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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Frankfurt

List of people from Frankfurt

This list contains notable people both born in Frankfurt and residents of the city, ordered chronologically. Born in Frankfurt 9th to 17th centuries Charles the Bald (823–877), King of West Francia, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor William I, Duke of Bavaria (1330–1389), also known as William V, Count of Holland, as William III, Count of Hainaut and as William IV, Count of Zeeland Jakob Heller (c. 1460—1522), patrician, politician, and merchant Johann Dietenberger (c. 1475–1537), Catholic Scholastic theologian Konrad Gobel (c. 1498–1557), craftsman of bells and other metal castings Sebastian von Heusenstamm (1508–1555), Archbishop-Elector of Mainz Elijah Loans (1555–1636), rabbi and Kabbalist Philipp Uffenbach (1566–1636), painter and etcher Adam Elsheimer (1578–1610), artist Hendrik van Steenwijk II (c.1580–1649), Baroque painter Lucas Jennis (1590–1630), engraver Joachim von Sandrart (1606–1688), Baroque art-historian and painter Johannes Lingelbach (1622–1674), Dutch Golden Age painter Jacob von Sandrart (1630–1708), engraver Abraham Mignon (1640–1679), Dutch golden age painter Johann Jacob Schütz (1640–1690), lawyer and hymnwriter Philipp von Hörnigk (1640–1714), civil servant and supporter of the economic theory of mercantilism Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist and scientific illustrator Philipp Peter Roos (1655–1706), Baroque painter Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667–1741), painter and engraver Lorenz Heister (1683–1758), anatomist, surgeon and botanist 18th century Alexander Ferdinand (1704–1773), 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Imperial Reichspost, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis (1706–1756), Regent of Württemberg Johann Christian Senckenberg (1707–1772), physician, naturalist and collector Susanne von Klettenberg (1723–1774), abbess and writer Louis Eugene (1731–1795), Duke of Württemberg Katharina Elisabeth Goethe (1731–1808), mother of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Karl Anselm (1733–1805), 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Imperial Reichspost, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis Johann Zoffany (1733–1810), neoclassical painter Georg Melchior Kraus (1737–1806), painter Nathan Adler (1741–1800), kabbalist and rabbi Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), banker and founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), writer and statesman Cornelia Schlosser (1750–1777), sister of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), Princess of Saxe-Meiningen and Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Princess Louise of Saxe-Meiningen (1752–1805), Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen Abraham Bing (1752–1841), rabbi Friedrich Maximilian Klinger (1752–1831), dramatist and novelist Johann Philipp Gabler (1753–1826), Protestant Christian theologian Karl Wilhelm (1754–1782), Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Anton Dereser (1757–1827), Discalced Carmelite professor of hermeneutics and Oriental languages Georg I (1761–1803), Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Moses Sofer (1762–1839), rabbi Philipp Karl Buttmann (1764–1829), philologist of French Huguenot ancestry Margarethe Danzi (1768–1800), composer and soprano Johann Friedrich von Meyer (1772–1849), senator of Frankfurt Amschel Mayer von Rothschild (1773–1855), banker of the Rothschild family financial dynasty Salomon Rothschild (1774–1855), banker in the Austrian Empire and founder of the Austrian branch of the Mayer Amschel Rothschild family Elisabeth von Adlerflycht (1775–1846), painter Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), London-based banker and financier and one of five sons of the second generation of the Rothschild banking dynasty Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861), jurist and historian Johann Friedrich Heinrich Schlosser (1780–1851), jurist, writer and translator Dorothea von Ertmann (1781–1849), pianist Jeanette Wohl (1783–1961), friend and correspondent of Ludwig Börne Christian Brentano (1784–1851), writer and Catholic publicist Bettina von Arnim (1785–1859), writer and novelist Ludwig Börne (1786–1837), political writer and satirist Johann David Passavant (1787–1861), painter, curator and artist Franz Pforr (1788–1812), painter Carl Mayer von Rothschild (1788–1855), banker in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and founder of the Rothschild banking family of Naples Jakob Alt (1789–1872), painter and lithographer James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868 ), banker and founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family Carl von Heyden (1793–1866), senator and entomologist Eduard Rüppell (1794–1884), naturalist and explorer August von Bethmann-Hollweg (1795–1877), jurist and politician Johann Friedrich Böhmer (1795–1863), historian Heinrich Christian Macklot (1799–1832), naturalist Ferdinand Fellner (1799–1859), painter Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), chemist 19th century 1801–1820 Joseph Aschbach (1801–1882), historian Ferdinand Lindheimer (1801–1879), German Texan botanist Hermann von Meyer (1801–1869), palaeontologist Frédéric Jules Sichel (1802–1868), French physician and entomologist Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874), Austrian banker and member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family Karl Friedrich Hermann (1804–1855), classical scholar and antiquary Marie d'Agoult (1805–1876), French author Moritz Abraham Stern (1807–1894), mathematician Georg Fresenius (1808–1866), physician and botanist Johann Benedict Listing (1808–1882), mathematician Ernst Ludwig von Leutsch (1808–1887), classical philologist George Engelmann (1809–1884), German-American botanist Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann (1809–1885), illustrator, genre and landscape painter Heinrich Hoffmann (1809–1894), psychiatrist and author Gustav Koerner (1809–1896), revolutionary, journalist, lawyer, politician, judge, statesman in Illinois and Germany and Colonel of the U.S. Army Abraham Geiger (1810–1874 ), leader of Reform Judaism Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), Austrian diplomat, philologist and specialist in Albanian history, language and culture Moritz von Bethmann (1811–1877), banker Ferdinand Hiller (1811–1885), composer, conductor, writer and music-director Henri Nestlé (1814–1890), Swiss confectioner and founder of Nestlé, the world's largest food and beverage company Joseph Hoch (1815–1874), lawyer and benefactor August Weber (1817–1873), painter Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818–1897), chemist Henri Weil (1818–1909), philologist Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim (1819–1880), publicist and philosopher Mayer Carl von Rothschild (1820–1886), banker and politician Carl Theodor Reiffenstein (1820–1893), landscape and architecture painter 1821–1840 Mathilde Marchesi (1821–1913), mezzo-soprano, teacher of singing, and proponent of the bel canto vocal method Heinrich Frey (1822–1890), Swiss entomologist Georg Heinrich Mettenius (1823–1866), botanist Moritz Schiff (1823–1896), physiologist Willibald Beyschlag (1823–1900), theologian Peter Burnitz (1824–1886), lawyer and landscape painter Anton Burger (1824–1905), painter, draftsman and etcher Karl Otto Weber (1827–1867), surgeon and pathologist Adolf Schreyer (1828–1899), painter Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901), banker and financier of the Frankfurt House of Rothschild Lazarus Geiger (1829–1870), philologist and philosopher Victor Müller (1829–1871), painter Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831–1888), surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger (1832–1911), banker and Consul Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild (1832–1924), baroness, composer and patron of the Jewish faith Jean Baptista von Schweitzer (1833–1875), politician and dramatic poet Otto Scholderer (1834–1902), painter Wilhelm von Scherff (1834–1911), general and military writer Ernst Georg Ravenstein (1834–1913), geographer cartographer and promoter of physical exercise Giorgio Sommer (1834–1914), photographer August Weismann (1834–1914), biologist Hugo Schiff (1834–1915), chemist Nathaniel Meyer von Rothschild (1836–1905), member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria Joseph Maria von Radowitz, Jr. (1839–1912), diplomat Alexander Riese (1840–1924), classical scholar 1841–1860 Karl Binding (1841–1920), jurist Carl Gräbe (1841–1927), industrial and academic chemist Karl Lentzner (1842–1905), linguist Maximilian von Goldschmidt-Rothschild (1843–1940), banker and art collector Michael Flürscheim (1844–1912), economist and Georgist Emil Ponfick (1844–1913), pathologist Hans von Zwiedineck-Südenhorst (1845–1906), historian Otto Böhler (1847–1913), silhouette artist Jacob Schiff (1847–1920), American banker, businessman, and philanthropist Alice Charlotte von Rothschild (1847–1922), socialite and member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria William Ralph Merton (1848–1916), entrepreneur, social democrat and philanthropist Otto Bütschli (1848–1920), zoologist Heinrich Bassermann (1849–1909), Lutheran theologian Anton Urspruch (1850–1907), composer and pedagogue Wilhelm Creizenach (1851–1919), historian and librarian Arthur Schuster (1851–1934), British physicist Wilhelm von Bismarck (1852–1901), counselor, civil servant and politician Carl L. Nippert (1852–1904), engineer and politician Carl Chun (1852–1914), marine biologist Goby Eberhardt (1852–1926), violinist and composer Karl Höchberg (1853–1885), social-reformist writer, publisher and economist Karl Sudhoff (1853–1938), historian of medicine Moritz von Leonhardi (1856–1910), anthropologist Hermann Dessau (1856–1931), ancient historian and epigrapher Siegfried Ochs (1858–1929), choir-leader and composer Otto Böckel (1859–1923), populist politician Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein (1859–1924), diplomat Philipp Franck (1860–1944), Impressionist painter Arthur von Weinberg (1860–1943), chemist and industrialist 1861–1880 Ludwig Fulda (1862–1939), playwright and a poet Theodor Ziehen (1862–1950), neurologist and psychiatrist Karl Wilhelm von Meister (1863–1935), politician and diplomat Karl Schaum (1870–1947), chemist Rahel Hirsch (1870–1953), doctor and professor Fritz Klimsch (1870–1960), sculptor Paul Epstein (1871–1939), mathematician Bernhard Sekles (1872–1934), composer, conductor, pianist and pedagogue Alfred Hertz (1872–1942), American conductor Karl Schwarzschild (1873–1916), astronomer and physicist Otto Loewi (1873–1961), pharmacologist Eduard Fresenius (1874–1946), pharmacist and entrepreneur Gerhard Hessenberg (1874–1925), mathematician Marcel Sulzberger (1876–1941), Swiss composer, pianist and music author Otto Blumenthal (1876–1944), mathematician and professor Willy Kaiser-Heyl (1876–1953), film actor Isaac Heinemann (1876–1957), rabbinical scholar and professor of classical literature, Hellenistic literature and philology Hermann Fellner (1877–1936), screenwriter and film producer Arthur Scherbius (1878–1929), electrical engineer Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann (1878–1943), contralto Richard Goldschmidt (1878–1958), geneticist Harry Fuld (1879–1932), entrepreneur whose art collection was looted by Nazis Hugo Merton (1879–1940), zoologist F.W. Schröder-Schrom (1879–1956), actor Otto Hahn (1879–1968), chemist and pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry Moritz Geiger (1880–1937), philosopher Karl von Roques (1880–1949), general and war criminal during World War II Paul Maas (1880–1964), classical scholar 1881–1900 Hermann Zilcher (1881–1948), composer and conductor Wilhelm Dörr (1881–1955), track and field athlete and tug of war competitor Hans Fischer (1881–1945), organic chemist Walter Braunfels (1882–1954), composer, pianist, and music educator Georg von Neufville (1883–1941), Wehrmacht general during World War II Else Gentner-Fischer (1883–1943), operatic soprano Hermann Abendroth (1883–1956), conductor Ludwig Schunk (1884–1947), manufacturer and cofounder of the firm of Schunk und Ebe oHG Ida Wüst (1884–1958), stage and film actress Gus Wickie (1885-1947), German-American bass singer and voice actor Erich Schönfelder (1885–1933), screenwriter, actor and film director Walther Davisson (1885–1973), violinist and conductor Ernst May (1886—1970), architect and city planner Walter Ruttmann (1887–1941), film director and early practitioner of experimental film Hans Adalbert Schlettow (1887–1945), film actor Otto Maull (1887–1957), geographer and geopolitician Oscar Kreuzer (1887–1968), tennis and rugby player Wilhelm Lenz (1888–1957), physicist Fritz Becker (1888–1963), football player Gussy Holl (1888–1966), actress and singer Caesar Rudolf Boettger (1888–1976), zoologist Herman Bing (1889–1947), actor Johanna Kirchner (1889–1944), opponent of the Nazi régime Ernst Schwarz (1889–1962), zoologist, mammalogist, and herpetologist Heinrich Jacoby (1889–1964), musician and educator Siegfried Kracauer (1889–1966), writer, journalist, sociologist, film theorist, and cultural critic Otto Frank (1889–1980), businessman Martin Weber (1890–1941), architect Otto Schmöle (1890–1968), actor Martha Wertheimer (1890–1942), journalist, writer, and rescuer Leopold Schwarzschild (1891–1950), author Karl Ludwig Schmidt (1891–1956), theologian and professor Felix Schlag (1891–1974), designer of the United States five cent coin in use from 1938 to 2004 Erwin Straus (1891–1975), German-American phenomenologist and neurologist Hans Leybold (1892–1914), poet Jakob Weiseborn (1892–1939), SS-Sturmbannführer (major) and commandant of Flossenbürg concentration camp Friedrich Weber (1892–1955), instructor in veterinary medicine Eugen Kaufmann (1892–1984), architect Gus Meins (1893–1940), German-American film director Ilse Friedleben (1893–1963), tennis player Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack (1893–1965), artist Johann Fück (1894–1974), orientalist Karl Reinhardt (1895–1941), mathematician Wilhelm Süss (1895–1958), mathematician Ernst Udet (1896–1941), German flying ace of World War I Theodor Haubach (1896–1945), journalist, SPD politician, and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime Walter Peterhans (1897–1960), photographer Tilly Edinger (1897–1967), paleontologist Karl Freiherr von Lersner (1898–1943), Wehrmacht general during World War II Karl Menninger (1898–1963), mathematician Franz Altheim (1898–1976), historian Hans Feibusch (1898–1998), painter and sculptor Willy Messerschmitt (1898–1978), aircraft designer and manufacturer Ferdinand Kramer (1898–1985), architect and functionalist designer Nelly Neppach (née Bamberger; 1898–1933), female tennis player Irnfried Freiherr von Wechmar (1899–1959), Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II and an Oberst der Reserve in the Bundeswehr Ilse Bing (1899–1998), avant-garde and commercial photographer Paul Leser (1899–1984), ethnologist Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (1899–1976), sailor, adventurer, and writer Erich Fromm (1900–1980), social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist Otto Kahn-Freund (1900–1979), professor of comparative law and scholar in labour law Erich Klibansky (1900–1942), headmaster and teacher of the first Jewish Gymnasium of Rhineland in Cologne Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993), sociologist 20th century 1901–1910 Georg August Zinn (1901–1976), lawyer and politician Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (1901–1986), politician Adolf Weidmann (1901–1997), athlete and sports official Otto Bayer (1902–1982), industrial chemist Fritz Bamberger (1902–1984), scholar and editor Hugo Schrader (1902–1993), television and film actor Max Rudolf (1902–1995), conductor Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969), sociologist, philosopher and musicologist Julius Eisenecker (1903–1981), fencer Karl Chmielewski (1903–1991), SS officer and Herzogenbusch concentration camp commandant Otto Mainzer (1903–1995), writer Camilla Horn (1903–1996), dancer and film star Fritz Weitzel (1904–1940), SS soldier Karl Hessenberg (1904–1959), engineer and mathematician Milly Reuter (1904–1976), track and field athlete Richard Ettinghausen (1906–1979), art historian Wolfgang Gentner (1906–1980), experimental nuclear physicist Helmut Landsberg (1906–1985), climatologist Willibald Kreß (1906–1989), footballer Ott-Heinrich Keller (1906–1990), mathematician Karl Holzamer (1906–2007), philosopher, pedagogue and former director general of German television station ZDF Franka Rasmussen (1907–1994), textile artist Herman Geiger-Torel (1907–1976), Canadian opera director Eugen Weidmann (1908–1939), career criminal Kurt H. Debus (1908–1983), spaceflight scientist Rudolf Gramlich (1908–1988), football player and chairman Arthur Dreifuss (1908–1993), film director and occasional producer and screenwriter Kurt Hessenberg (1908–1994), composer and professor John Slade (1908–2005), American Olympic field hockey player and Wall Street broker Edgar Weil (1908–1941), Germanist, dramaturge, and merchant Ernst vom Rath (1909–1938), diplomat Andrew Thorndike (1909–1979), documentary film director Georg Konrad Morgen (1909–1982), SS judge and lawyer Friedrich Bopp (1909–1987), theoretical physicist Helm Glöckler (1909–1993), racing driver Kurt Lipstein (1909–2006), legal scholar and professor Walter Löber (1909–?), racing cyclist Tatjana Sais (1910–1981), film actress Barys Kit (1910–2018), Belarusian-American rocket scientist Fritz Tillmann (1910–1986), actor Erwin Walter Palm (1910–1988), scholar, historian, and writer Richard Plant (1910–1998), writer Robert H. Goetz (1910–2000), surgeon Erika Fromm (1910–2003), psychologist 1911–1920 Karl Heinz Bremer (1911–1942), historian Theodor Schneider (1911–1988), mathematician Bruno Roth (1911–1998), racing cyclist Tilly Fleischer (1911–2005), athlete Bruno Beger (1911–2009), racial anthropologist Hermann Flohn (1912–1997), climatologist Theo Helfrich (1913–1978), racing driver Manfred Kersch (1913–1995), athlete Karl Dröse (1913–1996), field hockey player Bernhard Frank (1913–2011), Nazi leader Emil Carlebach (1914–2001), writer, dissident, and journalist Herbert Cahn (1915–2002), classical archaeologist, numismatist, coin-dealer and antiquities-dealer Werner Grothmann (1915–2002), SS leader Wolf Kaiser (1916–1992), theatre and film actor Karl Wald (1916–2011), football referee Bernd T. Matthias (1918–1980), American physicist Toby E. Rodes (1919–2013), business consultant, design-critic, journalist, and lecturer Eric Koch (1919–2018), Canadian author, broadcaster and professor Wolfdietrich Schnurre (1920–1989), writer 1921–1930 Wilhelm Ringelband (1921–1981), theater critic Frederick Mayer (1921–2006), educational scientist, philosopher, and creativity expert Hans Herrman Strupp (1921–2006), American expert in psychotherapy research Ernest Mandel (1923–1995), revolutionary Marxist theorist Samson François (1924–1970), French pianist and composer Ernst B. Haas (1924–2003), political scientist Marianne Beuchert (1924–2007), florist, gardener, and writer Jürgen Jürgens (1925–1994), choral conductor and academic teacher Carlrichard Brühl (1925–1997), historian of medieval history and philatelist Alfred Grosser (born 1925), German-French writer, sociologist, and political scientist Emil Mangelsdorff (1925–2022), jazz musician Margot Frank (1926–1945), sister of Anne Frank Herbert Freudenberger (1926–1999), psychologist Liselott Linsenhoff (1927–1999), equestrian and Olympic champion Hans Heinz Holz (1927–2011), Marxist philosopher Charlotte Kerr (1927–2011), director, film producer, actress, writer, and journalist Marcel Ophüls (born 1927), documentary film maker and former actor Albert Mangelsdorff (1928–2005), jazz trombonist Anne Frank (1929–1945), diarist and writer Erich Böhme (1930–2009), journalist and television host Robert Aumann (born 1930), Israeli-American mathematician Ursula Lehr (born 1930), academic, age researcher, and politician Michael Rossmann (1930–2019), German-American physicist, microbiologist, and professor 1931–1940 Imanuel Geiss (1931–2012), historian August Hobl (born 1931), former motorcycle road racer Lis Verhoeven (1931–2019), actress and theatre director Rainer K. Sachs (born 1932), German-American computational radiation biologist and astronomer Hans Krieger (born 1933), writer, essayist, journalist of influential weekly papers, broadcaster, and poet Mary Bauermeister (born 1934), artist Erwin Conradi (born 1935), manager in trade business Michael Horovitz (1935–2021), German-born British poet, editor, visual artist, and translator Gisela Kessler (1935–2014), trade unionist Heinz Riesenhuber (born 1935), politician Ulrich Schindel (born 1935), classical philologist Susanne Cramer (1936–1969), film and television actress Klaus Heymann (born 1936), entrepreneur Franz Ningel (born 1936), pair skater and roller skater Klaus Rajewsky (born 1936), immunologist Dieter Schenk (born 1937), author, former high police officer, and activist Wolfgang Zapf (1937–2018), sociologist Günter Lenz (born 1938), jazz bassist and composer Fritz-Albert Popp (1938–2018), biophysicist Gerhard Waibel (born 1938), engineer Gerhard Amendt (born 1939), sociologist and former professor Gerd Kehrer (born 1939), painter Wolfram Saenger (born 1939), biochemist and protein crystallographer Bernhard Sinkel (born 1940), film director and screenwriter Wolfgang Solz (1940–2017), former professional football winger Klaus Zehelein (born 1940), dramaturge and professor 1941–1950 Brigitte Heinrich (1941–1987), journalist and politician Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker (born 1941), geneticist, biochemist, and research manager Ernst Klee (1942–2013), journalist and author Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (born 1942), politician Marika Kilius (born 1943), pair skater Jürgen Roth (1945–2017), publicist and investigative journalist Gerhard Welz (born 1945), former professional footballer Gerd Binnig (born 1947), physicist and Nobel laureate Wolfgang Flür (born 1947), musician Hans-Joachim Klein (born 1947), terrorist Minka Pradelski (born 1947), sociologist and documentary filmmaker Susan Blakely (born 1948), American film actress Diethelm Sack (born 1948), financial officer Rolf Birkhölzer (born 1949), footballer Horst Dröse (born 1949), former field hockey player Margot Glockshuber (born 1949), former pair skater Horst Ludwig Störmer (born 1949), physicist and Nobel laureate Gert Trinklein (1949–2017), former professional football player P. J. Soles (born 1950), American film and television actress 1951–1960 Hubert Buchberger (born 1951), violinist, conductor, and music university teacher Roman Bunka (born 1951), guitarist and composer Martin Mosebach (born 1951), writer Peter Ammon (born 1952), diplomat Cornelia Hanisch (born 1952), former fencer Johanna Lindsey (born 1952), American writer of historical romance novels Susanne Porsche (born 1952), film producer Horst Stöcker (born 1952), theoretical physicist Lutz Kirchhof (born 1953), lutenist Stephan W. Koch (born 1953), theoretical physicist Wolfgang Kraus (born 1953), former professional football player Dagmar Roth-Behrendt (born 1953), lawyer and politician Jan Zweyer (born 1953), writer Dietrich Thurau (born 1954), retired professional road bicycle racer Ellen von Unwerth (born 1954), photographer Uwe Benter (born 1955), rower Uli Lenz (born 1955), composer, pianist, and producer creating music in the modern jazz genre Michael Obst (born 1955), composer and pianist Ulrike Meyfarth (born 1956), former high jumper Ronny Borchers (born 1957), former footballer Juliane Kokott (born 1957), Advocate General and professor Gerhard Weikum (born 1957), database researcher Hans Zimmer (born 1957), film composer and music producer Rainer Zitelmann (born 1957), historian, journalist, and management consultant Peter Becker (born 1958), molecular biologist Thomas Duis (born 1958), pianist Peter Kloeppel (born 1958), journalist and news anchor Roland Koch (born 1958), jurist and former conservative politician Thomas Metzinger (born 1958), philosopher and professor Thomas Reiter (born 1958), retired astronaut and test pilot Michael Scheffel (born 1958), Germanist Nicole Brown Simpson (1959–1994), ex-wife of professional football player O. J. Simpson Martina Hallmen (born 1959), former field hockey player Michael Sagmeister (born 1959), Jazz guitarist Pete Namlook (1960–2012), ambient and electronic-music producer and composer Christoph Franz (born 1960), former Chief Executive Officer of Lufthansa Michael Gahler (born 1960), politician and Member of the European Parliament Hannes Jaenicke (born 1960), actor Gabriele Lesser (born 1960), historian and journalist Patricia Ott (born 1960), former field hockey player 1961–1970 Jens Geier (born 1961), politician Esther Schapira (born 1961), journalist and filmmaker Peter Blank (born 1962), javelin thrower Matthias Röhr (born 1962), guitarist Inaara Aga Khan (born 1963), second wife of the Aga Khan IV Ralf Falkenmayer (born 1963), former footballer Thor Kunkel (born 1963), author Charlotte Link (born 1963), writer Marcus Nispel (born 1963), film director and producer Valentin Schiedermair (born 1963), concert pianist Jakob Arjouni (1964–2013), author Beate Deininger (born 1964), former field hockey player Michael Gross (born 1964), swimmer Manfred Binz (born 1965), footballer Christoph Korn (born 1965), audio and media artist Armin Kraaz (born 1965), football manager and former player Martin Lawrence (born 1965), American actor, comedian, and filmmaker Oliver Reck (born 1965), former footballer Christine Schäfer (born 1965), soprano Torsten de Winkel (born 1965), musician, composer, and philosopher Markus Löffel (1966–2006), disc jockey, musician, and record producer Eckhart Nickel (born 1966), journalist and author Stefan Quandt (born 1966), engineer and industrialist Sven Rothenberger (born 1966), equestrian Klaus Badelt (born 1967), composer Jens Beckert (born 1967), sociologist Antje Boetius (born 1967), marine biologist and professor of geomicrobiology Johannes Brandrup (born 1967), actor Katharina Hacker (born 1967), novelist Eckart von Hirschhausen (born 1967), physician and comedian Annette Huber-Klawitter (born 1967), mathematician Peter Oliver Loew (born 1967), historian, translator, and scholar Stefan Mohr (born 1967), chess grandmaster Andreas Möller (born 1967), former internationalist association footballer Inka Parei (born 1967), writer Peter Thiel (born 1967), American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and hedge fund manager Andreas Paulus (born 1968), jurist Uwe Schmidt (born 1968), composer, musician, and producer of electronic music Shantel (born 1968), DJ and producer Carsten Arriens (born 1969), former professional tennis player Giorgos Donis (born 1969), former professional football player Oliver Lieb (born 1969), electronic music producer and DJ Sarah Sorge (born 1969), politician Marc Trauner (born 1969), DJ and producer Thomas Zampach (born 1969), former professional footballer Jo Jo English (born 1970), American NBA basketball player, top scorer in the 1999–2000 Israel Basketball League Ronald Reng (born 1970), sports journalist and author Markus Rill (born 1970), singer-songwriter J. Peter Schwalm (born 1970), composer and music producer Simone Thomaschinski (born 1970), former professional field hockey defender 1971–1980 Jochen Hippel (born 1971), musician Holger Kleinbub (born 1971), former professional volleyball player Slobodan Komljenović (born 1971), former Serbian footballer Moses Pelham (born 1971), rapper and musician Tony Richardson (born 1971), former American football fullback Alexander Schur (born 1971), former professional footballer Tré Cool (born 1972), American drummer Wilhelm Fischer (born 1972), boxer Steffi Jones (born 1972), former professional football defender Anthony Rother (born 1972), electronic music composer, producer, and label owner Kai Tracid (born 1972), trance DJ and producer Tilo Wolff (born 1972), musician Anna Carlsson (born 1973), actress and voice actress Klark Kent (born 1973), graffiti artist and music producer Sonya Kraus (born 1973), television presenter and former model Christopher Reitz (born 1973), professional field hockey goalkeeper Kaya Yanar (born 1973), comedian Michael Aničić (born 1974), former professional football player Matthias Becker (born 1974), former professional football player Magnus Gäfgen (born 1974), child murderer Sinan Şamil Sam (born 1974), Turkish heavyweight professional boxer Sabrina Setlur (born 1974), singer, rapper, songwriter and occasional actress Julia Voss (born 1974), journalist and scientific historian Mandala Tayde (born 1975), award-winning actress and model Alexander Waske (born 1975), former professional tennis player Daniel Dölschner (born 1976), poet and Haiku-writer Tamara Milosevic (born 1976), documentary filmer Michael Thurk (born 1976), professional football player Sascha Amstätter (born 1977), professional football player Birgit Prinz (born 1977), former female professional association football player Sandra Smisek (born 1977), former female professional football player Edwin Thomas (born 1977), English historical novelist Jo Weil (born 1977), actor Daniel Hartwich (born 1978), actor Hartmut Honka (born 1978), conservative politician Susanne Keil (born 1978), female hammer thrower Mark Medlock (born 1978), singer Souad Mekhennet (born 1978), journalist Heinz Müller (born 1978), professional footballer Silke Müller (born 1978), award-winning field hockey midfielder Ruben Studdard (born 1978), American R&B, pop, and gospel singer Meike Freitag (born 1979), former female swimmer Senna Gammour (born 1979), singer-songwriter and entertainer Jonesmann (born 1979), rapper Cha Du-ri (born 1980), South Korean professional footballer Bakary Diakité (born 1980), German-Malian professional footballer Patrick Falk (born 1980), professional footballer Daniel Gunkel (born 1980), professional footballer Giorgos Theodoridis (born 1980), Greek international footballer Zaytoven (born 1980), American hip hop DJ and producer 1981–1990 Giuseppe Gemiti (born 1981), professional footballer Jermaine Jones (born 1981), German-American professional soccer player Saskia Bartusiak (born 1982), professional footballer Nadja Benaissa (born 1982), recording artist, television personality, and occasional actress Marijana Marković (born 1982), épée fencer Carlos Nevado (born 1982), professional field hockey player Patric Klandt (born 1983), professional footballer Madeleine Sandig (born 1983), professional road and track racing cyclist Pia Eidmann (born 1984), professional field hockey player Patrick Ochs (born 1984), professional footballer Fouad Brighache (born 1985), German-Moroccan professional footballer J. Cole (born 1985), American hip hop recording artist, songwriter, and record producer Fikri El Haj Ali (born 1985), professional footballer Christian Kum (born 1985), German-Dutch professional footballer Mounir Chaftar (born 1986), professional football defender Tim Kister (born 1986), professional footballer Moritz Müller (born 1986), professional ice hockey defenceman Jan-André Sievers (born 1987), professional football player Uğur Albayrak (born 1988), Turkish professional footballer Niklas Andersen (born 1988), professional football defender Lisa Bund (born 1988), pop singer, songwriter, radio host, actor, and reality television star Stefan Hickl (born 1988), professional footballer Timm Klose (born 1988), German-Swiss professional footballer Björn Thurau (born 1988), professional cyclist Richard Weil (born 1988), professional footballer Semih Aydilek (born 1989), German-Turkish professional footballer Kevin Pezzoni (born 1989), professional footballer Marcel Titsch-Rivero (born 1989), professional footballer Timothy Chandler (born 1990), German-American professional soccer player Steffen Fäth (born 1990), professional handball player Jan Kirchhoff (born 1990), professional footballer Romero Osby (born 1990), American professional basketball player for Maccabi Kiryat Gat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League 1991–2000 Daniel Döringer (born 1991), professional footballer Daniel Henrich (born 1991), professional footballer Namika (born 1991), German-Moroccan singer and rapper Leon Bunn (born 1992), boxer Max Ehmer (born 1992), professional footballer Markus Hofmeier (born 1993), professional footballer Alice Merton (born 1993), singer Emre Can (born 1994), professional footballer Notable residents of Frankfurt 8th to 17th centuries Charlemagne (born between 742 and 748; died 814), King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany Fastrada (765–794), East Frankish noblewoman Louis the German (c. 810–876), grandson of Charlemagne and third son of the succeeding Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye Louis the Younger (born between 830 and 835; died 882), second eldest son of Louis the German and Emma who succeeded his father as King of Saxony and his elder brother Carloman as King of Bavaria Johannes von Soest (1448–1506), composer, theorist, and poet Conrad Faber von Kreuznach (born c. 1500; died between 1552 and 1553), painter and woodcuts designer Jacob Micyllus (1503–1558), Renaissance humanist and teacher Adam Lonicer (1528–1586), botanist Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and astrologer Matthäus Merian (1593–1650), Swiss-born engraver and publisher Johann Schröder (1600–1664), physician and pharmacologist Jacob Joshua Falk (1680–1756), Talmudist, served as chief rabbi of Frankfurt Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist 18th century Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715–1793), merchant and banker Simon Moritz Bethmann (1721–1782), merchant and banker Pinchas Horowitz (1731–1805), rabbi Johann Christian Friedrich Hæffner (1759–1833), composer Sekl Loeb Wormser (1768–1846), rabbi Clemens Brentano (1778–1842), poet, novelist, and major figure of German Romanticism Karoline von Günderrode (1780–1806), Romantic poet Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), philosopher 19th century Rudolf Christian Böttger (1806–1881), inorganic chemist Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888), rabbi Johann von Miquel (1828–1901), statesman Leopold Sonnemann (1831–1909), journalist, newspaper publisher, and political party leader Charles Hallgarten (1838–1908), banker and philanthropist Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921), composer Bertha Pappenheim (1859–1936), Austrian-Jewish feminist, social pioneer, and founder of the Jüdischer Frauenbund (League of Jewish Women) Adolf Bartels (1862–1945), journalist and poet Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), Bavarian-born psychiatrist and neuropathologist credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", later identified as Alzheimer's disease Georg Voigt (1866–1927), politician Ludwig Landmann (1868–1945), liberal politician Oskar Ursinus (1877–1952), aerospace engineer Max Beckmann (1884–1950), painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer Magda Spiegel (1887–1944), contralto Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), Roman Catholic theologian and sociologist Franz Bronstert (1895–1967), engineer and painter Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), philosopher and sociologist Paul Hindemith (1895–1963), composer, violist, violinist, teacher, and conductor Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977), politician affiliated with the CDU and Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1963 until 1966 Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (1897–2000), first female Austrian architect and an activist in the Nazi resistance movement 20th century 1901–1910 Kurt Thomas (1904–1973), composer, conductor, and music educator Hans Bethe (1906–2005), German–American nuclear physicist Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), industrialist, spy, and member of the Nazi Party who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust Alexander Mitscherlich (1908–1982), psychologist Bernhard Grzimek (1909–1987), Silesian-German zoo director, zoologist, book author, editor, and animal conservationist 1911–1920 Josef Neckermann (1912–1992), equestrian and Olympic champion Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen (1917–2012), psychoanalyst Horst Krüger (1919–1999), novelist Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), Polish-born literary critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47 1921–1930 Reinhard Goerdeler (1922–1996), accountant instrumental in founding KPMG, a leading international firm of accountants Arno Lustiger (1924–2012), historian and author Horst Heinrich Streckenbach (1925–2001), tattoo artist and historian of the medium Hilmar Hoffmann (1925–2018), cultural functionary and director Ignatz Bubis (1927–1999), chairman (and later president) of the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland) Ruth Westheimer (born Karola Siegel, 1928), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, Doctor of Education, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper. Karl-Hermann Flach (1929–1973), journalist of the Frankfurter Rundschau, and a politician of the liberal Free Democrats (FDP) Jürgen Habermas (born 1929), sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism Helmut Kohl (1930–2017), conservative politician and statesman 1931–1940 Alfred Schmidt (1931–2012), philosopher Walter Wallmann (1932–2013), politician Rosemarie Nitribitt (1933–1957), luxury call girl whose violent death caused a scandal in the Wirtschaftswunder years Michael Grzimek (1934–1959), zoologist, conservationist, and filmmaker Albert Speer Jr. (1934–2017), architect and urban planner Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 1936), pope of the Catholic Church, spent several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt F. K. Waechter (1937–2005), cartoonist, author, and playwright Robert Gernhardt (1937–2006), writer, painter, caricaturist, and poet Barbara Klemm (born 1939), photographer, worked for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for 45 years 1941–1950 Jürgen Grabowski (born 1944), former football player Petra Roth (born 1944), mayor of Frankfurt from 1995 to 2012 Daniel Cohn-Bendit (born 1945), politician Bernd Hölzenbein (born 1946), former football player Johannes Weinrich (born 1947), left-wing political militant and terrorist Josef Ackermann (born 1948), Swiss banker and former chief executive officer of Deutsche Bank Joschka Fischer (born 1948), politician Alfred 23 Harth (born 1949), multimedia artist, band leader, multi-instrumentalist musician, and composer 1951–2000 Armin S., independent securities trader Ahron Daum (born 1951), rabbi, professor, author, and educator Cha Bum-kun (born 1953), South Korean football manager and former player Michel Friedman (born 1956), lawyer, former CDU politician, and talk show host Wolfgang Herold (born 1961), film producer and sound supervisor Luca Anzilotti (born 1963), Italian DJ/producer of electronic music Stephan Weidner (born 1963), musician and music producer Heike Matthiesen (born 1964), classical guitarist Sven Väth (born 1964), DJ/producer in electronic music Dave McClain (born 1965), drummer D-Flame (born 1971), hip hop and reggae musician Azad (born 1974), rapper Renate Lingor (born 1975), female former international football player Pia Wunderlich (born 1975), football midfielder Aslı Bayram (born 1981), actress and writer References See also Frankfurt School List of mayors of Frankfurt List of Eintracht Frankfurt players Frankfurt

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Rosa%20Police%20Department

Santa Rosa Police Department

The Santa Rosa Police Department is the police force for Santa Rosa, California. The department has 247 sworn employees. History Formation The Santa Rosa Police Department was formed on April 1, 1867, one year before the incorporation of the City of Santa Rosa in 1868. In its first 100 years, the department grew from three "Town Marshals" to a staff of 55. Growth of the Department The next 31 years produced an impressive organizational growth to the present day staff of 247. According to the demographic information provided by the California Department of Finance, from 1987 through 1999, the city's population increased 63%, which is an average annual increase of 3.7% for the past 17 years ending December 31, 1999. From 1998 to 1999, Santa Rosa's population increased by 2%, which is slightly less than the 17 year annual increase. Famous Cases Lynchings On May 9, 1878, Charles Henley, a 57-year-old farmer from Windsor, California, murdered his neighbor James Rowland after Rowland complained about Henley's pigs being loose on his property. Henley left Rowland's body to be eaten by his hogs, and the next day Henley turned himself in to the authorities. In the early morning hours of June 9, groups of men started to appear on the streets of Santa Rosa. One group went to the home of jailer Sylvester Wilson, where the men held his family hostage while Wilson was taken to the jail to hand over the keys to the lynch mob. Wilson and night guard R. Dryer were taken in a wagon and dropped off on the outskirts of Santa Rosa. Henley was found hanging from a tree not far from where the two men were released. The lynchers were never caught. On December 5, 1920, Santa Rosa native Terry Fitts, along with San Francisco hoodlums "Spanish" Charley Valento and George Boyd, got into a shootout with a joint police squad from Santa Rosa, Sonoma County and the San Francisco Police department. The outlaws were wanted in San Francisco for the gang rape of a young woman. Fitts, Valento, and Boyd were at the home of an acquaintance, looking for food or money, when the police caught up with them. As the police crashed through the door of the home, Boyd shot and killed San Francisco police detective Lester Dohrman, Sergeant Miles Jackson, and Sonoma County Sheriff Jim Petray. The three wanted men were then quickly taken into custody. On December 10, 1920, a group of men entered the jail without a struggle, took the men out of their cell, and drove them to Santa Rosa Rural Cemetery. They were strung up by their necks in their long underwear and left to swing in the wind. The inquest's verdict was "death by persons unknown". It was rumored that the lynch mob was made up of men from nearby Healdsburg, California who were friends of Sheriff Petray. Murder of Police Chief O'Neal On July 15, 1935, disgruntled rancher and hunting guide Al Chamberlain dressed up in his finest cowboy clothes, drove to his former ranch outside of Santa Rosa and shot John McCabe, the new owner of the property, leaving him for dead. He survived. Chamberlain drove his beat-up car to Santa Rosa where he walked into the Santa Rosa police station and killed Chief Charlie O'Neal. Chamberlain had owned a livery stable in downtown Santa Rosa for years, but was forced to vacate his business through eminent domain when the city wanted to build their new city hall on Chamberlain's property. Chief O'Neal personally signed and served Chamberlain his notice to vacate. Financially broken, Chamberlain had to sell his beloved ranch on Saint Helena Road. O'Neal continued to harass Chamberlain to the point where he got the prosecutor to sentence Chamberlain to thirty days and a hundred-dollar fine for accidentally hitting a pedestrian. He was never the same man after he was released from jail. After shooting O'Neal, Chamberlain calmly walked down the street with a pistol in each hand, searching for Sonoma County Sheriff Harry Patteson. Patteson heard the gunshots and bumped into Chamberlain, who did not recognize him. Patteson disarmed and tackled Chamberlain, with the help of Joe Schurman and Burnette Dibble. He was sentenced to life in prison and died in San Quentin Prison. Death of Andy Lopez On October 22, 2013, 13-year-old Andy Lopez was shot and killed by Sonoma County sheriff's deputy Erick Gelhaus in the Moorland neighborhood of Santa Rosa. Lopez was walking to his friend's house while carrying an airsoft gun replica of an AK-47. Gelhaus mistook the airsoft gun for a real rifle, and demanded that Lopez drop the weapon. Gelhaus then fired eight shots at Lopez, killing him. The shooting prompted protests in Santa Rosa, which attracted protesters from around Northern California. The Lopez family filed a lawsuit at the District Court in November, claiming that Gelhaus shot Lopez "without reasonable cause." They amended their lawsuit in January 2014, claiming that the Sheriff's office had long known that Gelhaus had a "propensity ... to recklessly draw his firearm and to use excessive force". The deputy's attorney argued that Gelhaus "absolutely believed" that the gun was real and that his life was in danger. You may be wondering why this is listed on the Santa Rosa Police Department page, as there is no relation in the above paragraph. The extent of SRPD's involvement was to investigate the incident. Budget The budget for Fiscal year 2019-2020 is $59.7 Million dollars, comprising more than one third of the city's entire General Fund Budget. Santa Rosa has proposed and increase in funding by $2.5 million for the 2020-2021 fiscal year. Gang task force The Santa Rosa Police Department formed a gang investigation unit in the late 1980s. That unit was disestablished in 2006 due to budget shortages. SRPD formed the Gang Crime Investigations Team, currently known as the Gang Crimes Team. One of its detectives is assigned to the North Bay Regional Gang Task Force, an FBI-led movement. Controversy In September 2012, a federal jury in San Francisco awarded $500,000 to the family of Richard DeSantis, a mentally ill unarmed man fatally shot outside his home by Santa Rosa Police on April 11, 2007. The jury found that a Santa Rosa police sergeant violated DeSantis' civil rights. Officers testified at the trial that they did not know DeSantis was unarmed, and used nonlethal rubber bullets to subdue DeSantis before a sergeant used deadly force. The shooting was found justified by the Sonoma County District Attorney's office. References Santa Rosa, California Municipal police departments of California

44615774

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States

History of conservatism in the United States

Except briefly in the 1860s–1870s, there has never been a national political party in the United States called the Conservative Party. All major American political parties support republicanism and the basic classical liberal ideals on which the country was founded in 1776, emphasizing liberty, the pursuit of happiness, the rule of law, the consent of the governed, opposition to aristocracy and fear of corruption, coupled with equal rights before the law. Political divisions inside the United States often seemed minor or trivial to Europeans, where the divide between the Left and the Right led to violent political polarization, starting with the French Revolution. No American party has advocated European ideals of conservatism such as a monarchy, an established church, or a hereditary aristocracy. American conservatism is best characterized as opposition to utopian ideas of progress. Historian Patrick Allitt expresses the difference between conservative and liberal in terms not of policy but of attitude. Unlike Canada and the United Kingdom, there has never been a major national political party named the Conservative Party in the United States. The Conservative Party of Virginia, founded in 1867, elected members to the House of Representatives from two other states (Maryland and North Carolina). Since 1962, there has been a small Conservative Party of New York State. During Reconstruction in the late 1860s, the former Whigs formed a Conservative Party in several Southern states, but they soon merged into the state Democratic parties. Founding Colonial era The conservatism that prevailed in the Thirteen Colonies before 1776 was of a very different character than the conservatism that emerged based on revolutionary principles. This old conservatism centered on a landed elite and on an urban merchant class that was Loyalist during the Revolution. In the largest and richest and most influential of the American colonies, Virginia, conservatives held full control of the colonial and local governments. At the local level, Church of England parishes handled many local affairs, and they in turn were controlled not by the minister, but rather by a closed circle of rich landowners who comprised the parish vestry. Ronald L. Heinemann emphasizes the ideological conservatism of Virginia, while noting there were also religious dissenters who were gaining strength by the 1760s: The tobacco planters and farmers of Virginia adhered to the concept of a hierarchical society that they or their ancestors had brought with them from England. Most held to the general idea of a Great Chain of Being: at the top were God and his heavenly host; next came kings...who were divinely sanctioned to rule, then a hereditary aristocracy who were followed in descending order by wealthy landed gentry, small, independent farmers, tenant farmers, servants....Aspirations to rise above one's station in life were considered a sin. In actual practice, colonial Virginia never had a bishop to represent God nor a hereditary aristocracy with titles like "duke" or "baron". However it did have a royal governor appointed by the British Crown, as well as a powerful landed gentry. The status quo was strongly reinforced by what Jefferson called "feudal and unnatural distinctions" that were vital to the maintenance of aristocracy in Virginia. He targeted laws such as entail and primogeniture by which the oldest son inherited all the land. The entail laws made land-ownership perpetual: the one who inherited the land could not sell it, but had to bequeath it to his oldest son. As a result, increasingly large plantations, worked by white tenant farmers and by black slaves, gained in size and wealth and political power in the eastern ("Tidewater") tobacco areas. Maryland and South Carolina had similar hierarchical systems, as did New York and Pennsylvania. During the Revolutionary era, the new states repealed all such laws. The most fervent Loyalists left for Canada or Britain or other parts of the Empire. They introduced primogeniture in Upper Canada (southern Ontario) in 1792, and it lasted until 1851. Such laws lasted in England until 1926. American Revolution Russell Kirk saw the American Revolution itself as "a conservative reaction, in the English political tradition, against royal innovation". David Lefer has emphasized the central role of conservative Founding Fathers in shaping the key documents such as the Constitution. American conservatives since the 1770s have honored the American Revolution for its successes in maintaining traditional values, such as local self-rule, that seemed under threat from London. Robert Nisbet, a leading conservative intellectual stressed the conservative nature of the American Revolution in contrast to the extreme passions and much greater violence of other revolutions, especially the French Revolution. He attributed the Patriots' restraint to the localization of power, religiosity, the absence of anticlericalism, and the relatively open class system made possible by the absence of hereditary aristocrats. After 1776, the new American conservatism, unlike European conservatism, was not based on inherited rank, landed estates or loyalty to the Crown or the established Church. Donald T. Critchlow and Nancy MacLean point out its resemblance to European liberalism. At the time of the American Revolution, the colonists under British rule lived under the freest government in the European world, but in their fierce determination to protect and preserve their historic rights, the founding fathers sought independence from Great Britain despite their relatively low level of taxation. However, wealthy merchants involved in international trade, royal officials, and patronage holders typically enjoyed close ties across the British Empire. Most of these proud "Loyalists" opposed the American Revolution and remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war. In a sense, the Loyalists represented a trans-Atlantic loyalty to a society that was far more hierarchical. Their leaders loved order, respected their betters, looked down on their inferiors, and feared "mobocracy" at home more than rule by a distant monarch. When it came to a choice between protecting their historic rights as Americans or remaining loyal to the King, they chose King and Empire. About one in five Loyalists (70,000 or so) left the new United States by 1783. Most went to Canada where they are still known as United Empire Loyalists. The patriots who fought in the Revolution did so in the name of preserving traditional rights of Englishmen—especially the right of "no taxation without representation"; they increasingly opposed attempts by Parliament to tax and control the fast-growing colonies. In 1773, when the British imposed heavy sanctions on the Massachusetts colony in the wake of the Boston Tea Party, self described patriots organized colony-by-colony resistance through organizations such as the Sons of Liberty. Fighting broke out in the spring of 1775, and all Thirteen Colonies entered into open rebellion against the crown. In July 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared independence from the United Kingdom and became the de facto national government espousing the principles of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. The patriots formed a consensus around the ideas of republicanism, whereby popular sovereignty was invested in a national legislature instead of a King. Historian Leonard Labaree identified the main characteristics of the Loyalists that contributed to their conservative opposition to independence. Loyalists were generally older than Patriots, better established in society, resisted innovation, believed resistance to the Crown—the legitimate government—was morally wrong, and were further alienated from the Patriot cause when it resorted to violent means of opposition, such as burning houses and tarring and feathering royal officials. Loyalists wanted to take a middle-of-the road position and were angry when forced by the Patriots to declare their opposition. They had a long-standing sentimental attachment to Britain (often with business and family ties) and were procrastinators who realized that while independence might be inevitable, they would rather postpone it for as long as possible. Many loyalists were also highly cautious and afraid of the potential anarchy or tyranny that could arise out of mob rule. Finally, Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the Patriots' confidence in the future of an independent United States. The Patriots' victory established their revolutionary principles as core American political values adhered to by all parties in the newly formed United States. Modern American Conservatives often identify with the Patriots of the 1770s, a fact exemplified in 2009 by the Tea Party movement, named after the Tea Party of 1773. Its members often dress in costumes characteristic of the Founding Fathers. The American Revolution proved highly disruptive to the old networks of conservative elites in the colonies. The departure of so many royal officials, rich merchants, and landed gentry destroyed the hierarchical networks that previously dominated politics and power in many of the colonies. In New York, for example, the departure of key members of the DeLancy, DePester Walton, and Cruger families undercut the interlocking families that largely owned and controlled the Hudson Valley. Likewise in Pennsylvania, the departure of the powerful Penn, Allen, Chew, and Shippen families destroyed the cohesion of the old upper class. New men became rich merchants, but they retained a spirit of republican equality that replaced the old elitism; the revolution prevented the rise of a truly powerful upper class in American society. Most Loyalists remained in the new nation and became loyal citizens, although they seldom held leadership positions of the sort they were entitled to before the Revolution. Federalists In the wake of the Revolution, the newly formed Federalist Party, dominated by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, used the presidency of George Washington to promote a strong nation capable of holding its own in world affairs, with a strong army and navy able to suppress internal revolts (such as the Whiskey Rebellion), and a national bank to support financial and business interests. Intellectually, Federalists, while devoted to liberty, held profoundly conservative views attuned to the American character. As Samuel Eliot Morison explained, they believed that liberty is inseparable from union, that men are essentially unequal, that vox populi [voice of the people] is seldom if ever vox Dei [the voice of God], and that sinister outside influences were busy undermining American integrity. Historian Patrick Allitt concludes that Federalists promoted many conservative positions, including the rule of law under the Constitution, republican government, peaceful change through elections, judicial supremacy, stable national finances, credible and active diplomacy, and protection of wealth. The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities and were supportive of the modernizing, urbanizing, financial policies of Hamilton. These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War (thus allowing the states to lower their own taxes and still pay their debts), the incorporation of a national Bank of the United States, the support of manufactures and industrial development, and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury. In foreign affairs the Federalists opposed the French Revolution. Under John Adams they fought the "Quasi War" (an undeclared naval war) with France in 1798–99 and built a strong army and navy. Ideologically, the controversy between Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style. In terms of style the Federalists distrusted the public, thought the elite should be in charge, and favored national power over state power. Republicans distrusted Britain, bankers, merchants, and did not want a powerful national government. The Federalists—notably Hamilton, were distrustful of "the people", the French, and the Republicans. John Adams Since the 1790s, conservatives have emphasized an identification with the Founding Fathers and the Constitution. Historians of conservative political thought "generally label John Adams as the intellectual father of American conservatism." Russell Kirk points to Adams as the key Founding Father for conservatives, noting that "some writers regard him as America's most important conservative public man." Historian Clinton Rossiter writes: Here was no lover of government by plutocracy, no dreamer of an America filled with factions and hard-packed cities. Here was a man who loved America as it was and had been, one whose life was a doughty testament to the trials and glories of ordered liberty. Here ... was the model of the American conservative. Historian A. Owen Aldridge places Adams, "At the head of the conservative ranks in the early years of the Republic and Jefferson as the leader of the contrary liberal current." It was a fundamental doctrine for Adams that all men are subject to equal laws of morality. He held that in society all men have a right to equal laws and equal treatment from the government. However, he added, "no two men are perfectly equal in person, property, understanding, activity, and virtue." Peter Viereck concluded: Hamilton, Adams, and their Federalist party sought to establish in the new world what they called a "natural aristocracy." [It was to be] based on property, education, family status, and sense of ethical responsibility....Their motive was liberty itself. Democratic-Republicans In the 1790s, Jeffersonian democracy arose in opposition to the Federalist Party, primarily as a response to the fear that Federalists' favoritism toward British monarchism threatened the new republic. The opposition party chose the name "Republican Party". Some historians refer to them as "Jeffersonian Republicans" while political scientists usually use the "Democratic-Republican Party," in order to distinguish them from the modern Republican Party. While "Jeffersonian Democracy" persisted as an element of the Democratic Party into the early 20th century, as exemplified by William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925), and its themes continue to echo in the 21st century. Jeffersonians opposed the further strengthening federal government and the rise of an interventionist judiciary, a concern later shared by conservatives of the 20th century. The next four presidents were Democratic-Republicans. Whigs During the 1800s and 1810s, the "Old Republicans" (not to be confused with the Republican Party, which did not yet exist) were led by John Randolph of Roanoke. They refused to form a coalition with the Federalists. Instead they set up a separate opposition led by James Madison, Albert Gallatin, James Monroe, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay. They nevertheless adopted Federalist principles by chartering the Second Bank of the United States, promoting internal improvements for transportation, raising tariffs to protect factories, and promoting a strong army and navy after the failures of the War of 1812. By the 1830s, the Whig Party emerged as the national conservative party. Whigs supported the national bank, private business interests, and the modernization of the economy in opposition to Jacksonian democracy, which represented the interests of poor farmers and the urban working class, represented by the newly formed Democratic Party. They chose the name "Whig" because it had been used by patriots in the Revolution. Daniel Webster and other Whig leaders referred to their new political party as the "conservative party", and they called for a return to tradition, restraint, hierarchy, and moderation. In the end, the nation synthesized the two positions, Federalist and Whig, adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state. By the end of the 1820s, American politics had generally adapted to a two-party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate, and the winner takes control of the government. As time went on, the Federalists lost appeal with the average voter and were generally not equal to the tasks of party organization; hence, they grew steadily weaker. After 1816, the Federalists had no national influence apart from John Marshall's Supreme Court. They retained some local support into the 1820s, but important leaders left their fading cause, including future presidents John Quincy Adams and James Buchanan, and future Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun of South Carolina (1782-1850), at various times a Jeffersonian Republican, a Whig and a Democrat, was always an independent thinker. He moved from a strong nationalist position in the 1810s and 1820s, to a states' rights position emphasizing the rights of minorities (by which he meant white South), and rejecting a powerful central government. Jefferson and Madison in 1798 had developed a theory of nullification that would enable states to reject unconstitutional federal actions. Calhoun picked up the idea and further developed it as a defense against federal attacks on slavery. His ideas were enormously influential among southern politicians and intellectuals in the decade after his death in 1850; his ideas were often used to promote secession in 1860 as a legal, constitutional escape valve for the South. Brian Farmer says, "Perhaps no figure better exemplifies the attitudes of Southern conservatism in the antebellum period than John C. Calhoun of South Carolina." His ideas were revived by hard-core Southern conservatives in the 20th century. According to Peter Viereck, "this more extreme, very regional Calhoun conservatism still dominates much of the American South in the 1970s." American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the first president elected by the newly formed Republican Party, and Lincoln has been an iconic figure for American conservatives. Historian David Hackett Fischer stresses Lincoln's conservative views. In the 1850s, "Lincoln was a prosperous corporate lawyer, and a member of the conservative Whig party for many years." He promoted business interests, especially banks, canals, railroads, and factories. Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Lincoln explicitly appealed to conservatives. In 1859, he explained what he meant by conservatism in terms of fealty to the original intent of the Founding Fathers: The chief and real purpose of the Republican party is eminently conservative. It proposes nothing save and except to restore this government to its original tone in regard to this element of slavery, and there to maintain it, looking for no further change in reference to it than that which the original framers of the Government themselves expected and looked forward to." Lincoln elaborated his position in his famous Cooper Union speech before Republican elites in New York on February 27, 1860. He argued that the Founding Fathers expected slavery to die a natural death, not to spread. His point was that the Founding Fathers were anti-slavery and the notion that slavery was good was a radical innovation that violated American ideals. This speech solidified Lincoln's base in the Republican Party and helped assure his nomination. During the war, Lincoln was the leader of the moderate Republicans who fought the Radical Republicans on the issues of dealing with slavery and re-integrating the South into the nation. He built the stronger coalition, holding together conservative and moderate Republicans, and War Democrats, against the Radicals who wanted to deny him renomination in 1864. When the war was ending Lincoln planned to reintegrate the white South into the union as soon as possible by offering generous peace terms, "with malice toward none, with charity toward all". But when Lincoln was assassinated, the Radicals gained the upper hand and imposed much harsher terms than those Lincoln had wished. James Randall is one of many who see Lincoln as holding 19th century classical liberal positions, while at the same time emphasizing Lincoln's tolerance and conservatism "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concluded that Lincoln was "conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders." David Greenstone argues that Lincoln's thought was grounded in reform liberalism but notes his unionism and Whiggish politics had a deeply conservative side as well. Some liberal historians hold alternative views. According to Striner, "...it is vain to try to classify Lincoln as a clear-cut conservative or liberal, as some historians have tried. He was both, and his politics engendered a long-term tradition of centrism..." . Southern conservatism After the Civil War, "conservative" came to mean those who supported the steady integration of blacks into American society, but opposed the Radical Republicans who wanted to impose punitive measures against ex-Confederates. Conservative Southerners thought that the radical conservatism by Northern reformers to empower the freed slaves would cause upheaval if done too quickly. They often accused northern Carpetbaggers who tried to help freed slaves of corruption. Conservatives opposed the race-based politics in the American South, but given the dominance of the Democratic party, had to settle on incrementalism. Supremacist Democrats differed from conservatives in their strong support for white supremacy, and insistence on a second-class powerless status for blacks, regardless of the Constitution. Southern conservatives in the 1950s added anti-communism to their agenda, believing that the ideology was poisoning the civil rights movement and the push for integration. There was also a liberal element in the South—in support of Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt—but they rarely opposed Jim Crow. From 1877 to 1960, the "Solid South" voted for Democratic Party candidates in almost all national elections; Democrats had firm control of state and local government in all southern states. By the late 1930s conservative Southern Democrats in Congress joined with most Northern Republicans in an informal Conservative Coalition that usually proved decisive in stopping progressive New Deal domestic legislation until 1964. With the Southern strategy of the Republican party in the late 1960s, religious southern conservatives shifted their support from the Democratic party to the Republican party, forming a very dominant solid south block of social conservatives in the Republican party. However the Southerners generally were much more internationalist than the mostly isolationist Northern Republicans in the Coalition. Fundamentalism, especially on the part of Southern Baptists, was a powerful force in Southern conservative politics beginning in the late 1970s. However, they voted for Reagan in 1980 over a fellow Southern Baptist Jimmy Carter. Gilded Age There was little nostalgia and backward looking in the dynamic North and West during the Gilded Age, the period in the U.S. history in the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Business was expanding rapidly, with manufacturing, mining, railroads, and banking leading the way. There were millions of new farms in the prairie states. Immigration reached record levels. Progress was the watchword of the day. The wealth of the period is highlighted by American upper class opulence, but also by the rise of American philanthropy (referred to by Andrew Carnegie as the "Gospel of Wealth") that used private money to endow thousands of colleges, hospitals, museums, academies, schools, opera houses, public libraries, symphony orchestras, and charities. Conservatives in the 20th Century, looking back at the Gilded Age, retroactively applied the word "conservative" to those who supported unrestrained Capitalism. For example, Oswald Garrison Villard, writing in 1939, characterized his former mentor Horace White (1834–1916) as "a great economic conservative; had he lived to see the days of the New Deal financing he would probably have cried out loud and promptly demised." In this sense, the conservative element of the Democratic party was led by the Bourbon Democrats and their hero President Grover Cleveland, who fought against high tariffs and on behalf of the gold standard. In 1896, the Bourbons were overthrown inside the Democratic Party by William Jennings Bryan and the agrarians, who preached "Free Silver" and opposition to the power that banks and railroads had over the American farmer. The agrarians formed a coalition with the Populists and vehemently denounced the politics of big business, especially in the decisive 1896 election, won by Republican William McKinley, who was easily reelected over Bryan in 1900 as well. Religious conservatives of this period sponsored a large and flourishing media network, especially based on magazines, many with close ties to the Protestant churches that were rapidly expanding due to the Third Great Awakening. Catholics had few magazines but opposed agrarianism in politics and established hundreds of schools and colleges to promote their conservative religious and social values. Modern conservatives often point to William Graham Sumner (1840–1910), a leading public intellectual of the era, as one of their own, citing his articulate support for free markets, anti-imperialism, and the gold standard, and his opposition to what he saw as threats to the middle class from the rich plutocrats above or the agrarians and ignorant masses below. The Gilded Age came to an end with the Panic of 1893 and the severe nationwide depression that lasted from 1893 to 1897. 1896–1932 1896 realignment The two parties re-aligned in the election of 1896, with the conservative Republicans led by William McKinley becoming the party of business, sound money and assertive foreign policy while the Democratic Party, led by William Jennings Bryan, became the party of the worker, the small farmer, free silver inflationists, populists and anti-imperialism in 1900. Bryan's people took control of the Democratic Party away from the Cleveland Democrats (also called "Bourbon Democrats") at the 1896 convention, where 36-year old Bryan electrified the left by blaming international bankers in New York, London and elsewhere for crucifying mankind upon "a cross of gold." Pietistic Protestants thrilled to Bryan's intensely religious rhetoric. The Republican strategy for a counter crusade was "to join together all conservative forces and brand the crusaders as anarchists, dishonest shallow-brained fools, and thoroughly dangerous fanatics....While Bryan preached the overthrow of evil men, the opposition showed that silver right panaceas would wreck the economy for decades, deprived factory workers of their livelihood, cheat honest businessmen, and install a holy un-American regime." The Republican counter-crusade energized conservative Republican farmers and businessmen, and attracted previously Democratic-inclined Lutherans and Catholics, who switched toward McKinley as the sound money conservative choice who rejected radicalism. The term socialist has long been used as an epithet by conservatives that goes far beyond issues of municipal ownership. Editor William Allen White of Emporia, Kansas, in his famous 1896 editorial on "What's the matter with Kansas" furiously attacked the radicalism of Bryanite Democrats and Populists. Supporters of Republican conservative William McKinley distributed over a million copies to rally opposition to William Jennings Bryan, nominee of both the Democratic and Populist parties. White, according to historian David Hinshaw, used "socialistic" as "his big gun to blast radical opposition." Conservative empire building As the 19th century drew to a close, the United States became an imperial power, with overseas territories in Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, and control over Cuba. Imperialism won out, as the election of 1900 ratified McKinley's policies and the U.S. possession of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines and (temporarily) Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt promoted the military and naval advantages of the U.S., and echoed McKinley's theme that America had a duty to civilize and modernize the heathen. Bryan made anti-imperialism a centerpiece of his 1900 campaign, and the Democrats continue the anti-imperialistic tradition, calling for independence for the Philippines until they finally won congressional approval in 1916 that Promised eventual independence, which was achieved in 1946. Meanwhile, the imperialistic Republicans lost interest. The supposed business, religious, and military advantages of having an empire proved illusory; by 1908 or so the most ardent conservative imperialists, especially William Howard Taft, and Elihu Root turned their attention to building up an army and navy at home and to building the Panama Canal. They dropped the notion of additional expansion and agreed by 1920 that the Philippines should become independent. Progressive Era In the early years of the 20th century, Republican spokesmen for big business in Congress included Speaker of the House Joe Cannon and Senate Republican Leader Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island. Aldrich introduced the Sixteenth Amendment, which allowed the federal government to collect an income tax; he also set in motion the design of the Federal Reserve System, which began in 1913. Pro-business conservatives supported many Progressive Era reforms, especially those opposed to corruption and inefficiency in government, and called for purification of politics. Conservative Senator John Sherman sponsored the nation's basic anti-trust law in 1890, and conservatives generally supported anti-trust in the name of opposing monopoly and opening up opportunities for small business. The Efficiency Movement attracted many Progressive Republicans, such as Nelson W. Aldrich and later President Herbert Hoover; with its pro-business, quasi-engineering approach to solve social and economic problems. The issues of prohibition and woman suffrage split the conservatives. The "insurgents" were on the Left of the Republican Party. Led by Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin, George W. Norris of Nebraska, and Hiram Johnson of California, they fought the conservatives in a series of bitter battles that split the GOP and allowed the Democratic Party to take control of Congress in 1910. Teddy Roosevelt, a hawk on foreign and military policy, moved increasingly to the Left on domestic issues regarding courts, unions, railroads, big business, labor unions and the welfare state. By 1910–11, Roosevelt had broken bitterly with Taft and the conservative wing of the GOP. In 1911–12 he took control of the insurgency on the left, formed a third party, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for president on the Progressive Party ticket in 1912. His departure left the conservatives, led by President William Howard Taft, dominant in the Republican party until 1936. The split opened the way in 1912 for Democrat Woodrow Wilson to become president with only 42% of the vote. The result was that liberalism prevailed for 8 years. World War I The Great War broke out in 1914, with Wilson proclaiming neutrality. Former President Theodore Roosevelt denounced Wilson's foreign policy, charging, 'Had it not been for Wilson's pusillanimity, the war would have been over by the summer of 1916." Indeed, Roosevelt believed that Wilson's approach to foreign policy was fundamentally and objectively evil. Roosevelt abandoned the Progressive Party and campaigned energetically for Republican candidate Charles Hughes, but Wilson's policy of neutrality managed to provide him with a narrow victory in the 1916 election. The GOP, under conservative leadership, went on to regain Congress in 1918 and then the White House in 1920. 1920s Republicans returned to dominance in 1920 with the election of President Warren G. Harding, who ran a campaign that pledged a return to normalcy. Tucker (2010) argues that the 1924 election marked the "high tide of American conservatism," as both major candidates campaigned for limited government, reduced taxes, and less regulation. The opposition was split between Progressive party candidate Robert La Follette who won 17% of the vote, and Democratic John W. Davis who took 29% which allowed Calvin Coolidge to easily win reelection. Under Coolidge (1923–29), the economy boomed and society stabilized; new policies focused on Americanizing immigrants already living in the United States and restricting the influx of new immigrants into the country. During 1920s, religious fundamentalists like minister William Bell Riley and William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential nominee, led the battle against the theory of Darwinian Evolution. They considered it false and blasphemous and helped pass laws to make the teaching of evolution in public schools a state crime. The Scopes Trial of 1925 was a nationally publicized challenge to their efforts which largely discredited the movement. Representative of the 1900–1930 era, was James M. Beck, a lawyer under Presidents Roosevelt, Harding and Coolidge, and a congressman from 1927 to 1933. He espoused conservative principles such as nationalism, individualism, constitutionalism, laissez-faire economics, property rights, and opposition to reform. Conservatives like Beck saw the need to regulate bad behavior in the corporate world with the intention of protecting corporate capitalism from radical forces, but they were alarmed by the anti-business and pro-union proposals of Roosevelt after 1905. They began to question the notion of a national authority beneficial to big capital, and instead emphasized legalism, concern for the Constitution, and reverence for the American past. Anti-Communism In the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent rise of the USSR, both major American political parties became strongly anti-Communist. Within the U.S., the far Left split and an American Communist Party emerged in the 1920s. Conservatives denounced Communist ideals as a subversion of American values and maintained relentless opposition to Communist principles until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Conservatives were especially sensitive to the perception of Communist elements trying to change national policies and values in the U.S. government, the media, and academia. Conservatives enthusiastically supported anti-Communist agencies such as the FBI, were chief proponents of the Congressional investigations of the 1940s and 1950s, particularly those led by Richard Nixon and Joe McCarthy, and were wary of ex-Communists who exposed the system, such as Whittaker Chambers. Writers and intellectuals A tension between mainstream academia and conservatism has been a factor for generations. Richard Hofstadter found that opposition to conservatism has been common among intellectuals since about 1890. Although conservatism built a presence among intellectuals in the late 19th century, historian George Nash wrote in 1996 that, "Despite its new-found status and competitiveness, intellectual conservatism remains a minority movement, especially in the academic community, and, more broadly, amongst the articulate and politically dynamic "new class". However, there were conservative intellectuals inside and out of mainstream academia who during the early and mid-20th century propagated conservative values and shaped the intellectual base of modern conservatism. Prominent among them were Irving Babbitt, Russell Kirk, Henry Adams, Richard M. Weaver, Whittaker Chambers etc. A classic conservative work of the period is Democracy and Leadership (1924) by Irving Babbitt. Numerous literary figures developed a conservative sensibility and warned of threats to Western Civilization. In the 1900–1950 era Henry Adams, T. S. Eliot, Allen Tate, Andrew Lytle, Donald Davidson, and others feared that heedless scientific innovation would unleash forces that would undermine traditional Western values and lead to the collapse of civilization. Instead they searched for a rationale for promoting traditional cultural values in the face of their fear of an onslaught by moral nihilism based on historical and scientific relativism. Conservatism as an intellectual movement in the South after 1930 was represented by writers such as Flannery O'Connor and the Southern Agrarians. The focus was on traditionalism and hierarchy. Numerous former Communist or Trotskyite writers repudiated the Left in the 1930s or 1940s and embraced conservatism, becoming contributors to National Review in the 1950s. They included Max Eastman (1883–1969), John Dos Passos (1896–1970), Whittaker Chambers (1901–1961), Will Herberg (1901–1977), and James Burnham (1905–1987). Dozens of small circulation magazines aimed at intellectuals promoted the conservative cause in the 20th century. Newspapers Major newspapers in metropolitan centers with conservative editorial viewpoints have played an important part in the development of American conservatism. In the 1930–1960 era, the Hearst chain, and the McCormick family newspapers (especially the Chicago Tribune), and the Los Angeles Times championed most conservative causes, as did the Henry Luce magazines, Time and Fortune. In recent years, those media have lost their conservative edge. By 1936, most publishers favored Republican Alf Landon over Democratic liberal Franklin Roosevelt. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70 percent of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters in those 15 cities. Roosevelt's secret was to open up a new channel of communication to his supporters, through radio. His Fireside Chats especially influenced young radio broadcaster Ronald Reagan, who was an enthusiastic New Dealer at that time. Newspaper publishers continue to favor conservative Republicans. The Wall Street Journal has continuously been a major voice of conservatism since the 1930s, and remains so since its takeover by Rupert Murdoch in 2007. As editor of the editorial page, Vermont C. Royster (1958–1971), and Robert L. Bartley (1972–2000), were especially influential in providing a conservative interpretation of the news on a daily basis. New Deal Era During the 1930s, the seeds of modern conservatism was born with the opposition towards the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Conservative (mostly Midwestern) Republicans and Southern Democrats united for the first time, and distinct characteristics of modern conservatism began to appear. The Great Depression which followed the 1929 stock market collapse led to price deflation, massive unemployment, falling farm incomes, investment losses, bank failures, business bankruptcies and reduced government revenues. Herbert Hoover's protectionist economic policies failed to halt the depression, and in the 1932 presidential election, Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt won a landslide victory. Liberty League and the Old Right Roosevelt's New Deal had considerable conservative support at the start, but by 1934 the conservatives started uniting in opposition to the president. The counterattack first came from conservative Democrats, led by presidential nominees John W. Davis (1924) and Al Smith (1928), who mobilized businessmen into the American Liberty League. Opposition to the New Deal also came from the Old Right, a group of conservative free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with Midwestern Republicans led by Hoover and, after 1938, by Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio. Ex-President Hoover moved sharply to the Right after 1932, abandoning his earlier Progressivism. He became a leading opponent of FDR and the New Deal. Hoover became a senior statesman of "conservative republicanism" until his death in 1964, and made his research center the Hoover Institution a major think tank for the right. The Old Right accused Roosevelt of promoting socialism; some noted his upper class status and said he was a "traitor to his class". By 1935, the New Deal strongly supported labor unions, which grew rapidly in membership and power; they became the main target of conservatives. Conservative backlash against Franklin D. Roosevelt Buoyed by his landslide win in 1936, which decimated the GOP in Congress, Roosevelt in early 1937 astonished the nation by his "court-packing scheme", announcing his plan to add six more justices to the nine on the Supreme Court who had been overturning New Deal legislations as unconstitutional. Vice President John Nance Garner worked with congressional allies to stop Roosevelt. Many who broke with Roosevelt on the Court issue had been old Progressives such as Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana and Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who played a backstage role. Roosevelt was defeated in the Court initiative and fought back by targeting his enemies in the 1938 Democratic primaries. The national economy was in a sharp recession, and widespread labor strikes were making unions highly controversial. Roosevelt failed as all but one Congressman resisted the "purge". Opposition to Roosevelt doubled among Southern Democratic Congressmen. Conservative coalition forms Senator Josiah Bailey (D-NC) released the "Conservative Manifesto" in December 1937 which marked the launching of the "Conservative coalition" between Republicans and Southern Democrats. The Republicans made nationwide gains in 1938. The Conservative Coalition generally controlled Congress until 1963; no major legislation passed which the Coalition opposed. Its most prominent leaders were Senator Robert A. Taft (R-OH) and Senator Richard Russell (D-GA). According to James T. Patterson: By and large the congressional conservatives by 1939 agreed in opposing the spread of federal power and bureaucracy, in denouncing deficit spending, in criticizing industrial labor unions, and in excoriating most welfare programs. They sought to "conserve" an America which they believed to have existed before 1933. Foreign policy The conservative coalition was not concerned with foreign policy as most of the Southern Democrats were internationalists, a position opposed by most Republicans. The key Republican conservative was Senator Taft. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in 1940, 1948, and 1952, and was a staunch isolationist who opposed American membership in NATO (1949) and the fight against Communism in the Korean War (1950). Many conservatives, especially in the Midwest, in 1939–41 favored isolationism and opposed American entry into World War II—and so did some liberals. (see America First Committee). Conservatives in the East and South were generally interventionist, as typified by Henry Stimson. However, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Dec. 1941 united all Americans behind the war effort, with conservatives in Congress taking the opportunity to close down many New Deal agencies, such as the bête noire WPA. Thomas Jefferson's image Thomas Jefferson has been a major hero to both left and right, although at different times for different reasons. In the New Deal era of the 1930s, Jefferson's memory became contested ground. Franklin D. Roosevelt greatly admired Jefferson and had the Jefferson Memorial built to honor his hero. Even more dramatic was the reaction of the conservatives as typified by the American Liberty League (comprising mostly conservative Democrats who resembled the Bourbon Democrats of the 1870–1900 era) and the Republican Party. Conservative Republicans abandoned their Hamiltonian views because they led to enlarged national government. Their opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal was cast in explicitly Jeffersonian small-government terms, and Jefferson became a hero of the Right. 1945–1951 The modern conservative political movement, combining elements from both traditional conservatism and libertarianism, emerged following World War II, but had its immediate political roots in reaction to the New Deal. Those two branches of conservatism allied the post World War I anti-communism thought. They defended a system in which the state should have a limited role to play in individual affairs. Their conceptions of conservatism, though differing slightly from one another, shared an inclination towards the elevation of a universal moral code within society. In the early 1950s, Dr. Russell Kirk defined the boundaries and resting grounds of conservatism. In his book, "The Conservative Mind", Dr. Kirk wrote six "truisms" that became major concepts for conservatism philosophy. Another important name in the domain of U.S conservatism is James Burnham. Mr. Burnham, philosopher in training but remembered for his political life, unsettled some foundations of conservatism when he, fervent opponent of liberalism, took position in favor of the Conscription. In another book called Rebels All, the authors sought to define the main goals of Post-War conservatism in the United States. They wrote: "isn't conservatism supposed to be about maintaining standards, upholding civility, and frowning on rebellion?" In addition, looking back at how it has evolved from after World War II to modern times, it seems undeniable that conservatism holds the capacity to defend diverging beliefs such as free-market libertarianism, religious traditionalism while valuing the aggressively suggested by the anti-communist mind. Modern Conservatism, a highly complex concept, finds its roots in the works of post-World War II thinkers and philosophers whose differing opinions about how to promote similar goals reflect the subjectivity of this political inclination. In 1946, conservative Republicans took control of Congress and opened investigations into communist infiltration of the federal government under Roosevelt. Congressman Richard Nixon accused Alger Hiss, a senior State Department official, of being a Soviet spy. Based on the testimony of Whittaker Chambers, an ex-Communist who became a leading anti-Communist and hero to conservatives, Hiss was convicted of perjury. President Harry Truman (1945–1953) adopted a containment strategy against Joseph Stalin's Communist expansion in Europe. Truman's major policy initiatives were through the Truman Doctrine (1947), the Marshall Plan (1948) and NATO (1949). Truman's Cold War policies had the support of most conservatives except for the remaining isolationists. The far left (comprising Communist Party members and fellow travelers) wanted to continue détente with Russia, and followed FDR's vice president Henry Wallace in a quixotic crusade in 1948 that failed to win broad support and, indeed, largely destroyed the far left in the Democratic party. Truman was reelected but his vaunted "Fair Deal" went nowhere, as the Conservative Coalition set the domestic agenda in Congress. The Coalition did not play a role in foreign affairs. In 1947, the conservative coalition in Congress passed the Taft–Hartley Act, balancing the rights of management and unions, and delegitimizing Communist union leaders. However, the major job of rooting out communists from labor unions and the Democratic party was undertaken by liberals, such as Walter Reuther of the autoworkers union and Ronald Reagan of the Screen Actors Guild (Reagan was a Democrat at that time). One typical mid-century conservative Republican in Congress was Noah M. Mason (1882–1965), who represented a rural downstate district in Illinois from 1937 to 1962. Less flamboyant and less well known than his colleague Everett McKinley Dirksen, he ardently supported states' rights in order to minimize the federal role, for he feared federal regulation of business. He distrusted Roosevelt, and gave many speeches against high federal spending. He called out New Dealers, such as Eveline M. Burns, Henry A. Wallace, Adolph A. Berle, Jr., and Paul A. Porter, as socialists, and suggested their policies resembled fascism. He fought communism as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (1938–43), and in 1950 he championed Joe McCarthy's exposés. In 1950, Lionel Trilling wrote that conservatives had lost the battle of ideas: "In the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition. For it is the plain fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation." He likewise wrote: "But the conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, with some isolated and some ecclesiastical exceptions, express themselves in ideas but only in action or in irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas." Korean War When the communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 Truman adopted a rollback strategy, planning to free the entire country by force. Truman decided not to obtain Congressional approval for his war—he relied on UN approval—which left the Republicans free to attack his war policies. Taft said Truman's decision was "a complete usurpation by the president." Truman's reliance on the UN reinforced conservative distrust of that body. With the Allies on the verge of victory, the Chinese communists entered the war and drove the Allies back with terrific fighting in sub-zero weather. Truman reversed positions, dropped the rollback policy, and fired the conservative hero General Douglas MacArthur (who wanted rollback), and settled for containment. Truman's acceptance of the status quo at a cost of 37,000 Americans killed and undermined Truman's base of support. Truman did poorly in the early 1952 primaries and was forced to drop his reelection bid. The Democratic Party nominated a liberal intellectual with no ties to Roosevelt or Truman, Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II. McCarthyism: 1950–1954 When anxiety over Communism in Korea and China reached a fever pitch, an otherwise obscure Senator, Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, launched extremely high-visibility investigations into the alleged network of communist spies in the government. Irish Catholics (including Buckley and the Kennedy Family) were intensely anti-communist and supported McCarthy (a fellow Irish Catholic). Paterfamilias Joseph Kennedy (1888–1969), a leading conservative Democrat, was an ardent supporter of McCarthy, and got his son Robert F. Kennedy a job with McCarthy. McCarthy's careless tactics, however, allowed his opponents to effectively counterattack. McCarthy talked of "twenty years of treason" (i.e. since Roosevelt's election in 1932). In 1953, he started talking of "21 years of treason" and launched a major attack on the Army for promoting a communist dentist in the medical corps; this was too much for Eisenhower, who encouraged Republicans to censure McCarthy formally in 1954. The Senator's power collapsed overnight. Senator John F. Kennedy did not vote for censure. Arthur Herman states that "McCarthy was always a more important figure to American liberals than to conservatives", because he defined the liberal target, and made liberals look like innocent victims. However, in recent years conservatives have not so much defended McCarthy's rough tactics as argued, chiefly based on espionage work done under the Venona project, that communist spies were really present in the government, and some of the Left at the time were indeed covering up those communist networks. 1950s Examining postwar conservative intellectual history, Kim Phillips-Fein writes: The most influential synthesis of the subject remains George H. Nash's The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945.... He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth (and even nineteenth) centuries, but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of William F. Buckley Jr. and National Review. The fusion of these different, competing, and not easily reconciled schools of thought led to the creation, Nash argued, of a coherent modern Right."George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 (1976) As shown by General Dwight D. Eisenhower's defeat of Senator Robert A. Taft for the GOP nomination in 1952, isolationism had weakened the Old Right. Eisenhower then won the 1952 election by crusading against what he called Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption." Eisenhower quickly ended the Korean War, which most conservatives by then opposed; and adopted a conservative fiscal policy while cooperating with Taft, who became the Senate Majority Leader. As President, Eisenhower promoted "Modern Republicanism," involving limited government, balanced budgets, and curbing government spending. Although taking a firm anti-Communist position, he and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles didn't push for rollback and continued the Truman administration's policy of containment. He cut defense spending by shifting the national strategy from reliance on expensive army divisions to cheap nuclear weapons. Although he made efforts to eliminate expensive supports for farm prices, he was ultimately unsuccessful, but he met success in reducing the role of the federal government by returning offshore oil reserves to the states. Eisenhower kept the regulatory and welfare policies of the New Deal, with the Republicans taking credit for the expansion of Social Security. He also sought to minimize conflict among economic and racial groups in the quest for social harmony, peace and prosperity. He was reelected by a landslide in 1956. Russell Kirk While Republicans in Washington were making small reversals of the New Deal, the most critical opposition to liberalism came from conservative intellectuals. Russell Kirk (1918–1994) claimed that both classical and modern liberalism placed too much emphasis on economic issues and failed to address man's spiritual nature, and called for a plan of action for a conservative political movement. He claimed that conservative leaders should appeal to farmers, small towns, the churches, and others, following the example of the British Conservative Party. Kirk adamantly opposed libertarian ideas, which he saw as a threat to true conservatism. In Libertarians: the Chirping Sectaries Kirk wrote that the only thing libertarians and conservatives have in common is a detestation of collectivism. "What else do conservatives and libertarians profess in common? The answer to that question is simple: nothing. Nor will they ever have.". William F. Buckley Jr. and the National Review The most effective organizer and proponent of conservative ideas was William F. Buckley, Jr. (1925–2008), the founder of National Review in 1955 and a highly visible writer and media personality. Although before, there had been numerous small right-wing circulation magazines, the National Review was able to gain national attention and shaped the conservative movement due to strong editing and a strong stable of regular contributors. Erudite, witty and tireless, Buckley inspired a new enthusiasm for the movement. Behind the scenes the magazine was handled by publisher William A. Rusher Geoffrey Kabaservice asserts, "in many ways it was Rusher, not Buckley who was the founding father of the conservative movement as it currently exists. We have Rusher, not Buckley, to thank for the populist, operationally sophisticated, and occasionally extremist elements that characterize the contemporary movement." Buckley and Rusher assembled an eclectic group of writers: traditionalists, Catholic intellectuals, libertarians and ex-Communists. They included: Russell Kirk, James Burnham, Frank Meyer, Willmoore Kendall, L. Brent Bozell, and Whittaker Chambers In the magazine's founding statement Buckley wrote: The launching of a conservative weekly journal of opinion in a country widely assumed to be a bastion of conservatism at first glance looks like a work of supererogation, rather like publishing a royalist weekly within the walls of Buckingham Palace. It is not that of course; if National Review is superfluous, it is so for very different reasons: It stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no other is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it. Milton Friedman and libertarian economics Austrian economist F. A. Hayek (1899–1992) in 1944 galvanized opponents of the New Deal by arguing that the left in Britain was leading that nation down the "road to serfdom". More influential was the Chicago school of economics, led by Milton Friedman (1912–2006) and George J. Stigler (1911–1991), who advocated neoclassical and monetarist public policy. The Chicago School provided a vigorous criticism of regulation, on the grounds that it led to control of the regulations by the regulated industries themselves. Since 1974, government regulation of industry and banking has greatly decreased. The School attacked Keynesian economics, then the dominant theory of economics, which Friedman claimed was based on unsound models. The "stagflation" of the 1970s (combining high inflation and high unemployment) was impossible according to Keynesian models, but was predicted by Friedman, giving his approach credibility among the experts. By the late 1960s, Alan O. Ebenstein argues that Friedman was "the most prominent conservative public intellectual at least in the United States and probably in the world." Friedman advocated for greater reliance on the marketplace in lectures, weekly columns, books, and on television. According to Friedman, Americans should be "Free to Choose". He convinced many conservatives that the practice of military drafting was inefficient and unfair; consequently, Nixon ended it in 1973. Nine Chicago School economists won the Nobel prize for economics. Their views about deregulation and fiscal policy became widely accepted, following the crisis in the 1970s. However, Friedman's "monetarism" did not fare as well, with current monetary practice targeting inflation, not the money supply. As an academic economist, Ben Bernanke developed Friedman's argument that the banking crises of the early 1930s deepened and prolonged the depression. As Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Bernanke's energetic reaction to the great financial crisis of 2008 was based in part on Friedman's warnings about the Fed's inactions after 1929. John Birch Society Robert W. Welch Jr. (1900–1985) founded the John Birch Society as an authoritarian top-down force to combat Communism. It had tens of thousands of members and distributed books, pamphlets and the magazine American Opinion. It was so tightly controlled by Welch that its effectiveness was strictly limited, as it mostly focused on calls to impeach Chief Justice Earl Warren, as well as supporting local police. It became a major lightning rod for liberal attacks. In 1962, Buckley won the support of Goldwater and other leading conservatives for an attack on Welch. He denounced Welch and the John Birch Society in National Review, as "far removed from common sense" and urged the GOP to purge itself of Welch's influence. Internal disagreements The main disagreement between Kirk, who would become described as a traditionalist conservative and the libertarians was whether tradition and virtue or liberty should be their primary concern. Frank Meyer tried to resolve the dispute with fusionism which argued that the United States could not conserve its traditions without economic freedom. He also noted that they were united in opposition to "big government" and made anti-communism the glue that would unite them. The term "conservative" was used to describe the views of National Review supporters, despite initial protests from the libertarians, because the term "liberal" had become associated with "New Deal" supporters. They were also later known as the "New Right", as opposed to the New Left. 1960s South and segregation Despite the popular perception that conservatism is limited to Republicans, during the era of segregation before 1965 some Southern Democrats were also conservative, opposing the segregationists in their party. Southern Democrats were a key part of a Conservative Coalition that largely blocked New Deal labor legislation in Congress from 1937 to 1963, though they tended to be liberal and vote with the rest of the Democratic Party on other economic issues. Southern Democrats fended off the more conservative Republican Party (GOP) by arguing that only they could defend segregation because the Republican Party nationally was committed to integration. That argument collapsed when Congress banned segregation in 1964. This provided an opportunity for Republicans to appeal to conservative Southerners on the basis that the GOP was the more conservative party on a wide range of social and economic issues, as well as being hawkish on foreign policy when the antiwar forces gained strength in the Democratic party. Southern conservatives moved from the Democratic Party to the GOP at the presidential level in the 1960s, and at the state and local level after 1990. 1964 Barry Goldwater presidential campaign Conservatives united behind the 1964 presidential campaign of Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater (1919–1998), though his campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Goldwater published The Conscience of a Conservative (1960), a bestselling book that explained modern conservative theory. Goldwater was significantly weakened by his unpopular views regarding social security, income tax, and the war in Vietnam. In Tennessee, he suggested selling the Tennessee Valley Authority, which was a favorite for conservatives in its region. He voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby winning the support of Southern segregationists. Support for the campaign came from numerous grassroots activists, such as Phyllis Schlafly and the newly formed Young Americans for Freedom, sponsored by Buckley to mobilize conservatives. Buckley himself tried to win the 1965 mayoral election of New York, but failed. Despite Goldwater's defeat conservatives were rapidly organizing at the local, state, and national levels. They were most successful in suburban California, where they worked hard in 1966 for their new hero Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), who was elected governor for two terms. 1970s Conservative shift in politics Reagan was the leader of a dramatic conservative shift in American politics, that undercut many of the domestic and foreign policies that had dominated the national agenda for decades. The common thread was a growing distrust of government to do the right thing on behalf of the people. While distrust of high officials had been an American characteristic for two centuries, this was brought to the forefront by the Watergate scandal of 1973-1974 that forced the resignation of President Richard Nixon, who faced impeachment, as well as criminal trials for many of his senior associates. The media was energized in its vigorous search for scandals, which deeply impacted both major parties at the national, state and local levels. At the same time there was a growing distrust of long-powerful institutions such as big business and labor unions. The postwar consensus regarding the value of technology in solving national problems, especially nuclear power, came under heavy attack from the New Left. Conservatives at the state and local levels increasingly emphasized the argument that the soaring crime rates indicated a failure of liberal policy in the American cities. Meanwhile, liberalism was facing divisive issues, as the New Left challenged established liberals on such issues as the Vietnam War, while building a constituency on campuses and among younger voters. A "cultural war" was emerging as a triangular battle among conservatives, liberals, and the New Left, involving such issues as individual freedom, divorce, sexuality, and even topics such as hair length and musical taste. The triumphal issue for liberalism was the achievement of civil rights legislation in the 1960s, which won over the black population and created a new black electorate in the South. However, it alienated many working-class ethnic whites, and opened the door for conservative white Southerners to move into the Republican Party. In foreign policy, The war in Vietnam was a highly divisive issue in the 1970s. Nixon had introduced a policy of détente in the Cold War, but it was strongly challenged by Reagan and the conservative movement. Reagan saw the Soviet Union as an implacable enemy that had to be defeated, not compromised with. A new element emerged in Iran, with the overthrow of a pro-American government, and the emergence of the stream the hostile ayatollahs. Radical students seized the American Embassy, and held American diplomats hostage for over a year, underscoring the weaknesses of the foreign policy of Jimmy Carter. The economic scene was in doldrums, with soaring inflation undercutting the savings pattern of millions of Americans, while unemployment remained high and growth was low. Shortages of gasoline at the local pump made the energy crisis a local reality. Reagan increasingly dominated the conservative movement, especially in his failed 1976 quest for the Republican presidential nomination and his successful run in 1980. Religious Right An unexpected new factor was the emergence of the religious right as a cohesive political force that gave strong support to conservatism. By the 1950s, many conservatives emphasized the Judeo-Christian roots of their values. Goldwater noted that conservatives "believed the communist projection of man as a producing, consuming animal to be used and discarded was antithetical to all the Judeo-Christian understandings which are the foundations upon which the Republic stands." Ronald Reagan frequently emphasized Judeo-Christian values as necessary ingredients in the fight against communism. Belief in the superiority of Western Judeo-Christian traditions led conservatives to downplay the aspirations of Third World and to denigrate the value of foreign aid. Since the 1990s, the term "Judeo-Christian" has been primarily used by conservatives. Evangelicals had been politicized in the 1920s, battling to impose prohibition and to stop the teaching of evolution in the schools (as in the Scopes Trial of 1925), but had largely been politically quiet since the 1930s. The emergence of the "religious right" as a political force and part of the conservative coalition dates from the 1970s and was a response to secularization and Supreme Court rulings on school prayer and abortion. According to Wilcox and Robinson, "The Christian Right is an attempt to restore Judeo-Christian values to a country that is in deep moral decline.... [They] believe that society suffers from the lack of a firm basis of Judeo-Christian values and they seek to write laws that embody those values". Especially important was the hostile reaction to the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion, which brought together Catholics (who had long opposed abortion) and evangelical Protestants (who were new to the issue). Noting the anger of Catholic bishops at losing state funding because of the Catholic opposition to gay adoptive parents, along with other social issues, The New York Times reported in late 2011 as follows: The idea that religious Americans are now the victims of government-backed persecution is now a frequent theme not just for Catholic bishops, but also for Republican presidential candidates and conservative evangelicals. Neoconservatives The 1970s saw the movement of many prominent liberal intellectuals to the right, many of them from New York City Jewish roots and well-established academic reputations, who had become disillusioned with liberalism. Irving Kristol and Leo Strauss were founders of the movement. The magazines Commentary and Public Interest were their key outlets, as well as op-ed articles for major newspapers and position papers for think tanks. Activists around Democratic senator Henry Jackson became deeply involved as well. Prominent spokesmen include Gertrude Himmelfarb, Bill Kristol, Paul Wolfowitz, Lewis Libby, Norman Podhoretz, Richard Pipes, David Horowitz, Charles Krauthammer, Richard Perle, Robert Kagan, Elliott Abrams and Ben Wattenberg. Meanwhile, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan was highly sympathetic but remained a Democrat. Some of Strauss' influential neoconservative disciples included Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork, Paul Wolfowitz (who became Deputy Secretary of Defense), Alan Keyes (who became Assistant Secretary of State), William Bennett (who became Secretary of Education), Weekly Standard editor William Kristol, political philosopher Allan Bloom, writer John Podhoretz, college president John Agresto, political scientist Harry V. Jaffa and novelist Saul Bellow. Neoconservatives generally support pro-business policies. Some went on to high policy-making or advisory positions in the Reagan, Bush I and Bush II administrations. Conservatism in the South The growth of conservatism within the Republican Party attracted conservative white Southern Democrats in presidential elections. A few big names switched to the GOP, including South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond in 1964 and Texas Governor John Connally in 1973. Starting in 1968, in the South the GOP dominated most presidential elections (1976 was the lone exception), but not until the 1990s did the GOP become dominant in state and local politics in the region. Through the Southern strategy, Republicans built their strength among Southern Baptists and other religious Fundamentalists, social conservatives, middle-class suburbs, migrants from the North, and Hispanic people in Florida. Meanwhile, continuing the trend since the New Deal in the 1930s, African American voters in the South showed increasing support for the Democratic Party at both the presidential and local levels. They elected a number of congressmen and mayors. In 1990, there were still many moderate white Democrats holding office in the South, but when they retired they were typically replaced by more conservative Republicans and black people. In the 21st century, political scientists point to the strong base of social conservatism in the South. The evangelical Protestants, comprising the "Religious Right", have since the 1980s strongly influenced the vote in Republican primaries, for "it is primarily in the South where the evangelical core of the GOP is strongest." Think tanks and foundations In 1971, Lewis F. Powell Jr. urged conservatives to retake command of public discourse through a concerted media outreach campaign. In Powell's view, this would involve monitoring "national television networks…; induc[ing] more 'publishing' by independent scholars who do believe in the [free enterprise] system"; publishing in "magazines and periodicals—ranging from the popular magazines to the more intellectual ones"; issuing "books, paperbacks, and pamphlets"; and dedicating advertising dollars to "a sustained, major effort to inform and enlighten the American people." Conservative think tanks like the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation brought in intellectuals for shorter or longer periods, financed research, and disseminated the products through conferences, publications, and systematic media campaigns. They typically focused on projects with immediate policy implications. Aware that the Brookings Institution had played an influential role for decades in promoting liberal ideas, the Heritage Foundation was designed as a counterpart on the right. Meanwhile, older conservative think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute grew rapidly as a result of major increases in conservative philanthropy. Both think tanks became more oriented to the news media, more aggressively ideological, and more focused on rapid-response production and shorter publications. At the same time, they generally eschewed long-term research in favor of projects with immediate policy implications and produced synthetic materials rather than long-term research. In the following decades, conservative policies once considered outside the political mainstream—such as reducing welfare, privatizing Social Security, deregulating banking, considering preemptive war, —were taken seriously and sometimes passed into law due in part to the work of the Hoover Institution, the Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, the Hudson Institute, the American Enterprise Institute, and various smaller tanks. Complaining that mainstream academia was hostile to conservatives, several foundations became especially active in funding conservative policy research, notably the Adolph Coors Foundation, the Bradley Foundation, the Koch family foundations, the Scaife Foundations, and (until it closed in 2005), the John M. Olin Foundation. Typically, they have emphasized the need for market-based solutions to national problems. The foundations often invested in conservative student publications and organizations, such as the Intercollegiate Studies Institute and legal foundations such as the Federalist Society. Policy entrepreneurs such as William Baroody, Edwin Feulner and Paul Weyrich started to entrench conservatism in public research institutions. Their aim was to rival the liberal regime for the control of the sources of power. The appearance of think tanks changed the history of conservatism and left an enormous imprint on the Republican right in subsequent years. Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter The Republican administrations of President Richard Nixon (1969–74) and Gerald Ford (1974–77) were characterized by their emphasis on détente and on economic intervention through wage and price controls. Ford angered conservatives by continuing Henry Kissinger as Secretary of State and pushing his policy of détente with the Soviet Union. Conservatives finally found a new champion in Ronald Reagan, whose 8 years as governor of California had just ended in 1976, and supported his campaign for the Republican nomination. Ford narrowly won renomination but lost the White House. Following major gains by Democratic liberals in the 1974 midterm election, Jimmy Carter was elected as president. Carter proved too liberal for his fellow Southern Baptists, (as they voted for him in 1976 but not 1980), too conservative for the mainstream of the Democratic Party, and many considered his foreign policy a failure. Carter realized there was a strong national sense of malaise, as inflation skyrocketed, interest rates soared, the economy stagnated, and prolonged humiliation resulted when Islamic militants in Tehran kept American diplomats hostage for 444 days in 1979–81. 1970s recessions During the recessions of the 1970s, inflation and unemployment rates soared simultaneously and budget deficits began to raise concerns among many Americans. In the early 1970s, America was still a moderately progressive country, as citizens supported social programs and voted down efforts to cut taxes. But by the end of the decade, a full-fledged tax revolt had gotten underway, led by the overwhelming passage in 1978 of Proposition 13 in California, which sharply cut property taxes, and the growing Congressional support for the Kemp-Roth tax bill, which proposed cutting federal income taxes by 30 percent. Supply-side economics developed during the 1970s in response to Keynesian economic policy, and in particular the failure of demand management to stabilize Western economies during the stagflation of the 1970s, in the wake of the oil crisis in 1973. It drew on a range of non-Keynesian economic thought, particularly the Chicago School and Neo-Classical School. Stopping the Equal Rights Amendment Conservative women were mobilized in the 1970s by Phyllis Schlafly in an effort to stop ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. The ERA had seemed a noncontroversial effort to provide legal equality when it easily passed Congress in 1972 and quickly was ratified by 28 of the necessary 38 states. Schlafly denounced it as tilting the playing field against the middle-class housewife in a power grab by anti-family feminists on the left. She warned it would mean women would be drafted in the Army on the same basis as men. Through her Eagle Forum she organized state-by-state to block further ratification, and to have states rescind their ratification. Congress extended the time needed, and a movement among feminists tried to boycott tourist cities in states that had not ratified (such as Chicago and New Orleans). It was to no avail. The ERA never became law and Schlafly became a major spokesperson for feminist traditionalism in the conservative movement. 1980s: Reagan Era With Ronald Reagan's victory in 1980 the modern American conservative movement took power. Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, and conservative principles dominated Reagan's economic and foreign policies, with supply side economics and strict opposition to Soviet Communism defining the Administration's philosophy. Reagan's ideas were largely espoused and supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation, which grew dramatically in its influence during the Reagan years, extended to a second term by the 1984 presidential election, as Reagan and his senior aides looked to Heritage for policy guidance. An icon of the American conservative movement, Reagan is credited by his supporters with transforming the politics of the United States, galvanizing the success of the Republican Party. He brought together a coalition of economic conservatives, who supported his supply side economics; foreign policy conservatives, who favored his staunch opposition to Communism and the Soviet Union; and social conservatives, who identified with his religious and social ideals. Reagan labeled the Soviet Union the "evil empire." Conservatives also supported the Reagan Doctrine, under which the U.S. provided military and other aid to insurgency movements resisting governments aligned with the Soviet Union. For these and other efforts, Reagan was attacked by liberals at the time as a dangerous warmonger, but conservative historians assert that he decisively won the Cold War. In defining conservatism, Reagan said: "If you analyze it I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism. I think conservatism is really a misnomer just as liberalism is a misnomer for the liberals—if we were back in the days of the Revolution, so-called conservatives today would be the Liberals and the liberals would be the Tories. The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom and this is a pretty general description also of what libertarianism is." Reagan's views on government were influenced by Thomas Jefferson, especially his hostility to strong central governments. "We're still Jefferson's children," he declared in 1987. He also stated, "Freedom is not created by Government, nor is it a gift from those in political power. It is, in fact, secured, more than anything else, by limitations placed on those in Government". Likewise he greatly admired and often quoted Abraham Lincoln. Supply side economics dominated the Reagan Era. During his eight years in office the national debt more than doubled, from $907 billion in 1980 to $2.6 trillion in 1988, and consumer prices rose by more than 50%. But despite cuts in income tax rates, federal income tax revenues grew from $244 billion in 1980 to $467 billion in 1990. The real median family income, which had declined during the previous administration, grew by about ten percent under Reagan. The period from 1981 to 1989 was among the most prosperous in American history, with 17 million new jobs created. The 1980s also saw the founding of The Washington Times, a newspaper influential in the conservative movement. Reagan was said to have read the paper every morning, and the paper had close ties to multiple Republican administrations. In 1987, after the end of the fairness doctrine, conservative talk radio began to grow in significance, saving many AM radio stations. Since 1990 Time stated there has been an identity crisis in U.S. conservatism growing since the end of the Cold War and the Presidency of Ronald Reagan. Supporters of classical liberalism—distinct from modern liberalism—tend to identify as "conservatives," and in the 21st century, classical liberalism remains a major force within the Republican Party and the larger conservative movement. In the 21st Century, only in the United States is classical liberalism a significant political ideology. 1990s After the end of the Reagan administration significant change occurred within the conservative movement during the George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton Administrations. In 1992, many conservatives repudiated President George H. W. Bush because he campaigned to the center of the American political spectrum, whereas Bill Clinton campaigned to the right of the center. He was defeated for reelection in 1992 in a three-way race, with populist Ross Perot attracting considerable support on the right. Democrat Bill Clinton was stopped in his plan for government health care. In 1994, the GOP made sweeping gains under the leadership of Newt Gingrich, the first Republican to become Speaker in 40 years. Gingrich overplayed his hand by cutting off funding for the Federal government, allowing Clinton to regain momentum and win reelection in 1996. The "Contract with America" promised numerous reforms, but little was accomplished beyond the ending of major New Deal welfare programs. A national movement to impose term limits failed to reach Congress (because the Supreme Court ruled that a constitutional amendment was needed) but did transform politics in some states, especially California. Some sources have argued that Clinton, while a member of the Democratic Party, governed as a conservative. Beginning in the early 1990s conservative leaning internet sites began to emerge, such as Drudge Report, Free Republic, and Townhall. These websites were created due to an alleged liberal bias within mainstream media. Since then, conservative leaning internet sites have gained a significant following, and have received more readership than liberal leaning internet sites. George W. Bush The election of George W. Bush in 2000 brought a new generation of conservatives to power in Washington. Bush ran under the banner of compassionate conservatism, contrasting himself with other members of the Republican Party. Bush cut taxes in a 10-year plan that was renewed in late 2010, following major debate. Bush forged a bipartisan coalition to pass "No Child Left Behind", which for the first time imposed national standards on public schools. Bush expanded Medicaid, and was criticized by conservatives. The September 2001 terrorist attacks resulted in American commitment to the War against Terror with invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. Bush won solid support from Republicans in Congress and from conservative voters in his 2004 reelection campaign. Exit polls in 2004 showed that 34% of the voters identified themselves as "conservatives" and they voted 84% for Bush. By contrast, 21% identified as "liberals," of whom 13% voted for Bush; 45% were "moderates" and they voted 45% for Bush. Almost the same pattern had appeared in the 2000 exit polls. The exit polls show Bush won 57% of the rural vote, 52% of the suburban vote and 45% of the urban vote. When the financial system verged on total collapse in 2008, Bush pushed through large scale rescue packages for banks and auto companies that even some conservatives in Congress did not support. Some noted conservatives, including Richard A. Viguerie and William F. Buckley, Jr., have said that Bush was not a "true" conservative. 2008–present The Republican contest for the nomination in 2008 was a free-for-all, with Senator John McCain the winner, facing Barack Obama. McCain chose Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate, and while she was greeted by the GOP establishment with initial skepticism, she electrified many conservatives and became a major political force on the right. In 2008, a period which began in 1980, termed the "conservative era" ended. After the election of Obama for president, Republicans in Congress were unified in almost total opposition to the programs and policies of Obama and the Democratic majority. They unsuccessfully attempted to stop an $814 billion stimulus spending program, new regulations on investment firms, and a program to require health insurance for all Americans. They did keep emissions trading from coming to a vote, and vow to continue to work to convince Americans that burning fossil fuel does not cause global warming. The slow growth of the economy in the first two years of the Obama administration led Republicans to call for a return to tax cuts and deregulation of businesses, which they perceived as the best way to solve the financial crisis. Obama's approval rating steadily declined in his first year in office before leveling off at about 50-50. This decline in popularity led to a GOP landslide in the mid-term elections of 2010. On foreign policy, some conservatives, especially neoconservatives and those in the National Review circle, supported Obama's policy of a surge in Afghanistan, air raids to support the insurgents in Libya, and the war on terror, especially after he ordered the killing of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan in May 2011. At issue in 2012 was the efficacy of diplomacy and sanctions in stopping Iran from building nuclear weapons. In the 2016 Republican Party presidential primary, Donald Trump won. Multiple commentators stated that conservatism lost during the primaries, as Trump was not a conservative; that Trump is a populist. In February 2017 in Politico, it wrote the election of Trump and his presidency, has split conservatives in the United States. During his presidency, Donald Trump took stances against free trade, which had been a Republican ideology since Reagan. He enacted protectionist policies, aimed at keeping jobs in America, rather than outsourcing to other countries. In order to do so, he enacted stiff tariffs against numerous counties, in particular China. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Republicans have both continued to support limited government conservatism, and drift away from it, both actions in response to government initiated restrictions due to the virus. Some conservatives have warmed to the idea of using government power to stop business-initiated restrictions, such as vaccine passports. In April 2021, Governor Ron DeSantis of Florida banned businesses from requiring employees and patrons to present proof of vaccination, and in November, limited their ability to implement vaccine vaccine mandates for workers, requiring establishments to allow various exemptions. These actions were widely seen as contrary to the conservative principals of the past, with those in favor arguing the actions necessary to protect people from being forced to get a vaccine. Tea Party A relatively new element of conservatism is the Tea Party movement, a libertarian grassroots movement comprising over 600 local units who communally express dissatisfaction with the government and both major parties. Many units have promoted activism and protests. The stated purpose of the movement is to stop what it views as wasteful government spending, excessive taxation, and strangulation of the economy through regulatory bureaucracies. The Tea Party attracted national attention when it propelled Republican Scott Brown to a victory in the Senate election for the Massachusetts seat held by the Kennedy brothers for nearly 60 years. In 2010, Tea Party candidates upset establishment Republicans in several primaries, such as Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Nevada, New York, South Carolina, and Utah, giving a new momentum to the conservative cause in the 2010 elections, and boosting Sarah Palin's visibility. Rasmussen and Schoen (2010) conclude that "She is the symbolic leader of the movement, and more than anyone else has helped to shape it." In the fall 2010 elections, the New York Times identified 129 House candidates with significant Tea Party support, as well as 9 running for the Senate; all are Republicans, as the Tea Party has not been active among Democrats. The Tea Party is a conglomerate of conservatives with diverse viewpoints including libertarians and social conservatives. Most Tea Party supporters self-identify as "angry at the government". One survey found that Tea Party supporters in particular distinguish themselves from general Republican attitudes on social issues such as same-sex marriage, abortion and illegal immigration, as well as global warming. However, discussion of abortion and gay rights has also been downplayed by Tea Party leadership. In the lead-up to the 2010 election, most Tea Party candidates have focused on federal spending and deficits, with little focus on foreign policy. Noting the lack of central organization or explicit spokesmen, Matthew Continetti of The Weekly Standard has said: "There is no single Tea Party. The name is an umbrella that encompasses many different groups. Under this umbrella, you'll find everyone from the woolly fringe to Ron Paul supporters, from Americans for Prosperity to religious conservatives, independents, and citizens who never have been active in politics before. The umbrella is gigantic." Gallup Poll editors noted in 2010 that "in addition to conservatives being more enthusiastic than liberals about voting in this year's election, their relative advantage on enthusiasm is much greater than we've seen in the recent past." See also Timeline of modern American conservatism References Further reading Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2010) excerpt and text search. Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011). Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (Philosophical Library, 1987). Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) , the most detailed reference. Guttman, Allan. The Conservative Tradition in America Oxford University Press, 1967. Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind. Regnery Publishing; 7th edition (2001): a famous history. Lora, Ronald. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America Greenwood Press, 1999 online edition. Lora, Ronald, and William Henry Longton eds. The Conservative Press in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century America (1999) online edition. Miner, Brad. The Concise Conservative Encyclopedia: 200 of the Most Important Ideas, Individuals, Incitements, and Institutions that Have Shaped the Movement (1996) excerpt. Morgan, Iwan. Reagan: American Icon (IB Tauris, 2016). Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) influential history. Nickerson, Michelle M. Mothers of Conservatism: Women and the Postwar Right (Princeton UP, 2012), 248 pp. Patterson, James. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39 (1967). Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2004) on 1964 campaign. Rossiter, Clinton. Conservatism in America. (1955; 2nd ed. Harvard UP, 1982), a famous history. Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009). Thorne, Melvin J. American Conservative Thought since World War II: The Core Ideas (1990) online edition. Viereck, Peter. Conservatism: from John Adams to Churchill (2nd ed. 1978). Historiography Brinkley, Alan. "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409–29. Burns, Jennifer. "In Retrospect: George Nash's the Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945," Reviews in American History, Sep 2004, Vol. 32 Issue 3, pp. 447–62 online. Cowie, Jefferson, and Nick Salvatore, "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History," International Labor & Working-Class History, (2008) 74:3–32; argue the New Deal was a response to depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because America has always been too individualistic. Dochuk, Darren. "Revival on the Right: Making Sense of the Conservative Moment in Post-World War II American History," History Compass (Sept 2006) 4#4 pp. 975–99, . Kazin, Michael. "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review (February 1992) 97:136–55. Lewis, Hyman. "Historians and the Myth of American Conservatism" Journal of The Historical Society (2012), 12#1 pp. 27–45. . McGirr, Lisa. "Now That Historians Know So Much about the Right, How Should We Best Approach the Study of Conservatism?" Journal of American History (2011) 98(3): 765–70 . Moore, Leonard Joseph. "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History (1996) 24#4 pp. 555–73 in Project MUSE. Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History (Dec 2011) 98#3 pp. 723–43, with commentary by Wilfred M. McClay, Alan Brinkley, Donald T. Critchlow, Martin Durham, Matthew D. Lassiter, and Lisa McGirr, and response by Phillips-Fein, pp. 744–73 online. Ponce de Leon, Charles L. "The New Historiography of the 1980s," Reviews in American History, (2008) 36#2 pp. 303–31, in Project MUSE. Ribuffo, Leo P. "Why is There so Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything about It," American Historical Review Vol. 99, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 438–49 in JSTOR. Ribuffo, Leo P. "The Discovery and Rediscovery of American Conservatism Broadly Conceived," OAH Magazine of History (2003) 17#2 pp. 5–10. . Ribuffo, Leo. "Conservatism and American Politics," Journal of the Historical Society, March 2003, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp. 163–75. Zelizer, Julian E. "Reflections: Rethinking the History of American Conservatism," Reviews in American History, 38#2 (June 2010), pp. 367–92 . Primary sources Buckley, William F., Jr., ed. Did You Ever See a Dream Walking? American Conservative Thought in the 20th Century Bobbs-Merrill (1970). Gregory L. Schneider, ed. Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader (2003). Wolfe, Gregory. Right Minds: A Sourcebook of American Conservative Thought. Regnery (1987). Articles containing video clips History of the United States by topic Political history of the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Lives%20Matter

Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and inequality experienced by black people. When its supporters come together, they do so primarily to protest incidents of police brutality and racially motivated violence against black people. The movement and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes considered to be related to black liberation. While there are specific organizations that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter," such as the Black Lives Matter Global Network, the overall movement is a decentralized network of people and organizations with no formal hierarchy. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself remains untrademarked by any group. Despite being characterized by some as a violent movement, the overwhelming majority of its public demonstrations have been peaceful. The movement began in July 2013, with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin 17 months earlier in February 2012. The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans, that of Michael Brown—resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, a city near St. Louis—and Eric Garner in New York City. Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election. The originators of the hashtag and call to action, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016. The movement returned to national headlines and gained further international attention during the global George Floyd protests in 2020 following his murder by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin. An estimated 15 million to 26 million people participated in the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest movements in the country's history. It comprised many views and a broad array of demands but they centered on criminal justice reform. The popularity of Black Lives Matter has shifted over time. Whereas public opinion was net negative in 2018, it grew increasingly through 2019 and 2020. A June 2020 Pew Research Center poll found that 67% of adult Americans expressed some support for the Black Lives Matter movement. A later poll conducted in September 2020 showed that support among American adults had dropped to 55%, with notable declines among whites and Hispanics, while support remained widespread among black adults. This level of support has remained steady since. Structure and organization Loose structure The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a Twitter hashtag, a slogan, a social movement, a political action committee, or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is grassroots and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership. The structure differs from previous black movements, like the Civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature. Activist DeRay McKesson has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly." In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but operate without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement." The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to confusion in the press and among activists, as actions or statements from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole. Matt Pearce, writing for the Los Angeles Times, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality." On at least one occasion, a person represented as Managing Director of BLM Global Network has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization. Broader movement Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well. In 2015, Johnetta Elzie, DeRay Mckesson, Brittany Packnett, and Samuel Sinyangwe initiated Campaign Zero, aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending Broken windows theory policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force. The New York Times reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence. Black Lives Matter also voices support for movements and causes outside of black police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration reform and economic justice. Movement For Black Lives The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of black communities across the United States. Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Endorsed by groups such as Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC, the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird. Following the murder of George Floyd, M4BL released the BREATHE Act, which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models. On July 24, 2015, the movement initially convened at Cleveland State University where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level". However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more significant social movement. At the end of the three day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a year long "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front". This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve the "liberation" of black communities across America. In 2016, the Ford Foundation announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement For Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the Black-led Movement Fund. The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as $100 million by The Washington Times in 2016; another donation of $33 million to M4BL was reportedly issued by the Open Society Foundations. In 2016, M4BL called for decarceration in the United States, reparations for harms related to slavery, and more recently, specific remedies for redlining in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity. It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of the police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police. Funding Politico reported in 2015 that the Democracy Alliance, a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement. According to Politico, Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir Leah Hunt-Hendrix, a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than $200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015. According to The Economist, between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to $10.6 billion. The Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the Black Lives Matter network, reported raising $90 million in 2020, including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of $30.76. Strategies and tactics Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including hashtag activism—to reach thousands of people rapidly. Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a diversity of tactics. Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by police or by counter-protesters. Despite this, opponents have falsely portrayed the movement as violent. Internet and social media In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year. Yes! Magazine picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014. From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted over 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per day. By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times, with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day. This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "#BlueLivesMatter" and "#AllLivesMatter". On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day. The 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement. Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist. Khadijah White, a professor at Rutgers University, argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world. The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement. On Wikipedia, a WikiProject dedicated to coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020. In 2020, users of the popular app TikTok noticed that the app seemed to be shadow banning posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people. TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch. Direct action BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue. BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies. BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon. Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", "Hands up, don't shoot" (a later discredited reference attributed to Michael Brown), "I can't breathe" (referring to Eric Garner and later George Floyd), "White silence is violence", "No justice, no peace", and "Is my son next?", among others. According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police." Media, music and other cultural impacts Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag BlackLivesMatter, the movement has been depicted and documented in film, song, television, literature, and the visual arts. A number of media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020. Songs, such as Michael Jackson's "They Don't Care About Us" and Kendrick Lamar's "Alright", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations. The short documentary film, Bars4Justice, features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival. Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring Jesse Williams, about the Black Lives Matter movement. The February 2015 issue of Essence magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter. In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the Time magazine Person of the Year award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates. A number of cities have painted murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets. The cities include Washington, D.C., Dallas, Denver, Charlotte, Seattle, Brooklyn, Los Angeles, and Birmingham, Alabama. On May 9, 2016, Delrish Moss was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement. Policing use of excessive force According to a study from the Bureau of Justice Statistics from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive." According to The Washington Post, police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million). The Washington Post also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019. A 2015 study by Cody Ross, UC Davis found "significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The study found that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that that 2.79 more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented county-level racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates. A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in Social Psychological and Personality Science found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects". However, a 2020 study by Cody Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set for police shootings in 2015 and 2016, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects were armed. A study by Harvard economist Roland Fryer found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account". A since retracted 2019 study in PNAS concluded that black people were actually less likely than white people to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters. A study published in the journal Nature found that such conclusions were erroneous due to Simpson's paradox. According to the paper, while it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they were more likely to have interactions with the police due to structural racism. They are more likely to be stopped for more petty crimes or for no crime at all. Conversely, white people interact with police more rarely, and often for more serious crimes such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The Nature paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer, and concluded that overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters. Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive policing of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 military troops were deployed against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally. Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests. Observers, such as U.S. President Joe Biden, have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the 2021 United States Capitol attack, attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests. In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a social media post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event. According to a report released by the Movement for Black Lives in August 2021, the United States federal government deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters in an attempt to disrupt and discourage the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. According to the report, "The empirical data and findings in this report largely corroborate what Black organizers have long known intellectually, intuitively, and from lived experience about the federal government's disparate policing and prosecution of racial justice protests and related activity". Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States 2014 In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Dontre Hamilton, Eric Garner, John Crawford III, Michael Brown, Ezell Ford, Laquan McDonald, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, Antonio Martin, and Jerame Reid, among others. In July, Eric Garner died in New York City, after a New York City Police Department officer put him in a banned chokehold while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement. During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations. The movement continued to be involved in the Ferguson protests, following the shooting of Michael Brown. The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point the National Guard was called in and a state of emergency was declared. Also in August, Los Angeles Police Department officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015. In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed, Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City. In Oakland, California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train for more than an hour on Black Friday, one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the shooting of Michael Brown. Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement. In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police. The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested. Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property". In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the police shooting of Dontre Hamilton, who died in April. Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of John Crawford III. The Murder of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter. Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the Shooting of Michael Brown, a protest march was held in Berkeley, California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees. A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown. Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media attempted to connect the group to it, with the Patrolman's Benevolent Association president claiming that there was "blood on [the] hands [of] those that incited violence on the street under the guise of protests". A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops," at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different groups. 2015 In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Charley Leundeu Keunang, Tony Robinson, Anthony Hill, Meagan Hockaday, Shooting of Eric Harris, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, William Chapman, Jonathan Sanders, Sandra Bland, Samuel DuBose, Jeremy McDole, Corey Jones, and Jamar Clark as well Dylan Roof's murder of The Charleston Nine. In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, demanding reforms within the Chicago Police Department. Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations. In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the 2015 Baltimore protests. The National Guard was called in. After the shooting of Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for Civilian oversight of police. In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, SayHerName, decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, Aiyana Jones, Rekia Boyd, and others. In Cleveland, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, BLM protested. In Madison, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the shooting of Tony Robinson. In June, after Dylann Roof's shooting in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror. BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting. BLM was part of a march for peace on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in South Carolina. After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the Confederate States of America were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized. Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after a video was released showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in McKinney, Texas—to the ground with his knees. In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas. In Cincinnati, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a University of Cincinnati police officer. In Newark, New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality. Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi. In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against transgender women. In Charlotte, North Carolina, after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, Jonathan Ferrell, BLM protested and staged die-ins. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Janelle Monáe, Jidenna, and other BLM activists marched through North Philadelphia to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter. Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in St. Louis and across the country. In September, over five hundred BLM protesters in Austin, Texas rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto Interstate 35. In Baltimore, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the Freddie Gray police brutality case. In Sacramento, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a California State Senate bill that would increase police oversight. BLM protested the shooting of Jeremy McDole. In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago. "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests. Quentin Tarantino and Cornel West, participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence. In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by Minneapolis Police Department. A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV. Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters. All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them white supremacists. In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence. From November into 2016, BLM protested the Murder of Laquan McDonald, calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke. 2016 In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., Alton Sterling, Philando Castile, Joseph Mann, Abdirahman Abdi, Paul O'Neal, Korryn Gaines, Sylville Smith, Terence Crutcher, Keith Lamont Scott, Alfred Olango, and Deborah Danner, among others. In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in San Francisco to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by San Francisco Police officers. The march was held during a Super Bowl event. BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions across the country with the goal of "reclaim[ing] the radical legacy of Martin Luther King Jr." In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by Salt Lake City, Utah, police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests. In June, members of BLM and Color of Change protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "lynching" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident. On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death. On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a candlelight vigil in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice. On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a St. Anthony, Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul. Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer. According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to carry a weapon and had one in the car. She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times." She live-streamed a video on Facebook in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States. On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson opened fire in an ambush, killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb. Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers." Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement. The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings. On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States. In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities. On July 13, NBA stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul, and Dwyane Wade opened the 2016 ESPY Awards with a Black Lives Matter message. On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of Larry Jackson Jr. On July 28, Chicago Police Department officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase. After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois. In Randallstown, Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African-American woman, also shooting and injuring her son. Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore. In August, Black Lives Matter protested in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January. In August, several professional athletes began participating in National Anthem protests. The protests began in the National Football League (NFL) after Colin Kaepernick of the San Francisco 49ers sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder," a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement. The protests have generated mixed reactions, and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues. In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Charlotte Observer reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently." Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in El Cajon, California, following the shooting of Alfred Olango. 2017 During the 2017 Black History Month, a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three Richmond, Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice. In the same month Virginia Commonwealth University's James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to African-American history and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen. The VCU schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans; Keith Knight presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; Lawrence Ross, author of the book Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and Velma P. Scantlebury, M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective." Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of Jocques Clemmons which occurred in Nashville, Tennessee on February 10, 2017. On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of Davidson County decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the Vanderbilt University campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor Megan Barry. On September 27 at the College of William & Mary, students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an ACLU event because the ACLU had fought for the right of Unite the Right rally to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia. William & Mary's president Taylor Reveley responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate. 2018 In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First Unitarian Church Church of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition. Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at Virginia Commonwealth University's Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the 1961 film adaptation of A Raisin in the Sun. In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, linked to fundraisers that raised $100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred to Australian banks accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended the offending page. 2020 On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African-American man, was murdered while jogging in Glynn County, Georgia. Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed. All three men were indicted on nine counts, including felony murder. On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. After her boyfriend shot a police officer in the leg, Police fired several shots which led to her death. Her boyfriend called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend". Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform. George Floyd protests At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, over 450 major protests were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents. The breaking point was due primarily to the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin, eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "I can't breathe." Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder. Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide from May 30 onwards, with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?" and "Justice for George Floyd." While global in nature and supported by several unassociated organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably linked to these monumental protests. Black Lives Matter called to "defund the police", a slogan with varying interpretations from police abolition to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color. In 2020, NPR reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were defunding the police, halting the construction of new jails, decriminalizing sex work, removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing cash bail in Maryland. On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor Muriel Bowser announced that part of the street outside of the White House had been officially renamed to Black Lives Matter Plaza posted with a street sign. On June 7, in the wake of global George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the Minneapolis City Council voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the Minneapolis Police Department. At the end of 2020, approximately $8 million of the city's $179 million police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs, and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and politicians had earlier denounced. On July 20, the Strike for Black Lives, organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a walkout to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's murder. From May 26 to August 22, there were more than 7,750 BLM-linked demonstrations in over 2,240 locations throughout the United States. 2022 In Illinois, Olivia Butts organized an effort to get the elimination of cash bail passed for 2023 under a new bill. International movement In 2015, after the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the Arab Spring. This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring". Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the Dalit rights movement. Australia Following the death of Ms Dhu in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement. In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in Melbourne, Australia, which 3,500 people attended. The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of Aboriginal Australians by the Australian police and government. In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize, which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence". In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US, protests took place in Australia, with many of them focusing on the local issue of Aboriginal deaths in custody, racism in Australia and other injustices faced by Indigenous Australians. Cricketer Michael Holding criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches. Brazil Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy. In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil. Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building. João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in Rio de Janeiro during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots. He was killed the same week as George Floyd. Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese. Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death in Porto Alegre. Canada In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down Allen Road in Toronto, Ontario, protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police. In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the Take Back the Night event in Toronto. In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by Pride Toronto as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a sit-in to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour. They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with LGBTQ people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established Blockorama event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that Toronto Police officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform. Pride executive director Mathieu Chantelois signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honor the demands. In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the Special Investigations Unit in Mississauga in response to the death of Abdirahman Abdi, who died during an arrest in Ottawa. In 2020, the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet and the killing of D'Andre Campbell in Canada sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services. As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto, Vancouver, Waterloo Region, Edmonton, and New Brunswick. The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by Indigenous Canadians. Denmark In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by , a woman from Zambia who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark. The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder, Opal Tometi. In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd, Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in Copenhagen that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism because rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed to participate in some chants. Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with Amnesty International because their employees were white, and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "civil disobedience". Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style. A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with , former member of the Folketing for The Alternative, as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals as Black Lives Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin color. Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional enough. France On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near Paris to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the death of Adama Traoré. Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police station; the circumstances of his death are unclear. Germany On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement. On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in Berlin to condemn police brutality. Japan In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in Osaka on June 7, 2020, and a 3,500-person march through the streets of Shibuya and Harajuku areas of Tokyo on June 14, 2020. The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet, where some users criticized tennis player Naomi Osaka after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka. New Zealand On June 1, 2020, several BLM solidarity protests in response to the murder of George Floyd were held in several New Zealand cities including Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Tauranga, Palmerston North and Hamilton. The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000 participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African-American expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson Israel Adesanya compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of Māori and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings. Hip hop artist and music producer Mazbou Q also called on Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern to condemn violence against black Americans. The left-wing Green Party, a member of the Labour-led coalition government, has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities. The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters for violating the country's COVID-19 pandemic social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of over 100 people. United Kingdom Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in Manchester on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the June 26 Brexit referendum at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors. On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked London City Airport in London, England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway. Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities including Birmingham and Nottingham. The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting death of Mark Duggan. In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity. On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in Stratford, London over the death of Edson Da Costa, who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest. According to Patrick Vernon, BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events like the Grenfell Tower fire and the Windrush scandal, the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions. In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition Wretched of the Earth to represent the voices of global indigenous peoples and people of color in the climate justice movement. In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter protests in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London protests took place in Trafalgar Square on May 31, Hyde Park on June 3, Parliament Square on June 6, and outside the US Embassy on June 7. Similar protests took place in Manchester, Bristol, and Cardiff. The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of victims including Julian Cole, Belly Mujinga, Nuno Cardoso, and Sarah Reed. On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities. During a Black Lives Matter protest in Bristol, the city center statue of Edward Colston, a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed into Bristol Harbour. The act was later condemned by Home Secretary Priti Patel who said "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible." In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier, protesters defaced the statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square, Westminster with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name and the words "was a racist" were sprayed underneath. A protester also attempted to burn the Union Jack flag flying at the Cenotaph, a memorial to Britain's war dead. Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw bottles and fireworks at them. Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent." Peaceful protests took place in Leeds' Millennium Square on June 14, 2020 organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds. A second protest was held on Woodhouse Moor on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds. On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel, including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism". The Premier League, who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the 2019–20 season, subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome. After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation. In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community benefit society. However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts. In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the UK. Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon and Sasha Johnson, founded the Taking The Initiative Party (TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the Electoral Commission; however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us." In September 2021, British businessman and philanthropist Ken Olisa revealed to Channel 4 that Elizabeth II and the British royal family are supporters of Black Lives Matter. In response, a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter UK said "We were surprised to learn the Queen is a BLM supporter. But we welcome anyone that agrees with our goal of dismantling white supremacy. Of course, actions speak louder than words. The Queen sits on a throne made from colonial plunder. Until she gives back all the stolen gold and diamonds from the Commonwealth and pays reparations, these are nothing more than warm words." In October 2021, The Guardian and The Times reported that a covert police unit in South Wales attempted to recruit a Black Lives Matter protester to be an informant and supply further information about far-right activists who had marched in support of Black Lives Matter. In February 2022, the Swansea chapter of BLM announced it would be closing due to "attempted recruitment by the police and threats to its members' physical and mental safety from far-right activists". 2016 United States presidential election Primaries Democrats At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody. The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down". The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media. After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter." O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community. On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder Marissa Johnson who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists. Sanders issued a platform in response. Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology. In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter. In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter. In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter." Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color." In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color." Jim Webb, on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters." Hillary Clinton was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?" Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation." In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter." A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate." The petition received over 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched, and had over 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015. The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule. In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate. After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at Atlanta University Center was interrupted by BLM activists. In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's 1994 criminal reform law. Republicans Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly". Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few. In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter. In response to the question, Scott Walker advocated for the proper training of law enforcement and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment, while Marco Rubio was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view. In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush. As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter". Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group". Candidate Chris Christie, the New Jersey Governor, criticized President Obama for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers. Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU. BLM activists also called on the Republican National Committee to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice. The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum. In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a Donald Trump rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing." Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events. In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest that forced Trump to cancel the event. Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer". A CBS reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest. General election A group called Mothers of the Movement, which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African-American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence," addressed the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26. Commenting on the first of 2016 presidential debates between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement," while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter." In a The Washington Post op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown". Reactions The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race. A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a Pew Research Center poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM. However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12 percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and 69% of Asians now approved of it. Support remained widespread among black-American adults (up 1% to 87%). The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter". Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police. A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists. Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used. In the weeks following the murder of George Floyd, many corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting policy changes in accordance with the group's ethos. "All Lives Matter" The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up as response to the Black Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national attention. Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator Tim Scott. NFL cornerback Richard Sherman supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings." According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither. Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point of view. According to professor David Theo Goldberg, "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial". Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial colorblindness". Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within White supremacy, are important to your liberation." President Barack Obama spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter. Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address." "Blue Lives Matter" Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of killing law enforcement officers should be sentenced under hate crime statutes. It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu in Brooklyn, New York on December 20, 2014. Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters of the police. Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement in the United States, expanding after the killings of four police officers by a sniper in Dallas, Texas, who cited police shootings of Black people as his motive. Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel. The movement has been strongly criticized after the 2021 United States Capitol attack after pro-Trump rioters were seen showing support for the movement, with some bringing Blue Lives Matter flags to the protest. Many have called the movement hypocritical, as people in the mob assaulted Capitol police officers. One African-American Capitol police officer described being beaten with a Blue Lives Matter flag. This has led some to argue that Blue Lives Matter is more about suppressing minorities than supporting law enforcement. "White Lives Matter" White Lives Matter is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center added "White Lives Matter" to its list of hate groups. The group has also been active in the United Kingdom. The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding alt-right protesters during the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in Tennessee. Dominated in Shelbyville particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to Middle Tennessee. "White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at stadiums in the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Disinformation The Anti-Defamation League reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to 'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker included the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #Antifa." On Telegram, a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda." Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on 4chan, had the "goal of getting the hashtags #AllWhitesAreNazis (#AWAN) trending on Twitter. Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #BLM with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist accounts—containing the #AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist accelerationism. Conservative pundits such as Ryan Fournier and Candace Owens have falsely claimed that ActBlue funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a money laundering scam. According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the Internet Research Agency have engaged in a sustained campaign to simultaneously promote the Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases, Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members. Fake manifesto In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a 1919 Italian Fascist Manifesto, modified to relate to racial injustice. According to Snopes, the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement. Statistics The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter. Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement. A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more centralized leadership structure. A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter and 40% of white American adults support it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so. A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement. According to an analysis by The Guardian of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor, during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other rightwing protests", regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and [...] most protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent response by law enforcement." 2020 With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020. Although they began from different perspectives, as per the New York Times' The Upshot, "all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as much as [they] had in the preceding two years." The Pew Research Center reported that "[m]ost Americans express[ed] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period. According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among young adults, "[the] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the police to young people vs. racism." An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the Global Strategy Group found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-Trump Republicans. Opal Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history. However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline, with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among Hispanic Americans. Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%). Nobel Peace Prize nomination Black Lives Matter was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in January 2022. The nomination was submitted by Norwegian activist Member of Parliament Petter Eide. Criticism Tactics Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and Earl Ofari Hutchinson have criticized the tactics of BLM as disrespectful and ineffective, with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise." Author and minister Barbara Ann Reynolds has also criticized the confrontational tactics of BLM. Economist Glenn Loury, while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized public retribution against "White politicians who state All Lives Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement. In his 2018 book The Once and Future Liberal, Mark Lilla criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of identity politics. Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that the campaign alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were "consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing differences of race and other identities. According to Inside Higher Ed, Black Lives Matter protests at the College of William & Mary resulted in an invited speaker being shut down. Academic freedom Many academics, including John McWhorter, John Ellis, Marybeth Gasman, Glenn Loury, and at least 153 other scholars have criticized tactics used by some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom. They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias. Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution. In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure decisions, including Jeffrey Flier, Dean of the Harvard Medical School, and Abigail Thompson, Vice President of the American Mathematical Society. Thompson drew comparisons to McCarthy-era loyalty oaths. When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional. Views on law enforcement Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being anti-police. Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which accused the group of inciting a "race war." Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers." Disconnect from underprivileged communities Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent. In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman I. Daneek Miller, co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus opposed reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to lecture us about Black lives." Vanessa Gibson of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there screaming and yelling, because they have to work." Mayor Ras Baraka of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism. Insufficient focus on women Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to protest the killings of Michael Brown and Trayvon Martin than the killings of Kayla Moore or Rekia Boyd. In response, Say Her Name was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest. Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but not competing, narrative with the overall Black Lives Matter movement. See also 2020 American athlete strikes Black Panther Party The Hate U Give (novel and film) H.R. 40 - Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act Identity politics Rodney King Racism in the United States Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge Woke References Further reading Bonilla, T., & Tillery, A. (2020). "Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test." American Political Science Review Hayward, Clarissa Rile. 2020. "Disruption: What Is It Good For?" The Journal of Politics. Hooker, J. (2016). Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of U.S. Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair. Political Theory, 44(4), 448–469. Lebron, Christopher J. 2017. The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of An Idea. Oxford University Press. Ming Francis, Megan and Leah Wright-Rigueur. 2021. "Black Lives Matter in Historical Perspective." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 17:441-458 Tillery, Alvin. 2019. "What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics Towler, C., Crawford, N., & Bennett, R. (2020). Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action. Perspectives on Politics, 18(1), 111–127. Woodly, Deva. 2021. Reckoning: Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements. Oxford University Press. Bibliographies (Bibliography) External links List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations Campaign Zero to end police violence (Bibliography) (Bibliography) Chicago Black Lives Matter Protest Collection at the Newberry Library 21st-century social movements 2010s controversies in the United States 2020s controversies in the United States 2013 establishments in the United States African Americans' rights organizations American political catchphrases Anti-black racism in the United States Anti-racism Articles containing video clips Civil rights protests in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States Criticism of police brutality Hashtags History of African-American civil rights LGBT political advocacy groups in the United States Mass media-related controversies in the United States Organizations established in 2013 Post–civil rights era in African-American history Race and crime in the United States Social justice organizations Slogans Black Power

44810520

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Kuanchung%20Kao

Shooting of Kuanchung Kao

The shooting of Kuanchung Kao occurred on April 29, 1997 in Rohnert Park, California. Kao was waving a wooden stick in the street in front of his driveway, prompting multiple 911 calls placed by Kao's neighbors. He was then fatally shot by public safety officer Jack Shields. Kao's family filed a lawsuit against Rohnert Park which was settled for $1 million. Background Kuanchung Kao ( – ; ) was a Taiwan-born microbiologist working as a quality control engineer. He was married to Ayling Wu, a registered nurse, and they had three children together. Officer Mike Lynch was the first police respondent on the scene. Officer Jack Shields was the second respondent, a 25-year veteran Rohnert Park public safety officer (the combined police and fire departments) at the time of the shooting in 1997. He had been promoted to police lieutenant soon after joining the force, and was later promoted to fire commander after serving more than twenty years as a police lieutenant. He was demoted to patrol officer after a year as fire commander after he was found guilty of falsifying time cards for other employees. Shooting On the night of April 28, 1997, Kao was drinking at the Cotati Yacht Club in celebration of a new job. While at the bar, he was involved in two scuffles with at least one other bar patron. In the first, he corrected a patron by stating he was Chinese, not Japanese, to which the other patron responded by saying "You all look alike to me." The bartender, who was familiar with Kao, separated them by seating them at opposite ends of the bar. The same patron later approached Kao and whispered some inflammatory words, instigating an altercation to which police were called. Kao was sent home in a taxicab by the bartender, who said the bar fight was inconsistent with Kao's usual behavior. Upon arriving home, Kao stayed outside, crying "Neighbors, please help me!" Postmortem tests showed Kao's blood alcohol level was 0.23%. Neighbors called 911 to report a drunken disturbance at 2:11a.m. Kao retrieved a wooden stick comparable to a closet rod from a motorhome parked in his driveway at around this time. Four minutes later police officer Lynch arrived and stopped his patrol vehicle close to Kao in what witnesses felt was an attempt to scare him, but Kao hit the patrol car with the stick. Lynch backed the car away and remained in the car waiting for backup. Almost simultaneously, officer Shields arrived, training a spotlight on Kao and exiting his vehicle, despite Lynch radioing Shields to remain in his car. Shields later testified that he left the car to find Kao's wife Ayling Wu. Lynch and Shields were in uniform and arrived in marked patrol cars with their sirens on but an eyewitness later stated neither of them identified themselves as police officers. When the officers arrived, Kao's wife Ayling Wu was outside trying to calm Kao and grab the stick. Shields commanded Wu to step away from Kao. She believed the officer would grab the stick but once she had retreated, Shields shot Kao once in the chest. Shields later testified that Kao charged him with the stick raised over his head in a striking posture, closing to within . Four separate eyewitnesses contradicted Shields' testimony, saying that Kao was never closer to Shields than . Kao was then handcuffed behind his back and left face down on his driveway to await paramedics. Ayling Wu, a trained medical professional, said she could see her husband breathing and tried to administer aid but was physically restrained by the officers and threatened with arrest. By the time paramedics arrived some ten minutes later Kao was dead. His body remained in the driveway until noon, and his 5-year-old daughter witnessed part of the disturbance. Shields later testified that he feared for his life as Kao was waving the stick in "a threatening martial arts fashion." Kao never studied martial arts. A warrant executed the next day had police comb through Kao's house for evidence of martial arts training or paraphernalia. None was found. Legal actions Sonoma County District Attorney The Sonoma County Sheriff's Department conducted an investigation of the shooting and filed a 600-page report with the Sonoma County District Attorney's office in May 1997. On June 19, 1997, Sonoma County District Attorney Michael Mullins decided not to file criminal charges against Officer Jack Shields, concluding that Officer Shields had acted in self-defense. The California Attorney General's office investigated whether the decision not to prosecute was an abuse of discretion, concluding in a March 24, 1998 letter from Dan Lungren that deadly force was justified. Rohnert Park On August 5, 1997, the Rohnert Park Department of Public Safety ruled Officer Shields acted in accordance with departmental policies and procedures for the use of deadly force. Federal Bureau of Investigation The United States Attorney in San Francisco requested an FBI investigation of the shooting shortly after it occurred, on the suspicion that Kao's civil rights had been violated through the use of excessive force, which potentially could have led to a life sentence. Senator Barbara Boxer met with Ayling Wu and Nancy Wang on October 3, 1997; following the meeting Boxer stated she would relay concerns to the US Attorney. On January 28, 1998, US Attorney Michael Yamaguchi declined to file criminal charges against Officer Shields, citing insufficient evidence that Kuanchung Kao's civil rights were violated. Civil suit On October 1, 1997, John Burris and the Asian Law Caucus filed an administrative wrongful death claim, followed by the February 2, 1998 filing of a  million federal suit against Rohnert Park, its Police Department, and the two officers involved. The suit was settled out-of-court for  million in 2001 with no admission of liability. Aftermath The shooting of Kuanchung Kao mobilized Asian-American activists to protest the perceived racial factors in his killing. Days after the August 1997 Rohnert Park investigation cleared Shields, on the 100-day anniversary of Kao's death, a vigil was held in San Francisco in part demanding a new investigation. Activist pressure along with a growing trend of fatal police shootings in Sonoma County culminated in a United States Commission on Civil Rights investigation, which held a public hearing on February 20, 1998. Police and police supporters packed the meeting, forcing those with different viewpoints to stand outside the meeting room. Kao's widow Ayling Wu and their three children moved to Orange County by 1998. Most of the lawsuit settlement was consumed by legal fees and moving expenses. Wu was forced to sell the family dog, a 3 year old fawn American Mastiff named Nala, which was purchased as a puppy by Kao for their daughter several years prior. Wu received temporary support with childcare from the family nanny, who assisted with the moving transition to Orange County for several months. All of Kao and Wu's extended families reside in Taiwan, and gradually ceased contact after Kao's death. Following the departure of the family nanny after the move south, Wu fell into a period of extreme depression and experienced suicidal thoughts, while struggling to make ends meet while also attempting to raise the children on her own. Wu's condition gradually improved over the years and continues to lead a moderately successful career as a Director of Nursing, but never remarried or fully recovered from the trauma and isolation. One of the twins is pursuing graduate studies in physical therapy while the other twin is a wildland firefighter. Jack Shields retired from the Rohnert Park Department of Public Safety in 2000 with over 30 years of service and moved to Hamlin, Texas, later becoming the mayor of Hamlin. Mike Lynch left the Department of Public Safety within one year of the shooting, and was last known to be working in a local pet shop. See also Murder of Vincent Chin Shooting of Andy Lopez Shooting of Cau Bich Tran References Notes Bibliography External links 1997 deaths 1997 in California Asian-American-related controversies Deaths by firearm in California History of Sonoma County, California People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Protests in the United States Law enforcement in California Rohnert Park, California

44875539

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Jones%20%28Louisiana%20politician%29

Don Jones (Louisiana politician)

Donald Edward Jones, known as Don E. Jones (born July 10, 1949), is a businessman and civic leader who served from 1984 to 1989 as the thirteenth mayor of his native Bossier City in northwestern Louisiana. Earlier, he was the national president of the Junior Chamber International. Background Jones was born in Shreveport but reared in Bossier City. He graduated in 1967 from Bossier High School in Bossier City and is a 2012 inductee of the Bossier High School Hall of Fame. In 1971, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in business management from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston. He was affiliated with Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Thereafter, he joined the family-owned Jones Brothers Company, Inc., a general contractor based in Bossier City. He rose to the rank of vice-president of the company and then the president. He and his brother, Bill J. Jones (born 1953), remain the principals of the company, begun in 1953 by their father, William D. Jones (born 1925), and their uncle, Fred S. Jones (1913-1988), a former Bossier City public works commissioner under the former city commission government. The company originally installed underground storage tanks and piping and is certified by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. Jones Brothers also installs fueling systems in four states in such businesses as bulk plants, convenience stores, and aviation facilities. Jones Brothers also has offices in Scott near Lafayette and Farmerville near Monroe. Since 1987, Jones has been vice president and secretary of Jones Environmental, Inc., based in a restored historic building at 708 Milam Street in Shreveport, with offices in Scott, Farmerville, and Van Buren, Arkansas. This company specializes in mold and asbestos abatement. Since 1991, he has been the treasurer of Environmental Gulf States Laboratory, Inc., also based in Bossier City. He is also an owner of Navarre Services Group, Inc. Jones is a member of the Baptist denomination; his maternal grandfather, Joseph E. Hinkie (1889-1977), was a Baptist pastor from Sabine Parish in western Louisiana. Jones is married to the former Gay Lynn Marchand (born September 1949), the daughter of the late Alexander Joseph Marchand, Jr., and the former Hallette Harlan (1919-2014), a Roman Catholic couple from Alexandria, Louisiana. Don and Gay Jones have two sons, Thomas Edward Jones (born November 1975) and Jacob Marchand Jones (born December 1978). Political life Jones's involvement in politics began when he was a delegate to a Democratic State Convention in Louisiana. In his first race for office in 1984, Jones won a hotly contested special election to fill the months remaining in the second term of Mayor Marvin Anding, a former commander of Barksdale Air Force Base, who had died in office in September 1983. Patricia Janelle Ball Anding (1935-2012), the widow of Mayor Anding, was Jones's opponent. The interim mayor, Democrat Frank Blackburn, had won a special election on March 15, 1980, over the Republican David Harold Broussard (1947-1998) to fill the at-large seat on the city council created by the election of Robert Adley to the Louisiana House of Representatives. On March 28, 1984, a mayoral debate appearance at a Bossier City hotel led thereafter to the filing of a defamation suit between two partisans of Anding and Jones. Bobby Garrett (born 1943), a Jones campaigner and the director of a local Community Action program, sued Anding backer Roger Kneass (born 1938) regarding remarks made during and after the debate. Kneass asked Jones about reports that he intended to select Garrett for various municipal offices. Garrett was outraged over the implications of Kneass's questioning. After the debate, with the reporters having exited the meeting and the crowd having mostly dissipated, Garrett walked up to Kneass and made remarks that became the subject of dispute. Kneass interpreted Garrett's comments as a threat to Kneass's family; others at the scene said that they heard no such implication. Garrett sued Kneass for having allegedly called Garrett "a thug". Kneass sent a letter to Jones, the United States Attorney General Ed Meese, and the FBI to complain of threats to Kneass's family. Reports of the threats against Keneass were repeated by Mrs. Anding to the since defunct Shreveport Journal, Shreveport Times, and KSLA-TV. Garrett sued and sought damages of $150,000 for humiliation, embarrassment, and loss of future income. The court held in Garrett's favor but awarded him only $2,500 based on mitigating factors as to whether the word "thug" alone is defamation. Jones also said that he would not hire Garrett in any "directory level" position. In 1985, Mayor Jones moved to demote Bossier City Police Chief Bobby Ray Gauthier (1944-1988) to the rank of patrolman because of actions taken more than two years earlier during the Anding administration. Gauthier was accused of having conspired in 1983 to influence the physical examination of B. W. Spencer to prevent Spencer's promotion to the rank of police lieutenant. Gauthier sued for reinstatement as chief, but the court ruled in favor of the city. Judge Graydon K. Kitchens, Jr., said that Jones acted in "good faith" when he removed Gauthier from the post. In 1987, Mayor Jones ran unsuccessfully for the District 9 seat in the Louisiana House of Representatives. With 49.96 percent of the votes cast, he came within six ballots of winning the position outright. However, he was placed into a runoff election with his fellow Democrat, Billy Montgomery, a teacher and coach from Bossier Parish, who later switched to Republican affiliation. In the showdown, Montgomery polled 4,998 votes (53.5 percent); Jones, 4,343 (46.5 percent). Mayor Jones sought to expand business development and investment into the Shreveport-Bossier City area, particularly after job reductions were announced in 1987 by AT&T. Prior to the downsizing by AT&T, Jones said that area officials had "thought of ourselves as a sleepy southern town with cheap labor to offer corporations from the North, but we realized that we couldn't keep competing in the global economy on that basis any longer. We'd never be able to match the wage levels of Third-World nations, so it was time to see if there was any other way for this area to survive." Jones did not seek a second full term as mayor in 1989 and was succeeded by the Democrat George Dement. Like most area political figures, Jones, even as a former mayor, is a long-term supporter of Barksdale Air Force Base. The Bossier City base is seeking to attract the "Common Battlefield Airmen Training" program to prepare troops for ready fighting on the ground. Jones said that for Barksdale to attract a program of this scope would have a decisive "economic impact throughout the entire community." A member of the civic group Barksdale Forward and the 8th Air Force Consultation Committee, Jones pushed in 2009 for development of the Air Force Cyber Command at Barksdale. However, the selection went to Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Jaycees national president Prior to his tenure as mayor, Jones was from 1979 to 1980 the Louisiana state vice president for membership and from 1980 to 1981 the state president of the Junior Chamber International, popularly known as the Jaycees. In June 1982, he was chosen at the national convention in Phoenix, Arizona, as the national Junior Chamber president. His selection came on the 42nd ballot after 40 hours of politicking. For this assignment as national Jaycee president, Jones, his wife, who was active in the Jaycee Jaynes, and their sons spent the year 1982 to 1983 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. They were the last family to live in the former Jaycee "White House" in south Tulsa and the first in the "Founders Home," having moved early in 1983 to the residence a block from War Memorial Headquarters. This property remains the home for the Jaycee president and his family during the one-year presidential term. As the Jaycee president, Jones traveled through twenty-four states in a bus labeled "U. S. Jaycees Touring America", which received considerable media coverage. Though the Jaycees lost 4,300 members during Jones's tenure as president, the year ended with six consecutive months of growth. As Jones stepped down, the organization had nearly 272,000 members in about 7,000 chapters. During this time the Jaycees continued to exclude women from membership, a policy changed a year later in 1984 with relatively little opposition in the wake of an opinion by the United States Supreme Court which declared the organization to be a public accommodation. Jones was thereafter the JCI national treasurer in 1984. He viewed the organization as representing "improvement of the quality of life in America and the continuance of the free enterprise system. ... If we are to continue to remain a free country, it is going to take the efforts of each and every one of us as volunteers ..." On November 22, 1982, Bossier City proclaimed "Don E. Jones Day" because of his leadership over the Jaycees. While he was the Jaycee president, Jones maintained an official Bossier City residence and was qualified to run for mayor. An opponent, James Quillen Wellborn (1927-2004), a native of Daingerfield, Texas, a mathematics teacher at Bossier High School and a former chairman of the Bossier Parish Republican Party, failed to have Jones disqualified from the ballot on the grounds that Jones had not met the residency requirement for municipal office in Bossier City because he had spent part of the preceding year in Tulsa. Instead the Louisiana Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Shreveport upheld Jones's validation as a legal resident of Bossier City. Civic activities Jones has long been active in Ducks Unlimited and the Boy Scouts of America. In 2001, he was named a laureate of the organization Junior Achievement. He was a contributor to the restoration of the Strand Theatre in downtown Shreveport. That same year, The Shreveport Times named Jones, along with current State Senator Rick Gallot, one of eleven regional "Outstanding Leaders". Jones is a past chairman and a current member of the board of directors of the Biomedical Research Foundation, which oversees the operation of former Louisiana State University public hospitals, the LSU Medical Center in Shreveport, renamed University Health in 2013, and the E.A. Conway Medical Center in Monroe. In 2013, he was among thirteen BRF directors selected from a list of fifty nominees. Jones is a board member of the Community Foundation of North Louisiana, which in 2011 displayed an initiative known as the "Science of Generosity" exhibit in Shreveport-Bossier City. Created in 2009 through the University of Notre Dame and the John Templeton Foundation, the initiative encourages philanthropy and demonstrates how recipients and givers both benefit. In 2011, the Community Foundation awarded more than $1 million in scholarships and grants in Bossier Parish. In 2008, Jones received from the United Way of Northwest Louisiana the Clyde E. Fant Memorial Award for Outstanding Community Service, named for the late Mayor Clyde Fant of Shreveport. He was cited as a "bridge builder" willing to work behind the scenes for the good of Shreveport and Bossier City. Jones was a regular contributor in her early campaigns to former U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu of Louisiana. He also financially supported former U.S. President Bill Clinton and former Senators John Breaux of Louisiana and Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas. In 2011, Jones and his son, Jacob, each gave $1,000 to the Republican Jeff R. Thompson of Bossier City in Thompson's successful campaign for the Louisiana House of Representatives. Thompson in 2015 became a judge of the 9th Judicial District Court in Benton in Bossier Parish. References 1949 births Living people Louisiana Democrats Mayors of Bossier City, Louisiana Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma Junior Chamber International Businesspeople from Louisiana Louisiana Tech University alumni Baptists from Louisiana Baptists from Oklahoma

44938436

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Ezell%20Ford

Shooting of Ezell Ford

Ezell Ford, a 25-year-old African-American man, died from multiple gunshot wounds after being shot by Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers in Florence, Los Angeles, California on August 11, 2014. In the weeks and months that followed, Ford's shooting triggered multiple demonstrations and a lawsuit by Ford's family claiming $75 million in damages. The officers and eyewitnesses offered competing accounts of the events surrounding the shooting, and an investigation by the LAPD's watchdog unit, Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, concluded in June 2015 that one officer had been justified in the shooting, while the other officer was unjustified, had acted outside of LAPD policy, and had violated Ford's civil rights by detaining him. Backgrounds Ezell Ford Ezell Earl Ford (October 14, 1988August 11, 2014) was the oldest of seven children. At the time of his birth his parents, Tritobia and Edsell, were 16 and 17 years old respectively. His parents said in August 2014 they had been living in the same neighborhood for 15 years. Ford attended 66th Street Elementary, Marcus Garvey Elementary, Bethune Middle School, and Verbum Dei High School, which he left before completing a full term. As a child he played basketball, and wanted to play professionally and to study medicine. In his youth Ford suffered from asthma and difficulty breathing. In September 2007 Ford was arrested on felony charges of carrying a loaded firearm and possession of marijuana with intent to sell. He argued the marijuana was for personal use, and in January 2008 the charge was reduced to a misdemeanor, for which he paid a small fine. He pleaded guilty to the firearm charge and was sentenced to 90 days in jail. In 2008 Ford was shot in the leg in a gang-related incident. A neighbor said that Ford was an innocent bystander in the shooting, and that his mental illness became more evident from then on. Ford also had a prior conviction for trespassing. After his death his parents said their son had been diagnosed with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and that everybody in the neighborhood, as well as police, were aware of this. They recalled that Ford had become more introverted and melancholy around the age of 18, and took medication that made him less active. Ashanti Harrison, a neighbor, said he had grown up with Ford, who "did not bother nobody. He was kind of slow. The whole neighborhood took care of him." Harrison also described Ford as having "the mental capacity of an 8-year-old", while another neighbor said "He had a mind of a 10-year-old". Another neighbor said while Ford "wasn't all there, he was there enough to follow orders and know to stop when the police tell him to stop." Leroy Hill, who described himself as an eyewitness to the shooting, and Harrison both said Ford was not involved in gangs. A neighbor said the officers who shot Ford had harassed him in the past, including the day before the shooting. Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas The officers involved in the shooting were named on August 28 as Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, both gang enforcement officers in the LAPD's Newton Division. Wampler had been on the force for twelve years, Villegas for eight. Wampler is Asian American and Villegas is Latino. The two men had been working together in the Newton Division for five months. Wampler had previously arrested Ford on marijuana possession charges in 2008. He was also one of two officers accused in a 2011 lawsuit of assaulting and pepper spraying members of a South Los Angeles family in 2009. A settlement was reached in the case in 2012 but details were not disclosed in court records. Shooting LAPD accounts According to LAPD commander Andy Smith in August 2014, Wampler and Villegas saw Ford walking on the sidewalk at 65th Street and left their vehicle. Wampler said he knew Ford, but did not recognize him at the time. The two officers confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop" at around 8:20p.m. They told investigators that though they carried a Taser in the patrol car, neither took it out, and Villegas instead drew his gun. Villegas said he believed Ford may have been armed because he was in "a gang area". Villegas soon put the gun away and repositioned himself as the "cover" officer while Wampler approached Ford. After the release of Ford's autopsy, LAPD chief Charlie Beck said Ford walked away after Wampler and Villegas left their vehicle to speak to him. An earlier press release said Ford looked towards the officers but kept walking and "made suspicious movements, including attempting to conceal his hands". According to Beck, Wampler and Villegas told detectives Ford concealed his hands as they attempted to stop him. According to Beck's account the officers then followed Ford to a driveway where he crouched between a car and some bushes. Wampler and Villegas said they believed Ford was trying to dispose of drugs that were in his possession, which Wampler felt was sufficient evidence to arrest him. No drugs were found in the vicinity, however. Smith said as they were walking towards him Ford "whirled around and basically attacked the lead officer." Wampler told investigators he had approached Ford from behind and pulled back his shoulder with the intention of handcuffing him. The officers and an LAPD spokesman said in August 2014 that Ford had "tackled" one of the officers and that a struggle ensued after Ford tried to remove the officer's handgun from its holster. Smith said Ford "grabbed the officer around the waist, threw him to the ground and was laying on top of the officer" when he was shot. In Beck's account, Wampler and Villegas told detectives that Ford had been on top of one of the officers and reaching for the officer's gun when they both opened fire. Wampler told investigators he had been tackled by Ford and had landed on top of Ford, but Ford rolled over immediately and took the top position. Villegas responded by pushing his knee into Ford's back and attempting to handcuff him. Wampler said he then felt Ford grasping at his holstered pistol. Villegas said he feared for his life and that of his partner and shot Ford in the arm, then at Wampler's urging fired a second round into Ford's side. Wampler said Ford continued to resist, causing him to retrieve his backup gun and used it to reach around Ford and shoot him in the back. Smith said Ford had been on the ground when he was shot, and said "This was an extremely rapidly unfolding event. Basically the fight was on." After the shooting, Wampler handcuffed Ford. Wampler told investigators a crowd appeared, including one man who appeared angry but left after Wampler pointed his gun at him. Thirteen seconds elapsed from the time that Wampler and Villegas left their vehicle to the first shot. LAPD lieutenant Ellis Imaizumi said the officers sustained minor abrasions that did not require hospitalization. An LAPD news release said neither had been injured. Smith said Ford had been unarmed. Other accounts Two witnesses disputed the officers' claim that Ford had concealed his hands, and said that he had raised his hands as the officers left their vehicle. They also said that Ford did not tackle an officer, and was instead tackled to the ground by one of the officers. Tritobia Ford said her son was lying on the ground and complying with officers' orders when he was shot. Other family members supported her account, including a man who identified himself as Ford's cousin and said: They laid him out and for whatever reason, they shot him in the back, knowing mentally, he has complications. Every officer in this area, from the Newton Division, knows that — that this child has mental problems. The excessive force ... there was no purpose for it. The multiple shootings in the back while he's laying down? No. Then when the mom comes, they don't try to console her ... they pull the billy clubs out. Harrison, who said he saw the shooting from a second-story window, said Ford had put his hands in the air when he was tackled to the ground and shot three times. Harrison said that while on the ground Ford "was struggling like he didn't want anyone on top of him, didn't want anyone holding him down". Two women who were in the home adjacent to the driveway said Ford had not been on top of one of the officers, and had instead been face-down with the officer on top of him. Dorene Henderson, a friend of the Ford family, said she heard someone yell "Get down, get down." She said she heard a pop and neighbors telling officers "He's got mental problems." Hill said "I was sitting across the street when it happened ... The cops jumped out of the car and rushed him over here into this corner. They had him in the corner and were beating him, busted him up, for what reason I don't know he didn't do nothing." Hill said he heard an officer say "Shoot him", followed by three gunshots, while Ford was on the ground. Ina Smalls, who lives across the street from Ford, said she ran outside after hearing gunshots and saw Ford "on the ground, shot dead, handcuffed on his stomach". Smalls said she did not believe that Ford had tried to take the officer's gun. Fred Sayre, Ford's parents' attorney, said none of the witnesses he had spoken to could decisively say whether Ford grabbed for the officer's gun. Events immediately following the shooting Ford was taken to California Hospital Medical Center, where he underwent surgery, and was pronounced dead at 10:10p.m. Tritobia Ford said police had refused to inform her where her son was hospitalized. Police initially offered little information about the shooting, and did not initially release Ford's name or specify why they stopped him. Imaizumi said police had declined to release information due to a "gathering" at the scene. Response Comparisons to Michael Brown Local civil rights leaders and some on social media drew comparisons between Ford and the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri two days previously. Earl Ofari Hutchinson, the president of the Los Angeles Urban Policy Roundtable, released a statement soon after the shooting commenting "The killing of Ezell Ford — coming on the heels of the Michael Brown killing in Ferguson, Missouri — again raises the issue and problem of tense police-community relations". Hutchinson also said "If in fact Ferguson hadn't happened, if in fact we hadn't seen what we've seen the last two days there ... I don't know there would be the same sense of urgency. I think coming on the heels of that, it does give it a sense of urgency." Investigations, autopsy and LAPD response Initial response Both officers were placed on paid leave. In the aftermath of the shooting, and in response to threats on social media, the LAPD directed all officers to travel in pairs. Hutchinson and other civil rights leaders met with LAPD officials on August 14. Hutchinson said he was reassured by the meeting and believed the LAPD was taking the concerns seriously, and that it would fast-track the investigation while ensuring transparency. The activists who attended the meeting stressed that they did not want to see in Los Angeles rioting similar to that seen in Ferguson or in L.A. in 1992. LAPD officials named Wampler and Villegas on August 28. Wampler's name had been leaked the previous day by blogger Jasmyne Cannick. In a statement the department commented "it was necessary to investigate evidence ... regarding potential threats to the safety of the officers and ensure that measures were taken to mitigate those threats." Both officers remained on paid administrative leave. In December 2014 a department spokesman said both officers had been reassigned to administrative duties. In August 2014, Paysinger said the LAPD would investigate the shooting with oversight by the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, its Office of Inspector General, and the office of the Los Angeles District Attorney. On August 18 Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti said he would ensure a "full and fair investigation" took place. Autopsy On August 18 the LAPD placed a "security hold" on the release of the report of Ford's autopsy. Smith said the hold was due to the risk that the autopsy's findings would affect witnesses' testimonies, but Hutchinson said it would fuel "suspicions about the LAPD's version of the Ford killing." In October 2014 the South Central Neighborhood Council passed a resolution calling on Los Angeles City Council member Curren Price to direct the LAPD to release Ford's autopsy report. A spokesman said the LAPD was reluctant to release information that could adversely affect ongoing investigations, and that the department had seen little success in finding witnesses. On November 13 Garcetti said the report would be made public by the end of 2014. The autopsy was released on December 29. It showed Ford was shot three times, in the back, side and right arm. The gunshot wound in his back bore a "muzzle imprint" suggesting the shot was fired at very close range. It also noted multiple abrasions to Ford's hand and arm. Experts consulted by the Los Angeles Times said none of the autopsy's findings were unexpected or contradicted the officers' accounts. Beck investigation Beck concluded in a report that Wampler and Villegas had been justified in their actions. His investigation found that Wampler had grounds to reasonably suspect that Ford had been in possession of drugs. Bustamante investigation Steve Soboroff, the president of the Board of Police Commissioners, said in August 2014 that he had asked the office of the Inspector General to prioritize its investigation of Ford's case. On September 2 Inspector General Alex Bustamante issued a statement urging witnesses to come forward. Bustamante said despite the conflicting accounts of the shooting, he had only succeeded in contacting one witness. In November 2014 Beck, District Attorney Jackie Lacey and Price called on witnesses to come forward. On December 4 Beck said no new witnesses had been identified. Beck and Bustamante reiterated in December 2014 and January 2015 that the department had encountered difficulties in finding witnesses, and that witnesses whose names were provided by the Ford family's attorney had been uncooperative. Bustamante's report found that Wampler and Villegas's actions had been justified, but found that Wampler did not have grounds to reasonably suspect that Ford had been in possession of drugs. The report criticized Wampler's decision to initiate physical contact with Ford as a "substantial deviation from tactical training" that put him at risk of assault. Bustamante explained that, though Ford was looking back at Wampler and Villegas while taking his hands in and out of his pockets, this alone was not enough "to cross the threshold of reasonable suspicion". Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners investigation On June 5, 2015 the Los Angeles Times reported that, "according to sources with knowledge of the investigation", the Board of Police Commissioners had determined that both Wampler and Villegas were justified in the shooting. Soboroff responded the same day that the Board had received several recommendations but had yet to make a decision. On June 9, 2015 the Board's ruling stated that Villegas was justified in the shooting, but Wampler violated Ford's civil rights by detaining him. The commission rejected Beck's conclusion that Wampler had adhered to LAPD policy. The investigation found that Villegas did not have a good reason to initially draw his gun, and that Wampler did not have grounds to reasonably suspect that Ford had been in possession of drugs. Nine different determinations were issued: Wampler was found in violation of policy in four areas (tactics, drawing of weapon, use of non-lethal force, use of deadly force), while Villegas was within policy in three areas (tactics, use of non-lethal force, and use of deadly force) and one part of another area (drawing of weapon on the second occasion) but in violation of policy in another part of the same area (drawing of weapon on the first occasion). The Board's decision to consider the "totality of the circumstances, and not just the moment in which force was used" marked a departure from its previous approach to police shootings, which involved assessing only whether officers faced a deadly threat at the moment they opened fire. More than 100 people attended the Board's public meeting on June 9. The Board's decision is not legally binding. Its findings will be sent to the LAPD's internal affairs group, and after a few months, will be forwarded to Beck, who will determine if he will discipline the officers involved. Any possible criminal charges will be determined by Lacey. Speaking after the Board's ruling, Beck downplayed the disagreement between its report and his own, and said the result was the outcome of a system of checks and balances. Beck also released a video message in which he told LAPD officers, "You have my support. You have the support of the mayor. You have the support of the vast majority of the people of Los Angeles." Soboroff questioned Beck's failure to also mention the Board of Police Commissioners, which he described as "hurtful but ... untrue." Beck said it was not his intention to suggest that the Board did not support officers. Craig Lally, the president of the LAPPL, criticized the ruling, and claimed the Board had dealt with the officers severely to prevent civil unrest. Lally and other LAPPL officials addressed Commissioners at the Board's first public meeting following the decision, where he criticized Commissioner Paula Madison for comments she made on KNBC, in which she compared changing use of force laws to changing laws that once condoned slavery or barred women from voting. Lally described Madison's remarks as "disturbing and insulting." Lally also described Ford as a "known gang member". Garcetti commented on the Board of Police Commissioner's report on June 13, 2015. He said "I think it's so important for law enforcement officers to know that they are supported," and emphasized the need "to strengthen the bonds between community and between police." Garcetti also met with Tribotia Ford, and told reporters "It was a really beautiful meeting between the two of us, I think". Ford said she was grateful to the mayor but the meeting had come "10 months late." Disciplinary process and long-term response In June 2015 Beck criticized confidentiality laws, which he argued prevented him from making public the disciplinary measures to be placed on Wampler and Villegas, and called for "greater leeway for the police department to make not only the decisions known, but the rationale behind the decision." He said that these confidentiality requirements prevented him from discussing what measures would be taken against Wampler, or what form they could take. In July 2015 officials told KPCC that the LAPD would re-train all its officers in de-escalating confrontations with suspects and in approaching people with mental illnesses, in part in response to the shootings of Ford and Michael Brown. Protests and community response August 2014 On the morning of August 13 a group of men gathered at a makeshift memorial featuring candles and sign reading "police brutality must stop". On August 14, a rally and march was attended by around 100 protesters who marched from Leimert Plaza Park along Crenshaw Boulevard to the LAPD's 77th division statement. Protesters marched with their hands raised shouted "hands up, don't shoot", and chanted Ford's name. The protest took place simultaneously with demonstrations in 90 other U.S. cities as part of a National Moment of Silence for Michael Brown. Lavell Ford, Ezell Ford's brother, spoke, saying "They killing us all, they killing us all. Blacks, Latinos, everybody, they just killing us. And we gotta take a stand. It happens everyday around in this neighborhood, everyday. That could've been me laying out there." After the protest many demonstrators went to the scene of the shooting. Another protest took place the following day, and was attended by around 36 people. On August 15, Paysinger favorably compared the Los Angeles' community's reaction to Ford's death to the reaction to Brown's death in Missouri, and attributed the absence of violence to "the confidence the public has in the police department to conduct an immediate, a thorough, a thoughtful investigation". Paysinger added that the LAPD does "a much better job reaching out to the community" than it had done previously. Soboroff described the comparison as "apples to oranges," due to the LAPD's emphasis on community policing. Price said "Los Angeles is not Ferguson. Much work has gone into changing the culture of our police department. Our progress is evidenced this evening by the presence of our chief of police and his command staff." On August 15 a video entitled "Fuck the Police" was posted online accompanying a song by Ceebo the Rapper. The song's lyrics state "When they killed Ez' [Ford], they should have killed me," and described police as "the enemy" and "KKK in the flesh." On August 21 the Los Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL) called for officers to be on heightened alert in response to the video. Ceebo the Rapper, a cousin of Ford, said "There was never any intent [in the song] to threaten any police or nothing. But I guess that's how they want to take it". Another protest occurred on August 17, in response to Ford's death as well as that of Brown. Several hundred protesters marched to LAPD headquarters, where several speeches were made, and then to Union Station, La Placita, through Little Tokyo and Chinatown to City Hall. Protesters carried signs carrying the names of Ford and Brown; others wore Guy Fawkes masks. The protesters again chanted "Hands up, don't shoot", and called for charges to be brought against the officers involved in Ford's death, and for the names of the officers to be released. Speakers also demanded increased civilian oversight of the police and mandatory body cameras. Interactions between police and protesters were minimal and no violence was reported. On August 19, Beck answered questions before an audience of around 300 community members at Paradise Baptist Church in South Los Angeles, including members of Ford's family. Beck told the audience there remained "more questions than answers" in the Ford investigation, and said "We wonder the same things: Was it necessary? Was it justified? Could there have been another way? I want exactly what you want ... and that is the truth." Beck declined to name the officers or share information on why they had stopped Ford, explaining "I will not give you half a story ... We have to find out all the facts"; and promised the names would be released when the department believed they were no longer in danger of retaliation. Soboroff, Bustamante, Deputy District Attorney James Garrison, and Price also attended. Another protest also took place on the same day. After attending the meeting Paysinger said "You think you're in a good place, but then you find yourself at that meeting ... It was patently clear to me that we need to get busy." Paysinger also commented that two decades previously such a meeting would not have taken place and said he "found great satisfaction, at least in some way, that people came. They had an ability to voice their dissatisfaction with the LAPD because I think somewhere deep down, they do believe that something is going to happen." Around 100 people took part in another protest on August 21. Ford's funeral was held on August 30 at the First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles. County supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas, Price, U.S. Representative Maxine Waters and former U.S. Representative Diane Watson spoke at the service. Speakers linked Ford's death to other encounters between officers and unarmed African-American men, including the shooting of Michael Brown. Later events On December 29, 2014, following the release of Ford's autopsy, demonstrators gathered outside LAPD headquarters and at Leimert Park. That evening protesters briefly blocked traffic on the 110 Freeway. In December 2014 a group of activists including Hutchinson announced the Ezell Ford Police Conflict Reduction Plan, calling for mandatory body cameras, a review of deadly force policies, retraining on mental health issues, a conflict mediation task force, and for referring all officer-involved shootings to criminal prosecutors. Another demonstration took place on January 3, 2015, organised by the Coalition for Community Control Over the Police, with around 50 participants. In late December 2014 and early January 2015 protesters camped outside LAPD headquarters. On January 5 they were forced to leave, with two arrests made after participants tried to pass barricades to deliver their demands to Beck. The following day demonstrators attended the weekly meeting of the Los Angeles Board of Commissioners, demanding greater transparency and civilian control over the LAPD. Later in January protesters continued to gather daily outside LAPD headquarters, demanding that Wampler and Villegas be terminated and that Lacey file charges against the officers. An activist interviewed by ColorLines said LAPD officers had used "intimidation tactics" against the encampment. On January 9 leaders met with Beck, who did not accept the demand that the officers be fired but agreed to treat the protesters with greater respect. Following the meeting police removed the metal barricade used to keep the protesters away from the building. Prior to the Board of Commissioners' announcement of its findings in June 2015 a protest camp was established outside Garcetti's home. Later in June a small group of protesters gathered in response to reports that Beck and Bustamante would find that Wampler and Villegas were justified in shooting Ford. After the ruling community activists called on Lacey to file criminal charges against Wampler. Tritobia Ford applauded the outcome and joined in calling for Lacey to file charges. She also said she was "kind of surprised" by the decision. In July 2015 Garcetti announced he would meet with Black Lives Matter activists who called for the dismissal of Beck, Wampler and Villegas. Ford's family held a memorial service for Ford at Inglewood Park Cemetery on August 8, 2015. Protesters disrupted a meeting of the Board of Police Commissioners on August 11, the first anniversary of Ford's death. Protesters shouted at a woman who spoke in support of police officers, and held photographs of Ford. An LAPD lieutenant declared an unlawful assembly, and demonstrators delivered written demands that Beck, Wampler and Villegas attend a "people's tribunal". No arrests were made and the demonstration continued outside LAPD headquarters. Legal proceedings In September 2014, Ford's family members filed a federal wrongful-death lawsuit against the LAPD. They voluntarily dismissed this suit in June 2016. In March 2015, Ford's parents filed a second wrongful-death lawsuit in state court, alleging that Wampler and Villegas intentionally or negligently shot Ford and that Wampler and Villegas violated Ford's constitutional rights. The suit also alleged that the LAPD had a longstanding practice of violating civil rights, and that Wampler and Villegas were motivated by Ford's race and their "prejudice, disdain and contempt for African Americans or persons of black skin tone." The City of Los Angeles settled this lawsuit in October 2016 for $1.5 million. In January 2017 Los Angeles County prosecutors said Wampler and Villegas would not face criminal charges in connection with the shooting. See also BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant, a 22-year-old African American man, in California in January 2009 Shooting of Andy Lopez, a 13-year-old Hispanic boy, by a police officer in California in October 2013 Death of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old African American man, after being placed in a chokehold by a police officer in New York in July 2014 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, August 2014 Shooting of John Crawford III, a 22-year-old African American man, by a police officer in Ohio in August 2014 Shooting of Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African American man, by police in New York in November 2014 Shooting of Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African American boy, by a police officer in Ohio in November 2014 Shooting of Antonio Martin, an 18-year-old African American man, by a police officer in Missouri in December 2014 Shooting of Walter Scott, a 50-year-old African American man, by a police officer in South Carolina in April 2015 Death of Sandra Bland, a 28-year-old African American woman, in a jail cell in Texas in July 2015 Shooting of Samuel DuBose, a 43-year-old African American man, by a police officer in Ohio in July 2015 Death of Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American man, from injuries sustained during an arrest in Maryland in April 2015 Murder of George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, after being choked by a police officer's knee in Minneapolis in May 2020 References External links Lawsuit against the LAPD, Wampler and Villegas, filed by Ford's parents in September 2014 Ezell Ford autopsy report, published in the Los Angeles Times in December 2014 LAPD chief Charlie Beck's report into the shooting, completed in May 2015 Abridged reports of the LAPD chief, LAPD Office of Inspector General, and Board of Police Commissioners, June 2015 2014 in California Los Angeles Police Department 2014 deaths Deaths by firearm in California African-American history in Los Angeles Law enforcement in California Deaths by person in the United States Protests in the United States 2014 in Los Angeles African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter August 2014 events in the United States African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Future%20of%20Freedom%20Conference

