered in Miranda and protested against the violence present in Venezuela. 14 April – Nairobi Pinto was released from her captors after over a week of being held and said she could not explain the situation due to" safety reasons". Students from the University of Oriente (UDO), Universidad Santa María (USM), the Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho (UGMA) and other citizens pitched tents to stay in the streets of Anzoategui while protesting against the crisis claiming that protesting in the streets is "the only way". The government and some opposition leaders had a second dialogue meeting. 15 April – Metrobuses in Caracas begin to run with banners on their windows against "fascism" accompanied with pictures of Hugo Chávez and Simon Bolivar. 16 April – Colectivos in several trucks allegedly attacked an apartment complex known for protesting damaging 5 vehicles, leaving 2 burnt, and fired several shots into the apartments leaving one person injured from a gunshot wound. Large groups of students in Caracas conducted a protest while barefoot mimicking the Stations of the Cross, with each "station" representing a problem Venezuela was facing. 17 April – Clashes between protesters and police occurred in Chacao. Crowds held a vigil for those who died during the protests near the Prados del Este highway. 18 April – A student in Valencia was killed after being shot at least seven times. Maria Corina Machado returned to Venezuela after meeting with members of the European Union. Citizens in Zulia protested for the release of Leopoldo Lopez two months after he was arrested and for the release of those allegedly detained unjustly. 19 April – President Nicolas Maduro made statements about Venezuela's independence saying "Long has been our way as a people to achieve true and lasting independence, 204 years of the 19th of April and the struggle continues" and that his previous year in office was "[a] year of unity and battle, exercising with the People's Power for Socialist Chavez and the Bolivarian Revolution". The Metropolitan Mayor of Caracas, Antonio Ledezma, announced a march for the following day of Easter called "The Pilgrimage of Resistance" which would be attended by members of the National Assembly and various mayors from different municipalities. The National Guard and armed groups attacked residents in Barquisimeto firing gas, lead pellets and rubber pellets into homes resulting in several injuries, damaged vehicles and left the area without power after shooting an electrical transformer. 20 April – During some traditional Easter celebrations of the Burning of Judas, some anti-government protesters burned effigies of President Maduro and other government officials saying they betrayed the Venezuelan people just as Judas Iscariot had betrayed Jesus. Protesters marched to the headquarters of the United Nations Program for Development called the "Resurrection of Democracy" where Maria Corina Machado explained that "The whole world understands that we are now fighting for democracy and giving freedom. The whole world condemns the blow given to parliament in these times when it prevents me from entering" and Antonio Ledezma said that, "It's not enough to pray, you have to go out and fight to achieve the resurrection of democracy. The historic alliance of workers and students is at the forefront of this struggle for a better country". Residents of Carabobo protested with banners and flags for social improvements and denounced shortages effecting them. Clashes occurred between protesters and the National Guard. 21 April – In the early morning, protesters blocked traffic on the Prados del Este highway in Caracas. The highway remained closed for ten hours while clashes between the National Guard and protesters left one water vehicle inoperable. 22 April – Movimiento Estudiantil held a press conference at the Central University of Venezuela denouncing "repressive acts and prohibition" of protests by the government, explained that political parties involved in dialogue with the government "do not represent the Student Movement of Venezuela" and announced that they would continue to protest. Students of the National Experimental Polytechnic University (Unexpo) protested against insecurities after frequent robberies and a recent incident where a student was shot. Four people; a taxi driver, a police officer of Mérida, and two other men, were shot in Mérida while trying to remove barricades. In Santa Fe, fires were reported after tear gas was used. 23 April – Protesters in Maracaibo blocked traffic with trucks, garbage and tires. They were later dispersed by the National Guard with tear gas. Antonio Ledezma traveled to San Cristobal to show his support for Patricia Ceballos, wife of jailed leader Daniel Ceballos, who is running in the elections to take his lost position. 24 April – The Constitutional Chamber of the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled that protests could not be held without permission from the state saying, "Any concentration, demonstration or meeting that does not have the prior endorsement by the respective competent authority to do so may result in the police ... dispersing with the use of the most appropriate mechanisms for this". President Maduro also announced that the government had "defeated guarimbas" and showed his concern for authorities that were injured. In Barquisimeto, parents protested against resolution 058 saying that it would have an "alleged socialist influence" in schools. 25 April – A group of bioanalysts protested against shortages of medical supplies with the President of the College of Bioanalysts, Judith Leon, saying that "60% of people who come to hospitals will not be addressed because lack of supplies". Protesters demonstrated in front of the UN headquarters on social and economic problems and also warned about the proposed educational reform by the government. 26 April – Thousands of protesters demonstrated throughout Venezuela with many protesters denouncing the Venezuelan government's education reform that allegedly indoctrinates socialist models among young students. The father of Robert Redman, a student that was allegedly killed by government authorities on 12 February, participated in marches with Maria Corina Machado and Lilian Tintori. 27 April – Protests occurred inside the Centro Comercial El Recreo mall in Caracas with demonstrators using signs, banners and flags in the mall's corridors. 28 April – Parents and representatives in Carabobo marched to Ombudsman to deliver a letter to them, protesting against resolution 058 and "ideology in schools". Students at the Central University of Venezuela demonstrated outside of the chancellor of the university's office protesting against insecurity. Groups of teachers, Movimiento Estudiantil, press workers with SNTP and the Medical Federation of Venezuela (FMV) announced that they will all take part in protests on 1 May. 29 April – Workers of government-run Corpoelec protested asking for raises in pay, collective bargaining and demanded improvements on working conditions. A man was arrested for attempting to construct barricades on Francisco de Miranda Avenue. Law students of the University of Central Venezuela made statements about the court's decision on protests saying "[t]he Judgment of the Constitutional Court was not given to protect the right to life and freedom" and said that they would not recognize the court's decision. Friends and family sang Happy Birthday to Leopoldo Lopez outside of the prison he was being held at. 30 April – Students protested at Simon Bolivar University (USB), blocking its entrance while denouncing the Venezuelan Supreme Court's decision on protests. Students at University of Santa María (USM) protested against the arrests of their fellow students and blocked access to the House of Studies on the campus. May 1 May – To commemorate Labor Day, thousands of Venezuelans participated in two major rallies in Caracas. In east Caracas, worker unions, student organizations, opposition leaders, physicians, and journalists demonstrated against the Venezuelan government. The groups said the minimum wage increase was not enough due to the country's official rate being so high, denouncing shortages and police shortages while holding banners. In west Caracas, pro-government demonstrators gathered to show support for the government. Maduro said the minimum wage increase was a "necessary defense" against inflation, while Vice President Jorge Arreaza announced that the unemployment rate in Venezuela is at a record low of 7.2%. Protesters gathered at Altamira Square and were dispersed by authorities leaving some injured from pellets. 2 May – Melvin Collazo, the private SEBIN officer who shot at students on 12 February was released. Interior Minister Miguel Rodriguez Torres accused 58 foreigners of inciting violent protests and stated that the United States was involved. 3 May – A group of 30 students from the Polytechnic University Institute joined protesters that were camped outside of the UN headquarters on Francisco de Miranda Avenue. 4 May – In Maracay, groups of people protested for the release of Leopoldo Lopez and others who were imprisoned during the protests. In Carabobo near the Eastern Freeway, neighbors from Mañongo protested with flags and slogans against policies made by President Maduro. 5 May – At least 7 people were injured and 18 arrested in Carabobo during clashes between protesters and the National Guard. 6 people were injured and classes were cancelled after students at the Catholic University Andrés Bello (UCAB) held protests that resulted in clashes with the National Guard who dispersed protesters with tear gas and buckshot. Classes at the University of the Andes were empty due to students protesting in honor for those who were injured or killed during the protests. Armed colectivos attacked and burnt down Fermín Toro University after intimidating student protesters and shooting one. 6 May – A group of individuals that took place in the 1992 coup attempt led by Hugo Chávez protested against the government demanding more rights. Peaceful student demonstrations were attacked by pro-government armed groups that were assisted by government forces at the Catholic University Andrés Bello. Hundreds of student protesters that were denouncing the burning of Fermín Toro University were dispersed by government forces with buckshot and tear gas. A Metrobus driver was injured after being hit with a fire bomb. 7 May – Citizens in Tucacas in Falcon state protested because they were left without electricity for three days. Students from the Metropolitan University in Caracas blocked Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Highway while protesting against social, economic and political problems. The National Police then dispersed the university students with tear gas which caused a fire that was controlled hours later. 8 May – The protester camps in front of the UN headquarters in Caracas and in other locations were dismantled by hundreds of National Guardsmen who then arrested 243 people at the camps where authorities allegedly found weapons and drugs. Students of Universidad Santa María responded to the dismantling of camps by protesting and blocking access to the university, which caused heavy congestion on the roadway. Later that day in Caracas, a police officer from the National Police was fatally shot in the neck with three others being injured after clashes with protesters who did not agree with the dismantling of camps. Later events 9 May – Tupamaros protested against the proposed sanctions by the United States against Venezuelan officials who allegedly violated human rights, denouncing the "interference in the internal affairs of our country". Student protesters at a camp in Maracay were attacked by armed motorcyclists that fired shots, threw Molotov cocktails and destroyed 30 tents at the camp leaving 5 students injured. During a protest in Lecheria, a student of Santa Maria University was shot near her head by police. President Maduro responded to the United States' intention of enforcing sanctions against Venezuelan officials, deeming them "stupid". Maduro stated: "They say [the US] they will punish us. Draw your sanctions, Simón Bolívar's people won't be hindered by any sanction from any empire". 10 May – Protesters marched from Chacao to the UNDP headquarters in Altamira, denouncing the "aggressions" against protester camps. Some young protesters in Altamira began to set up barricades with public furnishings in the area and were then quickly dispersed by the National Police with tear gas. Students, mothers and political leaders peacefully protested on the streets of Caracas saying that there was nothing to celebrate on Mother's Day because mothers had lost their children during the protests from both murder and arrests. 11 May – Hundreds of protesters peacefully marched in east Caracas denouncing the dismantling of camps by the government. The march concluded with the singing of the Venezuelan national anthem with some groups leaving the march to block roads near Altamira Square. The protesters tried to block traffic near the plaza for about an hour and were then dispersed by the National Police with tear gas. 12 May – Groups of workers of the Caracas Metro marched to the Supreme Court denouncing attacks on infrastructure and asking for an investigation of the governor of Miranda, Henrique Capriles, due to damages. In the Las Mercedes municipality of Caracas, protesters and government authorities clashed. It was estimated that 8 students were arrested during the clashes including the son of the pro-government governor Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, who was freed minutes later. 13 May – There were several demonstrations in at least three different colleges, including the University of Santa Maria in Mariches that was closed due to protests, the National Experimental University of Táchira and the Pedagogical University Experimental Libertador Rubio where tear gas was reportedly used. 14 May – Hundreds of students marched in Caracas peacefully asking for the release of students and denouncing the disassembly of camps. However, some protesters left the march creating clashes with security forces that resulted in approximately 80 arrests. A group of reporters covering the incident said they were assaulted by the National Guard after Guardsmen fired at them and attempted to arrest a reporter. One National Guardsmen was injured after he was hit by a bus carrying arrested protesters. 15 May – Protests occurred at Terrazas del Avila in Sucre. Several boxes were placed outside of the Justice of Carabobo and the prosecutors office in Margarita in protest against unresolved court cases. At the Central University of Venezuela, the schools of Mechanical Engineering, Law, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Pharmacy and Bioanalysis were closed after students refused to attend classes in protest against the arrest of demonstrators the previous day. Students also protested against the arrests of students at the University of Los Andes in Tachira, Simon Bolivar University and the Metropolitan University in Chacao. A bridge was closed by groups that were protesting against the lack of water and food. 16 May – Some classes at Central University of Venezuela remained empty as students denounced the arrests of hundreds of protesters from the previous day. In Isabelica, citizens protested against the lack of water, no electricity and due to trash being left in the streets for several days. Students gathered at the plaza of University Rafael Belloso Chacin after four days of cancelled classes due to protests. Groups of hooded individuals also attacked a bus at the University Rafael Belloso Chacin. 17 May – The Federation of Associations of Venezuela (FAPUV) called on all teachers to hold a national strike on 22 May with the president of the Association of Teachers of the Central University of Venezuela, Victor Marquez, saying "While the boys are in the streets protesting and arrested, the university seems pretending to operate as if absolutely nothing happening". A group of more than 220 former officers of the Institutional Military Front criticized the MUD for having dialogue with the government. 18 May – Residents of Petare protested against the lack of water. In Caracas, a march was held in support of the Venezuelan LGBT communities. 19 May – Prados del Este highway was congested for hours until the National Guard removed protesters and a barricade. A group of mothers effected from the protests created a group called the Venezuelan Mothers Front. Protests returned to Lara state where demonstrators blocked streets and had clashes with the National Guard. A group of protesters blocked roads in Anzoategui state and burned a PDVSA truck. Clashes occurred between protesters and the National Police in the Las Minitas neighborhood of Baruta. Neighbors of Las Minitas reported tear gas was fired near the position of children in the area. 20 May – Clashes occurred throughout the early morning in Pueblo Nuevo between citizens and soldiers with some fighting lasting for several hours. 21 May – Coordinators of Movimiento Estudiantil denounced recent attacks on students with firearms saying that the only thing students are armed with are "notebooks and pencils". Families in the city of Barquisimeto in Lara state blocked roads while demanding water. Students of the University of Simor Bolivar blocked hallways by piling several desks and chairs at their entrances. 22 May – Several universities held strikes due to the arrests of their students. Citizens in multiple cities protested due to a lack of water or for having dirty water. Students protested in Maracaibo against the arrests of fellow students, insecurity and other problems the country was facing. Protesters demonstrated in Chacao blocking Francisco de Miranda and Uslar Pietri Avenues. Bus drivers in La Urbina blocked roads with their buses protesting against the conditions in the country. 23 May – Students of multiple universities marched to the public prosecutor in Tachira demanding the release of fellow students. Workers of travel agencies protested against the troubles their sector is facing. Employees of the Venezuela Housing Mission protested due to a delay in payments. Traders in San Pedro protested against the insecurity in the area. 24 May – After 100 days, protests continued with several students and citizens demonstrating in marches. Students in Barinas protested against "insecurity, scarcity, youth killed by the regime and others unjustly imprisoned, repression, violation of human rights, among others". 25 May – Citizens of municipalities elected the wives of arrested opposition mayors who will replace the positions of their husbands. 26 May – 900 soldiers protested one block away from Miraflores Palace due to not being reinstated after participating in the events of February 4, 1992. Students from UNEFA and IUTEC protested on the Pan American Highway. Members of the Venezuelan National Youth Organization demonstrated outside of the Embassy of Costa Rica asking for the Costa Rican government "to speak out publicly to demand that the Venezuelan government to cease repression, persecution and imprisonment of Venezuelan students protest peacefully". Students of IUTIRLA protested by barricading streets by sitting in school desks. Students of UNIMET blocked traffic on Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Highway while protesting. 27 May – Citizens who bought subsidized food from a Mercal store in Barquisimeto protested after they were locked out of the store due to shortages. 11 former military members were arrested in front of Miraflores Palace. Protests occurred in Altamira where demonstrators blocked traffic on Luis Roche Avenue with barricades. 28 May – Students of the Catholic University of Táchira (UCAT) held early morning protests against various issues the country was facing which then led to clashes with the police and the National Guard. Citizens of Barquisimeto held a peaceful march titled "Lara in the street" while protesting against repression, arrests and other problems in Venezuela. 29 May – Motorists protested in Los Teques against the insecurities they faced, blocking the Panamerican pass. Students from University College of Los Teques Cecilio Acosta (CULTCA) protested due to the poor quality of food being served to them rotten or had worms and cockroaches in it. Four people were arrested in Santa Fe after police dispersed a protest and removed debris blocking a road. Protests occurred at the Catholic University of Táchira which led to clashes that injured 5 after high school students stole a bus. Protest leaders later denounced the theft saying the act "should not distort and the protest should be peaceful". 30 May – In the morning hours, three buses blocked traffic outside of the University of Carabobo while protesting against insecurities in the country. Citizens in Valencia near the Camoruco mall protested against Resolution 058. Students at National Experimental University of Tachira (UNET) and police clashed which resulted in the students creating a large barricade to defend themselves. 31 May – Various universities in Venezuela rescheduled academic events in order to help students that were affected by the protests. 1 June – The March of the Brave, a march organized by Movimiento Estudiantil, occurred in Caracas where Venezuelans denounced insecurity, shortages and demanded the release of political prisoners. Protesters then marched to Alfredo Sadel Square in Las Mercedes announcing they would stay in the square for 12 hours and said they would be fasting for another 15 hours. 2 June – Residents in Baruta protested against dirty drinking water and demanded Hidrocapital to come fix it. Students from the Catholic University of Táchira (UCAT) and National Experimental University of Táchira protested against the arrests of protesters and made two dump trucks spill their contents in the road in order to block traffic. Several of the students from UCAT were injured after clashes with security forces that used tear gas and buckshot to disperse protesters. Students from the University of Fermín Toro Barquisimeto protested against attacks that burned the school on 5 May by blocking nearby traffic. In Lara, three were injured and several were arrested after clashes between citizens and security forces occurred from the afternoon of 2 June to the early morning hours of 3 June. 3 June – In Valencia, protesters blocked a freeway with burning tires due to high levels of insecurity and because of the recent lack of water in the area. Clashes between the Metropolitan University and the National Police closed the Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Highway and resulted in some fires from the use of tear gas. President Nicolas Maduro said on his talk show that the MUD had ceased dialogue concerning the protests. President Maduro also made claims that the United States and the Venezuelan opposition had plans to assassinate him saying Maria Corina Machado was involved, called her a "killer", and said that there was evidence from emails that he "did not want to publicly display". 4 June – Students from Metropolitan University and Santa María University held protests that resulted in clashes with the government that left 2 arrested and 5 injured. Protesters near the National Experimental University of Tachira burned a bus during demonstrations and were later dispersed by the National Guard with tear gas. 5 June – Judge Adriana Lopez decided that Leopoldo Lopez would face trial in August after being convicted of causing violence on 12 February 2014. Residents of Tocuyo protested due to the lack of domestic gas and because of bad tasting water. 6 June – Protests due to complications with utilities occurred in Maracay due to blackouts and in Caracas against the state-run water company, Hidrocapital, because residents had no water. Residents of Caracas protested against the Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) due to the costs of air fare. 7 June – A leader from Popular Will, Freddy Guevara, asked Venezuelans across the country to protest for the release of Leopoldo Lopez, saying "Sunday will draw a new stage of the struggle of resistance, a path that has always been democratic." COPEI announced that they were seeking in every state of Venezuela, in various places in the United States, Colombia, Panama and Spain, to collect 1 million signatures to send to Pope Francis in petition to release political prisoners and to stop student repression. María Corina Machado also asked for protests for the following day saying it was time to enter a "second stage in the path of freedom". 8 June – Thousands of Venezuelans led by Popular Will peacefully gathered at Brión Plaza in Caracas protesting against Leopoldo Lopez's detention along with student arrests, demanded President Maduro's resignation and called for an early presidential election. Leaders of the student movement also announced that they would hold a demonstration on 24 June. 9 June – Multiple protests occurred due to the lack of water, with places like Saint Mary University, Caracas and Sucre all having demonstrations. Clashes between security forces and protesters in Maracaibo by a nearby school created anxiety among children and left several injured. 10 June – Several individuals in a vehicle traveling past Fermín Toro University fired a tear gas canister into the campus causing panic which was then followed by students blocking the streets in protest and clashes with police that lasted for hours. President Maduro stated that MUD did not respect the dialogue provided by UNASUR and the Catholic church. 11 June – Government workers at the Carabobo health ministry building protested near the facility demanding more benefits. Residents in Maturin protested for the improvement of public services; including better sewage, electricity and security services. 12 June – 12 were injured and classes were cancelled after a tear gas canister was placed into the university's air conditioning system which affected the entire facility. Students in Valencia blocked a highway while protesting and playing football. Students at Saint Mary University protested after the robbery and shooting of two of their fellow schoolmates. 13 June – Saint Mary University students continued protesting after the shooting of students there and placed desks facing the university's rectory demanding solutions to insecurity. Students in Lagunillas began protests once more and blocked several streets in the area while demonstrating against government abuses. 14 June – Clashes occurred between students and security forces in Bolívar which resulted in the use of tear gas near a residential center. Groups of cyclists, some nude, rode the streets in Caracas in protest and resulted in one cyclist being arrested. 15 June – More than 100 representatives from various social groups signed a manifest saying "yes there is a way out of the crisis" and demanded the resignation of President Nicolas Maduro saying, "only the people on the streets, exercising their legitimate right to peaceful protest will force those who now support the regime to accept a process truly democratic transition". 16 June – Students at St. Mary's University protested against insecurity due to the constant thefts occurring on their campus. In Valencia, parents protested against the education Resolution 058. Students from the Catholic University of Tachira gathered outside of the Governor of Tachira's home. 17 June – President Maduro confirmed his willingness to resume dialogue with the opposition. 18 June – María Corina Machado was prohibited from leaving the country due to investigations being performed by the government. President of the Student Center of Santa Rosa Catholic University, Eusebio Costa, sent a request to the United Nations in Switzerland, stating that the students were "confident" that their rights were violated and asked the United Nations "not be indifferent to what is happening in Venezuela". At Maiquetia Airport, workers protested, demanding a new collective agreement after alleged harassments and threats. 19 June – Students gathered outside of the Venezuelan headquarters of United Nations Program for Development demanding a copy of security footage of the dismantling of the protester camp that was in front of the headquarters. Students announced a march scheduled for 24 June in order to demand "freedom" for Venezuelans. 20 June – 5 protesters were arrested by the National Guard while demonstrating outside of the Catholic University of Táchira. National Guardsmen dispersed students who gathered in front of the United Nations Program for Development headquarters the previous day. Corpoelec workers of Puerto Ordaz in Bolívar state protested on Guayana Avenue. 21 June – Josué Farías, an accounting student from University Rafael Belloso Chacin, died of respiratory failure from injuries he sustained on 29 May during a protest in Zulia. 15 Youth National Organization members began their "permanent fasting" after rejecting the position of the United Nations in Caracas. 22 June – Hacker group Anonymous Venezuela hacked CANTV's website after several cities could not receive telephone and internet service. Coordinator of Popular Will, Carlos Vecchio, said that he had shown evidence to the United Nations alleged human rights violations, saying that "there must be a support of the international community, especially when violations occur human rights. No country can be oblivious to what is happening there". Opposition leaders were allegedly banned from flying on Conviasa flights in Venezuela due to "orders from Caracas". 23 June – Lilian Tintori stated in an interview with Chilean newspaper La Tercera that there is a struggle between good and evil in Venezuela, and that she thinks her husband Leopoldo Lopez will be released "soon" because there is not proof he had done nothing wrong. 24 June – Students from 14 states in Venezuela protested simultaneously on the 193rd anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo. In Valencia, 20 people were injured by the Carabobo police and the National Guard who were firing pellets and tear gas at peaceful protesters which resulted in some individuals retaliating by placing garbage into the streets in order to block them. In Anzoategui, more than 25 peaceful protesters were arrested while returning home. In Mérida, University of Los Andes students protested against what they called a Cuban "colonization" saying "Venezuela is still a colony of the Cuban government, we are slaves of insecurity, scarcity of inflation and all the problems that beset us every day to all Venezuelans". Students of the Catholic University of Tachira began a hunger strike asking for freedom of students who were arrested. 25 June – Students sewed their mouths shut in protest due to student being arrested for protesting and to show the Venezuelan government that their "fasting is permanent, prolonged and serious". 26 June – Movimiento Estudiantil of the Central University of Venezuela announced the movement titled Signatures for Freedom which would collect signatures to release hundreds of those in custody for protesting and to cease precautionary measures against another 2000 protesters. Neighborhood protests occurred in Barquisimeto due to a lack of water in the area. 27 June – The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, said she was concerned about the violation of rights and abuses in Venezuela. 28 June – Executive Secretary of MUD, Ramon Guillermo Aveledo, said that dialogue has not permanently ceased with the Venezuelan government, saying "We have frozen the dialogue because it has not produced the expected results". At Plaza Bolivar of San Cristóbal, the state governor, José Gregorio Vielma Mora, held a meeting with the Battle Units Hugo Chávez, saying "we have to maintain the strength of the revolution, without allowing any internal division, especially in militancy of Tachira, where no one is disobedient, because the opposition is coming for us, because while the government builds, they destroy". 29 June – Students at the Chiquinquirá Church continued their hunger strike after nine days of fasting. 30 June – Students who continued to hunger strike in front of the Consulate of Colombia in San Cristobal asked the Congress of Colombian "not be complicit in the repression and violation of human rights in Venezuela". 1 July – Protests near the former headquarters of Catholic University of Táchira resulted in the several students being injured and one being arrested by the National Police. 2 July – A large group of merchants in Candelaria protested after a 77-year-old baker was killed after the community paid their 500 bolivar protection fees to the People's Guard for security. Judicial sources announced that Leopoldo Lopez will face trial on 23 July. Heavy clashes occurred between protesters and security forces in Tachira after protesters demonstrated against the murder and kidnapping of a young woman the previous night. 3 July – Students of the Catholic University of Táchira and the Santiago Mariño Polytechnic Institute continued to protest after the kidnapping and murder that occurred the previous Sunday. Near Santiago Mariño Polytechnic Institute, students blocked roads with garbage which resulted with no escalation after police and protesters reached an agreement of a short protest that would not block roads. However near the Catholic University of Táchira, National Police forcibly repressed protesters there launching tear gas without notice in the streets and through windows which resulted in students retaliating with stone and Molotov cocktails. Between 20 and 30 injuries were reported and an NTN24 reporter was temporarily detained and allegedly beaten. 4 July – Workers of the state-run Corpoelec protested due to collective agreement issues saying they are still owed pay from 2011 and demanded the Minister for Electricity, Jesse Chacón, to deny that blackouts were due to sabotage. Protests occurred at the University of Carabobo where an entrance was closed in protest of the arrest of a student that was allegedly robbed and then arrested after he was robbed. 5 July – Student movements and the public commemorated 203 years since Venezuela's independence. During a demonstration at the Plaza de la República, protesters symbolically washed a Venezuelan flag to represent a "renewal of the nation" and made statements about independence from Cuba. Following the demonstration, members of SEBIN arrested 17 protesters who complied with their orders due to "public offense to patriotic symbols". Protesters near Terrazas del Avila blocked access to a road, preventing a PDVSA oil truck and resulted with the National Guard dispersing the protesters with tear gas. 6 July – On the corner where Bassil Da Costa was shot, a memorial plaque was placed to remember Bassil Da Costa and Juancho Montoya, two of the first victims killed during the protests. 12 of the students arrested the previous day for washing a Venezuelan flag were released while 4 still remained in custody. 7 July – A large number of over a dozen students of the Venezuelan National Youth Organization who were having a hunger strike in a Chiquinquirá Catholic church stopped their fasting after 17 days, saying that intimidation from the National Guard and SEBIN, along with a siege of the church by paramilitary groups permitted by Venezuelan state authorities caused them to conclude their strike. However a few students continued their fasting. Parents protested in Valencia against Resolution 058 calling it the "plan of the Fatherland". Citizens of Simón Planas in Lara state protested against insecurity, saying that they had talked to government officials about the issue but the situation did not improve. 8 July – A steel worker union involving workers of Sidor protested in Guyana due to the worst operating inefficiencies in its history. Workers blocked roads with buses with some catching accidentally catching on fire. The workers later apologized to the citizens in the area for any inconveniences during their protests. In Baruta, protesters barricaded Bello Monte Avenue while denouncing shortages and insecurity in the area. 9 July – Students in Mérida protested against insecurity, blocking Tulio Febres Cordero Avenue. This resulted in clashes with police using tear gas and rubber bullets near the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Los Andes. Andrés Bello Catholic University asked authorities to release students, saying that the demonstrations should not be punished since students should have freedom of expression and asked authorities to investigate allegations of torture and degradation. 10 July – Protesters demonstrated in the Santa Fe neighborhood of Caracas, partially blocking the Prados del Este highway, placing trash and debris in three of the four lanes of the roadway. President Maduro stated that in east Caracas, makeshift weapons were found belonging to some protesters. Residents of La Guaira in Vargas state protested against the lack of water in the area by blocking roads. Pot banging in protest could be heard from the poor, "pro-Chavez" barrio of 23 de Enero, denouncing more than 24 hours without electricity. 11 July – Militant members of PSUV made statements demanding " radical change" from the Venezuelan government and criticized President Maduro, saying that it seems like he is "running out of answers" and is sometimes going "the wrong way". 12 July – Residents of Barcelona in Anzoategui state protested by burning tires in roads, explaining that they were angry for not having electricity for at least 4 days. 13 July – Former Vice President of Venezuela and journalist for the Venezuelan government's news agency AVN, José Vicente Rangel, warned government supporters of "terrorist attacks" occurring in mid-July, saying that the protests had left 42 dead, over 300 injured and 10 billion bolivares of damages. 14 July – Leader of MUD said that dialogue with the government would continue after the release of what he called were "political prisoners". María Corina Machado said that criminal proceedings were initiated against her by the government without her knowledge; with Machado being accused of public incitement during violent occurrences in February. 15 July – On their 22nd consecutive day of fasting, Venezuelan National Youth Organization members continued their hunger strike still denouncing the arrests of fellow students, hoping they could conclude their protest on 12 August. Clashes between students and authorities occurred in Mérida after protests against insecurity, economic problems and the name change of the state of Mérida to the "Bolivarian State of Merida". A student of medicine at the University of Los Andes was arrested after the protests and was allegedly "brutally beaten and badly wounded". 16 July – Trauma patients in Barcelona protested outside of a hospital saying their operations had been delayed for months after medical residents began a strike. 17 July – After National Police tried to disperse a peaceful protest, clashes were generated between students of the National Experimental Universidad of Tachira and the police. 18 July – In the early hours of the night, clashes occurred in Táchira between police and protesters which resulted in damages to nearby businesses, and dozens of burnt vehicles in a parking lot belonging to the police. Residents of Libertador protested on Antímano Avenue due to a lack of gas. Former workers of Sabenpe protested for the payment of their salaries on Petare-Santa Lucia Road, closing more than 1 km of road. Workers of the state-run steel produce Sidor protested for a second time against the president of the Venezuelan Guayana Corporation, Justo Noguera Pietri, over collective agreement issues. The workers blocked traffic in and out of Ciudad Guayana for 4 hours. 19 July – Ombudswoman Gabriela Ramirez reported that her office studied the arrests of Leopoldo López, Commissioner Ivan Simonovis, and Marco Coello and that the Venezuelan government is attempting to protect their rights 20 July – Former mayor who was arrested, Daniel Ceballos, called on the people of Táchira to continue protesting. 21 July – In Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, workers of Sidor protested and created barricades. In Boconó, residents protested and blocked access to Zumbador due to the poor conditions of roads in the area. 22 July – Protesters in Valencia placed banners throughout the city criticizing the quality of water, electricity, security, health and education. Sidor workers demanding a collective agreement protested once again closing multiple roads in Guyana. Parents of those arrested for protesting outside of the UNDP building in Caracas protested outside of the building asking for the UN to make statements and denounced alleged human rights violations of their children. 23 July – In Boconó, several barricades were placed by residents protesting against failures in water services, municipal cleaning and electrical faults to which they are subjected. In Ciudad Bolívar, clashes between the National Guard and protesters occurred. Parents that were protesting outside of the UNDP building were asked to leave by Polichacao officers and were told that the National Guard would remove them if they did not comply. 24 July – Residents in Lara and Mérida marched from Ayacucho de Barquisimeto Square to Bolivar Plaza to commemorate Bolivar's birthday and denounce. After the march, clashes occurred in Barquisimeto and Mérida between protesters who set up barricades and the National Guard who proceeded to disperse them. In Barquisimeto, 13 were arrested and 2 were injured. 25 July – Wives of opposition leaders who were arrested said that President Maduro would be responsible for their husbands wellbeing after Scarano and Lucchese were allegedly beaten. The wives also accused the government of lying about Leopoldo Lopez's freedom, saying that photos released showing him in church were from a different period of time. 26 July – A caravan of supporters drove to Ramo Verde prison demanding to visit opposition leaders imprisoned there. Parents of students that were arrested protested outside of the HP Tower in Los Palos Grandes, Chacao municipality. 27 July – The Venezuelan Armed Forces warned the workers of Sidor who were protesting in Ciudad Guyana that they would be patrolling the area and would take action against the workers if necessary. 28 July – 83 people were arrested in Cumana after 27 separate pockets of protests denouncing alleged human rights violations broke out near the police headquarters. 29 July – Mother of Geraldine Moreno, a woman killed while protesting, demanded through social media that the 8 students detained after the dismantling of the camp near the UNDP headquarters be released. 30 July – Members of National Front gathered in front of the SEBIN headquarters denouncing abuses that protesters faced and demanded the release of political prisoners. While María Corina Machado was participating in a town meeting in Caricuao, Caracas, over 30 people belonging to colectivos attacked her vehicle leaving it heavily damaged. Machado escaped and was then moved to the assembly place while colectivos followed breaking down the door where they then left the scene after confrontations with residents protecting Machado. 31 July – Auto workers in Caracas protested at Plaza Caracas denouncing the country's situation in the automotive sector and stated that the allocation of currency is under their control. 1 August – The National Union of Court Employees (SINTRAT) marched from the Caracas Courthouse to the headquarters of the Vice President demanding a wage increase. 2 August – Multiple government officials held demonstrations in support of the Palestinian people with a large protest held by pro-government protesters at Plaza Morelos de Caracas in Caracas. 3 August – Residents of Candelaria threatened to restart protests in the neighborhood following the murder of a woman, saying that though there were some minor improvements after an earlier murder, they still demand to meet with Minister Miguel Rodriguez Torres. 4 August – On Henry Ford Avenue in Valencia, a transport vehicle was burnt in protest. In Baruta, protesters burned tires and created road blockages. Near the Catholic University of Táchira, clashes between protesters and security forces left 10 people injured with one hit by a tear gas canister. 5 August – In Barquisimeto, protesters closed Lara Avenue for 5 hours while burning tires and were later dispersed by security forces with rubber pellets and tear gas resulting in one arrest. In Choroní, residents protested for a second day denouncing the poor public services and overflowing sewers in the area with the protesters being dispersed later in the night. 6 August – In Salamanca, protesters blocked the Charallave-Ocumare highway due to having no drinking water and violence in the area that left 6 people dead. Sidor workers held another protest, closing Guayana Avenue with buses resulting in one worker being arrested. 7 August – A caravan of taxi drivers caused blockages of traffic in Los Teques protested against insecurity in the area after a 71-year-old partner of a taxi driver was killed by a bullet wound to the neck. 8 August – Deputy Chairman of the Federation of Student Center at UCV, the youth leader of Aragua, the president of the UDI Youth and a Chilean student among two others were arrested by SEBIN. The Independent Democratic Union party (UDI) of Chile promptly responded to the arrest of its leader, Felipe Cuevas, demanding an "immediate release". The Chilean ambassador in Venezuela explained that the Chilean student politician may be released soon saying he was arrested for taking photographs in an unauthorized area and not having his passport upon him. 9 August – Students leaders and a Chilean politician that were arrested the previous days were released. 10 August – The Ecological Movement of Venezuela, along with other social groups announced that they would hold a protest in Ciudad Guayana on 13 August due to insecurity, the disposal of garbage and food shortages. 11 August – After weeks of protesting, Sidor workers protested once again on Guayana Avenue resulting in one worker injured after he was hit by two shotgun pellets while the National Guard dispersed them. 12 August – Sidor workers protested against the arrest of 19 workers the previous day and were dispersed by the National Guard who were using tear gas and buckshot, resulting in two individuals, a Sidor worker and a bystander, being injured from shotgun the pellets. 13 August – Groups gathered outside of the courthouse with signs and shouting slogans, demanding the release of Leopoldo Lopez. 14 August – 112 of 120 protesters arrested outside of the UNDP headquarters in Caracas on 8 May received full freedom, with the remaining 8 protesters remaining detained due to alleged greater crimes. 15 August – In Tucacas, Falcon State, residents protested against the rate increase from 5 bolívares for entrance to the park, to between 80 and 150 bolívares to enter Morrocoy National Park, with the protests resulting in 3 people injured and 7 arrested by the National Guard. 16 August – In Vargas state, resident of Montesano protested over the lack of water in their neighborhoods. 17 August – In San Cristóbal, public transport drivers protested against outside of a government-run PDV gas station due to the poor quality of service of the gas station. 18 August – During a visit in Valencia, Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino called for justice for the murder cases of Geraldin Moreno and Genesis Carmona, and walso made statements denouncing the "injustice" being committed against arrested opposition leaders. 19 August – A protest over the poor condition of roads in the area occurred on Petare-Santa Lucia road at La Dolorita in Sucre municipality caused heavy traffic on roads nearby. 20 August – In La Dolorita on Petare-Santa Lucia road, residents caused back ups in traffic while protesting once again while protesting against the bad conditions of roads nearby. In San Cristóbal, residents protested against the lack of gas in the area by blocking roads. Residents of multiple municipalities in Caracas protested outside of the Corpoelec headquarters denouncing the daily blackouts that occurred in their neighborhoods. In Lara state, residents along with members of Movimiento Esudantil protested outside of the University Central Hospital Antonio Maria Pineda de Barquisimeto and the poor condition of healthcare in the country. 21 August – Libertador municipality councilor, Jesus Armas along with residents and Primero Justicia supporters protested in El Paraíso Parish against the healthcare crisis in Venezuela while handing out flyers explaining the severity of the situation. Popular Will leader Ismael León led a protest denouncing unpunished murders in Venezuela and criticized how minister Miguel Rodríguez Torres handled the situation. In Caracas, residents protested outside of the headquarters of the state water company Hidrocapital against discolored water and water rationing, with one community leader delivering a document to Hidrocapital from 22 parishes in Caracas explaining the situation residents were facing with their water. 22 August – Gerardo Carrero, the National Coordinator of the Youth Organization Venezuelans who was arrested by SEBIN on 8 May, along with other prisoners declared a hunger strike demanding the release of other students who are detained in Venezuela. Carrero also shared a letter he wrote to President Maduro asking him to tolerate political opponents. 23 August – In Valencia, a protest occurred inside of a government-run Bicentenario supermarket on Boilvar Avenue due to the lack of goods inside of the store. 24 August – Jesus Ramirez, student representative of the Venezuelan Youth Organization, stated that the hunger strike of Gerardo Carrero and other prisoners would not cease until full freedom of those arrested is met, also stating that student protests would occur again if demand were not met, asking for the UN commission and the Organization of American States come to check the alleged violation of human rights in Venezuela. 25 August – Large protests reappeared in Caracas, the municipality of Chacao, San Cristóbal, and Tachira, mainly due to the redesigned proposal of food rationing by President Maduro and economic problems according to the Agence France-Presse and El Universal. In Chacao, barricades of burning trash bags and tires appeared in the morning. Barricades also appeared in San Cristóbal during the early morning hours where the National Guard responded by trying to disperse protesters with tear gas and rubber bullets, and damaged a residential buildings gate after ramming it when pursuing protesters. Protesters then responded with Molotov cocktails, which injured one guardsman with burns. In Santa Fe, protesters demonstrated against President Maduro and his advisors, with the protest resulting with the National Guard dispersing individuals with tear gas and 6 protesters arrested. 26 August – In Valencia, a group of protesters gathered in Bolivar Avenue to denounce the alleged indoctrination of children by the Venezuelan government. 27 August – Residents in Los Teques blocked a street while protesting to be relocated. Students of the Universidad Privada Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín (URBE) protested against the proposed food rationing system, food shortages and asked for President Maduro to resign while demonstrating in northern Maracaibo. The Zulia State Police responded to the demonstrations, closing roads near the university and dispersed the protesters. 28 August – Multiple supporters of Leopoldo Lopez gather outside of the courthouse where his fourth trial was held 6 months after his imprisonment. Numerous protests occurred denouncing the new fingerprint rationing system proposed by President Maduro. The MUD reactivated protests by calling on supporters to hold a nationwide Cacerolazo at 8:00 pm local time against the proposed system. The banging of pots from the Cacerolazo could be heard in several states. In the Libertador Municipality of Caracas, residents protested by blocking a road in the area. In Santa Fe, protesters blocked multiple roads in the area which resulted in the arrest of two students following clashes with the National Guard, which launched tear gas at residents on the streets and in nearby buildings. 29 August – COPEI announced that demonstrations were organized for the next day, 30 August, in order to denounce the proposed fingerprint food system and that the march is to begin at the COPEI headquarters in El Bosque and end at the headquarters of the Superintendency of Fair Prices. Primero Justicia also held a meeting, calling on Venezuelans to reject the proposed system and called for peaceful protesting. 30 August – COPEI held their march to the headquarters of the Superintendency of Fair Prices, denouncing the proposed fingerprint system and stated that the Venezuelan government was responsible for food shortages. In Chacao, barricades were placed in several streets with the protests ending due to the National Police dispersing them with tear gas. 31 August – Members of the Movimiento Estudiantil protested outside multiple Venezuelan churches asking for intervention of the Church with student arrests and alleged torturing by Venezuelan authorities. 1 September – In Baruta, transportation workers caused heavy traffic backups while blocking roads in protest. In Los Alpes, residents protested by blocking the Pan American highway, demanding the state water company Hidrocapital finish projects in the area. In Tachira, residents protested against the proposed fingerprint system which resulted in 6 injured protesters following clashes with authorities who were trying to disperse them. 2 September – Motorcyclists protested in Los Ruices by blocking roads and causing heavy congestion. Outside of a Bicentennial Supermarket in Las Mercedes, Primero Justicia supporters protested against the proposed fingerprinting system for goods. 3 September – COPEI assigned 5000 supporters to collect petitions against the proposed fingerprint purchasing system. 4 September – Dioris Albarrán, Anderson Briceño and Abril Tovar, the final students who were still arrested after the dismantling of a camp outside of the UN headquarters in Caracas on 8 May, were released. 5 September – The Bolivarian National Police evicted COPEI members collecting signatures denouncing a proposed fingerprint system in La Candelaria. Doctors, nurses and patients protested outside of the José Manuel de los Ríos Children's Hospital denouncing the condition of the hospital, which supposedly lacked resources, had falling ceilings and sewage leaks. 6 September – The NGO Venezuelan Penal Forum announced that it will continue to assist those detained in anti-government protests and that they may also expand their assistance. 7 September – Lorent Saleh Gomez and Gabriel Valleys, members of the NGO Operation Freedom who organized protests, were expelled from Colombia allegedly "for violation of the immigration laws of the country" and were later detained by SEBIN. 8 September – In Miranda, protesters blocked traffic for 2 hours asking for improvements in education. 9 September – Students of the Catholic University Andres Bello (UCAB) called on Venezuelans to reject the proposed fingerprint food purchasing system and organized a gathering at Plaza Alfredo Sadel on 12 September. 10 September – The fourth hearing of Leopoldo Lopez was held at the Palace of Justice. 11 September – President of COPEI, Roberto Enríquez, asked the Supreme Court to withdraw the proposed fingerprint purchasing system and presented 726,000 signatures from Venezuelans who denounced the proposed system. 12 September – In Bellomonte, a group of students gathered in memorial of Bassil Da Costa near the place of his death and remembered 7 months since the protests began. Students began to block a street when authorities began to disperse protesters with tear gas and arrested more than 20. 13 September – After a morning of alleged Colectivo activity in Barquisimeto, student protesters began to block roads in the area which resulted in Venezuelan authorities raiding an apartment complex and arresting multiple individuals. Protests in Caracas also caused clashes between authorities and protesters that resulted in a total of 64 protesters arrested. In San Cristobal, protests occurred denouncing the proposed fingerprint system. President Maduro made statements following the "flare ups" of protests in August and September, saying, "We are not going to have even a minimum of tolerance with the protests ... I will have no hesitation in ensuring peace and justice, which is what the people want". 14 September – Law professionals and families of those arrested in Barquisimeto reported that the arrested individuals have been unable to communicate. Supporters for those arrested also gathered outside of the National Building in Lara. 15 September – Near the University of the Andes (ULA), clashes were reported between the National Guard and protesters. 6 arrested individuals involved in the 12 September Monte Bello protests were deprived of liberty along with other involved protesters who were prohibited from leaving the jurisdiction. Workers of Bolivarian Airports protested due to collective bargaining issues. 16 September – Students arrested for peacefully protesting in Anzoategui were released. 17 September – In the Píritu barrio of Petare, residents protested due to not having water for up to 6 months and denounced the inaction by both the Venezuelan government and its water company, Hidrocapital. 18 September – The trial for former Mayor of San Cristóbal, Daniel Ceballos, has its first hearing. 19 September – In Sucre, traders protested due to the lack of being able to find work in the area. 20 September – COPEI organized protests in six municipalities of Barlovento, which each protested against various issues including power outages, insecurity, water shortages and rationing. 21 September – The Venezuelan government's Public Prosecutors Office charged more students for being involved with Lorent Saleh Gomez and his alleged conspiracy of rebellion charges. 22 September – The government released a video showing Lorent Saleh Gomez, a student opposition activist involved in organizing the anti-government protests, discussing his plans to organize terrorist groups, in Colombia, and to return to Venezuela to carry out targeted assassinations and plant explosives in the country. 23 September – Traders between Colombia and Venezuela protested on the border blocking access on the Simon Bolivar bridge denouncing border closures. 24 September – Groups of drivers protested on the Colombia-Venezuela border, blocking passage due to the night time blockages the Venezuelan government had installed. 25 September – Pepsi workers in Valencia after 175 workers were sent home due to the lack of materials to produce Yukery juice and Lipton tea. 26 September – Lilian Tintori, along with deputy national coordinator of People's Will, Freddy Guevara, gathered with supporters outside of the UN headquarters in Caracas demanding the release of what they called political prisoners held by the Venezuelan government. Several young supporters marched with Tintori to the UN building and then departed from her to demonstrate at Atamira Square. 27 September – Citizens in the Bolívar municipality protested over alleged abuses that they were suffering from military personnel in the area. 28 September – Popular Will began collecting signatures to create a Constituent Assembly calling for the resignation of President Maduro. 29 September – At the University of Oriente, students closed gates to the campus to draw attention to their food, safety and other problems they were facing. 30 September – Beginning at about noon, students at the Central University of Venezuela protested, closing Plaza Venezuela and caused the National Guard along with the National Police to respond. In Miranda, traders protested in Francisco de Miranda Avenue. 1 October – Maria Corina Machado is awarded the 2014 Charles T. Manatt Democracy Award by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems following her actions calling on citizens to demonstrate and being a target for her work, with Vice Chairman William J. Hybl stating that "Machado's unwavering commitment to giving people a voice in the way they are governed speaks to IFES' core mission of advancing democratic rights and empowering those who have been marginalized from the political process". Machado's son traveled to Washington, D.C. to receive the award for his mother due to travel restrictions placed on Maria Corina Machado by the Venezuelan government. Construction workers in Tachira marched for higher wages. Pro-government deputy, Robert Serra, and his companion María Herrera were found stabbed in their home. 2 October – Government officials lamented Serra's murder and started searching the ones that committed the crime. Some of them pointed blame towards the opposition movement. The OAS condoned the act. 3 October – President Maduro blamed former Colombian President, Alvaro Uribe, of being the mastermind behind Serra's murder. Uribe responded by calling President Maduro a coward. 4 October – Members of Popular Will went to the streets to gather signatures demanding the gathering of a National Constituent Assembly. 5 October -During the 2014 Caracas Rock 10K, citizens were seen holding banners demanding the release of Leopoldo López while also discussing other issues. 6 October – Clashes occurred at a protest against the Venezuelan government between University of Tachira students and the National Police. 7 October – Protests occurred in Mérida following issues with the allocation of funds for University of Los Andes. 8 October – The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention ruled that López was detained arbitrarily and that the Venezuelan government "violated several of their civil, political and constitutional rights" while demanding his immediate release. Students near the Territorial Polytechnic University of Alonso Gamero protested in which resulted in clashes with police. Motorcycle taxi drivers protested in Puerto Cabello against insecurity in the area. 9 October – Workers in Maracay protested blocking Bolivar Avenue after not having electricity for 20 days. 11 October – The Venezuelan government condemned the statements by the United Nations demanding them to not interfere in Venezuelan affairs. 12 October – Three Sidor protesters who were arrested are transferred to the SEBIN headquarters. 13 October – Agroindustrial engineering student Carlos Alberto Villamizar Guerrero was reported to be in critical condition after allegedly being struck by a National Police motorcycle during the 6 October protests at the University of Tachira. 14 October – The hospital where Carlos Alberto Villamizar Guerrero was being treated at stated that he was not in critical condition. 15 October – At the University of Rafael Belloso Chacín in Maracaibo, a demonstration occurred where in one location blocked a street which resulted in the National Guard responding with tear gas and rubber bullets possibly injuring several individuals. Merchants in Maracay protested outside of the CORPOELEC after not having electricity for over 26 days. 16 October – Photos of Leopoldo López and Daniel Ceballos are released showing them reaching out of their jail cell windows holding papers showing the approval of the United Nations resolution demanding their release. 17 October – In the Maracay neighborhood of Guasimal, residents protested due to the lack of public services. Students and professors of dentistry protested at the Central University of Venezuela due to the lack of supplies saying that out of 200 items, only 10 are found on the market in the area. 18 October – A march title "Walk For Peace" was held by the Venezuelan opposition at the Caracas slum area of Petare where the attendees denounced shortages of medicine and food, labor terrorism, political persecution and insecurity. 20 October – Citizens of Los Valles del Tuy protested blocking a street while demanding housing. 22 October – In Barinas, merchants closed shops due to disagreements with the mayor of the city. 23 October – One day after leading a protest on campus, Yeison Carrillo, president of the Student Federation of the National University of Experimental Romulo Gallegos, was shot in the forehead and killed. 28 October – Leopoldo Lopez stated that he would not attend trial until the Venezuelan government made a decision on the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of the UN's decision, which demanded Lopez's release. 2 November – Hidrobolívar workers begin protesting after collective agreement issues. 3 November – Students of the University of Oriente at San Felix protested days after they, along with university personnel, were robbed violently. 6 November – Teachers and citizens protested near Miraflores who demanded a raise from President Maduro and the Venezuelan government. Hidrobolívar workers continue protesting, still demanding negotiations for their collective agreement. Students at the Technical School of Carafe in the Libertador municipality protested against the lack of resources supplied to the school by the Venezuelan government for 6 years. 7 November – Administrative workers of the Ministry of Popular Power for Education protested over collective agreement issues. Workers of Friosa ceased work after they received delayed payments while also denouncing problems that were created since it was nationalized. 10 November – In San Diego, residents began protesting after two houses were robbed and a person died suspiciously in the area. A group of 46 families, mainly supporters of the Venezuelan government, created an organization called the "Committee of Victims of the Guarimbas and Continuous Blow" to share experiences of barricades and protest methods that have affected their lives. 11 November – Citizens of San Diego blocked roads protested for a second consecutive day against insecurity in the area. 13 November – Workers of PDVSA blocked roads in La Piña for several hours protesting against the debts of PDVSA and the decay of PDVSA facilities. 14 November – In northern Anzoategui, three separate protest events denouncing poor roads and poor sewers while also demanding fumigation and better electric services caused traffic backups after closing a national road in the area. The Committee of Victims of the Guarimbas and First Vice President of the National Assembly Dario Vivas announced plans to "rebut" ideas that Leopoldo Lopez and other prisoners were the victims during the protests. 17 November – Residents in Valencia protested, blocking streets following large power outages Venezuela faced. 18 November – In Naguanagua, residents protested against state electric company CORPOELEC after not having electricity for several days. Supporters of Leopoldo Lopez gathered outside of a courthouse, with some chaining themselves while demanding his release. 19 November – In El Callao, millers and miners protested over contracts and demanded the government to change the legality of certain mining procedures. 20 November – Workers of Hidrobolívar continued to protest over collective agreements after three weeks, blocking commercial offices where revenues are collected. Residents of Villas del Río blocked the entrance to an industrial complex protesting over not having adequate sewage utilities and for the shortages of electricity in the area. 22 November – A young group of protesters gathered outside of the Public Ministry of the State of Nueva Esparta demanding the release of student protesters arrested during the protests. 24 November – Hidrobolívar protested for the 22nd consecutive day with calls of dialogue with the Bolivar state governor. North Barquisimeto underwent protests after enraged resident experienced the failing of sewers in the area and proceeded to block roads and burn tires in the street. 25 November – After issues of the sales of tires occurred due to shortages in El Tigre, buyers protested near the store blocking a street for about 30 minutes resulting with a response from the National Guard. 26 November – Large groups of workers of the state-owned Central Azucarera Venezuela sugar plant protested for several hours after the repeated dismissal of workers. 27 November – A group of families protested outside of the National Housing Institute (Inavi) headquarters in Puerto Ordaz over issues with their housing with the Great Housing Mission Venezuela. 1 December – Retired employees of CORPOELEC protested after inadequate pay and demanded to meet with Jesse Chacón, minister of the electricity sector. 2 December – Residents of Boca Grita commandeered two fuel trucks, blocked roads between Tachira and Zulia and threatened to burn the trucks if the governor did not make an appearance. A group of 20 member of The Committee of Victims of the Guarimbas demonstrated outside of the Spanish embassy in Venezuela, demanding Spanish prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, to "not encourage impunity" after he demanded the release of Leopoldo Lopez on 27 October. 9 December – The Committee of Victims of the Guarimbas denounced the introduction of possible US sanctions saying it promoted impunity to opposition leaders that they believed were responsible for violence and criticized the decisions by the UN Committee against Torture and the Group on Arbitrary Detention, and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 December – Popular Will youth leader Gaby Arellano was delivered a letter by SEBIN to be imputed by the Public Ministry. The Committee of Victims of the Guarimbas presented a letter to the mission EU in Caracas to tell their stories of the protests while denouncing the Spanish prime minister. 15 December – Protests occurred at Colonia Tovar in Aragua state over insecurity in the area. Students at UNET Táchira protested over the budget. 16 December – Students from the Catholic University of Táchira protested in support of students who had been arrested since February. 17 December – Former Mayor of Carabobo, Enzo Scarano, who was arrested by Venezuelan authorities was reported to be tried in military court. 18 December – Students chained themselves together in Plaza Altamira demanding the release of imprisoned protesters by the Venezuelan government. 19 December -The chief diplomat of the European Union, Federica Mogherini, said that she was "seriously concerned" about "continuous arbitrary arrests", with the EU resolution noting that Leopoldo Lopez "suffered physical and psychological torture" and also denounced the situations of opposition mayors Daniel Ceballos and Vicencio Scarano. 21 December – Students chained in Plaza Altamira sent letters to imprisoned protesters and called for a cacerolazo at night. 23 December – In the cities of Lara and Trujillo, students performed similar protests as those in Plaza Altamira and chained themselves together saying they would remain there until the Venezuelan government released student protesters. See also Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests References External links 2014 in Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuelan protests (2014–present) Venezuela-related lists