The Future of Freedom Conference

The Future of Freedom Conference is regarded as the first explicitly libertarian conference series ever held in the United States. Debuting in 1969, the conference's keynote speaker was Austrian economist Prof. Ludwig von Mises. The Ludwig von Mises Conference (1969) More than 200 students attended the Ludwig von Mises Conference that was held at Long Beach State University, now known as California State University, Long Beach, in May 1969, in response to Young Americans for Freedom's (YAF) purges of libertarian leaders just before the infamous national YAF St. Louis convention in August 1969. In early March 1969, Dana Rohrabacher and Shawn Steel, co-chairs of California YAF, were removed by National YAF. Many purged leaders, and county chairs would eventually organize a new student organization called the California Libertarian Alliance (CLA). One of their first endeavors was to hold a gathering of libertarian leaders, writers and economists. The idea to have some type of gathering evolved into a full-fledged conference at a college. The conference was initially planned and organized under the leadership of Dana Rohrabacher, who was the main founder and chairman of the Libertarian Caucus of YAF from 1966 to 69. Dana Rohrabacher, known as the "Johnny Grass-seed" of radical YAFers, later became a journalist, a speechwriter for President Reagan, and a U.S. Congressman in Southern California. Other purged YAF members involved in the 1969 conference included the following: Gene Berkman, draft resister, later to become owner of Renaissance Books in Riverside, CA; Bill "Shawn" Steel, USC student and statewide chairman of Youth for Reagan, later to become an attorney, a founder of the California Libertarian Party, and chairman of the California Republican Party; Ron Kimberling, later Dr. Ron Kimberling, radio show commentator who became executive director of the Ronald Reagan Foundation and Assistant Secretary for Higher Education in the last years of the Reagan administration; Dennis Turner, writer for Reason magazine and computer programmer; John Schurman, psychology major and staff worker for Rampart College. In 1981 Shawn Steel commented about the reasons for the first conference, writing that "Freedom oriented people found themselves abandoned, either purged from the right or the left. Because of this political turmoil, we invited decentralists, individualists and voluntaryists in one forum to organize, discuss and study the philosophy we now call 'libertarianism.'" Other speakers at 1969's Ludwig von Mises Conference included the following: R. C. Hoiles, longtime publisher of The Register (now known as the Orange County Register) in Santa Ana, CA; Robert LeFevre, Rampart College founder and author; Skye D'Aureous (Durk Pearson), MIT graduate with a triple major in physics, biology, and psychology; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor. Gary North, a conservative writer for the Christian newsletter Chalcedon Report, was horrified by what he saw at the conference. He accused the participants of "secular libertarianism" which he believed to be suicidal, especially the sinfulness of those who take illegal drugs. Instead of finding a conference hall full of "studious conservatives affirming faith in God and country," North instead discovered "eccentrics waving the black dollar sign flag" of anarchy. The Ludwig von Mises Conference was sponsored by Long Beach State University YAF, California State University San Fernando Valley YAF, and the Action Coalition for Freedom. Left-Right Festival of Mind Liberation (1970) On February 28 and March 1, 1970, the California Libertarian Alliance hosted the Left-Right Festival of Mind Liberation at the University of Southern California (USC), backed by Riqui and Seymour Leon of Robert LeFevre's relocated Rampart Institute in Santa Ana, California. This conference attempted to patch differences between left and right anti-statist and anti-authoritarian thinkers, but failed to generate "any potential Left-Right coalition in the gestation stage." Rebecca E. Hlatch in A Generation Divided, reported "five hundred delegates met to discuss possibilities for a right-to-left cooperation.” According to Dana Rohrabacher, he had high hopes of “forming a coalition between libertarians on the right and the pro-freedom elements on the left.” The keynote speaker was former president of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and author of Containment and Change, Carl Oglesby. "Designed to lay the groundwork for a libertarian/New Left anti-war coalition, Oglesby made the case that 'the Old Right and the New Left' were 'morally and politically' united in their opposition to war, and should work together." Other featured speakers included the following: William Allen, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) economist; F. A. Harper, founder of the Institute for Humane Studies; Rod Manis, Stanford University research economist and writer for Rampart College; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor; Tibor Machan, an owner of Reason magazine and doctoral candidate at University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB); Karl Hess, former speech writer for Senator Barry Goldwater, Newsweek editor and author of Community Technology; Dana Rohrabacher, purged California chairman of Young Americans for Freedom; Samuel Edward Konkin III (a.k.a. SEK3), chemistry graduate student and editor of New Libertarian Notes at New York University; Phillip Abbott Luce, a defector from the pro-red Chinese Progressive Labor Movement in 1964, author of Road to Revolution, and recently resigned college director of YAF. Other notable speakers - at general sessions or in workshops included the following: Harvey Hukari, former chair of Stanford University YAF, and a founder of the Free Campus Movement; Harry Pollard, president of the Henry George School in Los Angeles; Don Jackson and Marcus Overseth, gay-rights activists; Robert Sagehorn, author, editor of the Western World Review and an associate of Western World Press; Terry Catchpole, editor and writer for National Lampoon; Skye D'Aureous (Durk Pearson), MIT graduate with a triple major in physics, biology, and psychology and co-publisher of The Libertarian Connection; Natalee Hall (Sandy Shaw), co-publisher of The Libertarian Connection; Willis E. Stone, founder and chairman of the Liberty Amendment Committee; William Harold Hutt, author and Austro-classical English economist noted for his early work in opposition to South African apartheid; Harold Demsetz, University of Chicago economist; Leon Kaspersky, co-founder of the underground libertarian newspaper Protos; Filthy Pierre (Erwin S. Strauss), author, "filk" musician, and science fiction convention organizer; John Haag, co-founder of the California Peace and Freedom Party; Richard Grant, author of The Incredible Bread Machine; Stan Kohl, war resister advocate; Randy Ericson; Bill Colson; Don Meinshausen, former YAF activist and a founder of the New Jersey Libertarian Alliance. According to an article in the USC's Daily Trojan, "the California Libertarian Alliance, also cosponsor of the conference, states, 'The purpose of the conference is to unite libertarians and anarchists who have been active in the right wing and the new left, to find a means by which they can work together, without misunderstanding or antagonism.'" The main organizers for the Left-Right Festival of Mind Liberation were Dana Rohrabacher, Bill "Shawn" Steel, and Gene Berkman. Steel also emceed. Action Coalition for Freedom (Don Franzen) and the California Libertarian Alliance sponsored the event. The Festival of Liberation (1970) The Annual Festival of Liberation, as it was now being called, attracted over 700 attendees to the University of Southern California (USC) from November 14 to 15, 1970, "to promote alternatives to authoritarianism and statism." City editor of the USC Daily Trojan, Linda Bieber, stated that the festival would "focus on the idea of knocking out oppressive and authoritarian cultures by libertarian social revolution and the idea that violent revolution will not eliminate the authoritarians, but instead will trade them in for newer models." The conference featured the following speakers: Paul Goodman, social critic, pacifist, left anarchist and author of Growing Up Absurd; Murray Rothbard, anarcho-capitalist and professor of economics at Brooklyn Polytechnic; Thomas Szasz, professor of psychiatry from the State University of New York at Syracuse; Phillip Abbott Luce, a defector from the pro-red Chinese Progressive Labor Movement in 1964, author of Road to Revolution; Joel Fort, University of California Berkeley professor, physician and author; Robert LeFevre, radio personality, author and founder of Rampart College; Skye D’Aureous (Durk Pearson), MIT graduate with a triple major in physics, biology, and psychology and cybernetics specialist; Leiflumen, education expert; Dana Rohrabacher, the student field representative for Rampart College; Robert Love, president of the Love Box company. Moderator Lowell Ponte was a freelance writer and contributing editor to USC's Daily Trojan, and freelance writer and KPFK-FM radio talk show host. Commenting about the conference, Ponte wrote in the Daily Trojan "...Important as a basis for agreement was a mutual fear of the expanding power of government and the threat to individual liberty it represents. In some cases this fear envisions government, with its manipulative technologies now under development, as an incipient Brave New World." Workshop sessions were conducted by the Institute for the Study of Non-Violence, founded by singer Joan Baez; the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions; and the Portola Institute. Movie night included James Stewart's "Shenandoah." Rampart College, California Libertarian Alliance, and Action Coalition for Freedom sponsored 1970's Festival of Liberation. Symposium on Political Implications of Modern Psychology (1972) This conference was produced at USC's Town and Gown Foyer, February 12–13, 1972. According to the Daily Trojan, the topics included "the similarities between the humanist and the libertarian, the authoritarian personality, the state and the individualist behavior, political authoritarianism, and the need for self-respect". The symposium featured the following speakers: Dr. Nathaniel Branden, author, psychotherapist and former associate of novelist Ayn Rand; Robert LeFevre, author, TV/radio broadcaster and founder of Rampart College; George Bach, a clinical psychologist; Carl Faber, UCLA psychology professor; David Harris, draft resister and author of Goliath; Don Lewis, psychology professor; Alan Ross, psychology professor; Everett Shostrom, psychologist and author of Man the Manipulator; Roy Childs, libertarian essayist and writer of the influential essay "An Open Letter to Ayn Rand"; Carl Rogers, author of "Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become" and one of the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Psychology Professor Alan Ross debated Don Lewis, chairman of the Psychology Department at USC, on "humanist vs. behaviorist" theories. 1972's Symposium on Political Implications of Modern Psychology was sponsored by the California Libertarian Alliance. The Future of Victimless Crimes (1973) The Future of Victimless Crimes was held at USC in February 1973. Featured speakers included the following: Thomas Szasz, psychiatrist and author of The Myth of Mental Illness; Nathaniel Branden, author and psychotherapist, known for his work in the psychology of self-esteem; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor; Robert LeFevre, author, TV/radio broadcaster and founder of Rampart College; Los Angeles Police Chief Tom Redden, who, despite his conservative persona, spoke in support of lessening pot penalties; Sheriff of San Francisco Richard D. Hongisto "told the more than 500 people in attendance that police are ignoring enforcement and protection from violent crimes in order to go after easy drug bust arrests." The Future of Freedom Conference (1977) The first event actually named Future of Freedom Conference was held at USC in April 1977. It is best remembered for the turbulent debate between Prof. David Friedman, son of Milton Friedman, and SDS radical activist and later California state senator Tom Hayden. According to a 1980 Future of Freedom Conference brochure, "Tom Hayden was unaware of the libertarian philosophy. Mistaking Friedman for a conservative, Hayden attacked military spending and asked, 'What about the Pentagon?' Before Friedman could disagree, the audience roared "abolish the Pentagon! Shocked, Hayden paused and quietly responded 'Well, we must have a Pentagon.'" Hayden accused Friedman of unfair debate tactics. After a few hostile questions from the audience, Hayden walked off the stage, confused and shaken. "Amazingly, few persons when asked could agree on who won the debate. Hayden lost on substance, but Friedman's 'go for the throat' debate tactics backfired." Warren Olney IV, Channel 4 (NBC) newscaster, moderated the Friedman vs. Hayden debate. Other speakers included the following: Pavel Litvinov, Soviet Union dissenter; Poul Anderson, science fiction author and winner of seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards; Dr. Nathaniel Branden, author and psychotherapist; Jerome Tuccille, futurologist and author of It Usually Begins With Ayn Rand; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor and author of Libertarianism - A Political Philosophy for Tomorrow; Jack J. Matonis, tax-resistance attorney. Karl Bray, tax resister and one of the founders of the Libertarian Party (United States); Robert LeFevre, author, TV/radio broadcaster and founder of Rampart College; Hank Hohenstein, author and tax strategist; David Bergland, Libertarian vice-presidential candidate. The California Libertarian Alliance sponsored 1977's Future of Freedom Conference. The Future of Freedom II: The 1980's: Freedom or Slavery? (1980) The Future of Freedom II: The 1980s: Freedom or Slavery was held at Cypress College April 19–20, 1980, with a banquet at the Buena Park Holiday Inn. Main speakers included the following: Karl Hess, speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater, market anarchist, and author of Dear America; Robert Anton Wilson, author of the Illuminatus! trilogy; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor; Prof. Arthur B. Laffer, economist and originator of the "Laffer Curve"; John Matonis, tax-resistance attorney; J. Neil Schulman, science fiction writer of Alongside Night; David Bergland, attorney and Vice Presidential candidate in 1976 on the Libertarian Party ticket; Anthony Hargis, author and business entrepreneur; John Pugsley, investment advisor and author of best-seller Common Sense Economics; Linda Abrams, constitutional attorney and member of the Rampart Institute board; Prof. Bob McGinley, alternative lifestyles psychologist; Sandy Shakocius (a.k.a. Sandy Shaw), life-extensionist and biochemist; Shawn Steel, a founder of the Future of Freedom Conference Series; Carl Nicolai, electronics designer and inventor; Kenneth Grubbs, Jr., editorial editor of The Register in Orange County, and Janice Allen, Libertarian Party activist, emceed the event. The Saturday banquet paid tribute to libertarian pacifist, author, TV/radio broadcaster, and founder of Rampart College, Robert LeFevre, who received the Future of Freedom Award. Another award, the Ludwig von Mises Merit of Honor Award was presented to Dana Rohrabacher, one of the early organizers of the Future of Freedom Conference series. A film festival included For a New Liberty, Libra, The Inflation File, and Theo Kamecke directed The Incredible Bread Machine. Debates pitted notable opposites, including the following: Lowell Ponte, radio commentator and book reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, debated Jon Wiener, left-leaning history professor. George H. Smith, author, Objectivist and atheist debated Jeffrey Johnson, conservative Catholic. Samuel Konkin III, author, agorist and market anarchist debated Manny Klausner, attorney and Libertarian Party leader. 1980's The Future of Freedom II: The 1980s: Freedom or Slavery? conference was organized by Lawrence Samuels, founder of Society for Libertarian Life, president of Rampart Institute and owner of Athena Graphics, plus Jane Heider-Samuels, board member of Rampart Institute; and Howard Hinman, editor of Society for Libertarian Life newsletter Libertas Review: A Journal of Peace and Liberty. The conference was sponsor by the Society for Libertarian Life, Cypress College Libertarian Club, California Libertarian Alliance, and Society for Individual Liberty. Athena Graphics in Santa Ana provided the graphics. The FOF Conference: The Technology of Freedom (1981) The Future of Freedom Conference: The Technology of Freedom, held at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB student union and Soroptimist House) May 8–10, 1981, drew an estimated crowd of 500. Main speakers included the following: Karl Hess, speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater and market anarchist; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor; Timothy Leary, psychologist, writer, advocate of psychedelic drugs and coauthor of The Psychedelic Experience; Robert LeFevre, author, TV/radio personality, founder of Rampart College and libertarian pacifist; Irwin Schiff, author, tax protester and author of The Biggest Con: How the Government Is Fleecing You; Dennis Brown, California Assemblyman (R-Los Alamitos); Frank E. Fortkamp, professor of educational administration; Prof. David Friedman, anarcho-capitalist, physicist, economist and author of The Machinery of Freedom; Allan E. Harrison, author and educator; Samuel Edward Konkin III, agorist, market anarchist and author of New Libertarian Manifesto; John Joseph Matonis, tax-resistance attorney; Carl Nicolai, Electronic Engineer and inventor; Lowell Ponte, radio commentator and book reviewer for Los Angeles Times; Robert W. Poole, Jr., founder of the Reason Foundation; Fred Schnaubelt, San Diego city council member; Prof. Joyce Shulman, psychotherapist; Prof. Lee M. Shulman, clinical psychologist; George H. Smith, atheist, Objectivist and author of Atheism: The Case Against God; Shawn Steel, attorney and a founder of the Future of Freedom Conference. Dr. Demento (Barry Hansen) performed as a conference highlight. Demento is famous for his KMET-syndicated radio show from Hollywood, California, "The Dr. Demento Show." A self-described libertarian, Dr. Demento specializes in broadcasting novelty songs, comedy, and strange or unusual recordings. At the Friday night banquet, Lawrence Samuels, who co-managed the Future of Freedom Committee, presented the Future of Freedom Award to USC Philosophy Professor and the first U.S. presidential candidate for the Libertarian Party, John Hospers, for his achievements in promoting liberty. Co-founders of the Society for Individual Liberty, Don Ernsberger and Dave Walker, hosted a short color slide show of the early libertarian years dating back to the 1960s. Other speakers presented at the banquet, including the following: Bill Susel; Robert Poole, Jr., editor-in-chief of Reason magazine; Shawn Steel, attorney; Manny Klausner, attorney and co-founder of the Reason Foundation; Leonard Liggio, president of the Institute for Humane Studies, classical liberal author and research professor. On May 9 there was also a Society for Libertarian Life Reaffirming Liberty mini-convention in conjunction with the Future of Freedom Conference, with Robert LeFevre and Jack Matonis. 1981's The Future of Freedom Conference: The Technology of Freedom committee was co-managed by Lawrence Samuels and Kenneth Gregg; Terry Diamond was assistant manager, Jane Heider-Samuels was treasurer. Other staff included Kim Brogan-Grubbs, Howard Hinman, Pam Maltzman, Samuel Edward Konkin III, David Stevens, Charles Curley, Don Cormier, Bruce Dovner and Tim Blaine. The conference was sponsored by Rampart Institute and the California State University Long Beach (CSULB) Students for Rational Individualism, with co-sponsors Society for Libertarian Life, Society for Individual Liberty, Libertarian Supper Club of Orange County, First Libertarian Church of Los Angeles, and the Libertarian Law Council. Lawrence Samuels' Athena Graphics in Santa Ana provided graphics. The Future of Freedom Conference (1982) 1982's The Future of Freedom Conference was held at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB), and Long Beach Holiday Inn on October 1–3, 1982. Main speakers included the following: Thomas Szasz, Professor of Psychiatry at the Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse and author of The Myth of Mental Illness; Doug Casey, best-selling author and economist; Robert LeFevre, author, TV/radio broadcaster and founder of Rampart College; Gary Hudson, aerospace engineer and designer of the Percheron 055, the first private space launcher in the U.S.; Jack Matonis, tax-resistance attorney; Wendy McElroy, author and individualist feminist; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor; Barbara Branden, author of The Passion of Ayn Rand; Jeff Riggenbach, journalist, author, and broadcaster; John Pugsley, author of Common Sense Economics; Dr. Nathaniel Branden, psychologist, psychotherapist, former associate of novelist Ayn Rand, and author of The Psychology of Self-Esteem; E. Devers Branden, researcher at the Biocentric Institute; Thomas Hazlett, economist and writer. Roy Begley emceed. There were two noteworthy debates. First, author, atheist, and Objectivist George H. Smith debated Thomas Bartman, president of the Los Angeles City Board of Education, on "Should Public Education be Abolished?" Second, Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas Jeffrey Rogers Hummel debated Prof. David Friedman, author of The Machinery of Freedom on "Should America have a Military Force for Defense?" The Friday Night Banquet paid "Tribute to Dr. Nathaniel Branden." Presenters included David Bergland, attorney and Libertarian Party activist; Roger Callahan, psychologist; and Manny Klausner, attorney and co-founder of the Reason Foundation. The Free Press Association (founded in 1981) presented the H.L. Mencken Awards, emceed by journalist, author, and broadcaster, Jeff Riggenbach. Presenters of the awards included the following: Dyanne Peterson, associated with the Center of Libertarian Studies; Alan Bock, editorial writer of The Register; Wendy McElroy, contributing editor of the New Libertarian and libertarian feminist; Robert LeFevre, TV/radio broadcaster and founder of Rampart College; Christine Dorffi, free-lance journalist. Author and psychotherapist Dr. Nathaniel Branden accepted the Roy Child's Mencken Award for Best Editorial, presented by Robert LeFevre. 1982's The Future of Freedom Conference committee was co-managed by Lawrence Samuels and Terry Diamond, with Treasurer Jane Heider-Samuels, and Advertising Director Melinda M. Hanson. Other committee members included Don Cormier, Bruce Dovner, Howard Hinman, Tom Jones and Pam Maltzman. The conference was sponsored by CSULB Students for Rational Individualism and Rampart Institute, with co-sponsors Society for Libertarian Life, Society for Individual Liberty, Libertarian Supper Club of Orange County and the Libertarian Law Council. Graphics were provided by Lawrence Samuels' Athena Graphics in Santa Ana. The Future of Freedom Conference (1983) 1983's The Future of Freedom Conference was held at Long Beach City College and the Long Beach Holiday Inn on October 21–23, 1983. Main speakers included the following: Barbara Branden, author of the forthcoming biography The Passion of Ayn Rand; Karl Hess, speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater and market anarchist; Irwin Schiff, tax resister and author of The Biggest Con: How the Government is Fleecing You; Butler D. Shaffer, Southwestern University law professor in Los Angeles; Henry Mark Holzer, constitutional lawyer and teacher at the Brooklyn Law School; Robert Poole, Jr., editor-in-chief of Reason magazine; Ben Sasway, the first draft resister jailed since the Vietnam War; George H. Smith, author, atheist, and Objectivist; Lee and Joyce Shulman, psychologists; Lowell Ponte, radio commentator and book reviewer for Los Angeles Times; Wendy McElroy, author of Freedom, Feminism and the State. The conference was emceed by Tom Cobb and Mike Moon. One of the best-attended events was the panel on "The Nature of Justice" by three heavyweights of the libertarian movement: Murray Rothbard, anarcho-capitalist and Professor of Economics at Brooklyn Polytechnic; Robert LeFevre, libertarian pacifist, founder of Rampart College and author of The Nature of Man and His Government; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor and first candidate to run for President on the Libertarian Party ticket. Friday night's Freedom Film Festival, emceed by Tom Cobb, showed Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead, plus the Oscar-winning short film Karl Hess: Toward Liberty. The Saturday Night Banquet paid A Tribute to Murray Rothbard. Rothbard, Professor of Economics at Brooklyn Polytechnic in New York and libertarian political theorist, was presented with the Future of Freedom Award. The banquet was emceed by Wendy McElroy and included the following presenters: George H. Smith, author, atheist, and Objectivist; Jeffery Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of Free Texas and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas; Dr. Jack High Jeff Riggenbach emceed the H.L. Mencken Awards. Presenters of individual awards included the following: Robert Poole, Jr., a founder of the Reason Foundation; L. Susan Brown, free-lance writer and staff member of the World Research Institute (later a professor of anthropology at Florida Atlantic University); Ken Grubbs, Jr., editorial editor of The Register in Orange County. 1983's The Future of Freedom Conference committee members were Lawrence Samuels, Jane Heider-Samuels, Melinda Hanson, and Terry Diamond. Dave Stevens was Floor manager. Staff included Rose Bittick, Peggy Nytes, Rod Boyer, Dean Steenson, Irene Shannon, Michael Kember, Tim Kuklinsky, Carol Moore, L.K. O'Neal, Dan Twedt, Sandy Sisson, David Anderson, John Robertson, Karen Dominguez, and Dave Klaus. Lawrence Samuels' Athena Graphics in Santa Ana provided graphics. The Future of Freedom Conference (1984) Held at the California State University, Long Beach on October 19–21, 1984, the keynote speaker was attorney and senior editor to Reason magazine Manny Klausner. Other speakers included: Sandy Shaw, life-extensionist and biochemist; Jay Snelson, founder of the Free Market Society, lecturer and educator; Tibor Machan, professor of philosophy and author of The Pseudo-Science of B.F. Skinner; Barry Reid, founder of Eden Press; Leonard Liggio, research professor of law and one of the founders of the journal Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought; Edith Efron, New York Times Magazine journalist, correspondent for Time and Life magazine and author of The News Twisters; George H. Smith, author of Atheism: The Case Against God; Tom Hazlett, professor of economics at the University of California Davis; Robert LeFevre, author, radio/TV personality and libertarian pacifist; Bernard Siegan, distinguished professor of law and author of Land Use Without Zoning; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor and editor of The Monist (1982-1992); Jack Wheeler, freelance adventurer and philosophy professor. Friday night's Tribute to Ayn Rand banquet featured two speakers honoring the famed novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter: Barbara Branden, writer and Ayn Rand confidante, and Ruth Beebe Hill, journalist and author of Hanta Yo. Objectivist and FOF Conference Co-manager Terry Diamond emceed. The H. L. Mencken Awards were presented by the Free Press Association, emceed by journalist, author, and broadcaster Jeff Riggenbach. The following people presented the awards: Michael Grossberg, arts reporter, theater critic and founder of the Free Press Association; Alan Bock, Orange County Register editorial writer; John Dentinger, contributor to Playboy and Reason magazines; Christine Dorffi, Reason magazine contributor There was a Saturday night film festival starting with Monty Python's Life of Brian, hosted by author and singer-composer Craig Franklin, and Mike Hall, Hollywood film-maker and national Libertarian Party leader. 1984's The Future of Freedom Conference steering committee was co-managed by Lawrence Samuels and Terry Diamond, with Treasurer Jane Heider-Samuels, Charles Curley, Melinda Hanson, and Howard Hinman. Staffers included Dean Steenson, Bruce Dovner, Michael Kember, Dan Twedt, Sandy Sisson, Carol Moore, Dave Stevens, Tim Kuklinsky, Janis Hunter, Marje Spencer, and Caroline Roper-Deyo. Rampart Institute, Society for Libertarian Life, and Cal State University, Long Beach Philosophy Association co-sponsored 1984's The Future of Freedom Conference. Lawrence Samuels' Athena Graphics in Santa Ana provided graphics. The Future of Freedom Conference (1985) With science fiction author Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury, highlighting the event, the 1985 FOF Conference was held at the Griswold Inn in Fullerton, California on Oct. 25, 26, 27 with "300 or so faithful libertarians. Main speakers included the following: Karl Hess, speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater and market anarchist; Jeff Riggenbach, journalist, author, and broadcaster; Scott McKeown, West Coast director of the Guardian Angels, a civilian crime-fighting group; Robert Poole, Jr., one of the founders and editor-in-chief of Reason magazine; Jeffery Roger Hummel, contributing editor of Free Texas and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas; Linda Abrams, constitutional attorney and member of the Rampart Institute board; David Ramsay Steele, former member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain and co-founder of the Libertarian Alliance in England; Wendy McElroy, author and individualist feminist; Robert LeFevre, founder of Rampart college and author of The Nature of Man and His Government; Barry Reid, founder of Eden Press; Dr. Robert Simon, Assistant Director of Emergency Medicine Residency at the University of California at Los Angeles. Debate: One of the most talked about events was a debate between a former member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain and co-founder of the Libertarian Alliance in England, David Ramsay Steele, and author, Objectivist, and atheist George H. Smith, on "Natural Rights: Do They Exist?" Moderated by the editorial-page editor of the Orange County Register, Alan Bock. Saturday night's banquet featured the Future of Freedom Award: Tribute to Karl Hess. A former editor of Newsweek and speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater and Vice President Nixon, Hess authored the 1969 award-winning Playboy article, "The Death of Politics." Presenters were Robert LeFevre, author of The Fundamentals of Liberty and Rampart College founder; John Pugsley, author of Common Sense Economics; and Alan Bock, editorial editor of the Orange County Register. The H. L. Mencken Awards - once referred to by Robert LeFevre as the "Libertarian Academy Award Show" or the "Menckies," - were presented by Free Press Association, co-hosted by arts reporter, theater critic and founder of the Free Press Association Michael Grossberg, and by journalist, author, and broadcaster, Jeff Riggenbach. The winners were as follows: David R. Henderson, Professor of Economics, Best News Story or Investigative Report for "The Myth of MITI"; Asa Barber, Best Feature Story or Essay for "Killing Us Softly With Their Song", published by Playboy magazine in 1984; Seymour Hersh, Best Book for The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, published by Summit Books; Sudha Shenoy, Best Editorial or Op-Ed Column for "Saving Wild Animals," distributed by the Institute for Human Studies. The film festival included the following:The Atomic Cafe; Ayn Rand's Last TV Interviews (Phil Donahue Show, 1979, and Tom Snyder's Tomorrow, (1980); Spartacus; Harry's War; Fahrenheit 451; The Scarecrow of Romney; Moscow on the Hudson; Rock N' Roll High School; Sleeper; Duck Soup; The Fountainhead; a documentary with short TV interviews of Robert Ringer, Tibor Machan, Murray Rothbard and Ed Clark; six episodes of the TV series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyPaul Jacob from Arkansas was scheduled to speak at the last-minute but had to cancel his speech. "Instead, he was convicted last July in federal court in Little Rock, Arkansas for failure to register with the Selective Service..." and "...was sentenced to six months in prison..." With a battered cassette player held high up to the microphone, conference manager Lawrence Samuels played the voice of draft resister Paul Jacob. The L.A. Times wrote that with the "shackled, outstretched hand-breaking the chain that had restrained it" (The Future of Freedom Conference logo) in the background, the "conference couldn't have asked for a more evocative image." The L.A. Times article also quoted Karl Hess definition of libertarianism as an ideology that simply states: "Thou shalt not aggress." 1985's The Future of Freedom Conference Steering Committee was Lawrence Samuels, manager; Michael Grossberg, banquet and workshop coordinator, Ken Royal, Terry Diamond, Jane Heider-Samuels, Charles Curley, Melinda Hanson, and Howard Hinman. Danny Tvedt and Dave Meleny video and audio taped the proceedings. Staffers included Michael Kimberly, Chris Hofland, Dagney Sharon, Marc Walozk, Linda Samuels, John Robertson, Sandra Lee, Sarah Foster, Tom Thomas and Henry and Rosemary Samuels. Rampart Institute and Society for Libertarian Life co-sponsored the conference, and Lawrence Samuels' Athena Graphics in Santa Ana provided graphics. The Future of Freedom Conference (1986) 1986's The Future of Freedom Conference was held at Pacific Hotel and Conference Center in Culver City, California, on November 7–9, 1986. Speakers in Room 1 included the following: Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, authors of Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach; Carol Moore, anti-war and war tax resistance activist; John Pugsley, author of best-seller Common Sense Economics and The Alpha Strategy: The Ultimate Plan of Financial Self-Defense for the Small Investor; Richard J. Maybury, author and economist; Vince Miller, founder of Libertarian International, later to become known as the International Society for Individual Liberty (ISIL); Fred Stitt, architect and editor of Guidelines newsletter; Richard B. Boddie, lawyer, adjunct professor in political science, and writer; Marshall Fritz, founder of Advocates for Self-Government and Alliance for the Separation of School and State; Alicia Clark, former national chair of the Libertarian Party; Jay Snelson, founder of the Free Market Society, lecturer and educator; Barbara Branden, a close confidant and author of The Passion of Ayn Rand; Prof. Joyce Shulman, psychotherapist; Prof. Lee M. Shulman, clinical psychologist; Kevin Cullinane, instructor for the Freedom Country seminars in South Carolina; Linda Abrams, constitutional attorney and member of the Rampart Institute board; Dr. Camille Castorina, associate professor of economics at Florida Institute of Technology; Charlotte Gerson. The following people were members of a panel discussions on sex and freedom: Norma Jean Almodovar, former policewoman turned prostitute and a sex workers activist; Richard B. Boddie, lawyer, adjunct professor in political science and writer; Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of Free Texas and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas; Fred Stitt, architect and editor of Guidelines.Friday night's banquet debate pitted President Reagan's senior speech writer Dana Rohrabacher against David Bergland, the 1984 Libertarian Party presidential candidate. The ensuing panel discussion on defense and foreign affairs included the following: Kevin Cullinane, the instructor for the Freedom Country seminars in South Carolina; John Hospers, USC professor of philosophy; Robert Poole, Jr., one of the founders and editor-in-chief of Reason magazine; Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of Free Texas and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas Speakers in Room 2 included the following: Jack Matonis, tax-resistance attorney and editor/publisher of The Newsletter for Citizens Strike; Ron Holland, financial expert, Austrian economist and author of The Threat to the Private Retirement System; Samuel E. Konkin III, agorist and market anarchist; Tonie Nathan, journalist, market consultant, and the first woman and first Jew to receive an electoral vote in a United States presidential election (1972); Tom Hazlett, professor of economics at UC Davis; John Hospers, USC philosophy professor and author of Libertarianism - A Political Philosophy for Tomorrow; Fred Stitt, architect and editor of Guidelines; Gary Hudson, aerospace engineer and designer of the Percheron 055, the first private space launcher in the U.S.; Walter Block, director of the Centre for the Study of Economics and Religion at the Fraser Institute in Canada and anarcho-libertarian theorist; Spencer H. MacCallum, social anthropologist, business consultant and author; Dennis Kamensky, Oakland Tribune columnist and author of Winning on Your Income Taxes; Mark A. Humphrey. Panels in Room 2 included the following: Are Religion and Libertarianism Compatible?Alan Bock, Orange County Register editorial writer; John Yench, journalist for Freedom Newspaper, Inc.; Marshall Fritz, founder of Advocates for Self-Government and Alliance for the Separation of School and State; Butler D. Shaffer, Southwestern University law professor in Los Angeles; Robert Poole, editor-in-chief of Reason magazine and author of Cutting Back City Hall.Another panel focused on doctors, lawyers, victims and the Justice System Ed Clark, Harvard Law School graduate, Libertarian Party candidate for U.S. president in 1980 and author of A New Beginning; Charlotte Gerson, an anesthesiologist on the staff at St. Luke's Hospital in San Gabriel, CA; Don Eric Franzen, a partner in a Los Angeles law firm specializing in constitutional law; Lewis Coleman.Jury Nullification and Pro Se: Freedom or FollyAttorney and Rampart Institute board member Dick Radford debated Bob Hallstrom, co-founder of the Barrister's Inn and sovereign citizen advocate. Panel Presentations in Room 3 included the following:Computers and Small Business EnterprisesKarl Hess, coordinator; Regina Liudzius, business litigation attorney; Jeff Riggenbach, journalist, author, and broadcaster; Alan Bock, Orange County Register editorial writer; John Dentinger, contributor to Playboy and Reason magazines; Jeffery Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of Free Texas and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas; Don Ernsberger and David Walter, co-founders of Society for Individual Liberty; Shawn Steel, attorney; Bob Hallstrom, sovereign citizen advocateFreeing the Terran Five BillionMark Eric Ely-Chaitelaine, a recent graduate from the University of Science and Philosophy in Virginia; Dagny Sharon, paralegal mediator; John Yench, journalist for Freedom Newspaper, Inc.; Chuck Hammill, Mensa member and author of From Crossbows to Cryptography: Thwarting the State Via Technology; Wayne Stimson 1986's The Future of Freedom Conference committee manager was Dagny Sharon, with assistance from Lawrence Samuels. The Summit87 and Future of Freedom Conference (1987) Called the Summit87 & FOFCON, the conference was held at the Pacific Hotel in Culver City, California November 13–15, 1987. Main speakers included the following: Marshal Fritz, founder/president of Advocates for Self-Government; David Bergland, law professor, attorney and author of Libertarianism in One Lesson; Barbara Branden, a close Rand confidante and author of The Passion of Ayn Rand; Peter Breggin, psychiatrist, novelist, and author of scientific books; L. Neil Smith, author of 13 science fiction novels, including The Probability Broach; Phillip Mitchel, author and clinical psychologist. 1987's Summit87 & FOF CON committee was managed by Marshall Fritz and sponsored by Advocates for Self-Government. The Future of Freedom and ISIL's 5th World Libertarian Conference (1990) Sponsored by the International Society for Individual Liberty (ISIL), the conference was held in San Francisco August 10–14, 1990. The keynote speaker was the 1976 Nobel-winning economist Milton Friedman, who delivered a speech on libertarianism and humility titled Say 'No' to Intolerance, arguing that, "I have no right to coerce someone else, because I cannot be sure that I'm right and he is wrong." Texas Congressman Dr. Ron Paul was another speaker. Other speakers included the following: Barbara Branden, a close Rand confidante and author of The Passion of Ayn Rand; Leon Louw, author and twice a Nobel Peace Prize nominee for his work to end Apartheid and defuse racial conflict in South Africa; Frances Kendall, co-author of two best-selling South African books; Richard L. Stroup, free-market environmentalist, professor of economics and director of the Office of Policy Analysis at the Department of Interior during the Reagan administration; Jane S. Shaw, journalist, environmentalist, and senior fellow of Property and Environment Research Center (PERC); Walter Block, director of the Centre for the Study of Economics and Religion at the Fraser Institute in Canada and anarcho-libertarian theorist and author of Defending the Undefendable; John Baden, co-author of Managing the Common and founder of Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment (FREE); Enrique Ghersi, Peruvian lawyer, professor, free market intellectual and a member of the Peruvian Parliament; Carl I. Hagen, Norwegian Member of Parliament and Progress Party leader; Petr Beckmann, scientist; Marshall Fritz, founder of Advocates for Self-Government; George H. Smith, historian and author of Atheism: The Case Against God; Dr. Peter Breggin, psychiatrist; Dr. Martin Krause, Argentine economist; Leonard Liggio, president of the Institute for Humane Studies; Robert Poole, privatization pioneer and founder of Reason Foundation; Jonathan Marshall, journalist with the San Francisco Chronicle; Robert Smith, environmental policy expert with Cato Institute; Bruce Evoy, founder of the Libertarian Party of Canada; Frank van Dun, law professor in the Netherlands; Jason Alexander, author. 1990's The Future of Freedom and ISIL's 5th World Libertarian Conference was organized by the following people: Vince Miller, president and co-founder of ISIL; Jim Elwood, vice president of ISIL; James Peron, co-author of Liberty Reclaimed: A New Look at American Politics''. Mr. Peron, the principal organizer of the event says it was not associated with Future of Freedom other than as a sponsor, along with Advocates for Self-Government and the ISIL conference. It was billed as the World Freedom Conference. Peron says, "As principal organizer with Vince's help, I planned the event. While ISIL, FofF and Advocates were asked to help promote the event they had no actual stake in the event." There was a Future of Freedom conference at Fort Mason, San Francisco one year earlier, however, which is not mentioned above. ISIL was formed in 1989 by the merger of the Society for Individual Liberty, founded in 1969 by Jarret Wollstein, Dave Walter and Don Ernsberger, and Libertarian International, co-founded by Vince Miller in 1980. References External links (Archive) Conferences in the United States 1969 establishments in California Libertarianism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeCe%20Moore

CeCe Moore

CeCe Moore (born January 15, 1969) has been described as America's foremost genetic genealogist. She has appeared as a guest on many TV shows and as a consultant on others such as Finding Your Roots. She has helped law enforcement agencies in identifying suspects in over 50 cold cases in one year using DNA and genetic genealogy. In May 2020, she began appearing in a prime time ABC television series called The Genetic Detective in which each episode recounts a cold case she helped solve. Background Moore was born in 1969 to Anthony Michael Moore (1935–2008) and Janis Proctor. She studied theatre, film, and vocal performance at the University of Southern California and appeared in commercials, directed and cast advertising campaigns (with her partner, later her husband, Lennart Martinson), as well as professional musical theatre shows such as The Fantasticks and West Side Story. Moore became interested in DNA genealogy in 2003. In 2009 while she was developing an advertisement for the company Family Tree DNA, where people upload their DNA data, she met genealogist Katherine Borges who was Director of ISOGG. Borges introduced her to a rival DNA company 23andMe and made Moore a leader of forum for people who wanted to know more about DNA genealogy. Moore became fascinated by the subject, taught herself about it, passed over her business projects to her husband Martinson and worked full-time on DNA genealogy. In 2012 she approached 23andMe to ask if she could put crime scene DNA into their DNA databases. 23andMe refused but, later in 2018, she was able to use the DNA databases of GEDmatch and Family Tree DNA. She has appeared as a guest on TV shows such as Finding Your Roots, 20/20, The Doctors, The Dr. Oz Show, CBS This Morning, The Today Show, Good Morning America and CBS 60 Minutes. She is the genetic genealogy expert for Finding Your Roots and Genealogy Roadshow and heads the Parabon NanoLabs genetic genealogical unit. Human identification cases Moore has been a key player in a number of human identification cases. In 2014, she was the genetic genealogist who worked with the Branum family on the Thomas Ray Lippert University of Utah artificial insemination sperm swap case. Paul Fronczak was a newborn who was kidnapped from his mother's arms by a woman posing as a nurse in a Chicago hospital in 1964 and believed to have been returned to his natural parents in 1966. In 2015, Moore's team of genetic genealogists uncovered the true identity of the man raised as Paul Fronczak. Using the methods Moore uses for birth parent search in adoption, it was discovered that his real name is Jack Rosenthal and he has a missing twin named Jill. The real Paul Fronczak was found living in Michigan in 2019. In 2015, Moore and a team of researchers established the true identity of amnesiac Benjaman Kyle as William Burgess Powell. In 2004, Kyle had been found outside a Burger King in Georgia; doctors determined he suffered from dissociative amnesia. For 11 years neither Kyle nor law enforcement assisting in his case knew his true identity, which he was able to later reclaim. Moore works with adults who were abandoned as babies to identify their biological identities. The birth parents of California foundling Kayla Tovo were identified, as were the birth parents of the Los Angeles area three half-sibling foundlings who were featured on 20/20 in May 2016, and the birth parents of the Tulsa Fairgrounds foundling "May Belle" aka Amy Cox, as featured on The Dr. Oz Show in October 2016. As a genetic genealogy researcher for the PBS series Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., in 2015 Moore made the discovery that LL Cool J's mother was adopted. Through analysis of his DNA, she was able to identify his biological grandparents and introduce him to his 90-year old biological maternal grandmother. Projects Family research Moore founded a Facebook group called DNA Detectives Facebook group for adoptees and others of unknown parentage trying to use DNA to help identify birth family. In 2022, this Facebook page had 170,000 followers. As a result of discovering that her brother-in-law is a direct descendant of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings after a 23andMe test revealed unexpected African ancestry, Moore founded the Hemings/Jefferson Autosomal DNA Project. Criminal investigations In 2018 Moore joined Parabon NanoLabs as head of their genetic genealogy unit and had three female genealogists working for her. Parabon investigates cold cases using genetic genealogy. In September 2018 Moore said she was able to solve about half of the cases on which she was working. In February 2019 she was optimistic that most cold cases could be solved using public DNA data in a few years. However, in May 2019, GEDmatch, the DNA database that she had mostly used to solve cold cases, changed its privacy rules so that it became much more difficult to solve cold cases. Moore said "Whatever one thinks about this decision, it is inarguable that it is a setback for justice and victims and their families." In January 2022 she said they had solved more than 150 cases. Case results 2018 Her first case helped lead to the arrest in 2018 of William Earl Talbott II for the murders of Jay Cook and Tanya Van Cuylenborg in Washington state in 1987. He pled not guilty but in June 2019, he was found guilty of two counts of aggravated first-degree murder and sentenced to two life sentences. In December 2021 Talbott's conviction was overturned by an Appeals Court because one of the jurors was biased. The genetic genealogy was not questioned. In 2018, she helped the police arrest Raymond Rowe for the 1992 sexual assault and murder of the 25-year-old schoolteacher Christy Mirack in East Lampeter Township, Pennsylvania. Rowe confessed and was sentenced to life without parole. She also helped lead the police to arrest Gary Hartman, a suspect for the 1986 rape and murder of a 12-year-old child, Michella Welch in Tacoma, Washington. In 2019, Washington state passed "Jennifer and Michella's law" named after Welch and Jennifer Bastian, a 13-year-old girl also murdered in 1986. This law allowed police more latitude in taking DNA samples from convicted sex offenders. She also helped identify the murderer in a 1981 stabbing and strangulation of 40-year-old realtor Virginia Freeman in Brazos County, Texas as James Otto Earhart who had been executed in 1999 for the murder of nine-year-old Kandy Kirtland in 1987. Earhart's body was exhumed and a DNA match made between evidence at the crime scene and between him and his son. Earhart was also suspected of having murdered 51-year-old Ruth Richardson Green in 1986. Also in 2018, she helped police find John D. Miller, the murderer of April Marie Tinsley, an eight-year-old girl who was raped and strangled in 1988 near Fort Wayne, Indiana. Miller confessed to the crime after he was arrested and was sentenced to 80 years in jail. In 2018, Matthew Dusseault and Tyler Grenon were arrested as suspects in the 2016 murder by stabbing of Constance Gauthier, an 81-year-old woman in Woonsocket, Rhode Island in a case assisted by Moore and Parabon. The charges against Grenon were later dismissed. In 2018, Moore and Parabon helped police with the arrest of Spencer Glen Monnett who was charged with the rape, burglary and assault of a 79-year-old woman in St. George, Utah in 2018. Monnett pled guilty and was sentenced to a minimum of six years in jail, although the Board of Pardons could require he serve his entire life as the maximum sentence. She also helped the police with the 2018 arrest of Darold Wayne Bowden in connection with the six rapes in Fayetteville, North Carolina from 2006 to 2008 (called the Ramsey Street Rapist). Bowden was also a suspect for two other rape cases from 1998 to 2012. Moore helped with the arrest of Michael Henslick in 2018 for the murder of 22-year-old Holly Cassano in 2009 in Champaign, Illinois. Henslick was convicted and sentenced to life without parole. She also assisted with the identification of Marlon Michael Alexander for a series of rapes that took place from 2007–2011 in Montgomery County, Maryland. Alexander confessed and was sentenced to life in jail. Moore helped with the arrest and conviction of Luke Fleming for the 1999 rape and murder of 47-year-old Deborah Dalzell in Sarasota, Florida. Fleming was given two life sentences. Moore identified Robert Eugene Brashers (who committed suicide in 1999) as the man who raped and murdered 28 year old Genevieve Zitricki in Greenville, South Carolina in 1990 and murdered 12-year old Megan Scherer and her mother 38-year-old Sherri Scherer in Portageville, Missouri in 1998. She also helped police with the arrest in October 2018 of Michael Wayne Devaughn for the 1990 'Labor Day Murder' of 65-year-old Betty Jones, and the rape of 81-year-old Kathryn Crigler in Starkville, Mississippi. In November 2018, she helped the Fulton County, Georgia police with the arrest of Jerry Lee in Alabama for the 1997 murder of 28-year-old Lorrie Ann Smith. She helped the Orlando, Florida police with the arrest of Benjamin Holmes for the 2001 armed robbery and murder of 25-year-old college student Christine Franke. Eleanor Holmes, the suspect's mother, complained that police had obtained her DNA by deceit. She also helped the Santa Clara, California police with the arrest of John Arthur Getreu for the murder by strangulation of 21-year-old Stanford University graduate Leslie Marie Perlov in 1973. Getrue was later also charged with the 1974 killing by strangulation of another victim, 21-year-old Janet Taylor in Palo Alto, California. In December 2018, Moore's genetic genealogy unit was instrumental in the arrest and conviction of Jerry Lynn Burns for the murder by stabbing 39 years before, of 18 year old Michelle Martinko in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Burns was sentenced to life without parole. 2019 In January 2019, Moore's group at Parabon identified William Louis Nichols as the violent rapist of a 12-year-old girl in Hernando County, Florida in 1983 using genetic genealogy. However, Nichols had already died in 1998. Moore's genetic genealogy group at Parabon also helped with the arrests in January 2019 of Russell Anthony Guerrero for the murder of 30-year-old Jack Upton, 28 years before in Fremont, California. She helped with the arrest of Zachary Bunney for the murder by stabbing with a machete of Scott Martinez in 2006 in La Mesa, California. Bunney was convicted and sentenced to 12 years in jail. In January 2019, Moore's group identified Jerry Walter McFadden as the murderer and rapist of 20-year-old Anna Marie Hlavka in Portland, Oregon in 1979. However, McFadden had already been executed for murder and rape in Texas in 1999. In February 2019, Moore's team helped the Alaska police with the arrest of Stephen H. Downs in Maine for the murder of 20-year-old University of Alaska student Sophie Sergie in Fairbanks, Alaska in 1993. In February 2019, her team helped Virginia police with the arrest of Jesse Bjerke for the rape of a 24-year-old female lifeguard at gunpoint in Alexandria, Virginia in 2016. Bjerke confessed to the rape and was sentenced to 65 years in jail. She helped California police with the arrest of James Alan Neal for the 1973 abduction and murder by strangulation of 11-year-old schoolgirl Linda O'Keefe in Newport Beach, California. Her team lead California police to identify Joseph Holt as the perpetrator of the sexual aggression and murder of both 27-year-old Brynn Rainey in 1977 and 16-year-old Carol Andersen 1979 near South Lake Tahoe, California. However, Holt had already died in 2014. Her team helped with the arrest in March 2019 of Thomas Lewis Garner as a suspect in the 1984 beating and death by strangulation in Sanford, Florida, of 25-year-old Pamela Cahanes who had just graduated from US Naval basic training. Also in March 2019, her team helped police with the arrest of Raymond L. Vannieuwenhoven charged with the murder of 25-year-old David Schuldes and the sexual aggression and murder of Schuldes fiancée 24-year-old Ellen Matheys in 1976 in Silver Cliff, Wisconsin. In August 2021 he was sentenced to two life sentences. She helped identify Kenneth Earl Day as the person who raped a 53-year-old woman in 1989 and raped and murdered 44-year-old Le Bich-Thuy in 1994 in Rockville, West Virginia. However, Day had already died in 2017 at the age of 52. Also in March 2019, Moore's team at Parabon helped Alabama Police with the arrest of a truck driver and preacher with no criminal record, Coley McCraney, who was charged with the murder of two teenage girls, Tracie Hawlett and J.B. Beasley, in Ozark, Alabama in 1999. Her team also helped Montana police identify Cecil Stan Caldwell as the prime suspect in the rape and murder of 24-year-old Linda Bernhardt and the murder of her husband 24-year-old Clifford Bernhardt in Billings, Montana in 1973. However, Caldwell (a co-worker of Linda Bernhardt) had already died in 2003. In March 2019, Moore's team identified a body which had been found beside the James River in 2016 as Hassan A. Alkebu-Lan of Richmond, Virginia using genetic genealogy. Police did not suspect this was a crime scene. In May 2019, Moore's team at Parabon assisted police with the arrest of Richard E. Knapp charged with the rape and murder of 26-year-old Audrey Frasier in 1994 in Vancouver, Washington. Her team helped identify Jeffrey Hand as the killer of 19-year-old Indiana State University student Pam Milam who was raped and strangled in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1972. However, Hand had already died in 1978. Brian Leigh Dripps confessed to the sexual assault and murder by stabbing of 18-year-old Angie Dodge in 1996 after Idaho Falls, Idaho Police charged him in May 2019. Moore had helped police investigate this case in which other men had previously been targeted by the police. One man, Christopher Tapp, had been sentenced to 20 years in prison for the crime. Tapp was exonerated. Moore said "...to exonerate Christopher Tapp is the thing I am most proud of." Johnnie B. Green, Jr., was arrested and accused of nine rapes during the period from June 2009 to December 2010. Police in Fayetteville, North Carolina, credited Moore's Parabon team for its genetic genealogy assistance. Frank Edward Wypych was identified as being responsible for the murder and sexual assault of Susan Galvin in 1967 in Seattle, Washington. However Wypych died in 1987. His body was exhumed and his DNA extracted to verify the identification, which was announced on May 7, 2019. This was the oldest cold-case (52 years) to be solved by Moore's team using genetic genealogy to-date. Roger Hearne Kelso was identified in June 2019 as the homicide victim found inside a trash can during building excavation in 1985 in Anne Arundel County, Maryland using Parabon's genetic genealogy unit. Kelso was last seen in 1962. The perpetrator was not identified. In July 2019, Moore's team from DNA Detectives helped Riverside, California police identify a non-verbal man who had been found unconscious at Christmas 2018. The Steuben County Indiana police announced in July 2019 that, with the help of Parabon Nanolabs, they had identified the body of a woman found near Angola, Indiana in 1999. The woman was named as Tina L. Cabanaw, from Detroit. The cause of death was described as highly suspicious and undetermined. In August 2019, Ivan Keith was arrested in Seal Cove, Maine and charged with five counts of aggravated rape in the 1990s in Massachusetts. Keith had a history of sexual offences. Parabon had assisted police by used genetic genealogy to identify Keith as a suspect. Donald McQuade was arrested in September 2019 in Gresham, Oregon and charged with first and second-degree murder of 16-year-old Shelley Connolly in 1978 in Anchorage, Alaska. Connolly had been beaten, raped, dragged from a moving car and thrown over an embankment. She had tried to crawl out of the embankment but had died in the cold of the Alaskan winter. Moore's team at Parabon had helped local police using genetic genealogy and DNA from under Connolly's nails and on her body. 11-year-old Terri Lynn Hollis was sexually assaulted and murdered by strangulation in 1972 in Torrance, California. In 2019, Cece Moore and her team at Parabon helped police identify Jake Edward Brown as the possible killer. Brown had died in Arizona in 2003 but police exhumed his body and confirmed that his DNA was a match from the murder scene. Brown had been arrested for rapes in 1973 and 1974 and had served time in jail after Hollis' murder. In September 2019, Moore's team helped Florida police with the arrest of Robert Hayes who was charged with the murder of 35-year-old Rachel Bay in March 2006 in Palm Beach County, Florida; DNA from Bay's murder scene matched DNA from a cigarette that Hayes had discarded. Hayes was also charged in November 2019 with the murders of Laquetta Gunther, Julie Green and Iwana Patton in a December 2005 - February 2006 time period in Daytona Beach. Jeffrey King was indicted by a grand jury in September 2019 for the rape of a 22-year-old woman at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, in 1993. In October 2019 King turned himself in to the police. Moore and Parabon had used genetic genealogy to assist the police in this case. In September 2019, Moore and Parabon helped Colorado police identify Donald Steven Perea as the murderer of 18-year-old hitchhiker Jeannie Marie Moore in 1981 in Genesee Park, Jefferson County, Colorado. Perea had already died in 2012 and had served time in prison for rape from 1982–1985. In October 2019, Moore and Parabon helped police identify the remains of the body of a murdered teenage girl nicknamed 'The Fly Creek Girl' found in 1980 near Amboy, Washington. The girl, Sandra Morden, was born in 1962 and police believed she was murdered in 1977 or 1978. 19-year-old Mason Alexander Hall was charged in October 2019 with the violent rape at gunpoint of a 19-year-old woman in Norristown Farm Park, Pennsylvania in 2017. Hall was already in custody in 2019 for vandalizing a car and the DNA from his blood from this crime scene was a match for the DNA from the 2017 rape case. Parabon's genetic genealogy had pointed police to local suspects for this case, one of which was Hall. Hall was held on $1 million bail. In November 2019, Moore and her team at Parabon were instrumental in helping police arrest Giles Daniel Warrick who was charged with murder and ten rapes in Montgomery county, Maryland and Washington DC in the 1990s (The Potomac River Rapist). Salisbury, North Carolina police announced in December 2019 that, with the help of Parabon, they believed they had identified Curtis Edward Blair as the killer of 15-year-old Reesa Dawn Trexler. She was found nude in her bedroom with several stab wounds in her neck and upper chest in 1984. Blair had already died in 2004 but his body was exhumed for DNA examination and police considered the case closed. Moore and Parabon helped Oak Ridge North, Texas police with the murder of Subir Chatterjee in 2002. Based on genetic genealogy and detective work, police arrested Martin Isaac Tellez in December 2019 and charged him with capital murder in Chatterjee's death. In December 2019, Fort Worth, Texas police announced they believed they had identified James Francis McNichols as the murderer of 11-year-old Julie Fuller in 1983 with the help of Moore's team. However, McNichols had already died in 2004. In December 2019, Moore, Parabon and United Data Connect helped Douglas County, Colorado police with the arrest of James Curtis Clanton for the rape and murder of 21-year-old Helene Pruszynski. Pruszynski, a radio station intern and a Massachusetts college student, was found dead in a field in 1980, naked, with her hands tied behind her back and with nine stab wounds. Moore and Parabon helped Fremont California police in December 2019 identify Charles Hudspeth as the killer of 16-year-old cousins Jeffrey Flores Atup and Mary Jane Malatag in 1982. However, Hudspeth had already died in 1999. His body was exhumed and was a match for DNA from the crime scene. With the help of Moore's genetic genealogy team, Florida police arrested Joseph Mills in December 2019 and charged him with the rape and murder by strangulation of Linda Patterson Slaten in Lakeland, Florida in 1981. Mills was Slaten's son's football coach. In December 2019, Moore and Parabon helped Parker County, Texas Police identify the remains of a young man murdered in 1984 and found in a shallow grave beside the road as 22-year-old William "Billy" Fiegener. Police later identified Forrest Ethington, who had already died of a heart attack, as the suspected killer. 2020 In January 2020, DuPage County, Illinois Police announced they had identified the killer and rapist of 16-year-old Pamela Maurer in 1976 with the help of Parabon's genetic genealogy team. The killer was Bruce Lindahl who had died in 1981 and was suspected of being a serial killer. Lindahl's body was exhumed to confirm a DNA match. In February 2020, Parabon's genetic genealogy team helped Montgomery County, Maryland police identify Hans Alejandro Huitz as a suspect in the killing of James Kweku Essel in 1992. However, when police approached Huitz to arrest him, Huitz pulled a gun and was shot dead by the police. Also in February 2020, Dekalb County, Illinois police announced they had arrested Jonathan Hurst and charged him with the murder of Patricia Wilson, 85, and her son Robert Wilson, 64, in Sycamore, Illinois in 2016. Moore and her team at Parabon had helped police with the case. Vallejo, California police said in February 2020, with the help of Parabon's genetic genealogy unit, they had identified the likely killer of 57 year old Naomi Sanders who was raped and strangled in 1973. However, the suspect, Robert Dale Edwards (whose father had worked with Sanders), had already died from a drug overdose in 1973. In March 2020, it was reported that Parabon had helped Phoenix, Arizona police identify the body of young woman found in 1983 (Pinal County Jane Doe 1983) as Peggy Elgo, a member of the San Carlos Apache tribe. Pensacola, Florida police arrested Daniel Leonard Wells in March 2020 and charged him with the sexual assault and murder by strangulation of 23-year-old Tonya Ethridge McKinley in 1985. Moore's team had helped the police using genetic genealogy. The police said DNA from Wells's discarded cigarette matched semen from the crime scene. The murderer and rapist of 12-year-old Marsi Belecz in Spokane, Washington in 1985 was identified as Clayton Carl Giese with the help of Moore's team at Parabon. Giese had died in a car accident but police exhumed his body which was a DNA match with semen from the dead girl's body. In April 2020, Moore's team helped Delaware County, Ohio police find Daniel Alan Anderson as the suspected killer of 15-year-old John Muncy whose body was found dismembered by the side of a road in 1983. However, Anderson had already died in 2013. Santa Fe, New Mexico police arrested Joseph Matthew Gregory Jones in May 2020 and charged him with the murder by shooting of Robert J. Romero in July 2018. Moore's team at Parabon had helped local police narrow down the list of suspects. In June 2020, it was announced that Moore's team at Parabon helped police identify the murderer of 47-year-old realtor Carolyn Cox Rose in 1978 in Escambia County, Florida. However the perpetrator, Julius William Hill, Jr, had already died in prison in 2007 while serving a 30-year sentence for two bank robberies. Tulsa, Oklahoma police arrested Leroy Jamal Smith in June 2020 and charged him with five rapes between 1993-1995 of women aged 19–40 years old. Moore's team at Parabon had helped police with the case. Moore's team at Parabon helped Chisholm, Minnesota police and the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension with the arrest in July 2020 of Michael Allan Carbo Jr for the murder of 38-year-old Nancy Daugherty of Chisholm, Minnesota. Daugherty was sexually assaulted, beaten and murdered at her house in 1986. In July 2020, Alan Edward Dean was arrested by Snohomish County, Washington police and charged with the sexual assault and murder of 15-year-old Melissa Lee of Bothell, Washington in 1993. Moore's team at Parabon had helped with the case. In August 2020, the Alaska Department of Public Safety announced that, with the help of Parabon, they had solved murder case of 17-year-old Jessica Baggen who was raped and strangled in Sitka, Alaska in 1996. Genetic genealogy pointed to Steve Branch who had been living Sitka in 1996. When approached by Alaskan police and asked for a DNA sample, Branch shot himself dead. Richard Bingham had been arrested and falsely accused of the murder in 1996. Steven Ray Hessler was arrested by in August 2020 and charged with multiple cases of sexual assault and burglary between 1982 and 1985 in Shelby county, Indiana. Moore's team at Parabon had helped Indiana police narrow down suspects to Hessler or a relative. In 1986 the remains of a murdered teenage girl were found in a landfill in Chesterfield, Virginia. In August 2020 Moore's team at Parabon helped local police identify her as 16-year-old Christy Lynn Floyd who had lived in Richmond, Virginia. In September 2020 Shane Boice plead guilty to raping a 33-year-old woman in 2012 in Belle Fourche, South Dakota. Moore's team at Parabon had helped identify Boice. The remains of a partial human skull and bone fragments were found near Government Camp, Oregon by US Forest Service workers in 1986. Date of death was estimated to be 1976. In October 2020 the Clackamas County, Oregon, Police announced that, with the help of Moore's team at Parabon, they had identified the skull as belonging to Wanda Ann Herr who was 19 in 1976. In November 2020, Winston Corbett was convicted of the murder of professor James Miller and attempted murder of Linda Miller in October 2011 in Elkhart, Indiana. Moore's team at Parabon helped police identify Corbett with genetic genealogy. Also in November 2020, with the help of Moore, Westminster, California police charged Aryan Vito Smith with the murder by stabbing of 22-year-old Treeanna Nichols in the Westminster Quality Inn in 2018. 19-year-old Deborah Tomlinson was found bound, sexually assaulted, and strangled to death in an apartment complex in Grand Junction, Colorado in 1975. With the help of Parabon, police announced in December 2020 that they solved the case, and named the murderer as Jimmie Dean Duncan who had died in 1987. Colorado Springs, Colorado police said in December 2020 that they were confident that they had identified Ricky Severt as the murderer of 23-year old Jennifer Watkins in 1999 with the help of Moore. Watkins was found dead, wrapped in plastic, and bound with duct tape in a stairwell in the hospital where she worked. Severt was a maintenance worker in the hospital at the time of the murder but had died in a car accident in 2001. James Byrd was arrested in December 2020 and charged with armed kidnapping and sexual battery of a 22-year-old woman in Tampa Bay, Florida in 1998. Parabon had helped with the case. Two other rape cases in 1999 matched Byrd's DNA. 2021 David Lee Blair was arrested by Pasquotank police in January 2021 and charged with the murder of 74-year-old George Washington Price Jr. in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2016. Price had died from multiple stab wounds. Moore's team at Parabon had helped with this case. In Fort Myers, Florida, in 1984, 31-year-old Claretha Gibbs died from gunshot wounds to the abdomen. From DNA found at the scene, Moore's team were able to identify James Glen Drinnon of Okeechobee, Florida as a likely suspect. Police interrogated Drinnon on January 13, 2021 when he confessed to the murder. On January 18, 2021 Drinnon died at his home. Robert Plympton was charged in June 2021 with the rape and murder of 19-year-old Barbara Mae Tucker in Gresham, Oregon in 1980. Tucker had been walking towards the Gresham Mount Hood Community College when she was raped and beaten to death. Moore and her team had helped Gresham police with this case. In August 2021 Bruce A. Cymanski was arrested and charged with the kidnapping, sexual assault and murder of 17-year old Nancy Noga, a senior in high school in Sayreville, New Jersey in 1999. CeCe Moore and her team had been instrumental in helping local police identify Cymanski. In August 2021, Moore helped Newport Beach, California police identify Kenneth Elwin Marks as the likely murderer of 42-year-old Judith Nesbitt in 1980. Nesbitt had been showing her family's boat to a likely buyer. After a violent struggle she was robbed and shot. DNA had been extracted from the roots of hair found at the scene, a procedure thought to have been impossible before this case. Marks had died in 1999 and police considered this case to be solved. References External links Raffi Khatchadourian, "Family Secrets", profile of Moore in The New Yorker, Nov 22, 2021 The DNA Detectives, Moore's website DNA Detectives Facebook group CeCe Moore - Genetic Genealogist Facebook Page CeCe Moore Twitter Your Genetic Genealogist, Moore's blog 1969 births American actresses American genealogists American stage actresses Living people People from California Place of birth missing (living people) University of Southern California alumni 21st-century American women

45124372

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonestreet%3A%20Who%20Killed%20the%20Centerfold%20Model%3F

Stonestreet: Who Killed the Centerfold Model?

Stonestreet: Who Killed the Centerfold Model? is a 1977 American made-for-television mystery-crime drama film starring Barbara Eden, directed by Russ Mayberry from a teleplay written by Leslie Stevens and produced as a pilot for a proposed television series that was not picked up by the network. The film originally premiered as the NBC Movie of the Week on January 16, 1977. Plot summary Liz Stonestreet (Barbara Eden) is a private investigator whose late husband, a police detective, was killed in the line of duty and she becomes a policewoman to keep his beliefs about law and order alive. Stonestreet is hired by Mrs. Shroeder (Louise Latham) to locate her son, Eddie (James Ingersoli), a small-time hoodlum who has been missing for eight days. Liz goes undercover as an usher at a porno theatre where Eddie worked and discovers in his locker a pair of expensive diamond earrings and newspaper clippings about a missing heiress, Amory Osborn (Ann Dusenberry), the niece of Elliott Osborn (Richard Basehart), a rich and powerful business leader. Despite advice from her boss Max Pierce (Joseph Mascolo) that her suspicions are unfounded, Stonestreet pursues the investigation in an attempt to find the link between Shroeder and the heiress. Cast Barbara Eden as Liz Stonestreet Joseph Mascolo as Max Pierce Joan Hackett as Jessica Hilliard Richard Basehart as Elliott Osborn Louise Latham as Mrs. Shroeder Elaine Giftos as Arlene Ann Dusenberry as Amory Osborn James Ingersoll as Eddie Shroeder Robert Burton as Dale Anderson Release Stonestreet: Who Killed the Centerfold Model? has never been released on any format in the United States. The film aired on NBC on January 16, 1977. Stonestreet: Who Killed the Centerfold Model? was released on DVD in region 4. References External links Archive of American Television interview – Barbara Eden discusses the filming of Stonestreet 1977 television films 1977 films 1977 crime drama films American films American mystery drama films American crime drama films English-language films NBC network original films Films scored by Patrick Williams Television films as pilots Television pilots not picked up as a series Films directed by Russ Mayberry

45244713

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%201923

March 1923

The following events occurred in March 1923: March 1, 1923 (Thursday) France and Belgium imposed the death penalty on anyone in occupied Germany sabotaging transport lines. Judgement is delivered in the Stopes v Sutherland libel trial in the High Court, London. The defendant, Dr Halliday Sutherland, successfully defeated the libel action brought by Marie Stopes. Pola Negri released a written statement saying she was breaking off her engagement to Charlie Chaplin. "I consider I am too poor to marry Charlie Chaplin", the statement read. "He needs to marry a wealthy woman, and he should have no difficulty in finding one in the United States – the richest and most beautiful country in the world." March 2, 1923 (Friday) The U.S. Senate began an investigation into the possibly criminal activities of Charles R. Forbes at U.S. Veterans' Bureau. Pola Negri made another announcement saying a reconciliation with Charlie Chaplin had been effected. "We have made up. I believe that it is what you call it here in America", she stated. March 3, 1923 (Saturday) The U.S. Senate rejected President Warren G. Harding's proposal to join the World Court. This is the cover date (not necessarily the publication date) of the first issue of Time magazine. Retired U.S. Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon was on the cover. Born: Doc Watson, folk musician, in Deep Gap, North Carolina (d. 2012) March 4, 1923 (Sunday) A lengthy article titled "Better Fewer, But Better" by Vladimir Lenin was published in Pravda. In it, he wrote that global revolution was inevitable because Eastern countries like Russia, India and China accounted for the overwhelming majority of the world's population, but the victory of socialism may have to wait until they were sufficiently educated and developed. President Harding signed the Agricultural Credits Act, providing for the establishment of regional banks to provide loans to farm cooperative associations from which farmers could borrow. IK Göta defeated Djurgårdens IF, 3 to 0, to win the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship. The Anti-Flirt Club, whose purpose was to protect young women and girls from unwelcome attention from men, launched "Anti-Flirt Week". Born: Patrick Moore, astronomer, in Pinner, England (d. 2012); Piero D'Inzeo, Olympic show jumping rider, in Rome (d. 2014) March 5, 1923 (Monday) Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister Georgy Chicherin delivered a note of protest to Finnish ambassador Antti Hackzell protesting Finland's negotiations with the League of Nations over the Karelia region, which the Soviets saw as theirs. Born: Laurence Tisch, businessman and CEO of the CBS television network, in Brooklyn, New York (d. 2003) March 6, 1923 (Tuesday) The Egyptian Feminist Union (Arabic: الاتحاد النسائي المصري), the first nationwide feminist movement in Egypt, was founded at the home of activist Huda Sha'arawi. German Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno told the Reichstag that Germany would not enter direct negotiations with France over the reparations issue, but would do so through a third party. The Halibut Treaty was signed between the United States and Canada. It was the first time Canada had ever signed a treaty with a foreign nation without involving a representative from Britain. The government of British Prime Minister Bonar Law was pressured by the opposition to take a more definite stand on the issue of France's policy toward the Ruhr region. Societa Anonima Telefónica Veneta, a predecessor for part of Telecom Italia was founded in Venice, Italy. Born: Ed McMahon, television personality, in Detroit, Michigan (d. 2009); Wes Montgomery, jazz guitarist, in Indianapolis, Indiana (d. 1968) Died: Joseph McDermott, 44, American film actor March 7, 1923 (Wednesday) Adolf Hitler told the Chicago Tribune that he would support Henry Ford if he ran for President of the United States, though he denied that the Nazi Party had received any financial backing from Ford. The Nazis had established a large organization in Munich sending out reproductions of antisemitic writings first published in the Ford-owned newspaper The Dearborn Independent. Neville Chamberlain was appointed Britain's Minister of Health. VIAG, as predecessor of E.ON, an electric utility brand in Europe, founded in Munich, Germany. Born: Mahlon Clark, musician, in Portsmouth, Virginia (d. 2007) March 8, 1923 (Thursday) The short comedy film The Love Nest starring Buster Keaton was released. It was the final short film of Keaton's silent-era career as he would concentrate on feature-length movies over the next decade. Born: Louk Hulsman, legal scientist and criminologist, in Kerkrade, Netherlands (d. 2009) Died: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, 85, Dutch physicist and Nobel Prize laureate March 9, 1923 (Friday) Vladimir Lenin suffered his third stroke in less than a year, depriving him of the ability to speak and effectively ending his political career, though he remained the official leader of the Communist Party until his death. Thirty policemen in New York City were exposed as members of the Ku Klux Klan. The first bill ever introduced by a woman in the British House of Commons was carried, 338 to 56. It was Lady Astor's bill forbidding the sale of alcohol for consumption on the premises to persons under 18 years of age. The previous law allowed sales of beer to 14-year-olds and spirits to those of 16. Born: James L. Buckley, senator and judge, in New York City (alive in 2021); Walter Kohn, physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in Vienna, Austria (d. 2016) March 10, 1923 (Saturday) Two French officials (an army officer and a railway chief) were found murdered near occupied Buer, Germany. The Villarreal football club was founded in Spain. Born: Val Logsdon Fitch, nuclear physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, in Merriman, Nebraska March 11, 1923 (Sunday) 98 men and women associated with the cause of Éamon de Valera who had been rounded up in England and Scotland were deported on a British cruiser from Liverpool to Dublin. Sweden won the Ice Hockey European Championship, finishing with a perfect 4–0 record. Died: Karl von Müller, 49, German naval captain March 12, 1923 (Monday) 7 were killed and 13 wounded in fresh clashes between French troops and German civilians in the occupied Ruhr region following the murder of the two French officials. The trial of William Z. Foster began in St. Joseph, Michigan with jury selection. Foster was accused of being a communist who violated the state law against taking actions involving "criminal syndicalism". Born: Hjalmar Andersen, Olympic speed skater, in Rødøy, Norway (d. 2013); Wally Schirra, astronaut, in La Jolla, California (d. 2007); Mae Young, professional wrestler, in Sand Springs, Oklahoma (d. 2014) March 13, 1923 (Tuesday) French Minister of War André Maginot announced that another 15,000 troops would be sent into the Ruhr and Rhineland. The Soviet Union first publicized the recent stroke suffered by Vladimir Lenin but described his condition as "satisfactory". A $50,000 paternity suit was brought against Babe Ruth by a 19-year-old Manhattan woman. March 14, 1923 (Wednesday) Rudolph Valentino and Natacha Rambova were legally remarried in Crown Point, Indiana. Pete Parker called the play-by-play of the first ice hockey game ever broadcast on the radio in its entirety, between the Regina Capitals and the Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League. Born: Diane Arbus, photographer, in New York City (d. 1971) Died Charlie Daly, 25, executed Irish Republican March 15, 1923 (Thursday) Germany offered 20 billion gold marks to end the occupation of the Ruhr. The prosecution made its opening argument in the trial of William Z. Foster. State Attorney Assistant General O.L. Smith declared that the state would show that Foster had assisted the Communist Party, which promoted "crime, sabotage, violence", and other forms of terrorism. Defense attorney Frank P. Walsh countered that the evidence would show that Foster did not attend the Bridgman Convention as a communist, and that the convention was held by the Communist Party for the express purpose of voting on whether or not to abandon its underground status and become a public organization. March 16, 1923 (Friday) An Irish Republican Army manifesto threatened to bomb the La Scala Opera House in Dublin if the St. Patrick's Day boxing championship bout between Mike McTigue and Battling Siki went forward. The Western film The Covered Wagon premiered at the Criterion Theatre in New York City. March 17, 1923 (Saturday) Mike McTigue beat Battling Siki to win boxing's World Light Heavyweight Championship by 20-round decision at La Scala Opera House in Dublin, Ireland. The police presence was heavy due to the bomb threat, and one exploded near the venue as the boxers were entering the ring. Two children were injured and nearby windows were blown out by the blast. U.S. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty announced that President Warren G. Harding would run for re-election in 1924, barring unforeseen ill health. Aeroflot, a flag carrier of Russia and the former Soviet Union, was founded. Born: Tony Leswick, ice hockey player, in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada (d. 2001) March 18, 1923 (Sunday) Unconfirmed reports claimed that Vladimir Lenin had died. Moscow issued a bulletin which denied the reports and said his health was improving. The New York Times published an interview with George Mallory in which he was asked why he wanted to climb Mount Everest. He famously answered, "because it is there." The film The Isle of Lost Ships was released. March 19, 1923 (Monday) In Egypt, Lord Carnarvon became seriously ill from a mosquito bite, probably from blood poisoning. Born: Henry Morgentaler, Polish-born Canadian physician, in Łódź (d. 2013) March 20, 1923 (Tuesday) A representative for the German Ministry of Finance said that hyperinflation and the occupation of the Ruhr had made it impossible to manage the country's finances, with the budget for 1922–23 showing a deficit of 7.1 trillion marks. The Soviet Union announced that it was sending 70,000 tons of grain to help workers in the Ruhr. Died: George Everard Gibbons, 27, British World War I flying ace March 21, 1923 (Wednesday) Jan Cieplak, Konstantin Budkevich and fourteen other priests were put on trial in the Soviet Union on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Born: Al Baldwin, American football player, in Hot Springs, Arkansas (d. 1994); Merle Keagle, baseball player, in Tolleson, Arizona (d. 1960); Nirmala Srivastava, founder of Sahaja Yoga, in Chhindwara, India (d. 2011). Died: Thomas Sanderson, 1st Baron Sanderson, 82, British civil servant March 22, 1923 (Thursday) Phi Eta Sigma, the oldest freshman honor society, was founded at the University of Illinois. Born: Cliff Lewis, American football player, in Cleveland, Ohio (d. 2002); Marcel Marceau, actor and mime, in Strasbourg, France (d. 2007) March 23, 1923 (Friday) The Treaty of Niš was signed between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croates and Slovenes and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Sergeant Murphy won the Grand National horse race. Cutty Sark Scotch whisky was introduced. Klubi Sportiv Flamurtari Vlorë, a football club based in Vlorë, Albania, was founded. Born: Arnie Weinmeister, American and Canadian football player, in Rhein, Saskatchewan, Canada (d. 2000) March 24, 1923 (Saturday) Prosecutor Nikolai Krylenko made his closing speech in the trial of 16 priests, demanding the death penalty, "not because we are bloodthirsty, but because this is a political necessity. We must safeguard our regime ... We cannot recognize the defense that they must obey the canons of the church and that first they are priests and afterwards citizens." A 7.3 magnitude earthquake rocked Sichuan Province in China, resulting in 3,500 deaths. Double guards were placed at the Reichstag and other key locations around Berlin amid rumors that Adolf Hitler was plotting a coup. Charles E. Ruthenberg took the stand in the William Z. Foster trial as the defense's first witness. For the next several days he mostly testified about the principles of communism, since that was essentially what the trial was about. Oxford University won the 75th Boat Race. Born: Michael Legat, writer, in London, England (d. 2011); Murray Hamilton, actor, in Washington, North Carolina (d. 1986) Died: Ellen Franz, 83, German pianist and actress March 25, 1923 (Sunday) An all-day conference was held in Berlin among members of labour and socialist parties from Germany, England, France, Italy and Belgium searching for a solution to the reparations problem. The film Vanity Fair was released. Born: Wim van Est, cyclist, in Fijnaart, Netherlands (d. 2003) March 26, 1923 (Monday) The Roman Catholic priests Jan Cieplak and Konstantin Budkevich were sentenced to death for counter-revolutionary activities in the Soviet Union. Thirteen of the other fourteen were given prison sentences and a choir boy was released. 20,000 farm labourers went on strike in England in protest of a pay cut the farmers had imposed on them from 25 shillings per week down to 22. The drama film Daddy, starring Jackie Coogan, was released. Born: Bob Elliott, comedian, in Boston, Massachusetts Died: Sarah Bernhardt, 78, French actress March 27, 1923 (Tuesday) A semi-official statement was issued from the Vatican urging suspension of the sentences of the Catholic priests in the Soviet Union. A Soviet official had the executions postponed pending "special instructions". Born: Louis Simpson, poet, in Jamaica (d. 2012) Died: Sir James Dewar, 80, Scottish chemist and physicist March 28, 1923 (Wednesday) The Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) was founded as an independent service arm of the Italian military. Born: Thad Jones, jazz trumpeter, in Pontiac, Michigan (d. 1986) Died: Michel-Joseph Maunoury, 75, French general March 29, 1923 (Thursday) The new Constitution of Romania was ratified. Thousands lined the streets of Paris to watch the grand procession of Sarah Bernhardt's funeral coach. William Z. Foster took the stand in his own defense in his Michigan criminal trial. Foster denied that he was a member of the Communist Party but said he was a believer in Marxist thought and that he had invited communists to join his Trade Union Educational League. A young Mexican woman by the name of Marina Vega broke into Charlie Chaplin's house in the Hollywood Hills. She was cajoled out and removed from the premises, but she broke back in again and was found in Chaplin's bedroom wearing his pajamas. Vega told Chaplin she had come all the way from Mexico City to meet him; Chaplin got her to leave in exchange for promising to buy her a train ticket home. March 30, 1923 (Friday) Benito Mussolini made a famous speech on Italian emigration, declaring that, "For better or for worse, emigration is a physiological necessity of the Italian people. We are forty million people enclosed in our narrow peninsula that has too many mountains, a land that cannot feed everyone." The speech was a defining moment of Mussolini's early premiership as he spun a negative trend into a positive one and offered a justification for expansionism. Born: Milton Acorn, poet and writer, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (d. 1986) March 31, 1923 (Saturday) 11 employees of the Krupp automobile factory in Essen were killed when French forces opened fire on the passively resisting workers. Two more later died in the hospital. The Ottawa Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos 1-0 to win the Stanley Cup of hockey, two games to none. King Clancy made history when he became the first player to play all six positions in a game, including two minutes as goaltender while Clint Benedict served a penalty. America's first dance marathon ended at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. At 9:57 p.m., Alma Cummings completed twenty-seven consecutive hours of dancing, having worn out six different male dance partners. The event attracted a great deal of publicity, and dance marathons became a huge fad over the next few months, remaining popular throughout the 1920s and '30s. Charlie Chaplin's deranged fan, Marina Vega, appeared again at the door of his home, lying down in his driveway after throwing red roses on it. Chaplin's valet thought Vega had shot herself when she mistook an oil-stain on the driveway for blood, and Vega was rushed into the kitchen where she said she had taken poison. An ambulance took her to the hospital where she was treated and released; it was unclear whether Vega had actually poisoned herself. Russian gunboats seized a British trawler near Murmansk. Born: Shoshana Damari, singer, in Dhamar, Yemen (d. 2006) References 1923 1923-03 1923-03

45412955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20law%20of%20...

The law of ...

The law of ... is a French drama television series. It has been distributed since 2014 on France 3 (France) and on Eurochannel in other territories like the United States, Latin America and some European countries. Plot The Investigations of a lawyer for 3 Episodes. Conceived as a three-episode miniseries, Barbara’s Law is one of the most praised television endeavors taken in France in recent years. In this production, Barbara, a lawyer by the book, does not get any rest until she is sure justice has triumphed in every case she takes; her only condition is the existence of doubt on her client’s guilt! Also conceived as a three-episode miniseries, Alexandre’s Law is, like its prequel, one of the most praised television endeavors undertaken in France in recent years. In this production, Alexandre, a successful lawyer who faces more difficult cases in court. Casting Josiane Balasko : Lawyer Barbara Malo (S1) Gérard Jugnot : Lawyer Alexandre Laurent (S2) Daniel Prévost : Lawyer Simon Varlet (S3) Richard Anconina : Lawyer Christophe Vitari (S3) Zabou Breitman : Lawyer Pauline (S3) Victoria Abril : Lawyer Gloria (S4) Jean-Pierre Darroussin : Lawyer Julien Meunier (S4) Charlotte de Turckheim : Lawyer Valérie (S4) Sandrine Bonnaire : Lawyer Marion (S5) Pascal Elso : Doctor Bernard (S5) Season 1 (2014-2015) Episode 1 : Le coupable idéal Director : Didier Le Pêcheur Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : March 8, 2014 Casting : Josiane Balasko (Lawyer Barbara Malo), Olivier Claverie (Lawyer Bertrand Deslandes), Cécile Rebboah (Camille), Joseph Malerba (Olivier Landry), Antoine Hamel (Rémy Lenoir), Jean-Marie Winling (Lawyer Solal), Nathalie Blanc (Florence Prodi), Vanessa Guide (Sandra Landry), Sophie Fougère (Karine Lafarge), Tiphaine Haas (Amandine Ryan), Franck Beckmann (Patrick Ryan), Stéphane Blancafort (Alex Prodi), Philippe Suberbie (Monsieur Morlot), Elie Tertois (Jérémy Morlot), Mickaël Dumoussaud (Quentin Salomé), ... Plot : Olivier Landry, a butcher by profession, is accused of the murder of Alex, a former sportsman who has an affair with his wife, Sandra. He claims his innocence. Her lawyer being gone, it is Barbara Malo who takes over the file ... Episode 2 : Parole contre parole Director : Didier Le Pêcheur Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : September 6, 2014 Casting : Josiane Balasko (Lawyer Barbara Malo), Olivier Claverie (Lawyer Bertrand Deslandes), Cécile Rebboah (Camille), Carole Brana (Carole Valloux), Nicolas Gob (Philippe Sambin), Dominique Guillo (Pierre Consigny), Ophélia Kolb (Sarah Mayet), Virginie Kotlinski (Solange Consigny), Antoine Monier (Benjamin Vial), ... Plot : Pierre Consigny, head of a press group, decided to stand as a candidate for the legislative elections. But one of his young and pretty assistants accuses him of having raped her. The case seems lost because Consigny defends himself badly and retaliates too aggressively. Counselor Barbara Malo, a lawyer a bit cynical and rather gruff, will plead this case as the charges accumulate against her client ... Episode 3 : Illégitime défense Director : Didier Le Pêcheur Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : March 31, 2015 Casting : Josiane Balasko (Lawyer Barbara Malo), Olivier Claverie (Lawyer Bertrand Deslandes), Cécile Rebboah (Camille), Natacha Lindinger (Nadège Langevin), François Marthouret (Didier Fishmann), Éric Naggar (Edouard Langevin), Gauthier Battoue (Paul Langevin), Lucie-Cerise Bouvet (Aurore Langevin), Yasmin Bau (Patrick Chauvin), ... Plot : Nadège Langevin accuses herself of the murder of her lover but her version of the facts involves far too many inconsistencies ... Season 2 (2015-2016) Episode 1 : Comme des frères Director : Claude-Michel Rome Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : September 22, 2015 Casting : Gérard Jugnot (Lawyer Alexandre Laurent), Valeria Cavalli (Hélène Laurent), Héléna Soubeyrand (Karine), Sara Martins (Sonia Dubois), François Duval (Raphaël Menaud), Pierre Langlois (Simon Laurent), Yann Babilée (Henry Masson), Antoine Basler (Franck Mangin), Françoise Lépine (Marina Pilsky), Steve Brohon (Cyril Lavaux), Sofiia Manousha (Assia), Renaud Leymans (Marc Reinier), Laurence Badie (Madame Timbaut), Laurence Cordier (Lieutenant Weil), ... Plot : Lawyers, Alexandre Laurent and Raphaël Menaud are the best friends of the world since their childhood. One day, Alexander finds the body of his friend, victim of a murder ... Episode 2 : L'amour ne suffit pas Director : Claude-Michel Rome Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : February 9, 2016 Casting : Gérard Jugnot (Lawyer Alexandre Laurent), Valeria Cavalli (Hélène Laurent), Héléna Soubeyrand (Karine), Clémentine Poidatz (Eléonore Vauthier), Grégori Derangère (Benoît Vauthier), Jeanne Bournaud (Laurence Velle), Astrid Veillon (Catherine Pacaut), Emmanuel Quatra (Christina Pacaut), Cédric Delsaux (Thierry Laval), Fleur Lise Heuet (Corinne), ... Plot : A brilliant physician is accused of the murder of his wife's lover. Alexander defends his client, who claims his innocence ... Episode 3 : Le portrait de sa mère Director : Philippe Venault Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : February 16, 2016 Casting : Gérard Jugnot (Lawyer Alexandre Laurent), Valeria Cavalli (Hélène Laurent), Héléna Soubeyrand (Karine), Hande Kodja (Julia / Isabel Del Sol), Anne Loiret (Monique Payen), Patrick Pineau (Arnaud Payen), François Marthouret (Edouard Morel), Eleonore Seguin (Armelle Payen), Amaury de Crayencour (Franck Lecauze), Brice Carrois (Bastien Evrard), Eric Le Roch (Charles Verclas), Célia Catalifo (Sandra Verane), ... Plot : Alexander defends Julia, a woman who reminds him of an old love ... Season 3 (2016-2017) Episode 1 : Simon's Law: The Man in Black Director : Didier Le Pêcheur Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : October 4, 2016 Casting : Daniel Prévost (Lawyer Simon Varlet), Nicolas Gob (Philippe), Chloé Stefani (Laure), Geneviève Mnich (Christine), Jeanne Rosa (Fabienne), Marilou Aussilloux (Flora), Pierre Poirot (Berthier), Nicolas Jouhet (Lacour), Pierre Laplace (Desplan), ... Plot : Simon Varlet is a brilliant lawyer, but also a cynical person, more sensitive to the amount of his fees than to the justice or to the respect of ethics. Excessively overwhelmed, his baroness commits him to defend a young priest accused of killing one of his parishioners. Little concerned by the affair and allergic to religions as to any form of ideal, Simon is persuaded that his client is guilty. He accepts, however, to plead the acquittal before the Assize Court, in the absence of incontestable evidence. But an unexpected event leads the lawyer to reconsider his point of view on this story ... Episode 2 : La ligne blanche Director : Jacques Malaterre Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : October 11, 2016 Casting : Richard Anconina (Lawyer Christophe Vitari), Noémie Merlant (Katya Valle), Didier Flamand (Charles Devaux), Virginie Desarnauts (Christine), Marie Zidi (Clémentine), Antoine Oppenheim (Marc Gidoin), Rémi Bichet (Karl), Nathalie Cerda (Claire Brugier), Luc Palun (Frédéric Brugier), Julien Béramis (Richard Tchanke), ... Plot : Christophe Vitari, a renowned lawyer, heads a successful firm, working in particular as a consultant for the Devaux group, a leading company in the paper industry. When Katya, a young executive of the company, is suspected of having killed Frédéric Brugier, the director of a group factory, Devaux charges Christophe to ensure his defense. His request results less from a form of altruism than from his desire to be informed in real time of the developments of the investigation. Indeed, this case seriously taints the image of the company, and the stakes of its outcome are enormous for the career of Devaux ... Episode 3: Pauline's Law: Mauvaise graine Director : Philippe Venault Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : May 2, 2017 Casting : Zabou Breitman (Lawyer Pauline), Serge Riaboukine (Alain), Pierre Cassignard (Christophe), Marilyne Canto (Catherine), Olivier Saladin (Lorrenzi), Laurent Natrella (Jacques), Laurent Schilling (Paul), Marjorie de Larquier (Estelle), Fabienne Périneau (Françoise), Géraldine Naliato (Melissa), ... Plot : After her divorce, Pauline later embraced her career as a lawyer. She passes the competition and finds a trainee position in a small cabinet in Angoulême. But, more concerned with equity than with the application of the law, it enshrines failures. Pauline was then assigned to defend a farmer accused of arson and murder, all of which he accuses, starting with his attitude and his family. The clumsy advocate is not going to rely on appearances ... Season 4 (2017-2018) Episode 1: Gloria's Law: The Devil's Advocate Director : Didier Le Pêcheur Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : Upcoming Casting : Victoria Abril (Lawyer Gloria), Julien Baumgartner (Frédéric Andro), Jean-Claude Adelin (Marc), Andréa Ferréol (Countess of the Tower), ... Plot : Gloria, a legendary lawyer who has distinguished herself in the defense of personalities of the Middle with success while multiplying the breaches of the code of the code of ethics, nicknamed "The lawyer of the devil" is retired from business. Her daughter Salome, a brilliant lawyer, defends Kevin, a marginal, accused of a particularly odious murder committed on a sixteen-year-old girl, Samantha. During the investigation of the case, Salome dies in a motorcycle accident. Or that is what the police believe. Gloria Mendoza, intimately convinced that there is a link between Samantha's murder and her daughter's death, will resume the case ... Episode 2 : La Loi de Julien Director : Christophe Douchand Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : Upcoming Casting : Jean-Pierre Darroussin (Lawyer Julien Meunier), Thomas Jouannet (Cyril Delamarche), Claudia Cardinale (Irène Delamarche), Hélène de Fougerolles (Séverine Delamarche), ... Plot : A well-known penalist lawyer, full of righteousness and infinite devotion, Julien devotes a genuine cult to Irene Delamarche, the generous and wealthy businesswoman who adopted her on the death of her parents. This explains why when Cyril, Irene's "legitimate" son, is accused of murdering his young mistress - Sveta - Julien hurries to defend his "false brother", hoping to get his acquittal and free himself Thus partly from the debt to which he is indebted to his adoptive mother. Episode 3 : Tous coupables Director : Thierry Binisti Writer : Céline & Martin Guyot Original Air Date : Upcoming Casting : Charlotte de Turckheim (Lawyer Valérie), Bruno Wolkowitch (Paul), Kahina Carina (Malika), Joseph Malerba (Yanis), Franck Beckmann (Jérôme), Alice Raucoules (Delphine), ... Plot : A talented lawyer, Valérie still behaves, at the age of fifty, as a rebellious teenager lined with an inveterate player. She takes a cunning pleasure in frequenting and defending notorious truands ... If she does not care about her reputation, her daughter, Delphine, takes a very critical look at her way of exercising. Wounded by her reproaches, Valerie decides to "redeem" herself in her eyes by defending a good father, Paul, accused without proof of having killed the dealer responsible for the death by overdose of his teenage daughter. A golden record to allow him to regain the esteem of the press, the public (and Delphine ...) in which the lawyer enthusiastically enters, convinced that she will have no trouble in pleading 'Acquittal ... But the abduction of his daughter at his home by a mysterious abductor will upset the story ... Ratings Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Légende : Green : highest Red : lowest References External links Barbara's Law on Eurochannel Alexandre's Law on Eurochannel Christophe's Law on Eurochannel Pauline's Law on Eurochannel Gloria's Law on Eurochannel Simon's Law on Eurochannel 2014 French television series debuts

45577002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Allen%20Red%20Dog

James Allen Red Dog

James Allen Red Dog (February 1, 1954 – March 3, 1993) was a mixed Sioux and Assiniboine serial killer from Fort Peck Indian Reservation who was executed at his own request for murdering Hugh Pennington and who had previously been convicted twice of armed robbery. As a result of his crimes, Joe Biden introduced legislation that required states to be notified by federal officials when dangerous criminals were placed in their jurisdictions. Early life Red Dog's heritage was a mix of Sioux and Assiniboine. He was a member of the Lakota tribe, and grew up on Fort Peck Reservation in Poplar, in northeast Montana. He blamed poverty on his reservation for his crimes later in life; he said that there were no jobs and he could only make a living on crime. According to a family acquaintance, who asked not to be named, at age 8 or 10 Red Dog tried to emulate the lifestyle of an older half-brother whom he admired, who as of 1993 was in a federal prison. The acquaintance also said that life had "very little" to offer Red Dog. Delaware deputy attorneys Steven P. Wood and Peggy J. Hageman, who prosecuted Red Dog, tried and failed to find a motive. According to Wood, attributing Red Dog's behavior to his upbringing is too easy: "There is no denying the privation Native Americans are subjected to on reservations, but the simple fact is there are hundreds of thousands of Native Americans raised in those conditions, and precious few become multiple murders", he said, as well as that his killings were "essentially motiveless". Six of his eight sisters, however, said that he was not a "multiple and motiveless killer". They also said that "[the] people of Delaware should be thankful that our brother [...] is willing to give his life, like a man, instead of spending thousands and thousands of the taxpayers' money on appeals". Later life Red Dog once told a television interviewer that since his first serious crime, an armed robbery in 1973, he had been "prepared to die". Along with another man, he robbed a liquor and pizza store on the reservation in 1973. The owner was killed and Red Dog was sentenced to prison. In 1977, while on furlough from jail to attend a Native American ceremony, he escaped and fled with a companion to Los Angeles, where they met two Native American men in a bar who offered to lodge them for the night; they stabbed the men to death in their sleep. Red Dog pleaded guilty to two counts of second degree murder, but was given a sentence concurrent with armed robbery; Wood said it was "mind-boggling" that he served no extra time for the murder. In 1983, while in an Illinois prison, he provided heroin to kill Joe Ortega, a prison gang member who had offended other inmates. In exchange for testifying against the other inmates and being a witness in an investigation about prison gangs and the militant American Indian Movement, Red Dog was placed in the Federal Witness Protection Program, and released on parole on June 27, 1990. After his release, he was relocated to Delaware, where he would murder Hugh Pennington. less than eight months later. Before the murder, Red Dog taught Sioux traditions to Delaware's Nanticoke Indians. At the time he killed Hugh Pennington, a 30-year-old motel night auditor and friend of Red Dog's wife Bonnie Red Dog, he was living outside Wilmington with Bonnie who worked as a secretary; Pennington and his mother lived nearby. Pennington also worked at the Tally Ho Motor Lodge with Bonnie. In February 1991, Red Dog drove north to Pennington's suburban Wilmington home in New Castle County. He appeared in Pennington's kitchen on February 9, 1991, after a day spent drinking. He woke Pennington, still in pajamas, and forced him into a basement workshop. According to Wood, Pennington said or did "something very minor" that in Red Dog's homicidal state was enough to enrage him. Red Dog tied his wrists and ankles with duct tape and electrical cord, and forced him to lie on his back on the floor, then cut his throat. According to prosecutors he took off his boots so they wouldn't be stained with blood. He nearly decapitated Pennington with his knife; the wound was 6 inches deep. During the next 12 hours, he kidnapped a 52-year-old female witness, raped her in her home, then forced her to drive him to southern Delaware where he raped her again, a total of four times. She escaped and called police. He had earlier told companions that he was a "terminator". He also said "I hurt people", according to court records. This murder led to his being sentenced to death in April 1992. Four days later, police caught Red Dog 100 miles from where he was last seen, walking across Winchester Bridge in Wilmington. He had a strange odor; he later told his lawyer that he had smeared himself with deer feces to divert police dogs. When charged with first-degree murder, kidnapping and four counts of rape, he pleaded no contest, saying he had been so drunk that he did not remember the killing. He could not think of a motive either, blaming childhood poverty and life in prison. He suggested in the television interview that Pennington might have done something to trigger hate he developed in prison. Execution Red Dog requested a death sentence and refused to appeal it, as it would violate his warrior's code. He told a judge he wanted "no appeals or motions for stay of execution". Red Dog's family supported his decision not to fight the sentence. His relatives said he was going to his death with dignity and was "proud that he's giving in return for what he took: a life". Red Dog became the second convict to be executed since Delaware reinstated executions in 1992. Steven Brian Pennell, executed in March 1992, was the first; prior to that, none had taken place since 1946. Red Dog decried the "festive" atmosphere of the Pennell execution and said he hoped "that my execution will be conducted with more solemnity than a circus act!" Edward C. Pankowski Jr., Red Dog's lawyer and a former prosecutor who joined the public defender's office, tried in vain to convince Red Dog to appeal the sentence. At the hearing to determine Red Dog's sentence he told Pankowski not to present mitigating evidence. The Delaware Superior Court judge rejected motion by lawyers to block his execution. His lawyers, who were public defenders, filed a motion asking the court to order psychiatric and psychological tests to determine if he was mentally competent to request execution; Judge Norman A. Barron said that he found "no substantial showing that Red Dog is currently incompetent" and that the court would respect Red Dog's "rationally based wishes". Red Dog wrote in court papers in 1992 that he "[wanted] to expedite this for the families", both his and those of his victims. The defense attorney said he did not have a trial because he expressed a lot of remorse and wanted to spare the Pennington family the "whole trial stage". He was to have received his lethal injection in July 1992, as ordered by Judge Barron, but under Delaware law the death sentence was automatically appealed to the State Supreme Court, so Judge Barron's ruling wasn't upheld until November; the case was rescheduled for March 3. Red Dog sent for John H. Morsette, 52, a tribal medicine man he said he met almost a decade before at a Native American purification ceremony in Montana. Prison officials were initially reluctant to have Morsette inside the chamber, saying only a prison chaplain was allowed there, but they approved it on Thursday. Morsette, also from Poplar, Montana, said he did not remember meeting Red Dog but would come to pray with him to prepare him for the Sioux afterlife. He conducted Native American rites over Red Dog for about two minutes and placed a necklace over his head. Red Dog was executed by injection on March 3 at the State Correctional Center in Smyrna, Delaware, 15 miles north of Dover. He was 39 years old at the time. After receiving last rites from Morsette, Red Dog said "I'd like to thank my family and friends and [attorney Edward] Pankowski for supporting me and all others who treated me with kindness". As the drugs were administered, he choked and told his wife "I'm going home, babe". At about 10 am, his final words were to thank his supporters and curse the rest of the witnesses. According to witnesses he died with his left eye open. He was pronounced dead at 10:28 am. Red Dog's body was released to be transported by Amtrak train in Wilmington, Delaware to Wolf Point, Montana shortly thereafter. Because of the special circumstances, Amtrak I. A. Supervisor Kenneth Wilson was delegated to accompany the remains back to the final destination. Aftermath Steven Wood, Delaware state prosecutor, said that an earlier execution would have saved the lives of four of Red Dog's victims. As a result of Red Dog's crimes, Joe Biden introduced legislation that required federal officials to notify states when dangerous criminals were placed in their jurisdictions. See also Capital punishment in Delaware Capital punishment in the United States List of people executed in Delaware List of serial killers in the United States References Executed Native American people 1954 births 1993 deaths 1991 murders in the United States 20th-century executions by Delaware American people convicted of murder Executed people from Montana People convicted of murder by Delaware People executed by Delaware by lethal injection People from Poplar, Montana 20th-century executions of American people Lakota people People executed for murder American serial killers Male serial killers Executed serial killers

45689826

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Ramirez-Rosa

Carlos Ramirez-Rosa

Carlos Ramirez-Rosa (born February 18, 1989) is an American politician. He has served as the alderman for Chicago's 35th Ward since May 18, 2015. He is a member of the Chicago City Council's Progressive Reform Caucus, and was elected to serve as a delegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention as a Bernie Sanders supporter. He served as an Illinois State Vice-Chair for Bernie Sanders' 2020 presidential campaign. Elected at the age of 26 to the Chicago City Council in February 2015, he is the city's youngest alderman, and one of the youngest Aldermen ever elected. He is a self-described democratic socialist and a member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He joined the Democratic Socialists of America in March 2017. Early life, education, and career Ramirez-Rosa was born on February 18, 1989 in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Chicago Public Schools and graduated from Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, where he was his senior class president. He then attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was an elected member of the Illinois Student Senate. As an elected student senator, he supported funding for women and LGBT student programs, campus green energy policies, and fair treatment of university employees. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 2011. After graduating, he served as a congressional caseworker in the office of Congressman Luis Gutiérrez. After working for Congressman Gutiérrez, he worked as a family support network organizer with the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights until he ran for alderman in 2015. On April 8, 2014, Ramirez-Rosa was arrested while attempting to block a deportation bus leaving Broadview Detention Center in Broadview, Illinois. The arrest was part of the "Not One More" campaign to pressure President Barack Obama to stop deportations. Ramirez-Rosa said at the time of his arrest: "I'm a U.S. citizen. I don’t fear deportation, but I know that when you're taking hard-working and decent people, putting them in detention centers and then putting them on buses and separating them from their families, that is an act of injustice." Prior to his election to the Chicago City Council, Ramirez-Rosa also served as an elected community representative to the Avondale-Logandale Local School Council. He is the nephew of Cook County Judge Ramon Ocasio III. Ramirez-Rosa's mother is of Mexican descent and his father is of Puerto Rican descent. Chicago City Council Ramirez-Rosa was first elected the alderman of the 35th ward on February 24, 2015. He received 67% of the vote, defeating incumbent alderman Rey Colón. He was easily re-elected to a second four-year term on February 28, 2019. He is a member of the Chicago City Council's Progressive Reform Caucus, Latino Caucus, and the LGBT Caucus. He is the youngest current alderman and one of the youngest aldermen in the history of Chicago, and one of the city's first two openly LGBT Latino councillors alongside colleague Raymond Lopez. After a year as alderman, Crain's Chicago Business distinguished Ramirez-Rosa as a member of their 2016 "Twenty in their 20s" class. During his tenure, Ramirez-Rosa has championed housing affordability, property tax relief, immigrant rights, workers' rights, environmental protections, police accountability reform, and other progressive and liberal issues. City budget and property tax rebate In 2015, Ramirez-Rosa opposed Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s record $589 million property tax increase, arguing that the city should have "emptied out hundreds of millions in TIF funds before raising property taxes and fees on Chicago's working families." Ramirez-Rosa voted no on Mayor Emanuel's 2016 budget proposal and property tax increase. After the property tax increase passed, Ramirez-Rosa proposed a $35 million property tax rebate for struggling homeowners. Ultimately, Ramirez-Rosa joined with Mayor Rahm Emanuel to sponsor and pass a $21 million property tax rebate program. Ramirez-Rosa said of the compromise: "this proposal ensures that the poorest homeowners who see the largest property-tax increase get the maximum rebate." In November 2019, Ramirez-Rosa was one of eleven aldermen to vote against Mayor Lori Lightfoot's first budget. He joined all five other members of the Socialist Caucus in signing a letter to Lightfoot which criticized her budget for "an over-reliance on property taxes" and "regressive funding models" that are "burdensome to our working-class citizens, while giving the wealthy and large corporations a pass." Chicago Immigration Policy Working Group In August 2015, Ramirez-Rosa was a founding member of the Chicago Immigration Policy Working Group. Ramirez-Rosa and the working group successfully pushed the City of Chicago to provide free or low-cost legal assistance to Chicagoans facing deportation, provide support for DACA applicants, expand language access, and create a municipal ID. In 2021, Ramirez-Rosa and the working group succeeded in removing the carveouts from Chicago's sanctuary city ordinance, ensuring the Chicago Police Department could not work with Immigration and Customs Enforcement in any case. Ramirez-Rosa co-sponsored the successful measure alongside Mayor Lori Lightfoot. He first introduced the measure to remove the carveouts in 2017. Affordable housing and development Ramirez-Rosa has supported the development of a number of affordable housing projects in his ward. He championed the construction of a 100-unit, all-affordable transit-oriented development to replace a city-owned parking lot next to the Logan Square Blue Line station. In Albany Park, he supported the construction of a 48-unit, all-affordable development called the "Oso Apartments." After a fire destroyed the sole public library in his ward, he supported rebuilding the library on a new site where it would be co-located with affordable housing. In addition to supporting affordable housing, Ramirez-Rosa has advocated for rent control, and other policies to stabilize housing and address displacement. In 2021, he sponsored successful ordinances to establish minimum density requirements, and a demolition impact fee for portions of his ward facing high displacement. Ramirez-Rosa argued these ordinances would help preserve naturally-occurring affordable housing. In 2020, Ramirez-Rosa supported the legalization of accessory dwelling units in much of his ward. He has supported historic preservationist efforts in his district, including the allocation of $250,000 in public landmark funds to help restore Logan Square's Minnekirken. Ramirez-Rosa supported a major overhaul of Milwaukee Avenue and the Logan Square traffic circle to improve pedestrian and traffic safety. In November 2018, He supported the creation of the First Nations Garden on a large city-owned lot in his ward. The First Nations Garden was created by American Indian youth as a place to heal and connect back to nature. The garden was inaugurated with a land acknowledgement ceremony that included a Chicago City Council resolution passed by Ramirez-Rosa that acknowledged Chicago as an "indigenous landscape." Participatory democracy Ramirez-Rosa has consistently expressed his belief in participatory democracy as central to his work as a democratic socialist elected official. In 2017, he told The Nation Magazine: "I’m a big believer that we can build socialism from below. We need to create these opportunities for working people to hold the reins of power and govern themselves." Likewise, in 2017, he told Jacobin magazine: "democratic socialism means that the people govern every facet of their lives, whether it be the economic structure or the government that’s determining the policies that impact their lives." In 2019, Ramirez-Rosa explained to writer Micah Uetricht how he seeks to put participatory democracy into action in his elected office: "In the thirty-fifth ward we have what we call 'people-power initiatives.' To date, those are three programs that we run through my office. They seek to show people’s ability to govern themselves and collectively come to together and make decisions. We don’t need the Donald Trumps of the world, the Jeff Bezoses of the world... telling us what our communities should look like or how we should live our lives. We collectively, from the grassroots, from below, can determine our own destiny." The three "people-power initiatives" Ramirez-Rosa supports through his elected office are "community-driven zoning and development" - a local participatory planning process, participatory budgeting for the allocation of infrastructure improvement dollars, and a local rapid-response deportation defense network called the "community defense committee." The "community defense committee" distributes immigration know-your-rights cards door-to-door, organizers know-your-rights trainings, and trains ward residents in how to engage in civil disobedience to stop deportations. Ramirez-Rosa has also called himself a "movement elected official," stating his "role is to be an organizer on the inside for those movements that are organizing people-power bases on the outside." Police reform and No Cop Academy campaign In 2016, Ramirez-Rosa worked with the Chicago Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression to introduce the Chicago Police Accountability Council ordinance. The ordinance would enact civilian oversight of the Chicago Police Department via an all-elected civilian body. Ramirez-Rosa said the ordinance "could be a model for true police accountability reform across the country." In December 2017, Ramirez-Rosa was the sole member of the Chicago City Council to support the No Cop Academy campaign, a grassroots abolitionist effort to stop the city from spending $95 million on a new police academy building and instead spend that money on education, after school programs, job training, and social services. Ramirez-Rosa would explain his support of the No Cop Academy campaign as follows: "police violence has cost Chicagoans $662 million in settlements since 2004, and CPD is funded to a tune of $4 million per day, $1.5 billion per year. Our nation has witnessed the magnitude of police crimes in the City of Chicago with the murders of Rekia Boyd and Laquan McDonald. The Chicago Police Department is not lacking in resources, it is lacking in accountability and oversight. The $95 million that the City is projected to spend on this new cop academy should be invested in jobs, education, youth programs, and mental health services, not a new shooting range and swimming pool for police.” In May 2018, after successfully delaying a vote on the new police academy, Ramirez-Rosa was expelled from the Chicago City Council's Latino Caucus. Ramirez-Rosa was later readmitted to the Latino Caucus after public outcry. In 2020, in the wake of George Floyd protests, Ramirez-Rosa helped dozens of Black Lives Matter protesters recover their bikes which had been confiscated by the Chicago Police. Pandemic response In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ramirez-Rosa used his aldermanic office's resources to initiate and support neighborhood mutual aid networks, and to target support to communities most impacted by the pandemic. Ramirez-Rosa's office distributed a bilingual newsletter to 7,000 ward households to provide residents with information on unemployment insurance and resources available to support them during the pandemic. Ramirez-Rosa joined with his socialist colleagues to call for a pandemic response that prioritized "the most vulnerable." He also worked to expand Chicago's emergency rental assistance to undocumented Chicagoans. In December 2020, he helped bring the One Fair Wage High Road Kitchens program to Chicago, which provided grants to restaurants who committed to transition to a full minimum wage with tips on top. Workers' rights Ramirez-Rosa has advocated for the raising of Chicago's minimum wage to a living wage, and other measures in support of workers' rights. He was a sponsor of the successful Fair Workweek ordinance to provide hourly-workers with stability in their work schedules. He also sponsored the ordinance to raise Chicago's minimum wage to $15. Ramirez-Rosa also worked to create a municipal Office of Labor Standards to protect Chicago workers. On October 4, 2018, Ramirez-Rosa was arrested at a Fight for $15 protest outside McDonald's global headquarters in the West Loop. He was arrested alongside striking workers as they blocked the entrance to the building in an act of civil disobedience. The McDonald's workers were demanding a $15 wage and a union. Ramirez-Rosa has spoken at several Fight for $15 demonstrations. In 2017, Ramirez-Rosa sponsored and passed an ordinance to designate Kedzie Avenue in his ward as "Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Way," in honor of the late labor organizer and founder of the IWW union. Parsons lived off Kedzie Avenue at 3130 N. Troy. At an honorary street sign unveiling event held on May 1, 2017, International Workers' Day, Ramirez-Rosa said: "The conditions Lucy and other workers were facing... are not too different from the conditions we're facing now. Today we honor Lucy Gonzalez Parsons because she taught us the way, she taught us that you don't take it sitting down, you don't live on your knees, you rise up and you fight back." LGBT rights In 2016, Ramirez-Rosa sponsored a successful measure to ensure transgender persons had the right to access the public bathroom of their choice. During City Council debate on the ordinance, Ramirez-Rosa said: "We must do everything we can to legislate love and to reject hate... we can legislate love because we can show that as a city, we will not discriminate against our trans-sisters and brothers, that we will allow equality to reign supreme when it comes to access to public accommodations.” Electoral history Aldermanic elections Democratic committeeman Ramirez-Rosa served as 35th Ward Democratic Committeeman from 2016 to 2020. In 2019, he supported Anthony Joel Quezada to replace him as Democratic Committeeman in the March 2020 primary election. Campaigns for higher office Daniel Biss's selected Ramirez-Rosa as his running mate in the 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election on August 31, 2017. Only six days later Biss dropped him from the ticket after his ally Brad Schneider rescinded his endorsement due to Ramirez-Rosa's support of the BDS Movement. The BDS Movement seeks to impose comprehensive boycotts of Israel until it ends documented human rights violations against the Palestinians. After Luis Gutiérrez announced his retirement from Congress, Ramirez-Rosa announced his candidacy for Gutiérrez's seat, Illinois's 4th congressional district. Ramirez-Rosa withdrew on January 9, 2018 and endorsed Jesus "Chuy" Garcia that same day, citing his desire to not split the progressive vote in the Democratic primary. See also Chicago aldermanic elections, 2015 Chicago City Council List of Democratic Socialists of America who have held office in the United States Footnotes Further reading Micah Uetricht, "Carlos Rosa's Political Capital: An Interview with Carlos Ramirez-Rosa," Jacobin, September 2017. Ben Joravsky "Why did Carlos Ramirez-Rosa get kicked out of the City Council’s Latino Caucus?" Chicago Reader May 2018. External links Political Website of Carlos Rosa DNAinfo Profile of Alderman-Elect Carlos Rosa https://web.archive.org/web/20170616123957/http://www.chicagodsa.org/page9.html 1989 births 21st-century American politicians Chicago City Council members Hispanic and Latino American politicians Gay politicians LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people LGBT city councillors from the United States LGBT people from Illinois Living people Members of the Democratic Socialists of America University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni Mexican-American people in Illinois politics Puerto Rican people in Illinois politics Illinois socialists 21st-century LGBT people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%201929

December 1929

The following events occurred in December 1929: Sunday, December 1 Seven people were killed in a coal mine explosion in West Frankfort, Illinois. Monday, December 2 U.S. President Herbert Hoover called on the Soviet Union and China to end armed hostilities and resolve the Chinese Eastern Railway dispute by peaceful means. Simultaneously, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson asked all the other signatories of the Kellogg–Briand Pact to join the United States in urging the two warring countries to refrain from further fighting. Tuesday, December 3 President Hoover delivered his first State of the Union message to Congress. It was presented in the form of a written message rather than a speech. The message asserted that "during the past year the Nation has continued to grow in strength" and that the country's problems were "problems of growth and of progress." Of the economic situation, Hoover stated that he had "instituted systematic, voluntary methods of cooperation with the business institutions and with State and municipal authorities to make certain that fundamental businesses of the country shall continue as usual, that wages and therefore consuming power shall not be reduced, and that a special effort shall be made to expand construction work in order to assist in equalizing other deficits in employment ... I am convinced that through these measures we have reestablished confidence." Wednesday, December 4 Former Prime Minister David Lloyd George, at 66 the eldest member of the British House of Commons, told his colleagues that a second world war was inevitable without disarmament. "The League of Nations has been going on for ten years", he said. "There have been meetings and eloquent speeches delivered in favour of peace, disarmament and arbitration, but the League of Nations is in danger of failure from being run by flapdoodlers." The House of Lords voted, 43 to 21, against resuming diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Thursday, December 5 King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena visited Vatican City to meet with the Pope, the first time the sovereign of unified Italy had ever entered the Vatican. Thousands watched the royal motorcade procession through Rome. The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was established. The American League for Physical Culture, the first American nudist organization, was formed in New York City. Friday, December 6 The Chinese city of Nanjing came under martial law as 30,000 rebel forces marched on the city during the Civil War. Women received the right to vote in Turkey. Saturday, December 7 The Aga Khan, Imam of the Nizari Isma'ilism sect of Islam and one of the world's wealthiest men, was married in Aix-les-Bains, France to a former candy store clerk and dressmaker in a simple ceremony with no guests. Sunday, December 8 The Nazi Party received 11.3% of the vote in local elections in Thuringia, a marked increase over the 2.6 percent the party received in the national elections in May 1928. Died: José Vicente Concha, 62, President of Colombia from 1914 to 1918 Monday, December 9 Jay Pierrepont Moffat, the U.S. chargé d'affaires in Geneva, signed the protocol of adherence to the World Court. The action was not permanent until the U.S. Senate approved. Born: Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991; in Bordertown, South Australia (d. 2019) Died: E. T. Kingsley, 73, founder of the Socialist Party of Canada Tuesday, December 10 The 1929 Nobel Prizes were awarded. The recipients were Louis de Broglie of France for Physics, Arthur Harden of the United Kingdom and Hans von Euler-Chelpin of Sweden (Chemistry), Christiaan Eijkman and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins of the United Kingdom (Physiology or Medicine), Thomas Mann of Germany (Literature) and Frank Billings Kellogg of the United States (Peace). A fire at the Pathé film studio in New York killed 11 people during the filming of a musical revue, The Black and White Revue after a hot lamp set a velvet curtain ablaze on the movie set. The studio had no sprinklers. The tragedy led to stricter enforcement of New York's fire regulations. Seventeen passengers were killed and 60 injured in a train accident near Namur in Belgium. Pavlos Kountouriotis, the President of Greece since the founding of the Second Hellenic Republic in 1926, resigned for reasons of health. He was succeeded by former Prime Minister Alexandros Zaimis. Died: Harry Crosby, 31, wealthy American poet and publisher, was found with a gun in his hand and a single gunshot wound to the head, lying next to the body of his 21-year-old lover Josephine Rotch, who had a single wound to the head from a different pistol, in what appeared to have been a suicide pact. Wednesday, December 11 A prison riot broke out at Auburn Prison in upstate New York, apparently after a gun had been smuggled into the cell block. Eight convicts and a prison superintendent keeper were killed. The Reichstag adopted a bill requiring shops to close on Christmas Eve at 5 p.m. Thursday, December 12 The last British troops occupying the Rhineland were evacuated from Wiesbaden. The trial of 26 women in the Angel Makers of Nagyrév case opened in Szolnok, Hungary. The defendants were tried in batches with the final trial ending in the summer of 1930. Ultimately, eight were sentenced to death. Friday, December 13 A special public buildings subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives approved a $9.74 million plan to erect a building for the Supreme Court. The Court had been housed in offices in the United States Capitol building since that edifice was constructed. Born: Christopher Plummer, Canadian stage and film actor; in Toronto (d. 2021) Saturday, December 14 The Greek parliament elected Alexandros Zaimis as the new President of Greece. Fifty Communist Party of the U.S. members were arrested for staging an anti-administration protest in front of the White House without a permit, but they were released, almost immediately, in compliance with a request from President Hoover. White House Press Secretary George E. Akerson issued a statement saying that the President Hoover did "not believe that any such discourtesy in any way endangers the republic and that a night in jail is only doing them a favor of cheap martyrdom." Died: Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Jackson, 74. Jackson had been the First Sea Lord during World War One until being replaced after German warships were sighted in the English Channel in 1916. Sunday, December 15 Pope Pius XI beatified 107 English and Welsh martyrs who had been hanged between 1541 and 1680 during the English Reformation, along with 29 others who had been executed. The additions brought the list of beatified martyrs to 186. In 1935, two of the martyrs— Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher— would be canonized as saints of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius on the 400th anniversary of their deaths. Born: Ray Herbert, baseball player, in Detroit Monday, December 16 Pope Pius XI created six new Roman Catholic Cardinals, including the Vatican's Apostolic Nuncio to Germany, Eugenio Pacelli. In 1939, Pacelli would become the successor of Pius XI and take name Pope Pius XII. President Hoover signed a $160 million income tax reduction bill into law. The British airship R100 carried out its first flight. Born: Nicholas Courtney, English actor, in Cairo (d. 2011) Tuesday, December 17 An explosion killed 61 miners at the Old Town coal mine in McAlester, Oklahoma. Turkey and the Soviet Union signed a new treaty of alliance. Born: William Safire, journalist and writer; in New York City (d. 2009) Wednesday, December 18 The cruise ship RMS Fort Victoria was hit by the ocean liner SS Algonquin while sailing in a dense fog in the Ambrose Channel between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey. All on board the Fort Victoria were rescued before the ship sank, and the Algonquin survived the collision. Thursday, December 19 The Austrian government set limitations on the freedom of the press by penalizing offenses against the military. Friday, December 20 With no advance public announcement, Pope Pius XI left the Vatican, entered Italian territory and celebrated mass at the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. It was the first time since the unification of Italy in 1870 that a pope had left the Vatican and entered foreign territory. Died: Émile Loubet, 90, President of France from 1899 to 1906 Saturday, December 21 The occasion of Joseph Stalin's fiftieth birthday marked the beginning of the state-orchestrated cult of personality around him. An enormous press campaign showered hyperbolic acclaim on the "glorious leader", and that day's issue of Pravda was exclusively devoted to him. The city of Volgograd had been renamed in his honor in 1925, but the personality cult would see the erection of statues and other monuments in Stalin's honor until a few years after his 1953 death. The Indian National Congress opened a conference in Lahore. Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt. The Wafd Party won 198 of the 236 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, after all other parties boycotted the election. Thirty-eight of the seats were won by independent candidates. The musical film Pointed Heels, starring William Powell and Helen Kane, was released. Sunday, December 22 The German referendum on whether to reject, further payment of Germany's reparations owed under the Treaty of Versailles, failed as expected. Although over 90% of the votes cast approved the measure, only about 13.5% of the eligible voting population had participated at all, and the referendum needed a turnout of at least 50% in order to be accepted. The musical film Devil-May-Care, starring Ramon Novarro, premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City. Monday, December 23 The Conflict between the Soviet Union and China ended with the signing of a protocol restoring the status quo on the Chinese Eastern Railway. At a railway station in Delhi, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, survived an attempt on his life when a bomb was thrown through the window of a train he was riding in. An attendant was hurt but Lord Irwin escaped injury. An investigative committee in India submitted a report to the British government urging full Dominion status for India. The film Sally, based on the Broadway stage musical of the same name, premiered at the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City. Born: Chet Baker, jazz musician, in Yale, Oklahoma (d. 1988) Tuesday, December 24 The West Wing of the White House was seriously damaged in an evening fire. President Hoover left a Christmas Eve reception for children in order to direct efforts to retrieve important documents, but not all records could be saved. It was the most serious fire at the White House since it was burned by the British in 1814. Congress would authorize the construction of a new West Wing to replace the burned building. Three shots were fired at Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen as he left his home on the way to his office, but only his bodyguard was wounded. The assailant, a native Italian thought to be possibly an anarchist, was wounded when police guards returned fire. Efforts were made to save the shooter so he could be brought to trial but he died of his wounds. The Ohio Supreme Court declined to review the James H. Snook murder case, so his execution was scheduled for January 31. Wednesday, December 25 The government of Saxony granted amnesty to 179 political prisoners as a Christmas gift. The musical film Hit the Deck premiered in Los Angeles. Thursday, December 26 Pope Pius XI received royalty and nobility from the Houses of Savoy and Aosta as a gesture of goodwill marking the restoration of friendly relations between the Italian royal court and the Vatican since the Lateran Treaty. Died: Albert Giraud, 69, Belgian poet Friday, December 27 The British Foreign Office publicized a note from a Soviet ambassador promising that the USSR would refrain from communist agitation in British Dominions. Saturday, December 28 Black Saturday occurred in Samoa when nine demonstrators were killed by New Zealand mandate government police. Ogden L. Mills, the acting United States Secretary of the Treasury, announced that an accord had been reached with Germany on a payment agreement separate from the Young Plan, covering military occupation costs and mixed claims awards. Born: Terry Sawchuck, Canadian NHL goaltender; in Winnipeg, Manitoba (died of injuries from a fight, 1970) Sunday, December 29 The executive committee of the Indian National Congress called for complete independence for India. In the Nazi newspaper Der Angriff, Joseph Goebbels published a controversial article titled "Hindenburg, are you still alive?", accompanied by a cartoon depicting President Paul von Hindenburg as a Teutonic god sitting on a throne supported by a stereotypical Jewish figure, watching pitilessly as generations of Germans marched into slavery. Hindenburg sued Goebbels for libel over the article. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Lang, made a radio broadcast from Canterbury Cathedral heard around the world calling on all British citizens to do their part for the country in 1930. "For more than a century we have taken for granted the industrial and commercial leadership of this country", he said. "Let the experience of the passing year suffice to show that this leadership is seriously threatened. Our great industries in coal, iron, steel and cotton textiles are anxious and ill at ease. Competitors have arisen to supplant us in markets in which we thought our positions assured. More than 1 million of our people are unemployed, and the future is clouded with uncertainty." The Archbishop said that the only possible remedy was not through a political solution, but by "each citizen realizing and fulfilling his own personal responsibility." Born: Susie Garrett, actress, in Detroit (d. 2002) Peter May, cricketer, in Reading, Berkshire, England (d. 1994) Died: Wilhelm Maybach, 83, German automobile designer Monday, December 30 The Cole Porter musical revue Wake Up and Dream premiered at the Selwyn Theatre on Broadway. Tuesday, December 31 Sixty-nine children in Scotland perished in a movie theatre fire in Paisley, Renfrewshire. None of the deaths were from the fire itself, which was quickly put out, but due to suffocation, choking from the noxious fumes of the burning celluloid or trampling in the rush to get out. The Mahatma Gandhi made a speech before the Indian National Congress in support of a resolution calling for Indian independence. The resolution was passed unanimously. United States Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont issued a statement predicting that 1930 would mark "a continuance of prosperity and progress." Secretary of the Treasuary Andrew W. Mellon likewise issued an optimistic statement: "During the winter months there may be some slackness or unemployment, but hardly more than is usual at this season each year. I have every confidence that there will be a revival of activity in the spring and that during the coming year the country will make steady progress." Born: Mies Bouwman, Dutch television presenter, in Amsterdam (d. 2018) Died: Charles Phelps Taft, 86, American lawyer, politician, and brother of William Howard Taft References 1929 1929-12 1929-12

46199548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20American%20policy%20of%20the%20Richard%20Nixon%20administration

Native American policy of the Richard Nixon administration

The administration of Richard Nixon, from 1969 to 1974, made important changes in United States policy towards Native Americans through legislation and executive action. The Nixon Administration advocated a reversal of the long-standing policy of "termination" that had characterized relations between the U.S. Government and American Indians in favor of "self-determination." The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act restructured indigenous governance in the state of Alaska, creating a unique structure of Native Corporations. Some of the most notable instances of American Indian activism occurred under the Nixon Administration including the Occupation of Alcatraz and the Standoff at Wounded Knee. Termination policy before the 1950s, Indian tribes were considered semi-autonomous nations with complete governance over their own territory. Such autonomy allowed tribes to organize a tribal government, legislate and adjudicate, determine tribal membership, levy and collect taxes, enforce tribal laws, and control development of tribal resources. However, the United States' Indian policy gradually began to shift throughout the twentieth century. The United States government began to take a more involved role in the affairs of previously autonomous Indian tribes, and total assimilation of the Indians became the government's new policy line. In 1934, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act which sought to reorganize tribal systems of governance into forms foreign to Indians. Simultaneously, under the Indian Reorganization Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) began to gain approval power over Indian constitutions, resource development, and cultural activities. A new era of assimilation characterized relations between the United States and Indians. This evolution of policy was formally codified into law with the passage of House Concurrent Resolution 108 and Public Law 280 in 1953. House Concurrent Resolution 108 House Concurrent Resolution 108 of 1953 is often perceived as the formal codification of the official "termination" policy of the United States. Passed by the Eighty-Third Congress on August 1, 1953, the resolution sought to abolish tribal autonomy and subject Indians to the same laws as citizens of the United States. Furthermore, House Concurrent Resolution 108 opened the sale of tribal lands to non-Indians. Whereas it is the policy of Congress as rapidly as possible, to make the Indians within the territorial limits of the United States subject to the same laws and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities as are applicable to other citizens of the United States, and to grant them all of the rights and prerogatives pertaining to American citizenship; and whereas the Indians within the territorial limits of the United States should assume their full responsibilities as American citizens. Public Law 280 Public Law 280 (PL-280), which passed on August 15, 1953, supplemented the tenets and policies outlined in House Concurrent Resolution 108. Public Law 280 sought to transfer criminal jurisdiction over crimes committed by Indians in "Indian Country" to certain state governments. Previously, "Indian Country" was under the jurisdiction of the federal criminal code. Congress gave six states (California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Alaska) extensive authority to prosecute most crimes that occurred in Indian country. Between 1953 and 1968, numerous other states than the original six exercised expanded jurisdiction in Indian country. Not only did PL-280 strip the federal government of jurisdiction in Indian country, but it also nullified traditional tribal systems of internal justice. Efforts towards repeal under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson The United States government's policy of "termination" was met with staunch opposition from Indian populations. What had been initiated as an attempt at assimilation into American society had evolved into a systematic removal of Indian autonomy. Upon taking office in 1961, President Kennedy sought to gradually repeal the termination policy of the 1950s due to problems surrounding multiple ancestral land ownership patterns. President Kennedy scaled back the tenets of the termination era through a series of legislative actions. Public Law 87-273 approved on September 22, 1961 increased to $7,500,000 the annual authorization to carry out a vocational training program for American Indians residing on our near Indian reservation. Public Law 88-168 approved on November 4, 1963 to establish a $900,000 revolving loan fund for the Secretary of the Interior to make loans to Indian tribes for services of expert researchers and witnesses in prosecuting their cases before the Indian Claims Commission. S. 1049 passed the Senate on October 11, 1963 to provide the Secretary of the Interior with the authority to reduce the rapidly increasing number of Indian allotments in multiple ownership. President Lyndon B. Johnson furthered Kennedy's efforts to end the policy of "termination." In a landmark address to Congress on March 6, 1968, President Johnson emphasized the necessity of self-determination and improved living conditions for Indians in the United States. However, Johnson's program to provide Indians with equal standards of living to Americans quickly lost traction in Congress. Johnson's reform efforts did reap some substantial results. In 1968, the National Council on Indian Opportunity was established to encourage and coordinate the rise of Federal programs to benefit the American Indian population, appraise the impact and progress of such programs, and to suggest ways to improve the programs to meet the needs and desires of the Indian population. The National Council on Indian Opportunity was terminated in 1974. The Nixon Years (1969–1974) The Nixon Administration Richard Nixon took office as president in 1969. It was under his administration that Senator Jackson and Forrest J. Gerard were most active in their reform efforts. The efforts of Jackson and Gerard mirrored the demands of Indians for "self-determination." President Nixon called for an end to termination and provided a direct endorsement of "self-determination." Special message to Congress on Indian Affairs In a 1970 address to Congress, President Nixon articulated his vision of self-determination. He explained, "The time has come to break decisively with the past and to create the conditions for a new era in which the Indian future is determined by Indian acts and Indian decisions." Nixon continued, "This policy of forced termination is wrong, in my judgment, for a number of reasons. First, the premises on which it rests are wrong. Termination implies that the Federal government has taken on a trusteeship responsibility for Indian communities as an act of generosity toward a disadvantaged people and that it can therefore discontinue this responsibility on a unilateral basis whenever it sees fit." Nixon's overt renunciation of the long-standing termination policy was the first of any President in the post World War II era. Henry M. Jackson and Forrest J. Gerard In 1971, Senator Henry Jackson of Washington, Chairman of the Interior and Insular Affairs, hired Forrest J. Gerard. Gerard was born on Montana's Blackfeet Reservation in 1925, served in the United States Air Force in World War II, and received a college education on the G.I. Bill of Rights. Following college, Gerard worked for agencies in Montana and Wyoming before moving to Washington, D.C. to work for the Indian Health Service. Eventually, Gerard would work for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Health and Human Services. Gerard would provide Jackson with the experience and network of relationships with tribal leaders necessary for serious policy reform. Together, Jackson and Gerard worked hard to put the policies of self-determination outlined by Kennedy and Johnson into action. Beginning with Jackson's call for a Senate resolution to reverse House Concurrent Resolution 108, they embarked on an ambitious legislative agenda to reform Indian affairs in the United States. The legislation regarding Indian Affairs that bears the authorship of Senator Jackson and Gerard, and the sponsorship of Senator Jackson includes: Senate Concurrent Resolution 26, enacted in 1971 to reverse the federal policy of termination and develop a government-wide commitment to enable Indians to determine their own future, protect Indian property and identity, raise the social and economic level of Indians, and assist urban Indians. Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA), enacted in 1976 to address the deplorable living conditions in Indian Country. Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, enacted in 1975, it authorized the Secretaries of the Interior, Health, and Education to enter into contracts under which the tribes themselves would assume responsibility for the administration of federal Indian programs. Sub-Marginal Lands Act, enacted in 1975 to declare that certain submarginal land of the United States, purchased in the 1930s, be held in trust for certain Indian tribes and be made a part of the reservation for said Indians. Indian Finance Act, passed in 1975 with the sponsorship of Senator Jackson, was a proposal of President Nixon's to lend money to tribes via a revolving fund. Alaskan Native claims In 1959, Alaska became the 49th U.S. state. However, prior to and after the passage of the Alaska Statehood Act, indigenous claims were seen as contrary to goals of development. The 1968 discovery of North Slope oil was a dramatic development that demanded immediate conflict resolution over Indian land claims. However, the Alaska Statehood Act provided the new State with the entitlement to pursue land grants. Furthermore, the state and federal government embarked on a project to create a pipeline to transport oil from the North Slope fields. The vast majority of Alaskan Natives did not live on reservations but rather in scattered villages. As the State of Alaska began to select lands pursuant to the Statehood Act, native villages protested to the Secretary of the Interior that the lands chosen were occupied and used for aboriginal purposes. Senator Jackson desired an immediate resolution to the issue of land claims. In 1966, the Alaskan Federation of Natives (AFN) was formed. Composed of 400 Alaskan Natives representing 17 Native organizations, the AFN would work to achieve the passage of a just and fair land settlement. Natives who were younger and more educated formed the core of the AFN leadership, and they desired to keep a portion of their aboriginal lands. In 1968, Senator Jackson traveled to Anchorage for a public hearing with AFN members and the Native community. Ultimately, Senator Jackson concluded that land grants and trusteeship would not be enough for native leadership. In response, Congress presented the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). The ANCSA was designed to rectify disproportionate State land claims by transferring land titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. True to his commitment to "self-determination", prior to signing the ANCSA into law in 1971, President Nixon sought to ensure that the measure was supported by the AFN. American Indian protest movements The late 1960s were not only a time of tremendous policy change in regard to American Indians, but also a period of tremendous advocacy. Mirroring the Civil Rights Movement, protests against the Vietnam War, and the greater counterculture movement as a whole, American Indian protests movements blossomed during this decade. The occupation of Alcatraz Island Although Nixon was responsible for the direction of his Indian policy, the implementation and specifics were largely carried out by subordinates and White House staff members. However, in 1969, Nixon was forced to involve himself in an unforeseen crisis. In an effort to protest a policy of terminating Indian reservations and relocating inhabitants to urban areas, a group of American Indians boated to the abandoned island of Alcatraz in the San Francisco Bay. The occupiers, calling themselves "Indians of All Tribes," were led by Richard Oakes, a Native American and student at San Francisco State College. The vast majority of his companions were Native American college students. The White House refused to cave to the protesters but would not forcibly remove them either. Rather, the Nixon Administration sought to respond through increased reform efforts in regard to Indian policy. The occupation lasted until 1971. In that time period, President Nixon signed 52 Congressional legislative measures on behalf of American Indians to support tribal self-rule. In addition, President Nixon increased the BIA budget by 225 percent, doubled funds for Indian health care, and established the Office of Indian Water Rights. However, the primary concerns of the "Indians of All Tribes" were not addressed. The administration insisted that urban Indians form federally-recognized tribes, and use regular social service from the state and local agencies, not the BIA. President Nixon's inability to effectively reform the BIA would result in increased Indian activism and protest. Standoff at Wounded Knee The policy of President Nixon created a schism among Indian leadership. Radical urban groups such as the American Indian Movement (AIM) actively opposed the BIA. In 1972, AIM members occupied the BIA building in Washington, D.C. Once more showing the restraint of Alcatraz, the Nixon Administration negotiated with the AIM for their peaceful departure. The elected tribal leaders disagreed with the tactics of civil disobedience employed by AIM. They viewed AIM as a destructive organization, while AIM perceived tribal leaders as weak and unfit to provide substantial change. This conflict came to a head in 1973 when 200 members of AIM converged on Wounded Knee at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. The conflict at Wounded Knee led to the impeachment of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux) tribal chairman, Richard Wilson, who was considered corrupt by many elders and traditional members of the tribe, including those associated with AIM. Furthermore, AIM leaders disliked the existing tribal government because it had been established under the IRA of 1934. AIM took Wounded Knee at gunpoint and proclaimed an independent Sioux nation. In response, Richard Wilson threatened to invade Wounded Knee and violently eject all AIM members. U.S. Marshals, FBI agents, and BIA police were deployed to Pine Ridge Reservation to defuse the situation. However, the standoff would continue for another three months until negotiations between President Nixon's representative, Leonard Garment, and AIM leaders, Dennis Banks and Carter Camp, reached an agreement. The occupiers surrendered their arms in exchange for an investigation of Wilson's management of the Pine Ridge Reservation. Once more, the Nixon Administration had used restraint and patience in a potentially violent situation. The Nixon Administration hardened its policy toward AIM in the wake of the standoff at Wounded Knee. At the same time, Nixon's relative progressivism toward Indian affairs became stronger. Between 1973 and 1975, Congress, with the help of Senator Henry M. Jackson, passed a series of monumental reforms to U.S. Indian Policy. References Public policy of the Nixon administration United States federal Indian policy Nixon, Richard

46230716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hallow

The Hallow

The Hallow (originally titled The Woods) is a 2015 horror film directed by Corin Hardy, written by Hardy and Felipe Marino, and starring Joseph Mawle, Bojana Novakovic, Michael McElhatton, and Michael Smiley. It is a British-Irish co-production filmed in Ireland. It premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on 25 January 2015. Plot Adam Hitchens, a British conservationist specializing in plant and fungal life, his wife Claire, and baby son Finn travel to a remote Irish village surrounded by a large forest. While exploring the forest with Finn, Adam stumbles upon an animal carcass with a strange fungal substance that has burst open the body. Adam takes a sample and returns home with Finn while Claire has an encounter with a local called Colm Donnelly who seems unhappy that the family has moved in. That night, the window in Finn's room is broken while he is sleeping. While the couple suspects the culprit is Colm in an attempt to scare them away, the police arrive and suggest that a bird flew in. The officers inform them of the legend about the surrounding forest—that is inhabited by "The Hallow", a breed of "fairies, banshees and baby stealers". Later, Adam spots strange movement in the woods and Claire is puzzled by the fact that the windows of the house are all covered in iron bars. The next day Adam and Finn arrive in town to replace the broken window, when they are treated coldly by the villagers who repeat the legend of The Hallow. Colm arrives at the house again, frightening Claire, and warns her to leave before giving her an old book. On the drive back, Adam's car breaks down, and he discovers the fungus substance has entered the engine of his car. As he investigates the rest of the car, something pushes him into the boot and locks him in. Adam hears Finn crying as the car starts to shake, and he manages to break out through the backseats. He finds Finn unharmed but the car covered in scratch marks. Unnerved, Adam and Finn return home on foot as night falls, and Claire tells them about Colm. Adam tells Claire to call the police and arms himself with a shotgun. The power goes out, and they find the house has been ransacked. They decide to flee to the car, whereupon they are attacked by the creatures the villagers have warned them about. Adam, Claire, and Finn drive away, but the creatures cause them to crash into a ravine, and they retreat back to the house. While looking out of a keyhole, Adam is stabbed in the eye by a stinger from one of the creatures and realizes that light repels them. Claire and Finn flee into the attic while Adam goes to start the backup generator. The creatures attack Claire and Finn and nearly stab Claire in the eye too, but Adam is able to start the generator and ward the attackers off. The couple barricades the house and locks Finn in a cupboard. They discover the book that Colm gave Claire is filled with information about The Hallow, including their use of changelings. One of The Hallow manages to abduct Finn before his parents can stop it, and Adam breaks his leg, knocking himself unconscious. Claire pursues the creature and Finn into the forest and retrieves him safely from a pond. Adam sets his broken leg and, upon Claire and Finn's return to the house, begins to suspect that the Finn that Claire rescued is actually a changeling. Claire refuses to believe this, and the couple fight as Claire notices Adam starting to mutate via the fungus injected into him through the stinger. Claire stabs Adam and panics, fleeing into the forest with Finn. Adam soon follows them as his symptoms worsen, and he grows weak around lights. Claire escapes the forest, running to a nearby house for help. Colm is revealed to be the owner, and he sends Claire and Finn away at gunpoint, claiming that The Hallow took his daughter Cora as well. Adam enters The Hallow's nest and retrieves the real Finn from a fully transformed Cora. Claire fends off a group of The Hallow with a camera flash and reunites with Adam, who convinces her that he has the real Finn. They swap babies before Adam is fatally wounded by one of the creatures. The sun rises, forcing the creatures to retreat and destroying the changeling, proving that Adam was right. Adam dies from his wounds while Claire escapes to the house and cries with the real Finn over Adam's death. Later, a logging company start to cut down the forest, and the fungus substance is revealed to be on several logs being driven away. Cast Joseph Mawle as Adam Hitchens Bojana Novakovic as Claire Hitchens Michael McElhatton as Colm Donnelly Michael Smiley as Garda Davey Production Development The film was written to segue from a relationship drama into more of a dark fairytale, and the pacing matched this transition. Hardy wanted to touch upon many different subgenres of horror, including body horror and creature feature. Inspirations for the film were Hardy's love for fairytales, Ray Harryhausen (with whom Hardy was close friends), and horror films like The Evil Dead, Alien, and The Thing. It was pitched as "Straw Dogs meets Pan's Labyrinth". Although Hardy is a fan of vampires, werewolves, and zombies, he felt that there were already enough films based around those monsters, and he wanted to do something less overexposed. He decided on using Irish folktales as a base. As a fan of Mawle, Hardy wrote the lead role for him. Filming Shooting took place in Ireland for six weeks. Hardy wanted to keep the shooting "as real as possible". This involved shooting on location in forests and around lakes, including one scene where Hardy wore a wetsuit to shoot from inside a lake. Continuing this theme of realism, Hardy focused on giving the narrative a more rational, scientific base than the traditional magic-based fable. Martijn van Broekhuizen was the cinematographer. van Broekhuizen and Hardy had not worked together previously, but van Broekhuizen was aware of his work. After talking together on Skype, van Broekhuizen was impressed with Hardy's ability to clearly express his vision. van Broekhuizen credited his work on a Dutch film in which he shot complex nighttime scenes in a forest as the reason why he was hired for The Hallow. Shooting took place with an Arri Alexa digital camera, and the lighting was designed to evoke a fairytale atmosphere. Hardy had wanted to shoot on film, but budget limitations prevented this. Hardy characterized the production as having both "good fear" and "bad fear": the good kind inspired them to perform to the best of their ability, and the bad kind caused them to be averse to taking risks. Hardy credited his confidence in the production as raising morale when they were performing long shoots in rural locations. The creatures were done by British SFX artist John Nolan, whom Hardy sought out in an effort to find what he called the British equivalent to Stan Winston or Rob Bottin. The effects were primarily practical. The creatures were a mix of practical effects and CGI. Although a fan of old-school "man in a rubber suit" effects, Hardy took advantage of modern technology to augment the look of the creatures. In order to make the creatures more unsettling, their limbs were extended using practical effects, as Hardy believed a full-CGI monster would not be scary. This allowed the filmmakers to use on-set lighting to heighten the creepiness. This was inspired in part by Alien. The baby seen in the film is a mix of animatronics and twins that were digitally shot in front of a blue screen. The effects were inspired in part by the 2001 version of Planet of the Apes, which Hardy said "mixed those gritty real environments with the slick performance capture to blur the lines". Reception Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 73% of 56 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "Drenched in dark atmosphere and bolstered with some real emotion underneath all the chills, The Hallow suggests a wonderfully horrifying future for director Corin Hardy." It has a score of 65/100 on Metacritic based on 12 reviews. Geoff Berkshire of Variety wrote, "It takes time for The Hallow to get rolling, but once it reaches a bang-up final act, genre fans could walk out clamoring for a sequel." David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "As first films go, this one is visually energized, dynamically paced and discerning in its cine-literate references. It's also a kickass calling card for Hardy as he moves on to bigger projects." Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound rated it C− and wrote, "Despite a number of supremely original sequences – one of which involves a car trunk, another a cavernous dwelling – they’re all carried out rather predictably, cinching any warranted tension within seconds." Fred Topel of Bloody Disgusting rated it 4/5 stars and called for sequels to revisit the film's mythology, which he praised. References External links 2015 films 2015 horror films British films British independent films Films set in forests Films set in Ireland Films shot in Ireland Irish films Irish horror films Folk horror films Irish independent films English-language films British body horror films 2010s supernatural horror films Films based on Celtic mythology 2015 directorial debut films

46255818

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20April%202015

Deaths in April 2015

The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2015. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. April 2015 1 Dave Ball, 65, British musician (Procol Harum), colorectal cancer. Roel Cortez, 47, Filipino singer-songwriter, colon cancer. Peter Diamandopoulos, 86, Greek-born American academic, President of Adelphi University (1985–1997). Johnny Gardiner, 92, Canadian CFL football player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers). John Paul Hammerschmidt, 92, American politician, member of the US House of Representatives from Arkansas's 3rd district (1967–1993), heart and respiratory failure. Sir John Ingram, 90, New Zealand engineer and businessman. Zdravko-Ćiro Kovačić, 89, Croatian water polo player, Olympic silver medalist for Yugoslavia (1952, 1956). Eddie LeBaron, 85, American football player (Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys). Cynthia Lennon, 75, British author, cancer. Raul Loya, 76, American workers' rights activist. Misao Okawa, 117, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest living person. Nicolae Rainea, 81, Romanian football referee (FIFA World Cup (1974, 1978, 1982), UEFA Euro 1980 Final), pulmonary edema. Paul D. Reynolds, 52, Canadian investment banker, CEO of Canaccord Genuity. J. D. Smith, 83, American football player (San Francisco 49ers). Joseph Sweda, 89, American politician. Robert Walker, 54, Canadian-born American animator and director (Brother Bear, Aladdin, The Lion King), heart attack. Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu, 84, Nigerian politician and police officer, Inspector General of the Police (1976–1979). 2 Paule Anglim, 92, Canadian-born American art dealer (Gallery Paule Anglim). Luis Delgado Aparicio, 74, Peruvian politician, MP (1995–2001), pancreatic cancer. Natalia Bobrova, 36, Russian gymnast, stomach cancer. Mick Brown, 77, New Zealand jurist. Per Vilhelm Brüel, 100, Danish engineer. Wally Cassell, 103, Italian-born American actor (White Heat). Tom Coyne, 84, British news broadcaster and television presenter (Top Gear). James de Beaujeu Domville, 81, French-born Canadian theatrical producer. William Benedict Friend, 83, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Alexandria-Shreveport (1982–1986) and Shreveport (1986–2006). Raúl Gorriti, 58, Peruvian footballer (national team). Robert Blair Kaiser, 84, American journalist. Dennis Marks, 66, British television producer and music director. Ben Meisner, 76, Canadian broadcaster (CKPG), cancer. Norman H. Nie, 72, American social scientist, lung cancer. Hayley Okines, 17, British progeria campaigner, pneumonia. Manoel de Oliveira, 106, Portuguese film director and screenwriter, heart failure. Stanisław Pestka, 85, Polish Kashubian poet. Joseph L. Reid, 92, American oceanographer. Barbara Sass, 78, Polish film director and screenwriter. Olga Sawicka, 83, Polish dancer and choreographer. Doug Sax, 79, American audio mastering engineer, cancer. Robert H. Schuller, 88, American televangelist (Hour of Power). Alberto Ricardo da Silva, 71, East Timorese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Díli (2004–2015). Steve Stevaert, 60, Belgian politician, Chairman of the SP.a (2003–2005), Governor of Limburg (2005–2009). Abdelhadi Tazi, 94, Moroccan scholar and diplomat. Tom Towles, 65, American actor (Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, Miami Vice, The Rock), complications from a stroke. Jerzy Treder, 72, Polish philologist. Eugene Vielle, 101, British air force officer and inventor. 3 Milton Berkes, 90, American politician. Michael Birkett, 2nd Baron Birkett, 85, British hereditary peer and film producer. Nigel Boocock, 77, British speedway rider. Sarah Brady, 73, American gun control campaigner, pneumonia. Bob Burns, 64, American drummer (Lynyrd Skynyrd), traffic collision. Sam Cathcart, 90, American football player (San Francisco 49ers), cancer. John Darnton, 96, American football coach (Adrian Bulldogs). Traute Foresti, 100, Austrian poet and actress. Rocío García Gaytán, 55, Mexican politician, MP (1997–2000), cancer. Osea Gavidi, 71, Fijian politician, indigenous chief and secessionist leader. Mathias Gnädinger, 74, Swiss actor (The Boat Is Full, Journey of Hope), cardiac complications and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Paul Grigoriu, 70, Romanian radio personality (SRR). Michael Jandreau, 71, American Native leader, chairman of the Lower Brulé Sioux tribe, pneumonia and heart disease. Kayahan, 66, Turkish musician, cancer. Terdell Middleton, 59, American football player (Green Bay Packers). Vivian Nathan, 98, American actress (Klute). Mpok Nori, 84, Indonesian comedian. Algirdas Vaclovas Patackas, 71, Lithuanian politician and poet, signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. Luis María Pérez de Onraíta, 81, Spanish-born Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Malanje (1998–2012). Chris Plumridge, 70, British golf writer. Andrew Porter, 86, British music critic, pneumonia. Christopher Reynolds, 92, British linguist. Robert Rietti, 92, British-born Italian actor (Hannibal, The Omen). Charlie Sumner, 84, American football player (Chicago Bears). Shmuel Wosner, 101, Austrian-born Israeli Haredi rabbi. 4 Jaroslav Balcar, 62, Czechoslovak Olympic ski jumper (1976). Ramón Barreto, 75, Uruguayan football referee (1974 FIFA World Cup). Zdeněk Čihák, 82, Czech Olympic athlete. Bill Ellerington, 91, English footballer (Southampton). John Gogo, 83, Canadian politician. Jamaluddin Jarjis, 63, Malaysian politician, MP for Rompin (since 1990), helicopter crash. Elmer Lach, 97, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens), stroke. Donald N. Levine, 83, American sociologist. Ira Lewis, 82, American actor and playwright (Chinese Coffee), complications following open heart surgery. Elie Naasan, 83, Lebanese Olympic wrestler. Ioan Pușcaș, 82, Romanian gastroenterologist. Sir John Read, 97, British executive. Klaus Rifbjerg, 83, Danish writer (Anna, I, Anna), recipient of the Nordic Council's Literature Prize (1970). Lisa Simon, 64, American director, producer and production assistant (Sesame Street, Wonder Pets, Blue Jasmine). Marjorie Townsend, 85, American electrical engineer. Dick Wood, 79, American football player (New York Jets). 5 Bauyrzhan Baimukhammedov, 67, Kazakh football player and coach. Barbara Bergmann, 87, American feminist economist. Fredric Brandt, 65, American dermatologist, suicide by hanging. Juan Carlos Cáceres, 79, Argentine tango musician and painter, cancer. Hugh Delano, 81, American sports journalist. Richard Dysart, 86, American actor (L.A. Law, Being There, The Thing), Emmy winner (1992), cancer. Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi, 84, Indian politician. Ramnath Dhakal, 52, Nepalese politician, swine flu. Maurice Fenner, 86, English cricketer. Victor Gotbaum, 93, American labor leader, heart attack. Tony Hutton, 82, British Royal Navy officer, organized the refugee evacuation effort following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Sid Ali Kouiret, 82, Algerian actor. Naken Kyrykbaev, 39, Kazakh footballer (Taraz). Richard LaSalle, 97, American film composer. Anne-Claude Leflaive, 59, French winemaker, cancer. Norman B. Leventhal, 97, American property developer. Don Looney, 98, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers). Akira Machida, 78, Japanese judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2002–2006). Sargy Mann, 77, British painter. Gordon Moyes, 76, Australian radio evangelist and politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council (2002–2011). Louis Miles Muggleton, 92, South African-born British physicist. John Patton, 84, American politician. Claudio Prieto, 80, Spanish composer. Jehan Rajab, 81, Kuwaiti author. Steve Rickard, 85, New Zealand professional wrestler. Lon Simmons, 91, American sports broadcaster. Francesco Smalto, 87, Italian fashion designer. Gardner C. Taylor, 96, American preacher and civil rights activist. Julie Wilson, 90, American singer and actress, stroke complications. Yacoub Zaiadeen, 95, Jordanian politician. 6 Theodosios Balafas, 91, Greek Olympic pole vaulter (1948, 1952). Hardijs Baumanis, 47, Latvian diplomat, Ambassador to Azerbaijan (since 2010) and Lithuania. Giovanni Berlinguer, 90, Italian politician, MEP (2004–2009). James Best, 88, American actor (The Dukes of Hazzard, Ride Lonesome, The Twilight Zone), pneumonia. Ray Charles, 96, American musician (The Perry Como Show, The Muppet Show), cancer. Paul Dearing, 73, Australian Olympic silver medallist field hockey player (1968) and bronze medallist (1964). Milton DeLugg, 96, American composer. Walter H. Haas, 97, American astronomer. David L. Kaplan, 91, American professor and conductor. Eugène Moke Motsüri, 99, Congolese Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Kinshasa (1970–1991). Rie Muñoz, 93, American artist, stroke. Romualdas Ozolas, 76, Lithuanian politician, signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. John Papit, 86, American football player (Washington Redskins, Green Bay Packers), stroke. Art Powell, 78, American football player (Oakland Raiders). Ben Powers, 64, American actor (Good Times), liver cancer. Dollard St. Laurent, 85, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks). Dave Ulliott, 61, English professional poker player, colon cancer. Alan Wilson, 94, English cricketer (Lancashire). 7 Patrick H. Adkins, 67, American fantasy author. Tim Babcock, 95, American politician, Governor of Montana (1962–1969). Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum, 88, Iraqi Shi'a Islamic leader and politician. José Capellán, 34, American baseball player (Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers), heart attack. Harry Dowd, 76, English footballer (Manchester City). Eugene Louis Faccuito, 90, American dancer and choreographer. Stan Freberg, 88, American comedian and voice actor (Looney Tunes, Lady and the Tramp, Garfield and Friends), pneumonia. Edward Gallenstein, 92, American wood carver and magazine editor (Chip Chats). Jean Germain, 67, French politician, Mayor of Tours (1995–2014), suicide by gunshot. Richard Henyekane, 31, South African footballer, traffic collision. Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, 52, Bulgarian royal, lung infection. Stanley Kutler, 80, American historian. Geoffrey Lewis, 79, American actor (High Plains Drifter, Maverick, The Lawnmower Man), heart attack. Boonkua Lourvanij, 84, Thai Olympic shooter. Betty Lucas, 90, Australian actress (Prisoner, Taurus Rising, Richmond Hill). Dickie Owen, 88, British actor (Zulu, The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang). Richard F. Post, 96, American physicist. Maria Luisa Poumaillou, 61, Venezuelan-born French fashion consultant. James B. Rhoads, 86, American public servant, Archivist of the United States (1968–1979). Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty, 78, Indian judge. Donald Smith, 81, English cricket player (Cheshire). Rich Szaro, 67, Polish-born American football player (New Orleans Saints, New York Jets). Janet Turner, 78, British architectural lighting designer. Torrey Ward, 36, American basketball coach, plane crash. Naomi Wilzig, 80, American writer and museum owner (World Erotic Art Museum Miami). 8 Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac, 98, French resistance member, civil servant and historian. Abraham Eraly, 80, Indian historian and magazine editor. Harry K. Fukuhara, 95, American army officer. Nagore E. M. Hanifa, 89, Indian politician and playback singer. Willie Honicutt, 82, American Negro league baseball player. Graham Howarth, 99, English entomologist. Rayson Huang, 94, Chinese chemist, vice-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong (1972–1986). Jayakanthan, 80, Indian Tamil author. Sergei Lashchenko, 27, Ukrainian kickboxer, shot. David Laventhol, 81, American newspaper editor and publisher, Parkinson's disease. Nan Inger Östman, 92, Swedish children's book author. Billy Ronson, 58, English footballer (Blackpool F.C.). Giorgio Salvini, 94, Italian physicist and politician, Minister of University, Scientific Research and Technology (1995–1996). Hermann Schweppenhäuser, 87, German philosopher. Joel Shankle, 82, American hurdler, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). Joel Spira, 88, American inventor (solid-state lamp dimmer), co-founder of Lutron Electronics Company, heart attack. Hilde Stavik, 52, Norwegian long-distance runner, cancer. Udugama Sri Buddharakkitha Thero, 85, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk. Ion Trewin, 71, British editor, publisher and author. Lars Tunbjörk, 59, Swedish photographer. Jean-Claude Turcotte, 78, Canadian Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Montreal (1990–2012). Ole Wackström, 82, Finnish Olympic racing cyclist (1968, 1972). 9 Paul Almond, 83, Canadian filmmaker (The Act of the Heart, Journey, Isabel) and television director (Seven Up!), heart disease. Betty Tackaberry Blake, 94, American WWII aviator. Nina Companeez, 77, French film director. Alexander Dalgarno, 87, British physicist. Ivan Doig, 75, American author, multiple myeloma. Moira Gemmill, 55, British design director (Victoria and Albert Museum), traffic collision. Jurgen Gothe, 70, German-born Canadian radio broadcaster (DiscDrive). Charles Hamel, 84, American congressional aide and oil industry whistleblower. Ray Harm, 87, American artist, prostate cancer. Ghulam Rasool Kar, 94, Indian politician. Kuo Ting-tsai, 78, Taiwanese politician, MLY (1993–2002), complications of cancer. Bob McLean, 67, Australian winemaker, liver cancer. Hrushikesh Moolgavkar, 94, Indian air chief marshal and Chief of Air Staff (1976–1978). Vera Pap, 59, Hungarian actress. Ron Payne, 89, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly for Mitchell (1970–1989). Elmo Noel Joseph Perera, 82, Sri Lankan Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop (1992–1995) and Bishop of Galle (1995–2004). Narra Raghava Reddy, 92, Indian politician. Hans Ring, 86, Swedish Olympic athlete. Margaret Rule, 86, British archaeologist. João Alves dos Santos, 58, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Paranaguá (since 2006). Rafael Soriano, 94, Cuban painter. Alex Soto, 49, Puerto Rican actor and drag queen, heart attack. Rogvold Sukhoverko, 74, Russian film and voice actor. Johan B. Steen, 81, Norwegian biologist. Tut Taylor, 91, American bluegrass musician (The Great Dobro Sessions). John Toohey, 85, Australian jurist, High Court Justice (1987–1998). Tsien Tsuen-hsuin, 105, Chinese-born American sinologist, professor, and librarian. Sascha Weidner, 40, German artist, heart failure. 10 Andrzej Ajnenkiel, 84, Polish historian. Richie Benaud, 84, Australian cricket captain and television commentator, skin cancer. Raúl Héctor Castro, 98, Mexican-born American politician and diplomat, Governor of Arizona (1975–1977), Ambassador to El Salvador (1964–1968), Bolivia (1968–1969) and Argentina (1977–1980). David Dank, 76, American politician, member of Oklahoma House of Representatives (since 2007), heart attack. Peter de Giles, 88, British Olympic rower. Desmond Digby, 82, New Zealand-born Australian theatre designer, children's book illustrator and painter. Waltraud Falk, 85, German economist. Eduardo Gauggel Medina, 48, Honduran lawyer and politician, MP (since 2014), shot. Eduardo Gauggel Rivas, 61, Honduran lawyer and politician, member of the Supreme Court (1994–1998), shot. Ray Graves, 96, American football player and coach. Ronald Hambleton, 97, English-born Canadian broadcaster and music critic (Toronto Star). Bárbara Heliodora, 91, Brazilian theatre critic. Lauren Hill, 19, American college basketball player, pediatric cancer advocate, brain cancer. Dorothy Jelicich, 87, New Zealand politician, MP for Hamilton West (1972–75). Jin Youzhi, 96, Chinese royal. Rustin R. Kimsey, 79, American prelate, Episcopal Bishop of Eastern Oregon. Judith Malina, 88, German-born American actress (Dog Day Afternoon, Awakenings, The Addams Family) and director, lung disease. Keith McCormack, 74, American singer and songwriter ("Sugar Shack"), stroke. Bobby Moore, 56, American baseball player (San Francisco Giants). Jim Mutscheller, 85, American football player (Baltimore Colts), kidney failure. William S. Powell, 95, American historian. Rocco Quattrocchi, 88, American politician, member of the Rhode Island Senate and House of Representatives. Rose Francine Rogombé, 72, Gabonese politician, Acting President (2009). Ray Treacy, 68, Irish footballer (Charlton Athletic). Peter Walsh, 80, Australian politician, Minister for Finance (1984–1990), Senator for Western Australia (1974–1993). 11 Charlie Beasley, 69, American basketball player. Martin Tore Bjørndal, 70, Norwegian diplomat. Nico Frijda, 87, Dutch psychologist. Jimmy Gunn, 66, American football player (Chicago Bears), heart failure. Guy Hannen, 90, British WWII army officer and auctioneer. Helen Anne Henderson, 68, Canadian journalist and disability rights activist, complications from cancer. Peter Jones, 95, British WWII army officer. Muhammad Kamaruzzaman, 62, Bangladeshi politician and convicted war criminal, execution by hanging. Sheila Kitzinger, 86, British natural childbirth activist. Janusz Kurczab, 77, Polish Olympic fencer (1960), mountaineer and expedition leader. François Maspero, 83, French writer and translator. Viv Nicholson, 79, British football pools winner, complications of a stroke and dementia. Heino Pulli, 77, Finnish ice hockey player. Hanut Singh, 81, Indian army officer. Tekena Tamuno, 83, Nigerian history professor. Kyle Testerman, 80, American politician, Mayor of Knoxville, Tennessee (1972–1975, 1984–1987). Levi Watkins, 70, American heart surgeon, complications from a heart attack and a stroke. 12 Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad Arbaysh, 35, Saudi Arabian suspected terrorist, drone attack. Aleksey Bochkov, 45, Russian Olympic cyclist (1992). Paulo Brossard, 90, Brazilian jurist and politician, Minister of Justice (1986–1989), justice of the Supreme Federal Court (1989–1994). Jože Ciuha, 90, Slovenian painter. Patrice Dominguez, 65, French tennis player. Alfred Eick, 99, German U-boat commander. Bill Etches, 93, British WWII army officer (St Nazaire Raid). Doug Gregory, 92, British Royal Air Force officer and stunt pilot, hit by car. Claude Lanthier, 82, Canadian politician, MP for Lasalle (1984–1988). André Mba Obame, 57, Gabonese politician. Mario Wallenda, 74, American highwire artiste (The Flying Wallendas). 13 Bruce Alger, 96, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 5th district (1955–1965), heart ailment. Brice Bosnich, 78, Australian chemist. Gerald Calabrese, 90, American politician and basketball player (Syracuse Nationals). Ronnie Carroll, 80, Northern Irish singer and political candidate. Noël De Pauw, 72, Belgian cyclist. Tony Eldridge, 91, British Royal Navy officer (Chariot manned torpedo). Eduardo Galeano, 74, Uruguayan journalist, writer and novelist, lung cancer. Claire Gordon, 74, British actress (Konga, Beat Girl), brain tumour. Günter Grass, 87, German novelist (The Tin Drum), Nobel Prize laureate in Literature (1999), lung infection. Mária Gulácsy, 73, Hungarian fencer, Olympic silver medalist (1968). Neal Horsley, 70, American anti-abortion activist. Pat King, 68, Irish Gaelic football player and coach. Thelma Coyne Long, 96, Australian Hall of Fame tennis player. Joselyn Alejandra Niño, 20, Mexican suspected assassin, shot. Neal Nitz, 61, American politician. Anna-Lisa Ohlsson, 89, Swedish Olympic sprint canoeist (1952). Bob Pinkalla, 86, American ten-pin bowler, heart failure. Elizabeth Brown Pryor, 64, American author and historian, traffic collision. Antônio Alberto Guimarães Rezende, 89, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Caetité (1981–2002). Rex Robinson, 89, British actor (Doctor Who, Yes Minister, Only Fools and Horses). Haanii Shivraj, 29, Malaysian actress, cancer. Serhiy Sukhobok, 50, Ukrainian journalist, shot. Herb Trimpe, 75, American comic book artist (The Incredible Hulk, Thor), co-creator of Wolverine. 14 Norman H. Bangerter, 82, American politician, Governor of Utah (1985–1993), stroke. Klaus Bednarz, 72, German journalist and writer. Homaro Cantu, 38, American chef, suicide by hanging. Sheldon Galbraith, 92, Canadian figure skating coach. Aref Gholizadeh, 77, Iranian international footballer. Ameril Umbra Kato, 68, Filipino warlord, leader of Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, heart attack. Kō Kojima, 87, Japanese manga artist, cerebral hemorrhage. M. Joseph Manning, 90, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1967–1997). Zsuzsa Nádor, 87, Hungarian Olympic swimmer. Leslie Peterson, 91, Canadian lawyer and politician, Attorney General of British Columbia (1968–1972). Gordon Preston, 89, English mathematician. Majid Rahnema, 91, Iranian diplomat and politician. Mark Reeds, 55, Canadian ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues) and coach (Ottawa Senators), pneumonia. Meir Rosenne, 84, Israeli lawyer and diplomat, Ambassador to France (1979–1983) and United States (1983–1987). Kevin Rosier, 53, American super heavyweight kickboxing champion and mixed martial artist (UFC), heart attack. Vilas Sarang, 73, Indian author. Howie Schumm, 75, Canadian football player (Edmonton Eskimos). Arnold Schütz, 80, German footballer (Werder Bremen). Percy Sledge, 74, American R&B singer ("When a Man Loves a Woman"), liver cancer. Alex Stevens, 79, American actor and stunt performer (Dark Shadows, Superman, Goodfellas, Sesame Street). Buddy Temple, 73, American businessman and politician. Roberto Tucci, 93, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, President of Vatican Radio (1985–2001), Cardinal-Priest of S. Ignazio di Loyola a Campo Marzio (since 2001). Kathrine Sorley Walker, 95, English ballet critic. David Ward-Steinman, 78, American composer and music professor. 15 Sidney Abbott, 77, American feminist activist, fire. Kinya Aikawa, 80, Japanese actor (Speed Racer, Naruhodo! The World), lung cancer. Zaur Ardzinba, 65, Abkhazian politician. Joseph A. Bennett, 47, British actor (The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles), suicide by hanging. Paul Clark, 67, American poker player. Jonathan Crombie, 48, Canadian actor (Anne of Green Gables), brain haemorrhage. Margaret Harrison, 96, Scottish peace campaigner. Billy Ray Hearn, 85, American record label chairman, heart disease. John Howard, 94, American optical physicist. Oleg Kalashnikov, 52, Ukrainian politician, shot. Felice Leonardo, 100, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cerreto Sannita-Telese-Sant'Agata de' Goti (1957–1991). Alexander Nadson, 88, Belarusian religious leader, Apostolic Visitor for Belarusian Greek-Catholic faithful abroad (since 1986). Luis Ortega Álvarez, 62, Spanish judge, member of the Constitutional Court of Spain (since 2011). Govindbhai Patel, 72, Indian filmmaker, cancer. Margo Reed, 73, American jazz musician, complications from dementia. Mykola Storozhenko, 86, Ukrainian painter. Barbara Strauch, 63, American author and reporter (The New York Times), breast cancer. Surya Bahadur Thapa, 88, Nepalese politician, Prime Minister (1955, 1963–1964, 1965–1969, 1979–1983, 1997–1998, 2003–2004), respiratory failure. Gunilla Wolde, 75, Swedish writer and illustrator. 16 Ron Bailey, 88, New Zealand politician, MP for Heretaunga (1960–1981). Driss Bamous, 73, Moroccan Olympic footballer (1964). Valery Belousov, 66, Russian ice hockey player and coach. Ollie Brown, 71, American baseball player (San Diego Padres, San Francisco Giants), mesothelioma. Attaphol Buspakom, 53, Thai football player and coach, blood infection. Oles Buzina, 45, Ukrainian journalist, shot. Bhola Nath Chalise, 63, Nepalese economist, kidney ailments. Alden G. Glauch, 95, American air force major general. Stanislav Gross, 45, Czech politician, Prime Minister (2004–2005), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Johnny Kemp, 55, Bahamian singer ("Just Got Paid"), fall. Heino Kleiminger, 76, German footballer (F.C. Hansa Rostock, East Germany national team), cancer. Eduard Koblmueller, 69, Austrian mountaineer, hypothermia. Nimal Mendis, 81, Sri Lankan singer and songwriter. Tommy Preston, 82, Scottish footballer (Hibernian). Lee Remmel, 90, American public relations director (Green Bay Packers). Smuggler, 12, American Thoroughbred racehorse, complications from foaling. Marjorie Elliott Sypher, 89, Canadian-born Costa Rican First Lady (1974–1978). Giuseppe Zigaina, 91, Italian neorealist painter and author. 17 Renato Altissimo, 74, Italian politician, Minister of Health (1979–1980, 1981–1983), Minister of Trade and Industry (1983–1986). Steve Beck, 58, English executive, chairman of York City F.C. (2003–2004). Brian Couzens, 82, British music industry executive (Chandos Records). Mariano Gago, 66, Portuguese physicist and politician, cancer. Francis George, 78, American Roman Catholic Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago (1997–2014), President of the Conference of Catholic Bishops (2007–2010), bladder cancer. Peter Graham, 60, English cricketer. Robert P. Griffin, 91, American politician, member of the U.S. Senate from Michigan (1966–1977) and House of Representatives from Michigan's 9th district (1957–1966). Jaroslav Holík, 72, Czech ice hockey player, world champion (1972). Viktor Korshunov, 85, Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR. Tore Bernitz Pedersen, 80, Norwegian cartoonist. Hannes Lindemann, 92, German sailor. Phil Lundgren, 75, British Olympic boxer. Ray Nemec, 85, American baseball researcher and historian. Scotty Probasco, 86, American businessman and philanthropist. Don Quayle, 84, American broadcast journalist, President of NPR (1970–1973). Jack Rieley, 72, American record producer and band manager (The Beach Boys). Jeremiah J. Rodell, 93, American brigadier general and priest. Keith Shackleton, 92, British painter and television presenter. S. K. Sharma, 62, Indian cricket umpire. Ann Stepan, 71, American politician, member of the Illinois House of Representatives (1991–1993), lymphoma. A. Alfred Taubman, 91, American real estate developer, philanthropist and football team owner (Michigan Panthers). Greg Woodcroft, 44, Canadian wrestler. 18 Sir Christopher Bayly, 69, British historian. Walter Conahan, 87, American politician, member of the South Dakota Senate (1983–1989), cancer. Francesco Dapiran, 94, Italian Olympic rower (1948). Gunnar Gravdahl, 87, Norwegian politician, Mayor of Bærum (1989–1992). Joe Hutter, 77, American politician, member of the Iowa House of Representatives. Joseph Lechleider, 82, American inventor (DSL). Sir Roger Lobo, 91, Macanese-born Hong Kong businessman and politician, senior unofficial member of the Legislative Council (1980–1985), moved "Lobo Motion" (1984), cancer. Mario Pirani, 89, Italian journalist (la Repubblica), economist, and writer. William Schultz, 76, New Zealand rugby league player (Eastern Suburbs, national team). Laverne Torczon, 79, American football player. Leonid Vladimirsky, 94, Russian book illustrator. Erwin Waldner, 82, German footballer (VfB Stuttgart, SPAL Ferrara). 19 Richard Anthony, 77, Egyptian-born French singer. Sir Raymond Carr, 96, British historian. Haney Catchings, 66, American football coach (Prairie View A&M, Tuskegee), cancer. Uche Chukwumerije, 75, Nigerian politician, Senator for Abia North (since 2003), lung cancer. Margot Duke, Marchioness of Reading, 96, British aristocrat. William Price Fox, 89, American novelist. Lothar Friedrich, 84, German cyclist. Eva Galambos, 87, American politician, Mayor of Sandy Springs, Georgia (2005–2014), cancer. Freddie Gray, 25, American police suspect, severed spinal cord. Aliaskhab Kebekov, 43, Dagestani-Russian Islamist leader, Emir of the Caucasus Emirate (since 2014), shot. Sandra Mackey, 77, American writer (Chicago Tribune, The Wall Street Journal). István Marton, 72, Hungarian politician. Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley, 91, British politician, MP for Barnsley (1953–1983) and Barnsley Central (1983–1987), Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1976–1979). Scott Mason, 55, American radio personality. Tom McCabe, 60, Scottish politician, Minister for Finance and Public Service Reform (2004–2007). Tony Morelli, 58, Canadian stunt performer (The X-Files, Smallville, Rise of the Planet of the Apes). Hiroyuki Nishimoto, 88, Japanese voice actor (Moomin), aortic dissection. Theodosia Okoh, 92, Ghanaian flag designer and sports administrator. Michael J. D. Powell, 78, British mathematician. Else Repål, 85, Norwegian politician. Oktay Sinanoğlu, 80, Turkish scientist. Bernard Stollman, 85, American record label founder (ESP-Disk), colon and spine cancer. Elio Toaff, 99, Italian rabbi, Chief Rabbi of Rome (1951–2002). Betty Willis, 91, American graphic designer (Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign). Casimir Witucki, 86, American football player (Washington Redskins). 20 Gilberto Almeida, 86, Ecuadorian painter. Gary Brain, 72, New Zealand timpanist and conductor. Doug Buffone, 70, American football player (Chicago Bears) and radio host. Cláudio Cunha, 68, Brazilian actor. Hassan El-Shazly, 71, Egyptian footballer (Tersana, national team). Pedro Eugênio, 65, Brazilian politician, MP (1998–2014), complications from surgery. Tommy Graham, 72, Scottish politician. Peter Howell, 96, British actor (Emergency – Ward 10, Shadowlands, The Prisoner). Nobuo Kaiho, 73, Japanese Olympic basketball player. Albert Kalonji, 85, Congolese politician, King of South Kasai. Gábor Kucsera, 65, Hungarian Olympic swimmer. Aharon Lichtenstein, 81, French-born American-Israeli rabbi, recipient of the Israel Prize (2014). Bob Maloubier, 92, French secret agent. Frederic Morton, 90, Austrian-born American writer. Bob St. Clair, 84, American Hall of Fame football player (San Francisco 49ers). Ibrahim Yusri, 65, Egyptian actor (The Terrorist), kidney failure. 21 M. H. Abrams, 102, American literary critic. Mykola Bahrov, 77, Ukrainian academician and politician. Steve Byrnes, 56, American sports announcer (NASCAR on Fox), head and neck cancer. Gideon Eilat, 91, Israeli soldier. Betsy von Furstenberg, 83, German-born American actress (As the World Turns) and baroness, Alzheimer's disease. Edan Milton Hughes, 80, American art dealer and author. Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov, 49, Tajik-Russian film director (Luna Papa). Ferenc Konrád, 70, Hungarian water polo player, Olympic bronze (1968), silver (1972) and gold (1976) medalist. Jim McCarthy, 90, Irish rugby union player (national team). Sergei Mikhalev, 67, Russian ice hockey coach, traffic collision. John Moshoeu, 49, South African footballer (Kaizer Chiefs, Giant Blackpool, national team), African Cup of Nations champion (1996), cancer. Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, 88, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Odisha (1980–1989, 1995–1999), Governor of Assam (2009–2014), heart attack. Robert P. Patterson, Jr., 91, American federal judge. Borisav Pisić, 66, Bosnian Yugoslav Olympic hurdler (1980). Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters, 95, Canadian WWII tank commander. Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi, 76, Egyptian poet. Derek Vonberg, 93, British physicist. (death announced on this date) Dave Walker, 73, English footballer (Burnley, Southampton). Elizabeth Weaver, 74, American judge, Michigan Supreme Court Justice (1995–2010), Chief Justice (1991–2001). Cindy Yang, 24, Taiwanese model and actress (First of May), suicide by helium inhalation. 22 Hugh Alan Anderson, 81, Canadian politician. Dick Balharry, 77, British conservationist, cancer. Peter B. Best, 76, British marine mammal expert. Dorothy Custer, 103, American comedian. Yoichi Funado, 71, Japanese novelist, thymic cancer. Régis Ghesquière, 65, Belgian Olympic decathlete (1972), heart attack. Alasdair Graham, 85, Canadian politician, Senator for Nova Scotia (1972–2004). Nagare Hagiwara, 62, Japanese actor, traffic collision. Imtiaz Alam Hanfi, 86, Pakistani banker. Ronny Lee, 88, American guitarist and writer. Audree Norton, 88, American actress. Bernard Penfold, 98, British army major general, general manager of the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club (1972–1979). Aideen O'Kelly, 74, Irish actress. Páll Skúlason, 69, Icelandic philosopher. Gennadi Vengerov, 55, Belarusian-born Soviet actor (Enemy at the Gates), lung and bone cancer. Irene Woodall, 69, American magazine editor. 23 Afzaal Ahmed, 66, Pakistani cricketer and umpire. Aziz Asli, 77, Iranian footballer (Persepolis). Dick Barone, 82, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates). Desmond Boal, 85, Northern Irish lawyer and politician, MP for Belfast Shankill (1960–1972). Frana Cardno, 74, New Zealand politician, Mayor of Southland District (1992–2013), bile duct cancer. Sir Philip Carter, 87, British football director (Everton). Richard Corliss, 71, American film critic (Time), stroke. Alexander Eliot, 95, American writer. Marie Herbst, 86, American politician, Mayor of Vernon, Connecticut (1979–1986), member of the Connecticut Senate (1987–1992). George Horner, 91, Czech-born American pianist and physician. Ray Jackson, 74, Australian aboriginal activist and Wiradjuri elder. Pierre Claude Nolin, 64, Canadian politician, Speaker of the Senate (since 2014), cancer. Frank Porretta, 84, American tenor and musical theater actor. Paul Ryan, 69, American actor, television host and correspondent (Entertainment Tonight), leukemia. Jim Steffen, 78, American football player (Detroit Lions, Washington Redskins). E. M. Subramaniam, 67, Indian Carnatic percussionist. Sawyer Sweeten, 19, American actor (Everybody Loves Raymond), suicide by gunshot. Francis Tsai, 48, American concept artist (Spider-Man, TMNT, The Bourne Conspiracy), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sixto Valencia Burgos, 81, Mexican comic artist (Memín Pinguín, MAD). Guillermo Zúñiga Martínez, 72, Mexican academic and politician, Mayor of Xalapa (1988–1991), MP for Veracruz (1994–1997). 24 Władysław Bartoszewski, 93, Polish politician and resistance fighter, Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995, 2000–2001). Ken Birch, 81, British footballer (Bangor City). Thomas Joseph Connolly, 92, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Baker (1971–1999). Rustum Ghazaleh, 61, Syrian military officer, head injury. Ismail Hussain, 65, Indian politician, MP for Barpeta (2009–2014), cancer. Horst-Peter Kretschmer, 59, German Olympic ice hockey player (1980, 1988). Valentine Lamb, 76, British journalist (The Irish Field). Frankie Lee, 73, American blues singer-songwriter. Benjamin F. Logan, 87, American electrical engineer and bluegrass musician, heart attack. Sabeen Mahmud, 39, Pakistani human rights activist, shot. Michael Mustill, Baron Mustill, 83, British judge, barrister and peer. Herbert Ninaus, 78, Austrian-born Australian international footballer. Claudia Paz, 95, Chilean actress. Max Rojas, 74, Mexican poet. Raymond Roussin, 75, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Gravelbourg (1995–1998) and Victoria (1999–2004), Archbishop of Vancouver (2004–2009). Success Express, 30, American Thoroughbred racehorse. Sid Tepper, 96, American songwriter ("Red Roses for a Blue Lady"). George C. Young, 98, American lawyer and judge, heart attack. 25 Colin Bloomfield, 33, British radio presenter (BBC Radio Derby), skin cancer. Sujit Bose, 80, Indian cricketer. Arthur Brittenden, 90, British newspaper editor (Daily Mail). Wilfred Brown, 85, Australian cricketer. Edward Coke, 7th Earl of Leicester, 78, British nobleman. Jim Fanning, 87, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs) and manager (Montreal Expos). Paolo Galletti, 78, Italian Olympic swimmer (1956, 1960). Jiří Hledík, 86, Czech footballer (FC Hradec Králové). Otakar Krámský, 55, Czech racing driver, triple European hillclimb champion (1995, 1997, 1998), training collision. Don Mankiewicz, 93, American screenwriter (Star Trek, Ironside, Profiles in Courage), heart failure. Ben Molar, 99, Argentine composer and musical producer. Mike Phillips, 59, American basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats, FC Barcelona), fall. Alfred Schreyer, 92, Ukrainian-born Polish fiddler and singer. Christine Stewart, 74, Canadian politician, Secretary of State (1993–1997) and Minister of the Environment (1997–1999). Richard West, 84, British journalist and author. Notable deaths consequent to the April 2015 Nepal earthquake: Dan Fredinburg, 33, American executive, head of privacy at Google. Matthias Kuhle, 67, German geographer. 26 Masudur Rahman Baidya, 46, Indian swimmer, heart attack. Talal Akbar Bugti, 63, Pakistani tribal leader and politician, heart attack. Edward T. Chambers, 85, American activist, director of the Industrial Areas Foundation (1972–2009), heart failure. Hojatollah Khatib, 61, Iranian sports administrator (Persepolis), cancer. Izatullo Khayoyev, 78, Tajik politician, Vice-President (1990–1991), Prime Minister (1991–1992). Jayne Meadows, 95, American actress (I've Got a Secret, Undercurrent, Song of the Thin Man). Józef Paczyński, 95, Polish WWII prisoner, barber of Rudolf Hoss. Marcel Pronovost, 84, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs). Bill Valentine, 82, American baseball umpire. *Wang Guozhen, 58, Chinese poet, liver cancer. 27 Jay Appleton, 95, British geographer. Randy Bennett, 51, Canadian swimming coach, cancer. Suzanne Crough, 52, American actress (The Partridge Family), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. David Fletcher, 90, English cricketer (Surrey). Gene Fullmer, 83, American professional boxer, two-time middleweight world champion. Verne Gagne, 89, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter (AWA), Hall of Fame (2004, 2006). Frank Henderson, 92, American politician, member of the Idaho House of Representatives (2004–2014). Guy LeBlanc, 54, Canadian keyboard player (Nathan Mahl, Camel), kidney cancer. Andrew Lesnie, 59, Australian cinematographer (The Lord of the Rings, I Am Legend, The Water Diviner), Oscar winner (2002), heart attack. Harvey R. Miller, 82, American lawyer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Marty Napoleon, 93, American jazz pianist. Lionel Repka, 80, Canadian ice hockey player (Fort Wayne Komets), liver cancer. Alexander Rich, 90, American biologist. Inês Etienne Romeu, 72, Brazilian political prisoner. Abraham Rotstein, 86, Canadian economist. Rolf Smedvig, 62, American classical trumpeter (Empire Brass), heart attack. Chris Turner, 64, English football player and manager (Peterborough). John Wimpenny, 92, English aeronautical engineer. 28 Antônio Abujamra, 82, Brazilian actor and director. Marcia Brown, 96, American writer and children's books illustrator. Duri Camichel, 32, Swiss ice hockey player (EV Zug), traffic collision. Glenn Dennis, 90, American ufologist. Jack Ely, 71, American singer ("Louie Louie"). René Féret, 69, French actor and director (Solemn Communion). Ashura Hara, 68, Japanese professional wrestler, pneumonia. Keith Harris, 67, British ventriloquist (Orville the Duck, Cuddles the Monkey), cancer. Michael J. Ingelido, 98, American Air Force major general, stroke. Yoshihiko Osaki, 76, Japanese swimmer, Olympic silver medalist (1960), pneumonia. Vicente Piccio, Jr., 83, Filipino Air Force major general. Einar Thorsteinn, 73, Icelandic architect. James Watson, 78, British novelist. Xu Guangxian, 94, Chinese chemist. 29 Charles Benton, 84, American public digital media promoter, CEO of the Benton Foundation, cancer. Carlos Calderón Fajardo, 69, Peruvian journalist and novelist. Giovanni Canestri, 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cagliari (1984–1987) and Genoa (1987–1995). Daniel During, 83, South African cricketer. Gopulu, 90, Indian cartoonist (Ananda Vikatan). Nicholas Gruner, 72, Canadian Roman Catholic priest, promoter of the message of Our Lady of Fatima, heart attack. John G. Heyburn II, 66, American federal judge, Chief District Court Judge for the Western District of Kentucky (2001–2008), liver cancer. Paul Hudak, 62, American professor of computer science, leukemia. Milap Chand Jain, 86, Indian judge and politician, Governor of Rajasthan (1990). Gary Liddell, 60, Scottish footballer (Grimsby Town, Heart of Midlothian). Valmir Louruz, 71, Brazilian football manager (Juventude, Pelotas). François Michelin, 88, French businessman, CEO of Michelin (1955–1999). Vardan Militosyan, 64, Armenian Olympic silver medallist weightlifter (1976). Jean Nidetch, 91, American businesswoman, founder of Weight Watchers. Calvin Peete, 71, American golfer, Tournament Players champion (1985). Joe Pikula, 70, Canadian football player (Hamilton Tiger-Cats). Barbara Reynolds, 100, English scholar, lexicographer and translator. Brian Sedgemore, 78, British politician, fall. Dan Walker, 92, American politician, Governor of Illinois (1973–1977), heart failure. Notable convicted drug traffickers executed by Indonesian firing squad: Andrew Chan, 31, Australian (Bali Nine) Rodrigo Gularte, 42, Brazilian Myuran Sukumaran, 34, Australian (Bali Nine) 30 Lennart Bodström, 87, Swedish politician, Minister for Foreign Affairs (1982–1985). Sharon Callahan, 63, American Olympic athlete. Bold Pilot, 22, Turkish thoroughbred racehorse. Halina Daniec, 66, Polish Olympic gymnast. Peter Dobkin Hall, 69, American author and historian, traffic collision. David Fonseca, 60, Belizean politician, Mayor of Belize City (1999–2006), suicide by gunshot. Adrian Gibson, 79, Australian politician, MP for Denison (1964–69). Steven Goldmann, 53, Canadian music video and film director, cancer. Rutger Gunnarsson, 69, Swedish bassist (ABBA, Elton John). Ben E. King, 76, American soul and R&B singer ("Stand by Me"), coronary heart disease. Gregory Mertens, 24, Belgian footballer, heart attack. Patachou, 96, French singer and actress. William Pfaff, 86, American author and columnist, heart attack. Ronald Senator, 89, British composer, house fire. Sky Classic, 28, Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse. Nigel Terry, 69, British actor (The Lion in Winter, Excalibur, Troy), emphysema. References 2015-04 04