43019182

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Leftovers%20episodes

List of The Leftovers episodes

The Leftovers is an American supernatural mystery drama television series created and produced by Damon Lindelof and Tom Perrotta, based on Perrotta's novel of the same name. It premiered on HBO on June 29, 2014, and ran for three seasons, ending on June 4, 2017. The series features an ensemble cast that includes Justin Theroux, Amy Brenneman, Christopher Eccleston, Liv Tyler, Chris Zylka, Margaret Qualley, Carrie Coon, Ann Dowd, Regina King, Kevin Carroll and Jovan Adepo. The series takes place in a variety of locations, including New York (seasons 1–2), Texas (seasons 2–3) and Victoria, Australia (season 3). It begins three years after the "Sudden Departure", a global event that resulted in 2% of the world's population disappearing, and follows the lives of those who were left behind. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2014) The first season consists of ten episodes and aired from June 29 to September 7, 2014. It takes place primarily in the small town of Mapleton, New York, three years after the "Sudden Departure" – an event which saw 2% of the world's population (approximately 140 million people) disappear and profoundly affected the townspeople. The characters of police chief Kevin Garvey and his family (wife Laurie, son Tom, daughter Jill and father Kevin Sr.) are focal points of the season, alongside grieving widow Nora Durst, her brother Reverend Matt Jamison, and the mysterious cult-like organization the Guilty Remnant (GR), led by Patti Levin. The first season follows multiple storylines, notably the fallout from the Departure and the subsequent grief, anger and fear the townspeople share with the rest of the world. The season also focuses on Kevin's failing attempts to maintain order in the town and to keep his family together, the GR's increasingly nefarious schemes and the townspeople's sentiment against them, Matt's crisis of faith, and Nora's attempts to move on and conceal the pain she has been harboring since the Departure. The first episode has no opening credits, while the opening theme for the other nine episodes is "The Leftovers (Main Title Theme)" by series composer Max Richter. Season 2 (2015) The second season consists of ten episodes and aired from October 10 to December 6, 2015. It takes place a year after the first season, centering around the fourth anniversary of the Departure. While some scenes take place in Mapleton, New York (the first season's setting) and other locations, the majority of the season takes place in Jarden, Texas, also known as Miracle, a town from which no one departed. The town has become a tourist site and a popular destination, leading Kevin, Nora, Matt and other characters from the first season to move to Miracle. New characters introduced include town staples the Murphy family: father John, mother Erika, daughter Evie and son Michael. The second season follows multiple storylines, notably the ideological battle between those who believe Miracle is special and those who do not, Kevin and Nora's relationship being tested by Kevin's increasingly erratic mental state, the Murphy family's search for their missing daughter, and Matt's attempts to prove the existence of a miracle only he witnessed. The opening theme for all ten episodes is "Let the Mystery Be" by Iris DeMent. Season 3 (2017) The third and final season consists of eight episodes and aired from April 16 to June 4, 2017. It takes place three years after the second season, centering around the seventh anniversary of the Departure. The first two episodes take place in Jarden, Texas (the second season's setting) and other locations, while the final six episodes primarily take place in the state of Victoria, Australia (which the characters believe will be the site of an apocalyptic event on the anniversary of the Departure). Kevin Sr. becomes a main character, after recurring in the first two seasons. The third season follows multiple storylines, notably Matt and Kevin Sr.'s belief that the seventh anniversary of the Departure will bring an apocalyptic flood in Australia, Kevin coming to terms with his apparent immortality and coming to believe that it is his destiny to prevent the apocalypse, and Nora grappling with a scientific discovery that could reunite her with her family. The first episode has no opening credits, while the opening theme for the final seven episodes changes with every episode. Ratings References External links Lists of American drama television series episodes The Leftovers (TV series)

43085183

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes%20of%20a%20Crime

Scenes of a Crime

Scenes of a Crime is a documentary film that focuses on the case of Adrian P. Thomas who was the subject of nearly 10 hours of interrogation by Troy, New York police, culminating in a controversial confession and high profile murder trial. The film won multiple festival awards, a Gotham Award for "Best Film Not Playing At Theater Near You," played theatrically and was broadcast nationally. Reviews of the film were highly favorable. Background Producer/Directors Grover Babcock and Blue Hadaegh were interested in making a documentary about the psychology of modern police interrogation, and the risks of false confession. They sought a case that featured an extensive video-recording of a long interrogation that culminated in a dispute over the confession. Since many police departments do not routinely record full interrogations, and instead record conversations only once a suspect has agreed to confess, it was difficult to locate a suitable case. Eventually, they learned of the video-recorded interrogation of Adrian P. Thomas, a 26-year-old father from Troy, New York. Local police had interrogated Thomas for nearly 10 hours in 2008, after they were told, mistakenly, by medical staff at Albany Medical Center that Thomas's dying son Matthew showed clear evidence of a "shaken baby" type attack. Over successive rounds of intense psychological manipulation, including lies about evidence against him, and promises of leniency, Troy detectives eventually convinced Thomas to confess to harming his son; crucially, they threatened to pursue Thomas's wife as a suspect if he didn't comply, and assured him that he would spend no time in jail for an "accidental" attack. Detectives then acted out an attack scenario for him, which Thomas then demonstrated. Thomas signed a statement written by police, and was surprised he was then arrested. He soon recanted his confession. All of the interrogation room activity was secretly video-recorded by police. The documentary inspired high profile organizations such as the Legal Aid Society, Center on Wrongful Convictions and the Innocence Project to support Thomas's appeal. After a setback in New York's 3rd Appellate Department, Thomas won his appeal to the New York Court of Appeals based on a coercive interrogation, resulting in an order for a new trial. The Court said the police methods "raised a substantial risk of false incrimination." On June 12, 2014, in the second trial, Thomas was found not guilty for the second degree murder of his infant son Matthew Thomas, and immediately freed. Subject matter By closely examining the Adrian Thomas case, the documentary shows in detail the way currently accepted psychological interrogation techniques can distort investigations and make outcomes less reliable. Specifically, in the Thomas case the film pushes against the assumption that innocent people will not confess to a crime that they did not commit. The documentary is largely based on a nearly 10-hour videotaped interrogation of Adrian P. Thomas over a two-day period in September 2008 by Troy, New York, police officers. The technique of interrogation seems to closely follow the Reid Technique, which is a long-established nine-step procedure that uses psychological manipulation to extract a confession. While sequences of video from this interrogation are at the center of this documentary, there are also interviews with key individuals in the case. These interviews include the police officers who conducted the interrogation, the prosecuting district attorney, the defense attorneys, two of the jurors, and expert witnesses. One of the jurors interviewed for the film stated after the trial: "We saw the video. You could just tell that he was guilty." According to Kenneth Turan, writing for the Los Angeles Times, the most noteworthy aspect of this case was how it began with scant evidence. When the police went to the hospital, Dr. Walter Edge (who declined to participate in the film) told them that Thomas' infant son had died of a fractured skull and told them "somebody murdered this child." The police shortly thereafter assumed the injury was caused by Adrian Thomas and proceeded to extract a confession from him. Subsequent examination found no skull fracture and found inconclusive evidence for a high-impact head injury. Critical reception Eric Hynes, writing for Time Out, opines that while the film addresses the issue of legally sanctioned coercion in police interrogations, it does not address issues of how race affected the verdict in the trial. Writing for The Village Voice, Mark Holcomb says that "What's remarkable about Scenes of a Crime, besides Hadaegh and Babcock's ability to stay out of the way of their story and resist flashy graphical flourishes, is the degree to which the events it reveals are business as usual." Nick Schager, writing for Slant Magazine, states that the "film is an impressive piece of reportage free of overt or pushy bias, with equal time granted to Adrian's defense team." Eddie Cockrell writing for Variety points out that "Blue Hadaegh and Grover Babcock borrow liberally from the Errol Morris nonfiction playbook; as imitation is the sincerest form of flattery..." Awards In 2011, Scenes of a Crime won a Gotham Award for "Best Film Not Playing At Theater Near You". In December 2012, however, it was broadcast nationally in the United States by MSNBC. The documentary also won the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival's grand jury award. References External links 2011 films English-language films 2011 documentary films

43097320

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe%20Hernandez

Rafe Hernandez

Rafe Hernandez is a fictional character on Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. Portrayed by Galen Gering and created by Dena Higley, Rafe is introduced in 2008 as the FBI agent assigned to protect the troublesome Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) during her stay in witness protection. Sami and Rafe's contentious dynamic later develops into romance and the two fall in love and eventually marry. However, their romance is plagued by Sami's supercouple romance with Salem's resident badboy, EJ DiMera (James Scott). Rafe's disdain for the DiMera family grows when he discovers that EJ is behind the kidnapping and presumed death of Sami's daughter Sydney and EJ's father Stefano (Joseph Mascolo) replaces Rafe with a doppelganger. The series also introduces Rafe's younger sisters, Arianna (Lindsay Hartley) and Gabi (Camila Banus) and later his younger brother Dario (Jordi Vilasuso). Rafe is very protective of his siblings having helped raise them when their father abandoned the family. Rafe also has an affair with Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) putting him at odds with Stefano, Kate's ex-husband. He later falls in love with physical therapist Jordan Ridgeway (Chrishell Stause) whom he tries to help overcome her own dark past. In 2015, Rafe is forced to confront his past when his estranged father Eduardo (A Martinez) resurfaces. Rafe later falls in love with his longtime colleague Hope Brady (Kristian Alfonso) and supports her when she loses her true love to a brain tumor. When a grief-stricken Hope murders Stefano, Rafe helps her cover it up. Later storylines include raising Jordan's son, David, and his devastation when David's aunt gains custody of him, and developing a relationship with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun). Storylines In October 2008, Federal Agent Rafe arrived in Salem to relay information to Sami Brady and her guard, who had been assigned to her as part of the witness protection program. As Sami had become increasingly agitated by her isolation, she had slipped sleeping pills to her guard and knocking her unconscious. As a result, Rafe was permanently assigned to guard Sami, with whom he initially had a combative relationship. As time went on, however, Rafe and Sami began to form a friendship. While Rafe kept fairly quiet about his personal life, he did tell Sami that as a young child, he frequented a local convent due to his troubling behavior. Rafe became one of the very few people to learn that Sami was pregnant with the child of E.J. DiMera (James Scott), and agreed to help her conceal this fact. As time went on, Rafe began to develop feelings for Sami and after her stint in Witness Protection ended, he pursued a position within the Salem Police Department so he might remain close to Sami and her baby. Rafe also began to reconnect with his younger sister, Arianna (then Felisha Terrell), who had concerns over his involvement with Sami. Despite Arianna's disapproval, Rafe continued to pursue Sami and asked her if he could legally adopt her baby, who they had named Grace. Tragically, several months later, Grace died from complications due to bacterial meningitis, leaving Sami and Rafe utterly devastated. Following Grace's death, Sami began to observe an emotional distance in Rafe and came to discover him at the graveside of a woman named Emily Hudson. Rafe revealed to Sami that he was once engaged to marry Emily, but she died on the day of their wedding in a tragic accident. When Sami began to investigate Rafe's past, which he would not elaborate upon, she turned up very little. Shortly afterwards, Emily's vengeful sister Meredith arrived in Salem, and after kidnapping Rafe, she attempted to kill him as she held him responsible for Emily's death. Rafe was rescued by Carly Manning (Crystal Chappell), who had recently returned to Salem following over fifteen years away. Following his recovery, Rafe began to investigate Nicole Walker (Arianne Zuker), as he developed a theory that she had switched Grace with Sami's biological child. After collecting DNA samples from Sami, and the child, Sydney, Rafe was able to perform a DNA test and confirm that Sydney was in fact Sami's daughter. With Nicole's scheme exposed, she responded by abducting Sydney and leaving Salem. While she was on the run, Nicole encountered Anna Fredericks (Leann Hunley), who in turn kidnapped Sydney from Nicole. Anna began sending ransom notes to Sami, threatening her not involve the police. As a result, Sami began confiding in E.J. and leaving Rafe in the dark, resulting in Rafe ending their relationship. Despite the end of his relationship with Sami, Rafe continued to investigate Sydney's abduction and became convinced that Anna was working alongside E.J. Despite his efforts to convince Anna to turn on E.J., Rafe was unsuccessful. By chance, Rafe observed a suspicious conversation between E.J. and Nicole on the Salem Pier that seemed to strengthen his theory. Rafe became convinced that E.J. had confessed his involvement in the abduction to Nicole and could somehow persuade her to reveal his involvement. In an effort to gain her confession, Rafe attempted to convince Nicole he was interested in her. After a few drinks at The Cheatin' Heart, Nicole and Rafe headed back to her apartment, and stopped short of sleeping together. He remained the night anyway, and used this time to search Nicole's apartment for evidence to incriminate E.J. in Sydney's abduction, eventually stumbling upon a recording of E.J. admitting to paying Anna to kidnap Sydney. Rafe confronted Nicole with the recording, and assured her immunity from prosecution should she authenticate the recording. During Rafe's investigation into Sydney's kidnapping, E.J. and Sami had reconnected and were engaged to be married. On their wedding day, Rafe aired the recording of E.J.'s confession at their ceremony, resulting in Sami leaving E.J. Rafe and Sami reunited, resulting in him proposing to her. As they spent the night together, Sami snuck out intent on confronting E.J., whom she found unconscious and holding a gun. Sami used the gun to shoot E.J. in the head, and then proceeded to toss it into the river. When Sami's uncle, Bo Brady (Peter Reckell) questioned her about E.J.'s shooting, Rafe insisted that Sami was with him at the time of the shooting. Sami confessed her involvement in E.J.'s shooting to Rafe, and despite his dedication to the law, Rafe handed in his resignation to the FBI and swore to protect Sami at all costs. E.J. soon discovered Sami's guilt in his shooting, and began blackmailing her for sole custody of their two children, Johnny and Sydney. If she refused his demands, he would turn her, as well as Rafe and her eldest son, Will Horton (then Chandler Massey) in as accessories to attempted murder. With her back against the wall, a devastated Sami agreed to E.J.'s demands. Rafe assured Sami that he would do whatever he had to help her regain custody of the children, and in order to have one last happy memory before the hard times to follow, suggested they have the wedding that night. Sami agreed, and she and Rafe were married in November 2010. Following their wedding, Rafe joined the Salem Police Department and began investigating E.J, hoping to uncover evidence against him and send him to prison. Rafe's investigation was quickly stalled, when it was discovered that Johnny had cancer. Rafe stood by Sami throughout the cancer ordeal, especially when Johnny needed to have one of his eyes removed. Johnny's cancer was discovered to have spread to his remaining eye, but as the doctors had caught it in time, they were able to treat it and spare his vision. With Johnny's crisis averted, E.J. began to allow Sami back into her children's lives. However, Rafe continued to remain in E.J.'s crosshairs. Development Casting and creation In late August 2008, rumors circulated that former Passions star Galen Gering, known for his role of Luis Lopez-Fitzgerald was in-talks to join the cast of Days. However, news of Gering's casting was not formally announced until late September 2008. Gering would take on the newly-created role of FBI agent Rafael. Gering made his first appearance on October 31, 2008. "It took longer that I had anticipated," Gering said of the casting process. Forbes March, known for his role as Nash Brennan on One Life to Live, and Wes Ramsey also auditioned for the role. Gering signed onto the series a few months after shooting his final episode of Passions. While Gering comes from both Jewish and Spanish heritage, he is usually cast in Latino roles. Gering said he didn't not mind being typecast. "It's paying the bills!" Executive producer Ken Corday was unfamiliar with Gering's work so he had to audition for the role but co-executive producer, Gary Tomlin "championed" his casting. Gering and Tomlin worked together on Passions when Tomlin for the series. The actor admitted that he didn't know much about Rafe, but had a meeting Tomlin who assured him that his potential storyline would be a "great" one. Gering said of his casting, "When I joined the soap, it was a weird time at DAYS" as the series had just fired their biggest stars in Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn. They were also unsure of if they'd even still be on the air. Gering noted the irony in returning to the set because he had auditioned for Passions on the set of Days of Our Lives. Gering said of his initial plans for the character, "I didn't want Rafe to be this one-note FBI guy. I wanted him to be quirky." However, he didn't have time to have much input because of how fast the swift production style. He described the character as a "great marriage of acting and writing." In contrast to Passions, Gering said, "It’s clear and concise and well driven and well written, but I really like this character, Rafe." Relationships The character of Rafe was first paired with Sweeney's Sami Brady. Gering appreciated the slow burn pacing of the romance. "I think they did a great job allowing the audience to see Sami and Rafe fall in love." "I always liked her personality and her spunky fire, so I'm really excited to be working with her" Gering said of his costar. Rafe is forced to be Sami's new bodyguard in witness protection after she sabotages the first two. However, Sami's usual scheming behavior does not fly with Rafe. Gering said "Sami's definitely met her match." Their contentious relationship eventually blossoms into romance, and the duo eventually marries in November 2010. Gering said "I think they are soul-mates." Rafe and Sami " each other very well and support one another." He continued, "I think they definitely have what it takes to last long-term." However, most of their relationship is plagued by Sami's longstanding romance with EJ DiMera (James Scott), the kidnapping and presumed deaths of two of her children, and when EJ's father, Stefano (Joseph Mascolo) replaces Rafe with a doppelganger. Sami and Rafe eventually break up over a disagreement with Nick and Gabi raising Will's baby, causing her to run to EJ. Reception Dan J. Kroll said Gering's introduction would provide comfort for fans of the cancelled Passions. Gering's debut was mostly well received by viewers. Nelson Branco was "worried" when Gering joined the cast but Rafe soon become one of his favorite characters. Branco likened the character to Peter Reckell's legendary Bo Brady as the resident hero of the series. By 2011, Gering had solidified his place as a "fan favorite." Hayley Farb said "Galen Gering has portrayed every woman's prince charming." Farb also praised Gering's portrayal of Rafe's doppelgänger. "His underestimated talent reached new heights through his dual role." References External links Rafe at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives characters Fictional Federal Bureau of Investigation personnel Fictional American police officers Television characters introduced in 2008 Male characters in television

43345713

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Eric%20Garner

Killing of Eric Garner

On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner was killed in the New York City borough of Staten Island after Daniel Pantaleo, a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer, put him in a prohibited chokehold while arresting him. Video footage of the incident generated widespread national attention and raised questions about the use of force by law enforcement. NYPD officers approached Garner on July 17 on suspicion of selling single cigarettes from packs without tax stamps. After Garner told the police that he was tired of being harassed and that he was not selling cigarettes, the officers attempted to arrest Garner. When Pantaleo placed his hands on Garner, Garner pulled his arms away. Pantaleo then placed his arm around Garner's neck and wrestled him to the ground. With multiple officers pinning him down, Garner repeated the words "I can't breathe" 11 times while lying face down on the sidewalk. After Garner lost consciousness, he remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive. Garner was pronounced dead at an area hospital approximately one hour later. The medical examiner ruled Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons. Specifically, an autopsy indicated that Garner's death resulted from "[compression] of neck, compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police". Asthma, heart disease, and obesity were cited as contributing factors. On December 4, 2014, a Richmond County grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo. This decision stirred public protests and rallies, with charges of police brutality made by protesters. By December 28, 2014, at least 50 demonstrations had been held nationwide in response to the Garner case, while hundreds of demonstrations against general police brutality counted Garner as a focal point. On July 13, 2015, an out-of-court settlement was reached, under which the City of New York would pay the Garner family $5.9 million. In 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice declined to bring criminal charges against Pantaleo under federal civil rights laws. A New York Police Department disciplinary hearing regarding Pantaleo's treatment of Garner was held in the summer of 2019; on August 2, 2019, an administrative judge recommended that Pantaleo's employment be terminated. Pantaleo was fired on August 19, 2019, more than five years after Garner's death. People involved Eric Garner Eric Garner (September 15, 1970 – July 17, 2014) was an African-American man. He was a horticulturist at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation before quitting for health reasons. Garner, who was married to Esaw Garner, has been described by his friends as a "neighborhood peacemaker" and as a generous, congenial person. He was the father of six children, had three grandchildren, and at the time of his death had a 3-month-old child. Garner had been arrested by the NYPD more than 30 times since 1980 on charges such as assault, resisting arrest, and grand larceny. According to an article in The New York Times many of these arrests had been for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes. In 2007, he filed a handwritten complaint in federal court accusing a police officer of conducting a cavity search of him on the street, "digging his fingers in my rectum in the middle of the street" while people passed by. Garner had, according to The New York Times, "recently ... told lawyers at Legal Aid that he intended to take all the cases against him to trial". At the time of the incident, he was out on bail for allegedly selling untaxed cigarettes, driving without a license, marijuana possession, and false personation. Daniel Pantaleo At the time of Garner's death, Daniel Pantaleo was a 29-year-old New York City Police Department officer living in Eltingville, Staten Island. He joined the NYPD in 2006 after graduating from Monsignor Farrell High School, and with a bachelor's degree from the College of Staten Island. Pantaleo was the subject of two civil rights lawsuits in 2013 where plaintiffs accused him of falsely arresting them and abusing them. In one of the cases, he and other officers allegedly ordered two black men to strip naked on the street for a search and the charges against the men were dismissed. Ramsey Orta Ramsey Orta is a member of Copwatch in New York City who filmed the incident. Following a campaign of alleged police harassment after the video went viral, he was arrested on weapons charges. Al Sharpton made a statement that prosecuting Orta while also calling him as a witness could constitute a conflict of interest. In February 2015, Orta was incarcerated on Rikers Island. In March 2015, a lockdown was initiated, and Orta was not permitted to prepare his own food. The prisoners were served meatloaf by the prison officers. After falling ill multiple times after eating food on Rikers, Orta believed he had been deliberately poisoned. Orta describes that the other prisoners fell ill, vomiting blood, but the guards reportedly laughed and no prisoners were brought to the infirmary. Court documents stated that the prisoners had suffered from various ailments after eating the food. Blue-green pellets were found in the meatloaf, and determined to be brodifacoum, the main ingredient of rat poison. As a result, Orta stopped eating the prison food, only taking food passed to him from his visiting wife. Orta has alleged that prison officers booked him on false or trivial offences in a biased manner, resulting in him not being able to receive food from his wife. Orta also claimed that the prison officers have threatened him, insulted him, beaten him, and deliberately crushed the food from Orta's wife. Orta stated that when he was initially arrested, a police officer told him it would be better for Orta to kill himself before he was jailed. After prosecutors questioned whether the money raised for his bail was crowd-sourced legally, Orta was released on bail on April 10, 2015. In 2016, he was sentenced to four years in prison for weapons and drug charges after accepting a plea deal for which the prosecutor agreed to drop charges against his mother. In May 2020, he was released from Groveland Correctional Facility. His release was in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Events of July 17, 2014 On July 17, 2014, at approximately 3:30 p.m., Garner was approached by a plainclothes police officer, Justin D'Amico, in front of a beauty supply store at 202 Bay Street in Tompkinsville, Staten Island. According to bystanders (including a friend of Garner, Ramsey Orta, who recorded the incident on his cell phone) Garner had just broken up a fight, which may have drawn the attention of the police. Officers confronted Garner and accused him of selling "loosies" (single cigarettes without a tax stamp) in violation of New York state law. Garner is heard on the video saying the following: When Pantaleo approached Garner from behind and attempted to handcuff him, Garner pulled his arms away, saying, "Don't touch me, please." Pantaleo then placed his arm around Garner's neck and pulled him backward in an attempt to bring him to the ground; in the process, Pantaleo and Garner slammed into a glass window, which did not break. Garner went to his knees and forearms and did not say anything for a few seconds. At that point, three uniformed officers and the two plainclothes officers had surrounded him. After 15 seconds, the video shows Pantaleo removing his arm from around Garner's neck; Pantaleo then used his hands to push Garner's face into the sidewalk while pinning him down.. Garner is heard saying "I can't breathe" eleven times while lying face down on the sidewalk. The arrest was supervised by a female African-American NYPD sergeant, Kizzy Adonis, who did not intercede. Adonis was quoted in the original police report as stating, "The perpetrator's condition did not seem serious and he did not appear to get worse." A police sergeant called an ambulance and indicated that Mr. Garner was having trouble breathing, but reportedly added that he "did not appear to be in great distress". Garner lay motionless, handcuffed, and unresponsive for several minutes before an ambulance arrived, as shown in a second video. After Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing. Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes. When an ambulance arrived, EMTs checked his pulse but did little else for about two minutes before lifting him onto a stretcher. According to police, Garner had a heart attack while being transported to Richmond University Medical Center. He was pronounced dead at the hospital one hour later. A funeral was held for Garner on July 23, 2014, at Bethel Baptist Church in Brooklyn. At the funeral, Al Sharpton gave a speech calling for harsher punitive measures to be taken against the officers responsible for the incident. Immediate aftermath On July 20, Pantaleo was put on desk duty and stripped of his service handgun and badge. Justin D'Amico was allowed to keep his badge and handgun, but was also placed on desk duty. Four of the EMTs and paramedics who took Garner to the hospital were suspended on July 21. Two of the paramedics were soon returned to their duties, and the remaining two EMTs were doing non-medical work at the hospital pending the Richmond University Medical Center's own investigation into the incident. Medical examiner's report and autopsy On August 1, 2014, the New York City Medical Examiner's Office ruled Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death. Garner's death was also found by the medical examiner to have resulted from "compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police". Asthma and heart disease were cited as contributing factors. Prior to that, on July 19, 2014, The New York Post published a report, citing unnamed sources, claiming the medical examiner had found no damage to Garner's "windpipe or neckbones" during a preliminary autopsy. Garner's family hired Michael Baden, a former New York City medical examiner, to perform an independent autopsy. Baden agreed with the findings of the Medical Examiner's Office and concluded that Garner's death was primarily caused by "compression of the neck". Baden reported finding hemorrhaging around Garner's neck, which was indicative of neck compression. Pantaleo's union, the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, noted that Garner's hyoid bone was not fractured. Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, said that "It is false that crushing of the windpipe and fracture of the hyoid bone would necessarily be seen at autopsy as the result of a chokehold." Protests Sharpton organized a protest in Staten Island on the afternoon of July 19; he condemned the use of a chokehold on Garner, saying that "there is no justification" for it. On July 28, a protest organized by WalkRunFly Productions and poet Daniel J. Watts was held in Times Square. The protest was in the form of poetry and many Broadway entertainers participated in the event. Al Sharpton originally planned to lead a protest on August 23 in which participants would drive over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, then travel to the site of the altercation and the office of District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr. This idea was scrapped in favor of Sharpton's leading a march along Bay Street in Staten Island, where Garner died; police estimated that over 2,500 people participated in the march. In March 2015, Assata's Daughters, a Chicago-based black activist group, formed because they saw a lack of response by public officials to Eric Garner's death. Grand jury Grand jury deliberation On August 19, Richmond County (Staten Island) District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr. brought against Pantaleo to a grand jury, saying that after considering the medical examiner's findings, his office decided "it is appropriate to present evidence regarding circumstances of his death to a Richmond County Grand Jury." On September 29, the grand jury began hearing evidence in the Garner case. On November 21, Pantaleo testified before the grand jury for about two hours. After considering the case for two months, the grand jury decided on December 3 not to indict Pantaleo. Under New York law, most of the grand jury proceedings were kept secret, including the exact charges sought by the prosecutor, the autopsy report, and transcripts of testimony. Attempts by the New York Civil Liberties Union and others to gain release of that information have been unsuccessful. Reaction Public After the Staten Island grand jury did not indict Pantaleo on December 3, citizens in New York City and San Francisco gathered in protest, demonstrating with several die-ins, making speeches and rallies against the lack of indictment. On December 5, thousands gathered in protest on the Boston Common in Boston, and then marched in the downtown area, blocking traffic, especially on I-90, in addition to staging "die-ins." Protests also occurred in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Minneapolis, and Atlanta. At least 300 people were arrested at the New York City protests on December 4 and 5, most of them for charges of disorderly conduct or refusal to clear the streets, but two for assault on a police officer. On December 6, 300 protesters marched in Berkeley, California as well. On December 10, 76 protesters were arrested at Westfield shopping centre in Shepherd's Bush in west London, England, during a rally to show solidarity with rallies in the United States. Protesters have made use of Garner's last words, "I can't breathe", as a slogan and chant against police brutality since Garner's death and Pantaleo's grand jury decision. By December 28, at least 50 protests in support of Garner had occurred globally, and many other Black Lives Matter-related demonstrations had occurred. Counter-protests were also launched in support of police, specifically for the NYPD. On December 19, during a New York City protest about the grand jury decision, supporters of the NYPD held a counter-demonstration, wearing shirts with the phrase, "I can breathe, thanks to the NYPD", on them, holding signs with phrases like "Bluelivesmatter", and chanting, "Don't resist arrest." On December 20, two NYPD officers were killed in an ambush in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, cited Garner's death at the hands of police (as well as that of Michael Brown) as reasons to kill police officers. Brinsley then entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans protested by the Black Lives Matter movement. Police As a result of Garner's death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD's training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect. Patrick Lynch, leader of the police union Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, challenged the claim that a chokehold was used, further stating that the union would be able to find many use-of-force experts who would also challenge the claim that a chokehold was used. Lynch also attributed Garner's death to resisting arrest and, "a lack of the respect for law enforcement, resulting from the slanderous, insulting, and unjust manner in which police officers are being portrayed." Edward D. Mullins, the head of the union representing police sergeants, called on members not to slow down police response across the city by supervising every arrest. He also commented saying that the use of the term "chokehold" by the chief medical examiner's office was political. Police union officials and Pantaleo's lawyer argued that Pantaleo did not use the chokehold, but instead used a NYPD-taught takedown move because Garner was resisting arrest. Police also defended the decision not to perform CPR on Garner on the grounds that he was still breathing on his own. An Indiana police officer sold T-shirts saying "Breathe Easy. Don't Break the Law." A veteran San Jose Police Officer, Phillip White, tweeted: "Threaten me or my family and I will use my God given and law appointed right and duty to kill you. #CopsLivesMatter," which sparked controversy. Family In an interview with CNN, Garner's daughter Erica felt that it was pride and not racism that led to the officer choking her father. Erica held a vigil and "die-in" on December 11, 2014, on Staten Island in memory of her father, near where he died. On her Twitter account, she vowed to continue to lead protests in Staten Island twice a week, lying down in the spot where her father collapsed and died. Erica Garner died on December 30, 2017, after suffering a heart attack at the age of 27. One of Garner's daughters, Emerald Snipes, created a fund for his kids for Christmas, as Garner used to play Santa Claus. Garner's daughters Erica and Emerald, his widow Esaw, and his stepfather Ben Carr all went to the Justice for All March in Washington, D.C. After the grand jury decision, when asked whether she accepted Pantaleo's condolences, Garner's widow angrily answered, "Hell, no! The time for remorse would have been when my husband was yelling to breathe." She added, "No, I don't accept his apology. No, I could care less about his condolences ... He's still working. He's still getting a paycheck. He's still feeding his kids, when my husband is six feet under and I'm looking for a way to feed my kids now." Garner's mother, Gwen Carr, expressed surprise and disappointment at the grand jury decision. Politicians New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Garner's death a "terrible tragedy." De Blasio, at a July 31 roundtable meeting in response to the death, convened with police officers and political activists, called upon mutual respect and understanding. On August 1, in a statement, the mayor urged all parties involved to create a dialogue, and find a path "to heal the wounds from decades of mistrust and create a culture where the police department and the communities they protect respect each other." Mayor de Blasio has been criticized by activists for not firing the officers involved in Garner's death. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said that New York State should consider appointing a special prosecutor to handle cases of alleged police brutality. He told CNN: "We have a problem. Let's acknowledge it." U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that the Department of Justice was "closely monitoring" investigations into Garner's death. Two U.S. Presidents have expressed thoughts about Garner's death. Barack Obama addressed the grand jury's decision by making a speech, stating that Garner's death and the legal outcome of it is an "American problem". Obama also reacted by saying that Garner's death "speaks to the larger issues" of trust between police and civilians. Former U.S. President George W. Bush said he found the grand jury outcome "hard to understand" and "very sad" in an interview. Rep. Peter King (R-NY) stated that, if Garner had been healthier, he would not have died after a police officer placed him in a chokehold. "If he had not had asthma, and a heart condition, and was so obese, almost definitely he would not have died from this." King added that there "was not a hint" that anyone used any racial epithets, and that if Garner were a "350-pound white guy, he would have been treated the same." Celebrities Shady Records recording artist Kxng Crooked aka Crooked I of Slaughterhouse recorded a tribute song for Garner titled "I Can't Breathe". The song was released exclusively through MTV News. Crooked used the same instrumental that was used for 2Pac's "Pain", with additional production added by Jonathan Hay. The cover art features an image of Garner being held in a chokehold by law enforcement officials. After the grand jury declined to indict Pantaleo, professional athletes such as NFL players Reggie Bush, Ryan Davis, Cecil Shorts III, Marqise Lee, Ace Sanders, and Allen Hurns; and NBA players LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers, Kyrie Irving, Kevin Garnett, Derrick Rose, Jarrett Jack, and Deron Williams, wore T-shirts bearing the phrase "I can't breathe" during pregame warmups. The Phoenix Suns also wore the shirts. President Obama and Attorney General Holder applauded James for wearing the shirt. The Georgetown University men's basketball team wore "I can't breathe" shirts, as did the University of Notre Dame Women's Basketball team. Realizing that Garner died the same way as Radio Raheem, a character from the film Do the Right Thing, film director Spike Lee also paid tribute to Garner by splicing footage of Garner's death with a clip from the film showing several police officers putting the character in a chokehold. The title of Terence Blanchard's 2015 album Breathless was inspired by Garner's last words ("I can't breathe"). Matt Taibbi wrote the 2017 book I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street. Civil lawsuit In October 2014, Garner's family stated their intent to file a wrongful death lawsuit against the City of New York, the police department, and several police officers, seeking $75 million in damages. The parties reached a $5.9 million out-of-court settlement on July 13, 2015. Garner's widow had previously rejected a $5 million settlement offer. Department of Justice investigation On December 3, 2014, after the grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo, the Department of Justice started an independent investigation. In January 2015 it was reported that the FBI's New York Field Office was reviewing the incident and events thereafter. The investigation was overseen by local United States Attorney Loretta Lynch until she became the US Attorney General. The local FBI investigators and federal prosecutors determined that charges should not be brought in the case, prompting strong disagreement from attorneys in the Washington, D.C. office of the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. In October 2016, Attorney General Lynch removed the local FBI agents and federal prosecutors from the case, replacing them with agents from outside New York. Lynch's intervention has been called "highly unusual". In 2017, ThinkProgress obtained anonymously and published Pantaleo's police department disciplinary records, showing that Pantaleo had "seven disciplinary complaints and 14 individual allegations lodged against him. Four of those allegations were substantiated by an independent review board." He was found guilty of one of those fourteen allegations, and was disciplined by the loss of two vacation days. On July 16, 2019, Attorney General William Barr decided that the officers involved in Garner's death would not face federal charges. Disciplinary hearing and termination of Pantaleo An internal affairs inquiry by the NYPD determined that Pantaleo used a chokehold and recommended disciplinary charges. Chokeholds are prohibited by NYPD regulations, though are not illegal, unless constituting assault or criminal homicide. In 2015, the Department of Justice asked the NYPD to delay pursuing disciplinary charges pending a federal investigation. On July 16, 2018, NYPD Deputy Commissioner Lawrence Byrne wrote a letter to the Justice Department stating that the NYPD would pursue disciplinary actions against officers involved in Garner's death if the Justice Department did not file charges by the end of August. During an April 4, 2019, disciplinary hearing Pantaleo's attorneys argued that in an internal report dated December 10, 2014, NYPD Chief Surgeon Eli Kleinman concluded Pantaleo did not use a chokehold on Garner and Garner had suffered no chokehold associated injuries. According to Pantaleo's lawyer, Kleinman found that Garner's pre-existing health conditions contributed to his death. The report was completed at the request of NYPD Internal Affairs Bureau. Kleinman did not personally examine Garner and based his conclusions on a review of two videos of the incident and Garner's autopsy. At a May 2019 disciplinary hearing for Pantaleo, Dr. Floriana Persechino, who performed Garner's autopsy, testified that Pantaleo's use of a chokehold on Garner "set into motion a lethal sequence" that led to a fatal asthma attack. However, the examiner conceded that even "a bear hug" could have had the same effect as the chokehold, given that Garner weighed 395 pounds (179 kg), suffered from asthma and diabetes, and had a heart twice the size of a healthy person's heart. Moreover, during the trial at a hearing in June 2019, a defense witness, Dr. Michael Graham, St. Louis, Missouri's chief medical examiner, testified Garner's death couldn't have been caused by a chokehold because, Graham said, Garner was never actually choked or unable to breathe during the arrest. Graham attributed Garner's death to heart disease exacerbated by the stress of the arrest. During this same trial, Pantaleo's partner, Justin D'Amico, admitted that he exaggerated Garner's charges. D'Amico claimed Garner had been selling 10,000 untaxed cigarettes, which was a felony. However, Garner had fewer than 100 cigarettes in his possession at the time of his death. Pantaleo's disciplinary hearing concluded on June 6, 2019. Two months later, it was reported that the administrative judge presiding over the disciplinary hearing recommended to New York Police Department Commissioner James O’Neill that Pantaleo be fired. According to New York Police Department Administrative Judge Rosemarie Maldonado, video evidence and autopsy results provided "'overwhelming'" evidence that Pantaleo had placed Garner in a chokehold. In her recommendation to the Commissioner, Judge Maldonado found that Pantaleo's "'use of a chokehold fell so far short of objective reasonableness that this tribunal found it to be reckless — a gross deviation from the standard of conduct established for a New York City police officer.'" On August 19, 2019, O'Neill terminated Pantaleo's employment with the New York Police Department, stating that it would not be possible for Pantaleo to serve effectively, and that Pantaleo's decision to maintain the chokehold on the ground is what led to his firing. Pantaleo's attorney, Stuart London, told reporters that his client planned to sue in state court for his reinstatement. State legislation On June 8, 2020, both houses of the New York state assembly passed the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, which stipulates that any police officer in the state of New York who injures or kills somebody through the use of "a chokehold or similar restraint" can be charged with a class C felony, punishable by up to 15 years in prison. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the police reforms, which he described as "long overdue", into law on June 12, 2020. Popular culture The single Loyal Like Sid & Nancy by Foster the People, released in 2017, includes the lyric "I can't breathe" and is partly a commentary about Garner's killing and Black Lives Matter. In 2018, a crime-drama film was released under the title of Monsters and Men, whose main plotline depicts the death of a cigarette-selling black man at the hands of the police being filmed by an onlooker and grabbing wide attention upon release. Being inspired by a real story, and given the striking similarity with the incident, multiple film reviews considered the movie to be based on the death of Eric Garner. See also Murder of George Floyd Killing of Jonny Gammage Death of Jonathan Sanders Death of Sandra Bland Hands up, don't shoot List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, July 2014 Mothers of the Movement New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct Shooting of Andy Lopez Shooting of Alton Sterling Shooting of Jeremy McDole Killing of Tamir Rice Shooting of Philando Castile Murder of Ahmaud Arbery Killing of Breonna Taylor References External links 2014 controversies in the United States 2014 deaths 2014 in New York City African-American history in New York City African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter Civil rights protests in the United States Crimes in New York City Deaths by person in New York City Deaths by strangulation in the United States Deaths from asthma Deaths in police custody in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Filmed deaths in the United States Filmed police brutality History of African-American civil rights History of Staten Island July 2014 events in the United States Law enforcement controversies in the United States New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct Protests in the United States Race and crime in the United States Asphyxia-related deaths by law enforcement in the United States Police brutality in the United States Protest marches

43426300

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20San%20Francisco%20Bay%20Area

Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area

This is a timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, events in the nine counties that border on the San Francisco Bay, and the bay itself. An identical list of events, formatted differently, may be found here. Prehistory The San Andreas Fault (pictured) begins to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 million years ago 9.5 million years ago, the Moraga Volcanics produces most of the lavas that underlie the East Bay ridges from present day Tilden Regional Park to Moraga During the Quaternary glaciation beginning 2.58 million years ago, the basin that will be filled by the bay is a large linear valley with small hills, similar to most of the valleys of the Coast Ranges. The rivers of the Central Valley run out to sea through a canyon that will become the Golden Gate. As the ice sheets melt, sea levels rise over the next 4,000 years, and the valley fills with water from the Pacific. Evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 17,000 BCE. The Ohlone people (pictured) inhabit the Bay Area region as early as 6,000 years ago, with a 1770 estimated population of 10,000–20,000 The Coast Miwok inhabit the Sonoma region as early as 4,000 years ago, with a 1770 estimated population of 2,000 The Patwin people inhabit the northern Bay region as early as 1,500 years ago, with a 1770 estimated population of 12,000 The Bay Miwok inhabit the region that is now Contra Costa County, with a 1770 estimated population of approximately 1,700 16th century In 1539, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo lands on islands off the coast of California, and names them Farallones, Spanish for cliffs or small pointed islets On 13 November 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sights a peninsula from his ship and names it "Cabo de Pinos", while missing the entrance to San Francisco Bay Francis Drake lands at what is now known as Drakes Bay in 1579 (pictured), and claims the land for England, as New Albion 17th century Despite numerous sailing vessels traveling along the coast, no ships discover the Golden Gate and the San Francisco Bay, due to factors such as fog and ships avoiding sailing close to shore 18th century Las Californias is established in 1768 by New Spain, encompassing the Bay Area Gaspar de Portolà arrives in the Bay Area in 1769 Mission San Francisco de Asís and El Presidio Real de San Francisco are founded in 1776 in Yerba Buena Baptisms of the Yelamu by Spanish missionaries begin in 1777 La Misión Santa Clara de Thamien and el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe are established in 1777 on the Guadalupe River In 1786, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse sails to San Francisco and maps the Bay Area In 1792, British explorer George Vancouver stops in San Francisco, in part, according to his journal, to spy on the Spanish settlements in the area 19th century In 1804, The Bay Area is part of the newly created New Spain state of Alta California The Russian-American Company establishes Fortress Ross (Крѣпость Россъ, tr. Krepostʹ Ross) (pictured) in 1812, in what is now Sonoma County In 1821, New Spain cedes Alta California, including the Bay Area, to the newly created Mexican Empire William A. Richardson (pictured) arrives in San Francisco in 1822, and in 1838 is given Rancho Saucelito in present-day Marin County by Mexican Governor Juan Alvarado In 1823, the Bay Area, as part of Alta California, becomes part of the newly founded United Mexican States In 1837, Antonio Ortega begins operating a pulqueria (tavern) north of San Francisco, on the former site of Mission San Francisco Solano In 1838, a 7.0 MLa earthquake strikes the Peninsula, on or near the San Andreas Fault, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) Colonists in Alta California rebel against the Mexican department's government, raise a flag featuring a grizzly bear (pictured) at El Cuartel de Sonoma, and establish the short-lived (and unrecognized) California Republic US Navy Commodore John D. Sloat claims California for the United States during the Mexican–American War, and US Navy Captain John Berrien Montgomery and US Marine Second Lieutenant Henry Bulls Watson of the arrives to claim Yerba Buena two days later by raising the American flag over the town plaza Washington Allon Bartlett is named alcalde of Yerba Buena Yerba Buena doubles in population when about 240 Mormon pioneers arrive, among them Samuel Brannan Samuel Brannan's California Star begins publishing in Yerba Buena (Sam Brannan pictured) The Californian moves to Yerba Buena from Monterey, shortly after the California Star debuts Alcalde Washington Allon Bartlett proclaims that Yerba Buena will henceforth be known as San Francisco Nathan Coombs purchases a farm on Rancho Napa from Salvador Vallejo, and of Rancho Entre Napa from Nicholas Higuera James W. Marshall finds several flakes of gold at a lumber mill he owned in partnership John Sutter, at the bank of the South Fork of the American River, news of which quickly travels around the world (advertisement for transportation to the Gold Rush pictured, right) The California Star and the Californian both cease publication in San Francisco due to losing all their staff to the California Gold Rush The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (pictured, left) ends the Mexican–American War, and cedes the territory of California (including the San Francisco Bay Area) to the United States from Mexico San Francisco's population is 1,000 A small coffee stand (1983 menu pictured, left) opens on Clay Street in San Francisco Boudin Bakery is established in San Francisco, producing San Francisco sourdough (loaves pictured, right) The Alta California begins publishing in San Francisco Bayard Taylor visits San Francisco and the Gold Country, writing about the Gold Rush The Niantic whaling ship is stranded by its crew on the shore of San Francisco, who desert it to join the Gold Rush Irish immigrants Peter and James Donahue found Union Iron Works (pictured) in South of Market, San Francisco San Francisco's population is 25,000, an increase by 2,400% from 1848's 1,000 The San Francisco Bay Area is part of the new state of California, which is admitted into the United States of America The City and County of San Francisco is incorporated John W. Geary (pictured) becomes the first mayor of San Francisco Contra Costa County is incorporated Marin County is incorporated Napa County is incorporated Santa Clara County is incorporated San Jose is incorporated in Santa Clara County (First Street, c. 1868–1885, pictured) Solano County is incorporated Benicia is incorporated in Solano County (Benicia's State Capitol building from 1853 pictured) Sonoma County is incorporated The San Francisco Unified School District is established, as the first public school district in California (historic Ida B. Wells High School building pictured, right) The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance is formed in response to rampant crime and corruption in the municipal government (1851 hanging pictured, left) Congregation Emanu-El is chartered in San Francisco A fire destroys large swaths of San Francisco After opening a number of businesses in Peru and California, Italian chocolatier Domenico Ghirardelli imports 200 pounds of cocoa beans and establishes D. Ghirardelli & Co in San Francisco (1864 advertisement pictured, left) Henry Wells and William G. Fargo establish Wells, Fargo & Company in San Francisco, a joint-stock association with an initial capitalization of $300,000, to provide express and banking services (iconic stagecoach pictured, right) The city of Santa Clara is incorporated in Santa Clara County (1910 postcard pictured, right) Oakland is incorporated in Alameda County (1867 painting shown, right) Francis K. Shattuck, George Blake, and two partners they met in the gold fields, William Hillegass and James Leonard, lay claim to four adjoining strips of land north of Oakland The California Academy of Natural Sciences (modern display pictured, left) is founded in San Francisco Levi Strauss & Co. is established when Levi Strauss (pictured, right) arrives from Buttenheim, Bavaria, in San Francisco to open a west coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business Alameda County is incorporated Mare Island Naval Shipyard (pictured, left), the first United States Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean, is established in Vallejo, Solano County The Mechanics' Institute Library and Chess Room is founded in San Francisco The city of Alameda is incorporated in Alameda County (Alameda Works Shipyard pictured, right) The first department store in San Francisco opens: Davidson & Lane, later renamed The White House. Saint Ignatius Academy is founded in San Francisco by the Italian Jesuits Rev. Anthony Maraschi, Rev. Joseph Bixio, and Rev. Michael Accolti (present St. Ignatius Church, on campus, pictured) With gold only profitably retrieved by medium to large groups of workers, either in partnerships or as employees, the California Gold Rush ends The College of California is founded in Oakland San Mateo County is incorporated (1878 map pictured) Hutchings' Illustrated California Magazine is founded in San Francisco Early San Francisco developer William A. Richardson dies Daily Evening Bulletin editor James King of William is shot and killed at Montgomery Street in San Francisco Église Notre Dame Des Victoires (pictured) in San Francisco is completed The Sisters of Mercy open St. Mary's Hospital on Stockton Street in San Francisco, the first Catholic hospital west of the Rocky Mountains (hospital ruins in 1906 pictured) Minns Evening Normal School is founded in San Francisco by George W. Minns George Kenny starts construction of an octagonal house at Russian Hill in San Francisco Landscape painter Fortunato Arriola moves to San Francisco from Cosala, Sinaloa, Mexico Lafayette is incorporated in Contra Costa County Buena Vista Winery is founded by Agoston Haraszthy in the Sonoma Valley (early champagne production pictured) The first San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is held in Chinatown, combining elements of the Chinese Lantern Festival with a typical American parade (contemporary parade dragon pictured) The William Hood House is built in Sonoma County, using bricks made on the property The Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, the first medical school on the West Coast, is founded in Santa Clara Bolinas School opens in Marin County Alcatraz Citadel (pictured) is built on Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay Laurentine Hamilton comes to San Jose to preach at the First Presbyterian Church of San Jose Joshua Norton declares himself "NORTON I, Emperor of the United States" in San Francisco Francis K. Shattuck is elected the fifth mayor of Oakland Congregation Beth Israel-Judea forms in San Francisco from the merger of the Conservative Congregation Beth Israel and the Reform Temple Judea The San Francisco Olympic Club is founded (founder Arthur Nahl pictured working out with his brother in 1855) The Woodford Hotel and Saloon in Contra Costa County becomes a Pony Express stop (historical plaque pictured) The James Lick Mansion in Santa Clara, the estate of James Lick, is completed The Black Diamond coal mine is started by Noah Norton San Francisco's population is 56,802, an increase by 63% from 1852's 34,776 S & G Gump is established in San Francisco as a mirror and frame shop by Solomon Gump and his brother, Gustav (contemporary display pictured) Hutchings' Illustrated California Magazine in San Francisco ceases publishing Charles Krug founds the first winery in Napa Valley The Halleck, Peachy & Billings law firm in San Francisco is dissolved Schramsberg Vineyards is established in Napa Valley by Jacob Schram (pictured, left) The state capitol is moved from Sacramento to San Francisco, due to Flooding of the Central Valley Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco is taken over by the state and moved to San Jose as the California State Normal School William Boothby (pictured, right) is born in San Francisco The Democratic Press is founded in San Francisco The California Educational Society is established in San Francisco Jack's Restaurant (pictured) opens in San Francisco The Napa Valley Register is established Mountain View Cemetery (pictured), designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, is established in Oakland African American resident Charlotte L. Brown files a lawsuit after being forcibly removed from a segregated horse-drawn streetcar in San Francisco The Alameda County Infirmary is established (Fairmont Hospital pictured) literary newspaper The Californian begins publishing in San Francisco, with Bret Harte as editor, and Mark Twain as a writer The Bank of California (pictured) is founded in San Francisco by William Chapman Ralston The Napa Valley Railroad Company is founded by Samuel Brannan to shuttle tourists between ferry boats docked in Vallejo to the resort town of Calistoga The San Francisco and San Jose Railroad completes its route from San Francisco to San Jose along the San Francisco Peninsula, becoming the first railroad to link the two cities The Daily Dramatic Chronicle (later logo pictured) is founded in San Francisco by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young The California Pacific Rail Road Company is incorporated in San Francisco The California State Mineral Collection is begun in San Francisco, driven by the mineral finds of the California Gold Rush Jefferson Thompson in West Marin begins making a fresh Brie "breakfast cheese" that is transported by horse-drawn carriage to Petaluma, then shipped by steamboat down the Petaluma River to San Francisco where it is sold to waterfront dockworkers Pacific Rolling Mill Company, the West's first iron and steel producing foundry (rolling mill of the period pictured), is established in San Francisco Frederick Billings of the College of California, while walking with fellow collegians through land purchased in 1860 for the new location of the college, stops at a spot (pictured) in the Contra Costa Range astride Strawberry Creek, with a view of the Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate. While watching two ships standing out to sea, he remembers a line by Anglican Bishop George Berkeley, "westward the course of empire takes its way", and suggests Berkeley's name for the college and the town to grow around it. Ezra Decoto, an Alameda County landowner, sells land to the railroads, and an eponymous small settlement begins at the location Redwood City in San Mateo County is incorporated (historic building pictured) Hill Park is established in San Francisco An earthquake estimated at 6.3–6.7 on the moment magnitude scale hits the Bay Area, with an epicenter in the East Bay. It causes significant damage throughout the region, and comes to be known as the "Great San Francisco earthquake". (damage in the Haywards area pictured, right) The Convent of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart (pictured, right) in Oakland is established by members of the Sisters of the Holy Names from Canada The University of California (logo pictured, left) is established in Berkeley, along with the first campus in the system, the University of California, Berkeley Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is incorporated Vallejo in Solano County is incorporated Bret Harte begins publishing the Overland Monthly in San Francisco The Guittard Chocolate Company is founded in San Francisco Meek Mansion (pictured) in the East Bay is completed The first Japanese immigrants arrive in San Francisco The California Theatre in San Francisco opens Frederick Marriott's unmanned, lighter-than-air craft the Hermes Avitor Jr. (replica pictured) takes to the air at the Shellmound Park racetrack in Emeryville, flying at about 5 miles per hour Laurentine Hamilton is charged with heresy and resigns from his ordination in the Presbyterian church, with most of his parishioners joining him in forming the First Independent Presbyterian Church in Oakland Golden Gate Park in San Francisco (contemporary aerial photo shown) is surveyed and mapped The First National Gold Bank in San Francisco begins producing National Bank Notes redeemable in gold San Francisco's population is 149,473, an increase by 163% from 1860's 56,802 The California Historical Society is founded in San Francisco The Daily Californian student-run newspaper (contemporary kiosk pictured) is founded at the University of California, Berkeley The San Francisco Art Association is founded by a group of landscape painters led by Virgil Williams The Bohemian Club (plaque pictured) is founded in San Francisco Alum Rock Park, the first municipal park in California, is established at a valley in the Diablo Range foothills on the east side of San Jose Napa is incorporated in Marin County Julia Morgan is born in San Francisco (Hearst Gymnasium for Women at the University of California, Berkeley pictured) The Clay Street Hill Railroad, the first in the San Francisco cable car system (pictured, left), begins operations South Hall (pictured, right) is built in Berkeley, thus becoming the new location of the University of California, Berkeley, formerly located in Oakland The second San Francisco Mint building (pictured) is completed Markham Vineyards is founded in the Napa Valley East Brother Island Light (pictured) is built on East Brother Island near the tip of Point San Pablo in Richmond The Oakland Tribune begins publishing Beringer Vineyards (pictured) in the Napa Valley is established Napa State Hospital in Napa is established Point Montara Light in Montara begins operating using a kerosene lantern Luther Burbank moves to Santa Rosa from Massachusetts, with money from selling the rights to a potato cultivar (russet Burbank potatoes pictured) The Baldwin Hotel (pictured) is built in San Francisco as an addition to the Baldwin Theatre Hayward in Alameda County is incorporated A two-day pogrom is waged against Chinese immigrants in San Francisco by the city's majority white population, resulting in four deaths and the destruction of more than $100,000 worth of property belonging to the city's Chinese immigrant population. The Argonaut literary journal is founded by Frank M. Pixley (pictured) in San Francisco The Conservatory of Flowers (pictured) in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco is completed Mark Hopkin's mansion (pictured) in San Francisco is completed The California Street Cable Railroad, a cable car company, is founded in San Francisco by Leland Stanford Austin Herbert Hills and R. W. Hills begin selling coffee and tea from a market stall in San Francisco The Conservatory of Flowers (pictured) in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, opens to the public Finnish fur trader Gustave Niebaum founds Inglenook Winery in the Napa Valley village of Rutherford Croll's Gardens and Hotel is built in Alameda Joshua Abraham Norton (pictured), self-declared "Emperor of these United States" and subsequently "Protector of Mexico", collapses and dies in front of Old St. Mary's Church while on his way to a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences Famed Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson honeymoons for 2 months at a played out mine on Mount Saint Helena in the northern San Francisco Bay Area, and writes a memoir about his travels in Napa Valley Max J. Brandenstein begins producing coffee in San Francisco (early M.J. Brandenstein facility pictured) A. Schilling & Company is founded in San Francisco by August Schilling and George F. Volkmann, both natives of Bremen, Germany Chateau Montelena, at the foot of Mount Saint Helena in the Napa Valley, is established Cresta Blanca Winery (pictured) in the Livermore Valley is established Concannon Vineyard (pictured) in the Livermore Valley is established Firemen on coal-burning steamers found the Pacific Coast Marine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers Association in San Francisco The Silverado Squatters, about Robert Louis Stevenson's travels in Napa Valley, is published Matthew Turner, his brother, and John Eckley form the Matthew Turner Shipyard at Benicia Charles N. Felton (pictured) of Menlo Park is elected to the United States House of Representatives The California and Nevada Railroad, a narrow gauge steam railroad in the East Bay, is incorporated The Grand Army of the Republic opens a home for war veterans in Napa County Alcazar Theatre in San Francisco opens V. Sattui Winery (pictured) in the Napa Valley is established Leland Stanford Junior University is founded (on paper) by Leland Stanford, former governor of and U.S. senator from California and leading railroad tycoon, and his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford, in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year. The Aegis high school newspaper is founded in Oakland The Students' Observatory (historical plaque pictured) at the University of California, Berkeley is constructed Eshcol vineyards and winery in the Napa Valley is established The California League Baseball Grounds baseball park opens in San Francisco John McLaren (pictured) is appointed superintendent of the developing Golden Gate Park in San Francisco William Randolph Hearst takes over management of the San Francisco Examiner, which his father had received in 1880 as payment for a gambling debt The 36-inch telescope at Lick Observatory is the largest telescope in the world when it sees first light. The SS City of Chester sinks after a collision (pictured) with RMS Oceanic at the Golden Gate in San Francisco Bay Hunt Bros. Fruit Packing Co. is founded in Sebastopol Swinerton construction is founded in San Francisco The Pacific-Union Club in San Francisco (pictured) is founded as a merger of two earlier clubs: the Pacific Club (founded 1852) and the Union Club (founded 1854) The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is founded in San Francisco Mayacamas Vineyards is established on the Mayacamas Mountains within the Napa Valley St. Paul's Episcopal Church (historical plaque pictured) in Walnut Creek is completed Livermore Valley winery Cresta Blanca's first vintage, an 1884 dry white wine, wins Grand Prize at the Paris Exposition, becoming the first California wine to win a competition in France Jacob Gillig opens a carriage and wagon shop in San Francisco Oakland Harbor Light (pictured) is built at the Oakland Estuary Dominican College is founded in San Rafael Nichelini Winery is founded in Napa Valley Roe Island Light (pictured) is built at the east end of Suisun Bay across from Port Chicago Stanford University (pictured) opens in Santa Clara County, with 21 departments, including the Department of the History and Art of Education King Kalākaua of Hawaii dies at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco The First Unitarian Church of Berkeley is founded Le Petit Trianon (pictured) near Santa Clara Valley is built for Charles A. Baldwin and his wife Ellen Hobart Baldwin, as the center of their wine-producing estate Stanford Cardinal football play the first game of their first season, 1891–1892, and shortly into the season win in their first game against California Golden Bears football The University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Education is established Paul Masson's first sparkling wine under the name "champagne" is introduced at Almaden Valley in Santa Clara County The Owl Drug Company is established in San Francisco Church Divinity School of the Pacific is founded in San Mateo Stanford Law School (founder and former U.S. president Benjamin Harrison pictured) is established at Stanford University University of California Press is established at the University of California, Berkeley Adolph Sutro (pictured) is elected Mayor of San Francisco Fentons Creamery in Oakland is founded The California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 is held in San Francisco Palo Alto in Santa Clara County, Pleasanton in Alameda County, and San Mateo in San Mateo County are incorporated The De Young museum is founded in San Francisco by San Francisco Chronicle publisher M. H. de Young (pictured) as an outgrowth of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 Landscape designer Makoto Hagiwara creates the Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park The Native Sons of the Golden State, a Chinese benevolent society, is founded in San Francisco John Van Denburgh completes his organizing of the herpetology department of the California Academy of Sciences The Sutro Baths (pictured) north of Ocean Beach, San Francisco open to the public Native son James D. Phelan (pictured) is elected mayor of San Francisco Molinari's delicatessen in San Francisco's North Beach is founded Colombo Baking Company is founded in the Bay Area Anchor Brewing Company is founded in San Francisco Cutter Laboratories in Berkeley is founded (penicillin chemical structure pictured) The Evening Press and Sonoma Democrat are merged to create The Press Democrat in Santa Rosa Californio and former Contra Costa County Supervisor Víctor Castro dies United States v. Wong Kim Ark is decided in favor of Wong Kim Ark (pictured, left), who is thus considered a U.S. citizen The San Francisco Ferry Building (pictured, right), designed by A. Page Brown, opens A columbarium (pictured, right) is built at Odd Fellows Cemetery in San Francisco by Bernard J. S. Cahill, to complement an earlier columbarium built by him The Baldwin Hotel (pictured, right) in San Francisco, built in 1876, burns down Francis K. Shattuck dies after being knocked down by a man exiting from a train that Shattuck was attempting to board on the eponymous Shattuck Avenue San Francisco State Normal School (later architectural element pictured) is established Botanist Willis Linn Jepson receives his Ph.D. degree from, and is made assistant professor at, the University of California, Berkeley McTeague by Frank Norris is published An epidemic of bubonic plague centered on San Francisco's Chinatown begins, the first plague epidemic in the continental United States (reviled investigator Joseph J. Kinyoun pictured) The California Automobile Company is founded in San Francisco The Sempervirens Club is founded with the goal of preserving old growth coast redwood forest in the Santa Cruz Mountains The World's Drinks And How To Mix Them, by William "Cocktail" Boothby, is published by the Palace Hotel, San Francisco 20th century The Lowie Museum of Anthropology is established in San Francisco by patron Phoebe Hearst (pictured), to house items for the University of California, Berkeley. The Family, a private club in San Francisco, California, is formed by newspapermen who had left the Bohemian Club The California Society of Artists is founded in San Francisco by Xavier Martínez, Maynard Dixon, Gottardo Piazzoni, Matteo Sandona and other artists disaffected with the San Francisco Art Association YMCA Evening College in San Francisco opens its law school, becoming a full-fledged college The Paul Masson Mountain Winery is established by Paul Masson in Saratoga The SS City of Rio de Janeiro shipwrecks off the shores of San Francisco at the Golden Gate A light bulb is installed at a LIvermore fire station Hotel Majestic (pictured) in San Francisco is built. The Carpenter Gothic Victorian St. Thomas Aquinas Church is completed in Palo Alto Big Basin Redwoods State Park is established in the Santa Cruz Mountains Stanford Memorial Church (pictured) at Stanford University, designed by architect Charles A. Coolidge, is dedicated George A. Wyman becomes the first person to ride a motorcycle (and the first using any motor vehicle) across the US, from San Francisco to New York City The Alameda Free Library is completed The California Pelican student humor magazine begins publishing at the University of California, Berkeley Pittsburg is incorporated in Contra Costa County The Bank of Italy is founded in San Francisco by A.P. Giannini, a San Jose born son of Italian immigrants. The 12-story Flood Building (pictured) in San Francisco is completed. The Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco is completed The San Francisco Motorcycle Club is founded Graft trials begin in San Francisco against mayor Eugene Schmitz, members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, and attorney and political boss Abe Ruef, who were receiving bribes, and business owners who were paying the bribes. (prosecutors pictured) Concord and Richmond are incorporated in Contra Costa County The Bank of Pinole (pictured) is founded in Richmond The Hill Opera House opens in Petaluma The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley is founded when the university purchases Hubert Howe Bancroft's 50,000 volumes on the history of California and the North American West On April 17, Daniel Burnham delivers plans (pictured, left) for the redesign of San Francisco The next day, a massive earthquake hits San Francisco, starting fires which burn much of the city to the ground. 3,000 people die during the disaster. By the end of a violent streetcar operator strike in San Francisco, thirty-one people had been killed and about 1100 injured. San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz (pictured) is found guilty of extortion, and the office of mayor is declared vacant The School of the California Guild of Arts and Crafts is founded in Berkeley during the height of the Arts and Crafts movement Piedmont is incorporated in Alameda County The whaling bark Lydia wrecks on the shore of San Francisco Brisbane is incorporated in San Mateo County on the lower slopes of San Bruno Mountain Muir Woods National Monument (coast redwood undergrowth pictured) is established in Marin County Cooper Medical College is acquired by Stanford University and renamed the Stanford University School of Medicine Brown's Opera House opens in San Francisco The first Portola Road Race (pictured, left) is run through Melrose in Oakland, San Leandro and Hayward, with at least 250,000 attending Albany (Albany Hill pictured, right) is incorporated in Alameda County Fort Ross State Historic Park is established in Sonoma County to protect Fort Ross, founded in 1812 as the southernmost point in the Russian colonization of the Americas The C. H. Brown Theater opens in the Mission District, San Francisco Samuel Merritt College is founded in Oakland as a hospital school of nursing San Francisco Law School is founded The neighborhood of Thousand Oaks, a refugee camp from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake adjacent to Albany and Berkeley, is first subdivided The Richmond Police Department is founded John Sabatte opens the South Berkeley Creamery (current logo pictured), selling milk from local farmers in Alameda and Contra Costa counties (including "farms in Berkeley?") (sound clip shown, simulating radio ad for company) The Southern Pacific railroad company completes the Dumbarton Rail Bridge, the first bridge crossing San Francisco Bay. The bridge is inaugurated on . Hillsborough is incorporated in San Mateo County on May 5 The San Francisco Symphony, conducted by Henry Kimball Hadley (pictured), is founded Italian immigrant Ambrogio Soracco opens Liguria Bakery in San Francisco Daly City is incorporated in San Mateo County The Bay to Breakers (news headline on race pictured, right) is run in San Francisco for the first time Chinese restaurant Sam Wo (pictured, left. translation: "Three Harmonies Porridge and Noodles") in San Francisco's Chinatown opens Sunnyvale in Santa Clara County is incorporated The California Society of Etchers is founded in San Francisco Essanay Studios opens the Essanay-West studio in Niles, at the foot of Niles Canyon Chauncey Thomas opens The Tile Shop on San Pablo Avenue in Berkeley to make and sell faience tiles (Hearst Castle tower, decorated with tiles from California Faience, pictured) Dewing Park in Contra Costa County is renamed Saranap after the local inter-urban commuter rail system developer's mother, Sara Napthaly John Swett, former Superintendent of the San Francisco Public Schools, and "Father of the California public school", dies Sather Tower (pictured, left), a campanile at the University of California, Berkeley is completed Temple Sinai (pictured, right) in Oakland is completed The Baby Hospital Association (organized September 1912), and the Baby Hospital Association of Alameda County (organized September 1913), establish The Children's Hospital of the East Bay in Oakland The new Beaux-Arts style San Francisco City Hall (pictured, right) opens at the Civic Center, San Francisco The Panama–Pacific International Exposition is held in San Francisco, to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. It features the Palace of Fine Arts (pictured, left), the Tower of Jewels (pictured, right), and The San Francisco Civic Auditorium. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes about the exposition during her visit to the city that year. During a parade on Preparedness Day, prior to entry into World War I, a suitcase bomb detonates, killing ten and wounding forty, the worst such attack in San Francisco's history Buena Vista Cafe opens in San Francisco on the first floor of a boardinghouse converted into a saloon Thomaso Castagnola opens the first crab stand on Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, selling fresh crab to passersby Writer Jack London (pictured) dies at his ranch on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain General Motors Oakland Assembly opens Fageol Motors is founded in Oakland University of California, Berkeley establishes the first program in the US for the study of criminal justice, headed by Berkeley police chief August Vollmer The San Francisco Sausage Company is established by Italian immigrants Peter Domenici and Enrico Parducci Neptune Beach opens in Alameda with private picnic areas, barbecue pits, a clubhouse for dancing, and vacation cottages El Cerrito in Contra Costa County is incorporated During World War I, a major explosion of barges loaded with munitions at Mare Island Naval Shipyard killes 6 people, wounds another 31, and destroys some port facilities. The -long Twin Peaks Tunnel (pictured) opens to streetcar service under Twin Peaks, San Francisco Santa Rosa Junior College is established Historian and ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft dies in Walnut Creek Wines & Vines, a journal devoted to the North American wine business (early Wine Country vintages pictured), begins publishing in Marin County Edward Howard Duncan Jr. is born in Oakland The 18th Amendment results in Bay Area vineyards uprooted and cellars destroyed, with some vineyards and wineries converting to table grape or grape juice production, or providing churches with sacramental wine The Democratic National Convention (guest pass pictured) is held at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium, with their platform supporting the League of Nations and women's suffrage Cooley LLP is founded in San Francisco by attorneys Arthur Cooley and Louis Crowley The Schlage lock company is founded in San Francisco by Walter Schlage The Solon and Schemmel Tile Company is founded in San Jose San Jose engineer Charles Herrold, after experimenting with radio broadcasting since 1909, receives a commercial license under the callsign KQW KLX, owned by Oakland Tribune publisher Joseph R. Knowland, begins broadcasting out of Oakland San Jose Junior College is established The original Stanford Stadium (pictured) is completed on the Stanford University campus, as the home of the Stanford Cardinal football team The University of California Museum of Paleontology opens at the University of California, Berkeley, to hold fossils gathered during the 1860–1867 California Geological Survey The (pictured) goes missing after leaving Mare Island KPO, owned by the Hale Brothers department store and the San Francisco Chronicle, begins broadcasting out of San Francisco Naturalist Henry A. Snow establishes the Oakland Zoo San Mateo Junior College is founded Huntington Apartments in San Francisco (pictured), named after Collis Potter Huntington of the "Big Four", is completed A large fire in Berkeley (pictured, right) consumes some 640 structures, before being extinguished by cool, humid afternoon air coming through the Golden Gate across the bay Atherton is incorporated in San Mateo County California Memorial Stadium (pictured, right) opens in Berkeley, as the home field for the California Golden Bears football team of the University of California, Berkeley The East Bay Municipal Utility District is formed to provide water and sewage treatment services to the East Bay The San Francisco Opera Ballet gives its first performance, of La bohème (pictured, left), with Queena Mario and Giovanni Martinelli, conducted by founder Gaetano Merola, at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium The California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco (pictured), modeled after the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur in Paris, opens KGO Radio begins broadcasting from General Electric's Oakland electrical facility Lawndale is incorporated in San Mateo County, at the behest of the cemetery owners in the area, which had been established after San Francisco banned all cemeteries in 1900, and removed most existing ones from the city Congregation Beth Israel is established in Berkeley San Francisco is reported to have the highest average per capita income of any city in the world The heated, saltwater Fleishhacker Pool in San Francisco opens (pictured, left) The original Kezar Stadium in San Francisco opens (replica arch pictured, right) San Carlos is incorporated in San Mateo County The California Arts and Crafts Ainsley House is built in Campbell George Whitney becomes general manager of a variously named complex of seaside attractions next to Ocean Beach in San Francisco, and christens it "Playland-at-the-Beach" (Big Dipper pictured) The law firm of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison is founded Marin Junior College in Kentfield is founded The Leimert Bridge in Oakland, a cement and steel arch bridge spanning 357 feet and rising 117 feet above Sausal Creek, becomes the largest single-span bridge on the West Coast The Weeks and Day designed Mark Hopkins Hotel opens on Nob Hill in San Francisco (interior mural pictured) During Prohibition, Frank Torres builds Frank's Place (pictured) as a speakeasy and clandestine liquor smuggling center on the cliffs above Moss Beach in San Mateo County Governor C. C. Young signs the State Bar Act into law, establishing the State Bar of California, which begins operating out of San Francisco Menlo Park in San Mateo County is incorporated 680 acres of land in Oakland are purchased to create an airport runway, which, when finished in time for the Dole Air Race, at 7,020 feet, becomes the longest in the world. Later in the year the airport is dedicated by Charles Lindbergh The West Coast Oakland movie theatre (renamed theatre pictured), built by Weeks and Day, opens The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District incorporates, its purpose to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge Harvey Spencer Lewis of the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis presents his first exhibit of Egyptian antiquities, "The Rosicrucian Egyptian Oriental Museum", at the Rosicrucian headquarters in San Jose Edy's Grand Ice Cream is established in Oakland The Emeryville Research Center of Shell Development Company is established in Emeryville by the Shell Oil Company Fleishhacker Zoo opens in San Francisco Air Corps Station, San Rafael begins service The Golden West Savings and Loan Association in Oakland opens The Berkeley Women's City Club building (pictured) is built by Julia Morgan The Art Deco downtown Berkeley Public Library building is completed (pictured) International House Berkeley is established by YMCA official Harry Edmonds Stern Grove in the Sunset District, San Francisco opens to the public The Bal Tabarin nightclub opens, the same year as the 365 Club opens at 365 Market Street, San Francisco The state of California acquires enough land to create a small state park around the peak of Mount Diablo (pictured) in Contra Costa County The Radiation Laboratory is established at University of California, Berkeley by Ernest O. Lawrence The War Memorial Opera House (pictured) opens, becoming the new home of the San Francisco Opera Air Corps Station, San Rafael, begins formal development, and is renamed Hamilton Army Airfield The Art Deco Doelger Building is built as the offices for local developer Henry Doelger Coit Tower in San Francisco is completed (interior mural pictured) The Alley (pictured), a restaurant and piano bar in Oakland, opens The Oakland Symphony is formed as a volunteer community orchestra The San Francisco City Clinic for treating sexually transmitted diseases is established The Black Cat Bar reopens in San Francisco, upon the repeal of Prohibition The alleged kidnappers and murderers of San Jose resident Brooke Hart are lynched Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary is opened (Mugshot of Robert Stroud pictured, right) A waterfront strike along the West Coast begins in San Francisco (billy club used at the strike in Seattle pictured, right) The San Jose Light Opera Association is established Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr. opens a small bar/restaurant across from his parent's grocery store at San Pablo Avenue and 65th Street in Oakland, originally calling it "Hinky Dink's" (Trader Vic's menu pictured, left) The Wine Institute in San Francisco is cofounded by wine historian Leon Adams Palo Alto Junior Museum and Zoo was founded in Palo Alto by Josephine O’Hara in the basement of a local elementary school The San Francisco Museum of Art opens at the War Memorial Veterans Building on Van Ness Avenue in the Civic Center (Woman with a Hat by Matisse, from the museum collection, pictured, left) Benjamin Franklin Davis, grandson of the man who helped develop Levi's jeans, opens his eponymous clothing store in San Francisco Benicia Capitol State Historic Park opens at the site of California's third capital building (pictured, right), where the California State Legislature convened from February 3, 1853 to February 24, 1854 San Francisco Junior College is established Lucky Stores is founded in Alameda County Trolleybuses (pictured, right) began operating in San Francisco The San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic, in a ceremony attended by former U.S. president Herbert Hoover, among others (Bridge commemorative coin from 1936 pictured) Cliff's Variety Store in The Castro, San Francisco opens for business Former San Francisco political boss Abe Ruef dies Lafayette Park is created in San Francisco The Berkeley Rose Garden (pictured, right), built with funds from the Civil Works Administration, opens to the public The Golden Gate Bridge (opening day pictured, left) opens to the public The Hanna–Honeycomb House (pictured, right), built by Frank Lloyd Wright at Stanford University, is completed The new San Francisco Mint (pictured, right) is completed Stanford Memorial Auditorium is completed Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno is dedicated The Malloch Building in San Francisco is completed The 49-Mile Scenic Drive (road sign pictured, left) is created in San Francisco for the Golden Gate International Exposition by the San Francisco Down Town Association Lake Anza (pictured, right) is created in Tilden Park in the Berkeley Hills The Golden Gate International Exposition (poster pictured, left) opens at newly created Treasure Island The Neptune Beach amusement park closes in Alameda Hewlett-Packard is founded in a garage (pictured) in Palo Alto Blue Shield of California is founded in San Francisco by the California Medical Association Consumers' Cooperative of Berkeley opens, having formed from the Berkeley Buyers' Club, which was associated with the End Poverty in California movement The Top of the Mark rooftop bar (pictured) is established at the top of the Mark Hopkins Hotel on Nob Hill in San Francisco Nuclear scientist Ernest Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley wins the Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of the cyclotron The Anshen + Allen architectural firm (the International Building in San Francisco, designed by firm, pictured) is founded by Frank Lloyd Wright disciple Rob Anshen, and Steve Allen, in San Francisco Palo Alto Airport of Santa Clara County begins operations Neptunium and Plutonium are synthesized at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory Treasure Island is leased to the United States Navy, which opens Naval Station Treasure Island the next year World War II enlistment commences in the Bay Area (San Francisco recruiting office pictured) A two-masted schooner, Benicia, built in Tahiti by a shipwright who had worked in Matthew Turner's Benicia shipyard, arrives in San Francisco under the French flag The Xerces blue butterfly is last observed in San Francisco either this year, or in 1943 The Concord Army Air Base in Contra Costa County begins operations The Santa Rosa Army Air Field in Sonoma County begins operations The transport of Japanese Americans to "War Relocation Camps" (pictured) begins in the San Francisco Bay Area The Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Base (pictured, right), near Fairfield, in Solano County, is officially activated Golden Gate Park superintendent John McLaren dies Edwin Hawkins is born in Oakland (Edwin Hawkins Singers pictured, left) In Korematsu v. United States (plaintiff Fred Korematsu pictured), concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship, the Supreme Court sides with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional A munitions explosion (pictured) at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago kills 320 sailors and civilians and injures 390 others, with most of the dead and injured enlisted African-American sailors. George P. Miller is elected to California's 6th congressional district The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is created Americium and curium are synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley, with the discovery kept secret due to World War II The United Nations Charter is signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco Following the effective end of World War II on Victory over Japan Day, thousands of drunken people, the vast majority of them Navy enlistees who had not served in the war theatre, embarked in what the San Francisco Chronicle summarized in 2015 as "a three-night orgy of vandalism, looting, assault, robbery, rape and murder" and "the deadliest riots in the city's history", with more than 1000 people injured, 13 killed, and at least six women raped. The Tonga Room restaurant and tiki bar opens at the Fairmont San Francisco San Francisco-based Western Pipe and Steel Company ends operations The Bay Area Council for economic development is founded in San Francisco Samuel P. Taylor State Park is established in Marin County (gravesite of Samuel Penfield Taylor, at park, pictured) Two guards and three inmates die during an unsuccessful escape attempt (pictured) from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Cargo airline Emery Worldwide begins operating out of Redwood City Potato chip maker Granny Goose is founded in Oakland Overstock and government surplus Cannery Sales stores open in San Francisco Japanese American newspaper Nichi Bei Times begins publishing in San Francisco The Pacifica Foundation is created by World War II conscientious objectors E. John Lewis and Lewis Hill The Stanford Research Institute (contemporary building pictured) is founded in Menlo Park Sunset Books is founded by the San Francisco-based publishers of Sunset magazine Southwest Airways (plane pictured) begins operations out of San Francisco International Airport The Contra Costa Times begins publishing in Walnut Creek Mel's Drive-In opens in San Francisco Trans International Airlines begins service out of Oakland International Airport The University of California Police Department is created at the University of California, Berkeley (logo pictured) KPIX-TV Channel 5, the first television station in Northern California and the first television station in the San Francisco Bay Area signs on the air in San Francisco The Point Reyes Light weekly newspaper begins publishing in Marin County The San Francisco Boys Chorus (pictured) is formed Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences is created from the merger of the Schools of Biological Sciences, Humanities, Physical Sciences and Social Sciences Beat Generation hangout Vesuvio Cafe (pictured) opens in San Francisco Westlake Shopping Center opens in Daly City Richard Diebenkorn has his first art exhibit at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco The Doggie Diner fast food restaurant opens in Oakland (later iconic doggie head pictured) KPFA community supported radio is founded in Berkeley KGO-TV Channel 7, the second television station in Northern California and the second television station in the San Francisco Bay Area signs on the air in San Francisco KRON-TV Channel 4, the third television station in Northern California and the second television station in the San Francisco Bay Area signs on the air in San Francisco East Contra Costa Junior College is founded in Pleasant Hill Fantasy Records is founded in San Francisco The first Mervyn's department store opens in San Lorenzo (contemporary logo pictured) The Western Air Defense Force (pictured) is established at the Hamilton Air Force Base in Marin County Berkelium is synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley Children's Fairyland (child performance pictured) opens at Lake Merritt in Oakland Contra Costa College is established in San Pablo Californium is synthesized at the University of California, Berkeley The Treaty of San Francisco, between Japan and part of the Allied Powers, is officially signed by 48 nations at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco (signing pictured, right) Stanford Industrial Park in Palo Alto is completed A Trader Vic's opens in San Francisco Nuclear scientist Glenn T. Seaborg (pictured, left) at the University of California, Berkeley shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin McMillan for "discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements." The is scuttled near the Farallon Islands, after being used as a target for the Operation Crossroads nuclear test at Bikini Atoll The Purple Onion nightclub opens in San Francisco Dwinelle Hall is completed at the University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (pictured) is established in Livermore Russ Harvey adds hamburgers to the menu of his San Pablo hot dog stand, and renames it Harvey's Giant Hamburgers Poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti's City Lights Bookstore (pictured) opens in San Francisco Johnny Kan opens an early "open kitchen" Chinese restaurant in San Francisco Laney College is established in Oakland The Survey of California and Other Indian Languages begins publication at the University of California, Berkeley Merritt College is established in Oakland Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park (pictured) is established in the Santa Cruz Mountains KQED (TV) Channel 9, the fourth television station in Northern California and the fourth television station in the San Francisco Bay Area signs on the air in Berkeley, California Brookside Hospital opens in San Pablo Howl, by Allen Ginsberg (signature pictured), is written, then recited at the Six Gallery reading in San Francisco The California Medical Facility, a state prison in Vacaville, opens Cazadero Performing Arts Camp is established in western Sonoma County The city of Cupertino (flag pictured) is incorporated in Santa Clara County Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian civil and political rights organization in the United States, is formed in San Francisco KNTV Channel 11, the first television station in San Jose, California signs on the air Newark is incorporated in Alameda County Caffe Trieste (pictured) opens in San Francisco The Republican National Convention is held at the Cow Palace in San Francisco The Argonaut ceases publication in San Francisco Half Moon Bay State Beach (pictured) is established in San Mateo County The Hayward Area Historical Society is founded Williams Sonoma opens its first store in Sonoma George Christopher is elected mayor of San Francisco While living with poet Gary Snyder outside Mill Valley, Jack Kerouac works on a book centering on Snyder, which he considers calling Visions of Gary The San Francisco International Film Festival is founded Fairchild Semiconductor (historic plaque pictured) is founded in San Jose The State College for Alameda County is founded in Hayward The Flower Drum Song (the basis of 1958 musical Flower Drum Song) by C. Y. Lee, is published The Kingston Trio folk music group forms in San Francisco Pacifica is incorporated in San Mateo County KTVU Channel 2 signs on the air in Oakland, California Rice-A-Roni, "The San Francisco Treat", is introduced The first Cost Plus store opens at Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco The New York Giants move to San Francisco and become the San Francisco Giants (logo pictured) San Francisco columnist Herb Caen coins the term Beatnik, adding the suffix "-nik" from Sputnik I to the Beat Generation, or "Beats" The Embarcadero Freeway (pictured) opens in San Francisco, the same year the San Francisco Board of Supervisors votes to cancel seven of ten planned freeways The Montgomery Block building (pictured) in San Francisco is demolished Henry W. Coe State Park (pictured), in the Diablo Range in Santa Clara and Stanislaus counties, is established Jack London State Historic Park, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain, is established The Crown-Zellerbach Building in San Francisco is completed The San Francisco Mime Troupe is formed in San Francisco, performing (despite its name) musical political satire Union City is established in Alameda County Owen Chamberlain and Emilio Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the antiproton George Miller is re-elected to California's 8th congressional district Bothe-Napa Valley State Park is established Candlestick Park opens in San Francisco The Air Force Satellite Test Center (pictured), in Santa Clara County, becomes operational Sonoma State University (pictured) is established Donald A. Glaser at the University of California, Berkeley is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber San Jose's population is 204,196, an increase by 114% from 1950's 95,280 Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) begins service in October. The Moore Dry Dock Company in Oakland ceases operations Chabot College (pictured) is established in Hayward The Frontier Village amusement park in San Jose opens Melvin Calvin of the University of California, Berkeley, Andrew Benson and James Bassham are awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of the Calvin cycle Marine World (pictured) opens in Redwood Shores Ramparts, a left-wing political and literary magazine, is founded in Menlo Park The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (pictured) is established in Menlo Park Sproul Plaza is completed at the University of California, Berkeley General Motors' Fremont Assembly plant opens The Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (pictured) is founded The Committee improvisational theatre group is formed in San Francisco The Reverend Cecil Williams becomes pastor of Glide Memorial Church in San Francisco General Motors Oakland Assembly closes The Republican National Convention is held at the Cow Palace, San Francisco The Christmas flood hits Sonoma County The Free Speech Movement begins at the University of California, Berkeley Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 crashes near San Ramon after a gunman kills the pilot and co-pilot, with no survivors Don Edwards (pictured) is elected to California's 9th congressional district The Oakland California Temple (pictured) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is completed The Grateful Dead (pictured) forms in Palo Alto Jefferson Airplane (pictured) forms in San Francisco The Acid Tests begin to be given by author and Merry Prankster Ken Kesey in the San Francisco Bay Area and across the West Coast Condominium 1 is built at Sea Ranch on the Sonoma County coast The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission is created to protect and preserve the San Francisco Bay The Love Pageant Rally is held, on the day LSD becomes illegal, in Golden Gate Park, by the creators of the San Francisco Oracle The Society for Creative Anachronism (pictured) forms in Berkeley, with a parade down Telegraph Avenue George Paul Miller is re-elected to California's 8th congressional district The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (artifacts pictured) opens as a wing of the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in Golden Gate Park High-end clothier Wilkes Bashford opens in Union Square, San Francisco The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense is formed in Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Moby Grape is formed in San Francisco by Skip Spence and Matthew Katz The Oakland Coliseum (pictured) opens Peet's Coffee & Tea (pictured) is founded in Berkeley The Print Mint begins publishing and distributing posters and underground comics in Berkeley The San Francisco Bay Guardian weekly alternative newspaper is founded in San Francisco The American Conservatory Theater moves to San Francisco KICU-TV Channel 36 signs on the air in San Francisco The Mantra-Rock Dance concert takes place at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco The Human Be-In (poster artwork from magazine cover depicted, left) occurs at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, a prelude to the Summer of Love The University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism is established Creedence Clearwater Revival (pictured, right) is formed in El Cerrito Rolling Stone magazine (current logo pictured, right) begins publishing in San Francisco Santana is formed in San Francisco by Carlos Santana (pictured, right) The Summer of Love comes to San Francisco KBHK-TV Channel 44 signs on the air in San Francisco KEMO-TV Channel 20 signs on the air in San Francisco In the last minute of a football game between the Oakland Raiders and the New York Jets, Oakland scores two touchdowns to overcome a 32–29 New York lead, just as the NBC Television Network breaks away from the game, with the Jets still winning, to air the television film Heidi Japan Airlines Flight 2 flying from Tokyo International Airport to San Francisco International Airport lands in the shallow waters of San Francisco Bay, two and a half miles short of the runway, with no injuries Douglas Englebart presents The Mother of All Demos (prototype based on the demo pictured) at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco The Lawrence Hall of Science (pictured) is established in Berkeley KSFR, 94.9 FM, changes to call letters KSAN, and switches formats from classical music to freeform rock Luis Walter Alvarez at the University of California, Berkeley is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics The Altamont Free Concert is held at the Altamont Speedway between Tracy and Livermore Advanced Micro Devices is founded in Sunnyvale American Zoetrope (headquarters at the Sentinel Building pictured) is founded in San Francisco by Francis Ford Coppola The Exploratorium (interior pictured) is founded in San Francisco Clothing retailer The Gap (early logo pictured) is founded in San Francisco The Oakland Museum of California is established The San Jose Museum of Art (pictured) is established A "People's Park" (pictured) is created by community activists on University of California, Berkeley property, off Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley The Bank of America Center building in San Francisco is completed The Occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists begins Earth Day is first proposed by John McConnell at a UNESCO conference in San Francisco An unidentified person sends letters to the Vallejo Times Herald, the San Francisco Chronicle, and The San Francisco Examiner, taking credit for two fatal shooting incidents, then sends a fourth letter to the Examiner with the salutation "Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking." Jonathan Jackson attempts to negotiate the freedom of the Soledad Brothers (which included his older brother George) by kidnapping Superior Court judge Harold Haley from the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael. The resulting shootout leaves four men dead, including both Jackson and Judge Haley. People v. Newton reverses the voluntary manslaughter conviction of Huey P. Newton in the death of an Oakland Police officer A pipe bomb filled with shrapnel detonates on the ledge of a window at the San Francisco Police Department's Golden Gate Park station, killing one officer and wounding nine The Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (pictured) opens Ron Dellums is elected to California's 7th congressional district San Jose's population is 459,913, an increase by 125% from 1960's 204,196 Two Standard Oil tankers collide in the San Francisco Bay, spilling 800,000 gallons of oil Annadel State Park (pictured) is established in the Sonoma Valley Erhard Seminars Training is founded in San Francisco Eugene O'Neill's Tao House (pictured), in what is now Danville, is declared a National Historic Landmark Chez Panisse restaurant (pictured) is established in Berkeley Filmmaker George Lucas founds Lucasfilm in San Rafael, the same year he releases THX 1138, filmed in the San Francisco Bay Area Japanese American city councilman Norman Mineta is elected Mayor of San Jose The Palo Alto Community Cultural Center is founded in Palo Alto The Stanford marshmallow experiment results are published The Tiffany Building in San Francisco is completed Playland (pictured) in San Francisco closes Bay Area Rapid Transit (early car model pictured) begins operations The Haas-Lilienthal House in San Francisco opens to the public Venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers is founded in Menlo Park Stag's Leap Wine Cellars in the Napa Valley produces its first vintage The first San Francisco Pride festival, then called Christopher Street West, attracts an estimated 54,000 attendees (1983 parade pictured) The Oakland A's win the World Series The pornographic film Behind the Green Door is released, directed by the San Francisco-based Mitchell Brothers Burst of Joy, depicting United States Air Force Lt. Col. Robert L. Stirm being reunited with his family, after spending more than five years in captivity as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, is taken at Travis Air Force Base (pictured) in Solano County 16 people are killed, during a string of racially motivated attacks, dubbed the Zebra murders, committed by African-American men against mostly white victims, in San Francisco, continuing into 1974 The Oakland A's win the World Series Bill Owens' photoessay Suburbia, featuring images of Livermore, is published by Straight Arrow Press in San Francisco The University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources is established Symbionese Liberation Army members hold up a Hibernia Bank in San Francisco, where an iconic image (pictured) of kidnapped heiress Patricia Hearst is caught on security footage The serial Tales of the City by Armistead Maupin appears in the Pacific Sun alternative newsweekly George Moscone is elected mayor of San Francisco KDTV Channel 60 (now Channel 14) signs on the air in San Francisco The Marine Mammal Center (staff and patient pictured) is established in the Marin Headlands at a former Nike Missile site Gary Snyder's 1974 Turtle Island (after the Goano'ganoch'sa'jeh'seroni name for the lands of North America) wins the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry The San Francisco Review of Books is founded by Ronald Nowicki The Golden State Warriors win the NBA Finals Five unsolved murders of young women are committed in San Mateo County Apple Inc. (pictured, left) is founded in Cupertino by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne Napa Valley wineries Stag's Leap Wine Cellars and Chateau Montelena (pictured, right) place best in the red and white wine categories respectively, against their traditionally first ranked French competitors, in the wine tasting that becomes known as the Judgment of Paris China Camp State Park is established in San Rafael Fairfield-based candy company Herman Goelitz sells their first Jelly Bellies Cyra McFadden's The Serial's first installments are published in the Pacific Sun alternative newsweekly Dennis Richmond becomes the lead anchor at KTVU news in Oakland, an early African American news anchor in a major US television market KPIX television in San Francisco debuts a locally produced magazine program called Evening: The MTWTF Show The San Francisco Board of Supervisors election places Dianne Feinstein (pictured, left), Harvey Milk (pictured, far right) and Dan White on the board Oracle Corporation is founded in Santa Clara Victoria's Secret opens its first store at the Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto Members of the Joe Boys gang open fire at the Golden Dragon Restaurant in Chinatown, in an assault on rival gang Wah Ching, leaving 5 people dead and 11 others injured, none of whom are gang members. Apple Computer introduces the Apple II 909 members of the San Francisco-based People's Temple die, primarily from cyanide poisoning, at an agricultural project coined Jonestown in Guyana, following the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma, including United States Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured) of the Bay Area San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk are shot and killed in San Francisco City Hall by former Supervisor Dan White (news headline pictured) Retailer Banana Republic is founded in Mill Valley The Dead Kennedys are formed in San Francisco The French Laundry restaurant opens in Yountville in the Napa Valley The San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus is formed The whaling ship Niantic is uncovered near the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco The body of Tammy Vincent is found in Tiburon The White Night riots (pictured) erupt in San Francisco Dianne Feinstein (pictured) is elected mayor of San Francisco The Gilroy Garlic Festival is founded Huey Lewis and the News is founded in San Francisco Experimental music group Negativland is founded in Concord Data storage company Seagate Technology is founded in Cupertino David Carpenter commits his first trailside killings in the Bay Area A 5.7 magnitude earthquake strikes with an epicenter near Coyote Lake in Santa Clara County Hughes Airwest, based out of San Francisco International Airport, is acquired by Republic Airlines The Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall (pictured) in San Francisco is completed A medical patient in San Francisco is reported to have both Kaposi's sarcoma and Cryptococcus KSAN radio switches formats from freeform rock to country music University of California, Berkeley Slavic Languages and Literature Professor Czesław Miłosz (pictured) is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature The first World Games are held in Santa Clara Erhard Seminars Training in San Francisco dissolved The Sonoma Valley AVA (winery directional sign pictured, left) is established The Napa Valley AVA (historic marker pictured, right) is established KSTS Channel 48 signs on the air in San Jose, California The Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary is established in coastal waters off the Golden Gate Arthur Leonard Schawlow at Stanford University, along with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Kai Siegbahn, share the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with lasers 14 year old Marcy Renee Conrad is murdered in Milpitas Ceratitis capitata, known commonly as the "Mediterranean fruit fly", infests the Bay Area The Caldecott Tunnel fire kills seven people in the third (then-northernmost) bore of the Caldecott Tunnel, on State Route 24 between Oakland and Orinda San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana throws a memorable touchdown pass to Dwight Clark in the NFC Championship Game with the Dallas Cowboys The University of California Golden Bears perform The Play, a kickoff return during a college football game with the Stanford Cardinals, which is among the most memorable events in American sports. E-Trade (pictured) is founded in Palo Alto Symantec (pictured) is founded in Mountain View General Motors' Fremont Assembly (pictured) closes The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the first time Cleve Jones and Marcus Conant establish the Kaposi's Sarcoma Research and Education Foundation Severe flooding in the Bay Area results in 33 deaths and $280 million in losses. The San Jose School District declares bankruptcy Dianne Feinstein (pictured) is re-elected mayor of San Francisco Tax preparation software company Intuit is founded in Mountain View KRCB-TV Channel 22 signs on the air in Cotati, California San Francisco General Hospital establishes the first inpatient ward and outpatient clinic in the United States to treat Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Charles McCabe, writer of the "Fearless Spectator" and "Himself" columns for the San Francisco Chronicle, dies at his home in North Beach The 1984 Democratic National Convention (Vice Presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro pictured) is held at Moscone Center in San Francisco An earthquake with an epicenter near Mount Hamilton, close to Morgan Hill in the South Bay, inflicts over US$7 million in damage The Alexander Valley AVA is established California State Prison, Solano in Vacaville is completed The Cartoon Art Museum in San Francisco is established by publisher Malcolm Whyte New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (pictured) opens at the site of the former General Motors Fremont Assembly Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh personal computer (pictured) A plane heading for Buchanan Field Airport loses control and crashes into the roof of Macys, killing the pilot and two passengers, and seriously injuring 84 Christmas shoppers at the Sun Valley Mall in Concord Año Nuevo State Park is established at Año Nuevo Island (pictured, left) and points in San Mateo County Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve (pictured, right) is established NeXT is founded in Redwood City by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs, after being forced out of Apple The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the second time The Napa River experiences its worst flooding of the 20th century The Oakland Symphony is dissolved The punk rock club 924 Gilman Street (pictured) is established in Berkeley The Cacophony Society of culture jammers is founded in San Francisco, and The first Burning Man gathering occurs at Baker Beach (pictured, with typical apparel of later events) in San Francisco Shoreline Amphitheatre opens in Mountain View Jackie Speier is elected to the California State Assembly Art Agnos is elected mayor of San Francisco Punk rock band Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong pictured) forms in the East Bay, with early gigs at 924 Gilman in Berkeley Security software company McAfee is founded in Santa Clara Biotech pharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences is founded in Foster City The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail system (logo pictured) begins operation The Sonoma Coast AVA is established Nancy Pelosi is elected to California's 5th congressional district Cleve Jones and Mike Smith begin work in San Francisco on a quilt project to memorialize people who had died from AIDS A gunman kills seven people and wounds four others at ESL Incorporated in Sunnyvale. A sculpture of Ashurbanipal (pictured) is installed at the Civic Center, San Francisco The Niles Canyon Railway is reopened in the East Bay The Oakland East Bay Symphony is established Beat Generation and San Francisco Renaissance poet Robert Duncan dies Pacific Sports Network (now NBC Sports Bay Area) signs on the air in San Francisco The Oakland Athletics win the World Series An earthquake centered near Loma Prieta in the Santa Cruz Mountains causes significant damage in the Bay Area, kills 63 people throughout Northern California, and injures 3,757 (damage pictured) The original Kezar Stadium (pictured) in San Francisco is demolished The Santa Clara Valley AVA is established The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the third time California sea lions begin to haul out on docks at San Francisco's Pier 39 The Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose (pictured) opens Ron Dellums is re-elected to the 8th district of the United States Congress Michael Sweeney is elected mayor of Hayward The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the fourth time Long time International Longshore and Warehouse Union president Harry Bridges dies in San Francisco The 1990 United States Census indicates that San Jose has officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area. The Oakland and Berkeley Hills are hit by a firestorm (damage pictured, left) Frank Jordan is elected mayor of San Francisco Groundbreaking ceremonies take place at the AIDS Memorial Grove in San Francisco (logo pictured, right) San Francisco pornography and striptease club pioneer Jim Mitchell kills his brother and business partner Artie in Marin County Apple Computer introduces the PowerBook line of subnotebook personal computers Barbara Boxer (pictured) is elected to the United States Senate Nicholas C. Petris is re-elected to the 9th State Senate district Lynn Woolsey is elected to the 6th congressional district Eight people are killed and six others injured by a gunman at the 101 California Street building in San Francisco Polly Hannah Klaas is kidnapped from her home in Petaluma and subsequently strangled The magazine Wired begins publishing in San Francisco The Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (pictured) opens in San Francisco Employees of San Francisco's two major daily newspapers, the San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner, walk off the job for eleven days The San Francisco-based I. Magnin department store chain is liquidated (former SF building pictured) Yahoo! is founded in Sunnyvale The Mount Vision fire (damage pictured) burns 12,000 acres (49 km2) at the Point Reyes National Seashore Willie Brown is elected mayor of San Francisco Craigslist is founded by Craig Newmark (pictured) in San Francisco The San Jose Earthquakes soccer team is established The St. Helena AVA is established The Salon website is established in San Francisco The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the fifth time Grateful Dead co-founder, guitarist and singer/songwriter Jerry Garcia dies in Marin County The Computer History Museum (pictured) is established in Mountain View The Internet Archive is established in San Francisco San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen wins a Special Pulitzer Prize for "his extraordinary and continuing contribution as a voice and conscience of his city" Stanley B. Prusiner of the University of California, San Francisco and the University of California, Berkeley is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research into prions The Silicon Graphics campus in Mountain View is completed Netflix is founded in Los Gatos San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen (pictured) dies Steve Jobs returns as CEO of Apple Computer Google is founded in Menlo Park The Sonoma Valley Museum of Art is founded in Sonoma Ron Gonzales (pictured) is elected mayor of San Jose Jerry Brown is elected mayor of Oakland The Elihu M. Harris State Office Building (pictured) in Oakland is completed Apple Computer introduces the iMac Willie Brown (pictured) is re-elected mayor of San Francisco The San Francisco Bay AVA is designated The Union Landing Shopping Center in Union City is completed AT&T Park opens in San Francisco Pandora Radio is founded in Oakland The Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park is designated in Richmond (historic photo shown) Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz dies at his home in Santa Rosa The Dot-com bubble, affecting many Silicon Valley internet companies, peaks 21st century 30 inches (76 cm) of snow falls on Mount Hamilton (pictured) The collapse of the Dot-com bubble accelerates City Lights Bookstore is declared a San Francisco Designated Landmark Michael Chabon's 2000 novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay wins the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction Apple, Inc. releases iTunes, and later in the year introduces the iPod Gwen Araujo is murdered in Newark Laci Peterson is murdered at an unknown location along the San Francisco Bay The Berkeley I-80 bridge (pictured) opens The JPMorgan Chase Building in San Francisco is completed Tom Bates (pictured) is elected mayor of Berkeley The Paramount residential tower in San Francisco is completed 555 City Center, a skyscraper in Oakland, is completed Gavin Newsom is elected mayor of San Francisco The Los Esteros Critical Energy Facility goes online in San Jose Tesla Motors (pictured) is founded in Palo Alto Adobe World Headquarters, Almaden tower in San Jose is completed San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom directs the city-county clerk to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples (applicants pictured) Bob Wasserman is elected mayor of Fremont Johan Klehs is elected to California's 18th State Assembly district Thin-film solar cell manufacturer Solyndra (logo pictured) is founded in Fremont YouTube is founded in San Bruno The new San Jose City Hall (pictured) is completed The Sobrato Office Tower in San Jose is completed The first Maker Faire (exhibit pictured) takes place at the San Mateo County Event Center Microblogging site Twitter is founded in San Francisco Knight Ridder, a media company based in San Jose, is purchased by The McClatchy Company Gayle McLaughlin is elected mayor of Richmond Chuck Reed is elected mayor of San Jose Ron Dellums is elected mayor of Oakland Ellen Corbett (pictured) is elected to the 10th State Senate district Leland Yee is elected to the 8th State Senate district George Smoot at the University of California, Berkeley is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, with John C. Mather for work that led to the "discovery of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation." Members of Code Pink begin protesting in front of a United States Marine Corps Recruiting Center in Berkeley Teachers go on strike against the Hayward Unified School District A tiger escapes from her open-air enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo and attacks three visitors, killing one Village Music in Mill Valley closes Gavin Newsom (pictured) is re-elected mayor of San Francisco The Año Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area is established (elephant seals pictured) The Greyhound Rock State Marine Conservation Area, adjacent to Año Nuevo, is established Zodiac, a film about the Zodiac killer, debuts The container ship Cosco Busan strikes a base tower of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in thick fog, spilling of heavy fuel oil into San Francisco Bay Apple Inc. introduces the iPhone Three people are fatally shot at the office of SiPort, a start-up company in Silicon Valley The Hayward-based Mervyn's department store chain is liquidated (headquarters pictured) The Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival premieres at Golden Gate Park in San Francisco A fire on Angel Island (pictured) scorches a third of the island One Rincon Hill South Tower in San Francisco is completed The 555 Mission Street office tower in San Francisco is completed The 88, a residential skyscraper in San Jose, is completed Tesla Motors introduces the Tesla Roadster, the first fully electric sports car Vintner Robert Mondavi dies in Yountville Oscar Grant is fatally shot by BART Police officer Johannes Mehserle A convicted felon shoots and kills four Oakland police officers Jack's Restaurant (pictured) closes in San Francisco after operating since 1863 Millennium Tower (pictured) in San Francisco is completed The Infinity complex, consisting of 2 high-rise towers and 2 low-rise buildings in San Francisco, is completed A fight on an AC Transit Bus is recorded on video and uploaded to YouTube A pipeline explosion in San Bruno (pictured) registers a shock wave equivalent to a magnitude 1.1 earthquake Sun Microsystems is acquired by Oracle The Calistoga AVA (wine region) is established Onizuka Air Force Station in Santa Clara County closes Jean Quan (pictured) is elected mayor of Oakland Michael Sweeney is re-elected mayor of Hayward The San Francisco Giants win the World Series The NUMMI automobile manufacturing plant in Fremont closes, then reopens as the Tesla Factory (pictured) Steve Jobs dies at his home in Palo Alto Oakland Raiders owner Al Davis dies in his suite at the Oakland Airport Hilton Hotel A gunman kills 3 co-workers and wounds 6 others at Permanente Quarry in Cupertino Occupy Oakland protests and demonstrations (pictured) at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza Ed Lee is elected mayor of San Francisco Fremont solar panel manufacturer Solyndra closes Former San Francisco District Attorney Kamala Harris begins serving as California's first female Attorney General The San Francisco Giants win the World Series Matt Cain (pictured) pitches a perfect game at AT&T Park in San Francisco Five people are found dead at a home in San Francisco's Ingleside neighborhood The Novato meteorite (trajectory pictured) crosses the North Bay A gunman kills 7 people inside Oikos University in Oakland The South San Francisco Ferry Terminal opens Nadia Lockyer resigns as Alameda County Supervisor Gus Morrison is appointed mayor of Fremont Eric Swalwell is elected to California's 15th congressional district A large fire erupts at the Chevron Richmond Refinery (smoke plume pictured), and a shelter in place order is given by Contra Costa County Tesla Motors introduces the Tesla Model S The 2013 America's Cup (Oracle Team USA yacht pictured) is held in San Francisco Bay Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashes while landing at San Francisco International Airport An unofficial death certificate is issued for Jahi McMath by the Alameda County coroner Andy Lopez is shot and killed by a Sonoma County sheriff's deputy Warren Hall (pictured), at California State University, East Bay, is demolished by implosion Graton Resort & Casino opens in Rohnert Park The Russell City Energy Center goes online in Hayward SFJAZZ Center (pictured) opens in San Francisco The new eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge opens Ordinaire, a wine bar and shop serving natural wine, opens in Oakland Solar Impulse begins a cross-US flight, taking off from Moffett Field in Mountain View The Tom Lantos Tunnels (pictured), at Devil's Slide near Pacifica, open Gilead Sciences' drug Sovaldi, for the treatment of hepatitis C, is approved by the FDA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory physicist Carl Haber is awarded a MacArthur "Genius Grant" San Francisco Bay is designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance Cancer patient Miles Scott becomes Batkid for a day in San Francisco, turning it into Gotham City, with Mayor Ed Lee and others participating in the Make-A-Wish project March The Mission Bay fire (pictured) breaks out in San Francisco Democratic California State Senator Leland Yee is arrested by the FBI on charges related to public corruption and gun trafficking June A new Kaiser Permanente Medical Center opens in San Leandro Barbara Halliday is elected mayor of Hayward San Francisco political consultant Ryan Chamberlain is apprehended by the FBI and the San Francisco Police Department after explosive materials are allegedly discovered in his apartment Amelia Rose Earhart (pictured) departs from Oakland on June 26, and lands back in Oakland on July 1, successfully recreating her namesake Amelia Earhart's unsuccessful 1937 circumnavigation of the Earth The San Jose Repertory Theatre ceases operations and files for Chapter 7 bankruptcy July Levi's Stadium (pictured) opens in Santa Clara as the new home of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League August Actor and comedian Robin Williams (pictured) dies from an apparent suicide at his home outside Tiburon Maryam Mirzakhani of Stanford University becomes the first woman to be awarded the Fields Medal in mathematics The East Bay Municipal Utility District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission impose mandatory water rationing measures, as a consequence of the ongoing drought in California Paul McCartney plays a concert at Candlestick Park, the last event to be held at the venue, and 50 years after The Beatles performed their last concert there Two owners and two staff of the now defunct Rancho Feeding Corporation in Petaluma are indicted on federal charges of violating the 1906 Federal Meat Inspection Act A magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes in Napa County (damage pictured), with an epicenter northwest of the city of American Canyon, the largest earthquake to hit the San Francisco Bay Area since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, sending at least 172 people to the hospital September The Berkeley city council passes an ordinance to provide free medical marijuana for low-income patients Apple Inc. CEO Tim Cook presents the Apple Watch (pictured), the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at the Flint Performing Arts Center in Cupertino Stanford University social psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt is awarded a Macarthur "Genius Grant" Fellowship Larry Ellison (pictured) steps down as CEO of Oracle Corporation, to become chief technical officer, and executive chairman of the board of directors October Hewlett-Packard CEO Meg Whitman announces plans for the company to split in two, forming Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and HP, Inc. Stanford University professor William E. Moerner (pictured), Eric Betzig and Stefan Hell are awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their use of fluorescence in microscopy Livermore golf coach Andrew Nisbet is sentenced to 27 years in prison on charges of molesting three of his juvenile students, and then plotting to kill them while being held in jail The Daughters of Charity Health System approves the sale of Daly City's Seton Medical Center and San Jose's O'Connor Hospital to Prime Healthcare Services The San Francisco Bay Guardian free weekly alternative newspaper ceases publication after 48 years (logo pictured) The San Francisco Giants defeat the Kansas City Royals to win the World Series, their third championship in five seasons Ross William Ulbricht is arrested in San Francisco, charged with running the Silk Road dark web online illicit marketplace Apple, Inc. CEO Tim Cook states in an editorial that he is "proud to be gay", becoming the first openly gay leader of a major U.S. company University of California, Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas Dirks announces plans for a Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay, to develop existing UC campuses in Richmond Susan Xiao-Ping Su, founder and former president of the defunct Pleasanton-based Tri-Valley University, is sentenced to 16 years in prison for visa and mail fraud November Libby Schaaf (pictured) is elected mayor of Oakland, defeating incumbent mayor Jean Quan Measure D, a sugary drink tax, is approved by Berkeley voters, the first such tax in the United States Mike Honda is elected to California's 17th congressional district, defeating Ro Khanna David Chiu is elected to California's 17th State Assembly district, defeating David Campos Sam Liccardo is elected mayor of San Jose, defeating Dave Cortese A new, unnamed species (pictured) in the coral genus Leptogorgia is discovered off the coast of Sonoma County, near the Gulf of the Farallones and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuaries Up to 18,000 nurses from at least 21 Kaiser Permanente hospitals and 35 clinics around the Bay Area go on strike, citing issues with patient care standards and Ebola safeguards The 27 story 535 Mission Street office skyscraper opens in the South of Market district of San Francisco Marian Brown of the San Francisco Twins, dies, her sister Vivian having died in January 2013 (sisters pictured) The BART to Oakland International Airport automated guideway transit system begins operating between the Bay Area Rapid Transit Oakland Coliseum Station and Oakland International Airport The Watershed Alliance of Marin reports that no coho salmon had returned to Redwood Creek in 2014, prompting concerns of likely local extinction of the species. The remains of the SS City of Rio de Janeiro (pictured), which shipwrecked in 1901, are found off the shores of San Francisco at the Golden Gate December Protesters of the grand jury decision in the death of New Yorker Eric Garner take to the streets in Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco A large storm (video shown) leaves 150,000 households without power across the Bay Area San Jose demolishes The Jungle, the nation's largest homeless person encampment Google unveils a fully functioning prototype of the Google driverless car, with plans to test it on Bay Area roads beginning in 2015 January Personal genomics and biotechnology company 23andMe announces a $60 million investment by Genentech for Parkinson's research The Golden Gate Bridge closes to automobile traffic for the first time in its history, in order to install a mobile concrete median (pictured) Birds coated with an unidentified sticky grey substance are found along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, and are sent to International Bird Rescue in Fairfield for cleanup efforts Ford Motor Company announces the creation of the Ford Research and Innovation Center, located in Palo Alto (logo pictured) The Tesoro refinery in Martinez closes due to a strike affecting nine refineries in the US February The National Weather Service announces that due to the ongoing California drought, San Francisco received no January rainfall for the first time in 165 years. The Bay Area had the driest January on record. The University of California, San Francisco Medical Center opens a new hospital in the Mission Bay district of San Francisco (construction pictured) President Barack Obama attends the White House Cybersecurity Summit at Stanford University San Francisco resident Christie White, battling cancer, sues the state of California for the right to die at home, by physician assisted suicide Shipowners at the Port of Oakland suspend the unloading of container and other cargo ships, due to a slowdown during contract negotiations with the International Longshore and Warehouse Union The UCSF Medical Center receives a philanthropic donation of $100 million from Chuck Feeney, the largest gift by an individual in the history of the UC system. Avaya Stadium, the new home of the San Jose Earthquakes soccer team, stages its first Earthquakes soccer game March Scientists (pictured) at the Ames Research Center announce they have synthesized "...uracil, cytosine, and thymine, all three components of RNA and DNA, non-biologically in a laboratory under conditions found in space." Patrick Willis, linebacker for eight years with the San Francisco 49ers, retires at age 30 due to a foot injury Prime Healthcare Services rejects an offer to purchase Daly City's Seton Medical Center and San Jose's O'Connor Hospital from the Daughters of Charity Health System The U.S. Geological Survey report, "Third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast", estimates there is a 72 percent chance that a magnitude-6.7 or larger quake will strike the Bay Area before the year 2044 Professor Ronald Rael, of the College of Environmental Design at UC Berkeley unveils a 9' high 3D printed architectural experiment, entitled "Bloom", the first printed structure of its type. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration more than doubles the size of the Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones Marine Sanctuaries (underwater topography pictured) The San Francisco Police Department relocates its headquarters from the Hall of Justice to a new facility at Mission Bay (insignia pictured) Lawyer and Reddit executive Ellen Pao loses in a gender discrimination lawsuit against Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers April The Brookings Institution reports that San Francisco has the wealthiest people, in the top 5% of its population, of any major U.S. city, and the fastest growing income inequality Governor Jerry Brown imposes mandatory water rationing for the first time in state history, requiring all local water supply agencies, including the Alameda County, Marin, Sonoma and Santa Clara Valley Water Districts, reduce water use by 25%, due to the ongoing drought in California Author and community activist Eddy Zheng is pardoned by governor Brown, for crimes he committed at age 16 Apple, Inc. introduces the Apple Watch (pictured) Over 100 prominent Bay Area Catholics sign a full page advertisement in the San Francisco Chronicle appealing to Pope Francis to replace Salvatore Cordileone as archbishop of the San Francisco Archdiocese, for fostering "an atmosphere of division and intolerance." The World War II era aircraft carrier (pictured) is rediscovered near the Farallon Islands by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Doctors Medical Center in San Pablo closes The San Francisco-based Heald College system shuts down, when its parent company, Corinthian Colleges, goes out of business Tesla Motors announces the Powerwall, a battery system for home use May Golden State Warriors basketball player Stephen Curry (pictured) is awarded the NBA Most Valuable Player Award The San Mateo–Hayward Bridge closes to traffic, for the first time since opening in 1967, for resurfacing and maintenance. San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón orders a review of at least 3,000 arrests over the last 10 years, in response to evidence that San Francisco Police Department officers may have shown racial bias, based on their having sent racist and homophobic text messages San Francisco becomes the first city in the United States to ban chewing tobacco at sports venues, including AT&T Park, the home of the San Francisco Giants The Regional Renewable Energy Procurement Project dedicates its first project, a future solar farm at Hayward's former landfill site Dead gray whales wash ashore at Half Moon Bay, then at Portuguese Beach in Sonoma County, with a sperm whale also washing ashore at Point Reyes National Seashore, the third, fourth and fifth dead whales found on Bay Area beaches (among eight in Northern California) in less than 2 months Oakland based start-up Next Thing Co. raises over $1.5m in its Kickstarter campaign for its forthcoming $9 miniature computer, Chip. The population of San Jose is now officially over 1,000,000, making it the tenth largest city in the United States, according to the U.S. Census Vandals damage an inflatable dam across Alameda Creek in Fremont, releasing 50 million gallons of drinking water into San Francisco Bay The Solar Energy Research Center opens at the newly built Chu Hall at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley The Golden State Warriors beat the Houston Rockets in the National Basketball Association Playoffs, and advance to the NBA Finals for the first time since 1975 June Surgeons at University of California, San Francisco and California Pacific Medical Center successfully complete 18 surgeries in the nation's first nine-way, two-day kidney transplant chain in a single city Six people are killed and eight are injured, some with life-threatening injuries, after a balcony collapses in Berkeley, near the campus of the University of California, Berkeley; five of the casualties are Irish students. The Golden State Warriors win the National Basketball Association Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers, their first championship since 1975 The surviving members of the Grateful Dead play the first concerts of their Fare Thee Well farewell tour, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Dead, at Santa Clara's Levi's Stadium July Former state senator Leland Yee pleads guilty to a federal racketeering charge, confessing to using his bids for secretary of state and Mayor of San Francisco to extort bribes A gunman opens fire at Pier 14 in San Francisco's Embarcadero district, killing Kathryn Steinle. An illegal immigrant from Mexico, Francisco Sanchez, is subsequently arrested and charged with murder. The Wragg Fire wildland fire (pictured) starts just off of California State Route 128 near Lake Berryessa in Napa County August Alphabet, a holding company and conglomerate owning several companies owned by or sprung from Google, is founded September The Valley Fire encroaches into Napa and Sonoma Counties Tesla Motors begins shipping the Model X SUV (pictured) from its Fremont factory UC Berkeley chemistry and materials science professor Peidong Yang is awarded a MacArthur "Genius" grant Filmmaker Alexandra Pelosi releases the documentary San Francisco 2.0, chronicling the recent high tech takeover and gentrification of the City The Golden State Warriors finalize the purchase of 12 acres of land in Mission Bay, San Francisco, to house a future stadium November San Jose is the richest city in the United States, according to Bloomberg Topless stripper Carol Doda, an iconic Condor Club performer, dies in San Francisco (Condor Club c. 1973 pictured) Wang Hall, housing the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, opens at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory December Artificial intelligence laboratory OpenAI is founded in San Francisco Linux software pioneer and Debian founder Ian Murdock (pictured) dies in San Francisco at age 42 CMA CGM Benjamin Franklin, the largest container ship to visit a US port, comes to the Port of Oakland January Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, including Peidong Yang (pictured, above), announce they were able to induce Moorella thermoacetica to photosynthesize, despite its not being photosynthetic. It also synthesized semiconductor nanoparticles, thus using light to produce chemical products other than those produced in photosynthesis. A federal court jury in San Francisco finds Raymond Chow Kwok-cheung guilty of all 162 charges against him, including murder, after a five year long undercover federal operation William Del Monte, the last known survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, dies in Marin County at age 109 Paul Kantner (pictured), guitarist, vocalist and co-founder of Jefferson Airplane, dies in San Francisco The Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive opens its new building to the public (entrance pictured) February The Denver Broncos beat the Carolina Panthers, in Super Bowl 50, held at Levi's Stadium (halftime show pictured) Apple Inc says it will not comply with an FBI request to provide unblocking software for an IPhone owned by one of the perpetrators of the 2015 San Bernardino attack March An Altamont Corridor Express train derails in Sunol Ben Bagdikian, journalist, author, and dean emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, dies in Berkeley The first Silicon Valley Comic Con, organized by Steve Wozniak and Stan Lee, is held at the San Jose Convention Center Former Intel CEO and chairman Andy Grove (pictured), one of the major figures in the growth of Silicon Valley, dies The wreck of the (pictured) is confirmed in the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, 95 years after it had gone missing Tesla Motors announces the Model 3, pre-orders of which reach 115,000 within 4 hours of the announcement. April The Oakland Tribune ceases publication after 142 years, and is replaced by the East Bay Times Hundreds of pages of University of California, Berkeley records are released, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passes a parental leave law requiring employers to offer six weeks of fully paid leave for new parents, the first city in the US to do so. The long closed UC Theatre in Berkeley, formerly a revival house movie theater, reopens as a music venue The Golden State Warriors win against the Memphis Grizzlies, their 73rd win of the season, breaking the previous NBA record, held by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls, for the most victories in a single season Napster founder and philanthropist Sean Parker donates $250 million to create the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, with funds going to over 300 scientists at 40 laboratories, in 6 institutions, including the University of California at San Francisco The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passes a law requiring all new buildings below 10 stories to have rooftop solar panels, making it the first major US city to do so Sanford and Joan Weill donate $185 million to the University of California, San Francisco to create the Weill Institute for Neurosciences May A poll of 1,000 people, by the Bay Area Council, showed that 34 percent are considering leaving the area, due primarily to the high costs of living and housing, and traffic. McDonald's tests garlic fries at four restaurants in the South Bay, using locally grown garlic from Gilroy (Gordon Biersch Brewing Company garlic fries pictured) The Golden State Warriors' Stephen Curry (pictured) is named NBA MVP, in their first unanimous vote It is revealed that the FBI hid microphones outside an Oakland Alameda County Superior Court building (pictured), between March 2010 and January 2011, as part of an investigation into bid rigging and fraud by Alameda and San Mateo County real estate investors, this done without a warrant The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (pictured) reopens after the completion of a two-and-a-half-year expansion, by architecture firm Snøhetta, more than doubling the gallery space Pittsburg moves to install surveillance cameras along California State Route 4, in response to a series of 20 freeway shootings in the area that have taken the lives of six people, and injured 11, in the past year Scientists find evidence of methane-producing microbes in water coming from underground at The Cedars, freshwater springs along Austin Creek in Sonoma County, the first time these methanogens that thrive in harsh environments have been discovered beyond the ocean floor The San Jose Sharks win against the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup ice hockey playoffs, advancing them to the Stanley Cup Finals, their first trip to the finals since their founding in 1991 San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr resigns after the officer-involved shooting death of a woman. The Golden State Warriors beat Oklahoma City Thunder in the National Basketball Association Playoffs, and advance to the NBA Finals for the second year in a row June The San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority's ballot measure, the San Francisco Bay Clean Water, Pollution Prevention, and Habitat Restoration Program, passes with 2/3 of the vote in the 9 Bay Area counties, providing $500 million in funding for wetland restoration and other projects Protesters attack Trump supporters at a Donald Trump campaign stop in San Jose, leaving one supporter bloodied after having their head bludgeoned Public protest erupts over the sentencing of former Stanford University swimmer Brock Turner, convicted of three charges of felony sexual assault, to six months of jail and three years of probation, by Santa Clara County Superior Court judge Aaron Persky Oakland Police Department chief Sean Whent steps down, while the department is being investigated for an alleged sex scandal possibly involving an underage girl, following the suicide of one officer associated with the scandal Oakland mayor Libby Schaaf appoints City Administrator Sabrina Landreth as head of the Oakland Police Department, putting it under civilian control, after 3 police chiefs resign within 9 days, while the department is under multiple investigations In San Francisco's highly volatile housing market, a North Beach resident's rent is increased by 344%, from $1,800 a month to $8,000, with him facing eviction for nonpayment The Oakland City Council votes unanimously to ban the handling of coal and coke at the city's shipping and storage facilities, including the as yet unfinished Oakland Bulk and Oversized Terminal Stanford University researchers, including study co-author Robert Jackson, find evidence for new groundwater in the California Central Valley, tripling the previous estimates for deep aquifer reserves in the region The Sonoma Stompers professional baseball team add two female players to their roster, outfielder-pitcher Kelsie Whitmore and infielder Stacy Piagno, the first women to play professional baseball for a mixed-gender team in the US since the 1950s. San Francisco bans the sale of products made from expanded polystyrene (typical pollution pictured), including packing material, buoys and cups, the most stringent ban on foam-type plastics in the US July The augmented reality mobile game Pokémon GO, developed by San Francisco-based Niantic, Inc. (stock value at release pictured), is published by The Pokémon Company, reaching 15 million downloads within one week More than 140 Silicon Valley technology figures, including Steve Wozniak, Vinod Khosla (pictured), and Twitter co-founder Evan Williams, sign a statement opposing Donald Trump's campaign for the presidency, saying it will potentially have a negative impact on innovation Verizon Communications announces their intent to acquire Yahoo's internet business for US$4.8 billion August The San Francisco Millennium Tower (pictured) is found to have sunk 16 inches since construction, and is tilting 2 inches towards the northwest California declares that Napa County, and California, are free of the invasive species Lobesia botrana (pictured), known as the "European grapevine moth", with no moths found since June 2014 A statue of Tony Bennett is unveiled outside the Fairmont Hotel, the venue at which he first sang "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" in 1961 Governor Jerry Brown signs legislation banning the use of state transportation funds for new coal export terminals, in response to a developer's failed proposal to build a coal terminal at the Port of Oakland San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick (pictured) refuses to stand for the national anthem at a preseason football game, in protest of police brutality and racism in the United States September Napa Valley's Margrit Mondavi, the widow of wine pioneer Robert Mondavi, and advocate for the culture of the region, dies at her home in Napa at age 91 Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz (pictured) donates $20 million to a number of elections organizations, with the express purpose of supporting Democratic Party candidates and issues, and defeating Donald Trump, making him the 3rd largest donor in the 2016 campaigns Discovery Bay former realtor Marco Gutierrez, the co-founder of Latinos for Trump, says to Joy Reid on MSNBC that Mexican culture in the US is "dominant" and that "If you don’t do something about it, you’re going to have taco trucks on every corner" Influential San Francisco political activist and broker Rose Pak, an advocate for the Chinatown community, dies in San Francisco The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative announces a new science program, Chan Zuckerberg Science, with $3 billion in investment over the next decade, with the goal of helping to cure, manage, or prevent all disease by the year 2100. $600 million is to be spent on Biohub, a location in San Francisco's Mission Bay District near the University of California, San Francisco The Sawmill Fire breaks out in rural Cloverdale, near The Geysers, in Sonoma County, followed by the Loma Fire (pictured) in the Santa Cruz Mountains The MacArthur "Genius" grant recipients are announced, including Stanford University bioengineering professor and inventor Manu Prakash, San Jose graphic novelist Gene Luen Yang, and San Francisco sculptor Vincent Fecteau The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passes a law, authored by Scott Wiener, barring the city from doing business with companies that have a home base in states such as North Carolina, Tennessee, and Mississippi, that forbid civil rights protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people October Theranos announces it will close its laboratory operations, shutter its wellness centers and lay off around 40 percent of its work force, while focusing on an initiative to create miniature medical testing machines Researchers led by Ali Javey at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announce the creation of a transistor with a working 1-nanometer gate, the smallest transistor reported to date A new California law, authored by San Jose Assemblywoman Nora Campos (pictured), will allow San Jose to be the first California city to create "tiny homes" for the homeless, bypassing some state building codes The new control tower (pictured) at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) begins operating The US Justice Department's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services releases a 432-page report stating that the San Francisco Police Department stops and searches African Americans at a higher rate than other groups, and inadequately investigates officers use of force. The report details "numerous indicators of implicit and institutionalized bias against minority groups", with a large majority of suspects killed by police being people of color Peninsula Clean Energy begins providing electricity to 20 percent of residential customers in San Mateo County, all municipalities, and all small- to mid-size businesses, as a Community Choice Aggregation program, an alternative to Pacific Gas and Electric Wells Fargo chairman and CEO John Stumpf announces he will retire, shortly after the bank is issued $185 million in fines for creating over 1.5 million checking and savings accounts and 500,000 credit cards that its customers never authorized. This includes $100 million in fines from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the largest in the agency's history. Tesla Motors posts a profitable quarter, their first in 8 quarters, defying industry expectations November The San Francisco – Oakland Metropolitan Region has the worst road conditions of any major US metropolitan area (71% rated "poor"), with the San Jose region rated third nationwide (59%) (street of San Francisco pictured) The nine Bay Area counties all vote overwhelmingly for Hillary Clinton for president, from 62% (Solano County) to 85% (San Francisco) Hundreds of people turn out in San Francisco (pictured), Oakland and Berkeley, protesting the election of Donald Trump to the presidency, blocking freeways, lighting fires and chanting, "Not our president" and "Fuck Trump" Half the students at Berkeley High School, as well as students at Oakland Technical High School, Oakland's Bishop O'Dowd High School, and high schools in San Jose and Contra Costa County walk out of classes the morning after Donald Trump is elected president The cities of San Francisco, Oakland and Albany pass 1 cent/ounce soda taxes, to combat health risks from excessive sugar consumption Protesters against President-Elect Donald Trump join hands around Lake Merritt in Oakland Mayor Ed Lee declares that San Francisco will remain a sanctuary city, in response to the election of Donald Trump as president, stating, "I know that there are a lot of people who are angry and frustrated and fearful, but our city's never been about that. We have been and always have been a city of refuge, a city of sanctuary, a city of love." With the approval of both companies' shareholders, Tesla Motors will merge with SolarCity, which will expedite Elon Musk's plans to introduce solar roofing tiles to integrate with home automobile charging An American-born, non-Muslim woman in Fremont, finds a note on her car, reading "Hijab wearing bitch this is our nation now get the fuck out", after making a peace walk to the top of Mission Peak, where presumably the note writer had observed her wearing a head scarf, which she wears to protect her scalp from the sun, due to having lupus. The incident is part of a wave of 437 incidents of hateful intimidation or harassment, since the presidential election, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center During a concert at the SAP Center at San Jose, Kanye West is booed by shoe-throwing fans, as he goes on a political tirade, including stating that he had not voted in the presidential election, but that "If I would have voted, I would have voted for Trump" San Jose teacher and transgender activist Dana Rivers (formerly David Warfield), who made headlines in 1999 for fighting unsuccessfully to keep a teaching position in Sacramento after sharing her transition with her high school students, is arrested in Oakland, charged with the murders of 3 acquaintances: married couple Patricia Wright and Charlotte Reed, and their 19-year-old son, Toto Diambu-Wright Robert P. Goldman, professor of Sanskrit at the University of California, Berkeley, publishes the 7th and final volume of his translation of the critical edition of Valmikis epic poem, the Ramayana, one of the foundational texts in the history of India, with core themes dating back to the Vedic period Copies of an anti-Muslim letter are sent to the Evergreen Islamic Center in San Jose, and Islamic Centers in Long Beach and Claremont, reading, in part, "Your day of reckoning has arrived, there's a new sheriff in town — President Donald Trump. He's going to cleanse America and make it shine again. And, he's going to start with you Muslims... [he is] going to do to you Muslims what Hitler did to the jews [sic]." A liberal household in Concord is targeted at night by vandals, who plant 56 United States flags defaced with pro-Trump remarks such as "Build The Damn Wall" and "I Luv The Donald", and who then cut the house's power, causing a loud explosion The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency is hit by hackers, using ransomware, demanding $70,000 in bitcoins, with fare machines reading "OUT OF SERVICE", resulting in passengers riding for free San Francisco area activist Gregory Lee Johnson, the defendant in the landmark 1989 Supreme Court decision Texas v. Johnson abolishing laws against flag burning on free speech grounds, declares that Donald Trump is "using the bully pulpit for fascism and forced patriotism", after Trump tweets "Nobody should be allowed to burn the American flag — if they do, there must be consequences — perhaps loss of citizenship or year in jail!" December A fire at an Oakland warehouse (pictured), which was hosting a music event, kills 36 people, the deadliest fire in Oakland history. The Biomimetic Millisystems Lab at the University of California, Berkeley designs a wall-jumping robot, called Salto (Latin for jump), modelled after the galago, and which is described as the most vertically agile robot ever built John Stewart, chief judge at the San Francisco Superior Court, discards 66,000 arrest warrants for criminal infractions, like sleeping on the sidewalk, public urination and public drunkenness, stating "You’re putting somebody in jail because they’re poor and can’t pay a fine. We got a lot of criticism, but we thought it was the right thing to do." More than 300 Silicon Valley technology company employees sign a letter declaring they will not help build a registry, for the upcoming Trump Administration, to be used to track Muslims in the United States, stating "We refuse to build a database of people based on their Constitutionally-protected religious beliefs. We refuse to facilitate mass deportations of people the government believes to be undesirable" Uber rolled out self-driving cars (test vehicle pictured) in San Francisco, its headquarter city, and is almost immediately ordered to stop the service by the California Department of Motor Vehicles, which cited it as illegal until an autonomous vehicle testing permit is acquired Yahoo reports that hackers had, in 2013, stolen data on more than 1 billion user accounts, the largest hack worldwide to date Apple, Google, Uber and Twitter all took the Never Again pledge, declaring that they will not support the development of a registry of Muslims in the United States as proposed by President-Elect Donald Trump Scientists at Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory created the world's thinnest wire, 3 atoms thick, using diamondoids to aid the manufacturing process January After a series of storms hit California, including January storms causing flooding on the Russian River, Northern California, including the Bay Area, is no longer in drought The Land Trust of Napa County, with The Trust for Public Land, secures the largest conservation easement in its history, 7,260 acres northeast of Calistoga known as Montesol Ranch, near Mount St. Helena, and contiguous to Robert Louis Stevenson State Park Kevin Starr (pictured), American historian and California's State Librarian, best known for his multi-volume series on the history of California, collectively called "Americans and the California Dream", dies in San Francisco, the home of his birth as a seventh-generation Californian Protests of the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump occur in cities across the Bay Area (SF protest pictured), including local versions of the Women's March on Washington, a human chain along the span of the Golden Gate Bridge (pictured), and a 90% no show of dockworkers at the Port of Oakland Due to severe storms, Governor Jerry Brown declares states of emergency in multiple counties, including all nine Bay Area counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma counties The cities of Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, and Berkeley affirm their formal (for San Jose, informal) status as Sanctuary cities, after a Trump Administration executive order is issued that will require cities to cooperate with Immigration and Customs Enforcement orders, or face cuts to federal spending, more than $1 billion in the Bay Area alone Pacific Gas and Electric is ordered by U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson to publicly advertise its guilt in violating pipeline safety laws, and obstruction of justice, in the 2010 San Bruno explosion (fires that night pictured), pay $3 million in fines, and make its employees perform 10,000 hours of community service, including at least 2,000 hours by high-level officials Google, Inc. recalls all staff travelling overseas who may be affected by President Trump's executive order suspending all entry of citizens from certain Middle Eastern nations, out of concern they may be barred from re-entry to the US Protesters of the executive order suspending entry of certain foreign nationals are joined at San Francisco International Airport by Sergey Brin, Google co-founder and president of Alphabet, who states "I'm here because I'm a refugee", while the airport issues a statement in support of the protesters, saying "We share [[their]] concerns deeply, as our highest obligation is to the millions of people from around the world whom we serve. Although Customs and Border Protection services are strictly federal and operate outside the jurisdiction of all U.S. airports, including SFO, we have requested a full briefing from this agency to ensure our customers remain the top priority. We are also making supplies available to travelers affected by this Executive Order, as well as to the members of the public who have so bravely taken a stand against this action by speaking publicly in our facilities." (protesters pictured) San Francisco becomes the first city to sue the Trump Administration over his executive order to deny federal funds to sanctuary cities, joining 2 states that have sued February The University of California, Berkeley cancels a talk by inflammatory speaker and Breitbart writer Milo Yiannopoulos, and puts the campus on lockdown, due to massive protests, violence, property destruction and fire-setting Berkeley mayor Jesse Arreguín receives thousands of hateful, racist, abusive and threatening messages, including death threats, following his criticism of Milo Yiannopoulos' attempted talk at UC Berkeley, initially describing him as a white nationalist, then apologizing and changing the description to "alt-rightist" Thousands attend a protest at Civic Center, San Francisco to protest the immigration/travel ban on seven majority-Muslim nations (US Representative Mike Honda, pictured at event), one of a number of nationwide protests against the ban In San Francisco, three judges on the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously reject the US Government argument that a stay of the executive order barring nationals from seven majority-Muslim nations should be lifted, stating that any argument limiting or dismissing the courts ability to serve as a check on Executive Branch power "runs contrary to the fundamental structure of our constitutional democracy" Historically strong Pineapple Express storms bring flooding and mudslides to the Bay Area, destroying homes and closing numerous roads, including State Route 17, State Route 35, State Route 37, Interstate 80, State Route 12, State Route 1, State Route 84, State Route 9, and State Route 152 (storm systems pictured) California Governor Jerry Brown requests a Presidential Major Disaster Declaration from President Donald Trump, following a series of storms that hit California, including the Bay Area The Kunal Patel San Francisco Open has its first tournament, at the Bay Club SF Tennis Center, part of the ATP Challenger Tour The United States Patent Office rules that the Broad Institute's patent claims on the CRISPR gene manipulation technology are valid for Eukaryotic cells (plants and animals), ruling against claims made by the University of California, Berkeley, and granting UC Berkeley a patent limited to its use on Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) Thousands gather at Ocean Beach in San Francisco, to stand together in protest against Donald Trump and spell out the word "Resist !!", with overflow crowds creating an underline A Day without Immigrants, modeled on the Great American Boycott of 2006, protesting the Trump Administration immigration policy, has businesses across the Bay Area closing in solidarity with the nationwide day of action San Francisco is ranked third in traffic congestion of all major US cities, according to the traffic and driver analytics company INRIX (Third Street congestion pictured) More than 200 residents are rescued by boat, in the Rocksprings neighborhood of San Jose, due to flooding at Coyote Creek from storm water released at Anderson Lake (dam and spillway pictured) Over 14,000 households are subject to mandatory evacuation due to widespread flooding that exceeds the 100-year flood zone Richmond is the first city in the United States to pass a resolution calling on the United States Congress to investigate, and if necessary, impeach, President Donald Trump, for violating the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution in his international business relations Santa Clara County is the first county in the nation to file a motion requesting that a Federal judge halt implementation of the Trump Administration's executive order withholding federal funding for sanctuary cities The Jewish Anti-Defamation League offices in San Francisco receive two consecutive bomb threats, as do other Bay Area Jewish community centers, part of a widespread wave of over 100 threats and criminal actions directed against the US Jewish community in 2017 March House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, from California's 12th congressional district in San Francisco, and other senior Democratic congressional leaders, call on United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions to resign, following reports that he had lied under oath to Congress about phone contacts he had had with Russian officials prior to taking his post, and during the presidential campaign of Donald Trump, for who he campaigned Violence at a Berkeley March 4 Trump rally results in injuries to 7, and the arrests of 10 people The Warm Springs / South Fremont Bay Area Rapid Transit station (pictured) begins operating in Fremont Berkeley is the first city in the US to declare they will refuse to conduct business with companies that are involved with the US/Mexico border wall proposed by President Trump, and will move to divest from those companies that they have investments in The National Football League approves the Oakland Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas, Nevada, once a new stadium is constructed there, despite efforts by Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf to create financing for a new stadium complex in Oakland April A collection of the works of Arthur Szyk (work pictured), consisting of 450 paintings, drawings and sketches owned by Burlingame Rabbi Irvin Ungar, is purchased for $10.1 million by the University of California, Berkeley's Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life, through a donation by Taube Philanthropies, the largest single monetary gift to acquire art in UC Berkeley history Santa Clara County and San Francisco ask U.S. District Judge William Orrick to block an executive order by President Donald Trump that threatens to deny federal funding to sanctuary cities and counties, arguing that it violates the Constitution and federal laws Suicide barriers begin to be installed under the Golden Gate Bridge after years of debate and delays. At least 21 people are arrested, and 7 hospitalized, at a clash between approximately 200 Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump demonstrators in Berkeley, at Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park, during which numerous fights broke out, with reports of the use of firecrackers and pepper spray Computer scientist Robert W. Taylor (pictured), who was integral in the development of the Internet, and who founded the Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, dies at his home in Woodside Women's clothing retailer Bebe begins closing all 175 of its stores, to become an exclusively online retailer The area's first officially sanctioned "Weed Day" takes place in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park Tens of thousands turn out in San Francisco on Earth Day at the local March for Science, to protest federal budget cuts to science research, with Mythbusters host Adam Savage saying "The enemy of science isn’t politics or a party or an ideology or a law — it is bias, and bias is everywhere. Science is the rigorous elimination of bias. That is a good thing." In response to requests by Santa Clara County and San Francisco, U.S. District Judge William Orrick temporarily blocks Executive Order 13768, which had threatened to deny federal funding to sanctuary cities, writing "The statements of the President, his press secretary and the Attorney General belie the Government's argument in the briefing that the Order does not change the law. They have repeatedly indicated an intent to defund sanctuary jurisdictions in compliance with the Executive Order."..."The threat of the Order and the uncertainty it is causing impermissibly interferes with the Counties’ ability to operate, to provide key services, to plan for the future, and to budget." May At least 80 leopard sharks wash up dead on the shores of San Francisco Bay, possibly due to a fungal infection, with likely as many as 1,000 dying and sinking since early March June The Golden State Warriors become NBA champions over the Cleveland Cavaliers, with Kevin Durant earning the Bill Russell M.V.P. Award, with coach Steve Kerr joking, "We have very little talent, actually, it was most coaching" A gunman kills 3 people at a San Francisco UPS facility before killing himself July The Tesla Model 3 electric car begins production at the Fremont Tesla Factory (customers pictured) Air Canada Flight 759 narrowly misses a runway incursion at San Francisco International Airport that one retired pilot called "close to the greatest aviation disaster in history". August Bay Area rapper Keak Da Sneak is shot and critically injured in Richmond, in a targeted attack The Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco is ordered to close by the Trump Administration, in retaliation to Russia ordering staff reductions at the US Embassies there September San Francisco reaches a daytime temperature of 106 degrees Fahrenheit, its highest recorded temperature since record keeping began in 1874. Hiking and mountain bike trails open to the peak of Mount Umunhum in San Mateo County, a spur of the Bay Area Ridge Trail October Fourteen large wildfires, including the Atlas and Tubbs Fires, spread over a 200-mile region north of San Francisco, in Napa, Sonoma and Yuba counties, kill at least 10 people and destroy over 1,500 structures (smoke from fires pictured) November A rare mountain lion spotted in San Francisco is tranquilized and released into the wild, far south of the city The La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve, a 6,142-acre open space reserve in San Mateo County, California, part of the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, opens to the public Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, an undocumented immigrant, is found not guilty of murder for the 2015 shooting of Kathryn Steinle on a San Francisco pier, in a case that had touched off a national immigration debate. December A data breach at Stanford University reveals that the university secretly ranked fellowship applicants on their potential value to the university, rather than the university's publicly stated method of by need Silicon Valley software engineer Susan Fowler and San Francisco lobbyist Adama Iwu are featured, with other women, on the cover of Time's 2017 Person of the Year issue, this year given to "The Silence Breakers", people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee, the city's first Asian-American mayor, dies from a heart attack, with San Francisco Board of Supervisors president London Breed (pictured) sworn in as acting mayor Senator Dianne Feinstein formally asks Immigration and Customs Enforcement to investigate the West County Detention Center, where multiple federal detainees have stated that they were not allowed to use restrooms. Feinstein wrote, "It has been reported that the conditions are so deplorable that detainees are requesting deportation over pursuing claims in immigration court" Buddy's Cannabis Shop, in San Jose, is the first California business to obtain a state Marijuana Micro-Business License, which, along with a city business license, will make it the first fully licensed recreational marijuana shop in California, when it becomes legal on 1 January 2018 Everitt Aaron Jameson, a 25-year-old former marine, is arrested by the FBI on suspicion of planning a terror attack in the Pier 39 area of San Francisco over Christmas. January Starting January 1, with the Adult Use of Marijuana Act going into effect statewide, Harborside Health Center, The Berkeley Patients Group, and many other Marijuana dispensaries in the Bay Area begin retail sales of Marijuana to the general public (public performer on 2016 Independence Day pictured) Parks in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, including Muir Woods National Monument and Fort Point National Historic Site, experience partial or total closure, due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2018 More than 150,000 people attend 2018 Women's March protests across the Bay Area, adding the #MeToo and #TimesUp movements to the protests against President Donald Trump (San Francisco event pictured) The San Francisco Board of Supervisors votes to replace acting mayor London Breed with an interim mayor, former supervisor Mark Farrell (pictured), amid accusations of racism San Jose mayor Sam Liccardo resigns from the Federal Communications Commission Broadband Advisory Board, citing undue influence from telecommunications companies San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón announces his department will begin to retroactively apply Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act, which legalized the possession and recreational use of marijuana for adults ages 21 years or older, to misdemeanor and felony convictions dating back to 1975, recalling and re-sentencing up to 4,940 felony marijuana convictions and dismissing and sealing 3,038 misdemeanors February The Berkeley City Council declares Berkeley a "sanctuary city" for recreational cannabis sales, prohibiting the use of city resources to assist in enforcing federal marijuana laws or providing information on legal cannabis sales, the first city in California to do so Marin County is ranked worst among all California counties in racial disparity, according to Race Counts and Advancement Project California, with a spokesperson for the groups stating, "We were surprised, and were not expecting Marin to be the number-one county in terms of disparity...It’s not that progressive counties have it all figured out" Alameda County District Attorney Nancy O'Malley announces that her office will review thousands of marijuana convictions, dating back to 1974, for possible dismissal under Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act, guidelines, following closely after San Francisco announced a similar plan (above) Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf alerts city residents to imminent Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids, earning criticism from some federal authorities. She responds, "I was sharing information in a way that was legal and was not obstructing justice, and it was an opportunity to ensure that people were aware of their rights." March A man with a rifle enters the Veterans Home of California Yountville, the largest veterans home in the United States, holds employees hostage, and is found dead, along with 3 hostages May Two studies conclude that the housing crisis in the Bay Area and California is reaching emergency proportions, with one study estimating that two counties alone, Santa Clara and Alameda, will need more than 50,000 new homes to meet the demand for affordable housing for lower-income residents, while homelessness increased by 36% in Alameda County from 2016-2017 The father of some of the ten children that were removed from a home in Fairfield, where they were living in conditions of severe neglect and abuse, is arrested and booked on seven counts of torture and nine counts of felony child abuse A nine-story electronic sculpture, "Day for Night", created by artist Jim Campbell, that features low resolution, abstract videos of San Francisco, debuts at the top of Salesforce Tower June San Francisco voters pass an ordinance banning the sale of flavored tobacco products, due in part to concerns that candy-flavored products may lure teenagers into nicotine addiction Santa Clara County voters remove Santa Clara County Superior Court judge Aaron Persky, who came to national attention in 2016 when he sentenced a Stanford University student to just six months in jail for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman London Breed (pictured) is elected Mayor of San Francisco in a special election, defeating close rival Mark Leno Theranos founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and former president and COO Ramesh Balwani are indicted on charges of wire fraud, accused of carrying out a multi-million dollar scheme to defraud investors, doctors and patients. Theranos announced that Holmes would resign as CEO, but retain her position as chairwoman of the board Hanabiko "Koko", a female western lowland gorilla born at the San Francisco Zoo, who was known for having learned a large number of hand signs from a modified version of American Sign Language. dies at her home in Woodside, California July The West County Detention Center severs ties with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and will no longer incarcerate undocumented migrants at the Contra Costa County facility. Nia Wilson, an African American woman, is killed while exiting MacArthur BART station, when a white male attacked her and one of her two sisters with her, with strong suspicions that this was a racially motivated hate crime Ron Dellums (pictured), former East Bay US Representative and mayor of Oakland, known for his fiery anti-Vietnam War oratory and progressive politics, dies at his home in Washington, D.C. August Apple Inc becomes the first company in history to reach $1,000,000,000,000 in value The Transbay Transit Center opens in San Francisco, initially as a hub for bus lines including MUNI and AC Transit, and eventually nearly a dozen other transit agencies, including BART and CalTrain A study by the California Association of Realtors shows that only about 1 in 5 Bay Area residents can afford the median purchase price for a home, with state home affordability rates at a 10 year low A jury in San Francisco awards 46-year-old former school groundskeeper Dewayne Johnson US$289m in damages against Monsanto, after alleging that it had spent decades hiding the cancer-causing dangers of its Roundup herbicides. September The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upholds a patent filed by the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University involving Crispr Cas-9 gene-editing, ruling that the patent didn’t infringe on another patent filed two years prior by the University of California, Berkeley, where the technique was first developed The Global Climate Action Summit convenes in San Francisco, hosted by California governor Jerry Brown, who pledges to uphold state environmental guidelines despite moves by the United States to roll them back San Francisco businessman and co-founder of Salesforce.com, Marc Benioff, and his wife, Lynn Benioff, purchase Time magazine for $190 million Time Magazine Sold to Salesforce Founder Marc Benioff for $190 Million Psychologist and Palo Alto University statistics professor Christine Blasey Ford accuses Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her in 1982 January Pacific Gas and Electric Company files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for its recent roles in the California wildfires. February Oakland teachers go on strike. Elected San Francisco Public Defender Jeff Adachi dies at the age of 59. Rainstorms cause the Russian River to flood, engulfing the town of Guerneville in the highest floodwaters in 25 years March California governor Gavin Newsom declares a moratorium on the death penalty in California, and orders the gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison, the state's only site for the administration of capital punishment, to be dismantled and closed April East Bay congressperson Eric Swalwell announces his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2020 election A Google, Inc offshoot company, Wing, becomes the first drone delivery service to receive Air Carrier Certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). June Oakland becomes the second city in the United States to decriminalize some entheogens, including "Magic Mushrooms" March During the week of March 16, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States across San Francisco Bay Area, all 9 Bay Area counties issued directives for residents to shelter-in-place until at least April 7. May George Floyd protests in the San Francisco Bay Area begin. May On May 26, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) rail yard in San Jose. Ten people were killed during the shooting, including the gunman, a VTA employee who then committed suicide. It is the deadliest mass shooting in the Bay Area's history. See also Cities in California Timeline of Fresno, California Timeline of Los Angeles Timeline of Mountain View, California Timeline of Oakland, California Timeline of Riverside, California Timeline of Sacramento, California Timeline of San Bernardino, California Timeline of San Diego Timeline of San Francisco Timeline of San Jose, California References San Francisco Bay Area-related lists San Francisco Bay Area History of the San Francisco Bay Area Articles containing video clips Years in California