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201950

October 1950

The following events occurred in October 1950: October 1, 1950 (Sunday) Led by Võ Nguyên Giáp, Communist troops in the northern section of the French Indochina colony of Vietnam began a campaign of attacks on French colonial fortresses along the border with China, Battle of Route Coloniale 4. The 10,000 French troops in the forts faced 14 infantry and three artillery battalions, and were separated from the main French armies by 300 miles of jungle, and all of them would fall by October 17. In a conclusion of what would later be called the Leningrad Affair, six prominent leaders in the Soviet city of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) were executed following their organization of an unauthorized trade fair in 1949. Convicted and shot were Mikhail Rodionov, the former Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Republic; Pyotr Popkov, the Leningrad regional secretary; Soviet Planning Committee Chairman Nikolai Voznesensky; Leningrad First Secretary Aleksey Kuznetsov; Lengingrad Deputy Secretary Ya. F. Kapustin; and Leningrad Mayor P.G. Lazutin. The minesweeper became the first American ship to be sunk during the Korean War, after striking a mine. Twenty-one people, including the ship's commander, Lt. (j.g.) Warren R. Pierson, were killed. On the final day of the 1950 National League baseball season, the second-place Brooklyn Dodgers hosted the league-leading Philadelphia Phillies, after having closed the gap from nine games behind to only one. A Brooklyn win would have both teams tied at 90-64 and would have forced a playoff for the pennant, and the Dodgers had the bases loaded and were tied 1–1 in the ninth inning; but a deep right center hit by Gil Hodges was caught, and the Phillies went on to the World Series with a 4–1 win. The Tallkrogen, Gullmarsplan, Medborgarplatsen, Skanstull and Skogskyrkogården metro stations on the Stockholm metro were inaugurated in Sweden. Born: Boris Morukov, Russian cosmonaut who flew as an astronaut on the Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2006; in Moscow (died 2015) Randy Quaid, American actor, in Houston, Texas October 2, 1950 (Monday) The comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz, was published for the first time, in seven U.S. newspapers, including the Washington Post, the Chicago Tribune, the Minneapolis Star Tribune and the Seattle Times. In the very first strip, the main character was introduced in a statement by Shermy (a character later dropped from the comic) who said, "Well! Here comes Ol' Charlie Brown! Good Ol' Charlie Brown.... Yes, sir! Good Ol' Charlie Brown.... How I hate him!". Schulz's final installment would appear on February 13, 2000, the day after his death. As United Nations forces continued to drive northward in North Korea, China's leader, Mao Zedong, convened a special session of the Communist Party Politburo and made the decision to enter the Korean War, sending a request for military assistance to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin the same day. Tom Corbett, Space Cadet began a three-season run on CBS television, as a competitor to the DuMont network science fiction program Captain Video and His Video Rangers. With a larger budget than Captain Video, the 15-minute segments appeared on Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 6:45 in the evening. The show was inspired by the Robert A. Heinlein science fiction novel, Space Cadet, and starred Frankie Thomas in the title role. Lux Video Theatre, a television adaptation of the popular US anthology, Lux Radio Theatre, began a seven-season run. Telecast live for its first three years, the show was premiered on CBS with a 30-minute adaptation of the Maxwell Anderson play Saturday's Children. October 3, 1950 (Tuesday) Mao Zedong hosted India's ambassador to China, K. M. Panikkar, at his residence in Beijing and asked him to inform the United States that China would invade Korea if American troops crossed the 38th Parallel into North Korea, but not if the invasion was limited to South Korean troops alone. U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson received Pannikar's message later in the day, but the United States did not alter its progress toward the Chinese border. In elections in Brazil, former President Getúlio Vargas, of the Brazilian Labour Party, was elected as the 17th President of Brazil for a 5-year term, defeating challengers Eduardo Gomes and Cristiano Machado. Vargas had previously served from 1930 to 1945. The Social Democratic Party, retained a plurality in the Chamber of Deputies, with 112 of the 304 seats. Renmin University of China was opened in Beijing as "New China's first new-style regular university". Initially, the Chinese People's University (Zhongguo renmin daxue) was referred to as Renda. Beulah, the first television series to star an African-American, premiered on the ABC television network, with actress and comedienne Ethel Waters as the title character, the Negro maid for a white family, the Hendersons. Beulah, now considered an example of the stereotype of African Americans that was popular prior to the 1960s, although Beulah herself was portrayed as smarter than her employers. The show had been adapted from a radio comedy series of the same name, and would run for three seasons. Bellarmine University held its first classes, after having been established by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville, Kentucky. Born: Phyllis Nelson, U.S. singer-songwriter, in Jacksonville, Florida (died 1998) October 4, 1950 (Wednesday) General Peng Dehuai was in Xi'an when an airplane arrived and he was told to get on board to report for a meeting in Beijing with China's Communist Party Central Committee. Within four hours, he was present at the Zhongnanhai palace, and informed that Mao Zedong had selected him to command China's invasion of Korea. He led the invasion two weeks later. Marshal Lin Biao who, like most of the Politburo, was opposed to the invasion, had been Mao's first choice but had declined. Snoopy, the most famous dog in comic strip history, made his first appearance in the comic strip Peanuts. He would not be identified by name until May 22, 1951. His thoughts would become a regular part of the story starting on May 27, 1952, and he would begin walking upright starting on January 9, 1956. Died: Marek Kubliński, 19, Polish student, executed for anti-Communist activity October 5, 1950 (Thursday) For the first time since the surrender of Germany at the end of World War II, the four Allied Powers allowed German citizens to charter and to fly civilian aircraft, subject to approval of each flight by the Allied Civil Aviation Board at Wiesbaden. For more than five years, West Germany and East Germany had been a "no fly zone" for domestic aircraft. Gas explosions at four sewers in the neighborhoods of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, set off rumors that an atomic war had started and set off a panic of thousands of New York City residents. The blasts sent manhole covers as high as five stories above the street and sent blue flames into the air, and emergency calls brought police, emergency and fire department squads to the seven-block area. Nobody was injured. October 6, 1950 (Friday) The United States reassured the United Kingdom that General Douglas MacArthur had been clearly instructed not to attack Manchuria or any other part of China, and that the orders would not change without consultation between the U.S. and its allies. Havana Senator Félix Lancís Sánchez became Prime Minister of Cuba, succeeding Manuel Antonio de Varona. UNCURK, the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea, was established by vote of the General Assembly of the United Nations. October 7, 1950 (Saturday) The 52nd Division and the 53rd Division of China's People's Liberation Army, with 40,000 troops, invaded Eastern Tibet (Kham), and swiftly overran the "7,000 or 8,000 badly-trained and ill-equipped Tibetan troops", killing 5,700 of them at Chamdo. By a vote of 47 to 5, the United Nations General Assembly approved Resolution 376(V), calling for unification of Korea, and authorizing the United Nations forces to cross the 38th Parallel. Mother Teresa's Roman Catholic order in India, the Missionaries of Charity, received approval from Pope Pius XII. She would say later that the fact that the document was received (the same day) on the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary "seemed to be a sign from heaven". Baseball's New York Yankees beat the Philadelphia Phillies, 5–2, to win the 1950 World Series in a four-game sweep. The Phils had narrowly lost each of the first three games, 1–0, 2–1, and 3–2. The United States Seventh Fleet was given Operation Order 7-50, directing that its units were not to participate in the defense of any coastal islands held by the Republic of China on Taiwan. Walter Bedell Smith became the new Director of Central Intelligence. Born: Jakaya Kikwete, fourth President of Tanzania (2005–2015), in Msoga, Tanganyika. October 8, 1950 (Sunday) Two United States Air Force F-80 fighter-bombers mistakenly flew more than 60 miles into the Soviet Union and, at 4:17 pm local time, strafed parked airplanes of the 821st Interceptor Aviation Regiment at the Sukhaya Rechka airbase. Fortunately, there were no injuries, and the regiment commander did not pursue the invaders. The United States formally apologized to the Soviet Union on October 18, and offered to pay for the damage, but no response was made to the offer. The day after the United Nations had endorsed the unification of Korea, China's Mao Zedong ordered the creation of the People's Volunteer Army and directed General Peng Dehuai to prepare to invade North Korea. In the Haitian general election, Colonel Paul Magloire, recently resigned from the military junta governing the nation, was elected president against token opposition. Jogendra Nath Mandal, the Minister of Law and Labour for Pakistan and one of the nation's founders, resigned in protest over the treatment of Hindu minorities, and moved to India. Mandal had been the highest ranking Hindu official in the predominantly Muslim nation. October 9, 1950 (Monday) The Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre began. By the end of the month, over 153 unarmed civilians would be killed by police officers in Goyang, in the Gyeonggi-do district of South Korea. The Joint Chiefs of Staff sent a telegram to General MacArthur, advising him that "in the event of the open or covert employment anywhere in Korea of major Chinese Communist units, without prior announcement, you should continue the action as long as, in your judgment, action by forces now under your control offers a reasonable chance of success", but added that "you will obtain authorization from Washington prior to taking any military action against objectives in Chinese territory." The government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the United Kingdom's nationalization of the British iron and steel industry would take effect on February 15, pursuant to legislation that had passed the previous December. The move affected 92 private companies. The Iron and Steel Corporation would be dissolved in the denationalization of 1953, but renationalization would take place effective July 28, 1967. The conviction and 180-day jail sentence of incumbent U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor of Idaho was upheld after the United States Supreme Court declined to review his case. Senator Taylor's crime had been to scuffle with police in Birmingham, Alabama, when he had walked through a door marked "Negro Entrance" in order to attend a meeting of African-American students. Taylor did not serve any time, despite threats by Birmingham's police chief, Bull Connor, to have him extradited from Idaho to Alabama. Senator Taylor did, however, lose his bid for re-election 30 days later. On November 14, he paid off his $200 bond and $28.60 in court costs. Outnumbered 10 to 1, several battalions of French army troops in Vietnam were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner by Viet Minh guerrillas after retreating from the garrison at Cao Bằng. Born: Jody Williams, American teacher and aid worker, recipient of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize; in Rutland, Vermont October 10, 1950 (Tuesday) The Politburo of Bulgaria's Communist Party issued its Statutes of the Church and declared the Metropolitan Kiril of Plovdiv to be its nominee to serve as the Patriarch of All Bulgaria upon the revision of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The National Academy of Sciences announced the discovery of keeping bread fresh for several months, without refrigeration, by irradiating it with "a beam of electrons of nearly a million volt power". According to the NAS press release, "The atomic preserver will work for any kind of bread." The statement did not include information about whether the bread would be safe to eat. The Boulton Paul P.111 experimental aircraft made its maiden flight, at Boscombe Down, UK. Born: Nora Roberts (pen name J. D. Robb), American romance novelist, as Eleanor Robertson in Silver Spring, Maryland Died: General Vladimir Kirpichnikov of the Soviet Army, 47, executed for treason after having been kept as a prisoner of war by Finland until 1944. He had been accused of collaborating with his Finnish captors about the location of Soviet forces in the area. October 11, 1950 (Wednesday) By a vote of 5 to 2, the Federal Communications Commission issued the first license to broadcast television in color, to CBS. The field-sequential color system developed by Hungarian American engineer Dr. Peter Goldmark would become the first color television system to be adopted for commercial use, but would be abandoned a year later, in large part because its signal could not be picked up on ordinary black and white television sets without the purchase of an adapter that would cost at least fifteen dollars (equivalent to almost $150 in 2015 dollars). Initially, the CBS color sets would be priced at a minimum of $200, or $1,980 in 2015. General Douglas MacArthur was authorized to organize a civil administration for the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Gustav Heinemann resigned from his post as Federal Minister of the Interior for West Germany, in protest over the rearmament plans of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Heinemann, who would found the Emergency Society for the Peace of Europe a year later, would later serve as ceremonial President of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. The government of North Korea rejected a demand from the United Nations that it surrender, and a broadcast was made from Pyongyang declaring that army commander Kim Il Sung had asked for "the entire People's Army, partisans and all people to fight until the final day of victory." Died: Pauline Lord, 60, American stage actress who starred in the title role of the W. C. Fields film Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, killed in an automobile accident October 12, 1950 (Thursday) U.S. President Harry S. Truman was provided with a top secret report from the CIA's Office of Research and Estimates. Threat of Full Chinese Intervention in Korea (ORE 58-50) stated that "Despite statements by Chou Enlai, troop movements to Manchuria, and propaganda charges of atrocities and border violations... there are no convincing indications of an actual Chinese Communist intention to resort to full-scale intervention in Korea", and that "such action is not probable in 1950" and that "the most favorable time for intervention in Korea has passed". The United Nations General Assembly voted for General MacArthur to be the administrator of all UN held territory in North Korea, while South Korea President Syngman Rhee would continue to have authority over territory below the 38th Parallel. Two U.S. Navy minesweepers were sunk in the course of attempting to clear floating sea mines from North Korea's Wonsan Harbor as part of Operation Wonsan , a squadron of U.S. Navy warships came into conflict with Korean People's Army (KPA) batteries. Six U.S. Navy men died, and 43 more were wounded in the blast that sank and . When carrier planes attempted to drop bombs as a method of clearing the mines, it was "discovered that even a 1,000-pound bomb will not set off a mine". The remaining vessels and aircraft silenced the enemy guns. Turkey entered the Korean War with the arrival of an advance party of the Turkish Brigade at Pusan. The remaining 5,190 troops arrived five days later. The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show premiered on the CBS television network after the husband and wife comedy team became the latest to make a transition from radio. The radio program had run for 13 years as The Burns and Allen Show. Gracie Allen reportedly was "petrified" during the initial live broadcast because she had never had to memorize her lines before; on the radio, she was always able to read from her script without being seen by the home audience. Born: Takeshi Kaga, Japanese actor, as Shigekatsu Katsuta in Kanazawa Edward Bloor, American novelist of young adult fiction, in Trenton, New Jersey; Died: Bill Cannastra, 29, a central figure in the Beat Generation, killed in a freak accident when he tried to leave a subway car by climbing through its window. The train departed the Bleeker Street station in New York before Cannastra could complete his exit, and he was killed by his impact with the subway tunnel. October 13, 1950 (Friday) In Japan, the government announced the lifting of restrictions against 10,090 business, governmental and political leaders who had been purged from their positions of power after World War II, including future prime minister Nobusuke Kishi. In the ten months that followed, there would be three more waves of "depurging" of 83,287 more people. The Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party held an emergency meeting to reconsider its earlier decision to send Chinese forces into North Korea, in light of news that the Soviet Union was not going to provide its air force for at least a month. Eventually, Peng Dehuai and Gao Gang overcame the objections voiced by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and the invasion continued. The drama film All About Eve starring Bette Davis, Anne Baxter, George Sanders and Celeste Holm was released. Died: Master Sergeant John R. Wilson became the first U.S. Counterintelligence Corps officer to be killed in the Korean War. Alerted to an attack by enemy guerrilla forces on the small town of Pangso-ri, Wilson organized his contingent of 30 Korean police and interpreters into a defensive force. Taking with him four Koreans, Wilson personally led an attack on a house containing enemy troops. Wilson would posthumously be awarded the Silver Star. Ernest Haycox, 51, author of Westerns, ten of which were adapted to cowboy films like Stagecoach and Union Pacific October 14, 1950 (Saturday) The Thirteenth Corps of China's People's Volunteer Army marched across the Yalu River that marked the border between China and North Korea, becoming the first of hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to invade the Korean Peninsula. Dirk Stikker, the Foreign Minister of the Netherlands, received a cable from his chargé d'affaires in Beijing, announcing that four combat divisions had crossed the border. Stikker immediately notified the U.S. Ambassador, Selden Chapin, who reported the news to the U.S. Department of State. The second Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened to traffic, replacing the previous span that had collapsed in a storm on November 7, 1940, four months after it had opened. The $18,000,000 structure was the third longest suspension bridge in the world at that time, and was nicknamed "Sturdy Gertie" in contrast to the previous bridge, dubbed "Galloping Gertie". Hermann Flade, 18, was caught in the act of posting fliers objecting to the undemocratic nature of the 1950 general election in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), an offence for which he would be tried, convicted, and (initially) sentenced to death. In Denmark's parliamentary elections, the Social Democratic Party remained the largest in the Folketing, with 59 of the 151 seats. October 15, 1950 (Sunday) East Germany held its first national elections, with voting to take place for the Parliament and for regional, local and communal legislative bodies. In what the propaganda referred to as "the most democratic" elections ever held in Germany, and various political parties were identified, voters were asked to vote "yes" or "no" on a slate of candidates that had already been drawn up by the Communist-dominated National Front. The choice was further limited to approving or rejecting all candidates on the ballot. According to official figures, there was an 87.44% turnout of eligible voters, and 99.72% of them voted "yes" for the candidates. Otto Grotewohl was made the nation's first Prime Minister following the election. U.S. President Truman and U.S. Army General MacArthur met for a conference at Wake Island, after Truman's plane arrived at 6:30 in the morning local time (1:30 pm Saturday in Washington). The two posed for photographs, then rode together in "a battered Chevrolet sedan" to the conference site at a "small, new one-story concrete and frame office hut", where they conferred for two hours. Appearing as a guest on NBC's Meet the Press, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey announced that he would never run again for President of the United States, and that he would endorse General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the nominee of the Republican Party, even though Eisenhower had not declared his party affiliation. Dewey had been the nominee for president in both the 1944 and 1948 presidential elections. Across the River and into the Trees by Ernest Hemingway topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list. October 16, 1950 (Monday) C. S. Lewis's novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first of The Chronicles of Narnia series, was first published, released by British publisher Geoffrey Bles, followed by Macmillan Publishers in the United States on November 7. Lewis had completed the book at the end of March, 1949. At 6:00 pm local time, a reconnaissance team from the 42nd Army of China's People's Volunteers crossed the Ji'an Bridge over the Yalu River and moved 60 miles into Korea, followed by the PVA's 370th regiment of the 124th Division that crossed the river at another bridge at Ji'an-Manpu, advancing 20 miles. Combined, these have been described as "the first Chinese combat troops to enter North Korea." October 17, 1950 (Tuesday) The Battle of Sariwon began in Korea when the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade under Brigadier Basil Coad—–comprising the 1st Battalion, the Argyll and Sutherland Highland Regiment, the 1st Battalion, the Middlesex Regiment and 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment—–captured the town of Sariwon. North Korean casualties included 215 killed and more than 3,700 captured, whilst British-Commonwealth losses were 1 killed and 3 wounded (all from the Argylls). What North Korea now refers to as the Sinchon Massacre began in the North Korean provincial subdivision of Sinchon. North Korean histories claim that U.S. and United Nations military forces murdered more than 35,000 civilians— about one-fourth of Sinchon's population over the course of 52 days before a counterattack by Chinese and North Korean forces. The Battle of Pyongyang began. The United States pledged to spend between 1.8 billion and 2.4 billion dollars in military aid to French forces in Europe and Indochina before the end of 1951. The money, agreed to in conferences between the U.S. Department of Defense and the French Ministries of Defense and Finance, would come from a six billion dollar fund that Congress had appropriated to rearm American allies to defend against Communist aggression. A British European Airways Douglas DC-3 airplane crashed shortly after takeoff at 3:00 pm, en route from London to Glasgow. The twin-engined plane lost power in the starboard engine and lost altitude as it flew back to Northolt Airport, clipping beech trees and telephone wires before crashing into a garden wall in the London suburb of Mill Hill. All 24 passengers and four of the five member crew were killed. Ivor Novello's latest musical, Gay's the Word, was premièred in Manchester, UK. October 18, 1950 (Wednesday) The International Convention for the Protection of Birds was signed in Paris. It would come into effect on January 17, 1963. The moshav of Bar Giora was founded by Yemeni immigrants to Israel. Born: Wendy Wasserstein, American playwright (The Heidi Chronicles), in Brooklyn (d. 2006) Om Puri, Indian film actor, in Patiala, Punjab (d. 2017) October 19, 1950 (Thursday) United Nations troops won the Battle of Pyongyang, as American troops from the United States Army's 1st Cavalry became the first U.S. forces to march into Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. After fighting a final battle with North Korean forces at Chunghwa, the cavalry drove the remaining ten miles to find that the city was nearly deserted. Hours later, General Peng Dehuai, accompanied by an assistant and two bodyguards, traveled across the Yalu River between Dandong, China, and Sinuiju, North Korea, then ordered the bulk of the People's Volunteer Army to advance. As dusk fell at 5:30 p.m., the mass invasion of North Korea from China got underway, with 255,000 Chinese troops crossing the Yalu River over three different bridges. Ngabo Ngawang Jigme, the Governor of Eastern Tibet and the commander of Tibetan troops, surrendered the Kham province to China's General Wang Chimi. Future Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France made the first of many speeches in the French National Assembly, advocating that France end its war in Vietnam and negotiate a cease fire with the Communists. He would end the French involvement shortly after taking office in 1954 as the premier. Died: Edna St. Vincent Millay, 58, American poet Charles Ballantyne, 83, Canadian politician who served as Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian Senate during World War II October 20, 1950 (Friday) Australia passed the Communist Party Dissolution Act, which would later be struck down by the High Court. In the first large-scale paratrooper mission of the Korean War, 2,800 men of the U.S. Army's 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team parachuted into the areas of Sukchon and Sunchon to the north of Pyongyang on a rescue mission, and killed or captured 6,000 North Koreans. A group of 89 American prisoners of war, who had been removed to an area ten miles north of Sunchon, were taken to a cornfield for execution. Twenty-one were able to escape, but another 68 were machine-gunned to death. The foreign ministers of the Soviet Union and the other Eastern European nations met in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and proposed a German reunification plan that would have an equal number of delegates for East and West Germany as part of a temporary government. The plan would be rejected by the western nations on December 22. Born: Tom Petty, American rock musician, in Gainesville, Florida (d. 2017) Died: Henry L. Stimson, 83, U.S. Secretary of State (1929–1933), U.S. Secretary of War (1940–1945), and former Governor-General of the Philippines (1927–1929) October 21, 1950 (Saturday) In the first clash between the armies of Communist China and South Korea, a division of the Chinese 40th Army encountered and overwhelmed a unit of Republic of Korea soldiers near Bukjin. The Battle of Yongju began as part of the United Nations offensive towards the Yalu River. Various provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention (for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field; for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea; and relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War) all adopted on August 12, 1949, and eventually adopted by 192 nations, entered into force. The Saturday Evening Post ran an investigative report by William L. Worden, entitled "UCLA's Red Cell: Case History of College Communism". While not actually accusing the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) of being plagued by Communists, Worden reported that the "poor-boy's college" offered the opportunity for Communist infiltration, and cited student protests against racial discrimination as examples of the red influence. Worden conceded that there were "probably no more than 50 Communist Party members" in the 17,000 member school, but added that "this small group-- call it branch or cell or faction-- has been able to give the entire University a damaging reputation." The report added to calls for investigation of the entire California state university system. Born: Ronald McNair, African-American astronaut who was killed in the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger; in Lake City, South Carolina (d. 1986) October 22, 1950 (Sunday) On the day that the Internal Security Act of 1950 (popularly known as the McCarran Act) went into effect, the United States Department of Justice began a series of "midnight raids" across the nation, arresting resident aliens who were suspected of subversive activities. The Battle of Yongju was won by the United Nations forces. The Abuna Basilios (born Gebre Gyorgis Wolde Tsadik) was selected as the first Ethiopian-born Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The 1950 Norwegian Football Cup was won by Fredrikstad FK, for the sixth time. Born: Donald Ramotar, President of Guyana 2011–2015, in Caria-Caria, British Guiana October 23, 1950 (Monday) Two surgeons from the University of Toronto College of Medicine, Dr. W. G. Bigelow and Dr. J. C. Callaghan, presented their findings of their successful development of a heart pacemaker that could be implanted into an individual. Their paper was presented in Boston at the annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons. Film actor Errol Flynn was served with a criminal summons on the day of his marriage to Patrice Wymore in Monaco, and charged with the rape of a 16-year-old girl a year earlier. The young lady, a resident of Monte Carlo, had accused Flynn of luring her aboard his yacht and then sexually assaulting her. After more than a year, the Monocan court would dismiss the charges after concluding that there was no evidence to support the accusations. In an address at the United Nations, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Y. Vishinsky called upon the world's nations to adopt a resolution outlawing nuclear weapons, as well as a declaration, that the leaders of any government that used the bomb first would be tried as war criminals. The government of the People's Republic of China officially accepted an invitation to send a representative to the United Nations Security Council, for the first time since the Communist government had been established at Beijing in 1949. General Wu Xiuquan would speak on behalf of the Communists. Died: Al Jolson, 64, American musician once known as "The World's Greatest Actor", best known for starring in the first sound film, The Jazz Singer. A month earlier, Jolson had become the first major entertainer to travel to Korea to boost the morale of U.S. soldiers there. Reportedly, Jolson was playing the card game gin rummy with friends at his suite at the Hotel St. Francis when he suffered his fatal heart attack <ref>"AL JOLSON DIES OF HEART ATTACK", Miami News, October 24, 1950, p1; Goldman, Herbert G., Jolson – the Legend Comes to Life, (1988) Oxford University Press, p. 300.</ref> October 24, 1950 (Tuesday) René Pleven, the Prime Minister of France, addressed the National Assembly in Paris and proposed the creation of a multinational "European Army" as part of what he described as the Communauté européenne de défense (European Defence Community). The "Pleven Plan" would be rejected by the legislators, but in 2004, the various members of the European Union would agree upon cooperation of their nation's armed forces in conjunction with a European Defence Agency. Without prior consultation with Washington, and in disregard of the Joint Chiefs of Staff order of September 30, General MacArthur ordered a general advance of the 8th and 10th U.S. Armies toward the border with China. The Netherlands entered the Korean War, as an advance party of the Netherlands Battalion arrived, with the remainder joining them on November 23. In all, there were two infantry companies and one heavy weapons company comprising 636 men, and a few nurses (→ Regiment van Heutsz). The Battalion soldiers would be assigned to the U.S. 38th Infantry Regiment in December. Daily television broadcasting began in Cuba, as Union Radio TV inaugurated its regular schedule on Channel 4 in Havana. President Carlos Prío Socarrás guided the ceremonies from his office at the Presidential Palace. In an Australian government reshuffle, Eric Harrison, MP, moved from Defence to the Interior, changing places with MP Philip McBride. October 25, 1950 (Wednesday) The 7th Regiment of the 6th Division of the Republic of Korea Army (and its American advisor, Lt. Col. Harry Fleming) reached the Yalu River at Ch'osan, becoming the first group from the south to arrive at the border with China. The soldiers began firing artillery shells into Chinese territory after their arrival. The Battle of Onjong, the first major battle in the Korean War between the Chinese and United Nations forces, began after Communist Chinese forces encountered a regiment of the 6th Division of the South Korean Army. The Festival Ballet, founded by Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin, and later to become the English National Ballet, gave its first public performance. The Battle of Kujin and the Battle of Unsan began. October 26, 1950 (Thursday) The United Kingdom House of Commons building was used for the first time since its destruction in a German air raid on May 10, 1941. The government of India ruled out military intervention in the Chinese invasion of Tibet, and advised China that it would limit its response to diplomacy. The Battle of Kujin ended with the United Nations winning. October 27, 1950 (Friday) Meeting in the territory of a former "princely state" that was claimed by both India and Pakistan after the breakup of British India, the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference approved a resolution for the election of a constituent assembly, elected by voters from both nations, to determine the future of the area. By 1954, the assembly would vote to become a state in India. Pedro Albizu Campos, an advocate of the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States, made the decision to begin a planned insurrection after police had rounded up four of his followers and had discovered a Thompson submachine gun, three handguns, and five Molotov cocktails. Campos, leader of the Nationalist Party, spent the rest of the morning ordering the action to begin ahead of schedule, before being arrested at his home. October 28, 1950 (Saturday) Radio and film comedian Jack Benny brought his show to television with the premiere of a live broadcast from New York of The Jack Benny Program, opening with the one-liner "I'd give a million dollars to know what I look like on television." He and his supporting cast would continue the radio show for five more years, and his TV program, sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes, would run until 1964, winning eight Emmy awards along the way. The Communist government of Poland carried out a currency reform, with every 100 złoty being replaced by one "new złoty" note from the National Bank of Poland. At the same time, prices and wages were adjusted at the rate of three of the new złoty for every 100 old złoty, effectively removing two-thirds of money from circulation. Near Bennington, Vermont, Freida Langer became the fifth and last victim in a series of "Bennington Triangle" disappearances of hikers at the base of Glastenbury Mountain. Starting on November 12, 1945, a 75-year-old hunting guide, an 18-year-old Bennington College student, a 65-year-old retired soldier and an 8-year-old boy (who had gone missing on October 12, 1950) vanished, and their bodies were never found. Ms. Langer's decomposed remains would be discovered on May 12, 1951 ", but the cause of her death would never be determined. In the Scottish League Cup Final, Motherwell F.C. defeated favourites Hibernian F.C. 3–0 to win the title for the first time in their history. Born: Sihem Bensedrine, Tunisian journalist and women's rights and human rights activist, in La Marsa October 29, 1950 (Sunday) Gustav VI Adolf, 68, became King of Sweden on the death of his father. The Battle of Onjong was won by the Chinese over the United Nations forces. The Battle of Chongju began as part of the United Nations offensive towards the Yalu River. The 1950 NASCAR Grand National Series concluded with Julian Buesink winning the Owners' Championship and Bill Rexford winning the Drivers' Championship. Born: Abdullah Gül, 11th President of Turkey (2007—2014), in Kayseri Died: King Gustav V of Sweden, 92, who reigned for almost 43 years after the 1907 death of his father, King Oscar II Maurice Costello, 73, American vaudeville and silent film actor. October 30, 1950 (Monday) The Jayuya Uprising began when Blanca Canales and other members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party attacked the police station in the small town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, killing all six policemen there and then burning down the building and blocking the surrounding roads. Word of the attack set off similar actions in nine other cities in the island territory that was administered by the United States. Police stations in Peñuelas, Ponce, Utuado and Arecibo, with more violence at Naranjito and Mayagüez. Shots were fired at La Fortaleza, the residence of island Governor Luis Muñoz Marín in the capital at San Juan, killing a guard. The Puerto Rican National Guard counter-attacked, with airplanes strafing Jayuya and Utuado. By the end of the week, after 28 people were killed and 22 others wounded, order was restored, and the government arrested 2,000 people who had supported independence. The Battle of Chongju concluded, as Australian forces entered the town and cleared out the remaining North Korean troops. Australian commander Lieutenant Colonel Charles Hercules Green died two days later of his wounds. Erik Eriksen became the new Prime Minister of Denmark after forming a coalition government of legislators from his Venstre party and the Conservative People's Party of outgoing premier Hans Hedtoft. Born: Louise DuArt, American comedian and voice impersonator, in Quincy, Massachusetts October 31, 1950 (Tuesday) Earl Lloyd became the first African-American to play in a National Basketball Association game. One of four black players in the newly integrated NBA, Lloyd played for the Washington Capitols in the opener for the league's fifth season, at Rochester, New York, in the only game scheduled that night. Lloyd scored two field goals and two free throws in the Caps' 78–70 loss to the Rochester Royals. For the second time in two weeks, 28 people on a British European Airways flight were killed in an airliner crash at London. In the October 17 crash, 28 of 29 aboard a BEA DC-3 had died shortly after takeoff. Two weeks later, a Vickers 610 Viking with 26 passengers and 4 crew was approaching from Paris during a thick fog. An investigation concluded that the pilot had misjudged the amount of time that he had to abort the landing at London Airport. At 7:54 p.m., the plane struck Runway 28 with its landing gear retracted, became airborne again, then broke apart and exploded after crashing into a pile of iron pipes at the end of the runway. A stewardess and a passenger, both seated at the rear of the plane, were the only survivors. United States Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall authorized $50,000,000 for the construction of a secret manufacturing plant for the production of the nerve gas Sarin. Manufacture would begin at the plant, near Muscle Shoals, Alabama, in June, 1952. An oil pipeline linking Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, was completed. Born: John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor, in Newmarket, Ontario (died 1994) Jane Pauley, American television broadcaster and journalist (Today and Dateline''), in Indianapolis References 1950 1950-10 1950-10

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toutes%20peines%20confondues%20%28film%29

Toutes peines confondues (film)

Toutes peines confondues is a 1992 French crime drama film starring Mathilda May. It was filmed and produced at locations in France and Switzerland, and bases on the 1985 novel Sweetheart by Andrew Coburn. Plot The French detective superintendent Christophe Vade (Patrick Bruel) investigates the murder of an elderly French couple in the French Alps. In the course of his investigation he encounters Jeanne Gardella (Mathilda May), the wife of the businessman Antoine Gardella (Jacques Dutronc), a member of organized crime, and the son of the murdered couple. Antoine Gardella and his wife Jeanne live harmoniously, but Jeanne Gardella was forced by Thurson (Vernon Dobtcheff), a dubious agent of Interpol to her "role as wife" in the context of an undercover action against the European organized crime. Despite his criminal background, Jeanne loves her husband. Thurson also urges Christophe Vade to investigate Gardella and his wife in connection with the murder of those parents, and to get an additional pressure medium to gouge Jeanne Gardella to continue that farce. Thurson does not explain that plan either to inspector Vade or Jeanne Gardella, who fell in love, finally tolerated by Antoine Gardella who accepts that his wife was forced to that undercover action by Thurson. Tightly interwoven with the main story, the subplot plays in the milieu of the Swiss city of Zürich, and the advances of the brutal and corrupt city police officer Scatamacchia (Hans Heinz Moser) against a hostess allow a very personal view on Scandurat (Bruce Myers), Gardella's business partner and close friend. Finally, Vadella is forced to kill Vade and Jeanne, but refuses and choices suicide, to meet the unwritten rules within the organized crime. Cast Patrick Bruel as Christophe Vade Jacques Dutronc as Antoine Gardella Mathilda May as Jeanne Gardella Sophie Broustal as Laura Vernon Dobtcheff as Thurston Bruce Myers as Scandurat Joël Barbouth as Husquin Christophe Brault as Blodgett Eric Da Silva as Roselli Jean Dautremay as Deckler Jocelyn-Clair Durvel as Blue Hans Heinz Moser as Scatamacchia Michael Pas as Nordixen Bernard Waver as Roger Silas Jürgen Zwingel as Kimbler Joseph Malerba as Inspector Nolo Background and production The film bases on the 1985 novel Sweetheart by Andrew Coburn. Toutes peines confondues premiered on 8 April 1992 in France, in Belgium on 4 June 1992, in Germany on 27 August 1992 and in Sweden on 30 July 1993. The film was shot and produced at locations in the French Alps, and partially in Lyon and in Zürich. For international use, Toutes peines confondues was also titled Sweatheart. References External links 1992 films French films French crime drama films 1990s French-language films 1992 crime drama films Films shot in Zürich Films shot in France Films directed by Michel Deville

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe%20foreign%20settlement

Kobe foreign settlement

The , also known as the Kobe foreign concession, was a foreign settlement located about 3.5 kilometers east of the Port of Kobe, in the future Chūō-ku of Kobe, Japan. Established based on the Ansei Treaties, it existed from January 1, 1868, to July 16, 1899. The site was located between the to the east, the (site of a future thoroughfare) to the west, the sea to the south, and the highway to the north. It had an area of 78,000 tsubo (about 25.8 hectares), and was developed based on a logical urban plan. For these reasons, it has been praised as the "best-planned foreign settlement in the Orient". Its extraterritoriality was acknowledged in some of its administrative and financial affairs, and it was managed by an autonomous organization structured with foreign residents (most of whom had interests in east-India company and/or associates) at its center. Its operation was smooth, and relations between the Japanese and foreign sides were generally favorable. The settlement prospered as a gateway to Western culture and base of trade, spreading its economic and cultural influence to the surrounding areas as well. History Opening the Port of Hyōgo On July 29, 1858, the Tokugawa shogunate entered into the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States. In Article 6 of that treaty, the shogunate acknowledged the consular jurisdiction of the U.S. in Japan. In Article 3 it opened Hyōgo port as a treaty port from January 1, 1863, agreeing to establish a fixed area (foreign settlement) to be loaned to foreigners to reside and conduct economic activity in. Before long, the shogunate signed similar treaties known as the Ansei Treaties with the Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France. However, these treaties were unable to gain the approval of an imperial edict, and after negotiations with the foreign powers the opening of the port was delayed for five years, until January 1, 1868. The court expressed disapproval for the opening of a port so close to the imperial palace in Kyoto, and even after the Ansei Treaties were approved by imperial edict on December 22, 1865, approval for the port was still not granted. On June 26, 1867, when the treaty port's scheduled opening was six months away, an imperial edict finally acknowledged its establishment. Even before the issuance of this sanction, the shogunate had been conducting negotiations with the various foreign powers on the topic of the treaty port, and on May 16, 1867, it concluded an agreement for the establishment of foreign settlements in Hyōgo and Osaka with Britain, the U.S., and France. Article 1 of this agreement established that Thus, the foreign settlement was created at , about 3.5 km east of the Port of Hyōgo. In accordance with this, a new harbor was constructed on the coast at Kōbe-mura and opened to the foreign powers. In 1892, an imperial edict named this harbor the . Existing documents do not record the reason or chain of events surrounding the opening of the Port of Kobe instead of the Port of Hyōgo. Still, there are a number of theories. In Kokusai Toshi Kōbe no Keifu, Toshio Kusumoto guesses that the shogunate, mindful of the population's preference to keep foreigners at a distance and wishing to avoid conflict, wanted to avoid opening the already bustling and prosperous port of Hyōgo. Meanwhile, Shinshū Kōbe Shishi: Rekishi-hen 3 and Kokusai Toshi Kōbe no Keifu both conjecture that it was easier to secure a site in the less densely populated area around Kōbe-mura, and this site also allowed the reappropriation of the Kobe Naval Training Center, which had shut down in 1865. A November 1865 survey of the surrounding ocean by an attendant of the British envoy Harry Smith Parkes indicated that the area intended for the foreign settlement, somewhat removed from the old Hyōgo town center, looked out on a small bay that was sufficiently deep and provided an anchorage abundant in nature. Kokusai Toshi Kōbe no Keifu posits from this that this site was Kōbe-mura, and that the foreign powers also found this location more suitable than the existing port of Hyōgo. In any case, in 1892, the port of Kobe was expanded to incorporate the old port of Hyōgo. The final site of the foreign settlement was located within Kōbe-mura and framed by the Ikuta River to the east, Koi River to the west, and Pacific Ocean to the south, with the Saigoku Kaidō highway to the north. It had an area of 78,000 tsubo (about 0.26 km2). Shinshū Kōbe Shishi describes this selection as Construction and administration The Tokugawa shogunate dispatched Shibata Takenaka as magistrate of Hyōgo, putting him in charge of the creation of port and foreign settlement. Shibata immediately took over this task on his arrival in Kōbe-mura, but by January 1, 1868, when the port was to open, all that was complete was the Customs office, three wharfs, and three storehouses. This was also the period during which the government transitioned from the shogunate to the Meiji government, and on November 9, 1867, Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu officially tendered his resignation to the emperor. At first, business related to the port was left to the shogunate government, but on January 3, two days after the port opened, the shogunate was completely abolished and power returned to the emperor. After the shogunate forces lost the Battle of Toba–Fushimi at the end of that January, Yoshinobu retreated from Osaka Castle to Edo, and with Shibata recalled to Edo as well, the construction had to be suspended. The remainder of the construction was carried out under the Meiji government, and around 1872 the building of roads and drains was finished, completing the 8-by-5 grid of streets that defined the area of the settlement. The Meiji government, which was unwilling to allow foreigners to own land, classified the area instead as under perpetual lease, and the leaseholders were decided by auction. The perpetual lease continued even after the return of the settlement to Japan, until 1942 (see below). About half of the profits from the auction were absorbed by the government, while the remainder was accumulated for operating expenses by the , which the government acknowledged as the highest deciding body in the settlement's government. The self-government of the settlement by its residents continued until the foreign settlement was abolished. The settlement enjoyed 30 years of smooth operation, and relations were generally good between the foreign and Japanese sides. However, it was forbidden for Japanese to live within the foreign settlement, and their entrance to it was also restricted. In response to the delay in the settlement's construction, the Meiji government allowed foreigners to live outside of the settlement in the area between the Ikuta River to the east, the Uji River to the west, the southern shore of the foreign settlement to the south, and the mountains to the north. This area was referred to as the , and also existed until the abolishment of the settlement (see below). Development of the settlement and it surroundings After the opening of the port, the settlement was outfitted according to a logical urban plan, with the roads and drains complete around 1872, and bidding on the land lease over by February 7, 1873. The settlement's urban planning led to its evaluation as the "best-planned foreign settlement in the Orient" (by an April 17, 1871, article in the English-language newspaper The Far East). Even so, its surroundings were by no means the object of planned development. The foreign settlement sprouted factories run by foreigners to its northeast, companies and banks to its west, and a Chinatown to its northwest, but as the population in the area near the foreign settlement increased in proportion to its development, a disorderly jumble emerged around it. The scale of the town area increased until in 1890 it connected with the town around the Port of Hyōgo. At the time of the foreign settlement's establishment, the population of Kōbe-mura had been around 3,600 people, but in 1889, when Kōbe-mura was merged with its surroundings to become Kōbe-shi (Kobe City), the new municipality had a population of about 134,700 people. Furthermore, the population of the foreign settlement itself had increased from around 400 English, Germans, French, Dutch, and Ming citizens in 1871 to more than 2,000 in 1890 (see below). The port possessed meager facilities at first, resembling a natural coastline, but its outfitting continued as well. From April to July 1868, four new wharfs were built between the Ikuta and Uji rivers, and construction was carried out between 1871 and 1872 on breakwaters and expanding the wharves. From April 29 to July 26, 1871, further construction redirected the Ikuta River—not only to prevent the flooding of the settlement, but also to stop the flow of sediment into the middle of the harbor. These actions laid the foundations for the Port of Kobe's later reputation as a good natural harbor. The first round of major restorations that led to its position as Japan's foremost international trade port were decided in 1907, after the foreign settlement's return, and work began in 1908. Return Aiming to amend the terms of the unequal Ansei Treaties formed by the shogunate, the Meiji government embarked on a plan of Westernization. One part of this plan involved holding balls at the Rokumeikan in Tokyo, and Kobe also held its own. In 1887, a ball organized by the governors of Osaka and Hyōgo prefecture, and called , took place in a gymnasium owned by the Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (KRAC). In 1894, the Meiji government concluded the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with the United Kingdom, realizing its goal of repealing consular jurisdiction and reclaiming the foreign settlements. The government proceeded to conclude treaties to the same effect with 14 more countries, including the U.S. and France. These treaties took effect on July 17, 1899, and on this date the Kobe foreign settlement was returned to Japanese hands. The settlement was incorporated into Kobe City, and its administrative and financial autonomy was canceled. Japanese were allowed to enter freely and to reside within the area. The settlement's internal police force, which had been organized by the Municipal Council, was abolished, and its fire brigade, which had been organized directly be residents, was transferred to the control of the city as a regular fire brigade. The government of the settlement was transferred from the highest office within the Municipal Council, the head of the (see below), to commissioned members of the prefectural and city governments. On the old site of the office, a local police station was built, and a committee called the (later the ) was allowed to be established by the foreigners to help prevent disputes arising from the loss of extraterritoriality. In these ways, the government showed some consideration for the foreigners as well. Disputes over the perpetual lease As discussed above, the Meiji government was unwilling to allow foreigners to own land, and instead lent it to them on a perpetual lease. These leases continued even after the return of the settlement to Japan, but Japan began a policy of taxing the buildings on the land. The foreigners were opposed to this on the grounds that they were already being taxed on the land itself, and so were being subjected to double taxation, and in 1902 the Japanese government presented the case to the Permanent Court of Arbitration. In 1905, Japan's plea was discarded, and Japan was disallowed from levying any taxes on buildings on the land under perpetual lease. With taxation impossible, the Kobe city government moved beginning in 1933 to repeal the perpetual leases. In September 1936, it began conferencing with Yokohama and Nagasaki, which faced similar issues, and the three cities negotiated together with the foreign countries. In March 1937, an agreement was reached to exchange the leases on April 1, 1942, for the rights to the land, in exchange for which the land would be exempt from taxation for five years after the exchange. Though the settlement was officially returned to Japan by treaty on July 17, 1899, the settlement's history is considered to have continued until its full annulment on April 1, 1942. After the return From the Taishō era until the early Shōwa era, many Japanese firms and banks advanced into the former foreign settlement, which developed as a business district. Meanwhile, foreign trading companies declined around the time of the First World War. Real estate owned by Germans in particular, whose country opposed Japan in the war, was forcibly sold to Japanese, and German firms within the former settlement were succeeded by Japanese ones. By 1931, only 47 of 126 lots in the former foreign settlement were still under perpetual lease to foreigners. The Bombing of Kobe in World War II resulted in the destruction of 70% of the lots by June 1945, and their restoration did not progress well even after the war ended. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, many companies moved their bases to Tokyo, and the city center of Kobe moved east, deteriorating the former settlement's economic position. But in the late 1970s, the modern Western style architecture and historical scenery of the area led to its reappraisal. New shops opened that incorporated these factors, and the former foreign settlement became active once more as both a business and shopping district. Autonomy and extraterritoriality On August 7, 1868, the Meiji government concluded the , in which it acknowledged certain executive and financial rights of foreigners within the settlement. Specifically, the was created as the highest legislative organ in charge of the improvement of infrastructure and public order within the settlement. The Municipal Council was funded in part by a portion of the profits from the auctions of the perpetual leases, and was also allowed to collect land and police taxes. This self-government by the residents of the settlement continued until the abolishment of the settlement—unlike that in Nagasaki and Yokohama, which began with rights to self-government but lost them after a time. Meanwhile, the various foreign powers placed consulates around the settlement to safeguard their financial interests and citizens and exercise their consular jurisdiction. The Municipal Council's members consisted of consuls from the various foreign powers and the governor of Hyōgo prefecture, along with three elected representatives of the settlement's residents, who formed the Council's . The chairman of the Municipal Council was typically a representative of the consulates. The Council's meetings were conducted in English, and the minutes of these meetings were printed in the newspaper. The executive committee was the primary executive organ of the Council. The executive committee consisted of three committee members led by a committee head. The first executive committee head was one Charles Henry Cobden, who was succeeded by from 1872 until the return of the settlement to Japan. When the settlement's police station was established in April 1874, Trotzig also took over as its chief. Important matters were analyzed by committees under the Municipal Council, and their reports formed the basis for the Council's decisions. To respect the foreigners' self-government, there were limits on the abilities of Japanese to enter the settlement and of Japan to exercise police power in the area. Due to the extraterritoriality enforced by unequal treaties, legal disputes involving Westerners were subject to judgment by their consulates. The right to self-government was tied to the land of the settlement, and thus did not apply outside its boundaries, but the right to consular jurisdiction was tied to the people it applied to, and thus extended even to disputes that occurred outside the settlement. In practice, foreigners claimed the same extraterritoriality outside the settlement that they did inside, which sometimes developed into trouble with the Japanese side. Problems around self-governance and extraterritoriality Residence and entrance by Japanese people Japanese were forbidden to reside within the settlement, and at first after the opening of the port were unable to enter it at all, but after 1869 permit-holders were allowed inside. The settlement's internal police force also had a few Japanese police officers. Problems around police power As the Arrangement Relative to the Foreign Settlement at the Port of Hiogo and at Osaka allowed it to levy taxes for policing purposes, the Municipal Council felt that it held the power to police the settlement. However, Hyōgo Prefecture was of the view that the policing of the settlement fell under the jurisdiction of its prefectural police force. This difference in opinion led to a dispute on July 2, 1871, called the . On July 2, 1871, a Hyōgo prefectural police officer brought a woman suspected of prostitution in to the station from within the foreign settlement. Once the investigation determined that she was a servant of the Englishman Mr. Walters, who lived within the settlement, she was released. However, Walters was angry over the affair, and on the next day, July 3, he trapped two police officers he believed to have been involved in her arrest within his estate. The case fell under consular jurisdiction and was judged by the English consul Abel Gower, who judged that the Japanese officers were unable to exercise police power in the settlement—not even to patrol it, let alone arrest anyone. Thus, Walters was not found guilty of obstruction of justice against the officers, but only of false imprisonment. This judgment clarified that only the settlement police, under the authority of the executive committee, was allowed to undertake police action in the settlement. Hyōgo Prefecture remained unable to exercise these powers in the settlement until its return in 1899. Inquiry and preliminary hearings on the Normanton Incident The initial inquiry and preliminary hearings on the 1886 Normanton Incident fell under the consular jurisdiction of the Kobe foreign settlement. On October 24, the cargo ship Normanton, belonging to a steamboat company at the Yokohama settlement, sank in the waters off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture. The boat's 25 Japanese passengers, who were riding along with the cargo, all died. Although 11 British crewmen boarded lifeboats and survived, not a single Japanese passenger made it out alive, and so suspicion emerged that the captain and crew had been negligent in saving the passengers. Under the consular jurisdiction guaranteed by the Ansei Treaties, the hearings for the case were heard over five days beginning on November 1 in the Kobe foreign settlement, but the British consul James Troup found the crew innocent. The governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, Utsumi Tadakatsu, was dissatisfied with the verdict and accused the captain of murder. On November 20, preliminary hearings were held on this charge in the foreign settlement, and on December 8 public hearings were held in Yokohama; both of these found the captain guilty. As the initial inquiry over the incident had found the crew blameless, doubts and criticism of the right to consular jurisdiction arose domestically in Japan, along with a wave of anti-British sentiment. This initial inquiry is a black spot in the otherwise positive history of foreign–Japanese relations in the Kobe foreign settlement. Townscape Because the Port of Hyōgo opened about nine years after those of Yokohama and Nagasaki, the Kobe foreign settlement was built on a logical urban plan that leveraged the construction and design experiences of those earlier settlements. On April 17, 1871, the English-language journal The Far East described Kobe as the "best-planned foreign settlement in the Orient". The completed townscape of the settlement possessed the following characteristics: With the Ikuta River to the east, Uji River to the west, and sea to the south, the settlement was surrounded by rivers and the ocean on three sides. However, the rivers to the east and west were subjected in the 1870s to redirection and conversion into culverts. 8 roads running north to south and 5 running east to west split the settlement into 22 blocks, which were further subdivided into a total of 126 lots. Each lot had an area of between 200 and 300 tsubo (about 660 to 990 m2), and the total buildable area of the settlement, subtracting the roads, amounted to 49,645 tsubo (about 16.4 hectares) as of 1885. The roads were split into roadways and sidewalks. Drainage pipes were laid underground along the roads, running north to south and into the sea. The pipes were made of wedge-shaped bricks, packed together with mortar into a cylindrical shape. The roads were lined with trees and streetlights. The electrical lines were run underground, meaning that there was no need for utility poles to be raised. The seaside road on the south of the settlement, Kaigan-dōri, was outfitted as a promenade: lined with pine trees and a lawn. Gas lamps In November 1874, Brown and Co.—a predecessor of Osaka Gas, established with the investment of many of the firms in the settlement—began supplying gas to the settlement, the first area in Hyōgo to receive it. Gas lamps were set up inside the settlement to replace the previous oil lamps. Of the 94 gas lamps from the period, two are in front of the , while another is at the Meiji-mura museum and theme park. Reconstructions are also placed around the Kobe City Museum and the Kobe branch of the Daimaru department store chain. Electricity became available in Kobe from November 1888, and electric lamps were put up around the city, but there was opposition within the foreign settlement, mainly from Brown and Co. This delayed the introduction of both electricity supply and electric lamps to the settlement. Additionally, the foreign residents insisted that elevated power cables would ruin the beauty of the town, and had the lines in the settlement laid underground. Even after the return of the settlement to Japan, these wires remained underground, and utility poles were never erected in the area. Architectural style The first buildings erected in the settlement were tinged with the classical style. The at No. 15 was an exemplar of this style, with two floors and a veranda adorned with columns on the second floor. Until the mid-19th century, the classical style was overwhelmingly predominant in the foreign settlements of East Asia. In the 1890s, the English architect Alexander Nelson Hansell's activity brought change to the current fad. Hansell, influenced by Gothic Revival architecture, favored designs that featured exposed brick. Beginning with the rebuilding of the in the foreign settlement, Hansell worked on the designs of a great number of buildings, including branches of HSBC and Jardine Matheson, as well as the German consulate. Unlike the Yokohama settlement, which was populated by many examples of faux-Western Giyōfū architecture, all of the buildings in the Kobe settlement were constructed under the direction of Western architects, and most of the clients who ordered construction were foreign-owned enterprises. Meanwhile, from the early 1900s on, many of the architects employed by Japanese government administrations and business in Kobe were Japanese. These included graduates of the Imperial College of Engineering, like Tatsuno Kingo, Sone Tatsuzō, and , as well as , who studied architecture abroad in France at the École Centrale Paris. Architects like these, who studied under the Englishman Josiah Conder at the Imperial College like Tatsuno, or overseas like Yamaguchi, laid the development for the advancement of architecture in Japan during the Meiji period. However, these Japanese architects employed in Kobe at large and the foreign ones employed in the foreign settlement were clearly demarcated by their different client groups, and interaction between them was sparse. Lodging The first hospitality facility in the Kobe foreign settlement was the Global Hotel, which opened in 1868, though its location and the date of its closure are unknown. Various other facilities followed. The most famous among these was the Oriental Hotel, which opened sometime before August 3, 1870, in Lot 79. The Oriental Hotel was home to the office of the social Union Club from 1870 until around 1881, when Club Concordia took over the space, and on September 23, 1870, the KRAC's founding meeting was held there. The Oriental Hotel purchased Lot 80 in 1888 and moved its main building there, and at this time enjoyed critical acclaim for the culinary efforts of its French chef Louis Begeux. After the settlement's return, the Oriental Hotel's operation continued unbroken despite its relocation. It was destroyed by the Great Hanshin earthquake in 1995 but reopened in 2010. Construction on the neighboring rivers The two rivers that bordered the settlement on its initial construction were both problematic. The Ikuta River to the east had low banks and frequently flooded the settlement, while the Koi River to the west was hated as an obstruction to traffic. The Meiji government conducted construction on the Ikuta River from April 9 to July 26, 1871, to redirect the flow of the river eastward, creating a straight new Ikuta River that flowed directly south from the Nunobiki Falls upstream to Onohama-chō in Kobe. The old riverbed was built over and the street called Flower Road was built atop it, alongside a park shared by foreigners and Japanese that later became Higashi Yūenchi park. Some of the bank was left as hill, on which was later built. One portion of the reclaimed land was called Kanō-chō, in honor of the late Edo and Meiji-period merchant . The British engineer and architect , who had been involved with the construction of the settlement, was also involved with the remodeling of the river. In the case of the Koi River, the settlement's foreign residents appealed to Hyōgo prefecture and the central government to cover the river, offering to pay half of the construction costs involved. The construction was carried out from October 1874 to January 1875. In 1909, the river was completely covered with concrete, becoming a culvert. Later, a road called Koikawa-suji was laid atop it. Foreigners outside the settlement The Kobe foreign settlement's residents were allowed to live and operate in a certain area outside of its bounds. Mixed residential zone The initial opening of the port on January 1, 1868, only established a tiny area of land and facilities. The Meiji government had publicly inherited the treaties and agreements concluded by the shogunate, but in the May 16, 1867, agreement, the shogunate had agreed that in the event that the settlement became too cramped, it would either expand the area of the settlement or allow Japanese people to rent residences to foreigners. Therefore, the Meiji government from March 30, 1868, allowed foreigners to reside in the area between the Ikuta River to the east, the Uji river to the west, the coast to the south, and the mountains to the north. Within this area, foreigners could lease land and lease or purchase houses. This area was known as the . After the very early days of the zone's existence, it was not allowed to grant perpetual leases on land within this zone to foreigners. Leases were limited initially to five-year intervals, which was later expanded to 25 years. The mixed residential zone was set up on a temporary basis to compensate for the late opening of the settlement, but even after the settlement's completion, its foreign residents soon overwhelmed its internal capacity. Fearing that it would be asked to expand the settlement if the mixed residential zone were removed, the Meiji government left the zone intact until the abolishment of the settlement. As of the end of 1885, the mixed residential zone had an area of 26,756 tsubo (about 8.8 hectares). As Qing China had no treaty with Japan at the time of the port's opening, its citizens were unable to reside within the settlement and were limited to the mixed residential zone. This led to the development of a Chinatown to the west of the foreign settlement. After the signing of the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty on September 13, 1871, they were able to reside within the settlement, and the number of Chinese residents in both the mixed zone and the settlement itself increased. These Chinese acted as neutral parties called in trade conducted by the settlement's foreign firms. They also used their channels to China to play a major role in the export of matches to both countries. Many old foreign residences, called , remain as popular tourist attractions in the old mixed residential zone. The existing Kobe Chinatown, Nankinmachi, is in the area west of the foreign settlement where the Qing Chinatown first developed. In the mixed residential zone, foreigners and Japanese lived side by side, producing international exchange on the level of daily life. Kobe's current status as a city where multiple ethnicities and cultures coexist arose from this relationship. Treaty limits The Ansei Treaties included stipulations restricting the area of activity open to foreign residents, and in Kobe this consisted of an area of ten ri (about 40 km) around the Hyōgo prefectural office. In 1869, the prefecture released regulations concretely defining this 10-ri area in terms of actual travel distance, bounded by the sea to the south and by villages on all sides: to the east by Ōbe, Sakane, Hirai, and Nakashima in Kawabe District, the west by Sone and Amida in , and the north by Ōharano-mura in Kawabe District, Kawahara, Yado, Yakamishimo, and Inugai in , and Takō, Myōrakuji, and Yokō in Taka District. However, the foreign countries instead interpreted the ten ri as a radius of direct distance, expanding the treaty limits to encompass the entirety of Innami to the west and Kawabe, Taki, and Taka districts to the north. The space beyond this area was accessible to foreigners only for recreation and scholarship, and when foreigners did enter it they were obligated to carry a travel license from the prefectural office. In actuality, though, foreigners often left the treaty area without permission on excursions, which frequently caused trouble for the prefecture. When the settlement was returned in 1899, foreigners were permitted to reside and travel freely within Japan. Trade The port prospered with trade from immediately after its opening. The initial trade consisted of exports supplied by Japanese merchants to foreign ones, and imports sold from foreign merchants to Japanese ones. This was because foreigners were not allowed to buy export goods or sell their own imports outside the settlement, while Japanese merchants lacked the know-how to conduct business directly with businessmen overseas. Japanese merchants trying to sell goods to foreigners or buy goods from them carried out their negotiations through intermediaries, either Japanese clerks or Chinese baiben. As many of the foreign merchants were high-handed and forceful in their negotiations, and the Japanese were unaccustomed to trading with foreign countries and unfamiliar with the state of the world outside Japan, Japanese merchants were frequently manipulated into buying and selling goods at disadvantageous prices. Over time, as Japanese merchants and firms began to conduct their transactions directly with their counterparts, the power of the foreign merchants declined. At first, foreign merchants were involved in a full 100% of the foreign trade at the Port of Kobe, but in 1897, immediately before the settlement's return, they were only involved in 65% of transactions, and by 1907, after the return, their involvement had dropped to 50%, and 40% in 1911. Foreign merchants withdrew from the settlement after its return and were replaced by the Japanese firms that were now allowed to open offices within its old borders. In 1931, foreigners held leases on only 47 of the former settlement's 126 lots. The principal export goods were tea, rice, and matches. At first, the export tea came from Kyoto, but tea produced in western Japan was gradually promoted, and structures for its export came into place. Rice was exported from Kobe in sufficient quantity to become the standard rice in London's grain market. Full-scale match manufacturing in Kobe began in the late 1870s, at which point those matches also started being exported. The value of match exports from the Port of Kobe increased rapidly beginning in the late 1880s, increasing until they comprised more than nine-tenths of Japan's total match exports. These exports were directed primarily at China at first, but over time expanded to reach Australia, Europe, and America. The principal imports were cotton and woolen textiles like calico and cotton velvet. In 1896, the Kobe resident Takahashi Shinji imported a Kinetoscope through Rynel and Co., which occupied Lot 14, and held Japan's first public showings of moving pictures. From 1894 until the end of the Meiji period, Kobe hosted the highest level of imports of all Japan's ports. Culture Food Ramune The Kobe foreign settlement is said to be the birthplace of the popular Japanese drink Ramune. Sim and Co., managed by Alexander Cameron Sim, began to produce and distribute Ramune under the name , which was based on the company's location in Lot 18 of the foreign settlement. When Sim began selling Ramune, cholera was prevalent in Japan, and demand increased in 1886 when the Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun reported that A contemporary report by the Osaka Nippō stated that Sim's Ramune had Beef Before the opening of the port, beef produced in Tanba, Tango, and Tajima and purchased by merchants at the Yokohama foreign settlement was highly valued among foreigners. After the port opened, its foreign residents enthusiastically sought out this beef, but as beef was not customarily consumed in Japan at the time, no systems existed to provide enough supply. Therefore, the foreigners themselves opened slaughterhouses and butchers. The first of these was opened by the British businessman , who at some point rented a slaughterhouse to the east of the Ikuta River, opened a butcher along the coastal road Kaigan-dōri, and began to sell beef. Other records state that in 1868, an Englishman by the name of opened a slaughter house beside the Ikuta River. In 1871, Japanese people began supplying beef, and after 1875 its provision was mostly monopolized by Japanese. In 1894 foreigners withdrew completely from the local beef industry. Beginning immediately after the port's opening, Japanese in the areas around the settlement began handling beef for business and consuming it as food. The beef hotpot (sukiyaki) restaurant , which opened in 1869 in the Motomachi area within the mixed residential zone, is thought to have been the first Japanese-managed beef restaurant in Kobe. The oldest beef shops were Ōi Nikuten and Moritani Shōten, which opened in 1871. The founder of Ōi Nikuten, Kishida Inosuke, invented beef cooking techniques unique from those of the West, preserving beef in miso, or in soy as a tsukudani dish. In the late 1870s the businessman developed canned beef flavored with soy sauce and sugar, which became a nationwide hit product. Western confectionery Western confectionery was produced after the opening of the port to cater to foreign residents and travelers. In 1882, in Motomachi 3-chōme within the mixed residential zone, was founded as the first Western confectionery shop in Kobe. In , published the same year, introduced a Western confectionery shop called near the Aioi Bridge. In 1897, a man named Yoshikawa Ichizō opened a branch of the Tokyo confectionery in Motomachi, the first full-scale Western confectionery in Kobe, which sold castella, waffle, profiterole, candy, and chocolate. Christianity The Meiji government continued the shogunate's prohibition on Christianity until February 24, 1873. However, the Ansei Treaties guaranteed freedom of religion for foreigners, and religious activity by missionaries within the foreign settlement was energetic from its inception. On August 9, 1868, the missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society began holding weekly Catholic services every Sunday at a temporary place of worship on the Saigoku Kaidō. In March of the next year he built a rectory on Lot 37 and moved the services there. However, as many of foreign residents were Protestant, attendance was not remarkably high. Mounicou continued on, building a chapel on Lot 37, and the church was consecrated on April 17, 1870. In 1923, the church was relocated to Nakayamate-dōri 1-chōme, becoming one of the roots of the Kobe Central Catholic Church. On May 22, 1870, Daniel Crosby Greene of the American Board began holding Protestant services on Lot 18. Greene constructed a church on Lot 48, which was completed in 1872 and named the Union Church. In 1928, the church moved to Fukiai-ku Ikuta-chō 4-chōme, and then to Nada-Ku, Kobe Nagaminedai 2-chōme in 1992 The first Anglican services in the settlement were held in 1873. From 1876 to 1898, the Protestant Union Church also hosted Anglican services. In 1898, All Saints Church completed construction at Shitayamate-dōri 3-chōme, and Anglican services were conducted there from then on. All Saints Church burned down during the Second World War and was never rebuilt. Music A variety of musical activities took place on the street by the sea, in Naigaijin Park, the Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club gymnasium, and in Nishimachi Park. Most of these activities were concerts, dances, and performances at sporting events. They were held by military bands from the various countries, as well as by private bands and professional or amateur musicians. KRAC held between one and three performances per year, featuring both concerts and theatrical plays, to cover its management expenses. Sports Sports organizations Hiogo and Osaka Race Club The Hiogo Race Club (HRC), was launched as the Kobe foreign settlement's first sports organization on March 1, 1869, and afterwards expanded in scope to become the Hiogo and Osaka Race Club (HORC). The HORC built a permanent horse-racing course between Ikuta Shrine and the contemporary course of the Ikuta River and periodically hosted races. The HORC was quite active and exchanged horses and riders with the , but its financial situation worsened. The club became unable to pay rent on its land and lost the racecourse, dissolving in November 1877. Kobe (Hyogo) Cricket Club The foreign settlement at Kobe quickly became home to many British residents, including many lovers of their country's national sport. The Hyōgo Cricket Club was founded on January 19, 1870, around the main members of a team of foreign residents that had played a game on October 16 of the previous year against a British army team. The club changed its name in 1871 to the Kobe Cricket Club (KCC). For a long time, the KCC was unable to secure enough members or playing ground to undertake any conspicuous activity, but after May 1877, when the future Higashi Yūenchi park was completed, the club became quite active, playing games in the park seemingly every week. Beginning in 1893, the club also played games of baseball. The KCC continued to operate until World War II. Kobe Regatta and Athletic Club The Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (KRAC) was a sports club founded on September 23, 1870, by the proposal of Alexander Cameron Sim. KRAC was able to secure land on the eastern side of the foreign settlement immediately, and by December 1870, just three months after its founding, had completed a boathouse and gymnasium, and a pool by June 1871, launching its activities at a favorable pace. KRAC members competed in a wide variety of sports including regatta, track and field, rugby football, tennis, swimming, water polo, and rifle shooting. In 1871, KRAC competed at the Yokohama foreign settlement against the Yokohama Boat Club and the Nippon Rowing Club in a regatta event. After this, the sports clubs of Kobe and Yokohama periodically competed at events including regatta, track and field, cricket, and football. These matches continued even after the return of the settlement, with the exception of a period during the Second World War. The KRAC gymnasium was open to non-members as well, and was used not only as KRAC's clubhouse but also as a town hall for the foreign settlement. It was also used as a theater, and was nicknamed the or . More than just a simple sports organization, KRAC deepened friendships among the settlement's foreign residents and engaged in social activities in the community as well. Naigaijin Park On Christmas of 1868, shortly after the opening of the port, a horse race was held at the riding ground in the northeastern portion of the settlement, where the town plan had been delayed. This race set a precedent, and cricket and track-and-field events came to be held in the same spot. Even so, this was to the foreign residents only a temporary opportunity until the town plan was completed, and demand rose for an area to be officially allocated for sports. The residents recalled that the Japanese government had promised the establishment of such a sports ground, so when a large plot of land appeared to the east of the settlement during the reconstruction of the Ikuta River between April 29 and July 26, 1871, a rumor spread among them that this was to become the sports ground. In February 1872, a group of foreign residents staked off a portion of this land to claim it. The Japanese government was displeased, but after negotiations, it approved the establishment of a sports ground in November 1874, in the form of a park to be shared by both the settlement's foreign residents and the local Japanese. The costs of its construction and maintenance became the responsibilities of the foreigners themselves, and in this way they were able to obtain a sports area about ten years after the port's opening. The park was completed in May 1877 and named . The park's grounds took the form of a lawn. The sight of the foreigners merrily engaged in sports like rugby and tennis likely contributed to the spread of these sports to the surrounding areas. Naigaijin Park was returned to the Japanese government along with the rest of the settlement in 1899, and transferred to the management of the city administration. It was renamed to , and in 1922 to . The park was used for sports games for about 90 years, until 1962, when that function was transferred to the nearby Isogami Park. Foreign newspapers The first foreign-language newspaper published in the Kobe foreign settlement was the Hiogo and Osaka Herald, launched by A. T. Watkins, which released its first issue on January 4, 1868. On April 23 of that year the Heralds typesetter Filomena Braga left the paper to start his own paper, the Hiogo News. After a few years the Herald, undercut by the Newss lower subscription price, discontinued its publication. In 1888 A. W. Quinton established the Kobe Herald, and on October 2, 1891, Robert Young started the Kobe Chronicle. The Chronicle occasionally ran editorials by Lafcadio Hearn. After the return of the settlement in 1899, the Kobe Chronicle purchased the Hiogo News (which had been renamed to the Hiogo Evening News), changed its company name to the Japan Chronicle, and expanded beyond Kobe, growing until it recorded the largest number of copies printed of any foreign-language newspaper in the country. The Kobe Herald changed its name in 1926 to the Kobe Herald and Osaka Gazette, but ceased publication shortly thereafter. The Japan Chronicle ceased publication in January 1942. Social clubs There were two social clubs within the Kobe foreign settlement. The first, Club Concordia, was founded by resident Germans in 1868. The club only intended to admit Germans, but to cover the costs of their clubhouse on the eastern end of the settlement they began to accept others as well, including Dutch, Norwegians, and Swedes. The Union Club, also called the International Club and later the , was founded in 1869 by British and Americans, but also accepted others including French and Italians. The club moved its base repeatedly between various buildings within the foreign settlement, from Lot 31 to Lot 32 and then to the basement of the Oriental Hotel in Lot 79. After the establishment of the German Empire, Club Concordia's German and non-German members became antagonistic, and many of the non-German members left. Troubled for funds, Club Concordia sold its facilities to the Union Club, and around 1881 moved into the Union Club's previous space in the basement of the Oriental Hotel on Lot 79. The two clubs were friendly until the outbreak of the First World War, and when the Oriental Hotel burned down in 1890 the Union Club allowed Club Concordia to share their facilities. The Union Club (Kobe Club) continued to be active even after the return of the settlement. Kantei-byō To ethnic Chinese, Kantei-byō represented a place to pray for prosperity both in business and in the household, and was a place of spiritual support. Qing Chinese immigrants built two Kantei-byō temples in the mixed residential zone. One was built at Nakayamate-dōri 7-chōme in 1888 by the powerful local Chinese Lán Zhuōfēng, Zhèng Wàngāo, and Mài Shǎopéng, under the auspices of relocating the derelict Jigan-san Chōraku-ji temple from Fuse-mura, Kawachi-gun, Osaka. Chōraku-ji had originally been dedicated to the worship of Eleven-Faced Kannon, but primarily Chinese objects of worship like Guan Di and Tianhou Shengmu were also added along with the move. This Kantei-byō was destroyed in June 1945 by Allied bombs, but was rebuilt in 1947 and equipped with a statue of Guan Di imported from Taiwan. The other Kantei-byō was likewise built in 1888, in Kano-chō 2-chōme, and likewise destroyed in the June 1945 bombing, but unlike the first it was never rebuilt. The Zhonghua Huiguan located in Nakatamate-dōri 6-chōme also enshrined a statue of Guan Di, and was therefore also referred to as Kantei-byō. The rebuilt Kantei-byō holds an event () during the Ghost Festival from the 14th to the 16th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar each year. In October 1997, this festival was designated Municipal Intangible Folk Cultural Property No. 1 of Kobe City. Medicine The resident foreigners viewed the bad condition of their settlement's sanitation as a serious problem from the start. Typhus infections were common, and it was feared that smallpox or cholera might spread as well. In May 1869, the prefecture established a hospital in that accepted foreigners in addition to Japanese patients, called . But after a little over a year the foreigners, disappointed with the low level of treatment available there, began to feel the need to establish their own self-managed hospital facilities. The foreign residents investigated the possibility of establishing a hospital accepting both foreigners and Japanese, but the prefectural response was not positive, and in February 1871 the foreigners decided to independently establish their own donation-funded international hospital, the . John Cutting Berry, who became the International Hospital's medical director in July 1872, adopted a policy of examining Japanese patients as well as those from other countries. The hospital was run at first out of a house near Ikuta Shrine, but discontent over the inadequate facilities led to the construction in 1874 of a new hospital building in Yamamoto-dōri 1-chōme. Foreign residents Foreign population The population of foreign residents in both the foreign settlement and mixed residential zone was as follows. Important foreign residents Businessmen Alexander Cameron Sim moved to Kobe in 1870, where he worked for the settlement druggist Llewellyn & Co. before establishing Sim & Co. on Lot 18. In addition to distributing Ramune and proposing the foundation of the KRAC, Sim was also known for leading the settlement's internal firefighting force, for which he held lookout from a fire lookout tower in Nishimachi Park near his home. He kept his firefighting clothes, helmet, and axe beside his pillow even when he slept and participated personally in almost every fire-fighting effort during his tenure. After the settlement was returned and the firefighting force incorporated into Kobe's, Sim was left a position as honorary advisor in the new structure and allowed to direct a team. Sim was also the vice chairman of the settlement's Municipal Council, and as the chairman was sick during the ceremony for the return of the settlement, Sim attended in his place and signed the associated documents. In 1868 Arthur Hesketh Groom, in the service of Thomas Blake Glover's Glover and Co., came to Kobe to establish a branch office of that company. In 1871, Groom helped establish Mourilyan, Heimann & Co. at Lot 101 of the foreign settlement with his Glover and Co. colleague Heimann, exporting Japanese tea and importing Ceylon tea. In 1895 Groom built a villa on land on the peak of Mount Rokkō borrowed under his son's name. Proceeding to sell off lots on the mountain to other foreigners, he laid the foundation for development on the mountain. Groom was also known as a sportsman, and was involved in the founding of both the Kobe Cricket Club and the Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club. Groom's private four-hole golf course, which he built in 1901 on Mount Rokkō, was the first golf course in Japan. In 1903, after the return of the settlement, this developed into the Kobe Golf Club, with a membership system. Groom also worked as president of the managing company of the Oriental Hotel from 1897 to 1916. established Kirby and Co. immediately after the opening of the port, importing machinery as well as various goods and sundries. In 1869, Kirby and two Englishmen established Onohama Iron Works, which Kirby then took control of as Onohama Shipyards. Onohama Shipyards made a large contribution to Kobe's shipbuilding industry. In 1882 it produced Japan's first iron steamboat, the (a train ferry over Lake Biwa). However, it fell into management difficulties, and in 1884 Kirby committed suicide. , a previous employee of Kirby and Co., left that company to establish his own trading business, Hunter and Co., at No. 29 in 1874. In 1879, he gained the cooperation of the lumber dealer Kadota Saburōbee to found Osaka Iron Works (the future Hitachi Zosen Corporation) at the mouth of the Abe River in Osaka and thereby expand into shipbuilding. Hunter succeeded in building a wooden dry dock in 1883, when the project was considered quite difficult with contemporary technology, and successfully transformed Osaka Iron Works into a leading shipbuilder of the Kansai region. Hunter's diversified management put his enterprise on a strong track. When the effects of the Japanese government's deflation measures drove Osaka Iron Works into dire straits in 1882, his company was able to endure the crisis with profits from exporting polished rice. At this time, Hunter exported over 10,000 tons of rice a year, and Kobe rice set the price standard on London's grain market. In his later years, Hunter trusted his business to his son , who worked hard to deepen cultural exchange between foreigners and Japanese, including by gathering votes for the amendment of the unequal treaties from the foreign residents. The Walsh Brothers, Thomas and John, moved to Kobe as soon as the port opened and established a branch of their trading business Walsh and Co. (later Walsh, Hall, and Co.). Walsh, Hall, and Co. purchased cotton, which was at the time used in the West to make paper, in Japan and then sold it abroad. They then used quicklime to harden the cotton before exporting it, but the traces of lime in the cotton afterwards would heat up when exposed to water, in a chemical reaction that frequently caused fires. Walsh, Hall, and Co. then switched to exporting the cotton as pulp, which brought in great profits. The Walsh Brothers also established the Kobe Paper Mill (the future Mitsubishi Paper Mills) in Sannomiya, thereby extending their reach into paper production as well. Writers Lafcadio Hearn stayed in the Kobe foreign settlement from 1894 to 1896. He found employment at the Kobe Chronicle newspaper through an introduction by Basil Hall Chamberlain, and for four months published critical essays in its editorial section. It was in Kobe that Hearn made his decision to become a naturalized Japanese. In 1896, Hearn left Kobe to become a professor at the University of Tokyo. Wenceslau de Moraes was appointed as the first vice consul of the Portuguese consulate in the settlement, was quickly promoted to consul, and remained in Kobe until 1913. Beginning in 1901, Moraes published essays about Japan in the Portuguese newspaper Comércio do Porto. Christian missionaries The Christian missionaries who visited the Kobe foreign settlement engaged not only in proselytizing, but also in the fields of education, medicine, and social service. In the fall of 1886, the Southern Methodist missionaries and Walter Russell Lambuth opened a school they called the Palmore Institute out of their home at No. 47. There they hosted lectures on English and the Bible. The Palmore Institute developed into a vocational school teaching English conversation, and its women's department became the Keimei Gakuin middle and high school. James Lambuth was further involved in the founding of the Hiroshima Girls' School (forerunner of Hiroshima Jogakuin University) Nursery School Teacher Training Department (one of the forerunners of Seiwa College), and in 1889 Walter Lambuth established Kwansei Gakuin University. James's wife, Mary Isabella Lambuth, is known for establishing the (one of the forerunners of Seiwa College) in 1888. Two female missionaries of the American Board, Eliza Talcott and , called Kobe Home (later Kobe College), at the base of Mt. Suwa in 1875 to improve education for girls. In 1880, Dudley established (one of the forerunners of Seiwa College). John Cutting Berry, another missionary of the American Board, directed not only the International Hospital of Kobe but also Kobe Hospital, and was energetic in his medical practice in Kobe, Himeji, and Sanda. In January 1873, Berry conducted the first human dissection in the prefecture at Kobe Hospital. He visited Kobe's prison in 1877, on the prefecture's request, in response to an outbreak of beriberi within, and saw with his own eyes the unsanitary conditions and inhumane treatment of prisoners there. He pushed the prefecture to reform its prison system, and many other missionaries followed him in visiting the prisons and presenting plans to the government for their reform. The nun looked after orphans at the girls' school on Lot 41 beginning around 1890. She continued this work until after the conclusion of the Pacific War, and over the course of her life helped several hundred children. Foreign cemetery A cemetery for foreign residents was first provided by the Tokugawa shogunate at Onohama Shinden (now Kobe City, Chūo-ku, Hamabe-dōri, 6-chōme) The cemetery was managed by the Executive Committee of the Municipal Council, and by the city of Kobe after the return of the settlement. In 1899, after the return of the settlement, Kobe City established an additional cemetery at Kasugano, Fukiai-mura (now Nada-ku Kagoike-dōri 4-chōme) because the original had filled up. In time, though, this cemetery became saturated as well, and the city began building yet another at Mt. Futatabi in Chūō-ku. This new graveyard, , was completed in 1952 after construction was interrupted during World War II. All the graves at Onohama were moved to the new location in the same year, and in 1961 those at Kasugano were relocated there as well. Influence on surrounding area The Kobe foreign settlement prospered as a foothold of trade and gateway to Western culture, imparting economic and cultural effects on its surroundings as well. Before the port opened, the local center of trade had been Hyōgo Bay, around which a town had formed. After the opening of the port, the area around the foreign settlement became an economic powerhouse, leading to the construction of a new town around it. Beginning in 1890, the town around the foreign settlement and that around the old port met and joined into one contiguous town area. The port finally opened at Hyōgo was not in fact the originally active one but rather somewhat removed, on the coast at Kōbe-mura; in 1892 an Imperial edict deemed this the Port of Kobe, and in that same year its area was increased to incorporate the old port of Hyōgo as well. Some of the earliest effects were felt in the area of food. Japanese-run establishments began serving beef as early as 1869, butcher shops emerged shortly after, and from then on Japanese people made their livings working with beef. The drinking of milk and eating of bread spread around the same time. Beginning in 1873, Hyōgo Prefecture promoted the construction of Western-style architecture in the town area near the settlement, and after the return of the settlement the building of Western-style designs proceeded well. The sight of the resident foreigners enjoying sports like tennis and rugby inspired the locals to take them up as well. The number of local Christians increased. Shibata Takenaka, who was involved with the construction of the settlement, advocated the construction of a red light district for foreigners on the grounds that The Fukuhara red light district was therefore built in 1868 at the mouth of the Uji River, the outskirts of the mixed residential zone. In 1870, it was moved east of the banks of the Minato River, north of the Saigoku Kaidō highway, and its new location was called Shin-Fukuhara. Fukuhara's brothels embraced the presence of their foreign clients, and some of its buildings mixed Eastern and Western styles. The presence of the foreign settlement gave Kobe a modern, stylish, and exotic atmosphere, with a rich spirit of venture, and an accepting attitude towards foreigners. Meanwhile, in the mixed residential zone, Japanese lived side by side with foreigners and interacted with them in their ordinary lives, which helped to mold Kobe into a multiethnic and multicultural city. Comparison with other foreign settlements In terms of land area, the foreign settlement at Kobe was third in the country, after Nagasaki and Yokohama, with about the area of the Yokohama settlement and that of the Nagasaki settlement. Strictly speaking, though, Yokohama was an aggregation of two separate settlements, and Nagasaki of eight. Each of the divisions at Yokohama was itself larger than the whole Kobe settlement, but even the largest at Nagasaki was smaller. The area of the mixed residential zone at Kobe was third in the country after Yokohama and Tsukiji. The settlement at Kobe was larger than the associated mixed residential zone, but at Tsukiji and Hakodate this was not the case. Tsukiji was overshadowed by the nearby Yokohama settlement, where foreign merchants preferred to reside, and its residential area was nearer to the workplaces of some foreign officials and government advisers. At Hakodate, conditions on the land of the settlement itself were so poor that foreigners preferred to reside outside it in the mixed residential zone. In terms of foreign population, the larger Yokohama settlement had 4,946 residents in 1893, while Nagasaki had 938 around 1868 and 1,711 on its return to Japan in 1899. Tsukiji, the next largest settlement after Kobe by area, and possessed of a larger mixed residential zone, nevertheless had only 72 official residents in September 1871 and 97 in 1877 due to the prevalence of illegal residency outside the allowed area. Kobe and Yokohama both developed as windows to the outside world during the Meiji period. However, Kobe generally enjoyed smoother relations between Japanese and foreigners, while relations in Yokohama were much rockier, suffering from tumultuous boycotts of transactions with foreigners over unfair business practices on a near-yearly basis. One reason for this difference may have been the advantage of experience granted by Kobe's late start. Kobe's port opened eight years after Yokohama's, during which period the worst of the foreign merchants were weeded out and each side was able to deepen its understanding of the other. There was another similarity between the two ports. As discussed, the shogunate ultimately opened the port of Kobe, rather than that of Hyōgo as was suggested by the Ansei Treaties. The port at Yokohama, similarly, was opened at the then-destitute Yokohama-mura rather than the bustling Kanagawa-juku. In Hyōgo's case the change caused little incident, but in the case of Kanagawa the shogunate proceeded with preparations to open the port at Yokohama over the strong objections of the foreign powers. In the end, the foreign powers ratified the opening of Yokohama when the depth of the water there proved it a geographically superior location for a port compared to Kanagawa. Gallery Notes References Bibliography Kobe History of the foreign relations of Japan 19th century in Japan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catching%20Milat

Catching Milat

Catching Milat is a two-part Australian television miniseries that screened on the Seven Network, in collaboration with Screen Australia on 17 and 24 May 2015. It is based on the 1998 book Sins of the Brother by Mark Whittaker and Les Kennedy and is loosely based upon the true story of how New South Wales Police and detectives under "Task Force Air" tracked down and caught serial killer Ivan Milat, who was responsible for the infamous backpacker murders. Critical response Clive Small, a former assistant police commissioner, retired detective and now author, served as the investigation team head of "Task Force Air". He has criticised the program as a marginally fictionalised account, especially for overstating the role of Detective Paul Gordon. Main cast Richard Cawthorne as Detective Paul Gordon Geoff Morrell as Superintendent Clive Small Malcolm Kennard as Ivan Milat David Field as Detective Neil Birse Craig Hall as Detective Rodney Lynch Leeanna Walsman as Shirley Soires Sacha Horler as Karen Milat Carole Skinner as Margaret Milat Fletcher Humphrys as Richard Milat Linda Ngo as Therese Alex Williams as Paul Onions Production The series was produced by Shine Productions (as Shine Australia, a division of Shine Group), for Network Seven and directed by Peter Andrikidis and produced by Kerrie Mainwaring and Rory Callaghan in the pine forests of south-western Australia. It was written by Dalton Dartmouth. Reception The first episode aired on 17 May 2015 at 8:50 on the Seven Network. Home Media Catching Milat was Released on DVD and Blu-ray on 25 May 2015 with no bonus content, but the two part series episodes on the DVD run longer than the original aired episodes. References External links 2010s Australian television miniseries 2015 Australian television series debuts 2015 Australian television series endings Seven Network original programming

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20broadcasting%20in%20Australia