43568700

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNUF%20Halloween%20Special

WNUF Halloween Special

WNUF Halloween Special is a 2013 comedy horror film directed primarily by Chris LaMartina, who also helped to co-write the film. Parody commercials are shown throughout the film, some of which were written and directed by persons other than LaMartina. Its plot follows a television personality that decides to investigate strange supernatural occurrences at a house purported to be haunted. Synopsis The film presents itself as an off-air recording of television station WNUF's Halloween special that aired on October 31, 1987. The movie's main plot centers upon Frank Stewart (Paul Fahrenkopf), a television reporter that has decided to broadcast himself live as he and four other people (including the cameraman) investigate the Webber House, the site of the brutal murder of a husband and wife. Donald Webber, the suspected murderer and the couple's son, claims that he was commanded to murder his parents by demonic entities that he accidentally summoned using a Ouija board. Since that day, the house has been reported to be haunted and an anonymous police officer testifies that he and other fellow police officers have witnessed paranormal activity at the house. Frank initially treats the broadcast as a novelty, even going so far as to dismiss the concerns of paranormal investigators Louis and Claire Berger (Brian St. August and Helenmary Ball), as Claire immediately states that the house contains a menacing presence and that they are in danger as long as they are in the house. He tries to dissuade fears by bringing in Father Joseph Matheson (Robert Long II), who Frank claims is versed in Catholic exorcism rites, despite the priest's assertion that he only has a perfunctory knowledge of the rites and has never actually performed an exorcism. As the film progresses the Bergers grow more and more tense, especially after Claire's cat Shadow (which she uses to help her with communications with the dead) goes missing. Frank manages to convince them to continue with the broadcast and hold a seance, even after their EVP recorder is smashed off camera by an unseen force. The couple finally leaves the house after their cat is discovered to have been brutally torn to pieces. Trying to keep the broadcast moving, Frank manages to convince a very reluctant Father Joseph to perform an exorcism, despite his protestations that the Church must approve all exorcisms. They move to the basement, where Father Joseph again tries to back out of the exorcism. As he begins to read the rites, the two hear a noise and try to go upstairs but find that they cannot leave the basement. As Frank grows more frantic, his producer Veronica (Nicolette le Faye) asks if the Bergers have returned to the house. The film then cuts to a commercial, after which Veronica is shown stating that she has sent an intern into the house with a camera to rescue the two men and to see what has happened as a whole. The frightened intern ventures into the house but is knocked over and presumably murdered by an unknown person wearing a flannel shirt. During this time the body of Claire Berger is shown on camera, which shows that the Bergers never made it out of the house and were both killed. Veronica frantically implores Frank to break down the door and leave the house, which prompts Frank to once again demand that Father Joseph perform an exorcism. Joseph then angrily states that he was not a priest and is only an actor. As Veronica prepares to cut to commercial, Frank discovers that the basement door has opened and goes out the door, only to be knocked down by the unknown person. The station cuts to a technical difficulties screen followed by static, after which point the bodies of the Bergers, Joseph, cameraman, and intern are shown. Frank is shown to be alive and the assailants are proven to be a human man and woman, two insane religious people who were seen previously in the film stating that Halloween was evil and making various threats that people participating in the holiday were doomed. The man then films his female partner cutting out Frank's tongue before the man glibly wishes the audience a happy Halloween. The film ends with a brief moment of static before a clip is shown of two sober newscasters stating that Frank and the others are all missing. They do not mention the deaths, leaving it up to the viewer to determine if the clip shown was part of the live broadcast or if it was something added to a personal video tape, meaning that we are viewing the copy owned by the murderers. Throughout the film several commercials and news segments are shown, ranging from advertisements for local businesses or future television broadcasts to a news story about a local dentist's "cash for candy" campaign. Some of these are shown in their entirety while others are fast forwarded through by an unseen viewer. Commercials Parents Against Partying (written and directed by James Branscome) Phil's Carpet Warehouse (written and directed by Shawn Jones) King of Castle Lane (written and directed by Scott Maccubbin) MOUTH by Asphxia (written and directed by Lonnie Martin) Stay Sure Tampons (written and directed by Matthew Menter) Dandridge for Governor (written and directed by Andy Schoeb) The Shining Trapeze Strip Club (written by Carley Cooper) Cast Paul Fahrenkopf as Frank Stewart Aaron Henkin as WNUF Announcer (voice) Nicolette le Faye as Veronica Stanze Leanna Chamish as Deborah Merritt Richard Cutting as Gavin Gordon Brian St. August as Dr. Louis Berger Helenmary Ball as Claire Berger Robert Long II as Father Joseph Matheson Sabrina Taylor-Smith as Donna Miles Thomas Lee Johnson as Carl Durant Kendra North as Angela Harris Frederick Cowie as Officer Howard Bookwalter Bob Creager as Dr. Stanley Allen, DDS Ron LaMartina as Governor Mike Barlow George Stover as Dr. Bloodwrench Production While filming, director Chris LaMartina tried to make the film closely resemble 1980s footage and shot on vintage tape stock. Of the WNUF Halloween Special, LaMartina stated that as most viewers would be able to instantly tell that the movie was not an actual broadcast from the 1980s they instead tried to "make people remind themselves why they fell in love with VHS and blatant localism in the first place" and that the movie is "a love letter to VHS and public access TV." LaMartina chose to include several faux commercials into the WNUF Halloween Special, as he wanted it to more closely resemble advertising for actual television shows, which will frequently interrupt a broadcast to repeat various commercials. Filming took place in an old rectory in Timonium, Maryland, and the crew made multiple copies of the film on several VCRs to degrade the film quality to where it would more closely resemble a bootleg VHS tape. To publicize the film, LaMartina and the movie's producers left behind multiple VHS copies of the WNUF Halloween Special in various locations, such as a VHS convention in Pennsylvania, where they left them in bathrooms and tables. Their intent was that by doing this, they would start a successful whisper campaign. Reception Critical reception for the WNUF Halloween Special has been positive. HorrorNews.net gave the WNUF Halloween Special a favorable review and commented that the movie had the potential to become a cult classic. Daily Dead and Dread Central also rated the film highly, and the Daily Dead wrote that it was "by far, one of the most enjoyable indie horror movies I’ve seen for some time." References External links 2013 horror films 2013 films American comedy horror films American films American independent films Halloween horror films Films set in 1987 Films shot in Maryland Films about television