History of broadcasting in Australia

The history of broadcasting in Australia has been shaped for over a century by the problem of communication across long distances, coupled with a strong base in a wealthy society with a deep taste for aural communications in a silent landscape. Australia developed its own system, through its own engineers, manufacturers, retailers, newspapers, entertainment services, and news agencies. The government set up the first radio system, and business interests marginalized the hobbyists and amateurs. The Labor Party was especially interested in radio because it allowed them to bypass the newspapers, which were mostly controlled by the opposition. Both parties agreed on the need for a national system, and in 1932 set up the Australian Broadcasting Commission, as a government agency that was largely separate from political interference. The first commercial broadcasters, originally known as "B" class stations were on the air as early as 1925. Many were sponsored by newspapers in Australia, by theatrical interests, by amateur radio enthusiasts and radio retailers, and by retailers generally. Almost all Australians were within reach of a station by 1930s, and the number of stations remained relatively stable through the post-war era. However, in the 1970s, the Labor government under Prime Minister Gough Whitlam commenced a broadcasting renaissance so that by the 1990s there were 50 different radio services available for groups based on tastes, languages, religion, or geography. The broadcasting system was largely deregulated in 1992, except that there were limits on foreign ownership and on monopolistic control. By 2000, 99 percent of Australians owned at least one television set, and averaged 20 hours a week watching it. Regulatory Chronology 1890s Pre Federation Prior to Australian federation, the regulatory framework was vested in the individual colonies and the province of South Australia. Wireless was closely aligned with the important postal and telegraphy functions and each state had its own post and telegraph department, which were merged into the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG) upon federation. Schedule 1 of the Post and Telegraph Act 1901 lists numerous State acts which were superseded by the new act, the key being: New South Wales – "An Act to establish and regulate Electric Telegraphs." Victoria – "Post Office Act 1890." Queensland – "The Post and Telegraph Act 1891." South Australia – "An Act to regulate the construction and management of Electric Telegraphs 1857." Western Australia – "The Post and Telegraph Act 1893." Tasmania – "The Electric Telegraph Act 1857." Earliest wireless experiments The progressive developments in wireless theory and experimentation by Maxwell, Hertz, Marconi and others were not only described in the professional journals, but captured the public imagination to such an extent that each new success was widely reported in the worldwide press. Australia was no exception when it came to this public fascination. The equipment necessary to duplicate the smaller scale experiments was not difficult to manufacture and similar experiments were soon being undertaken in Australian laboratories and then public demonstrations in all Australian states. The experimenters can be categorised into PMG, Military, Academic and Private Experimenters. Post and Telegraph Departments In each Australian colony, the respective Post and Telegraph Departments were actively engaging in wireless telegraphy experiments. The driver was not purely scientific, submarine cables were an expensive technology (both capital and maintenance) to give effect to communication to near-coast islands and across the Bass Strait. Australia's vast open spaces had already proven expensive projects for deployments of telegraph lines. Wireless telegraphy offered the prospect of very substantial cost savings. Military Military applications for wireless technology were clear and present. Ships of war were isolated from communication upon departure from ports immediately visual contact was lost. A mobile army force could not rely upon existing land lines and considerable effort was required to temporarily deploy additional lines, which in any event were exposed to enemy attention. Academia Australia's leading academic institutions were all following the international developments and had the advantage of bringing together our leading theoreticians and leading technologists. Private experimenters Prior to Federation, it is not clear whether formal licensing of private experimenters was required by individual colonies, or if it was whether it was pursued. No individual licences have been reported, while experiments by the PMG and Military would be exempt from licensing, and those by academia usually in co-ordination with the PMG. As always Australian amateur experimenters followed close in their wake, often overlooking the formal need for licensing by the authorities. New South Wales Richard Threlfall The announcement by Hertz in 1888 of his successful experiments in the existence of free electromagnetic waves created a sensation throughout the scientific world. The Hertz' experiments were repeated in the Physics laboratory at the University of Sydney the same year. Philip Billingsley Walker On 10 August 1899, the Postmaster-General, one or two officers of the Department and representatives of the press, were invited to a demonstration of wireless under the supervision of P. B. Walker, Engineer-in-Chief of Telegraphs. The transmitting and receiving aerial wires were suspended on the corners of the roof of the Post Office building with the equipment itself in the laboratory below. The demonstration was entirely a success, though interference was present from adjacent tram lines. Walker stated that he felt there was presently limited commercial application, but nevertheless advised that further experiments would be conducted, with sea trials still to be decided upon. The transmitting was undertaken by Walker and the receiving by Watkin Wynne. All the equipment was manufactured by staff of the Government electrician, principally Mr. Nelson. A 12-inch induction coil was used for transmission and a two-inch coherer for reception. An amount of 150 pounds was stated to have been reserved for purchase of equipment from the Marconi Telegraph Company, with further experiments to proceed upon receipt. However Walker died in August 1900, and with his passing wireless telegraphy seems to have fallen dormant for many years. John Yeates Nelson 1900 F.H. Leverrier 1900 Joseph Patrick Slattery is reported from 1900 as experimenting in wireless telegraphy at St. Stanislaus' College, Bathurst with equipment made by himself, but the experiments were considerably extended from late 1903 when professional Marconi equipment arrived from London and were immediately deployed. South Australia and the Northern Territory William Henry Bragg was working on wireless telegraphy as early as 1895, though public lectures and demonstrations focussed on his X-ray research which would later lead to his Nobel Prize. In a hurried visit by Rutherford, he was reported as working on a Hertzian oscillator. There were many common practical threads to the two technologies and he was ably assisted in the laboratory by Arthur Lionel Rogers who manufactured much of the equipment. On 21 September 1897 Bragg gave the first recorded public demonstration of the working of wireless telegraphy in Australia during a lecture meeting at the University of Adelaide as part of the Public Teachers' Union conference. Bragg departed Adelaide in December 1897, and spent all of 1898 on a 12-month leave of absence, touring Great Britain and Europe and during this time visited Marconi and inspected his wireless facilities. He returned to Adelaide in early March 1899, and already by 13 May 1899 Bragg and his father-in-law Sir Charles Todd were conducting preliminary tests of wireless telegraphy with a transmitter at the Observatory and a receiver on the South Road (about 200 metres). Experiments continued throughout the southern winter of 1899 and the range was progressively extended to Henley Beach. In September the work was extended to two way transmissions with the addition of a second induction coil loaned by James Oddie of Ballarat. It was desired to extend the experiments across a sea path and Todd was interested in connecting Cape Spencer and Althorpe Island, but local costs were considered prohibitive while the charges for patented equipment from the Marconi Company were exorbitant. At the same time Bragg's interests were leaning towards X-rays and practical work in wireless in South Australia was largely dormant for the next decade. Victoria George William Selby took an interest in all aspects of the new science of electricity, both in practical experiments and public education. As early as 1878 he was demonstrating an induction coil (a key component of the future wireless telegraphy) and Geissler tube. In July 1897, in response to reports of Marconi's success, he announced that, he had also been successful in his experiments which had commenced some three years earlier (i.e. 1894). While, it does appear that no great distance was traversed, his experiments are amongst the earliest in Australia. At a time when public interest in wireless was extreme, Selby was balancing his time against his business interest in accountancy and progress with his experiments was slow. In June 1899, Selby approached the Victorian Defence Department for approval to conduct experiments between the coast and a warship. Approval was given and successful tests were achieved between HMVS Cerberus, which was moored in Hobsons Bay, and the naval depot, Williamstown. It is stated that the apparatus used was that made by Selby in 1897. In February 1900, it was reported that Selby was now successfully communicating between Malvern and Brighton, a distance of 5 miles, but still well behind Jenvey. In February 1901, he auctioned much of his equipment and thereafter there is little record of further experimenting. However his public education activities and commentary continued, including presentation in December 1908 of a major paper on Wireless Telegraphy to the Victorian Institute of Engineers. James Oddie acquired considerable wealth during the gold rush period in Ballarat, and used much of that wealth in philanthropic pursuits. He was closely involved in the Ballarat School of Mines and taught there for a period. In the late 1890s he was involved in wireless telegraphy experiments, but detailed records appear limited. Famously, while visiting Bragg and Todd in Adelaide, he learned of their need for a second large induction coil and promptly arranged dispatch of his own unit which greatly assisted their more advanced experiments. Frederick John Clendinnen was a well-known doctor of medicine practising in Melbourne. He was an early adopter of X-ray technology and in June 1896 published a wide variety of photographs displaying his art. While continuing his work in X-rays, he was also an inventor in electrical fields. In September 1897, he applied for a patent for an improved coin-operated public telephone. In September 1897, a lecture and demonstration by Clendinnen of X-rays included brief work on "Tesla's experiments" assumed to be wireless. A similar lecture and demonstration was given at Kew in December 1897. In February 1899, Clendinnen demonstrated his wireless telegraphy equipment to the Deputy Postmaster-General of Victoria and other officers. His experiments diverged from the usual into remote detonation of fuses by wireless, as reported in December 1899. The wireless detonation of fuses appears to have caught the public attention and this feature was again included in a lecture to the Bendigo School of Mines in August 1900 which principally addressed X-rays. It was noted in the lecture that the induction coil had been manufactured by Edward Hope Kirkby of Williamstown. Thereafter, Clendinnen's professional work with the booming X-ray field became his passion. Sadly, like so many of the earliest workers in the field, the frequent exposure of X-rays on his own body took its toll. At age only 55 years, he died in London in November 1913, while attending the World Medical Congress. Henry Walter Jenvey, in late 1896, in explaining "Telegraphy without Wires" to the press, refers only to the leakage and inductive methods. But soon afterwards, he himself was actively engaged in the electromagnetic method. In 1899 his lectures had been extended to include Marconi's system. The successful experiments by Walker in Sydney in August 1899 prompted Jenvey to reveal that for some weeks he had been exchanging messages between the General Post Office and the Telephone exchange at Willis Street, a distance of a half mile. The first message to grace the airwaves of Melbourne was "Long reign Duffy" referring to the Postmaster-General for Victoria. By 1900 he was reporting that an experimental network of wireless stations had been established at the Observatory, Wilson Hall at the University and the General Post Office. As part of the Congress of the Association for the Advancement of Science, on 12 January 1900, Jenvey presented a lecture on the current state of wireless telegraphy in the world at the Wilson Hall of the University of Melbourne. At the conclusion of the lecture, he then sent a request from his station erected in the hall and received in return the word "Melbourne" from his station in the tower of the General Post Office. Jenvey continued his experiments throughout 1900, with regular stations established at Heidelberg and Doncaster. From April 1901, efforts concentrated on Point Ormond, Port Phillip Bay and a station was established with a 155 ft. pole near the shoreline, to take advantage of the better propagation over salt water. From Point Ormond, communication was soon established with Point Cook, a distance of 10 miles, by means of a kite-borne aerial at the latter location. The timing of this extension of transmission distance for Jenvey's apparatus was sublime. The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York were to visit Australia to participate in the celebrations of Federation. Jenvey sought and obtained permission from Senator Drake, the Postmaster-General, to erect a facility at Queenscliff to send greetings to the royal party as they approached Port Phillip Bay. In the first week of May, a large tent was erected on the recreation reserve near the fort and the equipment installed. On Sunday evening 5 May 1901, news was received at Queenscliff that the R.M.S. Ophir was off Split Point and the message of greeting was sent. No reply was received, but it was later confirmed that the message was received by the escorting ships, but the absence of a Naval code precluded a response. While the convoy was in port, Jenvey established contact with Lieutenant Trousdale, R.N., of the warship and messages were then regularly exchanged with the Point Ormond station. When most of the convoy departed on 18 May, Jenvey exchanged messages with the St. George on the initial part of her journey. The last message received from the St. George was at a distance of 37 miles, a record for Australia which would stand for some years. He continued his experiments throughout the 1900s, but prioritised the essential work of developing and integrating the telegraphic and telephonic networks of the fledgling Commonwealth. Henry Lord 1899 Henry Lord, Electrician with the Post & Telegraph Department on 12 September 1899 gave a lecture and demonstration of wireless telegraphy at the Bruce Auction and Jumble Fair. It was reported as follows: "a lecture on Wireless Telegraphy was delivered by Mr Henry Lord, electrician of the Telephone branch, Melbourne. The hall was decorated for the occasion with bunting, and the attendance was very satisfactory. The Rev. Canon Watson presided. The programme was opened by a selection on the Gramaphone [sic], after which the lecturer commenced his discourse. He said wireless telegraphy was not the proper name to give the wonderful discovery of recent years, rather it should be called Hertzean [sic] wave telegraphy, or space telegraphy, because it was absolutely necessary that they should have wires to transmit and receive the messages .... The lecturer at this stage proceeded to give practical illustrations of the working of the discovery by means of instruments placed upon the platform. Sparks were transmitted from one instrument to another without any intervening wires, and a bell on one instrument was rung by the despatch of electrical waves from the other instrument, an exhibition that was received with loud applause. Gramophone selections, and a display of electric light in colored globes followed, after which the musical portion of the programme was proceeded with .... At the conclusion of the programme Mr H. E. Caldecott proposed a comprehensive vote of thanks to Mr Lord, to the performers, and to those who helped to make the Bruce Auction a success." J. W. Wallace in 1899 was another Postal department figure with a practical interest in wireless telegraphy. The Argus reported on 1 May 1899: "An interesting lecture on the subject of wireless telegraphy was delivered at St. Patrick's College on Friday evening (28 April 1899) by Mr. J. W. Wallace of the Postal department. The lecturer traced the history of telegraphy from its earliest stages down to Marconi's latest triumph, and at the close of his remarks he explained, in response to inquiries, a number of minor features of interest. Mr. Wallace is at present engaged in conducting some private experiments in wireless telegraphy." A very detailed report of the lecture in the Advocate of 6 May makes clear Wallace's deep knowledge of the subject. Edward Hope Kirkby was a jeweler watchmaker in Williamstown who eventually became a manufacturing electrician making systems of fire protection, in 1908 he invented and patented the first automatic sprinkler alarm. He is first recorded as experimenting with X-ray in September 1896. He is reported as experimenting with the medical staff at Williamstown Hospital later that year. In 1900 Dr Clenndinnen was party to demonstrating X-ray at Bendigo School of mines using a Kirkby manufactured X-ray coil, said by him that it was an excellent one. Kirkby eventually moved to Sydney in 1907 where he set up business manufacturing X-ray apparatus and consulting with the medical profession He was first recorded practically demonstrating wireless telegraphy along with X-ray in 1899 He was demonstrating experiments in X-ray and wireless at the Federal Exhibition and Palace of Amusements in 1903 In 1905 on the passing of the wireless telegraphy act he was being interviewed as an expert on the subject of wireless telegraphy as the paper didn't trust the PMG Department to adequately understand it's implications Wormalds Bros manufacturers of fire protection equipment were getting rich at his expense and he dissolved his partnership with them. He was looking for a place to manufacture his apparatus. He was friends with a Catholic Priest Father Archibald Shaw MSC. He and his superior, Father Guis, built a factory for Kirkby on their land at the procure where Kirkby began manufacturing his fire systems of fire protection. The procure was always short of money and Shaw asked Kirkby to make wireless for him. He did and they became very successful forming a company the Maritime Wireless Company of Australasia. Francis West Chambers was a professional colleague of Jenvey (government electrician, public works department) and conducted experiments in wireless telegraphy during 1900, both independently and in conjunction with him. At a meeting of the Australian Natives Association on 16 May 1901, he presented a lecture on wireless telegraphy wherein he announced that he had been experimenting in the science for some time. Further that he had been regularly successful in communicating between his residence Mount Eagle, Heidelberg and the Doncaster tower, a distance of 4.75 miles. It was to Chambers that Jenvey telegraphed news of a major development in his experimenting on 17 November 1900 and remarkably that telegraph survived and endures. Museums Victoria William Charles Kernot was Professor of Engineering at the University of Melbourne as is reported conducting experiments in wireless circa 1900. E. F. J. Love gave a lecturette on the subject of "wireless, or more properly space telegraphy" on 24 March 1899 at the University of Melbourne as part of the University Conversazione. Queensland In May 1898, a sole report states that Colonel Howel Gunter, commandant of the Queensland defence forces instructed the conduct of wireless telegraphy experiments at Lytton, to ascertain whether the technique could be utilised for signalling purposes at the forthcoming annual Easter camp. The experiments trialed both the conductive and Hertz wave methods and were reported successful in both instances, however, the conductive method was considered more suitable for field use due to utilisation of less-skilled men. It does seem likely that immediate supervision of the experiments was with John Hesketh as he definitely supervised the Phonopore telegraphy experiments in June 1898, but this remains to be established. John Hesketh 1898 Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton was prominent in Queensland in early electric lighting projects, including first electric lighting of the Queensland Assembly. He was appointed as Queensland Government Electrical Engineer in 1886. But by March 1888 he had left the public service and formed a partnership with Mr. C. F. White as Barton, White and Co. Barton had a close association with the Technical College and in a private capacity ran courses with lectures which paralleled the rapid advances in all matters electrical at the time. In July 1891 he gave a lecture at the School of Arts on the topic of induction coils, a key component of wireless and X-ray technology. In April 1899 he gave a comprehensively reported lecture on Wireless Telegraphy at the Technical College and concluded with a demonstration of "Marconi apparatus" including both an induction coil and a Branly detector. In mid-1901, Barton gave an entire series of lectures at the Technical College on the subject of Telegraphy and in May 1901 the lecture was devoted to wireless telegraphy, again concluding with a demonstration of his equipment. It was stated that the system had been imported and consisted of a Righi oscillator, induction coil and Branly coherer. A further series of lectures was conducted in 1902, including one in March 1902 on the subject "Wireless Telegraphy and its Position in Regard to Submarine Cables". The descriptions of the demonstration tend to indicate that the wireless apparatus had not been further developed. Indeed, though Barton's own career continue to ascend, there is little further reference to wireless activities. However, amongst his young students was John Graeme Balsillie who went on to become the inventor of the Balsillie system of wireless telegraphy which was used to deploy the majority of Australia's coastal radio network in the early 1910s. William Rooke Creswell 1901 Tasmania Thomas Edward Self 1898 At the monthly meeting of the Royal Society of Tasmania on the evening of 11 July 1898 in the Art Gallery, Argyle-street, Hobart, Thomas Edward Self read a paper on "Telegraphy without wires", and "made some interesting experiments in the presence of the audience. There were two transmitters, one before the lecturer and the other entirely outside the room. It was shown by the continual ringing of a bell in the apparatus in front of the lecturer that there was continual connection between the two, though the connection was invisible." At a lecture at the Technical School on the evening of 8 August 1898, Thomas Self (instructor at the school) again presented his work on electricity and demonstrated the topic with particular reference to "telegraphy without wires." Royal Visit Hobart 1901. William Philpot Hallam, Frederick William Medhurst and Frank Prosser Bowden all participated in a successful wireless telegraphy experiment to communicate with the ships of the Royal Party as they arrived at Hobart. None of the group had prior experience in wireless and it appears that Hallam, the leader, was drafted into the exercise. In a newspaper report of 2 July 1901; "The first quickening throb of excitement over the Royal visit pulsated early on Tuesday morning, when a couple of guns, fired from the Queen's Battery, conveyed the lively information that the Ophir had been sighted at 7.30 a.m. in Storm Bay, attended by the St. George and the Juno. When the three vessels were coming up the river, a communication, by means of wireless telegraphy, was successfully achieved between One Tree Point and the St. George, just as the latter rounded a headland above Brown's River. A wireless telegraphy apparatus was fixed on an 80ft. pole near One Tree Point Lighthouse, and as the St. George steamed along about three miles off, Lieut. Trowsdale, from the ship, opened the conversation, with. "Good morning", and then followed this message to the St. George, telephoned to Mr. Hallam, the chief operator (who had prepared and affixed the apparatus), to forward: "Tasmania greets the Royal yacht Ophir and her consorts", which was at once acknowledged, and some other messages followed, whilst later in the day wireless communication was established between the St. George, lying in the harbour, and the Post Office, by means of an apparatus placed on a pole in the Post Office yard." Western Australia George Phillip Stevens Western Australia, was slow to engage in wireless telegraphy experiments, but there was public outcry in response to a number of marine disasters on the Western Australian coast in 1898. A need for communication between the Rottnest Island lighthouse and Fremantle Port (16 miles) was identified. In January 1899, W. J. Hancock (Government electrician) suggested that wireless telegraphy could be employed for the task at much lower cost than submarine cable and noted that greater distances had already been achieved in England. In May 1899, George Phillip Stevens (Manager and Electrician, General Post-office) announced that preliminary tests had just been completed in a workshop environment and provided a comprehensive description of the equipment which was described as simple. Two further marine disasters of the Western Australian coast in July 1899 forced the Government to act immediately and an order for submarine cables was placed. Nevertheless, wireless experiments continued. Various difficulties were encountered in extending transmission distance, but in September 1899, Stevens announced that reliable transmissions were now being achieved across 5 rooms in the basement of the Telegraph Office. It was further announced that attempts would now be made between the General Post-office, Perth and the Windsor Hotel, South Perth (about 1 mile). In October 1899, successful tests were conducted between the Perth Yacht Club and a police launch, out to a distance of 3/4 mile. Stevens was limited by local workshop facilities and his coherer was not able to be evacuated, resulting in loss of sensitivity. He recommended acquisition of Marconi apparatus, but this in turn led to excessive establishment costs and experiments ceased at this point. The submarine cable between Rottnest Island and the mainland was officially opened in March 1900. Stevens continued to promote wireless telegraphy through public education activities, including practical demonstrations. As part of the Federal Government proposals in 1906, Stevens made enquiries of the Fremantle Harbour Trust as to their attitude to establishment of a station on Rottnest Island, which was supported. F. McCormick There is a sole report of limited wireless telegraphy experiments at Coolgardie in June 1899. It is stated that the experiments had initially been confused by building wiring induction, but that had now been overcome and Hertzian waves were now being received at a distance of a few feet. McCormick was working with Messrs. Davey and Griffiths in his experiments. Marconi patents asserted In the late 1890s the various patents held by Marconi and related companies in the United Kingdom and the Americas, were separately asserted in each of the Australian colonies. 1900s Federation On 1 January 1901, when the Australian colonies and the province of South Australia joined together to form a new nation, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia gave federal governments power to make laws with respect to specifically defined areas (section 51). In particular, paragraph 51(v) explicitly identified "postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services". While there was no stated specific power in respect of the press, it was considered that such power fell within the scope of paragraph 51(i) "trade and commerce with other countries and among the states", among others. Post and Telegraph Act 1901 The generic powers under section 51(v) were enunciated in detail in the Post and Telegraph Act 1901, but the act only received royal assent 16 November 1901 and commenced 1 December 1901. The act delegated those powers to the newly established Postmaster-General's Department ("PMG"). This Act included two key definitions: (1) "Telegraphic" includes telephonic and (2) "Telegraph" or "telegraph line" means a wire or cable used for telegraphic or telephonic communication including any casing coating tube tunnel or pipe enclosing the same and any posts masts or piers supporting the same and any apparatus connected therewith or any apparatus for transmitting messages or other communications by means of electricity. The Act was silent in respect of the relatively new science of wireless telegraphy, which had not yet assumed commercial proportions but likely fell within the scope of "telegraphic". As wireless telegraphy began to display not only commercial but also defence promise, any possible uncertainty of interpretation was removed by a specific act the Wireless Telegraph Act 1905, which placed these powers under PMG. The possible uncertainty had in no way limited the PMG's interest and participation in the new technology before 1905. Fessenden's tentative initial experiments with wireless telephony would only commence in the following year, but it too clearly fell within scope of both the Post and Telegraph Act 1901 and the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905. Nevertheless, once wireless telephony began to shine bright on the commercial and defence horizons, this technology too was deemed to warrant explicit provision and some 14 years later, the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1919 simply amended the definition of wireless telegraphy to include wireless telephony. Continuing wireless experiments Australian radio hams can be traced to the early 1900s. The 1905 Wireless Telegraphy Act while acknowledging the existence of wireless telegraphy, brought all broadcasting matters in Australia under the control of the Federal Government. In 1906, the first official Morse code transmission in Australia was conducted by the Marconi Company between Queenscliff, Victoria and Devonport, Tasmania. However, it must be noted that some sources claim that there were transmissions in Australia as early as 1897 – these were either conducted solely by Professor William Henry Bragg of Adelaide University or by Prof. Bragg in conjunction with G.W. Selby of Melbourne. New South Wales Joseph Patrick Slattery of St Stanislaus' College, Bathurst had a keen interest in wireless telegraphy and was conducting experiments at the college as early as 1900 and these experiments continued for more than a decade. He was ably supported in these experiments by several of the staff at the college, with at least the President, Maurice Joseph O'Reilly being especially skilled in the field. John P. King of the New South Wales Postmaster-General's Department in 1904 is reported assisting Slattery at St. Stanislaus' College in his experiments as well as conducting his own private experiments. Horace Greeley Robinson also known as Hyman Rabinowitz in his purported ongoing role as Marconi representative in Australia conducted a series of talks and demonstrations at the Centenary Hall, York St, Sydney during September 1906. Refer mainly to Victoria 1900. George Augustine Taylor was a prolific experimenter. In October 1909, he was the driving force behind the Great Exhibition of Building and Engineering, conducted at Prince Alfred Park, Sydney. The exhibition included displays and demonstrations of wireless telegraphy. Charles Dansie Maclurcan and Cyril Lane of the Sydney electrical engineering firm Maclurcan and Lane were granted an experimental licence in 1909 and soon commenced wireless telegraphy transmissions from the rooftop of the Wentworth Hotel (owned by Maclurcan's mother). Maclurcan was to become famous in the broadcasting world in the 1920s when he transmitted broadcasting programmes from his experimental station with callsign 2CM. Victoria E. J. C. Wraith is reported at an early age in November 1896, for displays of electrical appliances at the Bendigo Juvenile Industrial Exhibition, where he was awarded a gold and a silver medal. From 1898 to 1903 he was a student at the Bendigo School of Mines and employed by the Victorian Railways Department as an engine driver. He displayed interest in electrical science and was encouraged in this by school staff and eventually he was constructing his own wireless telegraphy equipment, being the first to do so in the Bendigo district. In January 1902 he is reported as conducting successful experiments with his self-made equipment of the Marconi type, set up in the Bendigo town hall. Messages were sent from one end of the hall to the other, in the presence of G. V. Allen, the secretary of the Bendigo jubilee exhibition. A public demonstration of wireless was subsequently given at the exhibition in March 1902, with the Registrar of the school Captain G. Alec. Thomson assisting. In June 1902, the roles were reversed with Thomson lecturing and Wraith demonstrating both wireless and X-rays technology. Little of Wraith is heard subsequently, he does not appear in early lists of licensed wireless experimenters. In 1916 he filed an application for a patent for Improvements relating to apparatus for inducing air drifts or blasts. Horace Greeley Robinson also known as Hyman Rabinowitz conducted a lecture and exhibition of wireless telegraphy at Glen's Concert Hall, Collins St., Melbourne in August and September 1906. in his stated role as Marconi representative in Australia was providing, upon request, demonstrations of Marconi wireless telegraphy equipment at the premises of the company Munroe and Munroe, 318 Collins St., Melbourne during August and September 1906. Similar lectures and demonstrations were also offered at Centenary Hall, York St., Sydney. But in an interesting twist, it emerged that the demonstrations had been made to lure investors into purchase of shares in the Marconi company. Large sums were paid but few investors ever saw their shares. Robinson / Rabinowitz was arrested in New York and charged with larceny under false pretences in relation the shares. While it was little publicised at the time, Robinson / Rabinowitz was the recipient of the first experimental licence issued by the Department and was no doubt utilised by him to give an air of legitimacy to his scam. Telefunken proposals to link Victoria, Sydney, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island – May 1905 Marconi temporary facility Queenscliff and Devonport across the Bass Strait – 1905–1906 Henry Sutton was an inventor potentially responsible for the telephone, the lightbulb, and front wheel drive automobiles. From 1906 he extended his investigations into the field of wireless telegraphy and even wireless telephony. When the Postmaster-General's Department pointed out the need for a licence for these activities, he circumvented the problem by involving the Defence Department. "Charles Hughes" is reported as having given a lecture with demonstrations on the subject of wireless telegraphy to the Geelong Lodge of the Manchester Unity Oddfellows in August 1909. He was assisted by T. G. Madden. Hughes is assumed to be the same as C. S. C. Hughes of East Melbourne who appears in the 1914 Wireless Institute of Victoria list of current experimental licences, with callsign XJDU. Victor Charles John Nightingall was a scientist and prolific inventor. He was an early pioneer of X-rays Victoria, undertook experiments with radioactive irradiation of seeds and soils and invented powerful electromagnets. In a letter to the editor of The Age 12 August 1909 in response to the likely loss of the Waratah, states that he has been experimenting with a new system of wireless telegraphy, nearing completion, with input by typewriter rather than morse key. He states that the system will eliminate the need for a skilled wireless operator with very substantial savings. That announcement was silently received, but subsequently a report in February 1910 from Adelaide that Carnotite, a radioactive ore from the Radium Hill mine was being used by Nightingall with great effect (presumed a new form of contact detector) became national news. These experiments led to detailed scrutiny of the obstacles placed in the way of licensing of wireless experimenters, and eventually to the opening of the flood gates for private experimentation. Nightingall's wireless telegraphy system is fully described and beautifully illustrated in The Leader of 12 March 1910. Nightingall is recorded as licensed with callsign XKK in the 1914 WIV list of experimenters. His stature in the wireless industry was reflected in his election as first president of the reformed Wireless Institute of Victoria in 1919. Queensland Hesketh / PMG tests between South Brisbane (Naval Stores) and Moreton Island (Tangalooma) 1903 In November 1903, John Hesketh was both Queensland Government Electrical Engineer and President of the Queensland Electrical Association (both positions having been previously held by Edward Barton. As part of the University Extension Lecture program, Hesketh gave a lecture on the subjects of "Wireless Telegraphy" and "Telephony". At the conclusion of the lecture a demonstration of Marconi wireless apparatus was provided using the equipment of the Naval Defence Force, kindly lent by Captain Creswell. Marconi proposals for Torres Strait islands – April 1904 South Australia Edward Hope Kirkby is reported in August 1907 as demonstrating a complete wireless telegraphy apparatus to a journalist of the Adelaide Advertiser, at the US depot, Gawler Place, Adelaide. The set was said to be of the kind used by the large Liverpool-America mail boats. Kirkby was also active his wireless experiments in Victoria in the 1890s and New South Wales 1900s Western Australia Lloyd's proposal for Rottnest Island 1903 Frederick Soddy's services were announced in April 1904 as having been secured by the University Extension committee (of the University of Adelaide) for a series of popular lectures on the subject of radioactivity, X-rays and wireless telegraphy. Soddy had already won fame in his co-discovery (with Rutherford) of the transmutation of elements, though his many other discoveries and award of Nobel Prize lay in the future. The committee was aware that they were fortunate in having such a notable scientist in their midst and arranged a comprehensive program both for Perth and several surrounding country centres. Soddy had concluded his tenure at the University College, London and was about to take up his newly created position as lecturer in physical chemistry and radioactivity at Glasgow University. Soddy arrived at Fremantle 14 June 1904 on board . In an interesting twist, this vessel was wrecked at Point Nepean less than a week later (fortunately with no loss of life). The lectures were entitled "Radium and Modern Views on Electricity and Matter". The planned schedule of lectures was varied in number and timing through the course of the tour, but in the end included 7 in Perth (one of which was a repeat), 3 in Fremantle, 2 in Kalgoorlie and 1 each in Coolgardie, Northam, York, Albany and Bunbury. His first Perth lecture was on 20 June 1904 at St. George's Hall, Perth resulted in an attendance of 800, with some 300 having to be turned away. That first lecture included demonstration of a large induction coil for the production of "high frequency currents", but there was no reference to either a Herzian coil detector or a Branly coherer, so it can not be conclusively said that wireless was covered. The lecture was repeated on 23 June at Queen's Hall, Perth (then the largest capacity hall in the State) to try to accommodate the many who had not been able to be granted entry previously. This venue was also used for all the remaining Perth lectures. The "second" lecture was given on 25 June and mainly addressed fundamentals of physical chemistry and electricity, but concluded with a brief treatment of wireless: "Mr. Soddy concluded with an analogous treatment of wireless telegraphy. He gave several examples of electrical resonance, and also an interesting experiment with miniature wireless telegraphy apparatus." It was his third lecture which was of greatest interest in the history of wireless, being entirely devoted to "Wireless Telegraphy". A comprehensive survey was provided of the theoretical studies of Maxwell, the practical experiments of Herz and the realisation of the technology by Marconi. The demonstrations were properly detailed by solely one journalist versed in the technology: "The radiator which he had on the platform gave a wave a hundred feet long, the hall was about a wave length ... An experiment was then shown in which a wave from the radiator on the platform rang a bell in the back gallery of the hall ... He had on the table a receiving set of instruments as utilised in the Lodge-Muirhead system of wireless telegraphy, and with these he had seen messages sent over a distance of 45 miles. Ordinary telegraph instruments could be adapted to this system. The coherer was of a special type. A steel disc revolved in a pool of mercury covered with a film of oil. In ordinary circumstances the oil insulated the disc from the mercury. A wave coming along broke down the insulation, the two metals cohered and a signal passed through the apparatus into the recorder". The fourth lecture was held on 19 July and addressed the discharge of electricity through rarefied gases (a repeat of a Fremantle lecture). The fifth lecture was delivered 22 July and was characterised by the theft of one of the spinthariscopes being circulated amongst the audience. The sixth and final lecture on 23 July addressed primarily geophysical and astronomical matters. The first lecture at Fremantle was given on 21 June at Victoria Hall, which venue was also utilised for subsequent lectures. A second lecture was delivered 27 June. The third lecture on 30 June concluded the series at Fremantle. Further lectures were conducted in each of Kalgoorlie (Her Majesty's Theatre, 5 July, 8 July), Coolgardie (Technical School, 7 July), Northam (Town Hall, 12 July), York (Mechanics' Institute, 13 July), Albany (Town Hall, 15 July) and Bunbury (Masonic Hall, 20 July). It is not clear whether the shorter lectures in the country areas addressed wireless telegraphy other than in passing, the focus being upon Radium and radio-activity and it may be that only the instruments were displayed. Soddy's visit to Western Australia caused a significant burst of interest in scientific education in the state and perhaps a trigger for the establishment of its first university The University of Western Australia in 1911. He is recorded as strongly advocating the establishment of a university at the conclusion of his tour. Soddy departed on 27 July aboard the for Sydney and thence to North America and Great Britain. Perth Technical School at its annual demonstration 9 December 1904 included a note: "A very popular resort with visitors was the electrical classrooms, in which interesting demonstrations were given. The apparatus includes some of the instruments used by Mr. Soddy in his recent "Radium" lectures, notably an apparatus for showing high frequency currents." The school's annual report for 1904 reveals incidentally further detail of the Soddy instruments: "Mathematical and Physical Department. During this year the work of this department has largely increased with the influx of students, but Mr. Allen and his assistant, Mr. Clucas, have proved equal to the demands made upon them. The appointment of a second assistant will enable important developments to be made. Indents have just been despatched for further valuable apparatus, and soon this school will be fully equipped for the training of electrical and other engineers. One very important gain to this department last year was the acquisition by purchase of most of the apparatus used by Mr. Soddy in his university extension course on radium." It seems unlikely that the Lodge-Muirhead equipment was included in the acquisition, given that that group also fiercely protected its patents, but equally the core equipment would have been easily leveraged into wireless equipment by the lecturers and students of the school. Masters A. Farrant and Stuart Boots gave a "novel and entertaining" lecture entitled "Practical Electrical Phenomena," in June 1906 at St Barnabas' Hall, Leederville in the presence of a large audience. The lecturers, who had only recently left school, illustrated their discourse with the aid of appliances manufactured by themselves. Exhibitions were given of wireless telegraphy, X-rays, and other marvels of electricity. Tasmania Lloyd's proposal for Bass Strait 1901 AWA proposal for Bass Strait 1901–1903 Visit of Japanese training squadron 1903 to Hobart was a matter of great public anticipation. The Mercury of 29 May 1903 announced that William Philpot Hallam would be conducting further wireless telegraphy experiments, attempting to communicate with the warships off Cape Pillar with equipment set up at the Shot tower. The warships however arrived a little earlier than expected and messages were only briefly intercepted before the progress of the vessels up the river resulted in hills along the propagation path and consequent signal attenuation. Hobart Conversazione 1904 A Scientific Conversazione was held in Hobart in September 1904. Displays included wireless telegraphy equipment under the charge of W. P. Hallam. The Mercury of 19 September reported: "The committee room will be in charge of Messrs. Robert Henry, W. P. Hallam, and Mr. Todd. This room will be fitted up with electrical appliances, including the wireless telegraphy, which will be explained and at work during each evening." A later report makes it clear that the wireless telegraphy equipment was operated by W. P. Hallam, Frederick William Medhurst and C. Hamilton. It was also later revealed that the equipment displayed was the same as that utilised for the Royal Vistit to Hobart in 1901. W. P. Hallam was subsequently granted a wireless experimenter's licence and appears in the 1914 WIV list with callsign XZH. Medhurst also appears in that list with callsign XZD, after WW2 he was licensed as 7AH. Medhurst was never required to pass an AOCP examination, no doubt due to his employment and involvement in the field. Mt Nelson to Tasman Island 1906. 3/4 February 1906, the prodigious William Philpot Hallam conducted a number of successful experiments using home-made equipment and assisted by his team of co-workers at the Telegraph Office of the Hobart GPO. The report was as follows: "On Saturday and Sunday Mr. W. P. Hallam, of the Telegraph Department at Hobart Post-office, conducted some interesting experiments in wireless telegraphy, between Mt. Nelson signal station and Tasman Island, also between that station and a steamer proceeding down the river. The s.s. Moonah left Hobart in the afternoon on Saturday equipped with a wireless receiving apparatus, and signals were sent from Mt. Nelson, and received on board up to the time the steamer passed out of the river. The next day Mr. Hallam's assistant landed from the s.s. Moonah at Tasman Island, fixed up a receiving circuit there, and he received signals sent by Mr. Hallam from Mt. Nelson, from 9 a.m. till 11.50 p.m.; but not having a transmitting instrument the assistant could not reply. The receiving indicator was one of Mr. Hallam's own design. He states that the trial was very satisfactory as far as it went, and it was only a matter of detail to put wireless telegraphy into regular use between those two places. The main object of the test was in connection with the desire of the Marine Board to establish wireless telegraphy between Mt. Nelson and the lighthouses, and it is evident that this may be done without difficulty, being simply a question of cost." Merchant shipping While Australia's deployment of a network of coastal wireless stations was lost for a decade in a regulatory policy impasse, individual ships in international service were often already equipped for wireless communication. Facilities were used for reception of weather information by the high power long wave transmitters elsewhere in the world. When more than one such ship was in or close to an Australian port, the "sparkies" communicated amongst themselves. Many developed countries were contemplating compulsory installation of wireless telegraphy on larger vessels for safety of life reasons. Even Australia which was unable to reach a landing on coastal stations on her own shores, in awarding the England-Australia mail contract for 1909 to Peninsular and Orient Co. made it a requirement that all vessels deployed in the mail service be equipped with wireless. P & O Line RMS Mantua (Callsign: MME) was custom built for the mail contract and was launched in April 1909. She was the 8th of the Caird & Co M-class vessels and initial fitout included Marconi wireless. Her first Australian port of call was Fremantle, arriving 6 July 1909 and a local reporter of the Perth Daily News gave comprehensive background on the wireless equipment: "Messages through space; M+aphy installed on RMS Mantua a great success; The P. and O. RMS Mantua, the first English mail boat travelling to Australia carrying the Marconi wireless telegraph, arrived at Fremantle this morning, and great public interest was taken in the skeleton looking apparatus placed on both mast heads. The particular instrument carried on the Mantua has a range of 250 miles, and in this respect differs greatly from the huge liners which cross the Atlantic, but it is considered that this range will more than suffice should emergencies arise during the vessel's progress through the Pacific and Indian Oceans. On the Atlantic liners again two operators are carried, but so far the Mantua has hardly found enough employment for one telegraphist. During the voyage out the Mantua's operator, who is one of Marconi's skilled young men, flashed out messages each day in the hope of gaining connection with some other instrument over the vast expanse of water. When the Mantua emerged from the Red Sea, the first vessels she greeted a la Marconi were two Japanese merchant vessels, which, though scores of miles out of sight, returned the felicitous greetings of the Britisher. Then a prowling English man-o'-war skirting round the shallows of the Seychelles Islands, snapped back a hearty business-like message. During the whole of the journey from Tilbury to Port Said people were sending messages ashore to their friends. It was a novelty, and although costing about 1s. a word to dispatch, with a minimum charge of 6s. 6d., the luxury was largely availed of. The Morea and Malwa, sister ships to the Mantua, are also fitted up with wireless telegraph apparatus." She arrived at Hobson's Bay, Melbourne on 12 July 1909 and it was reported that "The steamer is fitted with the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy, and during the passage out other vessels and people on shore were freely communicated with. Captain F. W. Vibert, who is a well-known visitor to Hobson's Bay, has command of the Mantua." Upon arrival in Sydney, the wireless officer A. F. Goodliffe was interviewed and reported on the problems with obtaining acknowledgement of transmissions with many naval vessels due to protocols in place. But noted that approaching Sydney, communication had been established with HMS Pyramus. RMS Malwa 1909 (Callsign: MMD) RMS Morea (Callsign: MMF) though having been launched without wireless telegraphy, was subsequently retrofitted with the necessary equipment. Upon her arrival in Fremantle 18 August 1909, was reported now to be carrying wireless, further that she had been communicating near Cocos Island with RMS Mantua. (Callsign: MMU) On 27 April 1910 it was reported: "The P. and O. Company's R.M.S. China, from London, arrived at Fremantle yesterday morning. The China has recently undergone extensive alterations, and is fitted with a wireless plant." Orient Line Orient Line shared the Australian Government contract for the Great Britain-Australia mail with the P&O Line. Each company had a vessel sailing from England to Australia every two weeks, resulting in a weekly service of fast mail ships. Five ships were launched in early 1909 and maiden voyages commenced mid-1909. The ships were the RMS Orsova, RMS Osterley, RMS Otway, RMS O, RMS O. RMS Orsova (Callsign: MOF) was an ocean liner owned by the Orient Steam Navigation Company. She was built by John Brown & Company at Clydebank, Scotland, in 1909 to operate a passenger and mail service between London and Australia (via Suez Canal). The Orient Line and P&O Line shared the mail contract for Britain-Australia. Her maiden voyage was 25 June 1909. It was reported in January 1909 that the ship would be "fitted with wireless telegraphy, and with all modern appliances for securing the safety and comfort of passengers." Immediately prior to her first arrival at Fremantle on 29 July 1909, the wireless facilities were described: "On top of the charthouse is the standard compass and observation platform. Aft of the forward funnel casing, is situated the Marconi house, in which the wireless telegraph apparatus is fitted, and accommodation is provided in same for the operators." RMS Osterley (Callsign: MOY) was an ocean liner owned by the Orient Steam Navigation Company. She was built by the London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company and launched 27 January 1909. Despite reports that she was fitted initially with wireless telegraphy, this was not the case, the owners stating that they were waiting for Australian coastal stations to be erected. Finally, upon arrival at Fremantle 6 September 1910 it was reported: "Since the last visit of the Orient liner Osterley to Australia, she has been installed with the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy. On the present voyage out from England the ship was in touch with Poldhu (Cornwall) up to within 24 hours of arrival at Port Said, the world's latest telegrams being received daily, and a copy posted in all classes for the passengers' information." RMS Otway (Callsign: MOH) At the time of launch, the Otway was stated to be being fitted for wireless telegraphy equipment. Her sister ship the RMS Otranto had actually been so fitted at time of commissioning and there was an expectation that the Otway would likewise. But when the Otway arrived in Melbourne 1 August 1909, it was reported: "Apparently the Orient S.N. Co. is in no hurry to equip all its liners with "wireless" until the establishment of Australian shore stations admits of practical use being made of the system between sea and land. In view, however, of the fact that the Otranto was installed with "wireless" before she left London on her present visit to the Commonwealth, it was generally anticipated that the other liners of the fleet would be similarly fitted in turn before their departure for Australia. This expectation, however, is not being fulfilled, as the Otway, which arrived at Port Melbourne yesterday morning, having left London a fortnight later than the Otranto, is still without a "wireless" apparatus. So far, therefore, the Otranto is the only vessel of the "Orient" line with this invaluable system installed. The Otway berthed alongside the Port Melbourne Railway Pier early yesterday morning, having experienced a quiet and enjoyable trip from London via the usual stages. The passengers comprised about 90 in the saloon and 480 in the third class, all of whom were apparently well pleased with their sojourn on board the fine liner. She leaves for Sydney to-day." RMS Otranto (Callsign: MOD) Unlike other ships of the Orient line, the RMS Otranto was actually fitted with wireless telegraphy equipment at the time of its commissioning, following its launch 27 March 1909. The Otranto made free use of wireless on her voyage to Australia, establishing communication with shore stations and liners en route. During the maiden voyage of the Otranto, wireless exchanges passed between the liner and the Poldhu station, at Cornwall, England until at a distance of 1,500 miles further contact became impossible. It was noted that items of news received from the land by wireless were greatly appreciated by the Otranto's passengers. RMS Orvieto 1910 (Callsign: MOJ) Union Line RMS Makura (Callsign: MKU) was a ship of the Union Steam Ship Co of NZ which had the mail contract between Australia and Canada. Being fitted with wireless telegraphy equipment was a major marketing advantage. In December 1909 upon arrival in Sydney it was reported: "Since her last visit to Sydney the R.M.S. Makura, of the Canadian-Australian mail line, has been fitted with a powerful wireless telegraphic apparatus, and on the voyage from Vancouver to Sydney, completed yesterday, many experiments of a highly successful character were carried out. The installation was made at Vancouver, and the apparatus extends from the mainmast to the foremast. The best record established in the daytime was 800 miles, while at night-time communication was carried on at much greater distances — up to nearly 2000 miles. It is claimed that under exceptionally favourable conditions it will be possible for the Makura to despatch messages over a distance of nearly 3000 miles. The wireless system of the Makura is said to be the most complete yet installed in any merchant vessel employed in the Pacific Ocean. The Makura was never out of communication with land during the whole of the passage from Vancouver to Honolulu, and the "wireless" station at Nome in Alaska was spoken from a distance of 1100 miles. On an average about 20 messages were despatched for passengers nightly on the run from Vancouver to Honolulu, and "press" messages were received when 1500 miles from Honolulu containing the news of the world. When two days out from Vancouver the Makura picked up the Lurline, then lying to the westward of Honolulu, 1900 miles away, and five days later the two vessels met at the entrance to Honolulu. The Makura after leaving Honolulu remained in communication with that port for five days, and then the mail steamer was out of touch with land until Tuesday night last. All the way from Suva in Fiji the Makura made repeated attempts every night to pick up vessels on the Australian coast, but it was not until Tuesday evening, when steaming down this coast, that she received a reply, and that came from the P. and O. Company's R.M.S. Morea in Neutral Bay." RMS Marama (Callsign: MKM)was a ship of the Union Steam Ship Co of NZ. In August 1910, in Sydney it was reported: "The Canadian-Australian RMS Marama arrived from Vancouver, via Victoria, Honolulu, Fanning Island, Suva and Brisbane, at 3.40 yesterday afternoon (9 August). She left Vancouver at noon on July 15, and Victoria the following morning. Fine weather and smooth sea were experienced to Honolulu which port was reached on the morning of July 23. Leaving again in the afternoon of the same day, she called at Fanning Island on 26th, and reached Suva at midday on 2nd inst. Between Honolulu and Fanning strong winds and squalls were experienced; thence fine weather to Suva. She departed from Suva at 2.30 a.m. on the 3rd, and experienced fine weather to Brisbane, which port was reached at 3.30 p.m. on 7th. She left again at 4 a.m. on 8th, and experienced moderate sea with occasional rain squalls on passage to Sydney. While at Vancouver the Marama was installed with wireless telegraphy by the United Wireless Telegraph Company and some very satisfactory results were obtained on the passage." NDL Line (Callsign: DBR) later renamed Constantinople and then King Alexander, was a German Barbarossa-class ocean liner commissioned in 1897 by Norddeutscher Lloyd. The SS Bremen was built by F. Schichau of Danzig for the Norddeutscher-Lloyd line. She started her maiden voyage on 5 June 1897 and was sadly most notable for passing through the debris field on 20 April 1912 left by the sinking of the . On 21 November 1907 it was reported: "The advantage of wireless telegraphy was again demonstrated yesterday, when the N.D.L. steamer Bremen, coming up the coast, communicated with H.M.S. Encounter at Garden Island by means of the "wireless," requesting the commander to convey to the agents of the Norddeutscher Lloyd, Messrs. Lohmann and Co., the fact that the German mail steamer would reach Sydney Harbor at about 5 o'clock. The message was promptly delivered, thus facilitating in a marked degree the arrangements for landing the passengers. The present instance is the first on record of the use of wireless telegraphy by a mail steamer on this coast." (Callsign: DKL) was a built in 1896 by Vulcan Shipbuilding Corp. of Stettin, Germany, for the North German Lloyd line of Bremen. She is mentioned in a report of November 1909 "After the absence of a few years from the Australian service, the N.D.L. liner Konigin Luise is due at Fremantle on Sunday next from Bremerhaven. Since she was here last she had had wireless telegraphy apparatus installed, and Mr. W. Katsenbuy has charge of it." Navy, coastal and ships Australian fleet Australian naval warships (more precisely ships of the British navy on Australia station) were increasingly equipped with Marconi apparatus, with communication range often in hundreds of miles. Garden Island naval station A naval coastal station was established at Garden Island with little fanfare prior to November 1907. In November 1907 the volume of messages being transacted through the station to and from naval ships was so high that there was informal discussion between relevant authorities whether the ships meteorological reports could be regularised and publicly distributed. In July 1909 it was stated that communication was established with RMS Mantua while more than 200 miles from the Heads prior to her arrival on her maiden voyage. was a Cressy-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Badly damaged by multiple accidents while fitting out, she was not completed until 1904. She became flagship of the Australia Station that year and was reduced to reserve upon her return in 1905. Having been fitted with wireless telegraphy, she is recorded as attempting to contact while in Fremantle harbour, immediately prior to her return to Great Britain. was a ship of the of protected cruisers in the Royal Navy. She was built by Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness and launched on 24 July 1895. Powerful was fitted with wireless telegraphy equipment and in Australian waters from December 1905. It does appear that the wireless equipment was being continuously refined and updated, as distance being achieved steadily increased. In September 1906 it was reported that "The Powerful left Melbourne for Sydney direct on Wednesday last, and was followed by HMS Cambrian, HMS Psyche, and HMS Encounter. A series of experiments in wireless telegraphy was made on the trip along the coast with great success. Communications were held between the four warships at distances ranging up to 50 miles, and the Powerful, when to the south-ward of Jervis Bay, 90 miles from Sydney, yesterday morning, sent a message to Garden Island, which was received without mutilation." In March 1907, "The following message was received this afternoon at Garden Island Naval Depot by wireless telegraphy from H.M.S. Powerful – 150 miles south. Will arrive 6.30 a.m. tomorrow. Sea moderate. Strong southerly breeze," a new distance record. By September 1909 the equipment had been upgraded and / or refined to the extent that distances almost ten times that were being achieved: "Return of the Admiral, Island Cruise of the Powerful; HMS Powerful, with his Excellency Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Poore and staff on board, reached Sydney at midnight on Saturday from her cruise in the islands. At Port Vila, in the New Hebrides, the Admiral temporarily transferred his flag to the Prometheus, and proceeded, on a voyage of inspection, to all the principal islands of the group. Subsequently the Powerful visited Suva. On the way from Fiji to Sydney heavy weather was encountered, which delayed the Powerful for some hours. Communication was carried on with Sydney by means of wireless telegraphy, over a distance of 1100 miles." was a second-class protected cruiser of the of the Royal Navy. A February 1907 report states "reached Fremantle yesterday morning from Singapore. Commander Tilbits reported that Singapore was left on January 22, the day before the departure of the flagship and Encounter. Connection was made at Java Heads by wireless telegraphy with HMS Pegasus, which had been receiving a new crew at Colombo from HMS Vindictive. The Pegasus was proceeding to Sydney via the east coast of Australia and Batavia. After passing the Straits of Sunda communication was established by wireless telegraphy with the flagship, and continued until Wednesday, when the ships parted company. The Challenger will sail this morning for Albany." In May 1909, focus was on fully bridging the Tasman Sea by wireless between the naval ports at Sydney and Wellington, but the propagation path shielding in the Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour was proving challenging. In a newspaper report it was stated: "Wireless across the Tasman; Another demonstration of wireless communication between ships of the Australian squadron was given during the voyage of HMS Challenger from Sydney to Wellington. The Challenger was able to communicate with the flagship Powerful, lying in Sydney Harbor, over 1200 miles away, right from the time of her departure from Sydney till when she turned in Cook Strait. Only one period of difficulty was experienced, when the high wind flapping the stays against the wires somewhat interfered with the messages. One night the Challenger spoke the Prometheus on her way to Norfolk Island. One of the officers of the cruiser interviewed at Wellington said:— "The Challenger had only two wires aloft previously, now she has eight. And the rigging has all been insulated, cutting off indirect communication with the earth, and doing away with what the wireless men call the 'screening' of messages. These alterations were made while in Sydney, so that these messages were really a test. Other means of improvement have been discovered, and the system will be made more perfect." Official communications to the Commander-in-Chief at Sydney comprised a large part of the messages sent. News of the fever cases on board was also communicated, and news from beyond Australia – of the two-Power standard, the American Fleet, racing topics, etc. – was received." was a protected cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was laid down at Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow in May 1896, and launched on 15 May 1897. She served in various colonial posts, including the Royal Navy on Australian station from 1905. In the voyage to Australia in late 1905, she encountered numerous boiler failures and these continued throughout the earliest period of her Australian deployment. She was equipped with Marconi wireless telegraphy and in March 1906 is reported as calling HMS Encounter from Garden Island to advise of the problems. She was also the first warship to communicate with the RMS Mantua as she ran up the Australia coast towards Sydney on her maiden voyage to Australia. was one of 11 protected cruisers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1893 under the Spencer Program and based on the earlier . Like all of the Pelorus-class cruisers, she had numerous boiler issues, but was briefly on Australian service around 1905. She was fitted with wireless telegraphy equipment. HMS Psyche was a light cruiser built for the Royal Navy at the end of the 19th century. Initially operating on the North America and West Indies Station, the cruiser was transferred to the Australian Squadron in 1903, and remained there until the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) took over responsibility in 1913. HMS Encounter was a second-class protected cruiser of the operated by the Royal Navy and later the Royal Australian Navy. She was built by HM Dockyard Devonport and completed at the end of 1905. was a second-class protected cruiser, of the Royal Navy, built at the Pembroke Dockyard and launched on 30 January 1893. She was the last flagship of the Australia Station. In May 1910 she was a participant in a message which set the Fleet's wireless record. "During the voyage of H.M. flagship Powerful to Fremantle the fleet record for wireless telegraphy in Australian waters was established by the ship. When nearing Fremantle she was able to receive a message from H.M.S. Cambrian in port, at Hobart, a distance of over 1,500 miles away. The Cambrian requested to know if the Powerful had any instructions for her, to which query the Powerful sent a negative reply." HMS Pioneer was a light cruiser built for the Royal Navy at the end of the 19th century. A brief report in November 1909 stated: "Wireless signals from H.M.S. Powerful in Sydney Harbor have been picked up by the Pioneer, lying at Lyttelton. This is the first time such signals have been projected across the Tasman Sea without retransmission." Japanese fleet Japanese naval training squadron, Australian visit 1903. In March 1903 it was announced that the Japanese naval training squadron, consisting of the , and , would be visiting Australia. Rear Admiral Kamimura was in command of the squadron. Note that it was the practice of the squadron for the commander to regularly rotate ship to maximise training effectiveness for all crew, hence the flagship also would regularly rotate. All three cruisers were fitted with Marconi wireless telegraphy equipment. The squadron had left Yokosuka, Japan on 15 February and the tour included Hong Kong, Singapore, Batavia, Perth (Itsukushima, awaiting news of other two cruisers, 4 April to X April), Onslow (Matsushima and Hashidate, unscheduled due to damage to Matsushima during cyclone, X April to X April), Carnarvon (unscheduled due to cyclone dame & resultant need for recoaling, 19 April to 21 April), Perth (22 April to 30 April), Adelaide (7 May to 13 May), Melbourne (16 May to 30 May), Hobart (1 June to 2 June), Sydney (5 June to 14 June), Townsville (????), Thursday Island (1 July), Manila, Amoy, Fusan, Formosa, returning to Yokosuka. Japanese naval training squadron, Australian visit 1906. In March 1906 it was announced that the Japanese naval training squadron, consisting again of the , and , would again be visiting Australia. Rear Admiral Shimamura was in command of the squadron. All three cruisers were fitted with Marconi wireless telegraphy equipment. The squadron had left Yokosuka, Japan on 15 February and the tour schedule included Korean ports, Chinese ports, Manila, Thursday Island (18 April to 20 April), Townsville, Melbourne (9 May to 17 May), Sydney (21 May to 28 May), Goode Island (Thursday Island) (10 June), Batavia, Singapore, Formosa, returning to Yokosuka. Japanese naval training squadron, Australian visit 1907. In March 1907 it was announced that the Japanese naval training squadron, consisting again of the Matsushima, Itsukushima and Hashidate, would again be visiting Australia, albeit briefly. Rear Admiral Tomioka was in command of the squadron. All three cruisers were fitted with Marconi wireless telegraphy equipment. The squadron had left Yokosuka, Japan on X February and the tour schedule included Honolulu (Hawaii), Suva (Fiji) (19 March to 25 March), Wellington (New Zealand) (31 March to 7 April), Brisbane (13 April), Thursday Island, Batavia, Singapore, returning to Yokosuka. Japanese naval training squadron, Australian visit 1910. In February 1910 it was announced that the Japanese naval training squadron, consisting of the Aso and the Soya would be visiting Australia. Rear Admiral Hikojirō was in command of the squadron. Both cruisers were fitted with Telefunken wireless telegraphy equipment. The tour included Thursday Island (3 March), Townsville (7 March to 13 March), Brisbane (13 March to 17 March), Sydney (19 March to 27 March), Hobart (30 March to 4 April), Melbourne (7 April to 16 April), Adelaide (19 April to 23 April), Albany (29 April to 2 May), Fremantle (4 May to 11 May), Batavia, Suraybaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, Formosa, Shanghai, returning to Yokosuka. (Callsign ?) was a protected cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was part of the Japanese squadron of three cruisers (initially the flagship) which visited Australia in 1903, all of which were equipped with Marconi wireless telegraphy. In perhaps the first recorded instance of wireless telegraphy being put to practical effect (rather than simple communication) near Australian waters, when the three cruisers of the squadron became separated during a cyclone and the Matsushima damaged her boilers, she announced her plight by wireless telegraphy and the Hashidate came to her aid. The two cruisers then travelled in company to the calmer waters of Exmouth Gulf, where repairs were effected. At this stage the Rear-Admiral transferred to the Hashidate, which then became the flagship for the remainder of the tour. The Matsushima was sunk in 1908 in a terrible accident with the loss of more than 200 lives. (Callsign JUN) was the lead ship in the of protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Japanese cruiser became separated from its squadron in the course of cyclonic weather in April 1903 and was the first to arrive at the port of Fremantle, thereby becoming the first vessel of the squadron to make port in Australia. The ship was equipped with wireless telegraphy equipment. (Callsign JUO) was the third (and final vessel) in the of protected cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was part of the Japanese squadron which visited Australia in 1903, all of which were equipped with Marconi wireless telegraphy. An enterprising reporter has provided a comprehensive account of the Hashidate while in Sydney Harbour. Aso (Callsign JRL) was originally the cruiser Bayan, the name ship of the four armoured cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She struck a mine and sank during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. She was salvaged and extensively repaired by the Imperial Japanese Navy, then renamed the Aso. She served initially as a training ship. She was equipped with Telefunken wireless telegraphy apparatus and visited Australia in 1910 as part of the visit of the training squadron. On 6 May 1910, the Encounter and were also at Fremantle port, and the Encounter wirelessed an invitation to Admiral Ijichi to attend a dinner with Vice-Admiral Poore on board on 7 May 1910, the latter ship being about to enter the port also. Soya (Callsign JLD) was originally the Russian cruiser Varyag. The ship was badly damaged during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and scuttled. After the war, she was salvaged by the Imperial Japanese Navy and extensively repaired. She was renamed the Soya and served initially as a training ship. She was equipped with Telefunken wireless telegraphy apparatus and visited Australia in 1910 as part of the visit of the training squadron. US fleet The "Great White Fleet" of the US visited Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, Albany) in August and September 1908. The depth of fond sentiment towards the United States displayed can be gauged by the following: The Fleet that is Coming to Sydney; An official despatch from Washington states that Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, in charge of the major portion of the battle fleet of the United States, will leave San Francisco on July 6. The fleet will visit Hawaii, Samoa, Melbourne, and Sydney. It will then proceed to the Philippines for the autumn gunnery practice, and return to the Atlantic, via the Suez Canal. The Right Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador at Washington, supported the Commonwealth's invitation to the fleet to visit Australia. On Saturday evening, at the Centenary Hall, Sydney, when the Prime Minister concluded his address on national defence, he intimated that he had just received a cable message to the effect that the American fleet would visit Melbourne and Sydney. In an instant the hall rang with tumultuous cheering. Mr. Deakin, waiting with uplifted hand, for a lull in the storm, presently shouted: 'The least we can do is to give three cheers for the United States.' The great audience rose en masse, and cheer after cheer was given to the waving of hats and canes and handkerchiefs. The Prime Minister: I venture to say that a welcome such as that fleet has never known, outside its own country at all events, will be given it in Australia. (Great cheering.) The fleet entered Sydney Harbour on 20 August 1908 with a vast and tumultuous welcome in a "spectacle of unparalleled majesty" viewed by more than half a million people. After a week of celebrations, the fleet departed for Melbourne 28 August 1908. It was less than two days steaming before the fleet arrived at Port Phillip, Melbourne to a welcome on 29 August 1908 only slightly more subdued than that at Sydney. After the scheduled week in Melbourne, the fleet departed on 5 September 1908 with the newspapers of the day publishing patriotic poems about the visit. The fleet's arrival a few hours early on 11 September 1908 at Albany, Western Australia (the then small town with the large harbour), caught the residents and many country visitors literally napping. When the word spread there was a rush of people to the vantage points on the heads and elsewhere. A further week in Albany allowed both coaling operations and celebrations, with the majority of the fleet departing 18 September 1908. While the fleet did not visit any other Australian ports, it closely hugged the Western Australian coastline on its way to Manila and local shipping companies did good business taking tourist out to view the fleet under steam. For Australia, with wireless telegraphy equipment only deployed to a handful of British naval vessels on Australia Station at the time, the temporary presence of the Great White Fleet meant a 200+ per cent increase in its wireless systems. The vast majority of vessels in the US fleet were equipped with wireless telegraphy. It is curious that a wide variety of different wireless systems were being utilised by the US fleet, with no known inter-operability issues. Yet a few years later, Australia remained concerned about the ability of each system to work with the others. The vessels and their wireless equipments were as follows: (relief, callsign BD) (flagship, callsign DC, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (auxiliary, callsign DG, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign EM, Stone system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (auxiliary, callsign EN, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (callsign FL, Fessenden system, wavelength 425 metres, power 1 kW) (callsign GF, Stone system, wavelength 425 metres, power 5 kW) (callsign GI, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (callsign GK, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (callsign GT, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign HO, Stone system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign HQ, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (callsign IE, Telefunken system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign IK, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign IW, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2 kW) (auxiliary, (callsign JG, Composite system, wavelength 425 metres, power 2½kW)) (callsign KA, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 1½kW) (callsign LO, Telefunken system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign LQ, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (callsign MB, Shoemaker system, wavelength 425 metres, power 3 kW) (relief, callsign MK, Telefunken system, wavelength 425 metres, power 1 kW) As the fleet steamed west from Pearl Harbour, its movements were widely reported in the media as "wireless messages" and "Marconigrams". But the implied directness was not representative and the messages had to almost circumnavigate the globe due to the lack of receiving facilities in Australasia, coupled together with the British Admiralty's refusal to communicate with non-Marconi systems: How Wireless Messages were Obtained. Mr. Henry M. Collins (general manager for Australasia of Reuter's Telegraph Company, Limited) wrote to us under date Melbourne, August 6:— "As a good deal of curiosity has been aroused by the wireless telegrams received by this company from the American Fleet during the past few days, it may be of interest to the public to know how the information has been obtained. For some time past endeavours have been in progress to get into touch with the battleships before their arrival at Auckland for which port they steamed direct from Honolulu. It was at first attempted to establish communication through the good offices of the British Admiral; but it was found on enquiry that H.M.S. Powerful could not exchange wireless messages with the American vessels, presumably because different systems are employed. During last week the United States storeship Glacier arrived at Suva, and on Friday we learned from our correspondent there that efforts would be made to speak with our representative on board one of the battleships on Tuesday, the 4th instant, at a distance of 1,200 miles. Meanwhile it would be sought to establish a chain of communications on our behalf through the United States vessel Yankton, then lying at Tonga, and the Panther, at the coaling station Pago Pago, in the Samoan group. In this success was achieved, with the result that we have been able to place the information so obtained at the disposal of your readers on five days in succession. As the Glacier left Suva today the aerial "chain" has been broken — for the time being, at least." Prior to the fleet's arrival in Australia, there was only a brief report that Lee de Forest's wireless telephony equipment had been installed in the vessels of the Great White Fleet. However, while the Great White Fleet was in Australian ports, there was surprisingly little reference to the ships' wireless telegraphy equipment. But a month after the fleets' departure, a detailed report was provided stating that all the warships were not only equipped with wireless telegraphy equipment, but also for wireless telephony. This is among the earliest recorded use of the latter technology in the Commonwealth: All the ships in the American fleet which recently left Australian waters are fitted with a wireless telephone, besides the usual wireless telegraph gear. The success of the installation of this system — invented by Dr. De Forest — has been so thoroughly established that it has been possible to establish communication thereby to distances up to 25 miles. The average working range, however, is about five or 10 miles. The system is a comparatively new one, a successful demonstration of it not having been given until the middle of last year. Seeing the value of such a useful addition to the wireless telegraph, the United States Navy authorities at once ordered trial sets of the instruments to be installed in the battleships Connecticut and Virginia, in conjunction with a shore station. It proved of such value during the grounding of the Kentucky, in Hampton Roads, that it was decided to fit all the ships of Admiral Evans's fleet with it before they left for their voyage round the world. This was done with the utmost despatch, and a month or two later everything was complete. The article goes on to fully describe the aerial, the transmitting gear and the receiving gear. The lack of detailed reporting on such an important development can be explained by the fact that the US Navy had found the equipment to be too unreliable to meet their needs at all sets were removed upon the fleet's return to Hampton Roads, Virginia. Land military In August 1909 Major Cox-Taylor gave a lecture describing a portable wireless station, and advocated wide deployment in war time. On 28 March 1910 at the easter camp conducted at Heathcote NSW, George Taylor organised for the attendance of 3 civilians to bring their own equipment and conduct experiments to show his superiors the practical application of wireless telegraphy in the field. The civilians were Edward Hope Kirkby Walter Hannam and Reginald Wilkinson who were credited by Taylor in his own written account. Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905 The United Kingdom enacted it Wireless Telegraphy Act in 1904 and it was considered within Australia that a similar approach should be taken. While it appeared clear that the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia placed responsibility for wireless telegraphy with the Commonwealth rather than the individual States and Territories, to remove any possible doubt, the Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1905 made this explicit. The Wireless Telegraphy Act, No. 8 of 1905 may be cited as the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905 and was assented to 18 October 1905. The initial Act was brief and to the point, being only a single page and even after almost 80 years of amendments, remained equally concise when finally repealed in 1983. The Act: Defined Australia (in the context of the Act) to include the territorial waters of the Commonwealth and any territory of the Commonwealth Defined "Wireless telegraphy" to include all systems of transmitting and receiving telegraphic messages by means of electricity without a continuous metallic connexion between the transmitter and the receiver Was defined not to apply to ships belonging to the King's Navy Gave the Postmaster-General the exclusive privilege of establishing, erecting, maintaining, and using stations and appliances for the purpose of transmitting messages by wireless telegraphy within Australia, and receiving messages so transmitted transmitting messages by wireless telegraphy from Australia to any place or ship outside Australia receiving in Australia messages transmitted by wireless telegraphy from any place or ship outside Australia Provided penalty for breach of Act Provided for forfeiture of appliances unlawfully erected Search warrants for appliances unlawfully erected Gave the Postmaster-General the right to institute proceeding Gave the Governor-General the right to make regulations, prescribing all matters for carrying out or giving effect to this Act https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1905A00008 Coastal network proposals In the 1900s there were several unsolicited proposals from major wireless companies seeking to gain a footing in the Australasian market. The proposals were often heavily discounted and strongly guaranteed in the knowledge that initial acceptance would likely lead to further contracts. Postal Union Congress The Postmaster-General (Austin Chapman) attended the Postal Union Congress in Rome in May 1906. While in Italy (and previously in London), he met with Marconi company representatives in company with his New Zealand counterpart (Joseph Ward) and discussed latest developments in wireless telegraphy and possibilities for Australian deployment and communication with New Zealand and Pacific islands. Again in Italy, he visited the Marconi station at Monte Mario, and sent and received wireless messages (no doubt with the aid of a competent telegraphist) with another station 200 miles distant. Chapman was intrigued by the wireless inker system of recording the messages and retained several as mementos of the experience. Upon his return to Australia in July 1906, he waxed eloquent about wireless telegraphy, but stressed the need for Australia to select the "best system." In the end there was no timely development and Australia remained truly wireless. Intra-Imperial Wireless Conference In late 1909 a conference was held in Melbourne of all parties interested in the establishment of a chain of wireless stations link Australia, New Zealand and the islands of the southwest Pacific. The Taylor phenomenon George Augustine Taylor is remembered today mostly for his advocacy for commencement of high power wireless broadcasting in Australia during the mid-1920s through the efforts of his Association for the Development of Wireless in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. But arguably his work in the late 1900s and early 1910s was even more valuable. Within a civilian/military context he was responsible for demonstrations of the practical military applications for wireless. He then went on to demonstrate that wireless could be used in moving railway trains (and associated signalling applications) and transmission of pictures by wireless. Taylor was solely driven by patriotic intent and without any commercial motivation. His inventions were claimed by others, sometimes decade or more subsequent. Taylor, although an advocate never invented anything. At his demonstrations and lectures he always used Edward Hope Kirkby and wireless equipment manufactured by him. Taylor's own publication recognises this fact 1910s WIA Established The public at large was fascinated by wireless generally, and individuals with a practical bent were wanting to explore the technology for themselves. While the WT Act 1905 made specific provision for licensing of wireless experimenters, the PMG's Department employed its absolute discretion in the matter to great effect with only a handful of private licences issued before 1910. Robert Scott made much of the secrecy provisions and penalties for interfering with Government communications. George Augustine Taylor was a prominent patriot advocating for the need for more support for aviation and wireless in Australia with a view to its future defence. As early as October 1909 he was publicly stating the need for an institute to represent the interests of private experimenters and particularly to press for relaxation of policy in respect of licensing of wireless experimenters. It was clearly implied that many wireless experimenters were being forced to operate without licences. Hannam was becoming incredibly frustrated, having waited 18 months for his application to be processed and he embarked upon a publicity campaign to try to change the system. His efforts were eventually assisted by solicitor F. Leverrier another experimenter desiring a licence. The timing of the campaign seemed rather more than fortuitous. On 11 March 1910 a preliminary meeting was held with a view to formally constituting an institute. The Daily Telegraph reported the event under the catchcry headline Three Guineas for the use of the Air: Wireless telegraphy experimenters and enthusiasts are beginning to co-operate, and a number met last afternoon in the Hotel Australia in order to take the preliminary steps towards forming an institution. Vigorous comment was made upon the Government's action in regard to experimental licences, and it was plain that besides a feeling for mutual help and interest, the restrictions alleged had had a large share in hurrying on the movement. Two ladies were among those present. Mr. G. A. Taylor, who was elected chairman, explained the object of the meeting, and touched on the wonderful future ahead of the movement. "It is wise," he said, "to put our heads together and profit by each other's discoveries. Experimenters did not think the authorities were giving them fair encouragement. Every experimenter was at the beck and call of the military, naval, and postal authorities, and was allowed no legal redress if departmental officers thought he was breaking the rules. Mr. Taylor proposed the formation of an institution amongst experimenters and enthusiasts in wireless, for their mutual benefit. The object of founding the institution was to obtain justice, he explained; it would not be founded in opposition to any Government institution or department. Walter Henry Hannam, seconding the motion, repeated the account of his attempts to obtain a Government license. I have had a great deal of trouble with three Postmaster-Generals," said he, "and haven't got my license yet. They're still quibbling. We have all been treated in the same way, but no one has said or done anything until lately. Seventeen months of my time have been wasted since I was ready to erect my plant. Why should we have to pay three guineas for the use of the air, so far as experiments are concerned? The aerial navigation experimenters are charged nothing." One regulation, he complained, penalised an experimenter if the chief electrical engineer of the Postmaster-General's Department should certify telegraphic communication had been interfered with by his wireless appliance used "or intended to be used"! J. H. A. Pike also supported the motion, which was carried, and a provisional committee was appointed to arrange for the next meeting. Later, a general meeting of those interested will be called, and officers elected. It is proposed to assist in the formation of, and perhaps affiliate with, similar organisations in other States. The provisional committee is as follows:— Messrs. J. H. A. Pike, Walter Henry Hannam, F. Bartholomew, W. H. Gosche, F. and H. Leverrier, F. A. Cleary, and A. Garnsey, Major Rosenthal, Captain Cox-Taylor, Dr. Brissenden, and the chairman. Mr. Hannam will act as hon. secretary pro tem. Besides these gentlemen, the Misses Perratt Hill, and Messrs. R. B. Armstrong and J. A. Henderson attended, and gave in their names as prospective members. On 22 April 1910 the first formal meeting was held at the Employers' Federation rooms. There were 36 in attendance and it was announced that membership already stood at 70 persons. The name "Institute of Wireless Telegraphy" was adopted. Prominent experiment(er)s J. H. A. Pike Walter Henry Hannam William Henry Haire Wilkinson Hotel Australia Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914 Coastal network Tranche 0 Floating coastal stations The delay of more than a decade by Australia in commencing to establish a network of coastal stations, meant that Australia had failed to keep pace with the deployment of wireless fitouts on shipping. Many shipping lines insisted that the capital and ongoing expense of wireless equipment would not be incurred until at least the high-powered stations in the coastal radio network had been established. But since these ships were often also operating in other regions where coastal stations existed, many ships proceeded with wireless regardless. As a result the large numbers of wireless equipped ships plying the Australian coast at any given time in the early 1910s, meant that ships remote from ports could often relay messages through other ships closer to port, to give effect to communication upon its arrival. Coastal network Tranche 1 Hotel Australia The Australasian Wireless Co. had established a low power experimental station at Hotel Australia, Castlereagh St, Sydney. Hotel Australia was at the time, Australia's most luxurious hotel and the destination of choice for the wealthy and famous. The hotel was the venue for the first meeting for the establishment of the Wireless Institute of Australia in March 1910. This station itself, was useful to the company, primarily for testing equipment at its main station at Underwood St, Sydney (the head office for the Bulletin, part owner of the company). It is first reported in the press in November 1910, but this appears to be a major upgrade rather than initial usage. Medium power equipment was transferred at this time from Underwood Street and a large antenna installed on the rooftop of the hotel, at its highest 80 ft. above the roof (170 ft. AGL). The wireless apparatus was installed in a room immediately below the roof. The apparatus was of the Telefunken system, the company having the rights to that system in Australia. The PMG allocated the callsign AAA. Despite its brief existence, the station made its mark in history. On 5 December 1910, a journalist of the Sydney Sun conducted an "interview" with world champion sculler Dick Arnst, by means of the Hotel Australia station and the fitted-for-wireless RMS Ulimaroa. This was claimed as an Australian first. In a sideline story, the journalist provides an eloquent description of the wireless room. In another triumph, the Hotel Australia station played a major part in establishing that the training ship Mersey was fine when fears were held for her safety at sea. Due to delays in the establishment of the high power Pennant Hills coastal station, Australasian Wireless Co. (the contractors for the construction of the Pennant Hills station), sought and received a commercial licence to establish at their own cost a temporary facility at Hotel Australia. This new licence was given effect without material change to the technical equipment already installed there. But now the company could advertise its formal approval to solicit communications with nearby merchant shipping, and to charge for the service. The station formally commenced service on 3 June 1911. The service appears to have been an immediate commercial success and daily advertisements offering communication appeared in the local newspapers, together with a list of ships expected to be within wireless range on the day. It is telling that the Postmaster-General's Department intervened with the Australasian Wireless Co. to increase the rates for transmission of messages. This was to ensure parity with future charges for the Pennant Hills station. A controversy enveloped the station 1 January 1912 when Farmer, the operator of the station reported brief wireless contact with the Macquarie Island station of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition immediately after the Island being in communication with HMS Encounter. Subsequently the Encounter asserted that no such communication had occurred and the PMG made definitive statements to that effect. It was considered in the press that Farmer had been the victim of a hoax. But Farmer held to his statements. Hotel Australia was using Telefunken equipment identical to that at Macquarie Island which was distinctive in note. Also the two Macquarie Island wireless operators were Charles Albert Sandell and Arthur John Sawyer. Sandell was formerly a Sydney experimenter while Sawyer was, immediately prior to the expedition, was the chief operator at the Hotel Australia station. Farmer would have been familiar with the "fist" (the distinctive operating style) of either operator, and on balance of evidence it does appear that the contact occurred, despite it being the height of summer in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197401812 |title=A Wireless" Mystery |newspaper=The Age |issue=17,728 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=11 January 1912 |access-date=20 April 2018 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Farmer nevertheless promptly responded to Macquarie Island when a message was relayed from the RMS Ulimaroa to Hotel Australia, being a message from Sawyer to his mother. P. Farmer quickly established direct communication with Macquarie Island, which stated that they had been hearing Hotel Australia for some time. Farmer provided a vast amount of Australian news for the Island's crew and indertook to provide daily updates henceforth. This was an era of rapid repositioning in wireless regulation. Balsillie had been engaged as Commonwealth wireless expert and offered his "Australian Wireless" system gratis to the Commonwealth. The Australian Wireless system was evaluated by an independent expert and found to be more efficient than either the Marconi system or the Telefunken system. The Commonwealth promptly swung its support behind the Australian Wireless system. The first two coastal stations had been contracted to Australasian Wireless Co. but the Commonwealth now swiftly proceeded with new stations commencing with Melbourne (callsign VIM) and Hobart (VIH). Pennant Hills (callsign VIS) was essentially complete, but the Commonwealth would not sign off on "practical completion". Australasian Wireless Co. did not seem entirely unhappy with this system, as it permitted the commercial operations at Hotel Australia to continue for a longer period than envisaged. Finally, on 3 June 1912, the Department gave three months notice of cancellation of the commercial licence, stating that if Pennant Hills was not complete at that time, they would make alternative arrangements. Circa 3 September 1912 the AAA equipment was relocated back to Underwood St (becoming callsign ATY). The "alternative arrangements" alluded to by the PMG were made clear on 10 September 1912 when equipment at Pennant Hills failed, only a few days after cancellation of the licence and the outage was covered by wireless apparatus at Father Shaw's wireless factory at Randwick, the facility at Hotel Australia being dismantled. AAM Hotel Menzies The Postmaster-General approved the establishment of another commercial licence for AWCL at the Menzies Hotel in Melbourne. The callsign AAM was allocated by the PMG's Department, however there appear to be no reports of actual operation by the station, so it is probable that the proposal did not proceed. Coastal network Tranche 2 The high power government coastal station at Sydney had originally been specified in the contract with Australasian Wireless Co., Ltd. to be at a coastal location. This was with a view to taking full advantage of superior radiofrequency propagation across sea water. But Defence had not been properly consulted and when they became fully aware of the circumstances, they insisted on an inland location to provide immunity from enemy shelling. Eventually the Pennant Hills location was selected and acquired, but in order to be confident of meeting contractual performance requirements, Australasian Wireless insisted that the transmission facility be of greater power. A substantial increase in contracted price resulted. VIS Sydney (commenced xxxx, callsign during testing by Australasian Wireless unknown, then POS for Post Office Sydney, after 1912 convention VIS) VIP Perth (commenced xxxx, callsign during testing by Australasian Wireless MNS, initially proposed though never implemented POF for Post Office Fremantle, then POS for Post Office Sydney, after 1912 convention VIS) From 1912, the government progressively established a wide network of low and high power coastal stations to facilitate communications with shipping throughout the Commonwealth. The earlier temporary stations were replaced and the network expanded, eventually consuming the entire series of callsigns VIA to VIZ. Experimental licensing (a trickle) Experimental licensing (a stream) Experimental licensing (a flood) Coastal network Tranche 3 Following the Government's decision to utilise Balsillie's system for all further deployments in the Coastal network, developments proceeded apace and all capital cities were quickly provided with wireless telegraph stations: VIM Melbourne (commenced 8 February 1912, callsign initially POM for Post Office Melbourne) VIH Hobart (commenced 30 April 1912, callsign initially POH for Post Office Hobart) VIB Brisbane (commenced 2 September 1912, callsign initially POB for Post Office Brisbane) VIA Adelaide (commenced 1 October 1912, callsign initially POA for Post Office Adelaide) VIM Melbourne (commenced 8 February 1912) VIH Hobart (commenced 30 April 1912) VIB Brisbane (commenced 2 September 1912) VIA Adelaide (commenced 1 October 1912) Balsillie arrived in Adelaide 3 July to undertake preliminaries for the construction of the station. Previously in Hobart, he had undertaken tests of various types earth systems, but stated that the Adelaide system would be conventional. The transmitter site was stated to be Rosewater near Port Adelaide. On 5 July 1912 he proceeded to Brisbane and was to return to Adelaide subsequently with the raising tackle. International Radiotelegraph Convention 1912 Most countries with existing or proposed coastal radio services participated in a conference in London. The primary work of the conference was to prepare a Convention to govern overall principles of operation of their services as well as a set of Regulations to details specifics of operation and protocols to be adhered to. Coastal network Tranche 4 From 1912, the government progressively established a wide network of low and high power coastal stations to facilitate communications with shipping throughout the Commonwealth. The earlier temporary stations were replaced and the network expanded, eventually consuming the entire series of callsigns VIA to VIZ. Upon the completion of the capital city stations, work commenced on further stations at commercially and defence-strategic locations and Australia finally had a network capable of servicing all vessels plying their trade in passengers and cargo along its vast coastline: VII Thursday Island, Qld. (commenced 26 February 1913) VIG Port Moresby, Papua (commenced 26 February 1913, callsign later changed to VJZ) VIY Mt Gambier, S.A. (commenced 1 March 1913) VIN Geraldton, W.A. (commenced 12 May 1913) VIR Rockhampton, Qld. (commenced 24 May 1913) VIC Cooktown, Qld. (commenced 12 June 1913, closed circa 1948, callsign later allocated 1960s Carnarvon, W.A.) VIE Esperance, W.A. (commenced 21 July 1913) VIT Townsville, Qld. (commenced 7 August 1913) VIO Broome, W.A. (commenced 18 August 1913) VID Darwin, N.T. (commenced 25 September 1913) VIL Flinders Island, Tas. (commenced 8 October 1913) VIZ Roebourne, W.A. (commenced 26 January 1914) VIW Wyndham, W.A. (commenced 18 May 1914) King Island, Tas. (commenced January 1916) VII Thursday Island, Qld. (commenced 26 February 1913) VIG Port Moresby, Papua (commenced 26 February 1913) VIY Mt Gambier, S.A. (commenced 1 March 1913) VIN Geraldton, W.A. (commenced 12 May 1913) VIR Rockhampton, Qld. (commenced 24 May 1913) VIC Cooktown, Qld. (commenced 12 June 1913) VIC was originally intended for construction after the VIT Townsville station, but there were difficulties with site acquisition at Townsville and VIC was brought forward. When, in November 1912, supervising engineer A. S. MacDonald arrived at Townsville to arrange onforwarding of the wireless apparatus to Cooktown, there was concern in the town that Townsville would be removed from the deployment programme. Formal protest by the local Chamber of Commerce was made. In late November 1912 it was reported that: "During last week over 20 men were employed in making a passable road to Bald Hill, the site of the wireless station (says the Cooktown "Independent" of 26 November), and on Friday a start was made by Mr. T. E. Thomas, with a team of five horses, in carting the material. On Sunday afternoon quite a large number of people were to be seen climbing the hill out of curiosity to see the site on which the station is to be erected." The wooden mast was hauled into position 8 January 1913. The station commenced 12 June 1913. In early July 1913 it was reported: "The local wireless station has been sending and receiving messages for the past three weeks. The longest station so far communicated with was New Zealand, a distance of about 2,800 miles." VIE Esperance, W.A. In September 1912, John Graeme Balsillie was at the Perth coastal station to confirm performance of VIP and stated that Esperance was to be included in the coastal network and would be commissioned before June 1913. The Albany Chamber of Commerce had been seeking the installation of a coastal station at Albany, but in January 1913 the PMG Department advised that Esperance was the chosen location and as the range of that station would be 350 miles, an Albany station would not be required. The oversight of construction of the station was to have been entirely by Mr. Cox. The Western Mail of 24 January 1913 reported: "Work has commenced on the wireless station. Mr. Cox is the officer in charge and Mr. Mason the operator. The site chosen is on Dempster's Head, and has an elevation of about 300ft. with an uninterrupted view of the Southern Ocean, except for a few islands." However at the end of January 1913, Cox was relieved in order to proceed to Wyndham and select a site there and to overcome other difficulties with that station. A detailed progress report on the installation at the end of March 1913 also sheds light on the process of erecting a typical mast of the medium power stations: The work is progressing (says a correspondent) at the Wireless on Radio Telegraph Station at Esperance, and the mast, one of the principal items of a station, is erected to enable the aerial wires to be suspended at a suitable height, so that intervening obstacles will not obstruct the message. The mast has been built on the site where the station is erected, and is 160 feet in length, having about 5880 superficial feet of oregon, bolted and coach screwed together, and is 21 in. square, its approximate weight being 25 tons. Three thousand bolts have been used in the putting of the mast together. The planning and construction of the mast has been carried out under the supervision of Mr. Mason, of Melbourne, and the work compares favourably with any of the similar masts that have been erected on the Australian coast. The raising of this lengthy and weighty mast is a work requiring skill and experience. Mr. J. Johnson of Melbourne, had this part of the work entrusted to him, of which he is an expert. A derrick, 40 feet in height, was erected first and by means of this derrick the jury mast, which was built on top of the mast as it lay on the ground, was raised to an upright position. This jury mast, 75 feet in height, was built up of oregon planks, to a width of 21 in. square and it weighs about 10 tons. The heel of the jury mast was fixed with stout iron plates and bolted on top at the heels of the mast, and five banjo stays from the top of the jury mast were fixed to the main mast at 25 feet apart. These stays hold the mast all along its length and prevents its buckling. An 8-inch Manila rope, through purchase blocks, was fixed to the top of the jury mast, and to a powerful winch. The winch is geared at 32 to 1, and with this eight men were able to raise the mast from the ground, a lift which is estimated to have a pull equal to a 90-ton load, and in pulling down the jury mast the mast slowly but surely ascended to its height of 160 feet. The time taken in raising the mast occupied five and a half hours, and the mast now stands in the proper position and is quite a landmark, and can be seen for miles around. The mast is erected on an ebbwater position. The surface is of concrete. The foundation on which the mast stands is about 250 feet above sea level. The mast is guyed by 12 wire stays at the four corners of the compass. On top of the mast is a 20 ft. gaff, from which the aerial wires are suspended, and that on which the messages are received and conveyed. The electrical parts of the wireless station are entrusted to Mr. M. L. Lloyd, who has had experience in wireless telegraphy. The buildings in which the engines and receiving stations are to be are in course of construction. The walls are of concrete, and this part of the work is carried out under the supervision of Mr. G. Riley, and with the gang of men under him he will soon, have the buildings completed. The station, when in working order, will be lit up by electric light, generated on the station. The Esperance Radio Telegraph station will undoubtedly be one of the sights of Esperance. VIE formally commenced operation 21 July 1913. After the commencement of WW1, a brigade of 20 men was despatched to Esperance for the purpose of guarding the wireless station. The Albany Advertiser reported: "On Wednesday morning 20 men of the 88th Infantry Brigade arrived at Albany by train, en route for Esperance. Upon arrival Lieut. Morris, who is in charge, formed the men up outside the station. After being inspected by Major Meeks they were marched to the steamer Eucla, lying at the Town Jetty. The squad are going to Esperance for the purpose of guarding the wireless station." In early 1916, Charles Albert Sandell one of the wireless operators at the Macquarie Island station of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition was stationed at Esperance and gave a lecture there about his Antarctic experiences. VIT Townsville, Qld. (commenced 7 August 1913) VIO Broome, W.A. (commenced 18 August 1913) VID Darwin, N.T. (commenced 25 September 1913) VIL Flinders Island, Tas. (commenced 8 October 1913) VIZ Roebourne, W.A. (commenced 26 January 1914) VIW Wyndham, W.A. (commenced 18 May 1914) King Island, Tas. (commenced January 1916) AWA established Ernest Fisk (1886–1965) was the dominant figure among numerous pioneers in early wireless developments. Fisk headed Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) (AWA) during 1917–44, when it was a leader in electronics manufacturing and broadcasting. War Precautions Act 1914 The War Precautions Act, No 10 of 1914 was an Act to enable the Governor-General to make Regulations and Orders for the safety of the Commonwealth during the present state of war. It was assented to 29 October 1914. The Act was brief and incorporated into the Defence Act 1903–1912. It was designed: to prevent persons communicating with the enemy, or obtaining information for that purpose or for any purpose calculated to jeopardize the success of the operations of any of His Majesty's forces, in Australia or elsewhere, or to assist the enemy; or to secure, the safety of any means of communication or of any railways, docks, harbors, or public works; or to prevent the spread of reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm. The Act was extensively amended through the course of WW1, twice in 1915, again in 1916, and finally in 1918, before being repealed in 1920 by the War Precautions Act Repeal Act 1920. The War Precautions Act itself was silent in respect of specific provisions addressing wireless telegraphy, however the War Precautions Regulations (Statutory Rules, 1915, No 77) of 19 May 1915 rectified this. Section 23 was as follows: No person shall without the written permission of the Postmaster-General, make, buy, sell, or have in his possession or under his control, any apparatus for the sending or receiving of messages by wireless telegraphy, or any apparatus intended to be used as a component part of such apparatus; and no person shall sell any such apparatus to any person who has not obtained such permission as aforesaid; and if any person contravenes the provisions of this Regulation, he shall be guilty of an offence against the Act. If the competent naval or military authority has reason to suspect that any person having in his possession any apparatus for sending or receiving messages by telegraphy, telephony, or other electrical or mechanical means, is using or about to use the same for any purpose prejudicial to the public safety or the defence of the Commonwealth, he may by order, prohibit that person from having, any such apparatus in his possession, and may take such steps as are necessary for enforcing the order; and if that person subsequently has in his possession any apparatus in contravention of the order, he shall be guilty of an offence against the Act. For the purposes of this Regulation, any apparatus ordinarily used as a distinctive component part of apparatus for the sending or receiving of messages by wireless telegraph, shall be deemed to be intended to be so used unless the contrary is proved. Again the regulations were amended several times throughout the course of the war and subsequently. A typical prosecution under the act and regulations was reported as follows: "Toy Wireless Apparatus; Hapless Owner Pilloried with Penalty of £15/15/-; Henry Albert Livermore, engineer, of 239 Nicholson street, was fined £10, with £5 5s costs, at Footscray Court on Thursday for having in his possession, contrary to the War Precautions Act, certain parts of a wireless telegraph apparatus. Wm. T. S. Crawford, Radio Inspector for the Mail Department, found in a shed at Livermore's place certain wireless apparatus customarily used by an amateur for demonstration purposes. It would be possible with the parts there to transmit messages for a distance of 100 yards, but not to receive them. The P.M. in imposing the fine, said the times were too serious to have wireless plant left lying round, and the penalty was just to emphasise the point that possession of wireless plant must be reported and a licence obtained. The P.M. excused defendant of any illicit dealing. Livermore had, further, to enter into a recognisance of £25 to comply with the regulations." No record has yet been identified of Livermore ever having held a wireless experimenter's licence. Amateur experiments cease AWA enemy part ownership The AWA company was part-owned by Telefunken and upon declaration of war, shareholdings of all German-based firms were effectively quarantined. The degree of control over the company exercised by Fisk was greatly increased by this action. More than a decade would pass (long after cessation of hostilities) before ownership of these shares would be resolved. Naval Wireless WW1 The Australian Navy was already well advanced in its use of wireless telegraphy at the time of commencement of WW1. Additional ships were acquired and constructed and deployed in the war effort in unison with the British Navy, with principal deployments in the southwest Pacific. All vessels of any size or war capacity were fitted with wireless which now became indispensable. Australian wireless experimenters were welcome recruits as wireless officers and men, and served with particular distinction. Military Wireless WW1 The Australian military was not so well advanced in wireless as the Australian Navy, but quickly came up to speed in expanding the numbers of officers and men, as well as acquiring the necessary materials to equip several signals divisions. There were several campaigns, mostly in the Middle East, but the deployment to Mesopotamia was both prominent and noteworthy. As in the case of the Navy, Australian wireless experimenters were welcome recruits as wireless officers and men, and served with particular distinction. Wireless Telegraphy Act 1915 With the commencement of WW1, the government of the day desired to place all matters relating to wireless telegraphy under defence control while necessary. To this end the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905 was amended to provide greater flexibility by replacing the delegation of powers specifically to the "Postmaster-General" to "the Minister for the time being administering the Act." https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1915A00033 Wireless control to Navy Upon the amendment of the Wireless Regulations to transfer control of wireless from the Postmaster-General's Department to Department of Defence, the entire staff of the PMG's wireless section was transferred to Department of Navy. World War 1 concludes Wireless Telegraphy Act 1919 Again, while it appeared clear that the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia placed responsibility for wireless telephony with the Commonwealth, to remove any possible doubt, the Wireless Regulations of 1919 made explicit provision for this form of communication, recognising the increasing importance of the technology. First taste of wireless telephony Wireless regulation in Australia remained under the control of the Department of Navy after the close of World War I and licensing was very largely limited to shipping and coastal stations. Wireless telegraphy was almost universally employed for communication due to its efficiency and capacity for long distance transmission. However, there are several reports of telephony transmissions, both music and speech, from international ships visiting Australian ports in the years immediately following World War I. Similarly, enterprising individuals at the coastal stations from time to time provided brief periods of music transmissions. While the equipment was designed for wireless telegraphy, modification to permit telephony was possible. The wireless operators on these ships and coastal stations were often also keen wireless experimenters in private life. The ships were visited by the land-based hams while in port and their equipment viewed in awe. The US in particular was years ahead of Australia in use of telephony and their wireless-equipped ships offered rare glimpses of the state of the art for Australian experimenters. At first the listening audience was restricted to other ships and coastal stations, but from 1920, private experimenters were licensed (for reception only). Initial demonstrations of broadcasting Much was made then (and still is) of the 13 August 1919 demonstration of wireless telephony by Ernest Fisk (later Sir Ernest) of AWA – Amalgamated Wireless. "At a lecture on wireless communication before the industrial section of the Royal Society on Wednesday night, Mr. E. T. Fisk gave a remarkable demonstration of wireless telephony with the aid of an apparatus designed and manufactured in Sydney by the Amalgamated Wireless Company. A gramophone was played into a wireless telephone transmitter at the company's works in Clarence street, and the music was received on a few wires strung along the wall in the Royal Society's lecture-room in Elizabeth Street. The music was clearly audible in all parts of the hall. The lecture was suitably closed with the audience standing while the National Anthem was played by wireless telephone."</ref> Early concerts and amateur broadcasting Following the successful public demonstrations of broadcasting by the AWA and others, the AWA commenced in 1921 a regular series of concerts that were widely heard all over Australia and laid a framework for the introduction of broadcasting in Australia. The handful of wireless experimenters licensed to transmit at the time also commenced regular and intermittent transmissions of speech and music. A number of amateurs commenced broadcasting music in 1920 and 1921. These included 2CM, Sydney; 2YG, Sydney; 2XY, Newcastle; 3ME, Melbourne; 3DP, Melbourne; 4CM, Brisbane; 4AE, Brisbane; 4CH, Brisbane; 5AC, Adelaide; 5AD, Adelaide (not associated with 5AD which commenced in 1930); 5BG, Adelaide; 7AA, Hobart; 7AB, Hobart. Many other amateurs soon followed. 2CM was run by Charles MacLuran who started the station in 1921 with regular Sunday evening broadcasts from the Wentworth Hotel, Sydney. 2CM is often regarded as Australia's first, regular, non-official station.see Short wave 1920s Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1920 The Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1920 finally made provision for Experimental Licences, though the Department of Navy remained reluctant to issue to all but a few. Prominent experimenters Florence Violet McKenzie Oswald Francis Mingay Amateur broadcasting The government was under increasing pressure from businesses and amateurs, both to introduce higher power broadcasting in Australia and to relax licensing requirements for wireless experimenters. A way forward with high power broadcasting was problematic with the interests of numerous parties, particularly AWA, to be considered. The Wireless Regulations failed to address these but enabled ready broadcasting by wireless experimenters as an interim measure. During 1922 and 1923, a large number of experimenters were licensed and commenced to provide low power broadcasting to their local area. This partly satisfied the public's appetite for broadcasting, with the newspapers of the day carrying extensive coverage of the wireless boom taking place in the US and elsewhere. A number of amateurs commenced broadcasting music in 1920 and 1921. These included 2CM, Sydney; 2YG, Sydney; 2XY, Newcastle; 3ME, Melbourne; 3DP, Melbourne; 4CM, Brisbane; 4AE, Brisbane; 4CH, Brisbane; 5AC, Adelaide; 5AD, Adelaide (not associated with 5AD which commenced in 1930); 5BG, Adelaide; 7AA, Hobart; 7AB, Hobart. Many other amateurs soon followed. Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1922 The Wireless Telegraph Regulations 1922 provided explicit provisions for a "Broadcasting" licence, but advertising was prohibited and there was no funding by government. While several experimenters took out such licences, costs were higher than the "Experimental" licences, and only the amateurs prepared to self fund a service with the intent of promoting the still-new science went down this path. Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1923 The Wireless Telegraph Regulations 1923 introduced a funded broadcasting model for the first time. The Sealed Set debacle It was not until November 1923 when the government finally gave its approval for a number of officially recognised broadcast stations. These included (with the dates they came on air): 2SB, Sydney, Sydney Broadcasters Ltd, the first public radio station in Australia opened in Sydney at 8:00pm on 23 November 1923 (known as 2BL from 1 March 1924); 2FC, Sydney, Farmer & Co Ltd, 8 December 1923; 3AR, Melbourne, Associated Radio Co, 26 January 1924; 3LO, Melbourne, Broadcasting Co of Australia (call sign reminding of 2LO), 23 October 1924; 5MA, Adelaide, Millswood Auto and Radio Co., April 1924. Ceased in 1925. 6WF, Perth, Westralian Farmers, 4 June 1924. All stations were to operate under a unique Sealed Set system under Broadcasting Regulations published in August 1923, where each receiving set was "sealed" and received the frequency of only one transmitting station. Part of an annual Licence fee for the set concerned was to go to the Federal Government, via the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG), with part of the money going to the broadcaster. Apart from extremely limited advertising, this was to be any broadcaster's only source of income. From the outset problems with the system came to the fore. Many radio enthusiasts built their own sets, which could receive any or all of the stations, and the "sealed" receivers could be easily (although illegally) "modified". The Sealed Set system was devised by broadcasting pioneer Ernest Fisk of AWA – Amalgamated Wireless. Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1924 The Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1924 Class A & B Broadcasting As quickly as July 1924, the Sealed Set system was declared to be unsuccessful and it was replaced by a system of A Class and B Class stations. There were one or two A Class stations in each major market and these were paid for by a listener's licence fee imposed on all listeners-in. Five of the former Sealed Set stations became A Class stations, and were soon joined by the following stations in other State capitals: 5CL, Adelaide, Central Broadcasters Ltd, 20 November 1924; 7ZL, Hobart, Associated Radio Co, 17 December 1924; 4QG, Brisbane, Queensland Radio Service (operated by the Queensland government), 27 July 1925. As from 1929, all A-Class stations received all their programs from the one source, the Australian Broadcasting Company which was made up of the following shareholders: Greater Union Theatres (a movie theatre chain), Fuller's Theatres (a live theatre chain) and J. Albert & Sons (music publishers and retailers). A number of B Class stations were also licensed. These did not receive any government monies and were expected to derive their income from advertising, sponsorship, or other sources. Within a few years B Class stations were being referred to as "commercial stations". The following were the first to be licensed: 2BE, Sydney, Burgin Electric Company Ltd, 7 November 1924 (closed 6 November 1929); 3WR, Wangaratta, Wangaratta Sports Depot, 1 December 1924 (closed 22 December 1925 but later re-opened); 2EU, Sydney, Electrical Utilities Supply Co, 26 January 1925, still on the air – name changed to 2UE within months of opening; 2HD, Newcastle, H. A. Douglas, 27 January 1925, still on the air; 2UW, Sydney, Otto Sandel, 13 February 1925, still on the air; 5DN, Adelaide, 5DN Pty Ltd, 24 February 1925, still on the air; 3UZ, Melbourne, J. Oliver Nilsen & Co, 8 March 1925, still on the air; 4GR, Toowoomba, Gold Radio Electric Services, 9 August 1925, still on the air; 2KY, Sydney, Trades and Labour Council, 31 October 1925, still on the air; 2MK, Bathurst, Mockler Bros, 11 November 1925 (closed November 1931); 2GB, Sydney, Theosophical Broadcasting Service, 23 August 1926, still on the air. Amateur broadcasters continued to operate in the long-wave and short-wave bands. In Melbourne, for some years, they were also permitted to broadcast on the medium-wave band on Sundays between 12:30 and 2:30 pm, during which time all commercial stations were required to close down. A national service, the Australian Broadcasting Commission, was formed in July 1932, when the Australian Broadcasting Company's contract expired. The Corporation took over the assets of all A Class stations. It still exists as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The Australian Broadcasting Co changed its name to the Commonwealth Broadcasting Company and later the Australian Radio Network. It soon purchased Sydney commercial station 2UW and now has an Australia-wide network of commercial stations. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the PMG planned to institute C Class stations which would have had their advertising limited to the station owner(s) only. When the plan was abandoned in 1931, the PMG was about to issue such a licence to the Akron Tyre Co in Melbourne; in lieu of a C Class licence, Akron was given a licence for a B Class station but with a number of limiting conditions on its licence (see 3AK for details). Mobile stations Two of Australia's most unusual medium wave stations were mobile stations 2XT and 3YB. They both operated in eras prior to the universal establishment of rural radio stations. 2XT was designed and operated by AWA within the State of New South Wales, from a NSW Railways train, between November 1925 and December 1927. 2XT, which stood for experimental train, visited over 100 rural centres. Engineers would set up a transmitting aerial and the station would then begin broadcasting. This led to the further sales of AWA products. 3YB provided a similar service in rural Victoria between October 1931 and November 1935. Initially, the station operated from a Ford car and a Ford truck, but from 17 October 1932 they operated from a converted 1899 former Royal Train carriage. While the engineers were setting up the station's 50-watt transmitter in the town being visited, salesmen would sign up advertisers for the fortnight that 3YB would broadcast from that region. The station was on the air from 6:00 to 10:00 pm daily, and its 1,000-record library was divided into set four-hour programs, one for each of 14 days. In other words, the music broadcast from each town was identical. The station was operated by Vic Dinenny, but named after announcer Jack Young from Ballarat. On 18 January 1936, Dinenny set up 3YB Warrnambool, followed on 18 May 1937 by 3UL Warragul.Australian Radio History, Bruce Carty, Sydney, 2011 The passenger ship MV Kanimbla was the world's only ship designed with an inbuilt broadcasting station. Its callsign was 9MI. The broadcasting station operated for several months in 1939; it was run by Eileen Foley for AWA. 9MI's first official broadcast in April 1939 was made from the Great Australian Bight. The station broadcast on short wave, usually a couple of times per week, but many of its programs were relayed to commercial medium-wave stations that were also owned by AWA. Its broadcasting career ended when the war began in September 1939. 1926 AM restack In 1926 the broadcast planners of the PMGD co-ordinated a restack of the AM services with a view to increasing frequency separations between all services to enable better night-time reception. Shortwave broadcasting In the late 1920s, several Class A and Class B stations commenced shortwave broadcasting, simulcasting their AM programmes using experimental transmitters. Stations included 2FC, 2BL, 3AR, 3LO, 3UZ and 6WF. At the same time the PMG's Department established it experimental shortwave service VK3LR, while AWA commenced experimental transmissions using existing transmission sites (2ME, 3ME and 6ME). Australian Broadcasting Company Australian Broadcasting Company Royal Commission 1927 Royal Commission 1927 Radio Research Board National Broadcasting Service Imperial Wireless & Cable Conference In 1928 the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference was held in London. The conference was mainly to examine the competition which was occurring between Beam Wireless and Submarine Cable services. Principal outcome of the conference was a recommendation to merge both interests. Imperial & International Communications Ltd 1930s National & commercial broadcasting The National Broadcasting Service commenced in 1929. As each of the licences of the mostly struggling A-Class broadcasting services expired, they were not renewed. The Commonwealth of Australia acquired, by lease or purchase the transmission and studio facilities from each former licensee. These facilities were then operated by the Postmaster-General's Department. The government had contracted the Australian Broadcasting Company (a private entity, unrelated to the later Australian Broadcasting Commission) to supply the programming for these services. This contract expired in 1932 and was not renewed. While the regulatory framework for the B-Class stations changed little during this period. The stations had never been happy with the label B Class and from this time are increasingly referred to as commercial services. Australian Broadcasting Commission established 1930s National expansion With the commencement of the National Broadcasting Service in 1929, the PMG's Department was initially focussed on effecting necessary maintenance to the network of transmitters and studios which they inherited from the former Class A licensees. It had been clear for some years that these licences would not be renewed by the government and level of financial compensation was not clear. As a consequence, perhaps with the exception of 4QG (operated by the Queensland state government), the facilities saw only a bare minimum of maintenance. While funding for future expansion of the transmission facilities of the NBS was limited (both for replacement of the former Class A facilities and establishment of additional NBS services), there was an expectation that this would change and preliminary work to identify new sites and appropriate antenna systems and transmission equipment commenced immediately. Use of Alexanderson antennas Development of anti-fading radiators 1930s Commercial expansion Following a policy hiatus of some 4 years, the PMG's Department broadcast planners set out from 1930 to quench the demand for new services wherever frequencies were available. The timing was perfect as Australia began to emerge from the Great Depression and businesses with capital reserves and foresight or simply an enthusiasm for wireless broadcasting, presented their applications for a licence and declared their capabilities. The number of new services bought to air laid the framework of Australian broadcasting for the next 50 years. Not until the implementation of the various FM radio schemes in the 1990s and 2000s would Australia see as many new services. In terms of proportionate growth, it was unequalled. 1935 AM restack Prior to September 1935 a raster of channel allocations based upon multiples of 5 kHz progressively developed, but with the complex lattice of allocations implemented, the effective raster was 15 kHz. With the massive expansion of national and commercial services planned for the 1930s, the old raster would not have permitted satisfactory co-existence of the desired services. In the years prior to 1935, the regulator developed a plan based upon 10 kHz channel spacing, essentially identical to that which had been in use in North and South America (ITU Region 2). Australia Calling The PMG commenced a permanent international shortwave service "Australia Calling" using the former experimental transmitting system of VK3LR in the late 1930s. The facility was expanded and eventually was renamed "Radio Australia". Cessation of amateur broadcasting Ever since the commencement of the Wireless Regulations 1922, amateur services (then termed "experimental") had the right to broadcast music and speech. The commencement of high power Class A and Class B broadcasters in the mid-1920s saw a change in focus for listeners, but even in metropolitan areas there were only three or four high power services and amateur broadcasting provided greater, if mostly less professional, variety of programming. In the hiatus of broadcasting development of the late 1920s, amateur broadcasting in regional areas was often the sole source of programming. Such broadcasting was increasingly curtailed on medium wave from the 1930s and by 1939 was largely confined to shortwave, it continued to provide a variety of programming choice, especially in regional areas. With the commencement of WW2, all amateur transmission rights were withdrawn. Upon cessation of hostilities in 1946, amateur licensing was reinstated, but not the right to broadcast music and entertainment. 1940s Radio Australia The PMG commenced a permanent international shortwave service "Australia Calling" using the former experimental transmitting system of VK3LR in the late 1930s. The facility was expanded and eventually was renamed "Radio Australia". National security closures – commercial radio In 1941 a number of commercial radio services were closed for alleged national security reasons. Broadcasting and Television Act 1942 The Broadcasting and Television Act was enacted in 1942. Pacific Military Broadcasts During and subsequent to WW2, the Australian military deployed many broadcasting stations for the entertainment of the troops in the field. Amateur transmissions relicensed In 1946 the PMG recommenced licensing of amateur transmissions. Notably, the privilege of transmitting music and entertainment was not reinstated. Similarly, the special privilege of operating in the AM radio band was no longer granted. It was felt that there were now sufficient national and commercial broadcasting services in operation throughout Australia, that amateur broadcasts served no great purpose. 1948 AM restack By 1948, AM transmitter powers in Australia and New Zealand had risen to a level where significant night-time skywave interference was being experienced. Meetings were held between the respective administrations and plans were developed to minimise interference by a partial restack of services in both countries. This was achieved through use of some clear channels for high power services and appropriate operating powers for close-spaced co-channel services. The restack was promptly effected and achieved its limited objective. In subsequent decades, use of directional antennas by Australia greatly minimised co-channel interference to New Zealand services. FM broadcasting tests In 1948, the government authorised test transmissions of FM broadcasting within the international FM radio band. These transmissions continued until the 1960s when the stations were all closed in preparation for the allocation of this band for TV broadcasting. 1948 ABCB The Australian Broadcasting Control Board was created in 1948 and for the first time portion of the planning of Australian broadcasting services was undertaken outside the PMG's Department. 1950s Increased power for commercial AM Following establishment of the Australian Broadcasting Control Board in 1948, it was decided to focus the development of commercial radio services in Australia upon increasing the power and coverage of the existing services. During the 1950s the Sydney and Melbourne commercial services were permitted to increase power from typically 2 kW to 5 kW with modest coverage increases. Concurrently many regional commercial services, some with powers as low as 200 watts, through carefully planned sequences of frequency changes, were able to effect power increases to typically 2 kW. ABC HF Inland Service During the 1950s, the PMG's Department established a number of transmitting facilities at existing sites for the simulcasting of ABC programmes to outback areas remaining without adequate reception from the existing AM transmitter networks. 1960s 5kW for regional commercial radio Prior to about 1970, essentially all Australian AM radio services were implemented using omnidirectional antennas. Where spectrum scarcity demanded close channel sharing arrangements, night-time skywave interference as controlled by requiring co-channel services to reduce power at night. This arrangement was less than satisfactory as differences in coverage were apparent. Many high-power National Broadcasting System antennas were replaced with an "anti-fading" design which, which minimised skywave radiation, easily distinguished by a "top hat" section resembling a wide flat umbrella. A small number of Australian AM radio services had been commissioned with directional antennas providing pattern minima towards co-channel services. This small deployment was quite effective and the increase in spectrum efficiency was dramatic. The ABCB announced in its Circular Letter B109 of 1975, a changed policy wherein existing services running 2 kW or less would be permitted to increase power to 5 kW, subject to the provision of a directional antenna. The majority of commercial AM radio services availed themselves of this option over the next decade. 1970s Department of the Media The Department of the Media was one of several new Departments established by the Whitlam Government, a wide restructuring that revealed some of the new government's program. The Department was dissolved shortly after the Dismissal. It was replaced by the Postal and Telecommunications Department, representing a joining of the Department of the Media and the Postmaster-General's Department. The Department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for the Media, initially Doug McClelland (until June 1975), then Moss Cass (as part of a ministerial reshuffle in June 1975), and finally Reg Withers as a caretaker Minister for the month leading up to the December 1975 election (after the 11 November 1975 Dismissal in which the Governor-General appointed Leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser, as caretaker Prime Minister). Department officials were headed by a Secretary, initially (acting in the position) Ebor Lane (until January 1973) and then James Oswin (from January 1973 to the end of 1975). Gough Whitlam had initially offered the Secretary position to Talbot Duckmanton in January 1973, but Duckmanton was uncertain what the Department was supposed to do. After Oswin left the position in June 1975, he was replaced by James Spigelman, a 29-year-old who had previously been employed as the Prime Minister's Principal Private Secretary, the third person Whitlam had appointed as a Permanent Head of an Australian Government Department after time in that role. Postal and Telecommunications Department When the government disaggregated the behemoth Postmaster-General's Department in 1975 into the Australian Postal Commission and Australian Telecommunications Commission, the rump which remained responsible for policy development and regulatory functions including broadcasting planning became the Postal and Telecommunications Department. Australian Broadcasting Tribunal The Broadcasting and Television Amendment Act (No. 2) 1976 abolished the Australian Broadcasting Control Board and created the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. All powers and responsibilities under the Broadcasting and Television Act 1942 were transferred from the Board to the Tribunal with the exception of the planning and engineering functions associated with broadcasting services, which became the responsibility of the Postal and Telecommunications Department. The Broadcasting and Television Amendment Act (No. 2) 1976 provided for the appointment of a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman and three Members for periods of up to five years. On 23 December 1976, the Minister announced the appointments for three years of Mr Bruce Gyngell as Chairman, Mr James H. Oswin as Vice-Chairman, and Mrs Janet Strickland as a Member, to become effective as from I January 1977. The Act also provided for the appointment of up to six Associate Members. Associate Members may be appointed for the purposes of the Tribunal's functions relating to public inquiries. No Associate Members had been appointed as at October 1977. The Tribunal commenced operations on 4 January 1977, utilising premises previously occupied by the Postal and Telecommunications Department at 153 Walker Street, North Sydney. Early community radio In the mid-1970s, the government was preparing to embark on a new class of broadcasting, being community-based. Due to restrictions under the Broadcasting Act 1942, these stations were licensed under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905 as experimental services using frequencies immediately above the AM radio bands (the band now used by MF-NAS services). Cass' dirty dozen Continuing pressure to increase access to broadcasting by community groups, led the then Minister for Media to again utilise the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905 to license 12 such groups with transmission frequencies in both the AM radio and FM radio band. As there was some doubt that such licensing was valid under the WT Act, given the specifics of the Broadcasting Act 1942, these 12 stations were frequently labelled by the incumbent commercial broadcasters as Cass' dirty dozen. But the new community broadcasters adopted the label with pride. 1975 Radio 4ZZ Community radio station 4ZZ, now 4ZZZ, became Australia's first FM station, commencing transmission on 8 December 1975. 1978 AM restack The Australian government participated in a number of Regional Broadcasting Conferences which concluded with it signing the 1975 Regional Broadcasting Agreement in 1975. The plan commenced on 23 November 1978. Its principal feature was a raster of 9 kHz channel spacings compared to the 10 kHz plan which had prevailed in Australia since 1935, in line with international standards. As a consequence there were 12 additional channels available for allocation in Australia with but small increase in adjacent channel interference. Together with the increased spectrum opportunities provided use of AM directional antennas, a significant number of new services were able to be introduced, satisfying to some extent, the rapidly increasing demand for new services which ultimately could only be satisfied by the release of the FM radio band for broadcasting purposes. Radio 2JJ The Australian Broadcasting Commission commenced its youth radio service in 1975 utilising a standby transmitter at the PMG's Department Liverpool AM transmission facility. With a modest power, higher frequency allocation and noisy radio environment, coverage was limited to a portion of the Sydney metropolitan area. The allocated callsign was 2JJ, but in an early usage of on-air identifiers it was soon announced as simply Double J. The service was immediately popular and demand for better coverage and transmission quality was strong. In one of the earliest examples of AMFM conversion in Australia, the station was authorised to convert to the FM radio band in 1980, together with high power and full metropolitan coverage. The callsign became 2JJJ and the on-air identifier just Triple J. Popularity continued to soar and the program stream was deployed to new FM transmitters in the capital cities in 1989 (Tranche 2), then many regional areas in the early 1990s (Tranche 3). As the ABC's focus became increasingly content creation, further extension of the network by the ABC itself has ceased, but the network continues significant expansion throughout Australia by means of privately funded retransmission licences (enabled by the BSA92). In newly established mines, a Triple J FM transmitter to entertain the community is often the first choice for establishment. Radio 3ZZ Circa 1975, a station Radio 3ZZ with on-air identifier of Access Radio was licensed in Melbourne with a brief to give voice to the disenfranchised in the broadcasting industry. Its closure some years later caused public uproar, but the concurrent expansion of the community radio sector was equally as effective as 3ZZ. Initial translator licences The Broadcasting Act 1942 made no provision for radio subsidiary licences. In order to bring translator stations to air in a timely manner, the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal had no alternative but to license transmitters for small regions as separate stations. Following amendments to the Act, all commercial station licences were converted to New System licences with an associated defined Service Area, and where translator licences had previously been granted, these licence were brought within the main station licence. 1980s Department of Communications In 1980 the government renamed the Postal and Telecommunications Department as Department of Communications to reflect its broader role in the media. Community radio From 1980, numerous community radio services were licensed. Initially these were mostly on the AM radio band, but increasingly FM band allocations were made in gaps within the Band II TV services. FM commercial radio From 1980, the first commercial radio services were licensed, initially in the capital cities, then later in the regional areas. AM Stereo From the late 1970s, the Australian regulator had been closely following developments in the US, Britain and Europe, as to the various competing AM radio stereophonic broadcasting technologies. Commercial FM radio in Australia was still nascent and the commercial AM radio incumbents had not yet awoken to the great threat to their viability that FM radio would play in the future. But with the implementation of the Geneva Plan in late 1978, AM channel spacing had been reduced from 10 kHz to 9 kHz, with some potential loss of fidelity in terms of audio bandwidth. All the AM stereo systems under investigation offered not just stereo reproduction but also wider audio bandwidth receivers. The US's FCC chose not to select a particular AM stereo technology, but rather approve a number of systems and let the market decide. Australia did not follow that path and selected a particular system. Sadly, sales of AM stereo receivers in Australia were miniscule. Australian AM stations did deploy the technology for the next decade, but this seemed mainly to be able to promote the theory rather than the practice. Most AM stereo exciters had been switched off by 2000 and none are now operating. Service areas – commercial and community radio Commencing in the mid-1980s, the Department of Communications reviewed all commercial and community radio stations in Australia in consultation with individual stations and neighbouring services. Service areas (now Licence Areas) were determined for every commercial and community radio (and commercial TV) service. Supplementary commercial FM in regional areas It was considered by the government of the day that in many areas then served by only one commercial radio service (on AM), the introduction of an additional and independent commercial FM service would result in economic viability issues for one or both of the services. When initially announced in 1980, the scheme was to apply to both commercial radio and commercial television services. But by the time of commencement in 1985, the program was available for commercial radio services only. Solus regional commercial radio operators were invited to apply for supplementary FM licences and most did so. However the scheme quickly became mired in litigation as prospective independent licensee contested the economic viability assessments. By the time the process was concluded by the commencement of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992, only a handful of supplementary licences had been issued. Department of Transport and Communications In 1987 the government merged the Department of Communications with the Department of Transport and Department of Aviation into the super-Department of Transport and Communications. This merger was with a view to a broader deregulatory agenda which ultimately resulted in the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. New system licensing – commercial & community radio Following amendments to the Act, all commercial and community radio licences were converted to New System licences with an associated defined Service Area, and where translator licences had previously been granted, these licences were brought within the main station licence. ABC second regional radio network During the 1980s the government funded a vast expansion of the ABC regional radio network. During the late 1930s, second ABC radio services in the metropolitan areas with the two networks being labelled simply Radio 1 and Radio 2. But in regional areas there was typically only a single radio services which usually transmitted an amalgam of Radio 1 and Radio 2. ABC Parliamentary News Network, tranche 1 Circa 1990, a few services were established in metropolitan areas, but spectrum scarcity initially precluded a fuller deployment and coverage limitations. AM–FM conversion, tranche 1 The existing licensees in commercial radio industry had been discontent with the auctioning of FM licences to new industry players. In 1988, the government announced the National Metropolitan Radio Plan 1988, which allowed for a limited number of metropolitan AM commercial to bid at auction for the right to convert their operation to FM. Recognising the national strategic importance of the AM transmission facilities of these services, a feature of the plan, was an independent valuation of the AM facilities, which were then acquired by the commonwealth and used primarily for provision of Radio for the Print Handicapped services and Parliamentary broadcasting. 1990s ABC Parliamentary News Network, tranche 2 In the early 1990s the network was fully deployed to all metropolitan areas, using AM channels and often transmission facilities released by the first tranche of AM–FM conversions. AM–FM conversion, tranche 2 Planning of the second tranche of AM–FM conversions for commercial AM services was effected within a framework of a schedule of prices for the right to convert and was widely adopted within its target services. The process was not available to metropolitan commercial services and solus commercial operators were in the middle of the Supplementary FM scheme, but many of these target services availed themselves of a process which involved modest cost and minimal intervention. Broadcasting Services Act 1992 With a breadth and scope the BSA92 quietly transformed all aspects of the Australian broadcasting system which had slowly evolved over the 70 years since the Wireless Regulations of 1922. The Australian regulator changed its agenda from detailed planning of all aspects of each stations operation to a lighter touch which looked more towards managing mutual interference between services. Radiocommunications Act 1992 The Radiocommunications Act 1992 was enacted in 1992. Australian Broadcasting Authority The Australian Broadcasting Authority was created under the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 and assumed the functions and staff of the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal Temporary community broadcasting licences Prior to the BSA92, a framework for licensing aspirant community broadcasters had been in place, but the process had been formalised under the BSA92 and comprehensive guidelines were soon developed and implemented. Special events Prior to the BSA92, a framework for special event licensing had been in place, but the process had been formalised under the BSA92 and comprehensive guidelines were soon developed and implemented. Narrowband area services Prior to the BSA92, a framework for Narrowband Area Services licensing had been in place as Limited Broadcasting Licences, but the process had been formalised under the BSA92 and comprehensive guidelines were soon developed and implemented. Low-power open narrowcasting Prior to the BSA92, a framework for Low Power Open Narrowcasting Services licensing had been in place as Limited Broadcasting Licences, but the process had been formalised under the BSA92 and comprehensive guidelines were soon developed and implemented. Domestic HF broadcasting The broadcasting privileges for amateur radio operators prior to commencement of WW2, were not restored following conclusion of hostilities. After some 50 years, private broadcasting was effectively reintroduced with BSA92. A careful framework was introduced and numerous licences issued, but lifetimes appear brief and support remains weak. Private international HF broadcasting The BSA92 made provision for licensing of private entities to broadcast internationally from Australian soil. Digital radio (DAB) testing Commencing in the early 1990s, the Department of Communications conducted extensive studies into DAB digital radio, followed by a number of comprehensive field tests. The studies and tests were conducted by the Departments Communications Laboratory. National Transmission Agency In the early 1990s, the government established the National Transmission Agency, bringing together national broadcast planners from the Department of Transport and Communications and transmission engineers from Telstra Broadcasting. The agency was to oversight the planning and operation of the National Broadcasting Service with a view to creating a discrete entity and cost centre more amenable to sale of the National Transmission Network. s39 FM commercial services The new section 39 of the BSA92 was similar in intent to the Supplementary FM radio scheme. However a simplified regulatory framework was adopted which largely obviated the litigation of the former scheme. There was a short window of opportunity for solus commercial licensees in regional markets to apply for an additional "s39" commercial FM licence. Most qualified licensees availed themselves of the opportunity and in less than a year some 69 such services were licensed and most commenced operations within a very few months. 1993 planning priorities In accordance with the BSA92, the new ABA embarked upon a massive first principles review of Australian broadcasting needs within in the context of significant deregulation. There was considerable public consultation which was reflected in the final report which laid out a framework for establishing new radio services, region by region. The framework was very largely adhered to over the next decade. Licence area planning Following on from the 1993 Planning Priorities report, the ABA commenced a program of public consultation, region by region resulting in the determination of Licence Area plans for each Australian broadcasting market. ABC Triple J network During the late 1980s and 1990s, the government funded a massive expansion of the ABC's Triple J network using the FM band exclusively and extending to all capital cities and larger regional areas. AM–FM conversion, tranche 3 During the 1990s there were no further commercial FM AM–FM conversions, however, most of the AM community radio services elected to convert to FM during this period while the ABC chose to convert a number of their regional services where considered suitable. Narrowcasting, tranche 1 As the first and second tranches of AM–FM conversion were effected, the vacated AM channels which were not required by the government for Parliamentary broadcasting services were made available on an interim basis to various narrowcasters, mostly racing radio services. Narrowcasting, tranche 2 Commencing from the mid-1990s, a very large number of vacated AM channels and newly planned FM radio channels were released through a price-based allocation process. This scheme continues to the present, as additional channels are made available through Licence Area Plan variations in response to expressed interest by prospective licensees. Sale of National Transmission Network By the late 1990s, the National Transmission Agency had closely integrated all the former national broadcast planners from the Department of Transport and Communications and the former transmission engineers from Telstra Broadcasting. The oversight by the agency over several years had created a single discrete entity and cost centre for the National Broadcasting Service. A public Request for Tender on the National Transmission Network was made and a sale negotiated. The successful tenderer was NTL Australia. NTA staff were given the option of transferring to NTL Australia, those who did not avail themselves of the option generally were placed in other positions within the ABA. The sale concluded almost 70 years of public ownership of the National Broadcasting Service which had commenced in 1929 with the purchase by the Commonwealth of Australia of the first Class A broadcasting services. 2000s ABC Parliamentary News Network, tranche 3 In the mid-2000s, the government funded a major expansion of the ABC's Parliamentary News Network to all population centres in excess of 10,000 persons, almost all of which utilised channels in the FM radio band. Australian Communications and Media Authority The Australian Communications and Media Authority was formed in 2005, commencing on 1 July 2005, by the merger of the former Australian Broadcasting Authority and the former Australian Communications Authority. Digital radio in capital cities Australia was one of the first countries to undertake tests of digital radio. Extensive tests were undertaken of the DAB system at 1.5 GHz in the early 1990s. The Australian policy framework slowly evolved with a number of published studies and policy analyses. There was recognition that only capital city markets would be economically viable for the new medium while digital receiver penetration slowly ramped up. These services commenced in July 2009 using channels within the Band III TV band. A significant deployment of digital on-channel repeaters has been effected in recent years to in-fill coverage gaps both within and at the periphery of their coverage areas. FM radio RDS Prior to the commencement of permanent digital radio in Australia, there had been very limited use of the Radio Data System. Unlike in Europe where inclusion of RDS technology in FM receivers, this had never been mandated in Australia. The few stations which modified their FM radio transmitters to include the RDS signal in the multiplex, mostly made only limited use of the RDS specification to transmit a textual version of their callsign and / or on-air identifier. With the availability of digital radio receivers, there was real concern as to listeners at the periphery of the digital radio coverage area transitioning to the wider FM radio coverage. The RDS specification had always offered automatic and relatively seamless transition between the two. Capital city FM radio operators quickly deployed RDS within their transmitters. As digital radio deployments commence deployment in regional areas, RDS is expected to become ubiquitous. 2010s LPON review AM–FM conversion, tranche 4 Planning is currently well advanced on conversion of many of the remaining AM services in solus regional commercial markets to the FM radio band. The first such station to convert was 6NW Port Hedland which commenced its FM service in December 2017 and ceased its simulcast with the AM service in January 2018. Digital radio in regional & remote markets Planning is currently well advanced on the establishment of digital radio services in regional and remote markets. Trials in Canberra and Darwin have been underway for some years. Changes in regional television affiliations see 2016 Australian regional television realignment Closure of Radio Australia shortwave In 2017, the ABC concluded terrestrial international shortwave transmission with the closure of its sole remaining transmitter site at Shepparton. The action remains controversial. Regulatory topics The foregoing regulatory chronology details, decade by decade, specific regulatory developments in broadcasting and the results of those regulations in terms of deployment of new services. However, some topics, once established progressively evolve over many decades and these are discussed in the following. Wireless systems Prior to the early 1910s there were numerous differing systems of wireless telegraphy developed. Drivers for this development included not only improvements in the technology but also a strong element of attempting to identify a technology sufficiently different from the core Marconi system to permit the avoidance of royalty payments to Marconi. Interoperability was perceived as an important issue, with incompatibilities arising out of technological issues as well as operational policies. The key systems that had a presence (or attempted presence) in Australia were: Marconi system Lodge-Muirhead system Telefunken system Shoemaker system de Forest system Balsillie system Call signs Call signs were introduced in 1920 and, with minor refinements, exist in the same form today. All stations have an alphanumeric; the defining numeral is followed by two letters to form a call sign that is unique to each station. The numeral defines the state or territory in which the station is sited. Originally, the following were used: 2 = New South Wales (and originally Australian Capital Territory); 3 = Victoria; 4 = Queensland; 5 = South Australia (and originally Northern Territory); 6 = Western Australia; 7 = Tasmania. The letters often defined the station ownership (e.g.: 2HD = Harry Douglas; 3DB = Druleigh Business College; 5CL = Central Broadcasters Limited) or geographic region (e.g.: 3WR = WangaRatta; 4MK = MacKay; 7HO = HObart), but in other cases the letters had no specific meaning. Over the years, the following numerals were added: 1 = Australian Capital Territory (but earlier stations still retain their "2" call sign); 8 = Northern Territory; 9 = military stations during World War II, and later for New Guinea, and Papua – then there's 9MI which doesn't really fit into any category (see below under "Mobile Stations"); 0 = Australian Antarctic Territory. Australia's postcodes, introduced in 1967, use the same introductory numeral as radio call signs. There is an urban myth that call signs were based on Australian military districts but this incorrect, as the following list of military districts show: 1 = Queensland; 2 = New South Wales; 3 = Victoria; 4 = South Australia; 5 = Western Australia; 6 = Tasmania; 7 = Northern Territory; 8 = New Guinea, and Papua. Today, with minor exceptions, AM stations retain the two letters after the numeral, and since 1975 FM stations have had three letters. Over the last few decades, there has been a trend for many stations to use marketing names on air rather than their official call sign. Inter alia, examples of such on-air names are: Gold, Mix, HOTFM, Nova, and STAR FM. Stations will often change their marketing name even when there is just a small change in format. Spectrum AM radio 1920s all broadcast services allocated to a few specific frequencies, MF + LF early 1920s Class A Services low end of AM band & longwave, Class B services upper end of band, Amateurs above 1400? kHz mid 1920s AWA-influenced longwave services commenced to be switched off due to difficulties in achieving radiator efficiency late 1920s Australia commences to allocate AM radio services in the range between 1400 kHz and 1500 kHz 1926 AM restack 1930 Captain Eckersley and Radio Research Board give consideration to widespread deployment of longwave services, but eventually it is decided not to proceed 1935 AM restack and 10 kHz spacing plan 1938 Following Cairo conference, the upper limit of the broadcast band was extended from 1500 kHz to 1600 kHz, however most consumer receivers were unable to tune this range and it was many years before the PMG planners were prepared to allocate these frequencies 1948 AM restack 1978 9 kHz spacing plan FM radio 1948 First use of the international FM broadcast band for test transmissions by the NBS. These tests were semi-permanent in nature and only switched off in early 1960s in preparation for introduction of TV services into Band II 1965 UHF band was allocated to FM radio services but policy continued to be reviewed and there were no services deployed. 1975 Decision was made to cease deployments of new TV services using Band II and to progressively convert existing services to Band III and Band IV. Remaining gaps in Band II would be used for new FM radio services 1980s Phase I of Band II TV clearance 1990s Phase II of Band II TV clearance 2000 Decision not to proceed with further Band II TV clearance 2009 Last band II TV service switches off with the completion of transition to Digital TV in Australia which makes no provision for use of Band II MF-NAS VHF-NAS Digital radio External territories Australian Antarctic Territory Walter Henry Hannam 1912 (see also Macquarie Island) Sidney Jeffryes 1913 Francis Howard Bickerton After Jeffryes succumbed to polar madness Wireless telegraphy was first established on Antarctica at Cape Denison, Adelie Land, in 1912 as part of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The callsign allocated by the PMG Department was MAL, which was a duplicate with that for the SS Liguria of the Navigazione Generale Italiana (such duplication was common prior to implementation of the 1912 London agreement). Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Islands Willis Island in the Willis Islets was utilised as a meteorological observation station even prior to wireless telegraphy development. Coastal shipping deposited and retrieved observers for annual stints at this lonely outpost off the northern Queensland coastline. Wireless equipment was first deployed in the 1910s around the time of the establishment of the coastal station network. An already valuable station, it became invaluable with the ability to communicate weather observations of approaching cyclones which would subsequently directly impact the northern Queensland coast. In later years, many of the observer / operators were licensed radio amateurs and there is at least one instance recorded of one of the "hams" conducting broadcasts. Macquarie Island Wireless telegraphy was first established at Macquarie Island in 1912 as part of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The callsign allocated by the PMG Department was MQI, which was a duplicate with that for the SS Saxon of the Union-Castle Line (such duplication was common prior to implementation of the 1912 London agreement). Following implementation of the agreement, the callsign was changed to VIQ. Practical equipment of the day was not capable of a direct link between the main base at Cape Denison on the Antarctic mainland and their Hobart main base. Mawson decided to establish an intermediate station at Macquarie Island primarily to relay messages between Cape Denison and Hobart (VIH), but also to originate its own messages. Walter Henry Hannam oversighted the construction and commissioning of the Macquarie Island station, then left the facility in charge of Charles Albert Sandell, in accordance with Expedition plans. Much to his chagrin, the Macquarie station proved effective from the start and continued so, while the Cape Denison station in its first year was problematic at best. The meteorological data from Macquarie was considered so important that upon the relief of the two expedition wireless operators in 1914, the Department of Meteorology provided two further operators to continue the data gathering a further year. Arthur John Sawyer Charles Albert Sandell NauruRefer to History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Nauru and History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia#Nauru for further detailDuring the wireless era, island country of Nauru saw a variety of colonial rulers. It was annexed by Germany in 1888 and incorporated into her Marshall Islands protectorate. Following the outbreak of World War I, the island was captured by Australian troops in 1914. The Nauru Island Agreement made in 1919 between the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and for working of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental British Phosphate Commission (BPC). The terms of the League of Nations Mandate were drawn up in 1920, but it was not till 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees. Japanese troops occupied Nauru in mid-1942. The Japanese garrison surrendered to Australian troops in September 1945. In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees. Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention it became independent in 1968. New Guinea Norfolk Island Papua Newspaper columns The early days of radio were characterised by intense public interest which was reflected in extensive coverage city and regional newspapers. Particularly in the cities, but occasionally in the larger regional centres, this often led to regular weekly columns devoted specifically to radio. These columns often attracted large followings. Mostly the columnist used pseudonyms and many of these remain unidentified to this day. In Trove, sponsored by the National Library of Australia, we are fortunate to have one of the world's most extensive digital collections of Newspapers. This has allowed unprecedented ready access to this material. Magic Spark Wireless Week by Week Wireless Wireless exhibitions While wireless technology was in its infancy, promotional exhibitions were conducted to progress the industry. In the late 1900s and early 1910s, these were mainly a small part of larger industrial exhibitions, displaying the wares of Australian, British and US commerce and the handiwork of private experimenters (which often outclassed the commercial goods). By the 1920s interest had reached a level where entire exhibitions were devoted to wireless and immediately prior and subsequent to the commencement of high power broadcasting, interest reached fever pitch. Throughout the 1920s, the state divisions of the Wireless Institute of Australia played at least major part in most exhibitions. Commercial broadcasting interests were particularly supportive of the exhibitions, as each new set sold meant one more broadcast listener's licence issued by the Postmaster-General's Department, a portion of the fee for which was allocated to the local licensee. Even the PMG itself was not a disinterested party. While the listener's licence fees went to consolidated revenue, the results were widely reported to the newspapers alongside the relative amounts which the Department was allocated which included from 1929 the costs for the transmission and studio facilities of the National Broadcasting Service. New South Wales Victoria Queensland South Australia Western Australia Tasmania Pirates Transmitters Receivers Related Wikipedia Articles Australia Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) (the ubiquitous company with major impact upon the first five decades of broadcasting in Australia) Call signs in Australia (comprehensive discussion of callsigns for all services, structure a little confusing) Australian Broadcasting Company (best known as the contractor for provision of programming to the National Broadcasting Service 1929–1932) Australian Broadcasting Corporation (overview of our national broadcaster, mostly current, minimal history) History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (more detailed history of the ABC) List of Australian AM radio stations (still a work in progress but records the many frequency changes for AM services over a century) List of people in communications and media in Australia (former section of this article) List of radio stations in Australia (comprehensive, mostly current services, but some historical, includes AM, FM, Digital, Narrowcast) Media of Australia (brief overview only, another work in progress) Newspapers in Australia (brief overview only, another work in progress) Radio broadcasting in Australia (material about current radio broadcasting and programming) Television broadcasting in Australia (comprehensive overview of current licensing & systems, minimal technology/history/development) Timeline of Australian radio (many errors and much trivia given prominence, but also much potential) International / Technology History of broadcasting History of radio History of telecommunication (excellent polished discussion of all communications technology categories) History of television (excellent discussion of the technology, no material yet about Australia) Invention of radio Wireless telegraphy (discussion of the three types of "Telegraphy without Wires") Programs Argonauts Club, the ABC's iconic children's session Australia's Amateur Hour Blue Hills, radio serial Boyer Lectures, annual ABC series of prestige lectures The Castlereagh Line, radio serial Carols by Candlelight, annual presentation originally organised for broadcasting Consider Your Verdict, radio drama (later TV drama) Football Inquest, Melbourne-based Australian rules football program D24, radio drama Dad and Dave, radio comedy/drama serial Give it a Go, quiz program Information Please, refer to Overseas section It Pays to Be Funny, quiz program Meet the Press, political interview program Music for Pleasure, ABC classical music program One Man's Family, refer to Overseas section The Oxford Show, variety program Pick a Box, quiz program Quiz Kids, Australian version of a US panel show The Pressure Pak Show, quiz program Singers of Renown, ABC program featuring classical singers When a Girl Marries, refer to Overseas section Yes, What?, radio comedy series In-line citations Further reading Books, theses & major articles Bastock, John. Ships on the Australia Station, (Child & Associates Publishing Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, 1988) Branch, Lorayne. Henry Sutton, The Innovative Man, Australian Inventor, Scientist and Engineer, (to be published) online Burger, David. Callsign History Australia – Australian Amateur Radio Callsigns, (IEEE, 2014) online Carty, Bruce. Australian Radio History (4th ed. Sydney, 2013) Crawford, Robert. But wait, there's more...: a history of Australian advertising, 1900–2000 (Melbourne Univ. Press, 2008) Cunningham, Stuart, and Graeme Turner, eds. The Media & Communications in Australia (2nd ed. 2010) online Curnow, Geoffrey Ross. "The history of the development of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia to 1942, with especial reference to the Australian Broadcasting Commission: a political and administrative study". online Durrant, Lawrence. The seawatchers : the story of Australia's Coast Radio Service (angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1986) Trove NLA Elliot, Hugh. "The Three-Way Struggle of Press, Radio and TV in Australia". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (1960) 37#2 pp: 267–274. Geeves, P. "The Dawn of Australia's Radio Broadcasting". online Given, Donald Jock. "Transit of Empires: Ernest Fisk and the World Wide Wireless". (Melbourne, 2007) Griffen-Foley, Bridget. Changing Stations the story of Australian commercial radio Griffen-Foley, Bridget. "Australian Commercial Radio, American Influences—and The BBC". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (2010) 30#3 pp: 337–355. online Griffen‐Foley, Bridget. "From the Murrumbidgee to Mamma Lena: Foreign language broadcasting on Australian commercial radio, part I". Journal of Australian Studies 2006; 30(88): 51–60. part 1 online; part 2 online Hadlow, Martin Lindsay. "Wireless and Empire ambition: wireless telegraphy/telephony and radio broadcasting in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, South-West Pacific (1914–1947): political, social and developmental perspectives". (Martin Hadlow, Brisbane, 2016) Harte, Bernard. When Radio Was The Cat's Whiskers (Rosenberg Publishing, 2002) Hewitson, Peter. Australian MCS; A brief history of the Australian Coastal Radio Service (Website) Inglis, K. S. This is the ABC – the Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932–1983 (2006) Inglis, K. S. Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006 (2006) Johnson, Lesley. The Unseen Voice: a cultural study of early Australian radio (London, 1988) Johnstone, James. Coastal Radio Stations (Webpages) Johnstone, James. Beam Wireless (Webpages) Jolly, Rhonda. Media ownership and regulation: a chronology (Canberra, 2016) Jones, Colin. Something in the air : a history of radio in Australia (Kenthurst, 1995) Jose, Arthur W. The Official History of Australia in the War of 19141918; Volume IX, The Royal Australian Navy (Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 9th Ed, 1941) Online (especially Chapter XIV: Sundry services: Radio-Telegraphy, Censorship, Coaling, etc.) Kent, Jacqueline. Out of the Bakelite Box: the heyday of Australian radio (Sydney, 1983) Langhans, Ron. The First Twelve Months of Radio Broadcasting in Australia 1923–1924 (R. Langhans, 2013) Mackay, Ian K. Broadcasting in Australia (Melbourne University Press, 1957) MacKinnon, Colin. Australian Radio Publications and Magazines (Ian O'Toole, 2004) online Moran, Albert, and Chris Keating. The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television (Scarecrow Press, 2009) Muscio, Winston T. Australian Radio, The Technical Story 1923–1983 (Kangaroo Press, 1984) Petersen, Neville. News Not Views: The ABC, Press and Politics (1932–1947) (Sydney, 1993), Emphasizes newspaper restrictions on broadcasters Potter, Simon J. "‘Invasion by the Monster’ Transnational influences on the establishment of ABC Television, 1945–1956". Media History (2011) 17#3 pp: 253–271. Potts, John. Radio in Australia (UNSW Press, 1989) Ross, John F. A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977 (J. F. Ross, 1978) Ross, John F. Handbook for Radio Engineering Managers (Butterworths, 1980) Ross, John F. Radio Broadcasting Technology, 75 Years of Development in Australia 1923–1998 (J. F. Ross, 1998) Sanderson, Doug G. On Air (History of the NBS in Qld and PNG) (D. G. Sanderson, 1988) Semmler, Clement. The ABC: Aunt Sally and Sacred Cow (1981) Shawsmith, Alan. Halcyon Days, The Story of Amateur Radio in VK4, Queensland (Boolarong Publications, 1987) Thomas, Alan. Broadcast and Be Damned, The ABC's First Two Decades (Melbourne University Press, 1980) United States, Navy Department, Bureau of Steam Engineering. List of wireless telegraph stations of the world, 1912 (Government Printing Office, 1912) Online Umback, Rick. Constituting Australia's International Wireless Service: 1901–1922 (Rick Umback, 1916, Canberra) Online (PhD. thesis, focus on Beam Wireless and its origins with emphasis on wireless telegraphy era, detailed analysis) Walker, R. R. The Magic Spark: 50 Years of Radio in Australia (Hawthorn Press, 1973) White, Thomas H. Early Radio Station Lists Issued by the U.S. Government (Website) Online (includes HTMLs of all known copies of Wireless Telegraph Stations of the World 1906 to 1912 with, inter alia, lists of merchant ship and shore station callsigns) Wireless Institute of Australia (editor Wolfenden, Peter). Wireless Men & Women at War'' (Wireless Institute of Australia, Melbourne, 2017) Periodicals "Sea Land and Air". (1918 to 1923) online "Wireless Weekly". (1922 to 1939+) online "Australasian Radio Review". (1923 to 1924) online "Radio in Australian and New Zealand". (1923 to 1928) online "Queensland Radio News". (1925 to 1933) online "Listener In" "Broadcasting Business" & "Commercial Broadcasting". (1934 to 1947) online "Australasian Radio World". (1936 to 1950) online "Radio and Hobbies". (1939 to 1965) online "Radio Science". (1948 to 1949) online Annuals "Radio Trade Annual of Australia". (1933 to 1937) online "Broadcasting Business Year Book". (1936 to 1939) online "Broadcasting and Television Year Book". (1958 to 1990+) online Regulatory Oversight Department Australia, Postmaster-General's Department. "Annual Reports 1910–1975" NLA Australia, Department of the Media. "Annual Reports 1973–1976" NLA Australia, Postal and Telecommunications Department. "Annual Reports 1978–1980" NLA Australia, Department of Communications (1). "Annual Reports 1981–1987" NLA Australia, Department of Transport and Communications. "Annual Reports 1988–1993" NLA Australia, Department of Communications (2) Australia, Department of Communications and the Arts. "Annual Reports 1994–1998" NLA Australia, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. "Annual Reports 1999–2007" NLA Australia, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. "Annual Reports 2008–2013" NLA Australia, Department of Communications (3). "Annual Reports 2014–2015" NLA Australia, Department of Communications and the Arts (2). "Annual Reports 1999–2007" NLA Subordinate Agencies Australian Broadcasting Control Board. "Annual Reports 1949–1976" NLA online Overseas Telecommunications Commission (Australia). "Annual Reports". 1965–1973 NLA 1974–1981 NLA 1982–1984 NLA 1985–1991 NLA Australian Telecommunications Commission T/as Telecom Australia. "Annual Reports". 1976–1991 NLA 1993 – present NLA Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. "Annual Reports 1977–1992" NLA online Australian Telecommunications Authority T/as AusTel. "Annual Reports 1990–1997". NLA Australian and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation. "Annual Reports" 1992 NLA Australian Broadcasting Authority. "Annual Reports 1993–2005" NLA Australia, National Transmission Agency. "Annual Reports 1993–1996" NLA Australia, Spectrum Management Agency. "Annual Reports 1994–1997" NLA Australia, National Transmission Authority. "Annual Reports 1997–1999" Australian Communications Authority. "Annual Reports 1998–2005" NLA Australian Communications and Media Authority. "Annual Reports 2006–present" NLA Broadcasters Australian Broadcasting Commission. "Annual Reports 1933–1983" NLA Australian Broadcasting Corporation. "Annual Reports 1984–present" NLA Special Broadcasting Service. "Annual Reports 1979–1991" NLA Special Broadcasting Service Corporation. "Annual Reports 1992–present" NLA Related Government Australian Bureau of Statistics. "Year Book Australia 1908–2012" online 1908 has material back to Federation, refer Transport & Communications History of Australia History of television in Australia History of telecommunications in Australia Maritime history of Australia History of broadcasting History of radio Articles containing video clips