43671555

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20September%202014

Deaths in September 2014

The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2014. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. September 2014 1 David Anderle, 77, American record producer (The Doors), cancer. Liaqat Ali Bangulzai, Pakistani politician and columnist. Bernard Baran, 49, American teacher's aide, wrongfully convicted of indecent assault. Pat Barrington, 74, American actress, lung cancer. Ralf Bendix, 90, German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter. Frank Calloway, 99, American artist and longevity claimant. Mary T. Clark, 100, American religious sister, academic, and civil rights advocate. Dillard Crocker, 89, American basketball player. Mark Gil, 52, Filipino actor, cirrhosis. Ahmed Abdi Godane, 37, Somali militant, Emir of al-Shabaab (2009–2010, since 2011), airstrike. Arturo Hammersley, 92, Chilean Olympic skier. Donnie Humphrey, 53, American football player (Green Bay Packers). Jimi Jamison, 63, American musician (Survivor), hemorrhagic brain stroke. Jim Jennings, 73, American college basketball player (Murray State Racers). Gottfried John, 72, German actor (Berlin Alexanderplatz, GoldenEye), cancer. Mzee Kaukungwa, 94, Namibian politician. Mile Kos, 89, Serbian football player and coach and sportswriter. A. J. Langguth, 81, American historian and journalist. Roger McKee, 87, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies). Charlie Powell, 82, American football player (San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Raiders) and boxer. Maya Rao, 86, Indian Kathak dancer, cardiac arrest. Sergio Rodrigues, 86, Brazilian architect and designer. Hugh McGregor Ross, 97, English computer scientist and theologian. Joseph Shivers, 93, American textile chemist, developed spandex. Bala Tampoe, 92, Sri Lankan lawyer and trade unionist, General Secretary of the Ceylon Mercantile Union. Elena Varzi, 87, Italian actress (Path of Hope), cardiac arrest. *Yoon Jung-chun, 41, South Korean football player and coach. 2 Thierry Bianquis, 78-79, French orientalist and arabist. Cao Keming, 81, Chinese politician. Bob Cain, 80, American radio and television journalist. Peter Carter, 57, British diplomat, Ambassador to Estonia (2007–2012), Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria (since 2012), heart attack. Jack Culpin, 86, Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Glenroy (1976–1985) and Broadmeadows (1985–1988). F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, 84, American attorney and politician, District Attorney of Philadelphia (1974–1978), Alzheimer's disease. Cayo Sila Godoy, 94, Paraguayan classical guitarist. Norman Gordon, 103, South African Test cricketer. J. LaMoine Jenson, 79, American religious leader, President of the Priesthood of the Apostolic United Brethren (since 1977), colon cancer. Jiang Zhonghua, Chinese Navy rear admiral, suicide. Dino Menardi, 91, Italian Olympic ice hockey player. William "Bill" Ralph Merton, 96, British military scientist and financier. Helena Rakoczy, 92, Polish gymnast, Olympic bronze medalist (1956) and world champion (1950). Paul W. Robertson, 59, Canadian television executive, cancer. Sándor Rozsnyói, 83, Hungarian steeplechase runner, Olympic silver medalist (1956) and European champion (1954). Steven Sotloff, 31, American journalist (Time), beheading. (death announced on this date) Su Nan-cheng, 78, Taiwanese politician. Goolam Essaji Vahanvati, 65, Indian lawyer, Attorney General (2009–2014), heart attack. Antonis Vardis, 66, Greek composer and singer, cancer. A. P. Venkateswaran, 84, Indian diplomat, Foreign Secretary (1986–1987). James White, 76, Irish politician and hotelier. 3 Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri, 68, Egyptian politician. Dorothy Braxton, 87, New Zealand journalist. Marina von Ditmar, 99, German film actress. Thawan Duchanee, 74, Thai painter, architect and sculptor, liver failure. EunB, 22, South Korean singer, traffic accident. Quintin Goosen, 67, Zimbabwean cricketer and umpire. Roy Heather, 79, English television actor (Only Fools and Horses). Mark Otway, 82, New Zealand tennis player. (death announced on this date) Aarno Raninen, 70, Finnish actor, composer and musician, house fire. Andy Stapp, 70, American political activist, founded the American Servicemen's Union. Zeus, 5, American Great Dane, world's tallest dog, natural causes. 4 Martynas Andriukaitis, 33, Lithuanian basketball player, suicide. Donatas Banionis, 90, Lithuanian Soviet actor (Solaris), stroke. Terry W. Brown, 64, American politician, cancer. Giuseppe Carattino, 95, Italian Olympic sailor. Riva Castleman, 84, American art historian. Clare Cathcart, 48, British actress (Call the Midwife, Doctors), asthma attack. Gustavo Cerati, 55, Argentine singer and musician (Soda Stereo), respiratory arrest. René Radembino Coniquet, 81, Gabonese politician. Franca Falcucci, 88, Italian politician, Minister of Education (1982–1987). Mohammed Fazal, 92, Indian politician, Governor of Maharashtra (2002–2004). Willie Finlay, 88, Scottish footballer (East Fife). Philip Hough, 90, English cricketer (Cheshire, Wiltshire). Włodzimierz Kotoński, 89, Polish composer. Gerrit Kouwenaar, 91, Dutch poet, recipient of the P. C. Hooft Award (1970). Roy Leonard, 83, American radio personality (WGN), esophageal infection. Hopeton Lewis, 66, Jamaican singer, kidney failure. Edi Mall, 90, Austrian Olympic alpine skier. Mizchif, 38, Zimbabwean rapper. Habib Wali Mohammad, 93, Pakistani ghazal singer. Maggie Morris, 88, Canadian radio and television personality (Flashback). Ron Mulock, 84, Australian politician, Deputy Premier of New South Wales (1984–1988). John Ondawame, 60, Indonesian-born Swedish activist, advocate for West Papuan independence, heart attack. Orunamamu, 93, American storyteller. Joseph B. Raynor, Jr., 91, American politician, member of the North Carolina Senate (1965–1992). Jacqueline Risset, 78, French poet. Joan Rivers, 81, American comedian, actress (Spaceballs) and television host (Fashion Police), cardiac arrest. Ichirō Satsuki, 95, Japanese rōkyoku performer. Hagen Schulze, 71, German historian. Edgar Steele, 69, American lawyer and convicted criminal. David Wynne, 88, British sculptor. 5 Rubel Ahmed, 26, Bangladeshi immigrant to Britain, suspected heart attack. Simone Battle, 25, American singer (G.R.L.), suicide by hanging. Kerrie Biddell, 67, Australian jazz and session singer, stroke. Feroze Butt, 72, Pakistani Test cricket umpire. Karel Černý, 92, Czech art director and production designer (Amadeus). Ramkanai Das, 78-79, Bangladeshi folk and classical musician. Arnold Fine, 90, American editor (The Jewish Press) and humor columnist. Noel Hinners, 78, American scientist and administrator, NASA Chief Scientist (1987–1989), brain tumor. Sanford Kadish, 92, American criminal law scholar. David Lomax, 76, British television reporter and interviewer (Panorama). Nicole Lubtchansky, French film editor (Celine and Julie Go Boating, La Belle Noiseuse). Todor Manolov, 63, Bulgarian Olympic athlete. Bruce Morton, 83, American news correspondent (CBS, CNN), cancer. Mara Neusel, 50, German mathematician. Wolfhart Pannenberg, 85, German theologian. Ken Reed, 72, American CFL player (Edmonton Eskimos, Saskatchewan Roughriders), traffic collision. Hemendra Chandra Singh, 46, Indian politician. Eoin Young, 75, New Zealand motoring journalist. 6 Peter F. B. Alsop, Australian engineer and historian. Arne Amundsen, 62, Norwegian footballer (Lillestrøm SK). Clyde F. Bel Jr., 82, American businessman. Odd Bondevik, 73, Norwegian theologian. Dominique Darbois, 89, French photojournalist. Andy DePaul, 85, American boxer. Jim Dobbin, 73, British politician, MP for Heywood and Middleton (since 1997). Hendrik Fernandez, 81, Indonesian politician, Governor of East Nusa Tenggara (1988–1993), complications from a stroke. Cirilo Flores, 66, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of San Diego (since 2013), prostate cancer. Stefan Gierasch, 88, American actor (Carrie, Dark Shadows, High Plains Drifter). Édith Girard, 65, French architect. Molly Glynn, 46, American actress (Chicago Fire, In America), struck by falling tree. Martin Harrison, 65, British-born Australian poet, heart attack. János Héder, 80, Hungarian Olympic gymnast. Seth Martin, 81, Canadian Olympic ice hockey player (Spokane Jets, St. Louis Blues), heart attack. Royal Nebeker, 69, American painter and print maker. A. W. Pryor, 86, Australian physicist. Emma Richards, 87, American pastor, first female pastor of a Mennonite congregation. Yoko Yamaguchi, 77, Japanese songwriter and novelist, winner of the Naoki Prize (1985), respiratory failure. Kira Zvorykina, 94, Soviet-born Belarusian chess player, triple national champion (1960, 1973, 1975). 7 Genrikh Abaev, 81, Belarussian engineer. Nikolay Adamets, 30, Belarusian footballer (Granit Mikashevichi), cerebral hemorrhage. Jacque Batt, 88, American political figure, First Lady of Idaho. Vasu Chanchlani, 62, Indo-Canadian serial entrepreneur, philanthropist and trans-nations builder. Jack Cristil, 88, American radio sports broadcaster (Mississippi State Bulldogs), complications from kidney disease and cancer. Maryna Doroshenko, 33, Ukrainian basketball player (national team), leukemia. Joseph B. Ebbesen, 89, American politician and optometrist. Harry Evans, 68, Australian public servant, Clerk of the Australian Senate (1988–2009). Raul M. Gonzalez, 83, Filipino politician, Secretary of Justice (2004–2009), multiple organ failure. Don Keefer, 98, American actor (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Gunsmoke, The Twilight Zone). Zsolt Kézdi-Kovács, 78, Hungarian film director. Subramanian Krishnamoorthy, 84–85, Indian Tamil writer. Kwon Ri-se, 23, South Korean singer (Ladies' Code), injuries sustained in a traffic collision. Neal Peters McCurn, 88, American federal judge. Frederic Mullally, 96, British journalist and novelist. Anahita Ratebzad, 82, Afghan politician and diplomat. Eberhard Schlotter, 93, German painter. Harold Shipp, 88, Canadian businessman. Douglas E. Smith, 53, American video game designer (Lode Runner). Elsa-Marianne von Rosen, 90, Swedish ballet dancer and actress. Yoshiko Yamaguchi, 94, Chinese-born Japanese actress (Eternity) and singer, member of the House of Councillors (1974–1992), heart failure. 8 Roger Auque, 58, French journalist and diplomat, Ambassador to Eritrea (2009–2012), cancer. Jane Baker, British television writer (Doctor Who, Space: 1999, Watt on Earth). Marvin Barnes, 62, American basketball player. Robert Bauer, 64, German mycologist. Lee Behel, 64, American air racer, plane crash. S. Truett Cathy, 93, American restaurateur and businessman, founder of Chick-fil-A. Errol Clince, 61, New Zealand hunter, cancer. Erhard Egidi, 85, German cantor and organist. Mary G. Enig, 83, American nutritionist. Rashi Fein, 88, American professor of health economics. Bobby Fong, 64, American academic, President of Ursinus College (since 2011). Justin Gocke, 36, American actor (Santa Barbara, Simon & Simon). Goose Gonsoulin, 76, American football player (Denver Broncos). Edward R. Hauser, 98, American animal scientist. Yuriy Kabanov, 75, Russian sprint canoer. Kevin O'Neill, 95, Australian cricketer. Sean O'Haire, 43, American professional wrestler, suicide by strangulation. Magda Olivero, 104, Italian operatic soprano. Tibor Rudas, 94, Hungarian entrepreneur. Ken Staples, 87, American baseball player, coach and manager. Gerald Wilson, 96, American jazz musician, pneumonia. George Zuverink, 90, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles), pneumonia. 9 Montserrat Abelló i Soler, 96, Spanish poet and translator. Hassan Aboud, 35-36, Syrian rebel leader, bomb attack. Firoza Begum, 84, Bangladeshi singer. Emilio Botín, 79, Spanish financier (Santander Group). Neil Brown, 62, Australian footballer. Vaduvur Srinivasa Desikachariar, 85, Indian scholar. Howell Evans, 86, Welsh actor (Stella). Samuel Gitler Hammer, 81, Mexican mathematician. Graham Joyce, 59, British speculative fantasy author, cancer. Denny Miller, 80, American actor (Tarzan, the Ape Man, Wagon Train), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Bob Suter, 57, American ice hockey player, Olympic champion (1980), heart attack. Tang Yijie, 87, Chinese philosopher. Antonín Tučapský, 86, Czech-born British composer. David Whyte, 43, English footballer (Charlton Athletic). Robert Young, 49, Scottish guitarist (Primal Scream). 10 Robert William Dean, 94, American diplomat. Grant Dunlap, 90, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals). Ntiero Effiom, 67, Nigerian football coach. António Garrido, 81, Portuguese football referee. Richard Kiel, 74, American actor (The Spy Who Loved Me, Happy Gilmore, Tangled), heart attack. Oldřich František Korte, 88, Czech composer and pianist. Walter Lewis McVey, Jr., 92, American politician. Edward Nelson, 82, American mathematician, professor emeritus (Princeton University). Yoshinori Sakai, 69, Japanese athlete, lit cauldron at the 1964 Summer Olympics, cerebral hemorrhage. Károly Sándor, 85, Hungarian footballer. George Spencer, 88, American baseball player (New York Giants). Paul K. Sybrowsky, 70, American businessman, President of Southern Virginia University (2012–2014). Hans Petter Tholfsen, 67, Norwegian harness racer. Joakim Vislavski, 73, Serbian football player (Partizan) and manager (Hajduk Kula). Ernst Wilfer, 91, German engineer. 11 Bob Crewe, 82, American songwriter ("Big Girls Don't Cry", "Rag Doll") and record producer (The Four Seasons). Antoine Duhamel, 89, French composer and conductor. Fletcher Dulini Ncube, 74, Zimbabwean politician. Mirko Ellis, 91, Swiss-Italian actor, self-defenestration. Kendall Francois, 43, American serial killer, apparent natural causes. Joachim Fuchsberger, 87, German actor (Edgar Wallace movies), television host and lyricist. Jerônimo Garcia de Santana, 79, Brazilian politician, Governor of Rondônia (1987–1991), Mayor of Porto Velho (1986). Hamish McHamish, 15, Scottish celebrity cat, chest infection. Rudolf Kortokraks, 86, German painter. Cosimo Matassa, 88, American recording engineer and studio owner. Elizabeth Whelan, 71, American consumer rights activist, founder of the American Council on Science and Health. Ali Yahya, 66, Israeli diplomat. 12 Vasile Anghel, 76, Romanian footballer. Edmundo Domínguez Aragonés, 75, Mexican journalist. Mahant Avaidyanath, 93, Indian politician. John Bardon, 75, English actor (EastEnders). Fred Britton, 82, Canadian curler. André Dran, 90, French singer. Atef Ebeid, 82, Egyptian politician, Prime Minister (1999–2004). Salah El Mahdi, 89, Tunisian musicologist and composer. Peter Erős, 81, Hungarian-American conductor, cerebral hemorrhage. Theodore J. Flicker, 84, American writer and director (Barney Miller, The President's Analyst). Joseph Abangite Gasi, 86, South Sudanese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tombura-Yambio (1974–2008). John Gustafson, 72, English singer and bassist (Ian Gillan Band, Roxy Music, The Big Three). Henrik Have, 68, Danish artist and writer. Zoran Knežević, 66, Serbian Yugoslav politician and judge. Lonnie Lynn, 71, American basketball player (Pittsburgh Pipers) and spoken word poet. Anwar Ali Noon, 90, Pakistani politician. Ian Paisley, 88, Northern Irish politician, Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (1971–2008), First Minister (2007–2008). Warren Perkins, 92, American basketball player (Tri-Cities Blackhawks). Dimitry Pospielovsky, 79, Canadian historian. Hugh Royer, Jr., 78, American professional golfer. Bengt Saltin, 79, Swedish physiologist. Joe Sample, 75, American jazz musician (The Crusaders), and songwriter ("One Day I'll Fly Away", "Street Life"). Sir Donald Sinden, 90, English actor (The Cruel Sea, The Day of the Jackal, Two's Company), prostate cancer. Ts'ao Yung-ho, 93, Taiwanese historian. Herbert Vorgrimler, 85, German theologian. Zhou Weizhi, 98, Chinese musician and politician, Minister of culture. Harold Williams, 90, Welsh football player. Abdel Rahman Zuabi, 82, Israeli judge. 13 Benjamin Adekunle, 78, Nigerian army leader. Bjørn Tore Bryn, 77, Norwegian news anchor. Marvin Cheung, 67, Hong Kong accountant and politician, Chairman of the AAHK (2008–2014), unofficial member of the Executive Council (2005–2012), leukemia. Robert M. Ellis, 92, American artist. Iberê Ferreira, 70, Brazilian politician, Governor of Rio Grande do Norte (2010–2011). Helen Filarski, 90, American baseball player (AAGPBL). Milan Galić, 76, Serbian Yugoslav Olympic champion footballer (1960), (national team). David Cawthorne Haines, 44, British humanitarian aid worker and ISIS hostage, beheading. (death reported on this date) Shelley Riley Moore, 88, American educator, First Lady of West Virginia (1969–1977, 1985–1989). Dmitry Sakunenko, 84, Russian Soviet Olympic speed skater (1956). Matthew Sands, 94, American physicist. Frank Torre, 82, American baseball player (Milwaukee Braves, Philadelphia Phillies), cardiac arrest. Paul Valenti, 94, American college basketball coach (Oregon State). Nigel Walker, 97, British criminologist, Wolfson Professor of Criminology (1973–1984). 14 Isidoro Álvarez, 79, Spanish businessman, CEO of El Corte Inglés. Tony Auth, 72, American Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist, cancer. Behrens, 20, American thoroughbred racehorse. Bruno Castanheira, 37, Portuguese racing cyclist. Saifuddin Choudhury, 62, Indian politician, leader of the CPI(M), cancer. Servílio Conti, 97, Italian-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Roraima (1965–1975). Thoma Deliana, 88-89, Albanian politician. José Gómez, 70, American civil rights activist and academic. Assheton Gorton, 84, English production designer (101 Dalmatians, Legend, The French Lieutenant's Woman). Peter Gutteridge, 53, New Zealand singer and guitarist (The Clean, The Chills, Snapper). Miroslav Hlinka, 42, Slovak ice hockey player, gold medalist at the 2002 IIHF World Championship, suicide by hanging. Takatada Ihara, 85, Japanese television producer and director, heart disease. Kireet Joshi, 83, Indian philosopher and educationist, cancer. Boris Khimichev, 81, Russian actor. Benoy Krishna Konar, 84, Indian politician, member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Angus Lennie, 84, Scottish actor (The Great Escape, Crossroads, Doctor Who). E. Jennifer Monaghan, 81, English-born American historian, stroke. Chase N. Peterson, 84, American physician and academic, President of the University of Utah (1983–1991). Philip Somerville, 84, English milliner. 15 Iwao Akiyama, 93, Japanese printmaker. John Anderson, Jr., 97, American politician, Governor of Kansas (1961–1965). Jeremy Ball, 45, Australian politician and actor (The Matrix), Deputy Mayor of Launceston, Tasmania (since 2011), traffic collision. Ted Belytschko, 71, American mechanical engineer. Giuliana Berlinguer, 80, Italian director, screenwriter, and novelist. Roger Blomquist, 57, Swedish sports journalist (SVT). Post Bahadur Bogati, 61, Nepalese politician, brain hemorrhage following cardiac arrest. Thomas Hale Boggs, Jr., 73, American lawyer, lobbyist and politician, heart attack. Jackie Cain, 86, American jazz vocalist (Jackie and Roy), complications from a stroke. Dame Peggy Fenner, 91, British politician, MP for Rochester and Chatham (1970–1974, 1979–1997). Eugene I. Gordon, 84, American physicist. Yitzhak Hofi, 87, Israeli general, Director of Mossad (1974–1982). Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, 91, French-born Russian claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov (since 1992). Jürg Schubiger, 77, Swiss psychotherapist and children's author. Claude A. Simard, 71, Canadian painter. Wayne Tefs, 67, Canadian writer, cancer. Marjorie Thompson, 60, American biologist and musician. François Wahl, 89, French literary editor. Glen Whitten, 78, American Olympic diver. 16 Edward Atienza, 90, British actor. Narendra Dave, 64, Kenyan cricket umpire. Grant Evans, 65, Australian anthropologist and historian. Michael Hayes, 85, British television director (Doctor Who, Z-Cars, An Age of Kings) and newsreader. Buster Jones, 71, American voice actor (Super Friends, The Transformers, The Real Ghostbusters). Jef Lataster, 92, Dutch Olympic long-distance runner (1948). John Moat, 78, British poet, founded the Arvon Foundation. Alf Ivar Samuelsen, 72, Norwegian politician, tractor crash. Mary Speer, 89, American southern gospel singer (Speer Family). Linganath Subbu, 83, Indian cricketer. Dinis Vital, 82, Portuguese footballer. 17 Hari Kumar Audichya, 84, Indian politician. Glenn D. Broyles, 88, American politician. Marianne Clausen, 66, Danish musicologist and choir conductor. Lisa Ann Coleman, 38, American criminal, executed. Renée Klang de Guzmán, 97, Dominican philanthropist, First Lady of the Dominican Republic (1978–1982). George Hamilton IV, 77, American country music singer (Abilene), complications from a heart attack. Andriy Husin, 41, Ukrainian football player (Dynamo Kyiv, Krylia Sovetov, national team) and coach, traffic collision. Wakachichibu Komei, 75, Japanese sumo wrestler. Elaine Lee, 74, South African-born Australian actress (Number 96). John Lofton, 73, American political commentator. Sir Charles Read, 95, Australian air marshal. Street Cry, 16, Irish thoroughbred racehorse, euthanised. Lorna Thomas, 96, Australian cricket player and manager. Welby Van Horn, 94, American tennis player and coach. Peter von Bagh, 71, Finnish film historian. China Zorrilla, 92, Uruguayan actress (Elsa & Fred), pneumonia. 18 Richard Arenstorf, 84, American mathematician. Shakil Auj, 54, Pakistani Islamic researcher and scholar, shot. Jan Berdyszak, 78, Polish artist. Margie Day, 88, American R&B singer. Oleg Ivanovsky, 92, Russian spacecraft designer (Vostok, Prognoz). Patrick Lowry, 77, Irish Olympic sprinter. Milan Marcetta, 77, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs, Minnesota North Stars). Will Radcliff, 74, American businessman, creator of the Slush Puppie. George Radwanski, 67, Canadian journalist and civil servant, Privacy Commissioner (2000–2003), heart attack. Earl Ross, 73, Canadian race car driver. Hirofumi Uzawa, 86, Japanese economist, pneumonia. Olivier Vanneste, 84, Belgian politician and economist, Governor of West Flanders (1979–1997). Kenny Wheeler, 84, Canadian jazz trumpeter. 19 André Bergeron, 92, French trade union leader. Hans-Georg Bohle, 66, German geographer. Keith Brueckner, 90, American theoretical physicist. Milton Cardona, 69, Puerto Rican jazz musician, heart failure. Püreviin Dagvasüren, 71, Mongolian traditional wrestler. Bill Detrick, 87, American college basketball coach (Central Connecticut Blue Devils). Peggy Drake, 91, Austrian-born American actress (King of the Mounties). Gaby Dlugi-Winterberg, 65, German international footballer. Marcel Dussault, 88, French road racing cyclist. Francisco Feliciano, 73, Filipino composer and conductor. Avraham Heffner, 79, Israeli filmmaker (Laura Adler's Last Love Affair). Audrey Long, 92, American film actress (Tall in the Saddle). Robert Long, 77, British army officer. Iain MacCormick, 74, Scottish politician, MP for Argyll (1974–1979). H. Tyler Marcy, 96, American business executive (IBM). Rod Milgate, 80, Australian painter, playwright and newsreader, heart attack. John Mlacak, 78, Canadian politician and artist. Hilda Oates, 89, Cuban actress. Bronisław Pawlicki, 88, Polish Olympic field hockey player (1952). U. Srinivas, 45, Indian mandolin player, complications from a liver transplant. K. Udayakumar, 54, Indian volleyball player, cardiac arrest. Derek Williams, 89, Welsh rugby union player (Cardiff). 20 Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg, 91, German noble. Anatoly Berezovoy, 72, Soviet cosmonaut (Soyuz T-5). Polly Bergen, 84, American singer and actress (Cape Fear, Cry-Baby, Desperate Housewives), Emmy winner (1958). Rob Bironas, 36, American football player (Tennessee Titans), traffic collision. Ron Bishop, 71, American off-road motorcycle racer. Erich Bloch, 75, Zimbabwean economist. Vince Callahan, 82, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1968–2008), West Nile meningitis. Pino Cerami, 92, Italian-born Belgian cyclist. J. California Cooper, 82, American playwright and author. Takako Doi, 85, Japanese politician, Speaker of the House of Representatives (1993–1996), pneumonia. Eric the Actor, 39, American dwarf, member of The Wack Pack. Odette Gartenlaub, 92, French pianist and composer. Kamara James, 29, Jamaican-born American Olympic fencer (2004). Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar, 85, Indian linguist and writer. John J. Lloyd, 92, American art director and production designer (Animal House, The Blues Brothers, The Thing), heart failure. Erik Ninn-Hansen, 92, Danish politician. Kazusuke Ogawa, 84, Japanese literary critic, stomach cancer. Randy Pike, 60, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (since 2012). Alfred Prinz, 84, Austrian composer and clarinetist. Igor Radin, 76, Serbian Yugoslav Olympic ice hockey player. Ramón Rojas, 35, Chilean BASE jumper, training accident. George Sluizer, 82, Dutch filmmaker (The Vanishing), cardiovascular disease. Erwin Sparendam, 80, Surinamese-born Dutch footballer. Şeref Taşlıova, 76, Turkish storyteller. 21 Shirley Baker, 82, British photographer. Les Bruckner, 96, American football player. Diana Capponi, 61, Canadian mental health activist, breast cancer. Cecilia Cenci, 72, Argentine actress, brain cancer. Anne-Marie Deschodt, French actress and writer. Linda Griffiths, 60, Canadian actress and playwright, breast cancer. Michael Harari, 87, Israeli intelligence officer. Caldwell Jones, 64, American basketball player (Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers), heart attack. Ed Koffenberger, 88, American basketball and lacrosse player (Duke University), leukemia. Galina Konovalova, 98, Russian actress (Uncle Vanya). Ruben Kun, 72, Nauruan politician, President (1996–1997) and Speaker of Parliament (1981–1986). John Chrysostom Lan Shi, 89, Chinese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Sanyuan (2003–2008). Sheldon Patinkin, 79, American theatre director. Joseph Plaskett, 96, Canadian painter. Alastair Reid, 88, Scottish poet and scholar. Scott Ross, 45, American football player (New Orleans Saints), heart failure. Jan Werner, 68, Polish sprinter, Olympic silver medalist (1976). 22 Nanda Prasad Adhikari, 51–53, Nepali activist. Fernando Cabrita, 91, Portuguese football player and manager. Alexey Chervonenkis, 76, Russian mathematician (Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory). Anandji Dossa, 98, Indian cricket statistician. Ezra Heymann, 86, Venezuelan philosopher. Ray Lambrecht, 96, American car dealer. Nikita Larionov, 82, Russian writer. Skip E. Lowe, 85, American talk show host, emphysema. E. J. Mishan, 96, English economist. Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi, 50–51, Iraqi human rights activist and lawyer, executed. Billy Neil, 75, Scottish footballer (Queen's Park, Airdrieonians). Sahana Pradhan, 88, Nepalese politician, brain haemorrhage. Alexis Sarei, 80, Papua New Guinean politician and diplomat, Premier of North Solomons Province (1976–1980, 1984–1987). Cara Silverman, 54, American film editor (Super, He's Just Not That Into You, A Cinderella Story). Erik van der Wurff, 69, Dutch pianist and composer, cancer. Flor Van Noppen, 58, Belgian politician, MP (2007–2014), multiple system atrophy. Hans E. Wallman, 78, Swedish film director, producer and composer, injuries sustained in a horse riding accident. Ben Webb, 38, New Zealand artist. 23 Alaviyya Babayeva, 93, Azerbaijani writer and translator, People's Artist of the Azerbaijani SSR. Myrtle Baylis, 94, Australian cricket and netball international. A. W. Davis, 71, American basketball player (University of Tennessee) and coach. Irven DeVore, 79, American anthropologist. John Divers, 74, Scottish footballer. Anatoly Eiramdzhan, 77, Russian-Armenian film director. Robin Freeman, 80, American college basketball player (Ohio State). Mullah Ghani, Afghan politician, Governor of Nimruz Province (1995), shot. Henryk Glücklich, 69, Polish speedway rider. Gabriel Gómez Michel, 49, Mexican politician, MP for Jalisco (since 2012), homicide. (body discovered on this date) Gilles Latulippe, 77, Canadian comedian, actor and theatre manager, lung cancer. Don Manoukian, 80, American football player (Oakland Raiders). Kresimir Sipusch, 84, Croatian-born Yugoslav composer and conductor. Al Suomi, 100, American professional hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks). George Herbert Swift Jr, 88, American mathematician and computer scientist. John Toner, 91, American football coach and athletic administrator (University of Connecticut). Shankar Vaidya, 86, Indian Marathi poet and writer. Margaret Vogt, 64, Nigerian diplomat. John Baptist Wang Jin, 90, Chinese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Yuci (since 1999). Don Wollett, 95, American author, arbiter and college professor. 24 Mohsen Amiraslani, 36-37, Iranian psychoanalyst, execution. Catherine Beattie, 93, American farmer and politician. Eckart Berkes, 65, German Olympic hurdler (1972). Fred Branfman, 72, American author and anti-war activist, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ron Butlin, 89, Canadian ice hockey executive. Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, 94, British writer and socialite, last surviving Mitford sister. Sir Edward Eveleigh, 96, British judge, Lord Justice of Appeal. Ailo Gaup, 70, Norwegian Sami author. Reuben Greenberg, 71, American police chief. Sebastian Haag, 35, German extreme skier and mountaineer, avalanche. Christopher Hogwood, 73, English conductor. Carlotta Ikeda, 73, Japanese butoh dancer, liver cancer. Ray Isherwood, 76, Australian cricket umpire. Ken James, 80, Canadian politician, MP for Sarnia—Lambton (1984–1993). Vladimir Kadyshevsky, 76, Russian theoretical physicist. Madis Kõiv, 84, Estonian author, physicist and philosopher. Greg Mackey, 52, Australian rugby league player (South Sydney, Warrington, Hull F.C.), bowel cancer. Sir Gordon Manzie, 84, British civil servant, Chief Executive of the Property Services Agency. Lily McBeth, 80, American transgender teacher. Jack Mezirow, 91, American educationalist. Karl Miller, 83, British literary editor (The Listener, London Review of Books). Priscilla Mitchell, 73, American country music singer. Hugh C. Rae, 78, Scottish author. Derek Roe, 76–77, British archaeologist. Stephen Sykes, 75, English Anglican prelate, Bishop of Ely (1990–1999). Abu Yusuf Al-Turki, 47, Turkish terrorist, commander of al-Nusra Front, air strike. (death reported on this date) 25 Toby Balding, 78, American-born British racehorse trainer. Ulrick Chérubin, 70, Haitian-born Canadian politician, Mayor of Amos, Quebec (since 2002). Vladimir Dolbonosov, 65, Russian footballer (Dynamo Moscow). Jaak Joala, 64, Estonian Soviet singer. Jim Kincaid, 84, American football player (Washington Redskins). Bonnie Lynn Tempesta, 61, American food manufacturer, cancer. Sulejman Tihić, 62, Bosnian politician, Member of the Presidency (2002–2006), cancer. Dorothy Tyler-Odam, 94, British athlete, Olympic silver medalist (1936, 1948). Christine Vladimiroff, 74, American nun. Barbara Washburn, 99, American mountaineer, first woman to climb Mount McKinley. Cedric Wyatt, 74, Australian public servant and indigenous rights advocate. 26 Michaela Andörfer, 85, German Roman Catholic nun. Jim Boeke, 76, American football player (Dallas Cowboys) and actor (Coach, Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country). Charles Dobzynski, 84-85, French poet, journalist and translator. Wouter Gortzak, 83, Dutch journalist (Het Parool) and politician, member of the House of Representatives (1998–2002). Hermann Greiner, 94, German World War II flying ace. Sam Hall, 93, American television writer (Dark Shadows, One Life to Live). Astrid Dirdal Hegrestad, 85, Norwegian politician. Wolfgang Hutter, 85, Austrian artist. Michael McCarty, 68, American actor (Casper, ER), heart failure. Tony McMichael, 71, Australian epidemiologist, complications of pneumonia. Gerry Neugebauer, 82, American astronomer, complications of spinocerebellar ataxia. Tamir Sapir, 67, Georgian-born American businessman. Takamaro Shigaraki, 87–88, Japanese Buddhist philosopher. Maggie Stables, 70, British actress (Doctor Who). Shao Tong, 20, Chinese student (Iowa State University), suffocated. (body discovered on this date) Guro Valen, 54, Norwegian professor of medicine, cancer. Zelda, 11+, American wild turkey, resident of New York City's Battery Park, traffic collision. (body found on this date) 27 Gaby Aghion, 93, French fashion designer (Chloé). Gil Aldema, 86, Israeli composer and conductor. Angelo Arrigoni, 91, Italian rugby union and professional rugby league footballer. Joan Benesh, 94, British ballet dancer, pneumonia. Lou Curtis, 86, Australian cricketer. Anna Morpurgo Davies, 77, Italian-born British philologist. Eugie Foster, 42, American science fiction author, respiratory failure. Taylor Hardwick, 89, American architect, cancer. Harry Harley, 88, Canadian politician, MP for Halton (1962–1968). Wally Hergesheimer, 87, Canadian professional ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks, New York Rangers). Park Honan, 86, American literary scholar. Abdelmajid Lakhal, 74, Tunisian theatre director and actor. Antti Lovag, 94, Hungarian architect. Sarah Danielle Madison, 40, American actress (7th Heaven, Jurassic Park III, Training Day), natural causes. Dorothy Maharam, 97, American mathematician. Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 88, French publisher. Michael Scott-Joynt, 71, English Anglican prelate, Bishop of Stafford (1987–1995) and Winchester (1995–2011). Earl Smith, 86, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates). James Traficant, 73, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Ohio's 17th district (1985–2002). Zhang Xianliang, 77, Chinese author and poet. 28 Dannie Abse, 91, British doctor and poet. Joseph H. Alexander, 76, American historian and Marine Corps officer. Lisbeth Bodd, 56, Norwegian performance artist and theatre leader. Daniel F. Clark, 59, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1989–2002), lung cancer. Nicolae Corneanu, 90, Romanian Orthodox hierarch, Metropolitan of Banat (since 1962). Daniel Dion, 55-56, Canadian artist. Roy Ebron, 63, American basketball player (Utah Stars). Jim Eley, 81, Australian footballer. Sheila Faith, 86, British politician, MP for Belper (1979–1983). Paul Fatt, 90, British neuroscientist. Lubomír Havlák, 92, Czech opera singer. Ralph Maxwell, 94, American district judge and athlete. Sirkka Polkunen, 86, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier. Tim Rawlings, 81, English footballer (West Bromwich Albion, Walsall). George Roberts, 86, American trombonist. José Luis Serna Alzate, 78, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Florencia (1978–1989) and Líbano–Honda (1989–2002). John Sheridan, 72, American politician, former New Jersey Transportation Commissioner, stabbing of undetermined cause. Petr Skoumal, 76, Czech musician and composer. Jakob Stämpfli, 79, Swiss bass concert singer. Ieke van den Burg, 62, Dutch politician, MEP (1999–2009). Jan Vodička, 82, Czech Olympic ice hockey player (1956). Sophia Yin, 48, American veterinarian and animal behaviorist, suicide by hanging. 29 Warren Anderson, 92, American businessman. JP Auclair, 37, Canadian freestyle skier, avalanche. Walter Evan Black Jr., 88, American federal judge. Miguel Boyer, 75, French-born Spanish economist and politician, Minister of Economy, Treasury and Commerce (1982–1985), pulmonary embolism. Mary Cadogan, 86, British writer. Tarik Carson, 68, Uruguayan-born Argentine writer and painter. Carlo Curis, 90, Italian Roman Catholic prelate and diplomat, Apostolic Nuncio to Canada (1990–1999). Richard Dickerson, 77, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1998–2002), mayor of Redding, California. Hugh Doherty, 93, Irish footballer (Celtic). Andreas Fransson, 31, Swedish extreme skier, avalanche. Mohammad Ghouse, 83, Indian cricket umpire. Stan Monteith, 85, American author and radio host. Luis Nishizawa, 96, Mexican painter. John Ritchie, 93, New Zealand composer. Len Ronson, 78, Canadian-born American ice hockey player (New York Rangers). Pat Sawilowsky, 83, American Jewish community leader. George Shuba, 89, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers). Len Stephenson, 84, English footballer. 30 Jadir Ambrósio, 91, Brazilian musician and composer. Iftikhar Hussain Ansari, 72, Indian Kashmiri cleric, politician and businessman. Billie Barry, Irish dance instructor. Thomas A. Benes, 63, American Marine Corps major general, myelodysplastic syndrome. Kaj Björk, 95, Swedish politician and diplomat. Lidya Buzio, 65, Uruguayan-born American ceramist, cancer. Sandra Cano, 55-57, American anti-abortion activist. Ralph Cosham, 78, British-born American actor (Starman, The Pelican Brief, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion). Victor Crespo, 81, Portuguese politician, President of the Assembly of the Republic (1987–1991). Hama Arba Diallo, 75, Burkinabé politician and diplomat. Roselyn P. Epps, 83, American pediatrician and public health physician. Peter Eriksson, 50, Swedish curler. Erik Hansen, 74, Danish canoeist, Olympic champion (1960). Iemasa Kayumi, 80, Japanese voice actor (Lupin III, One Piece, Astro Boy). Jerrie Mock, 88, American pilot, first woman to fly solo around the world. San W. Orr, Jr., 73, American businessman. Martin Lewis Perl, 87, American physicist, discovered the tau particle, Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (1995), heart attack. Ren Runhou, 56, Chinese businessman and politician. Yevgeny Samsonov, 88, Russian rower, Olympic silver medalist (1952). Sheila Tracy, 80, British broadcaster and musician (Big Band Special). Xu Lizhi, 24, Chinese poet and factory worker, suicide. References 2014-09 09

43677903

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians%20in%20New%20Orleans

Italians in New Orleans

Italians have had a presence in the area since the explorations of the Europeans, Many Sicilians immigrated to New Orleans in the 19th century, traveling on the Palermo-New Orleans route by ship. The number of Italians who immigrated in the late 19th century greatly exceeded those who had come before the American Civil War. Only New York City has a higher population of Sicilian-Americans and Sicilian immigrants than New Orleans. History Economics in Louisiana and Sicily combined to bring about what became known as the Great Migration of thousands of Sicilians. The end of the Civil War allowed the freed men the choice to stay or to go, many chose to leave for higher paying jobs, which in turn led to a perceived scarcity of labor resources for the planters. Northern Italy enjoyed the fruits of modern industrialization, while southern Italy and Sicily suffered destitute conditions under the system of absentee landowners. The peasant was still essentially the serf in the system. Emigration not only offered peasants a chance to move beyond subsistence living, it also offered them a chance to pursue their own dreams of proprietorship as farmers or other business owners. On March 17, 1866, the Louisiana Bureau of Immigration was formed and planters began to look to Sicily as a possible solution to their labor needs. Steamship companies advertisements were very effective in recruiting potential workers. . Three steamships per month were running between New Orleans and Sicily by September 1881 at a cost of only forty dollars per person. In 1890 the ethnic Irish chief of police, David Hennessy was assassinated. Suspicion fell on Italians, whose growing numbers in the city made other whites nervous. The March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings were the largest ever mass lynchings in Louisiana history. The use of the term "mafia" by local media in relation to the murder is the first-known usage of the word in print. Geography "Little Palermo" was established by recent immigrants in the lower French Quarter. So many Italians settled here that some suggested the area should be renamed as "The Sicilian Quarter" in the early 20th century. As time passed and they became established, many Italian-Americans moved out of New Orleans and to the suburbs. Economy Historically many corner stores in New Orleans were owned by Italians. Progresso Foods originated as a New Orleans Italian-American business. The business established by the Vaccaro brothers later became Standard Fruit. After they first arrived, Italian immigrants generally took low-wage laboring jobs, which they could accomplish without being able to speak English. They worked on docks, in macaroni factories, and in nearby sugar plantations. Some went to the French Market to sell fruit. Italian workers became a significant presence in the French Market. Organizations In 1843 the Società Italiana di Mutua Beneficenza was established. The San Bartolomeo Society, established by immigrants from Ustica, was established in 1879. As of 2004 it is the oldest Italian-American society in New Orleans. Joseph Maselli, an ethnic Italian from New Orleans, founded the first pan-U.S. Italian-American federation of organizations. The American Italian Cultural Center honors and celebrates the area's Italian-American heritage and culture. The AICC houses the American Italian Museum, with exhibits about the history and contributions of Italian-Americans to the region. The Piazza d'Italia is a local monument dedicated to the Italian-American community of New Orleans. Recreation On St. Joseph's Day, ethnic Sicilians in the New Orleans area establish altars. On that day marches organized by the Italian-American Marching Club occur. The club, which welcomes anyone of Italian origins, started in 1971 and as of 2004 has more than 1,500 members. Italian Americans originally established the Krewe of Virgilians because they were unable to join other Krewes in the Mardi Gras. In 1936 the krewes crowned their first queen, Marguerite Piazza, who worked in the New Orleans Metropolitan Opera. Cuisine Italians in New Orleans brought with them many dishes from Sicilian cuisine and broader Italian cuisines, which influenced the Cuisine of New Orleans. Many food businesses and restaurants were started by Italians in New Orleans. Progresso, now a large Italian food brand, was started by Sicilian immigrants to New Orleans. Angelo Brocato's an Italian Ice Cream parlor and bakery, established in 1905 by a Sicilian immigrant, is still in existence today. Central Grocery, also founded by a Sicilian immigrant and still in business, originated the muffaletta sandwich, served on the traditional Sicilian muffaletta bread. Notable people Sam Butera Dukes of Dixieland (Frank Assunto, Freddie Assunto, Papa Assunto) Nick LaRocca Carlos Marcello Louis Prima Jackie Dupeire Vaccaro brothers (including Joseph Vaccaro), who established Standard Fruit Joseph N Macaluso Sr Joe & Sal Impastato Robert Maestri Gasper August Trombino Cosimo Matassa Victor H. Schiro Candy Candido References Maselli, Joseph and Dominic Candeloro. Italians in New Orleans (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing, 2004. , 9780738516929. Notes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_N._Macaluso_Sr. Further reading Rimanelli, Marco and Sheryl Lynn Postman. The 1891 New Orleans Lynchings and U.S.-Italian Relations: A Look Back (Volume 2 of Studies in Southern Italian and Italian-American Culture). P. Lang, 1992. , 9780820416724. - See Google Books profile Falco, Ed. "When Italian immigrants were 'the other'" (Opinion) (Archive). CNN. July 10, 2012. External links American Italian Museum (AICC) American Italian Cultural Center Ethnic groups in New Orleans History of New Orleans Italian-American culture in Louisiana Italian-American history

43678825

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2014%2C%201891%20New%20Orleans%20lynchings

March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

The March 14, 1891, New Orleans lynchings were the murders of 11 Italian Americans and Italian immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana, by a mob for their alleged role in the murder of city police chief David Hennessy after some of them had been acquitted at trial. It was one of the largest single mass lynchings in American history. Most of the lynching victims accused in the murder had been rounded up and charged baselessly due only to their Italian ethnicity. The lynching took place the day after the trial of nine of the nineteen men indicted in Hennessy's murder. Six of these defendants were acquitted, and a mistrial was declared for the remaining three because the jury failed to agree on their verdicts. There was widespread suspicion in the city that an Italian network of criminals was responsible for the killing of the police chief, in a period of anti-Italian sentiment and rising crime. Believing the jury had been bribed, a mob broke into the jail where the men were being held and killed eleven of the prisoners, most by shooting. The mob outside the jail numbered in the thousands and included some of the city's most prominent citizens. American press coverage of the event was largely congratulatory, and those responsible for the lynching were never charged. The incident had serious national repercussions. The Italian consul Pasquale Corte in New Orleans registered a protest and left the city in May 1891 at his government's direction. The New York Times published his lengthy statement charging city politicians with responsibility for the lynching of the Italians. Italy cut off diplomatic relations with the United States, sparking rumors of war. Increased anti-Italian sentiment led to calls for restrictions on immigration. The word "Mafia" entered the American lexicon, and the awareness of the Italian mafioso became established in the popular imagination of Americans. The lynchings were the subject of the 1999 HBO film Vendetta, starring Christopher Walken. The film is based on a 1977 history book of the same name by Richard Gambino. Background Anti-Italian sentiment in New Orleans In late 19th-century America, there was a growing prejudice against Italians, who had entered to fill the demand for more labor. They were immigrating to the American South, particularly Florida and Louisiana, in large numbers because of poor conditions at home and to fill the shortage of labor created by the end of slavery and the preference of freedmen to work on their own accounts as sharecroppers. Sugar planters, in particular, sought workers who were more compliant than former slaves; they hired immigrant recruiters to bring Italians to southern Louisiana. In the 1890s, thousands of Italians were arriving in New Orleans each year. Many settled in the French Quarter, which by the early 20th century became known as "Little Sicily." In a letter responding to an inquiry about immigration in New Orleans, Mayor Joseph A. Shakspeare expressed the common anti-Italian prejudice, complaining that the city had become attractive to "the worst classes of Europe: Southern Italians and Sicilians...the most idle, vicious, and worthless people among us." He claimed they were "filthy in their persons and homes" and blamed them for the spread of disease, concluding that they were "without courage, honor, truth, pride, religion, or any quality that goes to make a good citizen.". Assassination of David Hennessy On the evening of October 15, 1890, New Orleans police chief David Hennessy was shot by several gunmen as he walked home from work. Hennessy returned fire and chased his attackers before collapsing. When asked who had shot him, Hennessy reportedly whispered to Captain William O'Connor, "Dagoes" (a derogatory term for Italians and others of Mediterranean heritage). Hennessy was awake in the hospital for several hours after the shooting, and spoke to friends, but did not name the shooters. The next day complications set in and he died. There had been an ongoing feud between the Provenzano and Mantranga families, who were business rivals on the New Orleans waterfront. Hennessy had put several of the Provenzanos in prison, and their appeal trial was coming up. According to some reports, Hennessy had been planning to offer new evidence at the trial that would clear the Provenzanos and implicate the Mantrangas. If true, this would mean that the Mantrangas, and not the Provenzanos, had a motive for the murder. A policeman who was a friend of Hennessy's later testified that Hennessy had told him he had no such plans. In any case, it was widely believed that Hennessy's killers were Italian. Local papers such as the Times-Democrat and the Daily Picayune freely blamed "Dagoes" for the murder. Investigation The murder was quickly followed by mass arrests of local Italians. Mayor Joseph A. Shakspeare (according to the Picayune) told the police to "scour the whole neighborhood. Arrest every Italian you come across." Within 24 hours, 45 people had been arrested. By some accounts, as many as 250 Italians were rounded up. Most were eventually released for lack of evidence. Local Italians were afraid to leave their homes for several days after the murder, but eventually the furor died down and they returned to work. Nineteen men were ultimately charged with the murder or as accessories and held without bail in the Parish Prison. These included Charles Mantranga, who was charged with plotting the murder, and several of the Mantrangas' friends and workers. Pietro Monasterio, a shoemaker, was arrested because he lived across the street from where Hennessy was standing when he was shot. Antonio Marchesi, a fruit peddler, was arrested because he was a friend of Monasterio's and "was known to frequent his shoe shop." Emmanuele Polizzi was arrested when a policeman identified him as one of the men he had seen running from the scene of the crime. A few days after Hennessy's death, Mayor Shakspeare gave a speech declaring that Hennessy had been "the victim of Sicilian vengeance" and calling upon the citizenry to "teach these people a lesson they will not forget." He appointed a Committee of Fifty to investigate "the existence of secret societies or bands of oath-bound assassins...and to devise necessary means and the most effectual and speedy measures for the uprooting and total annihilation" of any such organizations. On October 23, the committee published an open letter to the Italian community encouraging them to expose the criminals amongst them anonymously. The letter ended on a menacing note: We hope this appeal will be met by you in the same spirit in which we issue it, and that this community will not be driven to harsh and stringent methods outside of the law, which may involve the innocent and guilty alike...Upon you and your willingness to give information depends which of these courses shall be pursued. The letter was signed by the Committee's chairman, Edgar H. Farrar, who later served as president of the American Bar Association. Other prominent members of the Committee included General Algernon S. Badger, Judge Robert C. Davey, politician Walter C. Flower, Colonel James Lewis, and architect Thomas Sully. The Committee of Fifty hired two private detectives to pose as prisoners and try to get the defendants to talk about the murder. Apparently the detectives did not obtain any useful information, because they were not asked to testify at the trial. Only Polizzi, who appeared to be mentally ill, said anything to incriminate himself, and his confession was deemed inadmissible. Meanwhile, the defendants were subject to extremely negative pretrial publicity. Across the country, newspapers ran headlines such as "Vast Mafia in New Orleans" and "1,100 Dago Criminals". Several shotguns were found near the scene of the crime. One was a muzzle-loading shotgun, a type which was widely used in New Orleans and throughout the South, but which police claimed was a "favorite" of Italians. Another had a hinged stock. Local newspapers reported that such guns were imported from Italy; in fact they were manufactured by the W. Richards Company. Spurred to action by the popular accounts of Hennessy's murder, a 29-year-old newspaper salesman named Thomas Duffy walked into the prison on October 17, 1890, sought out Antonio Scaffidi, who he had heard was a suspect, and shot him in the neck with a revolver. Scaffidi survived the attack, only to be lynched a few months later. Duffy was eventually convicted of assault and sentenced to six months in prison. Murder trial A trial for nine of the suspects began on February 16, 1891, and concluded on March 13, 1891, with Judge Joshua G. Baker presiding. The defendants were represented by Lionel Adams of the law firm Adams and O'Malley, and the state by district attorney Charles A. Luzenberg. Jury selection was a time-consuming process: Hundreds of prospective jurors were rejected before 12 people were found who were not opposed to capital punishment, were not openly prejudiced against Italians, and were not of Italian descent themselves. Much of the evidence presented at trial was weak or contradictory. The murder had taken place on a poorly lit street on a damp night, in a notoriously corrupt city, and the eyewitness testimony was unreliable. Suspects were identified by witnesses who had not seen their faces, but only their clothing. Captain Bill O'Connor, the witness who claimed to have heard Hennessy blame "Dagoes" for the assassination, was not called to testify. There were numerous other discrepancies and improprieties. At one point, two employees of the defense law firm were arrested for attempting to bribe prospective jurors. Afterward, when federal district attorney William Grant looked into the case, he reported that the evidence against the men was "exceedingly unsatisfactory" and inconclusive. He could find no evidence linking any of the lynched men to the Mafia, or to any attempts to bribe the jury. The bribery charges were eventually dismissed. Mantranga and another man, Bastian Incardona, were found not guilty by directed verdict, as no evidence had been presented against them. The jury declared four of the defendants not guilty, and asked the judge to declare a mistrial for the other three, as they could not agree on a verdict. The six who were acquitted were not released, but were held pending an additional charge of "lying in wait" with intent to commit murder. Luzenberg admitted that without a murder conviction, he would be forced to drop the "lying in wait" charges. But all nine men were returned to the prison—a decision which would prove fatal for some of them. The jurors were given the option to leave by a side door, but chose to walk out the front door and face the angry crowd. Several defended their decision to reporters, arguing that they had "reasonable doubt" and had done what they thought was right. Some were harassed, threatened, fired from their jobs, and otherwise penalized for failing to convict the Italians. Incitement A group of about 150 people, calling themselves the Committee on Safety (referring to the Revolutionary War era), met that evening to plan their response. The following morning an ad appeared in local newspapers calling for a mass meeting at the statue of Henry Clay, near the prison. Citizens were told to "come prepared for action." The Daily States editorialized: Rise, people of New Orleans! Alien hands of oath-bound assassins have set the blot of a martyr's blood upon your vaunted civilization! Your laws, in the very Temple of Justice, have been bought off, and suborners have caused to be turned loose upon your streets the midnight murderers of David C. Hennessy, in whose premature grave the very majesty of our American law lies buried with his mangled corpse — the corpse of him who in life was the representative, the conservator of your peace and dignity. As thousands of demonstrators gathered near the Parish Prison, Pasquale Corte, the Italian consul in New Orleans, sought the help of Louisiana governor Francis T. Nicholls to prevent an outbreak of violence. The governor declined to take any action without a request from Mayor Shakspeare, who had gone out to breakfast and could not be reached. Meanwhile, at the Clay statue, attorney William S. Parkerson was exhorting the people of New Orleans to "set aside the verdict of that infamous jury, every one of whom is a perjurer and a scoundrel." When the speech was over, the multi-racial crowd marched to the prison, chanting, "We want the Dagoes." Lynching Inside the prison, as the mob was breaking down the door with a battering ram, prison warden Lemuel Davis let the 19 Italian prisoners out of their cells and told them to hide as best they could. Although the thousands of demonstrators outside for the lynching were a spontaneous outburst, the killings were carried out by a relatively small, disciplined "execution squad" within the mob, led by Parkerson and three other city leaders: Walter Denegre, lawyer; James D. Houston, politician and businessman; and John C. Wickliffe, editor of the New Delta newspaper. Other members of the lynch mob included John M. Parker, who was elected as Louisiana's 37th governor, and Walter C. Flower, who was elected as the 44th mayor of New Orleans. The mentally ill Polizzi was hauled outside, hanged from a lamppost, and shot. Antonio Bagnetto, a fruit peddler, was hanged from a tree and shot. Nine others were shot or clubbed to death inside the prison. The bullet-riddled bodies of Polizzi and Bagnetto were left hanging for hours. Victims The following people were lynched: Antonio Bagnetto, fruit peddler: Tried and acquitted. James Caruso, stevedore: Not tried. Loreto Comitz, tinsmith: Not tried. Rocco Geraci, stevedore: Not tried. Joseph Macheca, fruit importer and Democratic Party political boss: Tried and acquitted. Antonio Marchesi, fruit peddler: Tried and acquitted. Pietro Monasterio, cobbler: Mistrial. Emmanuele Polizzi, street vendor: Mistrial. Frank Romero, ward politician: Not tried. Antonio Scaffidi, fruit peddler: Mistrial. Charles Traina, rice plantation laborer: Not tried. The following people managed to escape lynching by hiding inside the prison: John Caruso, stevedore: Not tried. Bastian Incardona, laborer: Tried and acquitted. Gaspare Marchesi, 14, son of Antonio Marchesi: Tried and acquitted. Charles Mantranga, labor manager: Tried and acquitted. Peter Natali, laborer: Not tried. Charles Pietza (or Pietzo), grocer: Not tried. Charles Patorno, merchant: Not tried. Salvatore Sinceri, stevedore: Not tried. The court and district attorney set the survivors free after the lynching, and dropped the charges against the men who had not yet been tried. One of the victims, Polizzi, had a police record in the U.S., having reportedly cut a man with a knife in Austin, Texas, several years earlier. Two others had police records in Italy: Geraci had been accused of murder and had fled before he could be tried, and Comitz had been convicted of theft. Incardona was wanted in Italy as a petty criminal. Three of the men—Comitz, Monasterio, and Traina—had not applied for U.S. citizenship and could still be considered Italian subjects. All of those lynched were Sicilian immigrants except for Macheca, a Louisiana native of Sicilian descent, and Comitz, who was from the Rome area. Shortly after Hennessy's death, the Daily States informed readers that the suspects were "a villainous looking set" and described their appearance in ethnic terms, concluding, "They are not Italians, but Sicilians." Most anti-Italian hostility in the United States was directed at Southern Italians, particularly Sicilians. This was especially true in the American South, where Southern Italians were not considered full-fledged members of the "white race". The U.S. Bureau of Immigration reinforced this distinction, following the Italian practice of classifying Northern and Southern Italians as two different races. Between 1890 and 1910, Sicilians made up less than 4 percent of the white male population, yet were roughly 40 percent of the white victims of Southern lynch mobs. Before that, many white victims were ethnic Irish. They often had peripheral positions, working on construction of levees and railroads, and as farm workers. Macheca's personal history complicates this view of Sicilians as victims of white racism. He was born in 1843 to Sicilian parents in Louisiana, and adopted and raised by a Maltese man named Macheca. During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate army. In 1868, either Macheca or his adoptive father led a group of Sicilians in a violent, anti-black demonstration. Although not a member of the White League, as a captain of the First Louisiana Infantry Regiment, Macheca fought in the Battle of Liberty Place on the same side as the Crescent City White League in 1874. He was the leader of a group of Sicilians who called themselves "The Innocents"; depending on the source, this group was either a murderous gang of white supremacists, a precursor to the Louisiana Mafia, or a security force hired to protect Macheca and his businesses. The racial politics are further complicated by the fact that the 1891 lynch mob included some black residents. In addition, Colonel James Lewis, a member of the elite Committee of Fifty, was a mixed-race African-American man who had been an officer in the Louisiana Native Guard and a leader in the Republican Party. Aftermath Press coverage American newspaper accounts at the time were largely sympathetic to the lynchers, and anti-Italian in tone. The victims were presumed to have been involved with the Mafia, a criminal organisation that dealt in theft, terror and murder, and therefore deserving of their fate. A New York Times headline announced, "Chief Hennessy Avenged...Italian Murderers Shot Down". A Times editorial the next day vilified Sicilians in general: These sneaking and cowardly Sicilians, the descendants of bandits and assassins, who have transported to this country the lawless passions, the cut-throat practices, and the oath-bound societies of their native country, are to us a pest without mitigation. Our own rattlesnakes are as good citizens as they...Lynch law was the only course open to the people of New Orleans. Many commentators offered a pro forma condemnation of vigilantism before ultimately blaming the victims and defending the lynchers. Massachusetts representative Henry Cabot Lodge, for example, claimed to deplore the mob's behavior, and then proceeded to justify it while proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration. Even the London Times expressed approval. Not all editors were convinced of the mob's innocence. The Charleston News and Courier argued that murder by vigilantes was no more acceptable than any other kind. The St. Louis Republic wrote that the men were killed "on proof of being 'dagoes' and on the merest suspicion of being guilty of any other crime." Some Northern newspapers also condemned the lynchings. Many others, however, implicitly or explicitly condoned them. A Boston Globe front-page headline read, "STILETTO RULE: New Orleans Arose to Meet the Curse." Boston was another industrial city that had been receiving many immigrants from Southern Italy. Following strong protests by the Italian government and the Italian-American community, the press eventually became less supportive of the lynchers. Criminal charges A grand jury convened on March 17, 1891, to investigate the lynching. Judge Robert H. Marr, who presided over the jury, was a longtime personal friend of several of the lynch mob participants. On May 5, 1891, the grand jury published a report concluding that several jurors in the Hennessy case had been bribed to acquit the Italians. No proof was offered and no criminal charges were pursued. The grand jury claimed that it could not identify the participants in the lynching. In the same report, the lynching was described as a "gathering" of "several thousands of the first, best, and even the most law-abiding, of the citizens of this city." No one was indicted. Only Thomas Duffy, the newspaper salesman who had shot Scaffidi in October, was penalized. Duffy was serving time in the Parish Prison at the time of the lynching. After the Hennessy case, at least eight more men of Italian descent were lynched in Louisiana during the 1890s. In each case, as was typical of lynchings, local authorities claimed to be unable to identify anyone involved and never prosecuted anyone for the murders. Political repercussions The incident strained relations between the U.S. and Italy. The Italian consul Pasquale Corte left New Orleans in late May 1891 and the New York Times published his statement accusing the city politicians of responsibility for the lynchings. The Italian government demanded that the lynch mob be brought to justice and that reparations be paid to the dead men's families. When the U.S. declined to prosecute the mob leaders, Italy recalled its ambassador from Washington in protest. The U.S. followed suit, recalling its legation from Rome. Diplomatic relations remained at an impasse for over a year, and there were rumors of a declaration of war on America as a result of the murders. As part of a wider effort to ease tensions with Italy and placate Italian Americans, President Benjamin Harrison declared the first nationwide celebration of Columbus Day in 1892, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the Italian explorer's landing in the New World. When President Harrison agreed to pay a $25,000 indemnity to the victims' families, Congress tried unsuccessfully to intervene against the reparations, accusing him of "unconstitutional executive usurpation of Congressional powers". The U.S. paid $2,211.90 to each family of the eleven victims. The contrasting American and Italian attitudes toward the lynchings are perhaps best summarized by Theodore Roosevelt's comment. Roosevelt, then serving on the United States Civil Service Commission, wrote to his sister Anna Roosevelt Cowles on March 21, 1891: Monday we dined at the Camerons; various dago diplomats were present, all much wrought up by the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans. Personally I think it rather a good thing, and said so. The incident has been mostly forgotten in the U.S., relegated to the footnotes of American history texts. However, it is more widely known in Italy. Mayor Shakspeare was narrowly defeated for reelection in 1892, with the Italian-American vote a decisive factor. Gaspare Marchesi, the boy who survived by hiding in the prison while his father was lynched, was awarded $5,000 in damages in 1893 after suing the city of New Orleans. The death of Hennessy became a rallying cry for law enforcement and nativists to halt the immigration of Italians into America. In an influential essay, Henry Cabot Lodge pointed out that "the paupers and criminals of Europe" were "pouring into the United States" and proposed a literacy test to weed out the least desirable immigrants. The Hennessy case introduced the word "Mafia" to the American public. It first made widely known the now-familiar image of the Italian-American mafioso. Journalists of the time used the word "Mafia" loosely, to sell newspapers, often linking the crimes of individual Italians to organized crime when no evidence of such a connection existed for that particular crime. After the lynching, newspapers circulated wild rumors that thousands of Italian Americans were plotting to attack New Orleans, and were wrecking railroads in New York and Chicago. The press reported that the defense lawyers in the Hennessy case were paid by the Mafia, when Italian-language newspapers in cities across the country had raised funds for the men's legal defense. Soon historians were applying the "Mafia" label retroactively to crimes committed by Italians in the past. For decades after the lynching, New Orleans children of other ethnicities would taunt Italian Americans with the phrase, "Who killa de chief?" Books and films For the better part of a century, most historians relied on contemporary newspaper accounts as their primary sources of information about the lynching, seldom questioning the guilt of the lynched men or the popular assumption that Hennessy's murder was a Mafia assassination. In the 1970s, two studies by Italian Americans challenged the prevailing view. Humbert Nelli, a professor of history at the University of Kentucky, examines the Hennessy case in a chapter of The Business of Crime (1976). Nelli demonstrates that the evidence against the men was weak, and argues that the murder was too poorly planned and amateurish to have been a Mafia hit. In a chapter on crime in New Orleans, he claims that although crime flourished among the city's Southern Italians at the time, it could not accurately be attributed to mafiosi. In Vendetta: The True Story of the Largest Lynching in U.S. History (1977), Richard Gambino, a professor at City University of New York, raises numerous questions about the investigation and trial, and proposes an alternative theory about Hennessy's murder. Among other things, Gambino notes that Hennessy had a "colorful" past that provided any number of possible motives to be subject to murder, none of which the police chose to investigate. He also notes that shortly after the lynching, the city passed an ordinance giving control of all New Orleans dock work to the newly formed Louisiana Construction and Improvement Corporation, a business headed by several of the lynch mob leaders. Italian waterfront merchants and workers, who had been making remarkable economic progress up to then, were thus eliminated as competitors. The 1999 HBO movie Vendetta, starring Christopher Walken and directed by Nicholas Meyer, is based on Gambino's book. It portrays Macheca and several of the other lynched men as innocent victims. It is narrated by the character of Gaspare Marchesi, the boy who escaped being lynched by hiding in the prison. Reviewers have criticized Gambino's language as sensational and partisan while acknowledging the book's merits. Writing in the Journal of American History in 1977, Raymond Nussbaum (an alumnus of Tulane University) suggested that historians looking for a balanced account of the lynching look elsewhere. In a film review that appeared in the same journal in 2000, Clive Webb calls the movie a "compelling portrait of prejudice" and recommends that historians consult the book for more information. The lynching is discussed in the 2004 documentary, Linciati: Lynchings of Italians in America, directed by M. Heather Hartley. Lynchings of Italians are also mentioned in various documentaries on the Italian-American experience. Tuskegee Institute has recorded the lynchings of 3,446 blacks and 1,297 whites between 1882 and 1968, with the peak occurring in the 1890s. See also Italians in New Orleans Anti-Italianism in the United States Italian Americans: Discrimination and stereotyping Lynching in the United States Italy–United States relations Sacco and Vanzetti Notes References Sources Books Articles Further reading Articles from the 1930s The studies by Coxe and Kendall have been widely cited, both as sources and as examples of uncritical acceptance of the "Sicilian Mafia" thesis. Fiction Accordion Crimes by E. Annie Proulx. This 1996 novel begins in the 19th century, as a Sicilian accordion-maker comes to the USA in search of better opportunities. He is shot by an anti-Italian lynch mob and his accordion is passed along, becoming the center of events like a cat with nine lives. External links 1891 murders in the United States 19th century in New Orleans Lynching deaths in Louisiana 1891 in Louisiana Crimes in New Orleans Italian-American culture in Louisiana Italian-American history White American riots in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana Anti-Italian sentiment Italy–United States relations Racially motivated violence against European Americans March 1891 events

43721023

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration%20of%2020%20June%201792

Demonstration of 20 June 1792

The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 () was the last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and attempt to follow what they believed to be a more empathetic approach to governing. The demonstration occurred during the French Revolution. Its objectives were to convince the government to enforce the Legislative Assembly's rulings, defend France against foreign invasion, and preserve the spirit of the French Constitution of 1791. The demonstrators hoped that the king would withdraw his veto and recall the Girondin ministers. The Demonstration was the last phase of the unsuccessful attempt to establish a constitutional monarchy in France. After the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, the monarchy fell. Background Under the Girondin ministry, on 20 April 1792, war was declared against Austria. The resulting war, which would last almost continuously until 1815 and shake the very foundations of Europe, put new life into the revolutionary movement in France. The monarchy was its first victim. Of even greater consequence was a major economic crisis. As it struck France's towns, it again set the masses in motion. The crisis was caused by inflation rather than scarcity as past crises, as the currency in circulation had increased by 600 million since October 1792. With continued depreciation of the assignat, the exchange rate fell even more rapidly. By March 1793, French money once worth British £100 would buy only £50 worth of goods in Paris. The flood of paper notes, misused by speculators, aggravated unrest. Military setbacks France declared war on the King of Bohemia and Hungary (Austria) on 20 April 1792. The French troops and their leadership were inadequate from the beginning, leaving the French army in a state of total disarray. The front-line regiments were insufficiently strong because most men preferred to enlist in volunteer battalions, which were better paid, elected their own officers, and could disband after the campaign. But despite these attractions, even the volunteer battalions were slow to form. Few volunteers were truly motivated to fight. Frequently, National Guardsmen, not wishing to leave their homes, offered bonuses to convince others to take their place and to muster the necessary quotas. Consequently, it took time for a sufficient quantity of men to enlist. Equipment was furnished by local authorities but arrived slowly, and insufficient arms were available. French general Charles François Dumouriez thought the army could get its training in combat. He argued that the enemy had no more than 30,000 men to throw into a campaign, and that foreign troops would be arranged in a cordon from the sea to Lorraine. He proposed to break through this barrier: one column each from Furnes, Lille, Valenciennes, and Givet, totalling more than 50,000 men, would set out on 29 April towards the enemy line. The other generals, however, were trained for regular war and rejected this plan. Additionally, the officers distrusted their undisciplined troops, while the troops were suspicious of their generals in return. Out of 9,000 officers, at least half had already emigrated, and a few more deserted on the eve of the offensive. In May, several others took three regiments into the enemy camp. The first military confrontation, the capture of Porrentruy in Switzerland on 28 April, was a small French success. However, in the Battle of Marquain in the Austrian Netherlands on 29 April, Théobald Dillon and Armand Louis de Gontaut ordered a retreat at the sight of the first Austrian troops. Their men cried treason and disbanded; Dillon was murdered at Lille. The generals blamed these setbacks on a lack of discipline and on a ministry that tolerated such conditions. In reply, the Gironde ordered Dillon's murderers prosecuted, along with Jean-Paul Marat, who had been exhorting the soldiers to get rid of their generals. A new decree tightened military justice and authorized the generals to issue regulations bearing penalties for infractions. The decree undeniably marked a surrender of legislative power, but to no avail. On 18 May, the leaders of the armies, meeting at Valenciennes, disregarded repeated orders from the ministry and declared an offensive impossible, advising the king to make immediate peace. As a result, the generals suspended the offensive. In May, a whole corps, the Royal-Allemand, defected to the enemy. Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, commander of the Armée du Nord, resigned. Assembly member Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette went as far as deliberate treachery. Secretly, he proposed to the Austrians that fighting should be suspended so that he could turn his army against Paris in order to disperse the Jacobins and establish a strong regime. Decrees of the Assembly The Girondins saw no choice but to fall back on the policy of intimidation that had brought them to power. With this goal in mind, the Assembly passed three decrees. The first decree was directed against the priests who had refused the oath to the civil constitution. Religious disturbances necessitated some decisive action against them, as the state could not be preserved if it continued treating as members of society those who were evidently seeking to dissolve it. One proposal suggested assembling the non-juring priests in the capitals of the departments, but this would have meant creating eighty-three centers of discord, fanaticism, and counter-revolution. The majority of the Assembly concluded the country must be purged. After several days of discussion, fearing the overthrow of the constitution, the Assembly passed the following decree on 27 May 1792: "When twenty active citizens of a canton shall demand that a nonjuring priest leave the realm, the directory of the department must order his deportation if the directory agrees with the petition. If the directory does not agree with the demand of the twenty citizens, it shall determine through committees whether the presence of the priest is a threat to public peace, and if the opinion of the committee supports the demand of the twenty petitioners, the deportation shall be ordered." This decree made the clergy choose between the oath to the constitution and deportation. This measure was followed by another directed against the king's bodyguards. The guard had revealed anti-revolutionary sentiments and had uttered threats against the Assembly. The guard was believed to be royalist in its sympathies; wholly devoted to the person of the king; hostile to the government; and wholly lacking in esprit de corps. Assembly member Claude Basire proposed the guard's dissolution, charging its officers with orgies and a plan for carrying away the king. He asked to be allowed to give proof of his accusations the next day. Meanwhile, fellow Assembly member François Chabot declared that he had 182 documents proving the existence of a plot to dissolve the Assembly, set for 27 May. In response, the Assembly decreed that its sessions should be continuous; that the Paris guard should be doubled; and that Paris's mayor, Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, should be required to make a daily report on the state of the capital city. Regarding the king's bodyguards, Assembly member Marguerite-Élie Guadet articulated three arguments for the guard's dissolution: first, that it was illegally organized; second, that its chiefs sought to inspire revolt; and third, that the majority favored a counter-revolution. On 29 May 1792, the Assembly decreed that the guard should be dissolved and its commander, the Duc de Brissac, arrested. This decree was executed immediately. The third decree provided for a camp of 20,000 fédérés (volunteers from the countryside) to be assembled on 14 June near Paris. French general Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey made this proposition on 4 June, reportedly without consulting either his colleagues or the king. He argued that the initiative was necessary to establish tranquility in the country. The decree itself stated that its purpose was to improve fraternity between the departments of France. However, discussions in the Assembly indicated that the decree's purpose was to ensure public security. As allies were approaching from without and enemies of the constitution were plotting from within, Paris and the Assembly needed protection. Fall of the Girondin Ministry King Louis refused to sacrifice the non-juring priests or to authorize the establishment of a military camp of fédérés. On 12 June 1792, a letter from Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière, Louis' Minister of the Interior, urged the King to yield on these two points, stating that his refusal would provoke the fall of the throne and a massacre of the aristocrats. The next day, the King dismissed Roland, along with Étienne Clavière, his Minister of Finance, and General Servan. On 15 June, General Dumouriez's reception by the Assembly was hostile enough to convince him that he would be arraigned. Since the King insisted on approving only the decree disbanding his guard, Dumouriez resigned and left to rejoin the Army of the North. The Feuillants returned to power in a new ministry. On 18 June, Lafayette, judging that the moment had come, called on the Assembly to destroy the democratic movement, declaring: "[The] Constitution of France [is] threatened by seditious groups within the country as well as by its enemies abroad." The King's use of the royal veto, his dismissal of the Girondin ministers, and the formation of a Feuillant ministry all served to show that he and the generals were attempting to enforce the political program advocated by the followers of Lafayette and Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth. They were seeking to get rid of the Jacobin threat, revise the Constitution so as to reinforce royal authority, and bring the war to an end by making a deal with the enemy. Journée du 20 juin Faced with the threat of a coup from either the royal family or the Feuillants, the Girondins tried to make use of the popular dynamism evident in sections of Paris. The Parisian mayor, Pétion, was sympathetic to their cause and helped the Girondins in these attempts. The anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath on 20 June was approaching. Sergent and Panis, the administrators of police sent out by Pétion, reached the Faubourg Saint-Antoine at about 8 o'clock. They urged the people to lay down their weapons, telling them it was illegal to present a petition in arms. The people refused to abandon their arms and said they did not intend to attack the Assembly or the King. They said they had two objectives: to form a procession for the twenty legal petitioners who wished to present a petition to the Assembly and the King, and to celebrate the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath by planting a maypole in military fashion. By five o'clock in the morning on 20 June, groups had formed in the Faubourgs Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marcel, consisting of National Guardsmen, pikemen, gunners with their cannon, men armed with sabers or clubs, women, and children. Other armed petitioners had already appeared before the National Assembly. To prove to the city officials that they had no desire to riot, they invited the officials to join the procession and march along with them. The Legislative Assembly met about noon on the 20th, but did not turn its attention first to the threatened uprising. After some other business had been discussed, the president announced that the directory of the department wished to be admitted. The directory had shown great interest in trying to prevent the procession and had been in session since four o'clock in the morning. Pierre Louis Roederer, the procureur of the Paris department, brought the news about the mass protest to the Assembly. However, in the meantime, the crowd had reached the doors of the Assembly hall, the Salle du Manège. Their leaders asked permission to enter and present a petition. A violent debate arose between the Right, who were unwilling to admit the armed petitioners, and the Left, who, on the grounds of custom, wished to receive them. Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud argued that the Assembly would violate every principle by admitting armed bands; however, he admitted that it was impossible to deny a request in this case that had been granted in so many others. A majority of the representatives agreed that the petitioners should be allowed in. However, the crowd had already thronged the passages when the Assembly decided to admit them. The deputation was introduced. The deputation's spokesman, Sulpice Huguenin, expressed himself in threatening language. He said that the people were agitated; that they were ready to make use of the means stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to resist oppression; that the dissenting members of the assembly, if there were any, wanted to destroy liberty and go to Koblenz. Then, returning to the true object of the petition, he added: "The executive power is not in union with you; we require no other proof of it than the dismissal of the patriot ministers. It is thus, then, that the happiness of a free nation shall depend on the caprice of a king! But should this king have any other will than that of the law? The people will have it so, and the life of the people is as valuable as that of crowned despots. That life is the genealogical tree of the nation, and the feeble reed must bend before this sturdy oak! We complain, gentlemen, of the inactivity of our armies; we require you to learn the cause of this; if it springs from the executive power, let that power be destroyed!" The Assembly answered that it would take the petitioners' request into consideration; it then urged them to respect the law and the legal authorities, and allowed them to march before the Assembly. Led by General Antoine Joseph Santerre, thirty thousand people, waving revolutionary banners and symbols, sang, as they traversed the hall, the famous chorus, Ça ira, and cried: "Vive la nation!" "Vivent les sans-culottes!" "À bas le veto!" On leaving the Assembly, the group proceeded to the King's chateau in the Tuileries Palace, led by the petitioners. The outer doors were opened at the King's command, and the crowd rushed in. They ascended to the apartments, and while they were forcing the doors open with hatchets, the King ordered them to be opened, and appeared before the crowd, accompanied by a few persons. Louis XVI was placed in the recess of a window. Surrounded by National Guardsmen, who formed a barrier against the mob, and seated on a chair placed on a table, Louis remained calm and firm. The crowd urged Louis to approve the decrees he had rejected. Louis responded: "This is neither the method nor the moment to obtain it of me." Attempting to mollify the mob, he placed on his head a red cap presented to him on the top of a pike. The crowd viewed this as a sign of humility. He then drank a glass of wine given to him by a half-drunken workman, and received strong applause. Meanwhile, Assembly members Vergniaud and Maximin Isnard, along with a few deputies of the Gironde, had moved forward to protect the King and attempt to calm the mob. The Assembly, which had just met, convened again quickly, terrified at this outbreak, and dispatched several successive delegations to try to protect Louis XVI. Eventually the mayor himself, Pétion, arrived; he mounted a chair, harangued the people, and urged them to withdraw quietly. The people obeyed. Thus, these singular insurgents, whose only aim was to obtain decrees and ministers, retired without achieving their mission. Aftermath The demonstrators of 20 June did not obtain the immediate successes they had hoped for. The day's events were disowned by the Left of the Legislature, by the future Girondins, and by the Jacobins. Louis XVI, who had promised nothing, did not withdraw his veto. The petitioners thought they had converted him to the Revolution; instead, they found him to be embittered, humiliated, and irremediably hostile. Europe saw the King insulted and treated as a prisoner. In parts of France, royalism regained popularity. A large number of departmental administrations protested against the insult offered to the majesty of royalty. Lafayette, leaving his army, visited the Assembly on 28 June, demanding in the name of his soldiers that the Assembly take action against the protesters, and "destroy a sect capable of infringing the national sovereignty." But on 2 July came the news that the Army of the North was in retreat and was falling back on Lille and Valenciennes. This made all the distrust and anxiety of the petitioners of 20 June seem justified. In the Assembly on 3 July, Vergniaud denounced all the "treasonous" acts of Louis XVI. He recalled the royal veto, the disturbances it had caused in the provinces, and the deliberate inaction of the generals who had opened the way to invasion. Furthermore, he suggested to the Assembly – though by implication rather than directly – that Louis XVI might qualify under the Constitution as being "considered to have abdicated his royal office." Thus, he put the idea of deposing the King into the public's minds. His speech, which made an enormous impression, was circulated by the Assembly through all the departments of France. It was now certain that there would be a more violent sequel to the demonstration of 20 June 1792. Jacobin Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne outlined a program for the next insurrection: exile the King, dismiss the generals, elect a National Convention, transfer the royal veto to the people, deport all public enemies, and exempt the poor from taxation. This program was repeated, almost unchanged, in a strongly worded manifesto drawn up by Robespierre, and proclaimed by a federal orator before the House. The real question was how it would be carried out. The answer came on 10 August 1792 with the storming of the Tuileries Palace. See also Girondins Sans-culottes Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly Jacobin Club Lafayette The insurrection of 10 August 1792 References Sources 1792 events of the French Revolution French Revolution Protests in France Riots and civil disorder in France

43798827

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Young%20%28musician%29

Robert Young (musician)

Robert "Throb" Young (19 November 1964 – 9 September 2014) was a Scottish musician. He was a member of the alternative rock band Primal Scream from 1984 to 2006. Career Young met Primal Scream singer Bobby Gillespie when they were both studying at King's Park Secondary School in Glasgow, and he joined the band in 1984. He performed on every Primal Scream album until his departure in 2006. He was originally the bass player. Primal Scream's debut album, Sonic Flower Groove, was released in 1987. After the album was released, guitarist Jim Beattie left the band and Young took over that role. Following 2006's Riot City Blues, Young left the band. According to Gillespie, this was to deal with "problems in his personal life". Young also played bass on Felt's 1989 album Me and a Monkey on the Moon. Personal life Young was married twice, divorced from his first wife Anita Laugharne. He had two sons, Brandon and Miles, with a former partner. At the time of his death, he was married to his second wife, Rachel. Death Young was found dead in his flat in Hove, East Sussex on the afternoon of 9 September 2014. His death was announced two days later on 11 September. At the time of his death, Young was 49 years old. A police spokeswoman stated that his death was not being treated as suspicious. Primal Scream's Gillespie and Andrew Innes wrote: We have lost our comrade and brother Robert Young. A beautiful and deeply soulful man. He was an irreplaceable talent, much admired amongst his peers. In the words of Johnny Marr, "Throb with a gold top Les Paul – unbeatable". He was a true rock and roller. He walked the walk. He had "Heart & Soul" tattooed on his arm and I'm sure on his heart too. He once said to me, "When we go onstage, it's a war between us and the audience". He never let go of that attitude. A cause of death has not been officially announced. However, Alan McGee, who was a manager for Primal Scream, has suggested that it was a result of drug or alcohol abuse: He was the wildest of them all and he was the strongest so it's ironic that we all ended up sober and he fought his demons. Bobby [Gillespie] and me ended up sober, [Andrew] Innes is practically sober and even Tim Abbot is sober but unfortunately the strongest one didn’t end up sober and it’s ironic and heartbreaking that the strongest one physically, died at 49. He was a truly beautiful, gentle person. I guess it's that old cliche of live fast die young… References 1964 births 2014 deaths Primal Scream members Musicians from Glasgow Scottish rock guitarists Male bass guitarists Scottish bass guitarists

43847629

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Masood%20Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua, (): born 28 April 1964, is a Pakistani activist known for her work against enforced disappearance in Pakistan. She is the chairperson of rights group Defence of Human Rights Pakistan. Her career in activism started when her husband Masood Ahmed Janjua disappeared on 30 July 2005. Apart from enforced disappearance her work include providing legal support to prisoners in foreign countries, arranging financial support to the families of victims of enforced disappearance and eradication of torture from jails and detention centers. She appears regularly on local and foreign media as the spokesperson of missing persons and occasionally contribute articles in Urdu and English dailies of the country. Early life She was born to Shahida and Islam Akhtar Zubari in Mardan, a city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Education She started her early education at Presentation Convent High School Risalpur (a town and air force base near Mardan) where she studied until tenth grade. After passing her matriculation she joined Nisar Shaheed College which is also in Risalpur. After two years study in Nisar Shaheed College she joined F.G College for Women Rawalpindi from where she passed her BA exams with English Literature, Persian and Fine Arts as majors. As described by her in an interview she used to draw and paint on everything she could lay her hand on since very early childhood. This natural talent of painting led her to Punjab University from where she got master's degree in Fine Arts securing second position and was awarded Silver Medal. After masters Pakistan's renowned painters Mansoor Rahi and Hajira Mansoor mentored and played a vital role in polishing her painting skills. Career in Arts As an artist her favoured medium is oil and acrylic paints. Most of her paintings reflect an inclination towards expressionism and romanticism. She usually likes to paint portraits and life drawings. Her work had been exhibited in several solo and group exhibitions. Poetry Her poems occasionally appear on her blogs but she has not published any volume as of yet. Marital life She is married to Masood Ahmed Janjua who belong to a military family. Her father in law Lieutenant Colonel Raja Ali Muhammad and two elder brothers in law had served in Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force. She has two sons and one daughter. Husband's disappearance Her husband, Masood Ahmed janjua, who was a successful business man and ran multiple business concerns, left home to go to Peshawar on 30 July 2005 along with his friend Faisal Faraz but did not return home neither he reached his destination. His mysterious disappearance could not be accounted for initially but later on certain evidences convinced her that he had been picked up by an intelligence agency of the country. It was further established through the statement of one Dr Imran Munir who remained in the custody of military, was court martialed though released later on by the orders of Supreme Court of Pakistan. Dr Imran in an official statement given to the government functionaries testified that he has seen and met Masood Ahmed Janjua in a secret detention centre. Her response to Masood's disappearance Amina states that she was devastated by the disappearance of her husband and found herself disoriented for many months while desperately taking random measures to trace her husband. Police was of no help and even did not register a case. She started to approach different figures then in power. She wrote letters to anyone who she thought could help including Gen Pervez Musharraf who was Army Chief and President of Pakistan at that time. All her efforts turned out to be futile as no one helped her. Activism Formation of DHR - right's group Very early in her struggle she came to know that there are countless other people who are victims of enforced disappearance but do not have a remedy for their malady. Victim families were forced to remain silent for fear of persecution under military rule. She started campaigning among the victims families Co-Founding The Activist group named Defense of Human Rights alongside Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Khalid Khawaja. Underer the banner of Defence of Human Rights, she organized her activities to trace not only her own husband but all the others who had disappeared. After disappointment from all quarters she got out of her home and staged her first road protest on 4 September 2006. This first protest was not the last because she continued this protest on daily basis for next two months. First breakthrough After two months protest it was on 9 Oct 2006 that proceedings of Suo Moto case of Masood Janjua along with some other missing persons started in Supreme Court of Pakistan. Her campaigning brought results and by the end of 2006 DHR had registered and submitted 100 cases of disappearances into Supreme Court. Brutal Crack down on the families of missing persons On 28 Dec 2006 in a bid to deliver a letter at GHQ gate Amina was set on marching along with her kids and other families. But the authorities subjected them to a brutal crackdown in front of Flashman's hotel Rawalpindi. Children of Amina Masood Janjua were particularly targeted. Ali, 14, and Muhammad, 15, were beaten mercilessly and 9-year-old daughter was fainted. Muhammad was carried away forcefully by police. Participation in Lawyer's Movement In 2007 earlier on 9 March and later on 3 November Gen Perwaiz Musharaf sacked Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry along with rest of the judiciary and put all the judges under house arrest. Pakistan's civil society in general and lawyer's community in particular were outraged and started an historical movement for the restoration of judiciary. The movement was popularly known as "Lawyers' Movement". Missing person families under Amina's leadership stepped out and joined this movement. She participated with full force in every endeavour for the rule of law. At last the deposed Chief Justice and rest of the judges were restored on 16 March 2009. First day/night Camp - 2009 Amina, whose only hope had been the judiciary, was heavily disappointed when the missing persons case could not appear on Supreme Court's docket for many months. Sad but undaunted, she decided to jolt the Court. She set up a protest camp in a small tent right outside Supreme Court's gate. She stayed in that tent for 12 days and 12 nights from 2 November 2009 to 13 November 2009. Results of Camp-2009 At last her efforts bore fruit and the Registrar of Supreme Court called Amina Masood Janjua in his office on 13 November 2009 and promised for immediate hearing and asked to call off her sit-in. Resultantly hearing of cases of missing persons resumed on 23 November 2009 once again. First Commission of Inquiry In 2010, Under Supreme Court's directions, government formed a commission of inquiry to resolve the missing persons cases which was headed by Justice (r) Mansoor Alam. Amina fully cooperated with this commission, worked day and night, and submitted cases of forced disappeared persons for investigation and accompanied every complainant for the proceedings. The commission concluded its finding and issued a report at the end of __ months period. But government neither published the report nor acted upon its recommendations. Second Commission of Inquiry Instead of paying heed to the first commission of inquiry the government formed another commission of inquiry to resolve the issue of enforced disappearance. Although Amina had learnt by now that such commissions were merely tactics to give false hope and gain time, she started to work with this second commission as well. But this commission acted more in defence of the perpetrators of enforced disappearance than to find missing persons. Arrest On 16 March 2011 she along with her daughter and 40 other women, children and old men was arrested and remained detained overnight by the authorities while the congregation was on its way to present flowers to then Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry on the anniversary of restoration of Judiciary. This was the day infamous Raymond Davis was set free. Second day/night Camp 2011 Anguished by the time wasted by the commission of inquiry and Supreme Courts dwindling interest in the missing persons issue, she organized a second day/night protest in front of parliament house Islamabad on 31 Oct 2011. She wrapped up this camp very next day on the appearance of Justice (r) Javaid Iqbal at the scene who is heading the commission of inquiry. The Judge announced in front of media that he, in his official capacity, promise to divulge a final solution for the recovery of the missing persons within two weeks time. But he did not keep his promise. Third day/night Camp 2012 Continuing her struggle she organized third day/night protest camp in front of Parliament House Islamabad which started on 15 February 2012 and continued for 75 days until 30 April 2012. She along with families of more than 500 missing persons stayed on the road side, garnering huge support and attention of media and civil society. Results of Camp-2012 Almost all the top leadership of important political parties visited the camp and showed solidarity with the cause including Mian Nawaz Sharif who was leading the opposition at that moment. Government under pressure passed two unanimous resolution, one in National Assembly and one in Senate, pledging to take measures to trace all missing persons and stop further incidents of enforced disappearance. Death Threats She is continually under death threat via mail and phone from unknown persons. She informed the Supreme Court of the same consequently Court ordered the government to provide her with security. Foreign Visits In 2008 she was invited by Amnesty International for a visit to Europe and USA. She addressed various conferences in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Lausanne, Lucerne, Bern, Geneva, Zurich, Berlin, Hannover, Oslo, Stockholm. She also met with the high government official of many countries during her visit. US Visa Cancellation In 2008 her US visa was cancelled two hours before she was to fly for USA. US embassy never disclosed the reasons behind the refusal. Her Role in Media She act as the sole spokesperson of DHR Pakistan and continuously presents the missing person issue in Pakistan's as well as international media. Her Role as chairperson DHR Her activities as chairperson of Defence of Human Rights involves coordination with all the offices in Government circles like, PMs secretariat, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Law and Justice and HR, Supreme Court, Foreign office, FIA, NAB, City Administration, Army, provincial and tribal governments etc. She organises campaigns and manage all the activities of DHR. Her work also include coordination with international human right organizations like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Cageprisoners etc. Her role in Supreme Court In Nov 2006 she filed her 1st independent petition in Supreme Court for 16 missing persons. Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry allowed her to plead for the other missing persons as an advocate. Since then she is continually appearing in the cases of missing persons in the Supreme Court. Presently she alone is representing more than 700 cases of enforced disappearance. Her role in commission of inquiry Like Supreme Court she also prepares and submit cases to Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearance. She also appear in Commission of Inquiry on behalf of complainants. Foreign Prisoners Her engagement with forced disappeared and secretly detained persons led her to realize the difficulties faced by persons who are detained in foreign lands. In 2010 she managed to repatriate 22 Pakistanis from Thailand who had been facing life imprisonments for minor crimes under royal laws of the country. Her present projects involves repatriation of 52 foreign prisoners detained in Pakistani jails to their respective countries and repatriation of more than 300 Pakistanis who are detained in China. Notes External links 514 detained in five internment centers - AMJ represents hundreds of cases Mention of brutal crack down on families Europe Visit and cancellation of US Visa 1964 births Living people Pakistani democracy activists Pakistani human rights activists Pakistani women's rights activists Pakistani civil rights activists University of the Punjab Imprisonment and detention Human rights abuses in Pakistan Kidnapping in Pakistan Political repression in Pakistan Enforced disappearances in Pakistan

43978331

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Zimbabwean%20general%20election