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Days%20of%20Our%20Lives%20characters%20%282010s%29

List of Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)

A list of notable characters from the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019. Madeline Peterson Woods Madeline Peterson Woods, portrayed by Jessica Tuck, is the mother of Chad DiMera. Madeline died after falling down a flight of stairs during an argument with Chad. Jane Smith Jane Smith is the warden of the Salem County Correctional Facility, the prison where Hope Brady serves time in 2010. She works with an inmate, Lee Michaels, to kill inmates during routine medical procedures in order to harvest their organs in an operation run by Stefano DiMera. Jane first appeared on September 21, 2010. Stacy Haiduk had been hired to portray the role but wasn't able to fulfill the commitment so the role was recast with Gina Gallego. Ben Walters Ben Walters was portrayed by Ty Treadway from September 17, 2010 to February 2, 2011. Lee Michaels Lee Michaels is a trustee in the prison where Hope Brady serves time in 2010. She is a doctor who was imprisoned for illegally prescribing pain killers to her patients. She is assigned to the prison's infirmary, where she works with Warden Jane Smith to kill inmates during routine medical procedures in order to harvest their organs. Lee is played by Robin Mattson and first appeared on October 5, 2010 to 2011. Parker Jonas Parker Daniel Jonas is the son of Daniel Jonas and Chloe Lane, although Philip Kiriakis was long thought to be his father. He was born on November 11, 2010, in the Horton cabin after his mother Chloe Lane goes into premature labor. There are complications with the birth (the umbilical cord is wrapped around his neck), and Chloe is assisted by Parker's assumed older sister Melanie. Philip and Daniel later show up just as Parker is born. Chloe and Daniel go to the hospital and name him Parker Jonas, after Daniel's mother. While Daniel was initially assumed to be the baby's father, it was later revealed (incorrectly) that Parker was conceived during a one-night stand between Chloe and Philip. When Chloe takes a paternity test, the results are changed by Caroline Brady to make her believe that Daniel is the father. When the assumed truth about Parker's paternity is revealed, Daniel leaves Chloe. On March 2, 2011 Philip becomes Parker's legal father and Parker's last name is changed to Kiriakis. On January 7, 2013, Chloe returns to Salem and informs Daniel that he is in fact Parker's biological father. Dario Hernandez Dario Hernandez is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera, Days of Our Lives. The role was played by Francisco San Martin, who originated the role, from March to September 2011, and by Jordi Vilasuso from February 2016 to September 2017. In December 2010, it was reported that Francisco San Martin would play the role of Dario, Rafe and Gabi Hernandez's (Galen Gering and Camila Banus) brother as a way to fill the void left following their sister Arianna's (Lindsay Hartley) death. San Martin previously played Javier Rodriguez, a patient of Nathan Horton (Mark Hapka) for one episode on November 16, 2010. San Martin's first air date was March 9, 2011. Three months later in June 2011, following the departure of head writer Dena Higley and the appointments of new writers Marlene Clark Poulter and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr., it was reported that San Martin was among the list of actors let go from the show. San Martin's last air date was on September 19, 2011. In August 2015, nearly four years after San Martin's exit, it was reported that former Guiding Light and All My Children actor Jordi Vilasuso would take over the role of Dario. Vilasuso made his debut on February 19, 2016. In July 2017, it was reported that Vilasuso would be departing the show with his last air date on July 31, 2017. Vilasuso made a further appearance on September 26, 2017. Quinn Hudson Quinn Hudson, played by Australian actor Bren Foster is the son of Vivian Alamain. He surfaces in Salem in 2011, and is part of a plot by Kate Roberts to bring down Chloe Lane. Quinn blackmails Chloe into being a call girl like Kate used to be. Quinn changes for Taylor Walker and tells Chloe to stop. Quinn leaves Salem with his mother, Ivan and Taylor. He returns for a short while before departing again. Sheila Watkins Sheila Watkins was played by Tionne Watkins from November 2016 to January 2017, and again from September 2017 to November 2017. She returned to the role in September 2018. Sheila and her friend Coco are prison inmates who harass Hope Brady in prison. They also attempt to intimidate any new inmates, but Hope protects them while she is protected by Chille. Sheila and Coco realize they will never be able to get to Hope with Chille there, so they kill Chille by stabbing her in the chest. The duo later attacks Hope in her cell and stabs her, but she survives and is admitted to the prison hospital. Hope intended to fight back against them, but Hattie helped her escape, so they attacked her and put her in the hospital. In September 2017, Sheila is released from Statesville. Adrienne Johnson convinces her to go to the Kiriakis mansion and give a letter to Justin Kiriakis. Everyone believes Adrienne is Bonnie Lockhart, but Sheila decides to humour "Bonnie", and soon finds out she was telling the truth when she comes face to face with Bonnie, who is staying at the mansion. Sheila is persuaded to keep quiet by accepting payment from Bonnie and takes a job as a maid at the Kiriakis mansion. Sheila reconnects with her old friend Eli Grant, and eventually flees town when Bonnie is exposed. Sheila returns in late 2018 to help Bonnie when she is arrested. Sheila brings Bonnie's assumed daughter with Lucas as a way for Bonnie to get out of prison. Sheila doesn't believe Bonnie's claim that the child belongs to her and Lucas. Anne Milbauer Anne Milbauer has been portrayed by Meredith Scott Lynn since September 7, 2012. She last appeared July 11, 2017. Arianna Horton Arianna Grace Horton is the daughter of Gabi Hernandez and Will Horton. She is introduced on May 21, 2013. Her name comes from her late aunt, Arianna Hernandez. Since 2019, the role has been played by Sydney Brower. Arianna is conceived when her parents have a one-night stand in August 2012. When Gabi finds out that she is pregnant she decides on an abortion, but can't go through with it. Gabi is in a relationship with Will's cousin, Nick Fallon, and Nick wants to be Arianna's legal father. Will reveals that he is actually Arianna's father at Nick and Gabi's first attempt at a wedding in January 2013. Will signs away his rights after Nick blackmails him (about him shooting EJ DiMera) in March 2013. Leading up to her birth, Gabi and Nick are held hostage by Jensen, a former prison inmate Nick knows. Sonny and Will arrive and Sonny is able to escape with Gabi, but Will stays to help Nick. Gabi reveals that she has been having small contractions all day and Sonny finds an abandoned shed in which to deliver the baby. Sonny delivers Arianna, and Gabi and Arianna are brought to the hospital and given a clean bill of health. After she is born, Gabi and Nick send back her birth certificate before Gabi signs it in order to have Will's name listed as the father. Arianna and her mother move in with Will and Sonny, and they raise Arianna as a three-parent family. In 2014, Sonny marries Arianna's father, Will, becoming her step-father. When Gabi is imprisoned for the murder of Nick, Arianna is raised by her two dads. Arianna is reunited with her mother when she is released from prison in September 2015. Her happiness is cut short when Will is apparently murdered, and Sonny, stricken with grief, leaves town, and Gabi is left to raise Arianna on her own. Sonny returns in 2016, and recommences co-parenting her with Gabi. In late 2017, it is revealed that Will is, in fact, alive. He is suffering from amnesia after being strangled and abducted, and has no memory of his life before. As soon as he returns to Salem, Arianna and Gabi come to see him. Despite not remembering them, Will treats Arianna as his daughter, and begins to take part in co-parenting Arianna again. When Will's amnesia leads to Arianna's two dads divorcing, Sonny continues to co-parent her, as does Will. In 2018, her mother Gabi is wrongfully imprisoned, and Will and Sonny tell Arianna that her mom is working away from home. After Gabi is proved innocent, Will and Sonny tell Ari that her mom is coming home, but Gabi's release is delayed for several more weeks due to a murder at the prison, and when Gabi finally gets out, Arianna, feeling unloved by her mother, is angry and unwelcoming towards her. Cole Hines Cole Hines was created by head writers Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell. The character first appeared on June 27, 2013 as Bev Walters' boyfriend. He is in a group of drug dealers and users. He and JJ Deveraux get into a fist fight after he starts damaging his late grandfather's tree. The police apprehend them only to discover that they have shoplifted goods. The woman they stole from appears and wishes to press charges. Cole and his friend JJ get arrested. They are released after the woman decides not to press charges. Bev breaks up with Cole and starts dating JJ, which upsets Cole. He decides to get revenge on JJ for stealing his girlfriend; he calls the police when he catches JJ selling drugs to students and gets him arrested. In January 2014, Cole gets arrested and sent to jail. He receives the maximum sentence for his part in the robbery. In June 2014, he gets out of jail and meets up with Bev at the park. He needs some money, which Bev agrees to give him in return for dropping a few joints in Paige Larson's purse at Club TBD. As he is about to do so, Paige catches him. JJ arrives and gets in a fight with Cole until Paige steps in and Cole gets away. Paige sees Cole and Bev at the park and later confronts Bev. Cole meets JJ and confesses that Bev made him do it. Cole then checks himself into a rehabilitation center. After several months he gets out and starts attending Salem University. He meets Paige there and apologizes for his wrongdoings. She forgives him and they briefly start dating afterwards, but break up when she decides to give JJ another chance. Cole starts scheming with Paige's mother Eve to break the two up. He breaks into JJ's house and plants drugs in his bag. Paige confronts Cole at college. He admits it and tells her she deserves someone better than JJ. Paige asks him to stay away from her and JJ. Cole calls Eve to tell her what happened, but she tells him she is dropping off his money and ends the call, leaving Cole perplexed. Aiden Jennings Aiden Jennings was portrayed by Daniel Cosgrove from January 22, 2014 to November 9, 2015, and returned in May 2016. Originally at odds with Hope Williams Brady, they eventually fall in love. After some time together, Hope starts to suspect Aiden of killing his first wife; however, her death is later revealed an accident caused by Chase. Aiden proposes to Hope and she accepts. Soon after, André DiMera blackmails him into killing Hope or else he will kill Chase. Obeying, Aiden marries Hope and then attempts to kill her. It is later revealed that it was a doppelgänger and not Aiden who tried to kill Hope. The real Aiden loves her too much to go through with it so Andre sent the doppelgänger in his place and held the real Aiden captive. Returning in the nick of time, Hope's former husband, Bo Brady, stops Aiden's doppelgänger by killing him. For a brief time, Aiden is then wrongly believed to have been the Necktie Killer. On October 25 he leaves Salem to care for his son Chase. Chase Jennings Chase Jennings is the son of Aiden and Meredith Jennings, most notable for brutally raping his stepsister, Ciara Brady. Chase and his father arrive in Salem from Portland, Oregon in 2014 and are at odds with Hope and Ciara. Ciara and Chase do not get along with each other and torment each other. Jonathon McClendon assumed the role of Chase on October 21, 2015, when the character was aged due to soap opera rapid aging syndrome. On June 30, 2016, McClendon revealed that he would depart the show. McClendon last aired on September 15, 2016. Chase is attacked by a man wanting his cell phone. Hope shows up and the man claims that he and his son were having a disagreement, but Hope knows that Chase is not the man's son. She gets Chase away from him and the man is arrested. Aiden arrives and wants to spend the day with Chase but Chase decides to go to judo class. Hope and Aiden become engaged and Ciara and Chase grow closer. When Aiden tries to kill Hope on their wedding night and is shot by Hope's ex-husband Bo, Chase angrily rejects Hope and Ciara's attempts to bring him into the family and accuses Bo of being a murderer. Clyde Weston Clyde Weston has been portrayed by James Read since June 27, 2014. The character departed the role on October 20, 2015. However, he made guest appearances on multiple occasions, such as September 9, 2016, until October 14, 2016, October 9, 2017 until October 11, 2017, and July 6, 2018 until July 9, 2018. The character has begun to appear on a recurring basis since November 19, 2019. When Kate Roberts investigates Jordan Ridgeway's past, she discovers multiple driver's licenses with different names in her apartment as well as her connection to Salem newcomer Ben Rogers. The evidence leads her to Poplar Bluff, Missouri where she meets with Clyde Weston. Clyde reveals that Ben is his son Ollie, and Jordan is his stepdaughter, Tammy Sue. He also reveals they ran away from home years ago and he failed to find them. Kate tells Clyde they are in Salem. He comes for a reunion but tells her to keep their meeting secret. Ben and Jordan are furious when they see Clyde and it is revealed that Clyde's alcoholism led to verbal and physical abuse of the children and their mother. Clyde insists he has changed and wants a relationship with his son. He asks Kate for contacts from her past dealings with shady business in Salem. Clyde has a meeting with EJ DiMera, who agrees to Clyde's requests to work for his drug ring. They soon argue over drug territory and drugs. During one argument in the park, EJ's disloyal bodyguard Miguel, who Clyde turned against EJ, shoots and kills EJ. Clyde and Miguel cover up the crime and make the scene look like EJ was robbed and killed by a low-level drug addict. Miguel fears EJ's father Stefano DiMera will uncover the truth; Clyde tells his assistant Jeremiah to murder Miguel and bury the body on Jeremiah's grandfather's farm in Missouri. Clyde tells Jordan that if she interferes with his reconciliation with Ben, he will reveal to Ben that Jordan caused the car wreck that killed their mother. Jordan warns her boyfriend Rafe Hernandez, a detective, that Clyde is dangerous. Rafe becomes suspicious of Clyde and begins investigating him. Clyde begins dating Kate and moves his trucking business, his cover for his drug business, to Salem. Clyde is confronted by Victor Kiriakis who argues that the Kiriakis family runs all trucking operations in Salem; Clyde refuses to back down. Victor investigates Clyde's background and discovers his trucking company and other front businesses are used to launder drug money. Victor also discovers Clyde has managed to seize control of most of the drug business in the Ozarks. Clyde is shot by Victor's hitman Damon and is thought to be dead. Sonny Kiriakis is stabbed in the park and Clyde reveals to Victor that he survived the hit and admits he stabbed Sonny in retaliation. Victor and Clyde call a truce when Victor agrees to let Clyde take over his territory in Salem. Clyde's relationships with Ben and Kate improve but when he donates a large sum of money to the local hospital to fund Jordan's project, she leaves town and moves to New York. He continues to advise Ben on his relationship with Abigail Deveraux and plots against Ben's new rival Chad DiMera. Kate fails in her scheme to permanently take over DiMera Enterprises and seeks comfort from Clyde. Clyde dismisses Stefano saying that he can beat the DiMeras. Kate warns Clyde that the DiMeras are cruel and ruthless with their enemies. Stefano uncovers Ben's past activity in illegal gambling in Florida and ensures the club manager testifies against him. Clyde uses his contacts to have the manager killed in prison before he can testify. Clyde finds out Abby cheated on Ben with Chad and discovers she is pregnant. Clyde forces a lab technician to make the tests say Ben is the father. When Stefano returns to Salem, Clyde visits him and secretly places a bug in the DiMera house but Stefano orders him to leave. The bug reveals Abby is due to inherit valuable land in Ireland that the DiMeras desperately want. Chad refuses to go along with Stefano's plan to reconcile with Abby and thus get the land. Clyde begins to think Ben and he will benefit from Abby's inheritance. Stefano meets with Victor about Clyde. Victor reveals to Stefano his past dealings with Clyde and assures Stefano that Clyde is a serious threat to both of them and their families. Stefano and Victor agree to work together against Clyde. Kate breaks up with Clyde when he becomes controlling, saying his confidence was attractive at first but he is arrogant. Clyde is revealed to be local drug dealer Kyle Southern's boss. Kyle, who is dating Paige Larson, hires her ex-boyfriend JJ Deveraux, unaware that JJ is secretly working with the DEA and Salem police commissioner Roman Brady. Paige's mother Eve Donovan tells Kyle that JJ is working with the DEA. Kyle tells Clyde that he needs to personally deal with the situation. Clyde arrives at Kyle's apartment and Kyle knocks JJ unconscious. JJ awakens to find that Clyde has killed Kyle and Clyde asks if JJ is working with the police. JJ tells Clyde that he had an affair with Eve which caused Paige to disown Eve and in revenge Eve made up the story and told Kyle. Clyde believes JJ and hires him to replace Kyle. Clyde threatens to kill JJ's mother Jennifer Horton, sister Abigail, and ex-girlfriend Paige if he tells Ben about their drug deals. Later Paige is found dead in her dorm and JJ accuses Clyde of murdering Paige. A secret investigation of Clyde leads to a sting operation involving JJ, Roman Brady, and DEA agent Watts, which leads to his arrest for drug trafficking. Clyde discovers during his arrest that JJ was secretly an informant and that Clyde's drug ring has been exposed to the Salem Police and DEA. He calls his son Ben and claims to be set up by JJ but Roman reveals that Clyde is being extradited to Florida for a murder charge there. On October 20, 2015, Ben is brought to a meeting at the police station with Clyde who tells Ben he is being extradited to Florida that day. Ben reveals to Clyde that he is the Necktie Killer. In 2016, Chad reveals that Clyde is imprisoned in a federal penitentiary for murder. In September 2016, Marlena visits Clyde in prison and he asks her to evaluate him. She says he has no control in prison and that he must be jealous of people who have their freedom. Clyde says he would rather be stuck in prison than deal with the people of Salem. After Marlena leaves, Milo Harp (Orpheus) asks if that was Marlena; it appears that he has some history with her and dislikes her. Clyde and Orpheus bond over their mutual dislike of the people of Salem and plot a breakout. Clyde gets transferred into Orpheus' cell and recruits Xander Kiriakis. During a transfer, Eduardo Hernandez kills an inmate, believing he was responsible for threatening their family. Orpheus knocks the driver unconscious and the prison van crashes. Clyde makes his way to Kate Roberts' house and threatens her with a gun. Chad DiMera arrives and the two fight; Clyde manages to escape before the police arrive. Clyde, Xander, and Orpheus regroup. Clyde has some of his old contacts provide them with new clothes and weapons. The trio kidnap Kayla Brady and Joey Johnson. Steve Johnson attempts to rattle Clyde and Xander's faith in Orpheus. Steve and Orpheus get into a fight and the trio get away. Clyde and Orpheus corner Marlena, Claire, and Kate at the pier. John arrives and Orpheus is shot in the struggle. The trio decide to publicly make their demands known and flee to the Kiriakis compound. Clyde finds a case full of weaponry that his former partner-in-crime Jeremiah arranged for him. Getting a good vantage point, Clyde waits for Orpheus to make their demands known before he attempts to shoot Aiden Jennings. He accidentally shoots Abe Carver instead and flees before the Salem Police can retaliate. Wracked with guilt over shooting an innocent man, Clyde starts drinking and tells Orpheus his life's story: he was abused by his father and realizes that he treated his children the way his father treated him. He also expresses regret that Jordan wants nothing to do with him. Orpehus orders Clyde and Xander to watch Joey while he goes to kill John Black. Clyde stands guard on the pier and Abe's son Theo Carver confronts him with a gun. He hesitates and Clyde takes advantage of the opportunity. Steve and J.J. reveal themselves, and Clyde flees while sending a text message to Orpehus, telling him to "abort". Clyde decides to kill Chad and kidnap his son Thomas DiMera. After stealing some baby clothes for Thomas, Clyde encounters Andre DiMera, and is shocked that Stefano has another son. After briefly mocking Andre over Stefano's death, Clyde threatens to kill him, but Andre offers to help him get into the DiMera mansion and kidnap Thomas. Andre says he wants control of the family business. With Andre's help, Clyde gets into the mansion through the secret tunnels and holds Chad at gunpoint. After Andre leaves the room, Chad and Clyde fight until Andre returns with Lucas Horton and Adrienne Johnson tied up. Clyde tries to threaten them into telling him where Thomas is, but Andre shoots Chad. Clyde looks for Thomas. He hears a baby crying, and follows it into a booby-trapped room where he waits for the Salem Police to arrest him. Clyde is brought into the main room where he learns Chad is fine. He warns Chad to watch his back around Andre, but Chad is confident he doesn't have anything to worry about. Gabi Hernandez brings Thomas into the room, and Clyde rages that the baby belongs to his son Ben, before being dragged out of the mansion. Once at the Salem Police station, Aiden is happy to book Clyde and make sure that not only would he be back in prison, but he would be held in solitary confinement for a long time. On October 13, John reveals that Clyde is back serving his original 25 to life prison sentence and that new charges from the prison break have also been added to his sentence. Serena Mason Serena Mason is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera, Days of Our Lives. The role was played by Melissa Archer from December 5, 2014, to August 28, 2015, and a brief reappearance on September 28, 2015. Archer returned to the role once again during a one-off appearance on October 31, 2017. Serena is introduced as a friend of Melanie Jonas (Molly Burnett) and a former lover of Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan) during the pair's time in South Africa, prior to Eric's joining of the priesthood. Serena has a rivalry with Nicole Walker due to her past with Eric and her fascination for one of Eric's African artifacts, which were revealed to have been used to smuggle blood diamonds. Serena confesses that she was forced to use Eric to smuggle the diamonds out of Africa by Eric's former friend and Serena's former lover Xander Kiriakis. When Serena's secret is revealed, Eric breaks up with her, and he and Nicole are nearly killed by Xander. She ends up back in Eric's good graces when she saves his grandmother Caroline Brady's life. In August 2015, Serena is sued by Nicole due to her involvement with Xander. After a drunken night at Club TBD with Chad DiMera, she is murdered by a serial killer and Chad is named the prime suspect. It was later revealed Ben Weston murdered her. That December, Ben is later arrested for the murder of Serena and his other victims. On Halloween 2017, Serena is a part of Abigail Deveraux's nightmare, in which she murders Chad and Abigail. In August 2014, Soap Opera Digest reported that former One Life to Live actress Melissa Archer, famous for her 12-year stint of Natalie Buchanan has been cast in an unknown contract role, later revealed to be Serena Mason, the ex-girlfriend of Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan). She made her first appearance on December 5, 2014. In April 2015, Soap Opera Digest confirmed Archer had been let go from the show. Archer last aired on August 27, 2015, when her character was killed off as part of a serial killer storyline to commemorate with the show's 50th anniversary. Archer appeared in additional flashback scenes on September 28, 2015, when Serena's death at the hands of the Necktie Killer were shown. In October 2017, Archer reprised the role of Serena as part of a special dream-sequence episode on October 31, 2017. Tori Narita Tori Narita is the mother of Paul Narita and was portrayed by Hira Ambrosino from January 20, 2015, to May 6, 2015. Tate Black Tate Black is the son of Brady Black and Theresa Donovan. In November 2014, Theresa discovered she was pregnant with Brady's child. Kristen DiMera overheard Theresa sharing her news and decided to steal the embryo. Before Theresa has a chance to tell Brady about the pregnancy, Kristen sets her plan in motion. She hires goons to knock Theresa unconscious and they take her to a warehouse outfitted with gurneys and other medical supplies. Kristen arrives at the warehouse and the procedure begins. Brady and Theresa's embryo is transferred into Kristen's womb. Afterward, Kristen calls Brady to tell him that she will be leaving town with a piece of him. Kristen leaves town and evidence of Theresa's pregnancy is erased. Brady does not believe Theresa when she eventually gets the chance to tell him she was pregnant. The baby appeared for the first time on March 30. On April 14, it is revealed that Kristen gave birth in Italy and named Brady and Theresa's baby boy, Christopher, presumably after herself. Melanie Jonas finds out what happened and tells Brady. Brady goes to Italy and finds Kristen with Christopher, along with Theresa who had been kidnapped by Kristen. Brady and Theresa are reunited with Christopher and Kristen is presumed deceased. The baby boy is returned to his parents thanks to Melanie and taken home to Salem. He undergoes a successful bone marrow transplant, with his mother as the donor. Later, his parents rename him Tate Donovan Black. Deimos Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis is portrayed by Vincent Irizarry. He is the half-brother of crime boss Victor Kiriakis. Deimos arrives in Salem at the Kiriakis mansion where he is confronted at gunpoint by Victor. Its revealed that Deimos is Victor's brother and has spent the past 30 years of a life sentence in prison. Deimos says he doesn't want revenge against Victor but only wants to rebuild his life and asks Victor for a job. Victor tells Deimos he is not welcome or wanted in Salem and is dead to him, but Deimos replies it's because he reminds Victor of his past, which he can't escape. Victor introduces Deimos to his son Philip Kiriakis but tells Philip to stay away from Deimos because he is trouble. Later, Victor reveals his past history with Deimos to his wife Maggie: 30 years ago Deimos, the 20-year-old son of Victor's father and his second wife, had a "big mouth and big chip on his shoulder" and wanted everything that was Victor's including Victor's fiancée Helena Tasso. Four days before Victor and Helena's wedding day, Deimos seduced Helena. An enraged and furious Victor confronted Helena, who admitted it and ran off to Deimos. The following morning, Helena was found dead at the bottom of a cliff. According to the police, Helena had help jumping off the cliff and Deimos was sentenced to life in prison. Victor, unable to look at anything reminding him of Helena, left Greece for a fresh start in the United States. On June 29, 2017, Deimos is stabbed in the chest and he is pronounced dead by Hope Brady. Deimos continued making appearances until October 30, 2017. He then reappeared briefly in 2021. Summer Townsend Summer Townsend is a fictional character from the American NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by former Port Charles and As the World Turns actress Marie Wilson. Wilson previously played the recurring role of Bree Tjaden on the soap from October 31, 2014, until February 9, 2015. In October 2015, Wilson was announced to return on Days of Our Lives in a newly created role. Wilson made her first appearance as Summer on February 2, 2016. One month after her debuted aired, it was revealed that Wilson was among four actors let go from the show, following the departures of head writers Josh Griffith and Beth Milstein. Wilson last aired on July 29, 2016. The character reappeared in a one-off guest appearance on January 21, 2020, in a special Mother's Day flashback episode to heatedly tell her mother Maggie Kiriakis she was dying of cirrosis of the liver. She blamed Maggie for her alcoholism and flaunted alcohol in her face. Jade Michaels Jade Michaels was created by Josh Griffith and Dena Higley and introduced by Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng. Paige Searcy debuted in the role on February 24, 2016, and departed on January 9, 2017. Gabrielle Haugh took over the role on January 17, 2017. She is friends with Joey Johnson and soon learns from Joey that he murdered Ava Vitali. Jade later becomes pregnant with Joey's child, but has a miscarriage and loses the baby. Thomas DiMera Thomas Jack DiMera is the son of Chad DiMera and Abigail Deveraux. He is also the nephew of JJ Deveraux, and the grandson of Stefano DiMera, Madeline Peterson Woods, Jennifer Horton, and Jack Deveraux. Holly Jonas Holly Fay Jonas is the biological daughter of Nicole Walker and Daniel Jonas, but was carried by Chloe Lane, who didn't reveal Holly's biological parents until after her birth. Chloe was implanted with the embryo after Daniel's death. She was born on December 21, 2016, delivered by her mother Nicole. Haley Chen Haley Chen is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives portrayed by Thia Megia. She first appeared on December 20, 2018, as a troubled nurse who attempts suicide but is saved by JJ Deveraux. At the hospital, Haley overhears her boss Dr. Kayla Johnson being upset with J.J. for not reporting Haley's suicide attempt. Haley jumps into conclusion, feels betrayed thinking J.J. told Kayla. However they reassure her that JJ is innocent and that it was another nurse who came forward leaving Kayla with no choice but to take Haley off of the nursing floor until the matter is resolved. Later on at the hospital, J.J. overhears Haley on her phone telling someone "Don't worry. I won't say anything to Dr. Johnson." Kayla eventually agrees to let Haley keep her job if she gets counseling from Marlena. If Haley refuses to get counseling from Marlena Kayla will fire her. Haley is revealed to be daughter of Melinda Trask. It is later revealed that she tried to take her life because she is an illegal immigrant in Salem. Melinda Trask Melinda Chen Trask is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives portrayed originally by Laura Kai Chen beginning in 2013. In 2020, the role was recast with Tina Huang. Originally, Young and the Restless star Victoria Rowell was planning to test for the role of Melinda. When she didn't get the part, she sued Sony, which produces both soaps, for alledgedly taking her off the audition list. The lawsuit was eventually dropped. Trask is the aggressive District Attorney who wants justice and enjoys sending people to jail when they break the law. One of Melinda's first storylines as the D.A. was prosecuting Sami Brady for Joe Bernardi's murder. Sami was ultimately cleared when evidence proved that she shot Bernardi in defense of Rafe Hernandez, showed up. In 2016, Trask prosecuted Hope Brady for Stefano DiMera's murder, and got her 25 years in prison with no possibility of parole. She has a vendetta against Gabi Hernandez for getting out of jail early after killing Nick Fallon. After Abigail Deveraux murdered Andre DiMera and was diagnosed with DID in 2018 Trask tried to convince Chad to permanently send his wife to Bayview. She explained to Chad that it was the only way to keep himself and Thomas safe. Trask did this to protect Chad and Thomas from Abigail. Trask is revealed to be the mother of Haley Chen. Although they get off to a rocky start, Melinda and Haley develop a caring relationship. However, Haley's is killed Melinda seeks revenge against Kristen DiMera, who pushed Haley down a flight of stairs. She once even accuses Kristen's friend, Detective Lani Price of helping her to escape. This vendetta against her daughter's killer continues. In 2022, Melinda began a crusade against Chief of Police, Rafe Hernandez who is being falsely accused of abusing his power with prisoners. Melinda's snarky demeanor and power position as Salem DA often place her at odds with Rafe Hernandez, Shawn-Douglas Brady and Belle Brady. Ted Laurent Theodore "Ted" Laurent is a fictional character on the NBC soap Days of Our Lives. Ted has been played by Gilles Marini since June 5, 2018. In November 2018, Gilles was upgraded to contract. Ted is Leo Stark's lawyer, hired by Kate Roberts, to represent Leo in his attempt to sue Sonny Kiriakis for sexual assault. Ted knew the suit was, and Leo was worried that Ted couldn't be trusted. Ted and Kate assured Leo all he cared about was making money, and he would be making a lot after the settlement Sonny would be forced to pay. Ted was confident that he would win in court as Leo had already sent dirty texts to himself using Sonny's phone and used a hidden camera to take photos of him and Sonny in a compromising situation. Ted used the texts to make Sonny seem like a predator and the fact that he slept with Leo before he had officially handed in his letter of resignation didn't look for good Sonny. Ted also pursued Kate. He brought dinner to Kate's room and they talked and bonded. Ted admitted his wife had passed away from cancer and Kate would relate to since she was recently widowed due to her husband being murdered. Ted was hired by Theresa Donovan to represent her when she sued Brady Black for custody of their son, Tate Black. Theresa's argument wasn't strong enough, so the judge adjourned for the day. Leo Stark Leo Stark is a fictional character on the long running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, and is portrayed by The Young and the Restless alumni Greg Rikaart. He debuted in the role on March 27, 2018. The role was only supposed to last for a couple of episodes. Rikaart vacated the role on July 3, 2018, but returned on November 28, 2018 on a contract basis. He last aired on March 26, 2019. For his role as Leo, Greg Rikaart received an Emmy nomination as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2019. The character reappeared in a one-off guest appearance on April 1, 2020 for a special April Fools episode. He then appeared in two spinoffs in 2021. Leo was hired by Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) to date Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith), and then intern at TITAN where Sonny was CEO. Not wanting to mix business with pleasure, Sonny broke up with Leo, but Vivian then ordered Leo to seduce Sonny as his employee, presumably create a scandal. Leo is found out by Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow), who enlists him to continue the takedown of TITAN after Vivian is killed. Leo gets a hold of Sonny's phone and sends dirty harassing texts to himself. He later tells Sonny that he will quit his job and they make love in the office while a hidden camera catches it all before Sonny can get Leo's resignation in writing. Kate hired Ted Laurent (Gilles Marini) to represent Leo, and he successfully used the texts and the video to their advantage. Eventually, Kate wanted to drop the lawsuit and wanted Leo to take a settlement, which would be next to nothing by the time Ted got his share. Leo went to Sonny and emotionally blackmailed him into marrying him, but then Will Horton (Chandler Massey) showed up and exposed Leo as a prostitute. He also revealed Leo's real name was Matthew Cooper. Leo lost his patience and started strangling Will. Sonny pushed Leo away from Will, and he runs face first into a fireplace, and dies. However, Leo turns up alive and taunts Sonny and Will. He blackmails Sonny with the attempted murder into marrying him. After the wedding, Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus) helps Will and Sonny to have some alone time and ties Leo to a bed. Upset about this, Leo then goes to the police and wants Sonny arrested for the attempted murder. He later drops the charges. Leo's mother turns out to be Diana Colville (Judith Chapman), who insists that John Black (Drake Hogestyn) is Leo's biological father. However, Diana is lying and Leo eventually leaves town, after nothing is keeping him in Salem anymore. Stefan DiMera Stefan DiMera, originally portrayed by Tyler Christopher, made his first appearance on December 29, 2017. Christopher vacated the role on March 20 and was replaced by Brandon Barash on March 22, 2019. Barash departed the role on October 11, 2019 when Stefan was killed off, but briefly reappeared the following year during a hallucination. Stefan is the previously unknown son of Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Stefan forces his way into the DiMera family making enemies with his brothers Chad (Billy Flynn) and André (Thaao Penghlis) and sisters-in-law Abigail (Marci Miller) and Kate (Lauren Koslow) when he takes over DiMera Enterprises and buys the family mansion out from under them. Christopher's most notable story includes Stefan's obsession and with Abigail's alternate personality, Gabby. Stefan falls for Gabby when after he frames Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus) for André's murder to protect her. When Abigail gets pregnant, Stefan is ecstatic to learn he fathered her daughter Charlotte. In late 2018, Stefan marries a newly divorced Abigail as she tries to avoid being committed by Chad. But after she gives birth, Chad convinces Stefan to have her committed anyway for her own good. Abigail poses as Gabby to get released and has the marriage to Stefan annulled. Soon after, Stefan is devastated to learn that a spiteful Gabi tampered with Charlotte's paternity test to get revenge for framing her, and Chad is Charlotte's father. Stefan is notable for being Ron Carlivati's very first creation as head writer since his appointment in January 2017. Christopher had previously worked under Carlivati on ABC's General Hospital where Christopher played Nikolas Cassadine until the summer of 2016. It took nearly six months for the writers to set the stage for Stefan's arrival. The role was conceived in an effort to continue the legacy of the legendary Stefano DiMera. Viewers and critics alike were very excited about the Emmy winner's return to daytime, while others were saddened that Christopher would not return to General Hospital. Due to intense secrecy around the character's identity, there was much speculation about who Christopher would portray, with many assuming he'd been hired as a recast of another role. Tanya Clark from Soap Opera Spy was especially excited about Carlivati getting to write for Christopher again. In 2019, Christopher was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor. Tripp Dalton Tripp Dalton is a fictional character on the long-running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives portrayed by Lucas Adams. The character was first referenced in January 2016, as the presumed dead son of Steve Johnson and his ex-lover, mafia princess Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun). The character was later developed and introduced by Dena Higley and Ryan Quan on March 23, 2017. Adams exited the role on August 29, 2019; he returned to the role on September 4, 2020. In November 2020, it was revealed that Charlie Dale (Mike Manning), who is the son of Ava and the half-brother of Tripp was the one who raped Allie Horton (Lindsay Arnold) in London and fathered her son Henry. In January 2021, Tripp finally learns the truth about his brother Charlie after his father Steve and John Black (Drake Hogestyn) traveled to Philadelphia to visit Ava's cousin Angelo Vitali for answers about a blood relative of the family who raped Allie and they learned that Ava has another son named Charlie after she had Tripp, but he was raised by his father. Charlotte DiMera Charlotte DiMera is the daughter of Chad DiMera and Abigail Deveraux. Charlotte is conceived during Abigail's experience of Dissociative identity disorder, leaving Abigail unsure if the father is her husband Chad or his brother Stefan, with whom her alter "Gabby" had an affair. Chad is the father, but Gabi Hernandez alters the results of a paternity test to show that Stefan was the father, as an act of revenge against Abigail ("Gabby") and Stefan for framing her for murder. Chad and Abigail separate, but reconcile after the truth is revealed. Jordan Ridgeway kidnaps the infant Charlotte to frame her brother Ben Weston, who was previously obsessed with Abigail, because Jordan believes Ben needed to be institutionalized. Jordan sets a fire, but Ben and Chad track her down in time to rescue Charlotte. Chad takes a job in Paris and relocates his family there. See also List of Days of Our Lives characters List of Days of Our Lives characters (1960s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1970s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1980s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1990s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (2000s) List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members References Notes Citations 2010s