2008 Zimbabwean general election

General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 29 March 2008 to elect the President and Parliament. Because of Zimbabwe's dire economic situation, the elections were expected to provide incumbent President Robert Mugabe with his toughest electoral challenge to date. Mugabe's opponents were critical of the handling of the electoral process, and the government was accused of planning to rig the election. Human Rights Watch said that the election was likely to be "deeply flawed." No official results were announced for more than a month after the first round. The failure to release results was strongly criticised by the opposition Movement for Democratic Change, which unsuccessfully sought an order from the High Court to force their release. An independent projection placed its leader Morgan Tsvangirai in the lead, but without the majority needed to avoid a second round, whilst the MDC declared that Tsvangirai won a narrow majority in the first round and initially refused to participate in any second round. After the recount and the verification of the results, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) announced on 2 May that Tsvangirai won 47.9% of the vote and Mugabe 43.2%, necessitating a run-off, which was to be held on 27 June 2008. Despite Tsvangirai's continuing claims to have won a first round majority, he decided to participate in the second round. The period following the first round was marked by political violence. ZANU–PF and the MDC each blamed the other's supporters for perpetrating the violence; Western governments and prominent Western organisations blamed ZANU–PF for the violence. On 22 June 2008, Tsvangirai announced that he was withdrawing from the run-off, describing it as a "violent sham" and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him. The second round of elections went ahead with Mugabe as the only actively participating candidate, although Tsvangirai's name remained on the ballot. Mugabe won the second round by an overwhelming margin and was sworn in for another term as president on 29 June. In the parliamentary elections, ZANU–PF lost its majority in the House of Assembly for the first time since independence in 1980, as the two factions of the MDC won most of the seats; a month after the election, the MDC factions merged. Background In late 2006 a plan was proposed that would have delayed the elections to 2010, at the same time as the next parliamentary election, which was said to be a cost-saving measure. This would have lengthened President Mugabe's term by two years. However, there was reportedly dissent within the ruling ZANU–PF regarding the proposal, and it was never approved. In March 2007, Mugabe said that he thought the feeling in the party favoured having the presidential election in 2008, and moving the parliamentary election up by two years instead. He also said that he would be willing to stand for another term if chosen by the party. On 30 March 2007, it was announced that the ZANU–PF Central Committee had chosen Mugabe as the party's candidate for another term in 2008, that presidential terms would be reduced to five years instead of six, and that the parliamentary election would also be held in 2008. Later, information was leaked from the same meeting that ZANU–PF had adopted the position of making Mugabe president-for-life. On 25 January 2008, the date of the election was announced as 29 March. A spokesperson for the faction of the MDC led by Morgan Tsvangirai denounced this as "an act of madness and arrogance", while the leader of the other MDC faction, Arthur Mutambara, said that a free and fair election could not be held under the existing conditions, calling for a new constitution to be adopted prior to the election. Talks between the MDC and ZANU–PF collapsed following the announcement of the election date; the MDC had wanted the dialogue to affect the election, while ZANU–PF wanted to hold the election on schedule in March and for any changes agreed in the talks only to take effect afterwards. Electoral system President An amendment to the Electoral Act in 2005 meant that this was the first time a presidential candidate was required to win a majority of the vote, introducing a second round if necessary. There were about 5.9 million registered voters and about 11,000 polling stations, compared to about 4,000 polling stations in the 2005 parliamentary election. The Zimbabwe Election Support Network said that there were insufficient polling stations in urban areas, where the opposition is considered stronger, while the availability of polling stations was better in rural areas, where ZANU–PF is considered stronger. According to the Electoral Commission, it planned to deploy 107,690 polling officers to oversee voting. The Public Holidays and Prohibition of Business Notice 2008, published on 17 March, declared 29 March to be a public holiday. This was accompanied by the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No. 2) Regulations, 2008, which allows police to enter polling stations. This ended a previous law, put in place in 2007 as a result of talks between ZANU–PF and the MDC, that required police to stay 100 meters away from polling stations. The regulations amended Sections 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act, providing for electoral officers and police officers to assist illiterate voters (in the case of Section 59) and physically incapacitated voters (in the case of Section 60). The change was criticised by Tsvangirai and Makoni. Other changes agreed upon in the talks between ZANU–PF and the MDC included the posting of results outside of polling stations and the provision that, if state television aired any candidate's advertising, then it had to also air advertising from other candidates. Security laws that could be used to prevent MDC rallies were also moderated. The new rules also stipulated that presidential results may only be announced by the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission. Parliament The House of Assembly was expanded from 150 to 210 members, all elected, in the 2008 election, while the Senate expanding to 93 seats, 60 of which were directly elected (six from each province). There were 29 constituencies in Harare, 28 in Midlands, 26 in Manicaland, 18 in Mashonaland Central, 23 in Mashonaland East, 22 in Mashonaland West, 26 in Masvingo, 13 in Matabeleland North, and 13 in Matabeleland South, and 12 in Bulawayo. Unlike in previous elections, when constituency voter rolls were used, ward voter rolls were used in the 2008 election. The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission delimited 1,958 wards. Prior to the election being held, ZANU–PF won two seats where it was unopposed: the House of Assembly seat from Muzarabani South, won by Edward Raradza, and the Senate seat from Rushinga, won by Damien Mumvuri. Three candidates of the MDC faction led by Mutambara died prior to the election, resulting in the elections for those seats being delayed. Glory Makwati, a candidate in the Gwanda South constituency, died in late February; this was followed on 29 February by the death of Milton Gwetu, the MP for Mpopoma, who was running for re-election. On 13 March, Abednico Malinga, another MP of the MDC Mutambara faction who was standing as a candidate, died in a car crash. He had represented Silobela constituency in the House of Assembly and was running in 2008 as a candidate in Redcliff constituency. Campaign Presidential candidacies In 2006, ZANU–PF National chairman John Nkomo was one of the first to announce he would be ready to contest the election for ZANU–PF if Mugabe chose to retire. Abel Muzorewa, the only prime minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, suggested on 21 June 2007 that he might run, claiming that people were urging him to do so. However, Mugabe was chosen by acclamation as ZANU–PF's presidential candidate for the 2008 election by delegates at a December 2007 party congress. John Nkomo said that he "did not hear any dissenting voices" and that the congress had "fully and unreservedly" backed Mugabe. Talks to unite the two MDC factions behind the candidacy of Tsvangirai, the leader of the main faction, broke down on 3 February 2008. Mutambara apologised to the people for this failure, while Tsvangirai said that unity could not be imposed by force. Analysts viewed the opposition's failure to unite as making Mugabe's re-election a near-certainty, although Tsvangirai, while expressing regret, said that he believed the opposition still had "a fighting chance" of victory. Simba Makoni, a former Finance Minister who was a leading member of ZANU–PF, formally announced on 5 February 2008 that he would be a candidate, running as an independent, but campaigning through the Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn organisation. Joseph Chinotimba from the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association threatened Makoni, and ZANU–PF declared Makoni to be expelled from the party; it said that anyone supporting him would be expelled as well. On 11 February, Tsvangirai confirmed that he would be the candidate of his faction of the MDC in the election, ending speculation that he might rally behind Makoni's candidacy. Although Tsvangirai said that Makoni was a patriot, he was otherwise sharply critical, saying that Makoni had "been part of the establishment for the last 30 years" and therefore shared responsibility with Mugabe for Zimbabwe's situation. He furthermore expressed his view that Makoni intended to merely "reform an institutionalised dictatorship" and was "old wine in a new bottle". On 15 February 2008, Mugabe, Tsvangirai, and Makoni filed their nomination papers and were confirmed as candidates by Ignatius Mushangwe, the Electoral Commission's presiding officer. Mugabe's papers were submitted by Emmerson Mnangagwa, while Tsvangirai's were submitted by Nelson Chamisa; Makoni submitted his papers in person. A fourth candidate, Langton Towungana, was also confirmed, running as an independent. William Gwata of the Christian Democratic Party attempted to run, but his papers were rejected because they were judged as not meeting the criteria, while Daniel Shumba, formerly of ZANU–PF, appeared too late to submit his papers. Zimbabwe People's Party Justine Chiota also attempted to run, but the Electoral Commission rejected his nomination papers. Mutambara announced on the same day that he would not run for president and would instead back Makoni, while contesting the parliamentary election in Zengeza West. Makoni nevertheless stressed that he was running alone and was "not in an alliance with anyone". Mugabe spoke about Makoni's candidacy for the first time on 21 February, calling it "absolutely disgraceful", comparing Makoni to a prostitute, and saying that Makoni had a self-important attitude. Mugabe also said on the same occasion that Western countries would not be permitted to send observers for the election. Also on 21 February, the MDC factions said that their dialogue with ZANU–PF, which collapsed after the announcement of the election date in January, had failed. The factions said that the outcome of the election would not be legitimate. Opinion polls A survey, conducted by the University of Zimbabwe and reported by The Herald on 28 March, predicted that ZANU–PF would win 137 House of Assembly seats and 41 Senate seats, that the MDC faction led by Tsvangirai would win 53 House of Assembly seats and 13 Senate seats, and that the MDC faction led by Mutambara would win 18 House of Assembly seats and six Senate seats. The survey was based on the views of 10,322 participants, and all of the country's wards were represented in the survey. Conduct Presidential election Voting began at 7 am on 29 March and continued for 12 hours, with polling stations closing at 7 pm, although voters who were still in line at that point were allowed to continue voting. Turnout was reported to be somewhat low, and according to police the voting was for the most part calm and peaceful, although the home of a ZANU–PF parliamentary candidate in Bulawayo was bombed. Mugabe, voting in Harare, said: "We are not in the habit of cheating. We don't rig elections." According to Mugabe, his conscience would not let him sleep at night if he tried to rig the election. Tsvangirai also voted in Harare, saying that he was certain of victory "in spite of the regime's attempt to subvert the will of the people"; he also claimed that the election could not be considered free and fair even if the MDC won. For his part, Makoni predicted that he would win with a score even higher than the 72% he had previously predicted. The MDC said that ballot papers ran out at a polling station in Mt Dzuma constituency and in Wards 29 and 30 of Makoni South constituency (both constituencies in Manicaland). It also claimed that the indelible ink used for voting could be removed with detergent. Biti said that there was "absolutely no doubt we have won this election". Some Zimbabweans living in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa held protests and mock voting in response to their exclusion from the election. The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) on 28 March admitted that the voters' roll to be used in the elections was "in shambles" after the opposition had unearthed 8,000 voters who according to the roll, were "normally resident" in a block that has no buildings and a shack that had 75 registered voters. This was in Hatcliffe alone. The ZEC allegedly contravened the Electoral Act by failing to make available to the MDC a hard copy of the roll. Vote counting In its preliminary report on 30 March, the SADC observer mission gave the election a positive assessment, although it noted some concerns. Jose Marcos Barrica, the head of the mission, described the election as "a peaceful and credible expression of the will of the people of Zimbabwe." He said that it was free of violence and intimidation. Two members of the mission dissented from the group's report, however. On 30 March, Tendai Biti claimed victory for the MDC at a news conference, saying that the party held the lead based on partial and unofficial results and that the trend was "irreversible". According to the MDC, results from 35% of polling stations (as posted on the doors of the polling stations) showed Tsvangirai with 67% of the vote. Leaders of the security forces and government officials had warned the opposition against announcing unofficial results. Presidential spokesman George Charamba said that if Tsvangirai's next step, after announcing unofficial results and declaring himself the victor, was to declare himself President, then that would be considered "a coup d'état and we all know how coups are handled". Meanwhile, the Electoral Commission expressed concern at the MDC's announcement of "purported results of the poll when in fact the results are being verified and collated", and it urged the people to be patient. Biti said that the MDC did not wait on the Electoral Commission's results because it did not trust the commission and did not consider it to be independent. Recount On 13 April, the Electoral Commission ordered a recount in 23 constituencies, which was to occur on 19 April in the presence of party representatives and electoral observers. According to Electoral Commission chairman George Chiweshe, there were "reasonable grounds for believing that the votes were miscounted and that the miscount would affect the results of this election". Chamisa said on the same day that the MDC would legally challenge the recount, alleging that it was "designed to reverse the will of the people". According to Chiweshe, ZANU–PF candidates in 23 constituencies lodged complaints within the prescribed 48 hours after the end of voting, and therefore their complaints could be considered under the Electoral Act. However, on 13 April, Welshman Ncube, who as an MDC negotiator was involved in rewriting some contentious laws with ZANU–PF in 2007, disputed this, calling the complaints "concoctions after the fact". He accused Chiweshe of being a "blatant liar and a fraudster" and alleged that the Electoral Commission was working with ZANU–PF to change the outcome of the election, saying that the commission had the ballot boxes for over two weeks and could have tampered with them. MDC Secretary for Legal Affairs David Coltart said: "The delay between the expiry of the 48-hour period and the writing of the letters of complaint by ZEC is inexplicable, unreasonable. The only inference one can draw from the delay is that the commission has connived with ZANU–PF and therefore acted illegally." He requested proof that the complaints had in fact been made within the acceptable timeframe. The High Court on 14 April dismissed the MDC's petition requesting the immediate release of results, and the party was ordered to pay the court costs. Although he denounced the ruling, Tsvangirai said that the MDC would not appeal it because the party did not want to contribute to any further delay by doing so. Meanwhile, Rindai Chipfunde-Vava, the Director of the Zimbabwe Election Support Network, which projected that Tsvangirai had received 49% of the vote, was arrested when arriving at the airport in Harare. He was held briefly for questioning before being released. On 15 April, the High Court's Judge Antonia Guvava deferred hearing an MDC legal challenge regarding the recount of ballots, saying that she needed time to read Uchena's ruling dismissing the request for the release of results on the previous day. She also said that she needed time to consider whether the MDC could file new evidence that was not included in the original affidavits. The recount of votes in 23 constituencies began on 19 April, with party representatives and foreign electoral observers present. It was initially expected to take three days, but due to delays on the first day at some polling stations, Utoile Silaigwana, the Electoral Commission's deputy chief elections officer, said on 20 April that it might take longer. Silaigwana attributed the delays to lengthy "initial consultations" and to polling agents arriving late. According to Silaigwana, the recount was "not a small exercise and we want to ensure that there are no mistakes this time around"; he said that it was going well and that there had been no complaints from either of the parties. However, MDC spokesman Chamisa denounced the process as "flawed and criminal", saying that it was a "circus" and that the government was "playing games with the people". On 21 April 2008, a South African member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) observer team, MP Dianne Kohler-Barnard, said that the recount was "fatally flawed". She reported repeated miscommunication of venue addresses, protocol registers at several counting stations missing, ballot box seals holding the keys for the two padlocks on each box broken. One set of ballot boxes was missing a book of voting papers from the presidential election box, although all the other books were locked inside. Loose ballot box seals with serial numbers identical to those on already-sealed boxes were easily available. Electoral Commission chairman George Chiweshe said on 23 April that he expected presidential results to be released during the forthcoming weekend (26 April–27). Possible second round, intimidation Tsvangirai, while still asserting victory, said on 15 April that he would be willing to participate in a second round under certain conditions: he wanted SADC to oversee the election, for it to be conducted "transparently, freely and fairly", and for all international observers to be free to monitor it. The MDC alleged that Tapiwa Mubwanda, an election agent for the party, had been stabbed to death by supporters of ZANU–PF. The killing was confirmed by police, although they said that the motive was not yet determined. If Mubwanda was killed for political reasons, this would be the first such death to have occurred during the dispute. A group of doctors said in a statement that 157 people had been treated after suffering beatings and torture in the wake of the election. On 17 April, Tsvangirai, speaking from Johannesburg, said that Mbeki should be "relieved of his duties" as mediator, and that he had asked Mwanawasa to "lead a new initiative, an initiative that will expand beyond that of Mr Mbeki". Meanwhile, in an interview with the BBC on the same day, Tsvangirai claimed that presidential envoys had approached the MDC on 30 March, immediately following the election, and proposed the formation of a government of national unity. According to Tsvangirai, the MDC had been willing to consider this and had also been willing to guarantee that Mugabe and other leading members of ZANU–PF would not be prosecuted; however, he said that the resistance of ZANU–PF hard-liners caused the talks to collapse after a few days. Furthermore, Tsvangirai said in the interview that, if he became president, Mugabe could be placed on trial, either by the regular courts or by a potential "justice and truth commission". He said that, although he was staying outside the country for the time being, he was not in exile and planned to return to Zimbabwe. On 18 April, High Court Judge Guvava dismissed the MDC's application to stop the recount that was requested by ZANU–PF, ruling that the application was without merit and requiring the MDC to pay court costs. On the same day, in South Africa, the ANC backed SADC's decision to keep Mbeki in his role as mediator, despite Tsvangirai's call for him to be replaced. Allegations of violence, further international response United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on 17 April that, if a second round was held, international observers should be present. On 18 April, the foreign ministers of the G8 released a joint statement calling for the results "to be released expeditiously and in accordance with the due process of law" and for "a speedy, credible and genuinely democratic resolution to this situation". Biti met with former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan on 18 April, and on 19 April Annan suggested that African leaders should be doing more to help resolve the situation. In a report on 19 April, Human Rights Watch alleged that ZANU–PF members were "setting up torture camps to systematically target, beat, and torture people suspected of having voted for the MDC", both to punish them and to pressure them into voting for Mugabe in a potential second round. The group asserted that there must be high-level complicity in this and criticised SADC and Mbeki for inaction. According to Human Rights Watch, it interviewed over 30 people who had suffered injuries in the camps. Biti, speaking at a press conference in Johannesburg on 20 April, described Zimbabwe as a "war zone" and urged the mobilisation of UN organisations in the country, saying that the situation was no longer merely a political crisis, but a humanitarian crisis as well. According to Biti, 500 MDC supporters had been attacked, 400 had been arrested, he also said that 3,000 families had been displaced. Between March and June 2008, at least 153 MDC supporters were killed. Because key members of the administration of the MDC had been arrested, the party was unable to function, according to Biti. Like Tsvangirai, Biti was staying outside of Zimbabwe, expressing fear of arrest. On 21 April, Deputy Information Minister Matonga dismissed the allegations of violence against the opposition as "lies that are being peddled by the MDC". He said that the purported ZANU–PF vigilante groups were "imaginary". On 21 April 2008, Enos Nkala, one of the founders of the Zimbabwe African National Union and a former Defence Minister, appealed to Mugabe to retire because he had been rejected by the people. "I have information from very reliable sources that on 1 April, everyone had the results including those of the presidential elections," he said. "The President wanted to go but there are people surrounding him who have committed heinous crimes against the people of Zimbabwe and they are afraid of a change of guard... Zanu PF was formed in my house in Harare and what is happening now is not one of the reasons why it was formed... It has been hijacked by criminals and people who can not be employed if they leave government. They are also holding Zimbabweans to ransom." Meanwhile, Dabengwa, who had backed Makoni, said that Makoni's campaign had accomplished its mission by preventing either Mugabe or Tsvangirai from winning a first round majority; he opposed holding a run-off and favoured the formation of a transitional government of national unity followed by a new election. Also on 21 April, UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband, speaking in the British Parliament, described the situation as a "constitutional crisis" and said that Mugabe was trying "to steal the election"; he also said that Mugabe and ZANU–PF had "unleashed a campaign of violence" against opposition supporters. He furthermore described the pace of vote counting as "ludicrously slow" and said that the recount could not be trusted. Meanwhile, Zuma, who described the delay in results as unacceptable, called for African leaders to "move in to unlock this logjam" by sending a mission to talk to the parties and the Electoral Commission; he said that, while Mbeki was the mediator, the "gravity of the situation" made it desirable to send other leaders to assist in resolving the situation. On 21 April, the East Africa Law Society called an emergency Pan-African Citizens consultative meeting to be held in Dar es Salaam. It was to urge the African Union to take action on the election crisis in Zimbabwe. It brings together representatives of civil society, the legal fraternity, trade unions, academia and others.<ref>Lawyers call urgent meeting to discuss Zimbabwe nationmedia.com</ref> Tsvangirai met with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at a meeting of the UN Conference on Trade and Development in Accra, Ghana, on 21 April, and he urged intervention by the United Nations and African Union. In a joint statement on 22 April, the Evangelical Fellowship of Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference, and the Zimbabwe Council of Churches called on SADC, the AU, and the UN to act to prevent the situation from deteriorating further, warning of the possibility of "genocide" if they did not. The statement alleged that "organised violence" was being employed against those suspected of supporting the MDC and that MDC supporters were being forced to repeat ZANU–PF slogans; it appealed for an end to voter intimidation. At a press conference in Accra on 22 April, Tsvangirai asked African leaders to acknowledge his claimed victory and said that Mugabe needed to make a "graceful" and "honourable" exit. The Herald published an opinion piece by Obediah Mukura Mazombwe on 23 April that called for negotiations mediated by SADC that would lead to the establishment of a transitional government of national unity, including both ZANU–PF and the MDC. Mazombwe argued that the political and economic situation made holding a second round unrealistic, and that the best solution would be the formation of a national unity government that would organise an entirely new election, with Mugabe remaining President during the transition. Chinamasa said, however, that Mazombe's article did not represent the position of ZANU–PF or the government, and he reiterated that ZANU–PF was opposed to a national unity government. Also on 23 April, Zuma said that there were other countries urging South Africa to use force in Zimbabwe, but that South Africa believed in resolving the situation through "quiet diplomacy" and negotiations. He also said that a national unity government was something worth considering and that it was not premature to discuss it as an option. In London, Zuma and Brown issued a joint statement in which they described the situation in Zimbabwe as a crisis and called "for an end to any violence and intimidation and stress[ed] the importance of respect for the sovereign people of Zimbabwe and the choice they have made at the ballot box." Brown, along with Amnesty International, additionally said that an arms embargo should be imposed on Zimbabwe, but Zuma said that he did not think that was necessary. Meanwhile, Joaquim Chissano, the former President of Mozambique, said that he and the Africa Forum, of which he is chairman, would be willing to get involved to help resolve the situation if regional leaders requested it. Various attacks on farmers have been reported; in one instance, 10 farm workers were reportedly ambushed and beaten by ZANU–PF supporters, and in another instance a farmworker was reportedly stabbed to death. One farmer said that his family was held hostage on 23 April by war veterans seeking to force them off their property. Zimbabwean officials, however, alleged that activists of the MDC, disguised as ZANU–PF members, had perpetrated violence against the population, mimicking the tactics of the Selous Scouts during the liberation struggle. They alleged that there was a "predominance" of Selous Scouts in the MDC. The Sunday Mail published an article which claims that former Selous Scouts are training MDC youth activists in violent tactics, at locations near Tswane (Pretoria) and Pietermaritzburg in South Africa. On 24 April, Jendayi Frazer, the US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, said at the beginning of a tour of Zimbabwe's neighbouring countries that Morgan Tsvangirai was the "clear victor" of the election. However, she also said that a "negotiated solution" might be necessary. Chinamasa described Frazer's utterances as "patently false, inflammatory, irresponsible and uncalled for". In Zambia on 27 April, Frazer said that if a government of national unity was formed, it should be led by Tsvangirai. MDC headquarters raid Police raided the MDC headquarters, Harvest House, and the offices of the Zimbabwe Elections Support Network (ZESN) in Harare on 25 April.Godfrey Marawanyika, "Zim election observers hit", Sapa-AFP (IOL), 25 April 2008. The Herald reported that 215 people had been arrested in the raid on Harvest House. Bvudzijena, the police spokesman, said that the police were looking for individuals who had engaged in violence following the election, specifically referring to arson attacks on "four homesteads, tobacco barns and fowl runs belonging to Zanu-PF supporters in the Mayo resettlement area in Manicaland on 16 April"; he said that those responsible for the attacks were suspected to have taken refuge in Harvest House. According to Bvudzijena, the police were screening the arrested individuals and those who had not committed a crime would be released. The MDC said that the raid involved about 250 policemen and that about 300 people in Harvest House were taken away, including people who were taking refuge from violence committed by ZANU–PF supporters and people who were seeking medical treatment at Harvest House. The party also alleged that its supporters were beaten during the raid, and, according to the MDC, the police said that they were searching for "the documents that the party has that form the basis of our claim that we won the election... Further they have taken all computers and equipment that was used by the MDC at the MDC's election command centre." Chamisa said that the police had no search warrant and that the "victims of violence" taken away by the police included women and children; he also said that MDC staff at Harvest House were arrested. Regarding the ZESN raid, The Herald reported that the police were searching for evidence that Electoral Commission officials had been bribed through ZESN to manipulate the election results. ZESN chairman Noel Kututwa said that the police "had a search warrant which stated that they were looking for subversive material which is likely to be used to overthrow a constitutionally elected government", and he said that they had seized computer equipment and files. On 28 April, the Harare High Court ordered that all of the people arrested at the MDC headquarters be released. The police did not immediately do so, but Bvudzijena said that 29 people had been released, most of them women, the elderly, and infants; he also said that the police had asked those who had suffered from political violence to identify the individuals who were responsible for the violence. The police released the remainder of those who were arrested at the MDC headquarters on 29 April, in compliance with the High Court's order,Tichaona Sibanda, "Over 200 MDC Supporters Released Without Charge", SW Radio Africa (allAfrica.com), 29 April 2008. without charge, although it continued to hold three others. Meanwhile, US President George W. Bush criticised Mugabe, saying that he had "failed" Zimbabwe, and accused the Zimbabwean government of intimidating the people; Bush also said that it was the responsibility of other countries in the region to "step up and lead" with regard to Zimbabwe. UN Security Council meeting The United Nations Security Council held a session on the situation in Zimbabwe on 29 April. Reportedly, the US, European and Latin American members of the Security Council wanted to send a special envoy to Zimbabwe; however, South Africa, the current holder of the Presidency of the Security Council, opposed this. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon was said to have not yet reached a decision on the issue. Biti was present at the U.N. headquarters, hoping to convince the Security Council to send a special envoy, but the Council met without hearing his appeal. According to Biti, the "humanitarian concern" made the problem more than merely a regional or sub-regional matter, and it was something the U.N. should handle. The Zimbabwean government denounced the U.N. session as "sinister, racist and colonial", and Deputy Information Minister Matonga called it "a sign of desperation by the British and their MDC puppets". Parliamentary elections According to the MDC candidate for Makoni South, Pishai Muchauraya, ballot papers in wards 29 and 30 of Makoni South, which is strongly pro-MDC, ran out after two hours of voting. Muchauraya said that 300 people had voted by that point, with another 1,000 still waiting. In Chitungwiza, a dormitory town of Harare, clashes occurred between supporters of MDC candidates from the rival factions on 30 March. This came after supporters of Marvellous Khumalo claimed victory over Job Sikhala, began celebrating, and engaged in provocations towards Sikhala. Five people were reported injured, and Klumalo and Sikhala were both arrested, along with 13 MDC activists. Results President Chiweshe said on 26 April that he expected the recount to be complete by 28 April. At that point, according to Chiweshe, the presidential candidates or their agents would be invited "to a verification and collation exercise, leading to the announcement of the results of the presidential election". Chief Elections Officer Lovemore Sekeramayi and the candidates agreed that during this exercise both the MDC and ZANU–PF would collate their own figures, which would be compared afterwards; if there were discrepancies, the figures would be cross-checked. The verification and collation of presidential results was scheduled to begin on 1 May at the Harare International Conference Centre.Zimbabwe results meeting under way Al Jazeera On 30 April, Agence France-Presse reported that "sources close to the electoral commission" claimed that Tsvangirai had received about 47–50% of the vote, but not a majority. On the same day, the MDC alleged that the number of people killed in post-election violence had risen to 20, while Human Rights Watch's Africa director, Georgette Gagnon, alleged that "the army and its allies... are intensifying their brutal grip on wide swathes of rural Zimbabwe to ensure that a possible second round of presidential elections goes their way". CNN reported on 30 April that a "unidentified senior official" credited Tsvangirai with 47% and Mugabe with 43%. Matonga said on 1 May that the government had its own results, and that according to these results a second round would be necessary, although he gave no specifics. A spokesman for Tsvangirai, speaking in Johannesburg, stated again that Tsvangirai would not participate in a second round: "If Robert Mugabe cannot accept the real results now, what's the guarantee he'll accept the real results after a runoff?" He said that the claims that a second round would be necessary were part of a government strategy to steal the election. Meanwhile, Tsvangirai said that he would return to Zimbabwe after the verification exercise is complete. At the collation meeting on 1 May, the MDC presented their figures, which gave Tsvangirai 50.3%, thus avoiding a run-off; the ZEC tally, however, showed him with 47.8% to Mugabe's 43.2%."Deadlocked election talks to resume in Zimbabwe" , AFP, 1 May 2008. Emmerson Mnangagwa represented Mugabe at the meeting and Chris Mbanga represented Tsvangirai; Makoni was present in person. Talks were to continue on 2 May. MDC spokesperson George Sibotshiwe said that the MDC wanted the Electoral Commission to account for 120,000 votes which, according to the commission, went to Mugabe, although Sibotshiwe said that ZANU–PF had not claimed those votes. According to Sibotshiwe, if Tsvangirai was credited with these 120,000 votes, he would have a first-round majority. Senegalese Foreign Minister Cheikh Tidiane Gadio met with Mugabe on 1 May; afterwards, he said that Mugabe would participate in the second round and that Mugabe had pledged to "unhesitatingly accept the results of the second round and urged the opposition to take the same approach." Tsvangirai said in an interview with France 24 on the same day that a second round could not be held in an atmosphere in which Mugabe was "unleashing violence, death squads and violence against our structures". Announcement of results, run-up to the second round On 2 May, Chief Elections Officer Lovemore Sekeramayi announced that Tsvangirai had received 47.9%, Mugabe had received 43.2%,"Zimbabwe announces poll results", BBC News, 2 May 2008. Makoni had received 8.3%, and Towungana had received 0.6%. According to Sekeramayi, a second round would be "held on a date to be advised by the commission". The MDC denounced this as "daylight robbery". Biti, speaking from South Africa, alleged that the Electoral Commission had taken 50,000 votes from Tsvangirai and added 47,000 votes to Mugabe's score; he said that "Morgan Tsvangirai is the president of the republic of Zimbabwe to the extent that he won the highest number of votes" and that Tsvangirai must "be declared the president of Zimbabwe". While not entirely ruling out Tsvangirai's participation in a run-off, Biti reiterated the MDC's view that conditions in Zimbabwe did not allow for one to be held. He said that "Tsvangirai should be allowed to form a government of national healing that includes all Zimbabwean stakeholders", but said this was conditional on Mugabe immediately conceding defeat. Meanwhile, Mnangagwa said at a press conference in Harare that ZANU–PF felt "aggrieved" and had been "greatly prejudiced by the attempt by the MDC and its sponsors to tamper with the electoral system", but he said that Mugabe nevertheless "accepts the result as announced" and confirmed that Mugabe would be a candidate in the run-off. On the same day, US State Department spokesman Tom Casey expressed scepticism regarding the potential for a free and fair second round under the circumstances, alleging that "the government has done everything it can to both delay and obscure the results" and that it was intimidating and abusing the opposition. Similarly, British Foreign Secretary David Miliband demanded an end to "violence and intimidation" and said that "any second round must be free, fair and open to international monitors". Meanwhile, Makoni said that Zimbabwe could not afford to hold a second round and that "the way forward for this country is for the political leaders to work together". Mbeki met with religious leaders on 2 May and expressed displeasure with what he described as interference by the United States and the United Kingdom that he said was subverting his attempts at mediation. On 4 May, the US embassy and the British High Commission in South Africa expressed their support for the role of Mbeki and SADC in mediating the situation. At a meeting in Harare on 3 May, the MDC leadership did not make a decision on whether to contest the second round;"MDC stalls over Zimbabwe run-off", Al Jazeera, 3 May 2008. Tsvangirai participated in the meeting from Johannesburg through video link-up. On the same day, MDC Vice-President Thokozani Khupe described a run-off as "unlikely", but vowed that if one took place, the MDC would win "by an even bigger margin"."MDC 'will win again'", Sapa-AFP (IOL), 3 May 2008. On 4 May, the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace said that the Electoral Commission could not be relied upon to handle the second round, and it called on the UN and the AU to supervise it instead. Meanwhile, the Progressive Teachers Union alleged that violence was being directed at teachers because they often served as election officers, with the intent of deterring them from acting in that role in the second round, and threatened a strike. Jean Ping, the Chairman of the African Union Commission, arrived in Harare late on 4 May, along with the AU's political affairs commissioner, Julia Dolly Joiner, and its peace and security commissioner, Ramtane Lamamra. Ping was reported to have had "very constructive" discussions with Mugabe, as well as a "working meeting" with Chiweshe in which they "reviewed the entire electoral process from the start" and "look[ed] at all the scenarios for the coming weeks". On 5 May 2008, Tsvangirai's spokesman George Sibotshiwe stated that the MDC had reached a decision, but that it would only be announced once the date for the run-off had been set. A meeting of SADC's political, defence and security committee in Angola resulted in a statement on 5 May calling on the Zimbabwean government to ensure security in the run-off. Meanwhile, ZANU–PF spokesman Nathan Shamuyarira called on all party members to vote for Mugabe in the second round, describing him as "a man who has transformed this country from being a colony to an independent, sovereign and dynamic state". According to Shamuyarira, many ZANU–PF supporters neglected to vote in the first round because they were sure that Mugabe would win. The party also called on its members, as well as opposition supporters, to avoid violence. The MDC alleged that five more of its supporters were killed on 5 May, bringing its claimed death toll to 25. Chiweshe suggested on 6 May that the second round might be held after the 21-day period following the announcement of results that is specified in the Electoral Act, noting that the Electoral Commission could extend the time if necessary, although he said that the Commission intended to hold the second round as early as possible. Matonga has said that it could potentially be delayed by as much as one year. British Prime Minister Brown said on 6 May that "there must at least be an immediate end to violence and international observers must be put in place now, well ahead of the vote itself", if it was "to be considered free and fair".Campaign of Terror Unleashed in Zimbabwe USA Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor On 7 May the Pan African Parliament (PAP) Observer Mission said that the ZEC had long lost control of the electoral process and its constitutional obligation has been gravely compromised. The Observer mission questioned voter registration, and the excess of ballot papers printed, and called for a "timeous intervention" by the AU and the Southern African Development Community before the situation got "out of control". On the same day, the AU released a statement calling on "all the Zimbabwe political actors to conduct their activities in a free, transparent, tolerant, and non-violent manner" and urging "Zimbabwe to implement the conditions set out in the Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa". Kingsley Mamabolo, the head of South Africa's delegation to the SADC observer mission, said on 7 May that the second round could not take place in the existing atmosphere of violence. According to Mamabalo, Mbeki had sent a team to investigate the violence. On 8 May, the MDC raised its claimed death toll to 30, while Gertrude Hambira, the General Secretary of the General Agriculture and Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe, said that her union had recorded 40,000 people who had been displaced since the election. According to Hambira, the displaced persons were accused of supporting the MDC and were "attacked by a group of militias wearing army uniforms". Also on 8 May, the President of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), Lovemore Matombo, and its Secretary-General, Wellington Chibebe, were arrested for allegedly inciting rebellion when speaking at a rally on May Day. The BBC reported on 9 May that a Zimbabwean policeman had told it that there were plans to have war veterans present in polling stations during the second round, while dressed in police uniforms, to intimidate opposition supporters. On the same day, Mbeki arrived in Harare for talks with Mugabe and was met by Mugabe at the airport."Mbeki arrives in Zimbabwe", AFP (IOL), 9 May 2008. Mbeki returned to South Africa after about four hours of talks. Also on 9 May, the Zimbabwe Association of Doctors for Human Rights said that in the violence following the election, 22 people had been killed and 900 had been tortured. However, the group said that it had become "impossible to properly document all cases" due to the scale of the violence, which the group claimed had seriously worsened during May. Tsvangirai announced at a press conference in Pretoria on 10 May that he would contest the second round, calling for it to be held within three weeks of the announcement of results. He said that the MDC had consulted its supporters before making this "very difficult" decision and that its supporters would have felt "betrayed" if he chose not to participate. However, he made his participation conditional on "unfettered access of all international observers", the "reconstitution" of the Electoral Commission, and free access for Zimbabwean media and the international press. Additionally, he wanted SADC peacekeepers to be present. He expressed his intention to return to Zimbabwe soon. Later on the same day, Tsvangirai met with Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos; he told dos Santos that, if he won the election, Mugabe would still be highly regarded as the "father of the nation", apparently retreating from his suggestion in April that Mugabe could face trial. In an interview with the Sunday Mail published on 11 May 2008, Chiweshe stated that the run-off round would not be held within the three weeks, but at a later date. He said that the Electoral Commission still needed money to be allocated by the government. Meanwhile, Chinamasa stated that the government would not consider admitting Western observers unless Western governments revoked their sanctions against Zimbabwe.Tendai Kaseke, "Zimbabwe: Western Election Observers Not Welcome – Minister", The Zimbabwe Guardian, 12 May 2008. Also on 11 May, 58 opposition activists in Shamva were arrested for alleged public violence. Meanwhile, speaking to the press in Harare, Chinamasa said that ZANU–PF would only consider the possibility of a national unity government after the second round was held, and he questioned why Tsvangirai would support such an arrangement if he had truly won a majority. He said that ZANU–PF was "eagerly waiting for the date so that we can put the election behind us and forge ahead with our programmes", stressing the importance of unity among the people and the need to put an end to "the current polarisation" but also drawing a sharp contrast between ZANU–PF and the MDC. According to Chinamasa, the government would pay for the second round itself, without any external assistance. Heya Shoko, an elected MDC MP, was arrested on 12 May in connection with violence in his constituency, while the President and Secretary-General of the ZCTU appeared in court for the first time and were denied bail. Regarding Tsvangirai's anticipated return, Matonga said that any threat to Tsvangirai could be dealt with by the police, but he said that he was not aware of any such threat, remarking that "as far as we know he is on holiday, at the same time trying to drum up support for his campaign to demonise Zimbabwe." On 13 May 2008, Tsvangirai stated that he would be willing to compete in the run-off if at least SADC election observers would be present, softening his previous demand for free access to all international observers. He also said that if a delay was necessary, the second round still needed to be held "within a reasonable period". On the same day, a number of diplomats, including US Ambassador James McGee, were questioned by police for about 45 minutes at a checkpoint near Harare; they were also questioned when visiting a rural hospital and meeting with people who had been injured in violence following the election. The US government criticised this as "harassment". On 14 May, The Herald alleged that the diplomats were engaged in a "spirited campaign to demonise the government ahead of the presidential election run-off" and said that they had "circumvent[ed] diplomatic protocol" during their trip by going more than 40 kilometres from Harare without obtaining the Foreign Ministry's approval. SADC Executive Secretary Tomaz Salomão said on 14 May that SADC intended to send 200 or more observers (possibly over 300) to Zimbabwe for the second round. He also said that SADC would not send any peacekeepers and urged the parties to behave responsibly. According to Salomão, SADC could not describe the situation as safe or fair for the time being, but he hoped that SADC could "create a conducive environment for everybody to be confident". In a statement from Chinamasa on behalf of the Electoral Commission that was published in a special government gazette on 14 May 2008, it was announced that the period in which the second round must be held was extended from 21 days to 90 days after the announcement of results. The MDC denounced this as "illegal and unfair", intended to "give Mugabe and ZANU–PF time to torment and continue a campaign of violence on the MDC". The ZESN also asserted that holding the second round after 21 days would be illegal. Chinamasa, expressing confidence in a victory for Mugabe, also announced on 15 May that ZANU–PF would start campaigning for the run-off, under the theme "100 percent empowerment: Total Independence", as soon as ZEC set the date for the second round. According to Chinamasa, the campaign theme was based on ZANU–PF's view that true independence must include economic independence and that, despite the existing economic crisis, the ultimate reward for pursuing this path would be full empowerment of the people. Amnesty International said on 15 May that violence was approaching "crisis levels", alleging that MDC supporters were being attacked in a district in Midlands Province as well as in a district in Mashonaland Central; the group placed the death toll from post-electoral violence at 22. According to Amnesty International, "local youths" were being recruited by war veterans for such attacks and the police seemed "unwilling to stop the violence", although they did arrest MDC supporters suspected of engaging in violence. On the same day, Biti also claimed that violence was increasing and placed the death toll at 33, while saying that Zimbabwe could not afford for the situation to continue for another 90 days. He said that Tsvangirai would return to Zimbabwe in the forthcoming weekend so that he could be present for an MDC campaign rally and a caucus of elected MPs. Meanwhile, Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri met with church leaders and told them that ZANU–PF and the MDC were both orchestrating violence from rural bases, but he said that the police were working to dismantle these bases. The ZEC published an announcement in the government gazette on 16 May 2008 stating that the run-off would be held on 27 June 2008. In an interview with The Herald on the same day, Chiweshe said that additional time was needed for the second round because "resources were depleted during the first election"; he stressed that the second round would be "just as big as any general election" and that "substantial" resources would be required. Speaking at a liberal conference in Belfast in Northern Ireland, Tsvangirai said that 27 June date was illegal and that the government was "changing goal posts to suit themselves" but reiterated his intention to participate; while expressing confidence in victory, he described the MDC as "a government-in-waiting that is not prepared to wait any more". Addressing the ZANU–PF Central Committee on 16 May, Mugabe was sharply critical of his party's performance in the election, describing the first round result as "disastrous". He said that ZANU–PF had gone into the election "completely unprepared, unorganised" and that the entire party leadership from the national to the local level had to share the blame. Mugabe also accused the MDC of terrorising ZANU–PF supporters in rural areas and warned the MDC that it was "playing a very dangerous game". Foreign Affairs Minister Simbarashe Mumbengegwi stated on 16 May that all observers who had been invited for the first round would automatically qualify to observe the second round, as well; this includes the AU, the Pan African Parliament, SADC and the East African Community, among others. The ZESN alleged on 16 May that its observers were being attacked by ZANU–PF supporters and that some had been injured to the point of requiring hospitalisation. According to ZESN chairman Noel Kututwa, some of the group's observers had reported that it was "no longer safe to observe the election", but he nevertheless said that ZESN planned to "have as many polling stations covered as possible". Although Tsvangirai had been expected to return to Zimbabwe on 17 May, MDC spokesman George Sibotshiwe announced on that day that his return had been delayed due to information the party had received regarding a claimed plot to assassinate Tsvangirai. Some observers suggested that Tsvangirai's failure to return called into his question his leadership qualities and made it appear that he was afraid of Mugabe and unwilling to risk coming to harm despite the risks taken by his supporters remaining in Zimbabwe. On 18 May, The Guardian reported that political dissident Gibson Nyandoro had been tortured to death in military barracks – one of over thirty dissidents killed by ZANU–PF supporters, according to the British newspaper. At a news conference in Nairobi on 19 May, Biti said that the military intelligence directorate was in charge of the alleged plot to kill Tsvangirai and that 18 snipers were involved; he claimed that military intelligence had a hit list composed of 36 to 40 names, beginning with Tsvangirai, himself, and Chamisa. Nevertheless, Biti said that Tsvangirai would return soon. Matonga said that the government had no knowledge of such a plot and that Tsvangirai was "playing to the international media gallery". ZCTU leaders Matombo and Chibebe were released on bail on 19 May by Judge Ben Hlatshwayo. Along with other restrictions, Hlatshwayo ordered that they "not address any political gatherings" until the conclusion of their case. In a statement on the same day, Human Rights Watch called on the African Union to "publicly demand that the Zimbabwean government halt its campaign of violence, torture and intimidation", alleging that at least 27 people had been killed. Meanwhile, US State Department spokesperson Sean McCormack said that the US was working with countries in the region "to help ensure that there are the proper conditions for a free and fair runoff election", including the independence of the Electoral Commission, the presence of international observers, lack of intimidation of the opposition by the army, free media access, and the ability for the opposition to move around the country peacefully. On 20 May, ZANU–PF Secretary for Youth Absolom Sikhosana called on the youth to vote for Mugabe. He said that many people in the first round "voted with their stomachs", hoping Tsvangirai could bring economy recovery, but according to Sikhosana "the same foreign interests who are promising an overnight turnaround in the event of a Tsvangirai presidency are the same who have destroyed the economy". Sikhosana said that, while Tsvangirai promised employment, Mugabe was offering more: "he is giving the youth the opportunity to own the means of production" and "have full charge of their environment and control their resources", which Sikhosana described as a prerequisite for national wealth. In The Herald on the same day, ZANU–PF spokesman Nathan Shamuyarira denied the existence of any plan to kill Tsvangirai, saying that it had "no foundation whatsoever except in his own dreams". Similarly, Matonga said that the claim of an assassination plot was "stupid". US Ambassador James McGee called on Tsvangirai to return, noting his security concerns but saying that "as a strong leader, he should be back showing his people that he cares every bit as much for them as they do for him." Also on 20 May, in response to Chinamasa's proposal in the previous week to establish joint ZANU–PF/MDC committees to bring an end to the violence, Chamisa said that the MDC was willing to participate in these committees, but he nevertheless strongly criticised ZANU–PF. He said that ZANU–PF had made this offer only due to international pressure, that the violence was ongoing (by this point the MDC placed the death toll at 43), as part of a "grand plan to rig the elections" by attacking MDC supporters and displacing them from their constituencies, and he doubted that ZANU–PF would stop. MDC MP Ian Kay was arrested on 20 May for alleged responsibility for violence in Mashonaland East, while another MDC MP, Amos Chibaya was arrested on 21 May for allegedly inciting junior officers in the police to rebel. National Assembly Following the election, MDC Secretary-General Tendai Biti claimed on 30 March that the Tsvangirai MDC faction had won all 12 of the House of Assembly seats from Bulawayo and five out of six Senate seats from Bulawayo, saying that the remaining Senate seat had gone to David Coltart of the Mutambara MDC faction. He also claimed an overwhelming victory for the MDC in Harare, along with victories in other parts of the country, such as Manicaland, Masvingo, and Mashonaland West. On 31 March, after a significant delay, the Electoral Commission announced results for the first six seats. The first to be announced was an MDC victory in Chegutu West constituency, followed by five others; three of the first six seats were won by ZANU–PF and three by the MDC. Later in the day, 18 additional seats were declared, also split evenly between the parties, leaving both ZANU–PF and the MDC with a total of 12. In one of these seats, Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa was defeated in the Makoni Central constituency."Zimbabwe announces first results", BBC News, 31 March 2008. Later in the day, additional results were released, leaving Tsvangirai's MDC with 30 seats, ZANU–PF with 31 seats, and Mutambara's MDC with five seats. By 1 April, results for 131 seats had been released: ZANU–PF had 64 seats, the MDC (Tsvangirai) had 62 seats, and the MDC (Mutambara) had 5 seats. Biti, claiming victory for the MDC, said on 2 April that the MDC had won 110 seats (99 for the Tsvangirai faction and 11 for the Mutambara faction) and that ZANU–PF had won 96. Nearly complete results for the House of Assembly on 2 April showed ZANU–PF losing its parliamentary majority: the MDC (Tsvangirai) had 96 seats, ZANU–PF had 94 seats, the MDC (Mutambara) had nine seats, and one seat was won by an independent, Jonathan Moyo. Aside from Chinamasa, six other ministers were defeated: Joseph Made, Oppah Muchingura, Mike Nyambuya, Amos Midzi, Chen Chimutengwende, and Chris Mushohwe. Shortly afterwards, final results for the House of Assembly showed the MDC (Tsvangirai) with 99 seats, ZANU–PF with 97 seats, the MDC (Mutambara) with ten seats, and one independent. Despite the MDC (Tsvangirai)'s lead in seats, ZANU–PF was credited with the lead in the popular vote, receiving 45.94% against 42.88% for the MDC (Tsvangirai), 8.39% for the MDC (Mutambara), and 2.79% for minor parties and independent candidates. ZANU–PF won an absolute majority of the popular vote in five provinces: Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Midlands, and Masvingo. In Masvingo, although the party won 52.01% of the vote, it took only 12 of the 26 seats, while the MDC (Tsvangirai) won 41.61% of the vote and took 14 seats. The MDC (Tsvangirai) won an absolute majority in Harare and Manicaland. In Bulawayo, the MDC (Tsvangirai) won all 12 seats with 47% of the vote; it also led in Matabeleland North with about 37% of the vote. ZANU–PF won the most votes in Matabeleland South, but won only three seats; the MDC (Mutambara) won seven and the MDC (Tsvangirai) won two. ZANU–PF's loss of seats was attributed primarily to major loss of support in Manicaland and moderate loss of support in Masvingo, with support for the respective parties being considered relatively unchanged in the rest of the country. The tendency for ZANU–PF candidates to win large majorities in their strongholds, while the MDC won many of its strongholds more narrowly, was deemed a factor in the disparity between ZANU–PF's lead in the popular vote and the MDC (Tsvangirai)'s lead in the number of seats. The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission finished the official counting late in the night of 2 April, four full days after the vote. This raised complaints from the opposition parties, which argued the government was trying to rig the vote, but in the end the opposition MDC (split between two factions) won a majority at the Assembly, with 109 of 210 seats, while the government ZANU–PF achieved 97. The single independent MP in the outgoing parliament, Jonathan Moyo, retained his seat for Tsholotsho North, narrowly beating contender Robert Ncube from the MDC-AM. The results became complete, with all 210 seats assigned, after by-elections in the constituencies of Mpopoma, Redcliff, and Gwanda South were contested on 27 June 2008. On 28 June 2008, the Zimbabwe Times'' reported that Samuel Sandla Khumalo won the constituency of Mpopomo for MDC-Tsvangirai by soundly defeating Minister of Information Sikhanyiso Ndlovu, the ZANU–PF candidate. On 29 June 2008, the Voice of America reported that ZANU–PF was victorious in the by-elections in Redcliff and Gwanda South. As a result, the 2008 election ultimately resulted in the House of Assembly having 110 members of the combined MDC factions (100 for the MDC-T, 10 for the MDC-M), 99 members of ZANU–PF, and one independent. Chinamasa said on 9 April that the Electoral Commission had accepted ZANU–PF's requests for recounts in five constituencies, but rejected the requests for seven constituencies; the Electoral Commission had not yet reached a decision regarding the party's requests for nine other constituencies. The MDC filed a petition on 11 April seeking to prevent a recount; however, on 13 April, the Electoral Commission announced that there would be a full recount of both parliamentary and presidential votes in 23 constituencies. The recount was to occur on 19 April, and the presence of party representatives and electoral observers would be permitted. The recount was requested by ZANU–PF in 21 of these constituencies and by the MDC (Tsvangirai) in two of them. According to Electoral Commission chairman George Chiweshe, there were "reasonable grounds for believing that the votes were miscounted and that the miscount would affect the results of this election". MDC spokesman Nelson Chamisa said that the MDC would challenge the recount, alleging that it was "designed to reverse the will of the people". On 14 April, an MDC lawyer said that the party had filed "about 60 applications to the Electoral Court" regarding seats in the House of Assembly, requesting that "the declarations of the results be set aside." The MDC alleged fraud, intimidation, and interference with electoral officers, saying that ZANU–PF had bought votes and that its own votes had been undercounted. On 18 April, High Court Judge Antonia Guvava dismissed the MDC's application to stop the recount that was requested by ZANU–PF, ruling that the application was without merit and requiring the MDC to pay court costs. Lynette Karenyi, a candidate of the MDC (Tsvangirai) who was elected as MP for Chimanimani West, was arrested and appeared in court on 15 April, where she pleaded not guilty to forging the signatures of four people on the nomination papers that she submitted to the Electoral Court in February. By 18 April, seven Electoral Commission officials had been arrested and had appeared in court. One official was charged with manipulating results for the Mazoe South House of Assembly seat, which was won by ZANU–PF's Margaret Zinyemba, in an attempt to make the MDC's Modern Chitenga the winner. The recount of votes in 23 constituencies began on 19 April, with party representatives and foreign electoral observers present. It was initially expected to take three days, but due to delays on the first day at some polling stations, Utoile Silaigwana, the Electoral Commission's deputy chief elections officer, said on 20 April that it might take longer. Silaigwana attributed the delays to lengthy "initial consultations" and to polling agents arriving late. According to Silaigwana, the recount was "not a small exercise and we want to ensure that there are no mistakes this time around"; he said that it was going well and that there had been no complaints from either of the parties. However, MDC spokesman Chamisa denounced the process as "flawed and criminal", saying that it was a "circus" and that the government was "playing games with the people". Dianne Kohbler-Barnard, a South African Member of Parliament and SADC observer in the election, said on 21 April that the recount was "fatally flawed"; she said that she had seen evidence of tampering with the ballot boxes, along with other problems, and that she believed the recount was being used to rig the results. The first recount result, for Goromonzi West, was announced on 22 April; the constituency's initial result, which showed a victory for ZANU–PF in both the House of Assembly and Senate votes, had been contested by the MDC. The recount showed ZANU–PF keeping the seats it had won in the initial count: the recount for the House of Assembly seat showed ZANU–PF gaining one vote, leaving ZANU–PF with 6,194 votes and the MDC with 5,931 votes, while in the recount for the Senate seat the results were exactly the same as in the initial count. In the recount for the Zaka West House of Assembly seat and the Zaka Senate seat, which was initiated by ZANU–PF, it was announced on 23 April that the MDC had retained both seats with no changes in the vote tally. All parties expressed satisfaction with the process, and the MDC provincial chairman for Masvingo, Wilstaff Stemele, expressed confidence that the party would also retain the other seats involved in the recount. Silaigwana said on the same day that "recounting in all the remaining constituencies is about 75 percent complete except in Silobela and Masvingo Central", and he anticipated that full results would be ready by the forthcoming weekend (26–27 April). The recount was completed in Zvimba North on 23 April. Results on 25 April showed ZANU–PF candidate Ignatius Chombo, who had won in the initial count for Zvimba North, retaining the seat with an increased margin: he gained 155 votes, while MDC (Tsvangirai) candidate Ernest Mudimu gained 13 votes and MDC (Mutambara) candidate Shelton Magama lost 28 votes. Some ballots that had not been included in the initial count were found and included in the recount total. Meanwhile, recount results for the Zvimba Senate seat showed the winner of the initial count, ZANU–PF candidate Virginia Muchenje, retaining the seat; her total increased by 261 votes, while MDC (Tsvangirai) candidate Fidelis Chiramba's total increased by 295. During the recount in Gutu, General Vitalis Zvinavashe, who was the ZANU–PF candidate for the Gutu Senate seat but lost to the MDC's Empire Makamure, told other ZANU–PF candidates on 23 April that they needed to "accept the reality" that the MDC had won, and he stressed that the importance of preserving peace. He blamed Mugabe for the ZANU–PF candidates' defeat, saying that the people of Masvingo had rejected Mugabe and that the parliamentary candidates suffered as collateral damage. Silaigwana said on 25 April that the candidates for Chiredzi North, Gutu Central, Gutu North, Gutu South, Buhera South, Lupane East, and Mberengwa South constituencies had all retained their seats in the recount. Of these, Chiredzi North and Mberengwa South had been won by ZANU–PF, Gutu Central, Gutu North, Gutu South, and Buhera South had been won by the MDC (Tsvangirai), and Lupane East had been won by the MDC (Mutambara). It has been claimed, based on the initial recounts, that the recount strategy of ZANU–PF has failed because neither side is gaining or losing seats. On 28 April 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in Johannesburg that the two MDC factions were reuniting, enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority. Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain President without a parliamentary majority. On the same day, Silaigwana announced that the recounts for the final five constituencies had been completed, that the results were being collated and that they would be published on 29 April. Emmerson Mnangagwa, acting as President Mugabe's election agent, said on 2 May that ZANU–PF had filed petitions challenging the results of 53 constituencies won by the MDC; similarly, the MDC has challenged the result in 52 seats. Courts have six months to consider the appeals, and another six months for counterchallenges; however, lawyers said that the elected MPs could still be sworn in. In order to handle the burden of considering so many petitions, Chief Justice Godfrey Chidyausiku appointed an additional 17 High Court judges to the Electoral Court on 29 April, with the appointments being effective until 29 April 2009; previously there had been only three judges on the Electoral Court. Rita Makarau, the Judge President of the High Court, said on 9 May that the cases would have to be completed within six months and that any requests for it to be delayed beyond that would not be accepted. According to Chinamasa, speaking to the press in Harare on 11 May, the newly elected MPs would not be sworn in until after the second round of the presidential election. Reportedly, twenty ZANU–PF lawmakers have joined the opposition; if that is true, they will have to face by-elections, as crossing the floor automatically causes a by-election to be called for the respective constituency under Zimbabwean electoral law. In response to the delay in the sitting of the new Parliament, the MDC held a symbolic meeting of MDC MPs at a conference center in Harare on 30 May. Tsvangirai declared on this occasion that the MDC was the new ruling party and reaffirmed that the MDC factions would cooperate. He said that the MDC's legislative program would be "based on the return of fundamental freedoms to the people of Zimbabwe" and that the party intended to immediately abolish legislation that it considered repressive. A new "people-driven constitution" would follow within 18 months, according to Tsvangirai, and a "truth and justice commission" would be established. He also pledged that the party would introduce a new strategy to bring inflation under control and said that there would be measures to "compensate or reintegrate" farmers who lost their land as part of land reform. Senate On 3 April, the Electoral Commission said that the announcement of Senate results was being delayed because of "logistical problems". Late on the same day, the Electoral Commission released the first Senate results: five seats for ZANU–PF and five for the MDC. On 4 April, ZANU–PF Secretary for Administration Didymus Mutasa said that ZANU–PF intended to contest the results of 16 House of Assembly seats. Describing the election as the worst he had ever seen, Mutasa alleged that some Electoral Commission officials had taken bribes to manipulate the results in favour of the MDC and said that some had confessed to this. He also alleged that some Electoral Commission officials had instructed voters to vote for opposition candidates. Final Senate results were released on 5 April, showing the MDC and ZANU–PF with 30 seats each. Reactions Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa called an emergency meeting of SADC leaders for 12 April to discuss the post-election impasse. According to Mwanawasa, Zimbabwe's "deepening problems" meant that the issue needed to be "dealt with at presidential level". Jacob Zuma, meanwhile, said that he thought results should have already been announced, and he described the failure to release them as "unprecedented". References Further reading Davoodi, Schoresch & Sow, Adama: Democracy and Peace in Zimbabwe in: EPU Research Papers: Issue 12/08, Stadtschlaining 2008 External links Zimbabwe Electoral Commission Elections in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2008 in Zimbabwe Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

44095224

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus%20Motorcycle%20Club

Bacchus Motorcycle Club

The Bacchus Motorcycle Club (BMC) is a one-percenter motorcycle club in Canada. Founded in Albert County, New Brunswick, in 1972, Bacchus MC has chapters in five Canadian provinces. The club is designated a criminal organization under the Criminal Code. History Founded in Albert County, New Brunswick, in late August 1972, the Bacchus Motorcycle Club is one of the oldest one-percenter motorcycle clubs in Canada. The name "Bacchus" is derived from the Roman counterpart of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, women and song. The name of the club originates from the cult and city religions symbolism of Dionysus, who was regarded as the protector or guardian of those who do not belong to conventional society. On 8 November 2014, Bacchus MC merged with its closest ally, the Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club, to create the first Ontario expansion of the club absorbing the Red Devils three Ontario chapters in Hamilton, Chatham-Kent and Sudbury. Bacchus switched the bottom rocker on their jackets from "Ontario" to "Canada," likely to avoid conflict with the Hells Angels who claim the exclusive right to have a province written on their backs. The club manages close relationships with other well-established Canadian motorcycle clubs like Para-dice Riders MC, Vagabonds MC, Highlanders MC, and the Charlottetown Harley Club. Insignia The Bacchus Motorcycle Club wears a three-piece patch on their vest with the club's name on the top, the club logo in the centre and the province they represent on the bottom. The Bacchus club colors, black and gold, are reflected in their club motto: "Black and Gold will never fold". All Bacchus MC and Original Red Devils MC members had also sported a brotherhood patch depicting the lasting 1% bond between the two clubs. Membership and organization Members of the Bacchus MC must own a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. The club's membership is estimated at two hundred, with fourteen chapters located in five provinces, making it as if 2022 the fifth largest motorcycle club in Canada. With the Hells Angels (44) in first followed by the Outlaws (21), Rock Machine (19) is third and the Loners (18) fourth. Chapter list Chapters (14 total in Canada) New Brunswick York County St. John Albert County Charlotte County Newfoundland Grand Falls Windsor C.B.S (Conception Bay South) Nova Scotia Halifax Colchester Hants County (Frozen) Route 333 (Frozen) Ontario Hamilton Chatham Sudbury Halton Hill Prince Edward Island Kings County Prince County Bacchus support clubs Mountain Men MC Rednecks MC Criminal allegations and incidents Bacchus member Derreck Dean Huggan was charged with possession of drugs and a restricted weapon after police seized approximately $85,000 worth of crack cocaine, marijuana and hashish, as well as $1,600 in cash and a loaded handgun during a raid on a home in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia on 14 April 2000. Police again began surveillance on Huggan after a shop he owned and managed was raided in Charlottetown in May 2006. He was arrested in November 2006 as part of a police operation that involved arrests in Charlottetown and Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was convicted on several counts of conspiracy to traffic cocaine, hashish, ecstasy and hydromorphone, and was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison in July 2007. Bacchus member James Russell "Rustie" Hall and his wife Giovanna "Ellen" Hall were murdered in their Barr Settlement, Nova Scotia home on 26 February 2010. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) stated that the deaths may be linked to organized crime. Matthew Thomas Foley, president of Bacchus' Saint John, New Brunswick chapter, was convicted of manslaughter over the death of Michael Thomas Schimpf, who was shot and killed near the club's headquarters on 14 July 2012. Foley was sentenced to ten years in prison and banned from owning firearms for life in August 2012. Bacchus members Patrick Michael James, Duayne Jamie Howe and David John Pearce were convicted of extortion and intimidation in July 2018, charged stemming from incidents in 2012 when a man attempted to start a chapter of a non-criminal motorcycle club in Nova Scotia. When Bacchus sergeant-at-arms James discovered the victim's plans to start the chapter, club members threatened him until he ceased the endeavor and he and his wife sold their motorcycles. In November 2018, James was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, Howe to two years' and Pearce to eighteen months'. The case also led a Nova Scotia judge to designate the Bacchus Motorcycle Club a criminal organization under the Criminal Code, the first time the designation had been used in the province. In March 2013, Bacchus member David James Bishop was charged with a number of crimes, including trafficking cocaine and steroids, relating to a drug smuggling ring at Central Nova Scotia Correctional Facility. He pleaded guilty in April 2013 and was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison. Bishop was one of four men charged in connection with the beating of a man who was left with permanent brain damage. Police allege the victim was assaulted inside a former motorcycle gang clubhouse in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia before he was driven on to Cape Breton Island and abandoned along the side of Highway 105 at Glendale, Nova Scotia on 6 or 7 June 2016. See also List of outlaw motorcycle clubs Gangs in Canada References External links Bacchus MC Ontario Organizations established in 1972 1972 establishments in New Brunswick Organizations based in New Brunswick Albert County, New Brunswick Outlaw motorcycle clubs Motorcycle clubs in Canada Gangs in Canada

44131687

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885%20in%20Sweden

1885 in Sweden

Events from the year 1885 in Sweden Incumbents Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Robert Themptander Events 10 December 1885 – Härnösand becomes the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the Gådeå power station being taken into use. Date unknown - The newspapers Borlänge Tidning and Social-Demokraten are founded. Date unknown - Creation of the Wahlström & Widstrand Date unknown - Women are allowed to become members of the Swedish Publicists' Association, and 14 women are inducted as members. Date unknown - Johanna Hedén founded Göteborgs Barnmorskesällskap (The Gothenburg Midwifery Association), the first union for women in Sweden. Date unknown - The government comity of Girl School Committee of 1885 is established to reform female education: Sophie Adlersparre and Hilda Caselli are two of the members, making them the first female members of a government committee. Births 13 January – Emil Johansson, tug of war competitor (died 1972). 14 January – Oskar Bengtsson, footballer (died 1972). 15 January – Claës König, nobleman, military officer and horse rider (died 1961). 24 January – Åke Grönhagen, modern pentathlete and épée fencer (died 1974). 25 January – Ivan Törnmarck, sport shooter (died 1963). 26 January – Per Thorén, figure skater (died 1962). 28 January – Julia Cæsar, actress (died 1971). 6 February – John Klintberg, athlete (died 1955). 10 February – Gösta Ehrensvärd, Navy officer (died 1973). 12 February – Bror Meyer, speed skater. 27 February – Ellen Rydelius, journalist, author and translator (died 1957). 1 March – Gustaf Månsson, sailor (died 1976). 20 March – Karl Sundholm, rower (died 1965). 3 April – Alrik Sandberg, wrestler (died 1975). 1 May – Knut Torell, gymnast (died 1966). 5 May – Albert Pettersson, weightlifter (died 1960). 7 May – Axel Johansson, rower (died 1973). 7 May – Gunnar Wingqvist, diver (died 1917). 13 May – Theodor Bergqvist, wrestler (died 1969). 19 May – Carl-Georg Andersson, wrestler (died 1961). 14 June – Arvid Åberg, hammer thrower (died 1950). 17 June – Karin Ek, writer (died 1926). 20 June – Brynolf Larsson, long-distance runner (died 1973). 21 June – Henning Möller, athlete (died 1968). 22 June – Karl Fryksdal, athlete (died 1945). 2 July – Anders Almqvist, rower (died 1915). 9 July – Tor Andræ, clergyman, professor, scholar of comparative religion and bishop (died 1947). 16 July – Carl Jonsson, police officer, tug of war competitor, swimmer and author (died 1966). 29 July – Sigurd Lewerentz, architect (died 1975). 30 July – Carl Wilhelm Rubenson, mountaineer (d. 1960). 8 August – Charles Luther, sprinter (died 1962). 24 August – Ivar Ryberg, rower (died 1929). 28 August – Eskil Brodd, diver (died 1969). 30 August – Nils von Kantzow, gymnast (died 1967). 14 September – Lili Ziedner, actress (died 1939). 30 September – Frans Fast, tug of war competitor (died 1959). 4 October – Nils Häggström, modern pentathlete (died 1974). 9 October – Thor Ericsson, footballer (died 1975). 7 October – Nils Hellsten, gymnast (died 1963). 18 October – Gustaf Broberg, rower (died 1952). 23 October – Elna Montgomery, figure skater (died 1981). 25 October – Malcolm Svensson, track and field athlete (died 1961). 27 October – Sigrid Hjertén, painter (died 1948). 28 October – Per Albin Hansson, politician, prime minister (died 1946). 29 October – Ivan Lamby, sailor (died 1970). 30 October – Leonard Peterson, gymnast (died 1956). 23 November – Hugo Björklund, wrestler (died 1963). 3 December – Gustaf Andersson, sport shooter (died 1969). 7 December – Theodor Nauman, water polo goalkeeper (died 1947). 8 December – Axel Lindahl, athlete (died 1959). 15 December – Jacob Westberg, long-distance runner (died 1933). 28 December – Carl-Gustaf Klerck, fencer (died 1976). 30 December – Artur Cederborgh, actor (died 1961). 30 December – Frank Martin, equestrian (died 1962). Deaths 1 January - Pilt Carin Ersdotter, famed beauty (born 1814) 27 January - Andreas Bruce, transsexual (born 1808) 11 January - Helga de la Brache, con artist (born 1817) 7 February - Betty Pettersson, first female university student (born 1838) References Years of the 19th century in Sweden 1885 by country

44162587

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie%20de%20Morsier

Émilie de Morsier

Émilie de Morsier (31 October 1843 – 13 January 1896) was a Swiss feminist, pacifist and abolitionist. Life Emilie Naville was born in Vernier in the Canton of Geneva on 31 October 1843, daughter of Louis Naville and Anne Todd. Her family included prominent Protestants pastors. Her father was mayor of Vernier. In 1864 she married Gustave de Morsier, a banker. Their son Auguste de Morsier (1864–1923), an engineer and philanthropist, was involved in many generous causes including the International Abolitionist Federation, the Swiss Association for Women's Suffrage and International Philarmenian League. Other children were Edouard (1866–1949) and Louis (1872–1937). In 1867 Emilie de Morsier became a member of the International League for Peace and Freedom. The family moved to Paris in 1868. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Emilie de Morsier served as a nurse in a homeopathic health center. She became a feminist leader. She helped convince French women philanthropists to support an egalitarian reform agenda, defending women's rights in terms of women's duties. In 1875 Emilie de Morsier became a member of the executive committee of the British and Continental Federation for the Abolition of Regulated Prostitution. The league was against state toleration of extra-marital sexual activity, but was also against the enslavement of women that resulted from official regulations. In 1879 she was one of the founders of the French Association pour l'abolition de la prostitution réglementée, authorized by a police ordinance of 16 June 1879. Victor Schœlcher was the president, the committee was co-chaired by Yves Guyot and Mrs. H. Chapman, and Maria Deraismes and Emilie de Morsier were committee members. She attended the second congress of the abolition federation in Geneva between 27 September and 4 October 1990, as did Yves Guyot and Auguste de Morsier, where it became clear that the priority had shifted to the liberal agenda of removing the state's powers of registration and detention, and guaranteeing the rights of individual liberty and common law. Emilie de Morsier was interested in theosophy and became secretary-general of the Societé Theosophique d'Orient et d'Occident. On 11 June 1884 she was present at a demonstration of psychic power by Madame Blavatsky, who read the contents of a sealed letter that she held up to her forehead. In 1889 the French government sponsored a "woman's congress" presided over by Jules Simon, which celebrated the role of women in society, and their charitable activities in particular. Feminists led by Léon Richer (1824–1911) and Maria Deraismes organized an alternative Congrès Francais et International du Droit des Femmes, held in Paris 25–29 June 1889. Emilie de Morsier was one of the organizers of the government congress, but also attended the feminist congress and donated money to help support it. Between 1887 and 1896 Emilie de Morsier was president of the board of directors of the Society for Former Prisoners of Saint-Lazare, an organization that tried to assist the female detainees (mostly prostitutes) to rejoin society. She attended an international prison conference in Paris in 1895, where she heard Marie-Anne Dupuy talk about adjusting prison policy to recognize gender differences. Morsier praised Dupuy's report, saying that a higher law than man-made law made the sexes equal. The white slave trade must be abolished, since it was the basis of legal prostitution. Morsier and Dupuy agreed that the existing laws made it difficult for prostitutes to find other work. Emilie de Morsier died in Paris on 13 January 1896. Publications Emilie de Morsier wrote a book on the Mission of Women: Emilie de Morsier translated several works into French including: Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward The Gates Ajar and Hedged In, Emilie Ashurst Venturi Joseph Mazzini, a Memoir Giuseppe Mazzini The Duties of Man and Thoughts on Democracy (essays) See also List of peace activists References Sources 1843 births 1896 deaths Abolitionists Swiss pacifists Swiss feminists

44293253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste%20Salme

Jean-Baptiste Salme

Jean-Baptiste Salme or Salm (18 November 1766 – 27 May 1811) led French troops in several actions during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Several times he landed in trouble by associating with the wrong people, including his wife who tried to kill him. He served alongside Jacques MacDonald when they were both generals of brigade in the Flanders Campaign in 1794. Still commanding only a brigade, he served in MacDonald's army in Italy during 1799 and in Spain during 1810. In 1784, he joined a dragoon regiment in the French Royal Army in 1784. He emerged as the commanding officer of the 3rd Infantry Demi-brigade in the Army of the Rhine in 1793. He led his unit at Haguenau and Second Wissembourg. In 1794, he transferred to northeast France and was promoted to general officer, subsequently fighting at Tourcoing, Tournay and Hooglede. After besieging and capturing the fortress of Grave he was on occupation duty in Belgium and Holland. Salme's friendship with the traitor Jean-Charles Pichegru caused him to be unemployed for over a year. He served in Italy in 1798 and led the army advance guard at the Trebbia in 1799 where he was wounded and captured by the Austrians. In 1802 he went on the Saint-Domingue expedition to Haiti but was sent home early, possibly for having a sexual liaison with Pauline Bonaparte. Then his wife tried to poison him and he was retired from the army. In 1809 he briefly led a second-line outfit in the Walcheren Campaign. The following year he was given a brigade and served in Catalonia. He was killed in action during the Siege of Tarragona in 1811. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 38. Early career Salme was born on 18 November 1766 in Aillianville to father Jean Baptiste Salme and mother Marie Jeanne Vignon. The godparents at the baptism were Nicolas Salme and Marie Gérard, the paternal grandfather and his second wife. Salme's father was a laborer and later became a timber merchant in 1784. Jean-Baptiste père was accused of misappropriating civic funds in 1789. The father's membership in the bourgeoisie may have aroused suspicion, causing him some trouble in May 1793, but he went on to become mayor in 1807. Jean Baptiste fils was well-educated by his uncle Gaspard who was a parish priest. Against his parents' wishes, Salme ran off and enlisted in the Tribois company of the Noailles Dragoon Regiment on 16 April 1784. The unit's commander was Philippe Louis de Noailles and its garrison town was Épinal. The youthful dragoon was described as five feet four inches tall with light brown hair. He was round-faced and had a smallpox scar on his nose. He remained a simple private during his early military career, serving in garrison at Toulouse and Carcassonne in 1788 and Montauban in 1790. His father finally persuaded him that there was no future for him in the army and he left the service on 12 January 1791. War of the First Coalition On 9 July 1791 a law provided for the formation of volunteer battalions and Salme joined the 1st Battalion of the Vosges National Guard at Neufchâteau. Recognizing his former service as a dragoon, the old soldier who commanded the battalion made him a sergeant. Salme so enthusiastically participated in the training of the battalion while it was cantoned at Saverne that he was promoted to sous-lieutenant on 15 April 1792. He was married the next day to Jeanne Henriette Masse. War broke out on 20 April and the battalion was ordered to the front on 19 July. Salme was involved in operations around the Prussian siege of Longwy, being wounded at Rülzheim on 3 August 1792. The 1st Vosges Battalion was present at the capture of Speyer on 30 September when Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine's 24,000-man Army of the Rhine trapped 3,600 Imperial troops in a bend of the Rhine River. In the spring of 1793 the 1st Vosges was in Jean Nicolas Houchard's 1st Brigade of Joseph Victorin Nevinger's Left Wing near Bingen am Rhein. On 14 September 1793 Salme greatly distinguished himself in an action at Nothweiler in which he was wounded. On 7 October 1793 Salme was named lieutenant colonel of the 15th Vosges Battalion, a unit of raw and undisciplined conscripts. Soon after, he was appointed to lead the 3rd Line Infantry Demi-brigade as Chef de brigade (colonel) on 28 October. On 30 October the 3rd Line belonged to the army's Center which was led by Louis Dominique Munnier. During the subsequent Battle of Haguenau, Salme seized Bettenhoffen from the Austrians on 1 December and fought at Berstheim, winning commendation from army commander Jean-Charles Pichegru. On 18 December his unit fought Austrian hussars and he was wounded in the arm by a saber-cut. Nevertheless, he led his regiment in the Second Battle of Wissembourg on 26 December 1793. Pichegru was nominated commander of the Army of the North on 6 January 1794, succeeding Jean-Baptiste Jourdan who was dismissed on 19 January. On 8 February Pichegru arrived at army headquarters to take over from the acting commander Jacques Ferrand. Salme was promoted to general of brigade on 30 March 1794. He had become friends with Pichegru who employed him with the Army of the North. Salme took charge of a brigade in Jacques Philippe Bonnaud's division which fought at the Battle of Tourcoing on 18 May and at the Battle of Tournay on 22 May. For the operations covering the Siege of Ypres Salme's brigade formed part of Éloi Laurent Despeaux's division. When Jean Victor Marie Moreau's troops invested Ypres on 1 June, the divisions of Despeaux on the right, Joseph Souham in the center and Pierre Antoine Michaud on the left provided the screening force. On 10 June the three screening divisions drove off a Coalition corps under François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt from Roeselare (Roulers) after a stiff battle. At 7:00 am on the 13th Clerfayt launched a surprise attack on Despeaux's division, routing Philippe Joseph Malbrancq's brigade and pushing Salme's brigade back toward Menen. The next brigade in line, Jacques MacDonald's of Souham's division resisted Clerfayt's attacks at Hooglede for six hours. At that time, Jan de Winter's brigade arrived to support MacDonald's left and Salme's rallied soldiers moved forward on his right. The tired Coalition soldiers withdrew and Ypres fell on 18 June. Salme was seriously wounded and his horse killed under him on 13 July at Mechelen (Malines) while fighting along the Leuven Canal. He received credit for the seizure of the town. On 1 September Despeaux's 4th Division consisted of three battalions each of the 38th and 131st Line Infantry Demi-brigades, 3rd Battalion of Tirailleurs, 5th Battalion of Chasseurs, four squadrons of the 19th Cavalry and two squadrons of the 13th Chasseurs à Cheval. Salme replaced Despeaux in command of the division on 20 September. He was ordered to invest the fortress of Grave which his division did on 17 October. Evidently siege artillery was not immediately available because cannons did not start firing at Grave's defenses until 1 December. Salme besieged the place with 3,000 soldiers. The 1,500 Dutch defenders were led by General-major de Bons and included the 2nd Battalion of the Waldeck Infantry Regiment, four companies of the Swiss May Regiment, the depot company of the Hessen-Darmstadt Regiment, 100 men from two Jäger detachments and 100 gunners. Bons surrendered the 160-gun fortress on 29 December after his garrison sustained 16 casualties and eight desertions. Salme reported only 13 casualties. During the winter of 1794–95 Salme was involved in the invasion of the Dutch Republic. After his troops captured Utrecht on 17 January 1795, Pichegru assigned him the administration of Amsterdam. For three months he and his troops occupied the mansion of Hope & Co. Without unduly antagonizing the city's inhabitants, Salme was able to provide his soldiers with new uniforms and ample food. Next he was ordered to occupy Overijssel province. He helped clear the British forces out of Friesland and Groningen provinces, winning the approval of Souham. Later that year he seems to have served in the Rhine Campaign of 1795 because he was in action at Altenkirchen and became friends with Jean Baptiste Kléber. Meanwhile, government agents stirred up trouble in Belgium with anticlerical activities and other abuses. In June 1796 Salme was assigned to a cavalry command in order to put down rebellions by unhappy Belgians. After running afoul of the French civil authorities of Brussels and the Department of the Dyle, he was recalled by the French Directory on 12 February 1797. In April 1797, the commander of the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, Lazare Hoche named Salme to command a dragoon brigade in Louis Klein's division. When Michel Ney was captured on 21 April, Salme succeeded to command of the Hussar Division, but an armistice ended the fighting two days later. War of the Second Coalition The Coup of 18 Fructidor occurred on 4 September 1797 when the Royalist faction was overthrown by force. The treason of Pichegru came to light at this time and he was exiled from France. Because of his well-known friendship with the traitor, Salme was denounced by Hoche as "Pichegru's vile spy" and dismissed from the army. After over a year of forced retirement, he secured a post with the Army of Egypt on 9 November 1798 due to the intervention of Kléber. However, Salme missed the sailing at Ancona and instead joined the Army of Rome under Jean Étienne Championnet. At that time Guillaume Philibert Duhesme's division of 3,000–4,000 men was near Ancona. In the face of an attack by the Neapolitan army, Championnet evacuated Rome on 27 November. However, the Neapolitan army quickly unraveled and the French recaptured Rome on 15 December and seized Naples itself on 23 January 1799. Soon after, Championnet got into a dispute with French government agents, was removed from command on 28 February and placed under arrest. MacDonald replaced him as commander of the army. In view of the French defeats in northern Italy, MacDonald was instructed to garrison central and southern Italy and come north by forced marches with the Army of Naples. The order arrived on 14 April 1799 and MacDonald began his move north on 7 May. MacDonald named Salme to lead the 2,997-man army Advance Guard which was made up of the 15th Light (1,390 men) and 11th Line (1,440 men) Infantry Demi-brigades, 94 troopers from the 25th Chasseurs à Cheval and 53 gunners and sappers. At 8:00 am on 17 June 1799, MacDonald opened the Battle of Trebbia by sending 18,700 soldiers from the divisions of Claude Perrin Victor, Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca and Jean Henri Dombrowski plus Salme's Advance Guard into action. At first the French pressed back the Austrians of Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz but reinforcements began to arrive until the Coalition commander Alexander Suvorov had 30,656 Austrians and Russians on the field. MacDonald had been wounded at the Battle of Modena and delegated Victor to direct the assault. But Victor never took charge of the troops that day and the French fought without a guiding hand. Late in the day, Salme's Advance Guard covered the retreat of the three French divisions behind the Tidone River. Salme's troops were only Frenchmen that remained east of the Trebbia River. On 18 June MacDonald waited for his three missing divisions to arrive on the battlefield. Meanwhile, Suvorov planned to launch a powerful stroke with his right wing but was unable to get his columns moving. It was so quiet that Salme asked permission to go into Piacenza. The Coalition assault began at 4:00 pm and struck Salme first. He was ordered to retreat as soon as the enemy applied pressure but instead he stood his ground. Salme was wounded and so was his successor Jean Sarrazin. Finally Louis Joseph Lahure took command and withdrew the Advance Guard behind the Trebbia, but not without some confusion. When the Army of Naples retreated on 20 June it left behind wounded generals Salme, Rusca and Jean-Baptiste Olivier. Salme was held a prisoner by the Austrians until the Treaty of Lunéville in March 1801. Saint-Domingue and career eclipse Salme went on the Saint-Domingue expedition arriving in Hispaniola on 5 February 1802. He was assigned to command the 13th Brigade in Jean Hardy's division. The expedition commander Charles Leclerc immediately organized a sweep to round up Haitian forces led by Toussaint Louverture. During the operation, Hardy took Salme's brigade on an all-night march to surprise a Haitian base at Bayonnais. Much of Haiti was brought under French control but large Haitian forces escaped and Hardy's division returned to Cap-Français. Leclerc promoted Salme general of division on 15 May 1802 and immediately set him back to France for reasons which remain unclear. The possibilities are that he was sick, that he was harshly critical of restoring slavery in Hispaniola, that he was dealing in the black market and, finally, that he had become the lover of Pauline Bonaparte, Leclerc's wife. In any case he was directed to report on the condition of the army when he got back to France. That year Leclerc and Hardy and most of the army perished from yellow fever. On 16 October 1802 Salme was placed in inactive status and given an annual pension of 5,000 francs. On 26 August 1803 he was retired with a pension of 2,500 francs. He took up residence in Drusenheim on a property co-owned by his father-in-law. His wife Jeanne Henriette tried to poison him but a loyal servant warned him in time and the only fatality was his dog. He moved to the market square of Neufchâteau and went into business with another man as manufacturers of starch. Because of his association with Moreau the police had him under surveillance in June 1804. He sent many letters to the War Ministry asking to be employed but he was ignored even though he had the sympathy of Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville. Much of his time was taken up by a property dispute with his wife. On 8 August 1809 he was given command of a brigade of National Guards and served in the Walcheren Campaign. Though he performed his duties properly, he was sent home on 29 September 1809. Tarragona and death Souham was home from the Peninsular War with a wound and Salme asked that general to get him a combat posting. On 16 April 1810 he was appointed to the VII Corps also known as the Army of Catalonia. At that time Louis-Gabriel Suchet was getting ready to besiege Tortosa with his III Corps. MacDonald's VII Corps was supposed to support Suchet's operation by threatening Tarragona in August 1810. On 14 September, the Spanish under Henry O'Donnell wiped out one of MacDonald's brigades in a successful raid at the Battle of La Bisbal well to the north. As the Spanish column, without O'Donnell who had been wounded, passed near MacDonald the French general moved against it. On 21 October 1810, an Italian brigade under Francesco Orsatelli Eugenio supported by a French brigade under Salme attacked the Spanish position at Cardona. Eugenio's reckless initial assault was repulsed with 100 casualties and MacDonald withdrew. Emperor Napoleon directed Suchet to capture the port city of Tarragona and promised that general that he would find his marshal's baton inside its walls. Unhappy with the operations of MacDonald, the emperor boosted Suchet's army from 26,000 to 43,000 troops by transferring soldiers from MacDonald's VII Corps in March 1811. After detaching 20 battalions as garrisons and observation forces, Suchet assembled 29 battalions for his siege force. These were grouped into infantry divisions under Jean Isidore Harispe, Bernard-Georges-François Frère and Pierre-Joseph Habert and 1,400 cavalry led by André Joseph Boussart. There were also 2,000 gunners and 750 engineers and sappers attached to the army. Harispe and Frère marched from Lleida (Lérida) while Habert moved from Tortosa along the coast with the siege train. Harispe's division occupied Montblanc on 29 April 1811 and Reus on 2 May. Leading the inland column, Salme's advanced guard pushed the Spanish outposts behind the Francolí River on 3 May. Salme became a member of the Légion d'Honneur on 7 May 1811. North of Tarragona lay Monte Olivo which overlooked the lower town. Atop the feature, the Spanish defenders built the powerful Fort Olivo, protected by a ditch carved into solid rock and defended by 1,000 soldiers. Suchet and his engineers determined to start the Siege of Tarragona from the west side, but first they needed to capture Fort Olivo from which the Spanish could take the siege trenches under a crossfire. Suchet arranged his divisions with Habert on the right at the coast, Frère in the center straddling the Francolí and Harispe on the left. In Harispe's division Salme's French brigade faced Fort Olivo while the two Italian brigades reached around to touch the coast east of Tarragona. Harispe's division included three battalions each of the 7th and 16th Line Infantry Regiments and eight Italian battalions. On 13 May the French captured two small fortifications in front of Fort Olivo and beat back a three-battalion counterattack by the Spanish the next day. Because the main attack from the west was delayed, Suchet decided to concentrate a vigorous effort against Fort Olivo beginning on 23 May. Over the next few days batteries before the fort were armed with 13 cannons which began to inflict serious damage on it. On the night of 27 May, as French soldiers dragged four 24-pound cannons into battery, they were blasted by Spanish fire which caused numerous casualties. At this moment, the defenders mounted a sortie from Fort Olivo. Watching the proceedings carefully, Salme called out to his reserves, "Brave 7th forward!" He was struck in the head by a musket ball and killed instantly. The men rushed past him and repulsed the Spanish attack. Fort Olivo fell on the night of the 29th with heavy losses to the defenders. Salme was buried under a nearby aqueduct, the Pont de les Ferreres, and his embalmed heart was placed in the Tower of the Scipios along the road to Barcelona. After the French captured Tarragona they changed the name of Fort Olivo to Fort Salme. Since Salme had no children and was in the process of divorcing his wife, his financial assets were distributed among his brothers and sisters. Napoleon granted his father a 1,000 franc per year annuity. SALM is engraved on the west side of the Arc de Triomphe. Notes References French generals French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars People from Haute-Marne Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe 1766 births 1811 deaths

44320652

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Manson%E2%80%93Columbine%20High%20School%20massacre%20controversy

Marilyn Manson–Columbine High School massacre controversy

Following the massacre at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999, one common view was that the violent actions perpetrated by the two shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were due to violent influences in entertainment, specifically those in the music of Marilyn Manson. Background In the late 1990s, Marilyn Manson and his eponymous band established themselves as a household name, and as one of the most controversial rock acts in music history. Their albums Antichrist Superstar (1996) and Mechanical Animals (1998) were both critical and commercial successes, and by the time of their Rock Is Dead Tour in 1999, the frontman had become a culture war iconoclast and a rallying icon for alienated youth. As their popularity increased, the confrontational nature of the group's music and imagery outraged social conservatives. Numerous politicians lobbied to have their performances banned, citing false and exaggerated claims that they contained animal sacrifices, bestiality and rape. Their concerts were routinely picketed by religious advocates and parent groups, who asserted that their music had a corrupting influence on youth culture by inciting "rape, murder, blasphemy and suicide". On April 20, 1999, Columbine High School seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot dead 12 students and a teacher and wounded 24 others, before committing suicide. Immediately after the massacre, significant blame was directed at the band and, specifically, at its outspoken frontman. In the weeks following the shootings, media reports about Harris and Klebold portrayed them and the Trench Coat Mafia as part of a gothic cult. Early media reports alleged that the shooters were fans, and were wearing the group's T-shirts during the massacre. Although these claims were later proven to be false, news outlets continued to run sensationalist stories with headlines such as "Killers Worshipped Rock Freak Manson" and "Devil-Worshipping Maniac Told Kids To Kill." Speculation in national media and among the public led many to believe that Manson's music and imagery were the shooter's sole motivation, despite reports that revealed that the two were not fans—and, on the contrary, "had nothing but contempt for the music". Despite this, Marilyn Manson were widely criticized by religious, political, and entertainment-industry figures—Lynyrd Skynyrd, for example, offered to give the frontman "a can of whoop ass." A day after the shooting, Michigan State Senator Dale Shugars attended the band's concert, along with policy advisers, a local police officer and the state senate's sergeant-at-arms, at the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids, Michigan to conduct research for a proposed bill requiring parental warnings on concert tickets and promotional material for any performer that had released a record bearing the Parental Advisory sticker in the last five years. According to Shugars, the show began with the singer wearing "satanic wings" as he leapt from a cross that was eventually set on fire. He then described seeing fans, whom he described as normal kids, "under [Manson's] control" as he performed a sequence that "glorified the killing of a police officer." Finally, he reported the singer recounting a dream sequence in which cops perform sex acts on him before Jesus Christ descended out of a sky made of LSD and told him the real name of God is "Drugs." After which, the band launched into "I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me)". Shugars expressed concern that these shows had adverse effects on concert-goers. Under mounting pressure in the days after Columbine, the group postponed their last five North American tour dates out of respect for the victims and their families. Subsequently, the band canceled the remaining dates of the tour out of respect for the victims, explaining, "It's not a great atmosphere to be out playing rock 'n' roll shows, for us or the fans." However, Manson steadfastly maintained that music, movies, books or video games are not to blame, stating, On April 29, ten US senators (led by Sam Brownback of Kansas) sent a letter to Edgar Bronfman Jr. – the president of Seagram (the owner of Interscope) – requesting a voluntary halt to his company's distribution to children of "music that glorifies violence". The letter named Marilyn Manson for producing songs which "eerily reflect" the actions of Harris and Klebold. The signatories included eight Republicans and two Democrats namely, US Senators Wayne Allard, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Susan Collins, Tim Hutchinson, Rick Santorum, Kent Conrad, Byron Dorgan, John Ashcroft and Jeff Sessions. Later that day, the band cancelled their remaining North American shows. Two days later, Manson published his response to these accusations in an op-ed piece for Rolling Stone, titled "Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?", where he castigated America's gun culture, the political influence of the National Rifle Association, and the media's irresponsible coverage, which he said facilitated the placing of blame on a scapegoat, instead of debating more relevant societal issues. On May 4, a hearing on the marketing and distribution of violent content to minors by the television, music, film and video-game industries was held by the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. The committee heard testimony from the former Secretary of Education (and co-founder of conservative violent entertainment watchdog group Empower America) William Bennett, the Archbishop of Denver Charles J. Chaput, professors and mental-health professionals. Speakers criticized the band, its label-mate Nine Inch Nails, and the 1999 film The Matrix for their alleged contribution to a cultural environment enabling violence such as the Columbine shootings. The committee requested that the Federal Trade Commission and the United States Department of Justice investigate the entertainment industry's marketing practices to minors. After concluding the European and Japanese legs of their tour on August 8, the band withdrew from public view. Those taking a stance against Manson claimed that his rock group was perhaps the sickest group ever promoted by a mainstream record company. According to Michael Moore in his documentary film, Bowling for Columbine, that shortly after the attack, it seemed that the entire focus was that the two killers were motivated to commit this act because they listened to Marilyn Manson. Two years after Columbine, Manson was expected to perform in Denver, Colorado, at the Ozzfest at Mile High Stadium. As a result, protesters gathered to prevent Manson from performing. One speaker said that Marilyn Manson's music promoted what he called Columbine-like behavior, such as hate, violence, death, suicide, and drug use. The protesters were largely made up of the Citizens for Peace and Respect, an organization that consisted of locals, churches, and Columbine families. Marilyn Manson's response Though Manson initially refused to appear on news stations and talk shows, and he cancelled several shows out of respect for the victims of Columbine, he later spoke out in many different interviews. One such notable interview was on the April 2001 episode of The O'Reilly Factor, where Manson once again denied that the band's music was responsible for Columbine. Bill O'Reilly pointed out Manson's controversial behavior, such as committing a sexual act with another male live on stage. In response, Manson claimed that this was not planned and was entertaining at the time. O'Reilly also challenged Manson by stating that never before in the United States had there been more corrupting influences on the nation's youth at one time, and that while Manson claims that his messages are not meant to be taken a certain way, young people can misinterpret his lyrics. O'Reilly also argued that "disturbed kids" without direction from responsible parents could misinterpret the message of his music as endorsing the belief that "when I'm dead [then] everybody's going to know me." Manson responded: Manson also told O'Reilly that his lyrics do not promote suicide but that they encourage "getting through feelings like that." In interviews, Manson claimed that he does not promote violence, hate, suicide, and the other atrocities of which he has been accused. Rather, he promotes not being afraid to be different and to challenge societal views and norms. He repeatedly asserts that there is a difference between art and real life. Return to Denver The Ozzfest leg of the tour marked the band's first performance in Denver, Colorado (on June 22, 2001 at Mile High Stadium) after the Columbine High School massacre in Littleton. After initially canceling due to a scheduling conflict, the band changed their plans to play the Denver date. The group's decision met resistance from conservative groups; Manson received death threats and demands to cancel the band's performance. A group of church leaders, businesses and families related to Columbine formed an ad hoc organization opposing the show. Citizens for Peace and Respect, which was supported by Colorado governor Bill Owens and representative Tom Tancredo, claimed on their website that the band "promotes hate, violence, death, suicide, drug use, and the attitudes and actions of the Columbine killers". In response, a group of Marilyn Manson supporters formed the Citizens for the Protection of the Right to Free Speech to support the concert. One spokesman for a Columbine victim's family told reporters that Manson shouldn't be expected to instill values in children and that he should be welcomed to Ozzfest. In response, Manson issued a statement: During the Denver show, Manson also appeared in an interview for Michael Moore's 2002 documentary, Bowling for Columbine. In the interview, Manson and Moore discussed the irony that on the day of the shooting, the United States dropped more bombs on Kosovo than any other time during the Kosovo War. Manson argued that the US president had more influence than himself, yet no one questioned whether the president was to blame. When Moore asked Manson what he would have said to the families of the victims of the shooting, he replied, "I wouldn't say a single word to them. I would listen to what they have to say and that's what no one did." Effects on Marilyn Manson's career In an interview, Manson said that being blamed for Columbine nearly ruined his career. He claimed that he had to pursue legal action against those who were so avidly associating his name with the Columbine shooting. He says that he has been blamed for more deaths than any musical artist in history. Shortly after the Columbine incident, Manson released a new video for "The Fight Song" off the band's album Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death). Many assumed that it referenced the Columbine massacre by depicting a clash between jocks and goths. Manson denied that there was a connection. In a 2012 interview, Manson revealed that the album Born Villain, which would be released that year, was named partially due to his blame for the Columbine shooting. He said that the title is perfect because he became vilified by society. See also Moral panic Scapegoating Folk devil References Articles containing video clips Impact of the Columbine High School massacre Marilyn Manson (band) Mass media-related controversies in the United States 1999 controversies in the United States 1999 in American music

44436512

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless%20%28season%204%29

Shameless (season 4)

The fourth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, "Strangers on a Train", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest-rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.93 million viewers, becoming the show’s highest-rated episode for the season. Plot Unlike previous seasons, the fourth season of Shameless begins shifting into a darker tone, with the season's core stories mainly revolving around Fiona's sudden trouble with the law and Frank's possible death. At the beginning of the season, Fiona is getting past the disappearance of Jimmy and adjusting to her new job at Worldwide Cup. Keeping the family afloat, she has begun dating her boss, Mike Pratt (Jake McDorman). The lives of other characters have shifted: Lip no longer lives at the house, struggling to adjust to new life at Chicago Polytechnic. Sheila finds solace in online dating, and she meets a Native American cowboy that takes care of his junkie sister’s five children. Kevin gets full ownership of the Alibi. Veronica is pregnant with triplets, though her surrogate mother Carol is also pregnant. After Carol gives birth, Carol decides she wants to raise the baby on her own. Debbie begins pining after an older boy, Matt (James Allen McCune). Mickey is depressed over the disappearance of Ian, and he has a strained relationship with his pregnant wife, Svetlana. Mickey eventually tracks down Ian, who has gone AWOL from the Army and now works at a sketchy gay bar with a new, odd behavior. Knowing that her husband is spending time with Ian, Svetlana begins to extort money from Mickey. During an after-party for his son's christening at the Alibi, Mickey publicly comes out. Terry tries to attack Mickey over the revelation, resulting in his arrest; the other Alibi regulars seem accepting of Mickey's sexuality. Frank, in declining health, is returned home by the police, to most of the family's dismay. Forced to stay on the wagon, Frank is desperate for a new liver and reveals the existence of his oldest child, Sammi (Emily Bergl). To his surprise, Frank tracks Sammi down and discovers that he has a grandson, Chuckie. Frank makes a good impression on Sammi, who does not know that Frank is her father; Sammi is initially furious when she finds out the truth, but she eventually reconciles with Frank, wanting to begin a father/daughter relationship with him. Though she isn't a viable liver donor, Sammi cares for Frank as his health begins to deteriorate; Sheila, wanting to adopt the kids of her online boyfriend, marries Frank in order to increase her chances of winning custody, though she ultimately fails to do so. Frank is eventually given a last minute liver transplant. Fiona's life is drastically turned upside down on her birthday. Against her better judgement, Fiona pursues a secret affair with Mike's brother, Robbie. Mike is devastated when he learns the truth, punching Robbie in the face and breaking up with Fiona. After being gifted a baggie of cocaine from Robbie, Fiona throws a party and snorts the cocaine; Liam gets into the stash of cocaine and is found unconscious in the kitchen. As the family rushes Liam to the hospital, Fiona is arrested and lands in county jail; she refuses to give up Robbie's name. Originally put on house arrest, Fiona goes on a bender with Robbie's friends and breaks her curfew. She is sent to a correctional facility for a 90-day sentence, wrecking havoc for the rest of the family. Fiona's arrest leaves parental duties on Lip. Some unexpected assistance comes from an intelligent college student, Amanda (Nichole Bloom), who Lip eventually begins dating. Lip begins to put his previous relationship with Mandy behind him; Mandy is stuck in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend, Kenyatta. Ian finally turns up and reunites with his family, but his new behavior concerns both Mickey and the family, who compare Ian's odd behavior to Monica's bipolar disorder. Fiona gets an early release from the correctional facility due to overcrowding. Thanks to her parole officer, Fiona gets a job as a waitress at the Golden House Restaurant, a diner managed by Charlie Peters (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). Frank is back to drinking with his new liver, and has simultaneously brought Sammi and Chuckie into the Gallaghers' lives. Mickey and Svetlana come to an understanding on how to raise their child. During the final episode, a post-credits scene reveals Jimmy, who has been absent the whole season, watching the Gallagher home from his car with an unnamed woman. Cast and characters Regular William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip "Lip" Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica "V" Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin "Kev" Ball Emma Kenney as Debbie Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Joan Cusack as Sheila Jackson (credited as "special guest star" in opening title sequence) Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich Jake McDorman as Mike Pratt (episodes 1-6) Special guest stars Regina King as Gail Johnson Cherami Leigh as Robyn Hasseck Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Charlie Peters Recurring Emily Bergl as Samantha "Sammi" Slott Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana James Allen McCune as Matty Baker Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer Nichole Bloom as Amanda Nick Gehlfuss as Robbie Prat Adam Cagley as Ron Kuzner Kellen Michael as Chuckie Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Kerry O'Malley as Kate J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Maile Flanagan as Connie Dennis Cockrum as Terry Milkovich Shel Bailey as Kenyatta Miguel Izaguirre as Paco Episodes Development and production On January 29, 2013, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season. The show's fourth season began production on September 20, 2013 and began filming the following week,<ref>"Amazing first table read with my #shameless family! This seasons gonna ROCK.". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.</ref> and premiered on Sunday, January 12, 2014. Reception Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the fourth season 100%, based on 15 reviews. The critics consensus reads, "Shameless'' shows no signs of fatigue as it barrels into its fourth season, with the Gallaghers stirring up new and novel forms of mischief." DVD release References External links 2014 American television seasons Shameless (American TV series)

44436522

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless%20%28season%205%29

Shameless (season 5)

The fifth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes. Plot The season picks up two to three months after the events of the previous season. Fiona, officially off house arrest, is still a waitress at the Golden House diner, which has been renamed to Patsy's Pies and is now under the new ownership of Sean Pierce (Dermot Mulroney). Sheila leaves town after her house burns down. Following Sheila's departure, Frank, Sammi and Chuckie move into the Gallagher household. Mandy moves to Indiana with Kenyatta. Ian remains in denial of his bipolarity as Mickey continues to look after him. When Ian begins showing increasingly erratic behavior, Mickey gets Ian to admit himself into a psychological evaluation ward. Fiona begins a relationship with local musician Gus Pfender (Steve Kazee). After a one-week relationship, Fiona and Gus impulsively decide to get married. When Jimmy, going under the alias of Jack, suddenly returns to Chicago, he learns of Fiona's marriage. Fiona has sex with Jimmy, who pleads with her to accompany him on a trip to Dubai, which she refuses. Jimmy later returns, stating that he cancelled the trip to stay with her, but Fiona, recognizing the problems of their relationship, ends things with him for good. Fiona later learns from Jimmy's colleague Angela (Dichen Lachman), that the client had cancelled the Dubai trip—not Jimmy. Fiona and Gus' relationship strains following Fiona's infidelity; Fiona ends up falling in love with her boss Sean, who is a recovering heroin addict. Meanwhile, Debbie begins dating Derek, a boy she bonds with during boxing lessons. Debbie goes on birth control and has sex with Derek, despite being advised against doing so within 48 hours; this ultimately results in Debbie becoming pregnant, to Fiona's dismay. Lip and Amanda continue a non-exclusive relationship, though Amanda eventually begins showing feelings for Lip, which he ignores. When Lip pursues his older professor, Helene (Sasha Alexander), Amanda angrily lashes out at him for ditching her. Kevin and Veronica struggle with parental life, and the two go through a brief break-up period, in which Svetlana strikes an unlikely bond with Kevin. Kevin and Veronica eventually make amends at the end of the season. At the Gallagher home, Sammi takes charge as the family's caretaker. She begins openly showing a disdain for Frank, her eyes opened to her father by her half-siblings. Frank wants to get rid of Sammi and convinces Carl, who has begun dealing drugs, to use Chuckie as a drug mule. In the second half of the season, Frank bonds with his doctor Bianca (Bojana Novakovic), who is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Bianca refuses to endure chemo, instead wanting to experience a debauched lifestyle that Frank introduces her to. They eventually begin a romantic relationship. As Bianca's health begins deteriorating, she and Frank take a trip to Costa Rica. While Frank is sleeping, Bianca leaves a thankful goodbye note for him before walking into the ocean to presumably drown herself. Under Frank's advice, Carl gets an unaware Chuckie to transfer heroin, but Chuckie is quickly caught by the police. Enraged by Chuckie's arrest, Sammi turns on the Gallagher clan and calls the cops on Carl. In court, Chuckie is sentenced to ninety days in juvenile prison while Carl, refusing to give up his drug dealers, is sentenced to one year. In another attempt to get retribution on the Gallaghers, Sammi reports Ian to the military police for his military insubordination. Ian is subsequently arrested. Angered by Sammi's actions, Mickey vengefully drugs Sammi with roofies until she passes out unconscious. When Mickey wrongly assumes the roofies have killed Sammi, he and Debbie hide Sammi's body in a moving storage container. Meanwhile, Ian receives a visit from Monica, and the two briefly hitchhike out of the state after he is released. Ian returns to the South Side and reunites with Mickey. However, Ian breaks up with him, affirming that he doesn't want to put Mickey through his bipolarity. The fifth season closes on a cliffhanger, with Sammi suddenly showing up and attempting to shoot Mickey with a gun. The shootout ultimately results in both Mickey and Sammi's incarceration. Cast and characters Main William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip "Lip" Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica "V" Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin "Kev" Ball Emma Kenney as Debbie Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich Emily Bergl as Samantha "Sammi" Slott Special guest stars Joan Cusack as Sheila Gallagher Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Steve Kazee as Gus Pfender Sasha Alexander as Helene Runyon Robinson Recurring Kellen Michael as Chuckie Slott Justin Chatwin as Jimmy Lishman Bojana Novakovic as Bianca Samson Chloe Webb as Monica Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Nichole Bloom as Amanda Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich Dichen Lachman as Angela Alessandra Balazs as Jackie Scabello Axle Whitehead as Davis Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Patrick Fischler as Wade Shelton Stacy Edwards as Laura Shelton Michael Reilly Burke as Theo Wallace Robinson Luca Oriel as Derek Delgado Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich Shel Bailey as Kenyatta Stephen Rider as G-Dogg James Allen McCune as Matty Miguel Izaguirre as Paco Episodes Development and production On February 18, 2014, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season. Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first table read, with principal photography commencing on July 8, 2014. Reception Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the fifth season a 92%, based on 12 reviews. The critics consensus reads, "Settling into its fifth year with a irascible sense of fun, Shameless hints that the Gallaghers won't become a functional family unit anytime soon - but audiences will adore them all the same." References External links 2015 American television seasons Shameless (American TV series) Teenage pregnancy in television

44449661

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calm%20Yourself

Calm Yourself

Calm Yourself is a 1935 American comedy film directed by George B. Seitz and written by Arthur Kober. The film stars Robert Young, Madge Evans, Betty Furness, Ralph Morgan, Nat Pendleton and Hardie Albright. The film was released on June 28, 1935, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Plot Advertising executive Preston 'Pat' Patton is fired from his job by Col. Allenby when Allenby catches Patton and Allenby's daughter, Mary Elizabeth, kissing. Pat keeps telling the frenzied Allenby, “Calm yourself!” and is inspired to create Confidential Services Incorporated, supposedly founded in 1908, a business that undertakes every kind of difficult task so that his clients may calm themselves. Pat is the only employee, and must pretend to be a female secretary on the phone, but he manages to deluge the city with letters advertising his services. On his first assignment, Pat gets off on the wrong track by delivering the wrong drunk to a wife's bed. Then, prominent banker Kenneth Rockwell summons Pat to his office. Rockwell is well aware of Pat's deceits, but he likes the letter and thinks Pat can help him. When Rockwell and his first wife were divorced, almost 20 years ago, she took their three-month-old daughter, Rosalind, to California. He has recently married a woman who is much younger than him. He did not conceal the first marriage, but he never mentioned dates, the child, or his own age. He has just received a wire from Rosalind announcing her arrival on the afternoon train. He hires Pat to keep Rosalind away until he can sound out his new wife. Pat meets Rosalind at the train and tells her that her father is ready to ship her back to California. When she asks about her father, he describes the ill-tempered Col. Allenby, takes her to Allenby's building at 6 p.m., just as he is coming out, and provokes a heated quarrel with Allenby on the street by telling him that he and Allenby's daughter, Mary Elizabeth, are engaged. Witnessing but not overhearing the argument from the car, Rosalind loses all interest in her father. She has only $25 and wants to stay in New York, so Pat persuades her to be his secretary. Mary Elizabeth is jealous, and they quarrel when he refuses to fire Rosalind. They all become involved in a complex comic misadventure that includes a baby, a Great Dane, and the police. In the end, Rosalind and her father meet at last, and she is very relieved that he is not Allenby. It turns out that his wife knew his age, but not that he had a daughter. Rockwell is about to introduce them, but Rosalind and Pat are deep in a kiss. When Pat declares they are going to be married, Rosalind protests, weakly. "Calm yourself!" he replies, and they embrace. Cast Robert Young as Preston 'Pat' Patton Madge Evans as Rosalind Rockwell Betty Furness as Mary Elizabeth Allenby Ralph Morgan as Mr. Kenneth S. Rockwell Nat Pendleton as Knuckles Benedict Hardie Albright as Bobby Kent Claude Gillingwater as Col. Allenby Shirley Ross as Mrs. Ruth Rockwell Raymond Hatton as Mike Herman Bing as Mr. Sam Bromberg Paul Hurst as Detective Roscoe Shirley Chambers as Joan Vincent Hale Hamilton as Mr. M.B. Kent Isabelle Keith as Mrs. Gloria Lansell Clyde Cook as Joe Richard Tucker as Police Inspector Ivan Miller as Police lieutenant Charles Trowbridge as Mr. Lansell Tempe Pigott as Anne 'Annie' Adrian Morris as Dutch – Gangster References External links 1935 films American films English-language films American comedy films 1935 comedy films Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Films directed by George B. Seitz American black-and-white films

44484460

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Longest%20Night%20%281936%20film%29

The Longest Night (1936 film)

The Longest Night is a 1936 American mystery film directed by Errol Taggart and written by Robert Hardy Andrews. The film stars Robert Young, Florence Rice, Ted Healy, Julie Haydon, Catherine Doucet and Janet Beecher. The film was released on October 2, 1936, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Running a mere 51 minutes, it is believed to be the shortest feature ever produced by MGM, lending a certain irony to the title. Elements of the plot were later reworked into the 1941 Marx Bros. comedy The Big Store. Plot A department store where she works is robbed by Eve Sutton and an accomplice, Carl Briggs. A wristwatch they stole is recognized by Eve's sister Joan, who reports her suspicions to Mrs. Briggs, who is Eve's boss at the store. Joan bumps into Charley Phelps, the store owner's son, who develops a personal interest in her. As an investigation into the robbery begins, Carl Briggs is shot and killed, his mother's body is also found, and Eve and a co-worker, Mr. Grover, are taken hostage. To bring help, Joan starts a fire that sets off the store's sprinkler system. Firemen and police race to the scene as Joan and a crew of cleaning ladies fend off the gang, while Charley fights and overcomes the scheme's mastermind and killer, Grover. Cast Robert Young as Charley Phelps Florence Rice as Joan Sutton Ted Healy as Police Sergeant Magee Julie Haydon as Eve Sutton Catherine Doucet as Mrs. Wilson G. Wilson Janet Beecher as Mrs. Briggs Leslie Fenton as Carl Briggs Sidney Toler as Captain Holt Paul Stanton as Mr. Grover Etienne Girardot as Kendrick Kinney Tommy Bupp as Albert Wilson Samuel S. Hinds as Hastings Minor Watson as Hardy Kitty McHugh as Midge Riley Olin Howland as Smythe Gertrude Sutton as Miss Ashforth John Hyams as Mr. Fergus References External links 1936 films American films English-language films American mystery films 1936 mystery films Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Films directed by Errol Taggart American black-and-white films Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)

44493048

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Tamir%20Rice

Killing of Tamir Rice

On November 22, 2014, Tamir E. Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy, was killed in Cleveland, Ohio, by Timothy Loehmann, a 26-year-old white police officer. Rice was carrying a replica toy gun; Loehmann shot him almost immediately after arriving on the scene. Two officers, Loehmann and 46-year-old Frank Garmback, were responding to a police dispatch call regarding a male who had a gun. A caller reported that a male was pointing "a pistol" at random people at the Cudell Recreation Center, a park in the City of Cleveland's Public Works Department. At the beginning of the call and again in the middle, he says of the pistol "it's probably fake." Toward the end of the two-minute call, the caller states that "he is probably a juvenile", but this information was not relayed to officers Loehmann and Garmback on the initial dispatch. The officers reported that when they arrived at the scene, they both continuously yelled "show me your hands" through the open patrol car window. Loehmann further stated that instead of showing his hands, it appeared as if Rice was trying to draw: "I knew it was a gun and I knew it was coming out." The officer shot twice, hitting Rice once in the torso. According to Judge Ronald B. Adrine, "...On the video the zone car containing Patrol Officers Loehmann and Garmback is still in the process of stopping when Rice is shot." Rice died the following day. Rice's gun was found to be an airsoft replica; it lacked the orange-tipped barrel that would have indicated it was a toy gun. A surveillance video of the incident was released by the police four days after the shooting, on 26 November. On 3 June 2015, the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office declared that their investigation had been completed and that they had turned their findings over to the county prosecutor. Several months later the prosecution presented evidence to a grand jury, which declined to indict, primarily on the basis that Rice was drawing what appears to be an actual firearm from his waist as the police arrived. A lawsuit brought against the city of Cleveland by Rice's family was subsequently settled for $6 million. In the aftermath of the shooting it was revealed that Loehmann, in his previous job as a police officer in the Cleveland suburb of Independence, Ohio, had been deemed an emotionally unstable recruit and unfit for duty. Loehmann did not disclose this fact on his application to join the Cleveland police, and the Cleveland Police Department did not review his previous personnel file before hiring him. In 2017, following an investigation, Loehmann was fired for withholding this information on his application. A review by retired FBI agent Kimberly Crawford found that Rice's death was justified and Loehmann's "response was a reasonable one". The incident received both national and international coverage. It occurred on the heels of several other high-profile shootings of African-American males by police officers. Biography Tamir Elijah Rice (June 25, 2002 – November 23, 2014) was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 25, 2002, to Samaria Rice and Leonard Warner. His family described him as athletic, excelling at various sports—including football, basketball, swimming, and soccer—and often competing with kids older than him. As a 12-years-old, he stood 5’7” and 195 lbs. He was involved in arts programs at his community recreation center, sculpting pottery and crocheting embroidery for his mother. At the time of his death, Rice attended Marion-Seltzer Elementary School in Cleveland, where he was described as a "pleasant young man". He had an older sister, Tajai, and an older brother. Shooting A 9-1-1 caller, who was sitting in a nearby gazebo, reported that someone, possibly a juvenile, was pointing "a pistol" at random people at the Cudell Recreation Center. The caller twice said that the gun was "probably fake". According to police spokesmen, it was initially unclear whether or not that information had been relayed to the dispatched officers, Loehmann and Garmback; it was later revealed that the dispatcher had not elaborated beyond referencing "a gun". According to one report, the 9-1-1 responder twice asked whether the boy was black or white before dispatching officers to the park at around 3:30 p.m. The actual recording of the phone call reveals that the 9-1-1 responder asked whether the boy was black or white three times. The question was repeated after the caller continued describing the color of Rice's clothing. The caller then left the gazebo, and Rice sat down in it sometime later. According to information reported to the press on the day of the shooting by Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association President Jeffrey Follmer, "[Loehmann and Garmback] pulled into the parking lot and saw a few people sitting underneath a pavilion next to the center. [Loehmann] saw a black gun sitting on the table, and he saw the boy pick up the gun and put it in his waistband." Also on that date, Cleveland Deputy Chief Tomba stated, "The officer got out of the car and told the boy to put his hands up. The boy reached into his waistband, pulled out the gun and [Loehmann] fired two shots." According to Chief Tomba, "the child did not threaten the officer verbally or physically." On November 26, the day a video of the shooting was released, Chief Tomba is quoted as saying, "Loehmann shouted from the car three times at Tamir to show his hands as he approached the car." The entire incident happened in less than two seconds. Rice died the following day at MetroHealth Medical Center. The medical examiner stated that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the torso, with injuries to major vessels, the intestines, and the pelvis. A surveillance video without audio of the shooting was released by police on November 26 after pressure from the public and Rice's family. It showed Rice pacing around the park, occasionally extending his right arm. The video briefly shows Rice talking on a cellphone, and sitting at a picnic table in a gazebo. A patrol car moves at high speed across the park lawn and then stops abruptly by the gazebo. Rice appears to move his hand, an action police experts concluded was Rice reaching for his waist band but disputed by expert reports released by Rice family attorneys, before Loehmann jumps out of the car and immediately shoots Rice from a distance of less than . According to Judge Ronald B. Adrine in a judgement entry on the case "this court is still thunderstruck by how quickly this event turned deadly.... On the video the zone car containing Patrol Officers Loehmann and Garmback is still in the process of stopping when Rice is shot." Almost four minutes later, a police detective and an agent from the Federal Bureau of Investigation who had been working a bank robbery detail nearby arrived on the scene and treated the boy. Three minutes after that, paramedics arrived and took him to MetroHealth Medical Center. Rice's mother said that the toy gun had been given to him by a friend minutes before the police arrived, that police tackled and put her 14-year-old daughter in handcuffs after the incident, and that police threatened her with arrest if she did not calm down after being told about her son's shooting. A second video obtained by the Northeast Ohio Media Group and released on January 7, 2015, shows Rice's 14-year-old sister being forced to the ground, handcuffed and placed in a patrol car after she ran toward her brother about two minutes after the shooting. Furthermore, no aid was administered to Rice for four minutes until an FBI agent arrived; which the agent later attributed to how the Cleveland Police officers "didn't know what to do" as Rice's wound required a more advanced level of first aid in which the officers were not trained. Police officers involved In the aftermath of the shooting, media outlets reported on the background of the police officers involved. Both officers were placed on paid administrative leave. On December 28, 2015, the grand jury returned its decision declining to indict the police officers. Timothy Loehmann Loehmann, the officer who killed Rice, joined Cleveland's police force in March 2013. From July to December 2012, he worked with the police department in Independence, about south of Cleveland, with four of those months spent in the police academy. In a memo to Independence's human resources manager, released by the city in the aftermath of the shooting, Independence deputy police chief Jim Polak wrote that Loehmann had resigned rather than face certain termination due to the concern that he lacked the emotional stability to be a police officer. Polak said that Loehmann was unable to follow "basic functions as instructed" and specifically cited a "dangerous loss of composure" that occurred in a weapons training exercise. Polak said that Loehmann's weapons handling was "dismal" and he became visibly "distracted and weepy" as a result of relationship problems. The memo concluded, "Individually, these events would not be considered major situations, but when taken together they show a pattern of a lack of maturity, indiscretion and not following instructions, I do not believe time, nor training, will be able to change or correct these deficiencies." It was subsequently revealed that Cleveland police officials never reviewed Loehmann's personnel file from Independence prior to hiring him. He had been hired in Cleveland despite listing his primary source of income for the prior six months having been derived from "under-the-table jobs". On May 30, 2017, the mayor of Cleveland announced that Loehmann had been fired for concealing details about his past employment in his job application. On his application, Loehmann said that he had left the Independence Police Department for "personal reasons" and did not reveal the Independence police's determination that he had "an inability to emotionally function" as an officer. On October 5, 2018, the city of Bellaire, Ohio, hired Loehmann as a part-time officer. Five days later, Loehmann withdrew his application to the Bellaire police department, and his training ceased. Frank Garmback Garmback, who was driving the police cruiser, has been a police officer in Cleveland since 2008. In 2014, the City of Cleveland paid 100,000 to settle an excessive force lawsuit brought against him by a local woman; according to her lawsuit, Garmback "rushed and placed her in a chokehold, tackled her to the ground, twisted her wrist and began hitting her body" and "such reckless, wanton and willful excessive use of force proximately caused bodily injury." The woman had called the police to report a car blocking her driveway. The settlement does not appear in Garmback's personnel file. Aftermath Investigation The Cleveland Police Department received statements from both Loehmann and Garmback. They announced they were looking for additional witnesses to the shooting, including a man who was recorded walking with Rice in the park before the shooting. Their results would be presented to a grand jury for possible charges. On January 1, 2015, the Associated Press reported that Cleveland police department officials were looking for an outside agency to investigate the Rice shooting, as well as handle all future investigations related to deadly use-of-force incidents. On May 15, Mother Jones magazine reported that, six months after the shooting, while the sheriff's department announced that it had almost concluded its investigation of the shooting, neither of the two officers involved had yet been interviewed by investigators from the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office. It also reported that as of that time Frank Garmback, the officer who drove the police car, was not under criminal investigation. On June 3, the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Office released a statement in which they declared their investigation to be completed and that they turned their findings over to prosecutor Tim McGinty, who was expected to review the report and decide whether to present evidence to a grand jury. In response to a petition from citizens, on June 11 Municipal Court Judge Ronald Adrine agreed that "Officer Timothy Loehmann should be charged with several crimes, the most serious of them being murder but also including involuntary manslaughter, reckless homicide, negligent homicide and dereliction of duty." Judge Adrine also found probable cause to charge Officer Frank Garmback with negligent homicide and dereliction of duty. Because Ohio judges lack the legal authority to issue arrest warrants in such cases, his opinion was forwarded to city prosecutors and Cuyahoga County Prosecutor Timothy McGinty who, as of that date, had not yet come to a decision on whether to present the evidence to a grand jury. Report On June 13, Cuyahoga County Prosecutor Tim McGinty released a redacted 224-page report of the investigation. The report included interviews with at least 27 people, including teachers, friends, and the person that called 911. Loehmann and Garmback declined to be interviewed. Contradicting statements made by police that Loehmann shouted "show your hands" three times before firing, the report included accounts from several witnesses who claimed to have not heard officers issue any verbal warning to Rice. Grand jury investigation and decision On October 10, the Cuyahoga County prosecutor's office released two reports that McGinty had sought from outside experts about the use of force, one by retired FBI agent Kimberly Crawford, a second by Colorado prosecutor S. Lamar Sims; both reports concluded that the shooting of Tamir Rice was reasonable under the circumstances. However, amid accusations from lawyers representing the Rice family that McGinty had deliberately chosen Crawford and Sims because of their "pro-police bias" in order to cover for Loehmann and Garmback, McGinty convened a grand jury to consider whether or not criminal charges should be brought against the officers. On December 28, McGinty reported that the grand jury had declined to indict Loehmann or Garmback, saying, "Given this perfect storm of human error, mistakes, and communications by all involved that day, the evidence did not indicate criminal conduct by police." The announcement prompted Rice's mother to release a statement accusing McGinty of mishandling the investigation, stating in part, "Prosecutor McGinty deliberately sabotaged the case, never advocating for my son, and acting instead like the police officers' defense attorney." Three expert witnesses who testified before the grand jury criticized the prosecutors' behavior during the grand jury. Roger Clark, a retired LASD officer with expertise in police shootings, said that prosecutors at the hearing treated him with hostility and "disdain" for concluding that Loehmann and Garmback had acted recklessly; he also described the prosecutors as using theatrics, like none he'd ever seen in previous grand jury proceedings, which he believed were intended to lead the grand jurors to the conclusion that the prosecutors wanted them to reach. Jeffrey Noble, another retired police officer and expert in use-of-force cases (who had himself used deadly force on the job), said he was attacked by prosecutors for saying that the officers never should have escalated the situation by rushing Rice, adding, "I've definitely never seen two prosecutors play defense attorney so well." And Jesse Wobrock, a biomechanics expert hired by the Rice family's lawyers, also described the prosecutors as "acting in a way like they were defense attorneys for the cops". and as having attacked him professionally for his testimony regarding the timing and significance of body movements by Loehmann and Rice, as seen on video footage of the shooting. (A spokesman for McGinty's office said the three experts were only presenting "one side" of the story, but he could not elaborate because prosecutors are bound by grand jury secrecy laws.) In the next Democratic primary for Cuyahoga County district attorney, in March 2016, McGinty lost to challenger Michael O'Malley, who received 55.8 percent of the vote. An analysis by cleveland.com claimed that of 282 majority African-American precincts in the election, McGinty won none. Department of Justice The United States Department of Justice decided on December 29, 2020, that it would not bring criminal charges against the two officers involved in the shooting. The Department said it did not condone the officers' actions, but there was not enough evidence to charge them with a crime. In particular, they pointed to the poor quality of the grainy video, which has no audio and is partially obstructed by a police car, as a reason for the decision not to prosecute. Death suit and settlement On December 5, 2014, Rice's family filed a wrongful death suit against Loehmann, Garmback, and the City of Cleveland in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. The eight-page complaint accused Loehmann and Garmback of acting "unreasonably, negligently [and] recklessly" and that "[h]ad the defendant officers properly approached Tamir and properly investigated his possession of the replica gun they would undoubtedly have determined ... that the gun was fake and that the subject was a juvenile." It also accused the City of Cleveland for failing to properly train both officers, as well as failing to learn about the Independence police department's internal memo about Loehmann. On April 25, 2016, the lawsuit was settled in an effort to reduce taxpayer liabilities, with the City of Cleveland agreeing to pay Tamir Rice's family $6 million ($5.5 million to Tamir Rice's estate, $250,000 to the child's mother, and $250,000 to the child's sister). Protests In the wake of the shooting, protests and public outcry broke out in Cleveland, although they were relatively minor. However, on November 25, 2014, a day after a grand jury decision not to indict the police officer who fatally shot Michael Brown, the Cleveland protests became more prominent. That day, about 200 protesters marched from Public Square to the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway, causing the latter to be shut down temporarily. Rice's family pleaded with the protesters to remain peaceful in their activities, saying, "Again, we ask for the community to remain calm. Please protest peacefully and responsibly." On December 5, Ohio Governor John Kasich established a task force to address community-police relations in response to Rice's shooting and other similar incidents. Rice's death has been cited as one of several police killings which sparked the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement. Media coverage The incident received national and international coverage, in part due to the time of its occurrence, coming shortly after the recent police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; the death of Eric Garner in Staten Island, New York; the police shooting of Akai Gurley in Brooklyn, New York just two days before; the shooting of John Crawford III in Dayton, Ohio; and the subsequent unrest following these incidents had attracted worldwide attention. The Northeast Ohio Media Group was criticized for publishing a news story on Rice's parents' criminal records. Funeral service A funeral service for Rice was held at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 3, 2014, with about 250 people in attendance. He was remembered "for his budding talents and described as a popular child who liked to draw, play basketball and perform in the school's drum line". Family members criticized Loehmann for acting too quickly in Rice's shooting. Suspension of 911 dispatcher On March 15, 2017, 911 dispatcher Constance Hollinger was suspended for eight days for failing to inform the responding officers that Rice was "probably a juvenile" and that the gun he had was "probably fake". See also Shooting of Michael Brown Shooting of John Crawford III Murder of George Floyd Shooting of Ezell Ford Death of Eric Garner Shooting of Andy Lopez Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams Shooting bias Entertech shooting deaths Black Lives Matter References External links Video footage of the shooting Use of Deadly Force by Law Enforcement Officers (Connecticut) Memorial to Tamir Rice 2014 deaths 2014 in Ohio Deaths by firearm in Ohio Defensive gun use 2010s in Cleveland Law enforcement in Ohio African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Cleveland Division of Police Child deaths African-American-related controversies Filmed killings by law enforcement Black Lives Matter November 2014 events in the United States Incidents of violence against boys

44527718

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot%20Squad

Scot Squad

Scot Squad is a Scottish television mockumentary series about a fictional Scottish police force, made in a fly on the wall style. The show first aired on 27 October 2014 on BBC One Scotland. The show aired four series, including specials, on the channel until 2017. As of series 5, which began on 4 April 2019, the show airs on the new BBC Scotland channel. The show is directed by Iain Davidson and is narrated by Joe Hullait. Former Absolutely star Jack Docherty plays the fictional force's police chief. In November 2016, a special crossover episode made for Children in Need featured several of the show's characters meeting characters from Scottish soap opera River City. Cast and characters Jack Docherty as Chief Commissioner Cameron Miekelson (pronounced ). Miekelson is a competent Chief Commissioner, but he can occasionally be out of touch with modern values and technology. He also has a huge ego and an inflated sense of his abilities. In his free time, Miekelson enjoys writing; he has written a series of books about a police officer named Michael Cameronson. He is also regularly seen talking to his secretary, Jean (who is not seen or heard by viewers). He is also a supporter of Hibernian F.C. James Allenby-Kirk as Volunteer Officer later PC Ken Beattie. Though he devotes enormous amounts of his personal time to helping people in need of police assistance, Ken is often abused and mistreated by the public. He also has an unfortunate habit of unknowingly assisting drug dealers. Jordan Young as PC Jack McLaren. Jack is a stereotypical ladies' man, often flirting with women on the job. His extensive physical fitness routines often help him to catch runaway criminals. Sally Reid as PC Sarah Fletcher. Sarah is Jack' partner. She is usually very cool-headed and reasonable, as opposed to Douls, whose temper often flares up at the slightest provocation. Sarah has been an official face of the unified Scottish Police Force, which makes Jack jealous. Karen Bartke as Sergeant Karen Anne Millar. "Officer Karen" is the desk sergeant. She is often found dealing with Bobby, the young man who often comes into her office with queries (which frequently have little to do with police work). In Series 6, she gains an apprentice named Sharon McKelvie. Ashley Smith as PC Jane MacKay. One half of the rural police team (seemingly based in the Trossachs), Jane is getting used to the slower-paced country lifestyle. She seems to be unaware of her partner Charlie's fondness for her, often completely misreading his attempts to tell her how he feels. In Series 6, Jane transfers to the city and in Series 7 is given a new partner named Laura Washington. In the fourth episode of Series 7, Jane returns to working with Charlie. Chris Forbes as PC Charlie McIntosh. Charlie hails from the rural area he polices, and is enthralled by Jane's tales of the city. He also had an unrequited crush on her. Charlie is a huge fan of the musicians Enya and Phil Cunningham, and is a keen accordionist. In Series 7, following Jane's move to the city, Charlie is given a new partner, the eccentric Sergeant Napier Carmicheal. In the fourth episode of Series 7, Carmicheal quits to work at the local Outward Bond centre and is replaced by a returning Jane. Grado as PC Hugh McKirdy. One of the two traffic officers, McKirdy is often prone to tomfoolery on the job, sometimes failing to properly apprehend criminals whose crimes amuse him. Manjot Sumal as PC Surjit Singh. McKirdy's long-suffering partner is a very no-nonsense by-the-book officer who has no qualms about stepping in and correcting his mistakes. M.L. Stone as Maggie LeBeau. Maggie takes calls from the public, who often bombard her with ludicrous complaints and tales. Darren Connell as Bobby Muir. A well-meaning but very dim-witted man who clearly has a crush on Officer Karen and visits her on a regular basis with various questions and complaints. Bobby lives with his Uncle Jeffy and his dog, Fridge. Julie Wilson Nimmo as DC Megan Squire Louise McCarthy as DC Andrea McGill. Megan's inexperienced partner. Stuart MacPherson as Archie Pepper. The computer expert. He later gains a partner named Annie McInnis. James Devoy as Sgt Ray McCoy. The resident close protection officer, assigned to VIPs. Phoebe Connolly as PC Sharon McKelvie. Introduced in Series 6, she previously worked in customer services before joining the police force and is Karen's apprentice. Andrew John Tait as Sergeant Napier Carmicheal. Introduced in Series 7, he replaces Jane MacKay as Charlie's partner. In the fourth episode of Series 7, he quits to work at the local Outward Bond centre. Neshla Caplan as PC Laura Washington. Introduced in Series 7, she replaces Charlie McIntosh as Jane's partner until Jane moves back to the country to work with Charlie again. Amy Matthews as Annie McInnis. Introduced in Series 6, she is from Essex and serves as Archie's partner. Andrew Agnew as Walter. Introduced in Series 7, he is a man who works at the local community centre. Sharon and Karen meet him occasionally and deal with his reports as to what is happening, usually relating to the centre being defaced. Joe Hullait as the Narrator Episodes Pilot (2012) A pilot of the spoof show was broadcast in November 2012. A full series was made in 2014. Series One (2014) Series One was broadcast in 2014. It starred James Allenby-Kirk, Karen Bartke, Darren Connell, Jack Docherty, Chris Forbes, Grado, Sally Reid, Ashley Smith, M.L. Stone, Manjot Sumal, and Jordan Young, while Hullait acted as the narrator. Connell was nominated for 'Best Actor' at the 2015 BAFTA Scotland New Talent Awards for his portrayal of Bobby Muir. Series Two (2015) The second series began transmission in October 2015. Series Three (2016-2017) The third series comprised six more episodes and a Christmas special. The Christmas special preceded the series, airing in December 2016. The series commenced in January 2017. Series Four (2017) The fourth series comprises six episodes and was broadcast from 15 November to 20 December 2017. BBC Scotland Only. Several new characters were added in this series - detectives DC Megan Squire and DC Andrea McGill, IT investigator Archie Pepper and Sergeant Ray McCoy. Series Five (2018) Shooting for series five started in June 2018. Series five started airing on 4 April 2019. Series Six (2021) Series six started airing in January 2021. Scot Squad: The Chief's Election Interviews (2019) A one-off special which aired on BBC Scotland on 4 December 2019. It featured Chief Commissioner Cameron Miekelson interviewing Scottish party leaders Scot Squad: The Chief Does The New Normal (2020) On 5 August 2020, a one off episode on BBC IPlayer showed Chief Cameron Miekelson giving viewers tips about embracing the new normal during the easing of the coronavirus lockdown in Scotland. The Chief's Festive Message (2020) On 24 December 2020, BBC Scotland aired a short episode in which Chief Commissioner Cameron Miekelson gives a festive message. The Chief Does Democracy (2021) On 29 April 2021, before the public went to the polls, BBC Scotland aired a one hour episode in which Chief Commissioner Cameron Miekelson grilled party leaders and examined what the notion of democracy means today. Euros Special (2021) On 6 June 2021, BBC Scotland aired a 28 minute episode in which the squad get the game face on to see some action in the field, on the road, online and on the beat. Hogmanay Special (2021) On 31 December 2021, a Hogmanay special of the series aired on BBC One Scotland where it showed the force doing their New Year shifts. Spin-off series Scotland Unsolved (2019) Cast Julie Wilson Nimmo as D.C. Megan Squire Louise McCarthy as D.C. Andrea McGill Episodes Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Scot Squad: The Chief Does Edinburgh (2019) Cast Jack Doherty as Chief Cameron Miekelson Episodes Episode 1: The Chief Does Edinburgh's History Episode 2: The Chief Does Edinburgh's Literature Episode 3: The Chief Does Edinburgh's Geography References External links https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/scot_squad/ at British Comedy Guide 2014 Scottish television series debuts 2010s British sitcoms 2010s Scottish television series 2020s British sitcoms 2020s Scottish television series BBC television sitcoms British crime comedy television series British mockumentary television series English-language television shows Police comedies Scots-language mass media Scottish television sitcoms Banijay Television series by Zodiak Media Group Television shows set in Scotland