46724643

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%201939

February 1939

The following events occurred in February 1939: February 1, 1939 (Wednesday) The Nationalists pushed into the province of Girona while taking the Catalan cities of Tordera and Vic. The Soviet Union closed its embassy in Budapest due to Hungary's agreement to join the Anti-Comintern Pact. Born: Paul Gillmor, politician, in Tiffin, Ohio (d. 2007); Ekaterina Maximova, ballerina, in Moscow, USSR (d. 2009); Joe Sample, jazz pianist, in Houston, Texas (d. 2014) February 2, 1939 (Thursday) The Republicans formally asked Britain and France to help negotiate a ceasefire. Generalissimo Francisco Franco's foreign minister Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa promised that they would pardon Republican soldiers who surrendered. Japanese submarine I-63 sank in Bungo Channel after a collision with another submarine during maneuvers. Six of the crew were standing on the bridge at the time of the collision and were able to swim to safety; the other 81 perished. Died: Amanda McKittrick Ros, 78, Irish writer February 3, 1939 (Friday) The Nationalists reached Tossa de Mar. The musical film Honolulu starring Eleanor Powell and Robert Young was released. The Collins Block fire in Syracuse, New York, killed eight firefighters, the greatest loss of life in the Syracuse Fire Department's history. The eight firemen fell into the cellar of the building and were trapped under rubble. Fellow firefighters worked for six hours to rescue them until a further collapse eliminated all possibility of their survival. Police Officer William Clarence Fuston of the Brownwood, Texas, Police Department was shot and killed by an escaped prisoner. Patrolman Alexander N. Benedict of the Nassau County Police Department in New York was accidentally shot and killed when he slipped on ice while investigating a burglary, causing his gun to discharge. February 4, 1939 (Saturday) The Battle of Valsequillo ended in Republican failure. Spanish President Manuel Azaña crossed the border to France and went into exile. Died: Henri Deterding, 72, Dutch oil tycoon February 5, 1939 (Sunday) During the Catalonia Offensive, the Spanish Nationalists (Francoists) took Girona. Four fires broke out in Coventry, believed to have been started by the Irish Republican Army. A German expedition to the Antarctic completed its work. The Germans gave the explored area of approximately 600,000 km the name of New Swabia. February 6, 1939 (Monday) Neville Chamberlain was heartily applauded in the House of Commons when he said that any threat to France "must evoke the immediate co-operation of this country." Arabs in Jerusalem called for a three-day strike coinciding with a conference in London between Arabs, Jews and British authorities on the Holy Land. Syracuse, New York, Fire Department First Assistant Chief Charles A. Boynton died of a heart attack. Boynton had been present at the Collins Block fire on February 3 and had worked for hours attempting to rescue the trapped firefighters and then to recover their bodies. Born: Mike Farrell, actor, in Saint Paul, Minnesota February 7, 1939 (Tuesday) The Battle of Minorca began. Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín and General Vicente Rojo Lluch crossed the border into France. The London Conference on Palestine opened. February 8, 1939 (Wednesday) The Nationalists captured Figueres. February 9, 1939 (Thursday) The Battle of Minorca ended with the surrender of the Republican garrison. The Home Office announced plans to provide shelters to thousands of British homes in districts most likely to be bombed in the event of war. The steel shelters, nicknamed "Anderson shelters" after Lord Privy Seal Sir John Anderson, measured 6'6" by 4'6" and were designed so that two unskilled people could erect them. Hainan Island Operation started with the invasion of Japanese troops to Hainan northern coast. February 10, 1939 (Friday) The Catalonia Offensive ended in Nationalist victory. Hainan Island Operation: Japanese forces occupied the island of Hainan. The film The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn starring Mickey Rooney was released. The Three Bears (Terry Toons) was released. Future hall of Fame boxers Eddie Booker and Fritzie Zivic faced off in Madison Square Garden. Zivic victorious. Born: Adrienne Clarkson, Canadian journalist, politician and 26th Governor General of Canada, in Hong Kong; Peter Purves, television presenter, in Preston, England Died: Pope Pius XI, 81, Pope of the Catholic Church February 11, 1939 (Saturday) Benjamin S. Kelsey flew an experimental Lockheed P-38 Lightning from March Field in California to Mitchel Field in New York. The plane crashed short of the runway due to engine failure from carburetor ice, but Kelsey was not injured. Died: Franz Schmidt, 64, Austrian composer, cellist and pianist February 12, 1939 (Sunday) The first of nine funeral masses in as many days was held for Pius XI. 200,000 Catholics began streaming into Vatican City to take part. The South American Championship of football was won by host country Peru, defeating Uruguay 2-1 in the deciding match. Megan Taylor of the United Kingdom won the women's competition of the World Figure Skating Championships in Prague. Canada won gold at the World Ice Hockey Championships in Switzerland. Born: Yael Dayan, politician and author, in Nahalal, Mandatory Palestine; Ray Manzarek, keyboardist of The Doors, in Chicago (d. 2013) Died: S. P. L. Sørensen, 71, Danish chemist February 13, 1939 (Monday) Generalissimo Francisco Franco promulgated a decree providing for dissolution of all parties associated with the Popular Front and penalties of loss of citizenship and exile for those deemed hostile to the Nationalist cause. Born: Beate Klarsfeld, Nazi hunter, in Bucharest, Romania February 14, 1939 (Tuesday) Pope Pius XI was laid to rest in St. Peter's Basilica. The was launched. February 15, 1939 (Wednesday) Hungarian Prime Minister Béla Imrédy resigned after confirming rumors that his ancestry was partly Jewish. Imrédy still defended his antisemitic policies as "a good thing for our fatherland" but said he was resigning because it was "inconsistent that under such circumstances I should be identified with such legislation." The Lillian Hellman play The Little Foxes starring Tallulah Bankhead premiered at the National Theatre on Broadway. The John Ford-directed Western film Stagecoach, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role, was released. February 16, 1939 (Thursday) Pál Teleki became Prime Minister of Hungary. Born: Adolfo Azcuna, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, in Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte Died: Josef Moroder-Lusenberg, 92, Austro-Italian artist February 17, 1939 (Friday) Adolf Hitler opened the annual Berlin Auto Show. On display was the Volkswagen, scheduled to be available to the general public in 1941 at a price of 990 marks. February 18, 1939 (Saturday) The Golden Gate International Exposition opened on Treasure Island in San Francisco, California. Died: Kanoko Okamoto, 49, Japanese writer and poet February 19, 1939 (Sunday) Peruvian army officers launched an uprising against the government while President Óscar R. Benavides was sailing on holiday. The coup in the presidential palace was quickly put down with about a dozen deaths, including the coup's leader General Antonio Rodríguez. Graham Sharp of the United Kingdom won the men's competition of the World Figure Skating Championships in Budapest. Born: Max Bennett, neuroscientist, in Melbourne, Australia; Erin Pizzey, author and founder of the world's first domestic violence shelter, in Qingdao, China. February 20, 1939 (Monday) 20,000 people attended a rally of the German American Bund in New York's Madison Square Garden. More than 50,000 anti-Nazis protested outside the venue, held back by 1,700 police who made thirteen arrests breaking up various fights in the street. The Italian Fascist Party excluded Jews from membership. Edsel-Ford debuted the 1939 model of their Lincoln-Zephyr design, the Lincoln Continental. February 21, 1939 (Tuesday) Nazi Germany decreed that all Jews were to turn in their gold, silver and other valuables to the state without compensation. 100,000 Nationalist soldiers paraded in Barcelona. The battleship was launched. February 22, 1939 (Wednesday) The British Cabinet made the unprecedented decision to authorize military aircraft production to maximum levels without regard to cost. Died: Antonio Machado, 63, Spanish poet; Alexander Yegorov, 55, Soviet military leader (died in prison) February 23, 1939 (Thursday) The 11th Academy Awards were held in Los Angeles. You Can't Take It with You won Best Picture. The first pay-per-view sporting event in history took place when a live BBC Television broadcast of a boxing match between Eric Boon and Arthur Danahar was shown at three London cinemas. In 1939 only about 20,000 London households had television sets in a city of 8.6 million people, and the crowds at the cinemas were completely packed. Reich Transport Minister Julius Dorpmüller decreed that Jews were forbidden from using sleeping and dining cars on German railroads. Lou Thesz defeated Everett Marshall in St. Louis to retake the National Wrestling Association World Heavyweight Championship. Born: Keith Fowler, actor, stage director and educator, in San Francisco February 24, 1939 (Friday) Hungary joined the Anti-Comintern Pact. Born: Doric Wilson, playwright and theater critic, in Los Angeles (d. 2011) February 25, 1939 (Saturday) Berlin police ordered the city's Jewish community to produce the names of 100 Jews per day, who would then be given notice to leave Germany within two weeks. It was not explained what would happen to those who did not comply. February 26, 1939 (Sunday) About 1,000 demonstrators marched from Trafalgar Square to Downing Street protesting the British government's impending recognition of Francoist Spain. Born: Chuck Wepner, boxer, in New York City Died: Levon Mirzoyan, 51, Azerbaijani Armenian communist official (executed in the Great Purge) February 27, 1939 (Monday) Manuel Azaña resigned as President of the Spanish Republic. Diego Martínez Barrio was his constitutionally designated successor but he refused the post. Britain and France formally recognized Francoist Spain. 31 Arabs died in clashes with Jews in Palestine. The U.S. Supreme Court decided NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co., NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. and Taylor v. Standard Gas & Electric Co. Died: Nadezhda Krupskaya, 70, Russian revolutionary and wife of Vladimir Lenin February 28, 1939 (Tuesday) The Cortes Generales convened in exile in Paris and accepted Azaña's resignation. A motion was brought against the Neville Chamberlain government in the House of Commons declaring the recognition of Francoist Spain "a deliberate affront to the legitimate Government of a friendly Power, is a gross breach of international traditions, and marks a further stage in a policy which is steadily destroying in all democratic countries confidence in the good faith of Great Britain." The motion was defeated, 344 to 137. Two competing editions of Hitler's Mein Kampf appeared in U.S. bookstores on the same day. Reynal & Hitchcock's version was officially leased from the American copyright holder Houghton Mifflin, but Stackpole Sons' edition was unauthorized and proudly advertised that Hitler would receive no royalties from its sales. Stackpole claimed that Hitler had not been a citizen of any country at the time of publication and so the book was therefore public domain. Reynal & Hitchcock responded by promising to donate all profits from its edition to a refugee fund, and Houghton Mifflin continued to fight Stackpole Sons in court. Born: Daniel C. Tsui, Chinese-born American physicist, in Fan, Henan; Tommy Tune, dancer, singer, choreographer and actor, in Wichita Falls, Texas References 1939 1939-02 1939-02

46725060

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%201948

August 1948

The following events occurred in August 1948: August 1, 1948 (Sunday) Air France Latécoère 631 disappearance: A Latécoère 631 of Air France went missing over the Atlantic Ocean and evidently crashed with the death of all 52 on board. Lee Beom-seok became 1st Prime Minister of South Korea. Dov Yosef was appointed Military Governor of Jerusalem by the Israeli government. August 2, 1948 (Monday) Diplomats Walter Bedell Smith of the US, Yves Chataigneau of France and Frank Roberts of the UK had a two-hour meeting in the Kremlin with Joseph Stalin to discuss the Berlin Blockade. Stalin stressed his opposition to the unification of Germany's western zones into a single governing body, but said he was willing to lift the blockade if implementation of the London agreement of May 31 was postponed pending further discussions among the Big Four powers. Israeli forces concluded Operation GYS 2 with the successful transport of goods to the Negev enclave. Born: Dennis Prager, radio talk show host, in New York City; Bob Rae, politician, in Ottawa, Canada August 3, 1948 (Tuesday) Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee that he had been part of a Communist underground organization prior to his leaving the movement in 1937. Chambers implicated a number of government officials as being part of his underground ring, including Alger and Donald Hiss, Nathan Witt and Lee Pressman. Born: Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France 2002–2005, in Poitiers, France Died: Tommy Ryan, 78, American middleweight boxing champion August 4, 1948 (Wednesday) The New York Metropolitan Opera canceled its 1948-49 season after three of the twelve unions representing the organization's employees refused to accept contracts under the previous year's terms. Died: Mileva Marić, 72, Serbian mathematician and first wife of Albert Einstein August 5, 1948 (Thursday) Former US State Department official Alger Hiss voluntarily appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee and denied under oath that he had ever been a Communist or known anybody by the name of Whittaker Chambers. US President Harry S. Truman said at a press conference that the Congressional spy hearings were yielding no information that had "not long been known to the FBI," and were just a "red herring" to distract the public from the Congress not getting anything done about the country's inflation problem. The Federal Communications Commission issued a statement threatening to crack down on the growing number of so-called "giveaway" programs - radio quiz shows that came dangerously close to violating lottery laws by offering prizes to listeners under systems that appeared to depend "upon lot or chance." The FCC publicized a set of new proposed rules, which among other restrictions would forbid giving "aid to answering the question correctly." The romantic comedy film Julia Misbehaves starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon was released. August 6, 1948 (Friday) Egypt rejected Israel's proposal for direct peace negotiations on the Palestine situation. Acceptance of the proposal would have meant recognition of the Jewish state. Born: Dino Bravo, professional wrestler, as Adolfo Bresciano in Campobasso, Italy (d. 1993) August 7, 1948 (Saturday) Torrential flooding of the Min River in the Chinese province of Fujian drowned 1,000 people and sent 1 million refugees to higher ground. The tragedy became the source of a war of words between the two sides in the Civil War, as the Nationalists blamed the Communists for destroying dikes while the Communists retorted that it was impossible to repair the dikes because of Nationalist attacks. The special extra session of the 80th United States Congress adjourned after passing only a fraction of the legislation President Truman had asked for. At a national convention in Ottawa, the Liberal Party of Canada elected Louis St. Laurent to succeed outgoing Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Willem Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Domingo Díaz Arosemena became President of Panama. Born: Dan Halutz, commander of the Israeli Air Force, in Tel Aviv, Israel Died: Frederick Walker Baldwin, 66, Canadian aviation pioneer and the first Canadian to fly an airplane August 8, 1948 (Sunday) The Eighth Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion ended after five weeks of deliberations in Lambeth, England. Archbishop of York Cyril Garbett said in his closing sermon that "with the discovery and use of the atomic bomb, we live more nearly in the mental and spiritual atmosphere of the first Christians who expected at any time the end of the world." Died: Leo M. Franklin, 78, American Reform rabbi August 9, 1948 (Monday) In Quito, Ecuador, delegates representing Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador signed a charter for a new customs union. A group of sixteen young Québécois artists released the anti-establishment manifesto Le Refus Global (Total Refusal), calling for "an untamed need for liberation" and "resplendent anarchy". Born: Claudia Blum, psychologist and politician, in Cali, Colombia August 10, 1948 (Tuesday) An armor-plated Mercedes-Benz that Adolf Hitler once presented to Baron Mannerheim of Finland was driven through Times Square at the beginning of a nationwide tour of the United States. The long black automobile was scheduled to stop at recruitment centers throughout the country to encourage enlistment in the US military. The hidden camera/practical joke reality television series Candid Camera premiered on ABC, the year after it initially began on radio as The Candid Microphone. Died: Kan'ichi Asakawa, 74, Japanese historian; Lucille Bogan, 51, American blues singer; Beatrice Edgell, 75, British psychologist and professor August 11, 1948 (Wednesday) In further testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Elizabeth Bentley described an incident in October 1945 in which she was paid $2000 for her spy work by first secretary of the Russian Embassy Anatoly Gromov. Bentley said the cash payoff happened by the New York waterfront and was probably witnessed by agents of the FBI, who had instructed Bentley to maintain her contacts with the Communists while it watched. The Pohl trial ended at Nuremberg with the tribunal issuing its final sentences. August 12, 1948 (Thursday) The Babrra massacre occurred in Pakistan when unarmed workers of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement were fired upon by the government of the North-West Frontier Province. Estimates of those killed range as high as 600 people. An international incident began when Soviet consular employee Oksana Kasenkina jumped from a third-floor window of the Soviet consulate in New York City, injuring herself critically. Kasenkina, who had been in New York for three years as a tutor for the consulate's children, was taken to Roosevelt Hospital where she regained consciousness several hours later and told police that she did not want to see anyone from the Russian consulate. Born: Mizengo Pinda, 9th Prime Minister of Tanzania, in Rukwa, Tanzania August 13, 1948 (Friday) The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan adopted a three-part resolution (amending and amplifying Security Council Resolution 47 from April), calling for a ceasefire in the Kashmir conflict and for the governments of India and Pakistan to agree to enter consultation with the Commission to determine the future status of the disputed region in accordance with the will of the people. Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee and denied under oath that they were ever members of, or had any knowledge of, any Communist spy rings before or during the war. Born: Kathleen Battle, operatic soprano, in Portsmouth, Ohio Died: Elaine Hammerstein, 51, American actress August 14, 1948 (Saturday) The 1948 Summer Olympics closed in London. The United States finished atop the medal count with 38 gold medals and 84 total. The States' Rights Democratic Party formally adopted its platform at Oklahoma City, affirming its pro-segregation policy and condemning the Democratic civil rights program. Mile High Stadium opened in Denver, Colorado, under its original name of Bears Stadium. "You Call Everybody Darlin'" by Al Trace and His Orchestra hit #1 on the Billboard singles charts. Born: Joseph Marcell, actor and comedian, in Saint Lucia August 15, 1948 (Sunday) The First Republic of South Korea was established. Juan Natalicio González was sworn in as President of Paraguay. Born: Tom Johnston, guitarist and lead singer of The Doobie Brothers, in Visalia, California August 16, 1948 (Monday) President Truman signed an anti-inflation bill authorizing him to restrict bank credit and reimpose wartime consumer credit controls, but he called it a "tiny fraction of what we need." The Northrop F-89 Scorpion interceptor jet had its first flight. Died: Babe Ruth, 53, American baseball player August 17, 1948 (Tuesday) An estimated 25,000 people filed past the coffin of Babe Ruth lying in state for the first of two days at Yankee Stadium. Born: Alexander Ivashkin, cellist, in Blagoveshchensk, USSR (d. 2014); Edward Lazear, economist, in New York City Died: Mariette Rheiner Garner, 79, Second Lady of the United States 1933–41 August 18, 1948 (Wednesday) The Soviet Union vetoed Ceylon's application for membership in the United Nations, saying it was still dominated by Britain. The Yugoslavian Interior Ministry issued a report announcing that Colonel General Arso Jovanović had been shot and killed by border guards on August 12 while attempting to flee into Romania. August 19, 1948 (Thursday) At the intersection of the Soviet, American and British zones of Berlin's Potsdamer Platz, police from the Soviet sector opened fire on a crowd of black marketers who were resisting arrest by throwing stones at them. About twenty people were injured in the disturbance. The funeral of Babe Ruth was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan. 75,000 people stood in the rain to watch the funeral procession of twenty-five automobiles wind its way to the Gate of Heaven Cemetery. Born: Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States 1993–2001, in Washington, D.C.; Christy O'Connor Jnr, golfer, in County Galway, Ireland (d. 2016) August 20, 1948 (Friday) Lee Pressman, John Abt and Nathan Witt refused on constitutional grounds to give any testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning their alleged involvement in Communist spy rings. The US government ordered the expulsion of Jacob M. Lomakin, Soviet consul general in New York, for improper conduct in connection with the case of Oksana Kasenkina. The State Department's diplomatic note cited Lomakin pressuring Kasenkina to make false statements to the press claiming that she had been kidnapped by the Americans. Born: John Noble, actor and theatre director, in Port Pirie, Australia; Robert Plant, lead singer of the rock band Led Zeppelin, in West Bromwich, England; Barbara Allen Rainey, first female pilot in the U.S. armed forces, in Bethesda, Maryland (d. 1982) Died: Emery Roth, 76 or 77, Austro-Hungarian-born American architect Default date used in video game Homebrew - Patent Unknown August 21, 1948 (Saturday) "Axis Sally" Mildred Gillars was flown under guard in a C-54 military transport plane from Frankfurt, Germany to Washington, DC to face charges of treason for broadcasting Nazi propaganda during the war. Ray Sprigle, who spent a month disguised as a Negro in the Southern United States, concluded a 12-day series of articles about his experience published in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Sprigle's investigation predated the similarly-themed John Howard Griffin book Black Like Me by a full decade. August 22, 1948 (Sunday) The Israel Defense Forces launched Operation Betzer (Strength), aimed at rounding up draft dodgers and deserters. Over the next five days Tel Aviv was put under curfew, all exits from the city were blocked and a total of 2,794 citizens were arrested. In Berlin, Soviet military police arrested Thomas Headen, deputy chief of the US military information division, for strolling across the demarcation line of the British and Soviet zones in the Potsdamerplatz area while carrying a camera. Headen would be released the following day. Born: Peter James, crime fiction author, in Brighton, England Died: Josef Bühler, 44, German Nazi legal officer (hanged as a war criminal); Sophia Duleep Singh, 72, British suffragette August 23, 1948 (Monday) The World Council of Churches was founded in Amsterdam by 450 religious leaders representing Protestant and Orthodox churches from 42 countries. Israeli forces launched Operation Avak, with the objective of sending supplies to the Israeli enclave in the northwestern Negev desert by air. The prototype McDonnell XF-85 Goblin fighter plane had its first flight, but it would never go into full production. The New York Metropolitan Opera saved its season after a compromise agreement was announced with the twelve unions representing the organization's employees. Detective Comics #140 (cover date October 1948) was published, marking the first appearance of the supervillain the Riddler. August 24, 1948 (Tuesday) South Korean President Syngman Rhee and military governor John R. Hodge signed an agreement providing for American assistance in equipping and training South Korean security forces. In response to the Lomakin expulsion, the Soviet Union ordered its two US consulates (in New York City and San Francisco) closed and requested that the US close its only consulate in the USSR (at Vladivostok). Born: Jean-Michel Jarre, composer and record producer, in Lyon, France; Sauli Niinistö, 12th President of Finland, in Salo, Finland; Tito Sotto, politician and actor, in Manila, Philippines August 25, 1948 (Wednesday) Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers jointly testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and stuck to their conflicting stories. The four-day World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace opened at the Wrocław University of Technology in Poland. Yugoslavia accused neighboring Romania of trying to bring about a revolution to overthrow Marshal Tito. The Salta earthquake occurred in northwest Argentina, resulting in 2 casualties. Born: Tony Ramos, actor, in Arapongas, Brazil August 26, 1948 (Thursday) 5,000 Berlin Communists occupied the City Hall, located in the Soviet sector of the city, in order to prevent the predominantly non-Communist City Assembly from meeting. The crime thriller film Rope, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring James Stewart, premiered in New York City. The western film Red River, directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift, premiered in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. August 27, 1948 (Friday) In Cheltenham, England at the final session of the International Congress on Population and World Resources in Relation to the Family, a four-nation committee (US, Britain, the Nerherlands and Sweden) was established to promote birth control on an international scale. Born: Sgt. Slaughter, professional wrestler, as Robert Remus in Detroit, Michigan Died: Charles Evans Hughes, 86, Governor of New York, Chief Justice of the United States and 1916 Republican presidential candidate August 28, 1948 (Saturday) The House Un-American Activities Committee issued an interim report claiming that numerous Communist espionage rings had infiltrated the American government during World War II. "Twelfth Street Rag" by Pee Wee Hunt and His Orchestra topped the Billboard singles charts for the first of eight non-consecutive weeks. The runoff election in the Democratic Party's primary election during the 1948 United States Senate election in Texas (won by future President Lyndon B. Johnson) takes place. August 29, 1948 (Sunday) Northwest Airlines Flight 421, a Martin 2-0-2 passenger plane flying from Chicago to Minneapolis crashed near Fountain City, Wisconsin due to structural failure in its left wing. All 33 passengers and 4 crew aboard perished. The Law on Organization of National Defense was promulgated in South Korea, reorganizing the Korean Constabulary and Coast Guard into the army and navy. August 30, 1948 (Monday) Registration began for the second US peacetime draft, with 25-year old men the first to be enrolled. Born: Lewis Black, comedian, actor and author, in Washington, D.C.; Fred Hampton, activist and revolutionary, in Summit, Illinois (d. 1969); Victor Skumin, scientist, in Penza Oblast, USSR August 31, 1948 (Tuesday) A new record one-day total of 4,836 tons of supplies were airlifted into Berlin by 694 British and American planes. Actor Robert Mitchum, actress Lila Leeds and two others were arrested in a drug raid on a house in Laurel Canyon and charged with possession of marijuana. The cartoon character the shmoo appeared for the first time in the Li'l Abner comic strip. Born: Holger Osieck, footballer manager, in Duisburg, Germany Died: Andrei Zhdanov, 52, Russian Soviet politician References 1948 1948-08 1948-08

46787979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Timothy%20Russell%20and%20Malissa%20Williams

Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams

The shooting deaths of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, two Black American individuals, occurred in East Cleveland, Ohio on November 29, 2012, at the conclusion of a 22-minute police chase which started in downtown Cleveland. Police claimed shots were fired at them as Russell and Williams drove by a squad car; however, this was their vehicle backfiring. Over 60 officers participated in a 23-mile police chase that ended in Russell and Williams' vehicles being surrounded. The victims had no weapon on them and police claimed they fired due to being fired at. Thirteen police officers fired at Russell and Williams 137 times while they were in their car at a parking lot of a middle school, killing both. In May 2014, one of the officers involved, Michael Brelo, was charged with two counts of voluntary manslaughter, and was acquitted by a Cuyahoga County judge of the charges on May 23, 2015. Five police supervisors were also charged with dereliction of duty, a misdemeanor. Their trial was set on July 27, 2015. The families of Russell and Williams filed a lawsuit against the city of Cleveland, and received a settlement of $3 million in November 2014. On January 26, 2016, it was reported that six Cleveland police officers were fired due to their connection with the car chase. They were identified as Michael Brelo, Wilfredo Diaz, Brian Sabolik, Erin O'Donnell, Michael Farley, and Chris Ereg. Backgrounds Michael Brelo Michael Brelo (born 1983–84) is an Iraq War veteran. When he returned home, he became a correctional officer in Bedford Heights, Ohio. He then joined the Cleveland Police Department in 2007. Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams Russell had met Williams at the Bishop Cosgrove Center, where they both received free meals. He was living at the Metropolitan Ministry Center prior to his death. Malissa Williams lived at the Norma Herr's Women Center on Payne Avenue in Cleveland. Shooting Russell was driving his 1979 light-blue Chevrolet Malibu and Williams was seated in the passenger seat. A plainclothes police officer spotted Russell's car in an area known for drug deals. The officer checked the license plate which uncovered nothing notable. He then pulled the car over for a turn signal violation. Russell pulled over but the car was not searched and the plain clothes officer realizing he did not have on a vest and the stop was unauthorized the officer let them go. There is camera footage showing both cars pull off. Russell proceeded to speed by two officers, they believed that they heard shots being fired. As no firearm was found in the vehicle, the sound was caused by the car backfiring. According to The Plain Dealer, the chase went up to speeds of 100 mph and a total of 62 police cars were involved at one point. Officers from Cleveland, East Cleveland, Bratenahl, the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Department, the Ohio State Highway Patrol, and the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority participated in the chase. After a 22-mile chase, Russell turned into Heritage Middle School, located in East Cleveland. Police officers later said they believed they saw a firearm in the car and that Russell was planning on running them over. One officer subsequently opened fire, followed by others, killing both occupants. The amount of gunfire confused the officers into thinking they were being fired at from the vehicle . In the end, thirteen officers fired a total of 137 bullets into the car, with Officer Michael Brelo firing 49 of those shots. Russell was struck 23 times, and Williams was struck 24 times. No weapons were recovered from the vehicle. Legal proceedings On May 30, 2014, only one officer of the thirteen who fired at the car, Michael Brelo, was indicted on two counts of voluntary manslaughter in connection with the shooting. He was the only officer who continued to shoot even after the others stopped firing, and was said to have actually moved forward and jumped onto the hood of Russel's car, after which he reportedly shot approximately fifteen rounds. The two counts of voluntary manslaughter carried a maximum penalty of 22 years of prison if convicted. Five police supervisors were also indicted for dereliction of duty. According to Cuyahoga County prosecutors, Brelo stood on the hood of Russell and Williams' car and fired straight down at them through their windshield after the twelve other officers stopped firing. Prosecutors said that the actions were unreasonable and went past his duties as a police officer. On May 23, 2015, Cuyahoga Common Pleas Judge John P. O'Donnell found Brelo not guilty of the charges. O'Donnell stated that while Brelo fired lethal shots at Russell and Williams, other officers did as well. O'Donnell also found Brelo not guilty of a lesser included charge of felonious assault, asserting that Brelo was legally justified in his use of deadly force. O'Donnell read his 35-page verdict in court, and said there was "beyond reasonable doubt" that the prosecution had to meet to get Brelo convicted. On June 3, 2015, it was announced that an arrest warrant was filed against Brelo for an alleged assault on his twin brother, Mark R. Brelo, on May 27, in Bay Village, Ohio. The brothers turned themselves in on June 3, after Brelo's intoxicated brother had run to a neighbor's home to ask them to call 911 on his brother, Michael Brelo, by whom he was being chased and allegedly assaulted. They were released on their own recognizance. On January 26, 2016 the six officers (Wilfredo Diaz, Brian Sabolik, Erin O'Donnell, Michael Farley, Chris Ereg and Michael Brelo) were fired from their jobs at the Cleveland Police. The Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association said that they would work to get the six reinstated to their positions. Five of the six officers were reinstated in October 2017 as required by the ruling of an arbitrator. Federal investigation The U.S. Department of Justice announced on May 24, 2015, that they would open an investigation in the deaths of Russell and Williams, and would review the testimony and evidence presented at Brelo's trial. This investigation was closed in January 2017. Trial on dereliction charge Trial for the five police officers that Cuyahoga County charged with misdemeanor dereliction of duty was set for July 27, 2015. On July 2, 2015, the East Cleveland prosecutor filed its own dereliction of duty charges against the same five officers, and the County dismissed its charges on July 24, 2015. The officers objected to moving the trial to East Cleveland, and appealed the dismissal. In May 2016 an Ohio appeals court held that the dismissal was improper, but in April 2017 the Ohio Supreme Court reversed and left it up to the trial court judge, William Dawson, to decide where the trial would go forward. By October 2017, Judge Dawson had not yet put the case on the docket. In March 2018, two defense attorneys reported that prosecutors had offered to drop all charges against the officers if they paid fines of $5,000 each. They declined the offer. On March 22, 2018, prosecutors filed a formal motion asking the court to set a trial date. All five officers pleaded not guilty. In July 2018, the defendants asked the court to dismiss the charges, arguing that the more than 5½ years that had passed since the 2012 shooting violated their constitutional right to a speedy trial. The court denied the motion on September 20; the defense attorneys announced their intent to appeal this ruling. In January 2019, the prosecutors dismissed all charges against three of the five supervising officers. In July 2019, the case concluded with the police supervisor in charge of the officers involved in the '137 shots' case not guilty. East Cleveland Municipal Court confirmed Sgt. Patricia Coleman not guilty after a 3-day long trial, ending a year-long battle. The Cleveland Division of Police continues to receive criticism from the public about the misdemeanor, claiming the actions were due to racism, as both fatalities were African-American. Only one member of the division, Officer Michael Brelo, was charged after the incident. Brelo fired 49 of the shots but was not found guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Brelo was the only officer to lose his job following the shooting. Protests After Brelo was acquitted, violent—followed by peaceful protests and unrest ensued in downtown Cleveland, which led to the arrests of at least 71 people as of May 25. Among those arrested were charged with felonious assault, rioting, and failure to disperse. At least 15 people were apprehended by riot police officers. The deaths of Russell and Williams were two of several killings of unarmed African Americans protested by the Black Lives Matter movement. Lawsuit The families of Russell and Williams filed a lawsuit against the city of Cleveland, claiming they were liable for the wrongful deaths of the two. In November 2014, Cleveland paid $3 million to the two families, which was split evenly. See also Black Lives Matter Death of Sandra Bland Death of Jonny Gammage Hands up, don't shoot Shooting of Andy Lopez Shooting of Jeremy McDole Death of Jonathan Sanders Shooting of Alton Sterling Shooting of Tamir Rice Emmett Till References 2012 deaths 2012 in Ohio Deaths by firearm in Ohio 2010s in Cleveland African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Police brutality in the United States African-American-related controversies Criminal trials that ended in acquittal Protests in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Black Lives Matter November 2012 events in the United States Victims of police brutality East Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland Division of Police

46863572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassem%20Eid

Bassem Eid

Bassem Eid (born 5 February 1958) is a Palestinian living in Jericho who has an extensive career as a Palestinian human rights activist. His initial focus was on human rights violations committed by Israeli armed forces, but for many years has broadened his research to include human rights violations committed by the Palestinian Authority (PA), and the Palestinian armed forces on their own people. He founded the Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group in 1996, although it ceased operations in 2011. He now works as a political analyst for Israeli TV and radio. Biography He was born in the Jordanian-ruled Old City in East Jerusalem, and spent the first 33 years of his life in the United Nations Refugee Works Agency (UNRWA) refugee camp of Shuafat. He rose to prominence during the first Intifada, the Palestinian uprising, and was a senior field researcher for B’Tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the West Bank. In 1996, he founded the Jerusalem-based Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group. He formally ended his work at the group in October 2010. In 2011, the group closed. Since 2003 he has worked as a paid political commentator for Israeli TV and since 2009 he has worked as a commentator on Palestinian politics for Israeli Radio (Reshet Bet). In 2016, he became the chairman of The Center for Near East Policy Research. Human rights and advocacy work In 1997, The Washington Post called Eid, "an internationally recognized rights campaigner." He publicly condemned the widespread murder of Palestinian dissidents, often for reasons unrelated to the Intifada. In 1995, following his report about the Palestinian Preventative Security Service, he came under attack by some Palestinian leaders for revealing human rights violations committed by the Palestinian Authority (PA). He continued his criticisms of human rights policies of both Israeli and Palestinian armed forces. In 1996, he was arrested by Yasser Arafat's Presidential Guard (Force 17) and denounced as an Israeli agent. He was released after 25 hours following widespread and international condemnation. In response to the deterioration of the human rights situation under the Palestinian Authority, he founded the Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG), which monitored abuses committed by the PA and also dealt to some extent with Israel. It was a nonpartisan human rights organization dedicated to exposing human rights violations and supporting a democratic and pluralistic Palestine. The group closed in 2011. He has spent 26 years researching UNRWA policies and has written extensively on the subject of UNRWA reform. He also is an outspoken critic of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, otherwise known as BDS. He has traveled widely to lecture on the Palestine-Israel conflict and has attended international conferences. In recent years he has traveled to Canada, Italy, Japan, and South Africa, where he was invited by The South African Jewish Board of Deputies to speak at universities, Australia and New Zealand, where he was a guest of the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, and the United States, where he conducted a speaking tour sponsored by pro-Israel advocacy group Stand With Us. In the United Kingdom he presented his research on UNRWA to the conservative British think tank The Henry Jackson Society in December, 2015. He has also appeared as a speaker for a workshop at the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism in Herzliya, Israel. He has spoken at many colleges and universities such as Skidmore College, University of Chicago, University of Maryland, Brooklyn College, Cornell University, Elon University, and Denison University. Published works His publications include Neither Law Nor Justice: Human Rights in the Occupied Territories Since the Oslo Accords (co-written by PHRMG and B’Tselem, 1996); The State of Human Rights in Palestine I: The practice of torture by the Palestinian Authority (1997), violations of freedom of the press and freedom of expression (1997), deaths in custody (1997), and police brutality (PHRMG); The State of Human Rights in Palestine II. In-depth report on the judicial system (1997), illegal arrests, and long term illegal detention (PHRMG); Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories from April 2006 to December 2007 (in Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations, in The Israel–Palestine Conflict, published by the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011). He also contributes editorial articles to publications such as The Jerusalem Post and Times of Israel. Awards Eid's activism is valued by many parties across the political spectrum, in Israel and abroad. The Association for Civil Rights in Israel, a liberal or left leaning organization, awarded him its Emil Gruenzweig Memorial Award in 1992. He is also the recipient of the Robert S. Litvak Human Rights Memorial Award granted by the McGill University Faculty of Law and the International Human Rights Advocacy Center, Inter Amicus; in 1999, the International Activist Award given by the Gleitsman Foundation, USA; and the award of Italy’s Informazione Senza Frontiere (Reporters without Borders). In 2009, a book, Next Founders, profiled him as the leading Palestinian human rights activist. Personal life Eid calls himself "a proud Palestinian who grew up in a refugee camp and raised a large family". He lives in Jericho. References Living people Human rights Palestinian human rights activists Activists 1958 births

46970269

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Caledon%2C%20Ontario

List of people from Caledon, Ontario

This list of people from Caledon includes people born, raised, or residing later in life in Caledon, Ontario, as well as people whose business in the area is of note. The page includes not only residents of the Town of Caledon, established in 1974, but northern Chinguacousy, Albion Township, Caledon Township, the village of Bolton, and the village of Caledon East. A Reema Abdo, Olympic swimmer and police officer Josh Alexander (b. 1987, Josh Lemay), professional wrestler Wallace Lloyd Algie, Victoria Cross winner, Alton B Harry James Barber, British Columbia MP, Alton Chanel Beckenlehner (b. 1988), beauty pageant competitor, Miss Universe Canada 2014 Tony Bethell (1922-2004), Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant, prisoner of war involved in "The Great Escape", retired to Caledon John Knox Blair, Ontario MP, Caledon C Spence Caldwell, broadcaster, Town of Caledon Samuel Calvert, soldier, Alberta MLA, Mayor of Chipman, Alberta Yann Candele, Olympic equestrian, lives in Caledon John Alexander Catherwood, British Columbia MLA Isabel Crawford, a Baptist missionary with the Kiowa people in Oklahoma Territory Nick Crawford, hockey player D Alfred Doig, copper and tin smith, merchant, Manitoba MLA Lorne Duguid, hockey player, Bolton Ernest Duke (1880-1954), MLA for Rocky Mountain, Alberta E James East, Edmonton alderman, Bolton Todd Elik, hockey player, Bolton Andrew Evans, pairs figure skater F Ray Fletcher Farquharson, MBE, doctor and medical researcher, Claude Allison Flaxey, curling, Caledon East Caleb Flaxey, curling, Town of Caledon William Kingston Flesher, settler, MP, Bolton G George R. Gardiner OC, businessperson and philanthropist Helen Gardiner, philanthropist Jordan Gavaris, actor, Orphan Black Laurie Graham, downhill skiing, Inglewood Aldo Guidolin (1932-2015), hockey player and coach, Forks of the Credit H Steven Halko, hockey player, Bolton Mary Riter Hamilton, artist, war artist Noel Harding (1945-2016), contemporary artist Chris Haughton, archer Louis Hodgson (1936-2012), Ontario MPP for Scarborough East (1963-1967), Victoria William Hodgson, MPP, Bolton Jake Holden, Olympic snowboarder Peter Holland, hockey player, Bolton John Houston, British Columbia newspaper publisher, Alton Duncan Selby Hutcheon, Saskatchewan MLA I Elmer Iseler, OC, OOnt, choir director, Town of Caledon Walk of Fame inductee J Norman Jewison, filmmaker, Town of Caledon Walk of Fame inductee F. Ross Johnson OC, businessperson, former CEO of RJR Nabisco Robert Johnston (1856-1913), farmer and politician, MP for Cardwell K Robert Kennedy, publisher Rosemary Kilbourn, printmaker, Albion Hills L Ashley Lawrence, Olympic soccer, Caledon M Zoe MacKinnon, field hockey, Caledon East Malgosia Majewska (b. 1981), model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss World Canada 2006 John Joseph Malone, flying ace, Inglewood Andrew Mangiapane (b. 1996), NHL ice hockey player Bert McCaffrey, ice hockey, born in the Township of Albion to a father from Caledon East, interred in Caledon East Hiram E. McCallum, Mayor of Toronto Keith McCreary (1940-2003), NHL hockey player, Regional councillor for Caledon Jim McGuigan, writer, Palgrave Beverly McKnight, duet synchronized swimmer Robert and Signe McMichael, gallery founders, Town of Caledon Walk of Fame inductee Jenna McParland (b. 1992), NWHL and IIHF ice hockey forward Tom Michalopoulos, entrepreneur, Bolton Ramona Milano, actor, Due South David Milne, artist, Palgrave Adam Mitchell (b. 1944), singer and songwriter, The Paupers, lived in Bolton John Wendell Mitchell (1880–1951), fiction author of The Yellow Briar Paul Morin (b. 1959), artist and children's book illustrator Farley Mowat (1921-2014), writer, Palgrave, Town of Caledon Walk of Fame inductee Brett Murray (b. 1998), AHL ice hockey player O Organik, Travis Fleetwood, rap battle league owner, Bolton P Andrew Pattulo, MPP Shailyn Pierre-Dixon (b. 2003), actress Jane Pitfield, past Toronto city councillor, president of the Caledon Heritage Foundation Tyler Pizarro, horse jockey Chris Pratt, show jumping rider Q Kyle Quincey, hockey player R Darren Raddysh (b. 1996), AHL ice hockey player Taylor Raddysh (b. 1998), AHL ice hockey player Allan Read, priest at Mono Mills, later the Anglican Bishop of Ontario David Reale, voice actor best known for voicing Kai Hiwatari from the Beyblade anime series and Tsubasa Otori from its spin-off series Beyblade: Metal Fusion Charles Robinson, MPP and physician, Claude Erin Routliffe (b. 1995), professional tennis player Kelly Russell, Olympic rugby union player, Bolton Laura Russell, rugby union player, Bolton S Jason Saggo, UFC mixed martial artist Dave Seglins, journalist, Town of Caledon Conn Smythe, sports businessperson, Town of Caledon Walk of Fame inductee Alexey Stakhov, mathematician, inventor, engineer, Bolton John Stevens, hockey player and coach, Town of Caledon Alfred Stork, British Columbia MP, Bolton William Stubbs, veterinarian and MP, Caledon Township Skye Sweetnam (b. 1988), singer, Cedar Mills Thomas Swinarton (1821-1893), MPP for Cardwell, businessman Bill Symons, football player, Caledon farm owner Gordon Symons (1921-2012), Lord of Whitehouses, author, poet, painter, and pioneer in the Canadian insurance industry T Cory Trépanier, artist and filmmaker V Rebecca Vint, professional hockey player with the Buffalo Beauts (NWHL). W William James Wanless, surgeon and humanitarian, founder of a medical mission in Miraj, India who led it for nearly forty years Brittany Webster, cross-country skiing, Caledon Michael Wekerle, investor Harry Albert Willis, Senator, Belfountain Erin Woodley, synchronized swimmer Thomas Wylie (1841-1915), MPP for Simcoe West Y Andrew Yorke, Olympic triathlon, Caledon (Caledon East) See also List of people from Brampton List of people from Mississauga References Caledon Caledon

47014439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Mattera

John Mattera

John Joseph Mattera (born 1962) is a writer and American shipwreck explorer and the subject of the book Pirate Hunters by Robert Kurson. Pirate Hunters is the story of two US divers, John Chatterton and John Mattera, finding the lost pirate ship Golden Fleece of Captain Joseph Bannister in the waters off the Dominican Republic in 2008. Mattera first became a certified diver in 1976, exploring the North Atlantic, he was an early pioneer of the shipwrecks in the waters around New York and New Jersey, performing penetration and decompression dives long before technical diving had a name. From the late 1970s on exploring some of the most famous shipwrecks of the northeast, with over sixty dives on the SS Andrea Doria. Mattera is a former police officer/administrator and has spent over two decades as a security consultant to a client list of the who's who of the rich and famous, becoming one of the highest paid executive protection specialist in the industry and working in over forty countries. Mattera performed primary security duty on three US and foreign Presidential campaigns. Mattera is also one of the most accredited firearms and tactics instructors in the field. Specializing in training for high level executive and dignitary protection. Mattera has written for Wreck Diver Magazine, African Hunting Gazette, NRA Ring of Freedom Magazine, and other adventure publications. Bibliography References Living people American male writers American underwater divers 1962 births

47126087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Cunningham

Kevin Cunningham

Kevin Cunningham is an American boxing trainer who started the police boxing program in 1991, originally a police officer. He is credited for bringing up boxing world champions Cory Spinks, Devon Alexander, David Diaz, and amateur boxing champion Stephen Shaw Police career Kevin Started his career in police in St. Louis Eighth District, ending his police career as narcotics detective. Boxing trainer Cory Spinks Kevin's run with Cory Spinks started in 1995, winning championships in two weight classes (Welterweight and Super Welterweight), including the Undisputed Welterweight title vs Ricardo Mayorga in December 2003. David Diaz Kevin trained David Diaz going into his win vs established world champion Erik Morales. Devon Alexander Kevin started training Devon Alexander as a child, winning boxing championships in two divisions. Stephen Shaw Kevin helped train Shaw to win his second amateur championship in 2013. and started with him as an undefeated Heavyweight prospect in 2013. References Sportspeople from St. Louis Living people American boxing trainers Year of birth missing (living people)

47140467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner%20of%20New%20York%20City

Coroner of New York City

The Coroner of New York City issued death certificates and performed autopsies and inquests for New York County, New York for all homicides, suicides and accidental deaths and any suspicious deaths. The office served only Manhattan until 1891 when the city expanded. After the 1891 consolidation of New York City the office handled the outer boroughs, with each outer borough having two coroners. Coroners were elected at the same time as the Mayor of New York City for a term of four years and there was no requirement that the candidate had to be a physician. They could be removed from office by the Governor of New York. If a coroner died in office, or was fired, or quits, someone was appointed to fill out their term. The coroners received a salary and also billed the city for services rendered for each autopsy and inquest. By 1896 the Manhattan coroner was earning $6,000 per year, and in 1897 each inquest was billed at $8.50. In 1915 a law was passed to abolished the office on January 1, 1918. It was replaced with the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York. The medical examiner was to be a physician and no longer had the ability to hold inquests, which became the responsibility of the district attorney. Between 1898 when the city was consolidated and 1915 when the office went from coroner to medical examiner, 65 coroners had served in the position. Of them, nineteen were physicians, eight were undertakers, seven were politicians, six were real estate agents, two were saloon keepers, two were plumbers, one was a musician, one was a dentist, and one was a butcher. Laws The New York statute of 1847 describes the Coroner's duties: Whenever any coroner shall receive notice that any person has been slain, or has suddenly died, or has been dangerously wounded, or has been found dead under such circumstances as to require an inquisition, it shall be the duty of such Coroner to go to the place where such person shall be, and forthwith to summon a jury. The laws covering deaths in New York City in 1865 was as follows: The machinery of the law of New-York City about Coroners' inquests is arranged to take advantage of the insular situation of New-York. That is: First, it prohibits interments within the city, except in certain specified cases. Second, it prohibits anyone from conveying out of the city the body of anyone who has died within it, except under a permit from the City Inspector. Third, it directs the Inspector to grant such permit on receipt of a proper certificate, either from the Coroner or from the physician who attended the deceased; or if there was none, from some one of the family. Fourth, it specifies that the physician who makes such a certificate shall, among other things, specify 'the direct and indirect cause of the death of such person;' and that if the Coroner holds an inquest, he shall do the same in his certificate. The Government of the City of New York official guide written by the New York City Commissioner of Accounts in 1917 describes the office as follows: There are eleven Coroners in the City of New York — four for the Borough of Manhattan, two for The Bronx, two for Brooklyn, two for Queens and one for Richmond. The Coroners in each borough, except Richmond, constitute a Board of Coroners for the borough. Coroners are elected at the same time as the Mayor for a term of four years. They may be removed on charges by the Governor. The Coroner has jurisdiction over all homicide, suicide and accidental death cases and over all suspicious deaths, deaths in prison, and cases where the deceased was unattended by a physician. In cases of serious wounding the Coroner has jurisdiction to take an ante-mortem statement. The functions of the Coroner are threefold — medical investigation to determine the scientific cause of death, legal investigation to determine who caused the death, and judicial power to sit as a magistrate in homicide cases. The law requires the Coroner to summon a jury in cases where there is reasonable ground to believe that a homicide has been committed, and he may order the arrest of suspected persons. Each Coroner has a coroner's physician to assist him in medical investigations. He may subpoena witnesses and has power to order an autopsy and issues death certificates, upon which the Health Department grants burial permits. A law passed in 1915 provides for the abolishment of the office of Coroner on January 1, 1918, and the substitution of a Chief Medical Examiner for the entire city, with assistant medical examiners. The work of legal investigation is to be assumed by the District Attorneys, and the coroner's judicial function is to be performed by the City Magistrates. History Originally New York City had two elected coroners. Each coroner was assigned a physician and a clerk. In 1852 the number of coroners were doubled to four. In 1896 Theodore Knapp Tuthill suggested doubling the number of New York County, New York coroners from four to eight, and increasing the compensation for the coroners to attract more competent officials. In 1898 New York City expanded from Manhattan to include Queens, Staten Island, Brooklyn, and The Bronx. In 1903 senator Nathaniel A. Elsberg sought to abolish the office and set up a new one based on the medical examiner model used in Massachusetts. Each medical examiner would be appointed to a five-year term. The coroner would no longer have police power and judicial power. That role would be taken over by the New York County District Attorney and the Criminal Court of the City of New York. By 1914-1915 there were eleven coroners serving the five boroughs of New York City with a budget of $170,000. On January 1, 1918 the office was abolished and replaced with the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York. Charles Norris (1867–1935) was the first non acting chief medical examiner in the newly established Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York. New York County Manhattan, New York City had two coroners serving simultaneously until 1852, and four coroners after 1852. The aggregate of the coroners is called the Board of Coroners and is headed by the President of the Board of Coroners. The salary was $6,000 (approximately $ today) in 1898. John Burnet 1748 to 1758. Thomas Shreve circa 1769 to circa 1771. Seth Geer, M.D. (?-1866) circa 1852. He had a stroke in 1851. "We regret to be called upon, to record severe and painful attack of paralysis to our worthy Coroner, Dr. Seth Geer, who was suddenly prostrated on Tuesday night at his residence in the Fourth-avenue, by a paralytic stroke, which we learn, has entirely disabled him of the power and muscular motion of his right arm and right leg." He resigned in 1852. He died on October 15, 1866 in Chatham, New Jersey. O'Donnell circa 1854. Robert Gamble 1854 to 1859 and 1865 to 1869. "Robert Gamble has been chosen President, and coroner William C. Gover as secretary of the Board of Coroners for the ensuing three years in 1865". Nugent circa 1857. Louis Naumann, M.D. (1825-1888) circa 1862. Collin circa 1865. Robert Gamble 1865 to 1869. John Wildey (1823-1889) circa 1865. "Ex-Coroner John Wildey, who died in Bellevue Hospital on Wednesday, was buried yesterday. He died in poverty. He had made plenty of money, but long ago lost the last of his fortune. He was an old fireman, having joined Engine Company No. 11 as far back as ..." He died in poverty at Bellevue Hospital on May 29, 1889 and was buried on May 31, 1889. William C. Gover (1815-1891) 1865 to 1871. He was born in 1851 in Philadelphia. He died on December 14, 1891 in Manhattan, New York City. Aaron B. Rollins (1818-1878) 1867 to 1871. Cornelius Flynn circa 1870. Patrick H. Keenan (1837-1907) circa 1870. He died on May 5, 1907 in Manhattan. "City Chamberlain Patrick Keenan, who died on Sunday evening, was buried yesterday in Calvary Cemetery." William G. Schirmer, M.D. (1810-1878) 1868 to 1870. He was born in Cassell, Germany in 1810. He studied medicine in Heidelberg, Germany. He migrated to the United States around 1838. He died at his homein Greenwich, Connecticut on July 8, 1878. Richard Croker (1843-1922) 1873 to 1876. Poltman circa 1874. Anthony Eickhoff (1827-1901) 1874 to 1876. Dempsey circa 1879. William H. Kennedy (1837-1892), undertaker, 1882 to 1885. He was born in Ireland in 1837. Death of ex-Coroner Kennedy. He lived at 1076 Lexington Avenue. He died on September 17, 1892 at his home in Manhattan. Ferdinand Eidman (1843-1910), 1885 to 1889. He was born in 1843 in Worms, Germany. He died on May 5, 1910 in Manhattan. Ferdinand Levy circa 1892. William O'Meagher, M.D. (1829-1896) 1894 to 1896. He died in office before he could complete his four-year term. Michael Jean Baptiste Messemer, M.D. (1851-1894) 1883 to 1894. He died in office. Conway circa 1889. Theodore Knapp Tuthill, M.D. (1848-1926) 1896 to ?. He was born on January 22, 1848 in Orange County, New York. He graduated from New York University College of Medicine in 1890. He died on October 25, 1926 at the Lutheran Hospital in Manhattan. Emil William Hoeber (1833-1906) from about 1895 until 1897. He was born in 1833 in Germany and migrated to the United States in 1853. He married Jenny Heidelsheimer on October 28, 1875 in Manhattan, New York City. He died on October 5, 1906 in Manhattan, New York City. William H. Dobbs circa 1896. Greenleaf circa 1897. Edward T. Fitzpatrick, 1898 to 1901. He was the president of the Manhattan Board of Coroners under the administration of William L. Strong. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. Jacob E. Bausch (1868-1932), 1898 to 1902. He was born on October 5, 1867 in Manhattan. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. His coroner's physician was Philip F. O'Hanlon. He switched allegiance from Tammany Hall to the Fusion ticket in 1911. He died on May 21, 1932 in Brooklyn, New York City. Edward W. Hart, 1898 to 1901. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. Antonio Zucca (1851-1922), 1898 to 1901. He was born in 1851 in Trieste. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. He died on 14 April 1922 in Manhattan. Nicholas T. Brown circa 1902. Solomon Goldenkranz, M.D. (1868-1937), circa 1903. He was born in 1868. He attended New York University Medical School. He died in 1937. Gustav Scholer, M.D. (1851-1928), 1902 to 1905. He was born on June 25, 1851 in Germany to Jacob Scholer and Henrietta Foerster. He migrated to the United States in 1865 and became a citizen in 1872. He was a graduate of New York University Medical School in 1885. He became the chief of the surgical department of the West Side Dispensary. He was a Republican. He was coroner during the General Slocum disaster, the largest loss of life in an accident in New York City at the time. He died on December 1, 1928 in Manhattan. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery. His papers are archived at the New York Public Library. Moses J. Jackson (1848-1918) circa 1905. He was born in 1848. He was convicted of bribery in 1905. He died on January 1, 1918 in Manhattan. Peter P. Acritelli (1873-1912), 1905 to 1907. He was born on January 18, 1873 in Italy to Francesco Acritelli and Santa Maringelo. He was elected as coroner in 1905. He was indicted on two counts in connection with an illegal registration. He was charged with a felony and a misdemeanor in 1907. He survived the indictment and ran again for coroner and was defeated. He died on March 3, 1912. George Frederick Shrady, Jr., M.D. (1862-1933), circa 1906. Peter Dooley, circa 1907. Julius Harburger (1850-1914), circa 1907. Israel Lewis Feinberg, M.D. (1872 - April 13, 1941), 1910 to 1918. He was a physician and the President of the Manhattan Board of Coroners from 1910 to 1918. Henry W. Holzhauser, circa 1911. Herman Hellenstein, M.D. (1863-1920), 1909 to 1917. He was born in 1863 in Hungary. He died December 20, 1920 at Mount Sinai Hospital. He was 57 years old. James Edward Winterbottom (1880-1933), circa 1911. He was born on July 6, 1880. He worked as an undertaker. He died on November 13, 1933. Timothy P. Healy (1863-1930), 1913 to 1918. He was one of the last four coroners of New York County, New York when the office was abolished in 1918. Patrick Riordan, M.D. (1868-1923), 1914 to 1918. He was one of the last four coroners of New York County, New York when the office was abolished in 1918, and he was the first acting medical examiner for the new Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York. He filled the office for one month until Charles Norris was appointed as the first full time medical examiner. He collapsed in the doorway of Louis Cohen's drug store, at 1203 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan and died on September 21, 1923. Queens County Two coroners serving simultaneously for Queens, New York City Edward Stevens, circa 1685. Ackerman, circa 1879. William J. Bartlett was elected a coroner for a term of three years starting on January 1, 1897. Philip Thomas Cronin (1858-1905), circa 1898. He was born in 1858. His salary was $4,000 in 1898. He died on May 16, 1905 and was buried in Lawrence Family Graveyard. Samuel S. Guy, Jr., dentist, circa 1898. His salary was $4,000 in 1898. He murdered his wife in 1907 after she slapped him, he served 7 years in prison. "Dr. Samuel S. Guy, a prominent dentist of Far Rockaway, Queens, of which borough he was Coroner for four years, shot and instantly killed his wife, Lillian M. Guy, in the dining room of their home at Mott Avenue and Sheridan Boulevard, Far Rockaway, about 6 o'clock last evening." Leonard Ruoff, Jr. (1848-1907) circa 1898. He was an undertaker. His salary was $4,000 in 1898. "Leonard Ruoff, Jr., Ozone Park, N.Y., has purchased what is claimed to be the first motor undertaker's wagon. It is an electric machine, designed to carry a load of 1,000 pounds". He died on October 31, 1907 at age 59. Samuel Davidson Nutt, M.D. (1865-1928) 1906 to 1910. He was born on June 24, 1865 in New York City to Joseph D. Nutt and Celia Florinda Upham. In 1886, he graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical School. He became the coroner in 1906. Charles Evans Hughes attempted to remove Samuel D. Nutt as coroner of Queens County, New York in 1908. Nutt took $94 from the body of A.R. Von Der Zweep, who was killed by the cars on the Long Island Rail Road at Valley Stream, New York. He was exonerated, he testified that he had locked the money in his safe to protect it, and became ill and forgot to list it in the inventory. He served as coroner until 1910. He died on May 3, 1928 in Woodhaven, New York. Dunn, circa 1913. Carl Voegel (1869-1955), 1913 to 1918. "When the Board of Elections was created in 1901, Mr. Voegel was named chief clerk in Queens. In 1913 he served as [coroner]". He was a Democrat. He was one of the last two coroners of Queens County, New York. Daniel M. Ebert, 1913 to 1918. He was a Democrat. He was one of the last two coroners of Queens County, New York. Bronx County Two coroners served simultaneously for The Bronx, New York City Anthony McOwen (1842-1920) circa 1898. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. He died on October 29, 1920 in Manhattan. He was buried in Old Saint Raymonds Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. James Robinson (1851-1921), He was the coroner for nine years, a process server with the Queens County District Attorney, and at the time of his death he was a Deputy Sheriff of Queens County, New York. He took his own life by stepping in front of on oncoming train in Manhattan on May 31, 1921 at the Wall Street Station. Thomas M. Lynch (1847-1922) circa 1898. His salary was $6,000 in 1898. He may have died on April 11, 1922 at age 75. Albert Frederick Schwannecke (1859-1912) 1909 to 1912. He was born in 1859 in Germany and migrated to the United States. In 1892 he was the Commissioner of Deeds for New York City. In 1909 he became Coroner of Bronx County, New York. In 1910 he was arrested on a charge of disorderly conduct for threatening a police officer while he was investigating a murder. He died on April 30, 1912 in Bronx, New York City of a gastric hemorrhage after falling while on duty. Jerome F. Healy (1858-1925), 1913 to 1918. He died on December 30, 1925. He was one of the last two coroners of Bronx County, New York. William J. Flynn, 1913 to 1918. He was one of the last two coroners of Bronx County, New York. Kings County Two coroners served simultaneously for Brooklyn, New York City. One served the eastern district and the other served the western district. Peter Johnson of Gueoos, circa 1685. Norris, circa 1862. Edward Henry Flavin, Sr. (1839-1911), circa 1869. He was born in Rockport, Illinois in August 1839. He married Mary J. (1840-1908) had a son, Edward H. Flavin, Jr. (1865-1922). Edward H. Flavin, Sr. died on May 11, 1911 in Brooklyn. George Henry Lindsay (1837-1916), 1886 to 1892. He was born on January 7, 1837. He died on May 25, 1916. He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery. George Washington Lindsay (1865-1938), 1886 to 1892. He was born on March 28, 1865 to George Henry Lindsay. He was the deputy coroner from 1886 to 1892. He died on March 15, 1938. Edward Butler Coombs, dentist (1862-1910), 1896 to 1897. He was a dentist and in 1896 was elected as the coroner of Kings County, New York. In 1898 he was convicted of presenting a false and fraudulent bill for an inquest that he never performed. He was released from prison in 1900 after serving one year and seven months. "Ex-Coroner Edward B. Coombs was released from the Kings County Penitentiary yesterday afternoon, his term of imprisonment having expired. Coombs was not required to pay the fine of $1,000 which was imposed upon him when he was sentenced because of a legal flaw in the commitment." After his release he left the city. Joseph Marie Creamer II, M.D. (1852-1900), 1892 to 1896 in the eastern district. He was born in 1852. He was a Democrat. He died of pneumonia of February 23, 1900. George H. Nason (1852-?), 1896 to 1897 in the eastern district. He was born in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. He graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1874. He was an undertaker before elected as coroner. He and Coombs were indicted in 1897 for submitting fraudulent bills for inquests that never convened. He became an examining inspector for New York City and was removed from office on March 28, 1904. George Washington Delap, M.D. (1857-1901), 1897 to 1901 in the eastern district. His physician at the coroner's office was Alvin C. Hendersen (1849-1899). Delap died on September 14, 1901 and was buried in Calvary Cemetery. Richmond County Two coroners served in some years, and in other years a single coroner served Staten Island. Frances Barber, circa 1685. John J. Van Rensselaer, M.D. 1879 to ?. He was appointed by the Governor of New York on July 4, 1879. Levy circa 1884. Charles Wilmot Townsend, M.D. (1867-1907), ? to 1897. He was born in December 1867. He died on January 7, 1907 when he was murdered in his home by John Bell. "Dr. Charles Wilmot Townsend, one of the best-known physicians on Staten Island, was shot in his home yesterday morning as he lay in bed with his wife on the second floor of their home, 5 Westervelt Avenue. He is now in the S.T. Smith Infirmary, and it is said there that he will probably die." William B. Wilkinson (1868-1935), 1897 to ?. He died on February 2, 1935 on Staten Island. John Seaver. He was paid $4,000 in 1898. George Charles Tranter (1851-1925). He was paid $4,000 in 1898. "George C. Tranter, 74 years old, one of the Democratic leaders of Staten island before its consolidation with New York City, died in his home." He died on 13 May 1925 on Staten Island. James Leonard Vail (1876-1941) 1913 to 1918. He was born on April 15, 1876. He died on March 13, 1941 at age 64. He was the last coroner of Richmond County, New York. References External link Forensics organizations Law enforcement in New York City

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Sense8 (season 1)

The first season of Sense8, an American science fiction drama streaming television series created by Lana and Lilly Wachowski and J. Michael Straczynski, follows eight strangers from different parts of the world who suddenly discover that they are "sensates"; human beings who are mentally and emotionally linked. The season was produced for Netflix by the Wachowskis' Anarchos Productions and Straczynski's Studio JMS, along with Javelin Productions and Georgeville Television. Unpronounceable Productions was set up to oversee production for the show. A multinational ensemble cast starring Aml Ameen, Doona Bae, Jamie Clayton, Tina Desai, Tuppence Middleton, Max Riemelt, Miguel Ángel Silvestre, and Brian J. Smith portrays the suddenly connected strangers. Freema Agyeman, Terrence Mann, Anupam Kher, Naveen Andrews, and Daryl Hannah also star. The season acts as the origin story for the eight sensates. All episodes were written by the Wachowskis and Straczynski and the majority of them were directed by the Wachowskis, with the remainder being divided between their frequent collaborators James McTeigue, Tom Tykwer, and Dan Glass. Filming took place almost entirely on location in nine cities around the world: Berlin, Chicago, London, Mexico City, Mumbai, Nairobi, Reykjavík, San Francisco, and Seoul. All 12 episodes of the season became available for streaming on Netflix on June 5, 2015 and were met with generally favorable critical reception. The season was noted for its representation of LGBTQ characters and themes, winning the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series. It was also recognized with a Location Managers Guild award for its use of locations as an integral part of the story, and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music. Cast Main The August 8th cluster Aml Ameen as Capheus "Van Damme" Onyango, a matatu driver in Nairobi who is trying to earn money to buy HIV/AIDS medication for his mother. Capheus' matatu is called the "Van Damn" and sports drawings of Jean-Claude Van Damme as he is a passionate fan of his movies. This, along with his bravery to protect his matatu and its passengers from bandits, earned him his widely used Van Damn nickname (sometimes also called Van Damme). Gabriel Ouma portrays a young Capheus. Doona Bae as Sun Bak, daughter of a powerful Seoul businessman and a burgeoning star in the underground kickboxing world. Jane Lee portrays a young Sun. Jamie Clayton as Nomi Marks, a trans woman hacktivist and blogger living in San Francisco with her girlfriend Amanita. Nomi chose her name to stand for "Know Me". John Babbo portrays a young Nomi (then called Michael). Tina Desai as Kala Dandekar, a university-educated pharmacist and devout Hindu in Mumbai who is engaged to marry a man she does not love. Yashvi Puneet Nagar portrays a young Kala. Tuppence Middleton as Riley "Blue" Gunnarsdóttir, an Icelandic DJ living in London who is trying to escape a tragic past. Katrin Sara Olafsdottir portrays a young Riley Gunnarsdóttir. Max Riemelt as Wolfgang Bogdanow, a Berlin locksmith and safe-cracker who has unresolved issues with his late father and participates in organized crime. Lenius Jung portrays a young Wolfgang. Miguel Ángel Silvestre as Lito Rodriguez, a closeted actor of Spanish background living in Mexico City with his boyfriend Hernando. Brian J. Smith as Will Gorski, a Chicago police officer haunted by an unsolved murder from his childhood. Speaking about the Wachowskis picking names that carry a significance for their characters, Smith said about "Will": "The whole idea of Will Gorski, the idea of someone who's got this drive to act and to do, not just to be done to. It's very central to Will's character." Maxwell Jenkins portrays a young Will. Other regulars Freema Agyeman as Amanita "Neets" Caplan, Nomi's girlfriend, who later becomes an ally for the new sensates. Terrence Mann as "Whispers", a sensate who turned against his own kind and who is a high-ranking member of an organization determined to neutralize sensates, known as the Biological Preservation Organization (BPO). Anupam Kher as Sanyam Dandekar, Kala's loving father, a chef and restaurant owner. Naveen Andrews as Jonas Maliki, a sensate from a different cluster who wants to help the newly-born cluster of sensates. Daryl Hannah as Angelica "Angel" Turing, a sensate from the same cluster as Jonas, who becomes the "mother" of the new sensates' cluster as she activates their psychic connection. Recurring The recurring actors are listed by the region in which they first appear. In Nairobi, Kenya Paul Ogola as Jela Peter King Mwania as Silas Kabaka Lwanda Jawar as Githu Chichi Seii as Shiro Rosa Katanu as Amondi Kabaka In Seoul, South Korea Ki-chan Lee as Joong-Ki Bak Kyong Young Lee as Kang-Dae Bak Hye Hwa Kim as Mi-Cha Yuh-Jung Youn as Min-Jung Sara Sohn as Soo-Jin In Pyo Cha as Sun's attorney In San Francisco, California, United States of America Adam Shapiro as Dr. Metzger Michael Sommers as Bug Sandra Fish as Janet Marks Maximilienne Ewalt as Grace In Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Purab Kohli as Rajan Rasal Natasha Rastogi as Priya Dandekar Darshan Jariwala as Manendra Rasal Mita Vasisht as Sahana Rasal Chandarmohan Khanna as Guru Yash Huzane Mewawala as Daya Dandekar Avantika Akerkar as Aunty Ina Shruti Bapna as Devi In London, England, United Kingdom Frank Dillane as Shugs Nicôle Lecky as Bambie Joseph Mawle as Nyx In Reykjavík, Iceland Kristján Kristjánsson as Gunnar Lilja Þórisdóttir as Yrsa Eyþór Gunnarsson as Sven Thor Birgisson as Magnus Þórsson In Berlin, Germany Max Mauff as Felix Bernner Sylvester Groth as Sergei Bogdanow Christian Oliver as Steiner Bogdanow Bernhard Schütz as Anton Bogdanow Georg Tryphon as Abraham In Mexico City, Mexico Alfonso Herrera as Hernando Fuentes Eréndira Ibarra as Daniela Velazquez Raúl Méndez as Joaquin Flores Ari Brickman as the director in Lito's movies Alberto Wolf as bartender In Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Ness Bautista as Diego Morales William Burke as Deshawn Larry Clarke as a Police Captain Margot Thorne as Sara Patrell Joe Pantoliano as Michael Gorski Episodes Production Filming and locations To properly tell the international aspects of the story, filming for Sense8 took place almost entirely on location around the globe. In the first season they filmed in nine cities located in eight countries: Berlin, Chicago, London, Mexico City, Mumbai, Nairobi, Reykjavík, San Francisco, and Seoul. Production on the first season began on June 18, 2014 in San Francisco. The filmmakers successfully negotiated with the organizers of the Clarion Alley Mural Project and select artists to feature their artwork in the show. Shooting in Chicago began on July 9 and wrapped up on August 8, with filming taking place both on location and at the Cinespace Film Studios. They shot some scenes in the Superdawg drive-through restaurant, while customers were being asked not to stare at the filming. Lana and Lilly Wachowski are frequent customers of the place. During location scouting, the producers found the City Methodist Church in Gary, Indiana which is nearby Chicago, and changed one site's description in the scripts to a church accordingly in order to fit that particular site into the filming. They filmed in the church from July 25 to 28. Filming proceeded to London for a short shoot and then to Iceland, where between August 26 and September 6 they shot in Reykjavik and nearby places such as Akranes. Filming then started in Nairobi, where a sequence required a crowd of 700 extras, 200 cars and a helicopter. In Seoul they filmed from September 18 to 30. Next they moved to Mexico City and later to Germany, where they filmed in Berlin and inside Babelsberg Studio. Last place they visited was Mumbai where they also shot a Bollywood dance number that was choreographed by Slumdog Millionaires Longinus Fernandes. The writers wanted to feature an event in each city. They were able to schedule the Pride scenes with its Dykes on Bikes on the Dyke March in San Francisco, the Fourth of July fireworks celebration in Chicago, and the Ganesha Chaturthi Hindu festival in Mumbai. Additionally they recorded footage from the Fresh Meat Festival of transgender and queer performance in San Francisco, a club event taking place at the KOKO in London, and a real lucha libre (Mexican professional wrestling) event with the fighters wearing wrestling masks in Arena Naucalpan, in Mexico City. Lastly the scenes where characters are flying on an airplane were recorded during the real flights the cast and crew had to do to get from London to Iceland. On November 17, 2014 Straczynski wrote that the main unit shooting had wrapped, with only a few winter shots in Iceland remaining to be captured the next month. These scenes were further delayed to mid-January 2015, until Iceland had the necessary amount of snow, with the wrap party taking place in Reykjavík's Harpa Music and Concert hall on January 21. By the end of the shooting, the filmmakers had completed 100,000 miles of flight time, or four times around the globe. Music Johnny Klimek and Tom Tykwer, who co-composed the score for Cloud Atlas and had a minor contribution in the soundtrack of The Matrix Revolutions as part of Pale 3, composed the season's music which was orchestrated by their fellow Cloud Atlas collaborator Gene Pritsker. The music was written before filming began and it was recorded by the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra. Ethan Stoller and Gabriel Isaac Mounsey, past collaborators of the Wachowskis and Tykwer, are credited for composing additional music and score. Stoller also acted as the season's music editor. The theme music was picked by the Wachowskis from the two hours of original music Tykwer and Klimek had written. It was shortened from its original seven or eight minutes and a choir and electronic elements were added to it at the wish of the Wachowskis. The show received a nomination for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music during the 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. The title of Episode 4, "What's Going On?", refers to lyrics in the song "What's Up?" by the 4 Non Blondes, which is featured in a scene where the main cast collectively sings it as their first shared experience together. After Nomi escaped from the hospital she said the lyrics were in her head all day and Amanita recognized the song saying it was the perfect soundtrack for a lobotomy. A soundtrack album for the first season was released digitally by WaterTower Music on May 5, 2017. It includes 10 tracks by Klimek and Tykwer, and four licensed songs including "What's Up?". Klimek and Tykwer's compositions alone, are also available on WaterTower's YouTube channel. Reception Critical reception and popularity Critical reception of the first season of Sense8 has been generally favorable. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator website, reported a 71% critical approval rating with an average rating of 6.25/10 based on 62 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Some of the scenarios border on illogical, but the diverse characters and the creative intersections between their stories keep the Wachowskis' Sense8 compelling." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the season is assigned a score of 64 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In a report released by Netflix it was discovered that at least 70% of the viewers that watched up to the third episode ended up watching the entire first season, and Straczynski was told there are people that watch it "straight through – three, four, six times." In another report released by Netflix, Sense8 was listed among the shows whose viewers tend to heavily binge-watch their first seasons, rather than savoring their episodes by watching them at a slower pace. Netflix's Chief Content Officer Ted Sarandos praised the success of Sense8 in the up-and-coming French and German markets but also globally. Vice president of international series for Netflix Erik Barmack has named Sense8 one of the most popular Netflix series in the Brazilian market. Less than three days after the premiere of the first season, Variety reported that it had been pirated more than half a million times, regardless of the series' digital distribution. Accolades Marketing The red carpet premiere of Sense8's first season took place on May 27, 2015, in San Francisco's AMC Metreon, where the first three episodes were previewed. Starting in the middle of July 2015, Netflix Brazil released a series of documentary shorts called Sense8: Decoded. Inspired by Sense8 and directed by João Wainer, the shorts briefly touch upon subjects such as psychiatry, feminism, being transgender and buddhism. Later in the month, Netflix released a music track titled Brainwave Symphony on Spotify. To produce it they subjected eight strangers to a series of various stimuli and they recorded their individual brainwaves using EEG sensors. After extracting a melody from each of them they arranged them in a way to produce a track which mirrors the escalating action of the season. In early August 2015, Netflix made available Sense8: Creating the World, a half-hour web television documentary, shot around the world, about the making of the first season of the series. References External links 2015 American television seasons

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List of Sense8 characters

This is a list of characters of the Netflix television series Sense8. Most characters in the main cast are called sensates and all are exactly the same age in the show, sharing the same birthday, August 8. During the Christmas special which shows the sensates celebrating their shared birthday, the candles on a birthday cake reveal their age to be 28. The actors selected are somewhere between mid-30s and early-40s. Cast Main cast Recurring cast August 8 cluster The "August 8 cluster" are the main heroes of the series. Angelica Turing "gave birth" to this cluster shortly before her suicide. Jonas Maliki acts as their mentor. Throughout the first season, the sensates' new powers confuse them, as they frequently visit each other with no control via their newfound psychic link. Over the course of the season, they each get to know each other, eventually gaining more control over their abilities. By the end of season one, they may all visit each other and share their abilities at will, with everyone aiding Will when Riley is captured by the series' main villain, Whispers. During "A Christmas Special", they are all shown to be close friends now, frequently visiting the others, even when it's just to talk. Capheus "Van Damme" Onyango Portrayed by Aml Ameen in the first season and Toby Onwumere in the second. Gabriel Ouma portrayed a young Capheus. Main skills and traits: endlessly optimistic outlook, inspiring positivity, unwavering moral advice, ability to hotwire vehicles, and expert driving skills. A matatu (bus for hire) owner and driver in Nairobi, and a passionate fan of Jean-Claude Van Damme who is trying to earn money to buy HIV medicine for his mother. Capheus owns his bus matatu business with his best friend Jela. Their business is failing, however, in competition with another matatu. One day, they drive through a shady part of a nearby city, where they are ambushed by a local warlord's men named Superpower, who take their money and the medicine Capheus has bought for his mother. Capheus goes after them, and is about to be killed when he channels Sun, a sensate in his cluster with intensive kickboxing training, and who Capheus at first believes is the spirit of Van Damme. With her skills, they defeat the men, and his fighting skills gain his matatu business popularity, and draws the attention of Silas Kabaka, one of Nairobi's most powerful crime lords. He hires Capheus to drive his daughter Amondi every day to a CDC center for cancer treatment, as he cannot send his men to do it without drawing attention to her. When Silas is captured by his enemies, Capheus decides to save him, once again channeling Sun to defeat the men, saving Silas and reuniting him with his daughter. Capheus' driving skills often come in handy for the other sensates, and he is able to use this to help Nomi escape Whispers' men by taking over the drive through the streets of San Francisco. His matatu is irreparable after his heist to save Silas, but Silas repays him by buying him a new one. Because of his reputation for taking down the Superpower, his business is booming, and people begin seeing him as something of an idol. He is later approached to run for office, and run against the current politically corrupt president. His messages of hope and power ring true to the people in Nairobi however he is still targeted at one major rally and by people that think he is reckless. Silas even endorses him but it later turns out he is in love with Capheus' mother who reveals that Silas also has the AIDS virus. After one rally goes terribly with riots breaking out as well as his staff turning against him, he is ironically saved by the a member of Superpower gang. He is also determined to quit, but his message and speeches go viral. Sun Bak Portrayed by Doona Bae. Jaein Lee (credited as Jane Lee in season 1) portrayed a young Sun. Main skills and traits: expert hand-to-hand combatant, kickboxing. The daughter of a powerful Seoul businessman and a burgeoning star in the underground kickboxing world, with a master's degree in economics. When Sun's brother Joong-Ki is caught embezzling, Sun's father asks her to take the blame before the police and court find out, as Sun is already looked down upon by their partners for being a woman. Remembering her deceased mother's words to always look out for her brother, Sun agrees, and goes to jail for a crime she didn't commit. She becomes unpopular when she looks out for a woman who is often bullied by the other inmates. Sun helps her get revenge on the women picking on her, leading them to ambush Sun in the courtyard. Sun easily fends them off, but is locked in solitary confinement for fighting. Soon afterwards, her father comes to visit her, telling her that she has been a better child than her brother ever was, and that he will come forward about who really committed the crimes, as he wishes to free Sun. The next day however, Sun's brother visits and tells her that their father killed himself the night before. Sun is quickly able to realize that Joong-Ki killed their father after realizing he would come forward and that he would end up in jail. Sun is arguably the most useful of the sensates and is considered 'the muscle.' She often comes to rescue others in the cluster with her kickboxing skills whenever they are cornered, and especially when Will goes to free Riley from Whispers. She has the strongest bond with Capheus, and interacts with him the most. During the next few months, Sun frequently visits the other sensates to escape from solitary confinement, while the women she defended bribe the guards to bring her presents. Eventually, Sun is let out of solitary and rejoins her friends in the main prison. Sun is eventually almost hung by some guards bought off by her brother but she is saved by a fellow prisoner, and they both break out with the help of her cluster. She finds a safe house but is frequently chased by law enforcement, most notably, Detective Mun. It turns out that he is looking to indict her brother and grant Sun with freedom but does not have enough evidence. Sun chooses to go undercover at a gala, serving cocktails with the help of Lito to confront her brother. At the night of the gala, Mun also captures Joong-Ki but he shoots him in the stomach and gets away. Sun pursues him in a high speed chase and pins him on the floor, she does not kill him and is arrested while Joong-Ki is escorted away by a politician friend. With the help of Nomi, who rigs the traffic light system and gets the police van to capsize, Sun escapes and is rescued by Puck, who is somehow in Korea, and they are escorted away. Nomi Marks Portrayed by Jamie Clayton. John Babbo portrayed a young Nomi. Main skills and traits: hacking computer systems. A trans woman hacktivist and blogger living in San Francisco with her girlfriend, Amanita (nicknamed Neets). At a pride parade, Nomi falls unconscious. She ends up in the hospital, where her transphobic mother tells her that she won't let Neets see her. Nomi's doctor, Dr. Metzger, tells them that her brain has an illness that compromises her sense of reality, and she will need an operation that is essentially lobotomy. Believing Nomi is mentally unstable, they keep her in the hospital against her will. Nomi eventually finds out that her “doctor” works for BPO, an organization which hunts down sensates, which also employ the series' villain, Whispers. Neets stages a breakout for Nomi, and the two begin investigating everything that's happening. They investigate the company, Dr. Metzger, his previous patients, and Whispers. The two find out that all of Dr. Metzger's previous patients who he had “diagnosed” with the same fake illness were sensates from other clusters, and they have all been lobotomized by BPO to the point that they are waking brain dead patients. Nomi also discovers that Whispers can make their lobotomized zombie-like bodies do his bidding when he needs to eliminate threats so she and Neets attempt to stay off the company's radar for a while. Fellow sensate Will gets in direct contact with Nomi, and she uses her hacking skills to help Will save another sensate named Riley. Now hiding from an FBI agent, Nomi and Neets eventually choose to move-in with her old hacking friend, Bug. She routinely helps out other sensates by being the eyes they cannot have by accessing security cameras in other rooms. She eventually gets tired of hiding from the FBI, therefore Bug performs an 'E-death' for Nomi, meaning all her records and past crimes will be erased from the government records and she will be free. Nomi is finally able to be the maid of honour at her sister's wedding. During the ceremony however a FBI agent apprehends her, but without proof of warrant she is able to go free. At the end of season 2, Neets proposes to Nomi and in turn, Nomi proposes to Neets. Kala Dandekar Portrayed by Tina Desai. Yashvi Nagar portrayed a young Kala. Main skills and traits: expert chemistry knowledge, intelligence. A university-educated pharmacist and devout Hindu in Mumbai engaged to marry a man she does not love. Her sensate cluster is born while she is stressed about her impending wedding. Through her new powers, Kala meets her fellow sensate Wolfgang. The two talk constantly, and Kala realizes she is beginning to fall in love with him. However, she was told on multiple occasions by Wolfgang to marry Rajan instead and forget about him, deeming himself as a monster just like his father and uncle. Kala often goes to the Temple of Ganesha to bring offerings and pray for advice. One day while visiting, she discovers her fiancé's father is trying to get the Indian government to enact a law that will restrict Hindu religious practice, which angered many fellow worshippers. She faints at her own wedding when Wolfgang appears, only seen by her, nude as he was just enjoying a swim at a clothing-optional pool in Germany. She is later confronted by Rajan's father at the Temple of Ganesha to refuse the marriage, but he is left in a coma after being stabbed by hooded figures. Kala's on-the-fly thinking and chemistry skills help free Riley, in the season one finale, from Whispers. While on their honeymoon in Italy, Rajan confronts Kala about being a virgin, which makes her paranoid. While she does eventually decide to have sex with him, she is interrupted by Wolfgang, and does not go through with it. She spontaneously meets Ajay, one of Rajan's friends at an Art Gallery where they share a fondness for deity artwork. The battle for religious freedom is still an issue and Kala is still associated with the religious extremists, the crowd she does not want to be associated with. Rajan appears to be harboring secrets of his own and takes a trip to Paris, when it is revealed that he is investigating a political corruption case of Ajay and asks Kala to be escorted to a safe-house in Paris. Hoping to meet up with Wolfgang, she agrees until Wolfgang is taken by Whispers. Riley Blue Portrayed by Tuppence Middleton. Katrín Sara Olafsdóttir portrayed a young Riley. Main skills and traits: DJ-ing, multilingual, well-connected socially. An Icelandic DJ living in London who is trying to escape a troubled past. Riley begins the series by accidentally diving deep into the world of London's drug trade, and has many psychic encounters with Will, a sensate who is a part of her cluster. The two fall in love with each other. She finds that she cannot escape her tragic past and goes home to Iceland to confront it and reunite with her father, who is a famous Icelandic pianist. It is there that Riley's backstory is revealed. She was married once to a man named Magnus and was pregnant with his child. On the way to the hospital to give birth, a snowstorm hits and Magnus accidentally drives off the road. Her husband dies in the car crash and she is stuck in the overturned car. Her water breaks and she has to give birth in the wilderness. She takes her baby and tries to get to safety, but ultimately, her daughter freezes to death. In the present, Riley is haunted by survivor's guilt. While at her father's classical music concert, she falls unconscious and is taken to the hospital. Her unique brain scans garner the attention of the series’ villain Whispers, who leads an organization that hunts down sensates, and he abducts her. Aware of what is happening, Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills and those of other sensates to break her out. Before they escape however, Will looks into Whispers' eyes, which gives Whispers the ability to see and hear through Will's perspective. Riley helps Will use drugs to knock him unconscious to avoid Whispers learning their location. With this strategy, the two successfully escape, using a boat belonging to Riley's friend Sven to get out to sea. Due to Whispers' being able to see through Will, she must constantly inject him with drugs to prevent the psychic link to revealing their location. Riley takes care of Will while in hiding and eventually the two decide to go to Chicago to visit Will's father. Wolfgang Bogdanow Portrayed by Max Riemelt. Lenius Jung portrayed a young Wolfgang in season 1, Mathis Wernecke a younger Wolfgang in season 2 et Lasse Bergmann a younger Wolfgang in the series finale. Main skills and traits: expert hand-to-hand combatant (street fighting), skill with firearms, safecracking and lockpicking, hotwiring vehicles, detached personality. A Berlin locksmith and safe-cracker who has unresolved problems with his late father and participates in organized crime. One night, he and his best friend Felix decide to rob Steiner, Wolfgang's cousin and enemy, of his most prized possession, a set of outstandingly expensive jewels. The two successfully rob him, and begin looking for buyers. While using some of their newfound fortune to go on a shopping spree, Felix is shot by the Steiner's men and is put into a coma. Throughout the series, the sensate who Wolfgang bonds the most with is Kala. Over time, the two fall in love. Wolfgang confronts and kills Steiner and his men with Lito's help, causing Sergei, Steiner's father and Wolfgang's uncle, to seek revenge. Wolfgang goes to Sergei's home to kill him and, with the help of Will and Kala, defeats all his men. Although, Sergei is left defenseless, wounded, and alone, Wolfgang shows no mercy, shooting him multiple times in the head. He then tells Kala that they cannot be together, because Wolfgang claims he is a monster. Wolfgang's skillful ruthlessness aids Will when Riley is kidnapped by Whispers. Wolfgang is told that his actions may cause a dynastic war between Berlin's most powerful families. Sure enough, he is ambushed on New Year's, but he and Felix, who has woken up from his coma, survive thanks to the help of the other sensates. Lito Rodríguez Portrayed by Miguel Ángel Silvestre. Ramiro Cid portrayed a young Lito. Main skills and traits: expert liar, ability to tell when someone is lying, flair bartending. A closeted actor living in Mexico City with his boyfriend Hernando. Lito is pursued by his costar Daniela, whom he is using to make the public believe he is straight. One night, a tipsy Daniela visits his apartment, wishing to sleep with him and threatening to call the press in order to manipulate him into allowing her inside. Alone, Lito and Hernando reveal to her that they are lovers. She then agrees to help them keep this secret and quickly becomes one of their closest friends, sometimes participating with them sexually. While filming a movie, he meets the film's producer, whom he recognizes as Daniela's abusive ex-boyfriend and stalker, Joaquín. Later, Joaquín shows up at Lito's apartment, drunk and crying, and manages to steal Daniela's phone, which contains pictures of Lito and Hernando having sex. He threatens to reveal them to the public. Daniela wishes to protect Lito and Hernando and agrees to go back with Joaquín to prevent him from leaking the photos. Lito agrees to let Daniela do this. Hernando disagrees with the decision, becomes resentful of Lito for allowing Daniela to go back to her abuser, and breaks up with him. While grieving, Lito realizes he should not have let Daniela go back and decides to rescue her. He goes to Joaquín's house and channels Wolfgang's aggression, beating Joaquín to a pulp and taking Daniela home. After this, the three are reunited and he and Hernando get back together. Will is able to use Lito's acting skills to lie while in Whispers' facility. After rescuing Daniela, Joaquín leaks the photos of Lito and Hernando to the world, ruining his career. Hernando and Lito are evicted from their apartment, but Daniela allows them to stay with her. Will Gorski Portrayed by Brian J. Smith. Maxwell Jenkins portrayed a young Will. Main skills and traits: skill with firearms, lock-picking, detective skills and intuition, hand-to-hand combat. A Chicago police officer haunted by an unsolved murder from his childhood. When the series begins, he tells his partner Diego about his supernatural experiences although he doesn't believe him. He begins investigating the unreported murder of Angelica, who keeps appearing to him in visions. Most of his initial sensate interactions are with fellow cluster-member Riley Blue and the two begin to fall in love. Soon Jonas Maliki, a sensate from Angelica's cluster, confronts Will in person about his role as a sensate. Will responds by turning Jonas in to the police and is viewed as a hero in his precinct. He begins to learn more about the other sensates in his cluster and how to utilize his new abilities. Eventually, he discovers that Riley has been captured by the series villain Whispers, whom Jonas has warned him about. According to Jonas, if Will looks into Whispers eyes, he will be able to see everything that he sees. Whispers is holding Riley in a private facility in Iceland, where she is to be experimented on. Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills, as well as the other sensates’ abilities, to save Riley. During their escape, however, Will accidentally looks into Whispers' eyes. Far from the facility, Will injects himself with drugs to lose consciousness to ensure that Whispers does not find them. Riley helps them successfully escape and gets Will to safety. Because Whispers can now see through him, Will constantly inject himself with drugs in order to reduce Whispers' psychic influence. When awake, Will and Riley grow much closer. On Christmas Day, however, Whispers reveals to Will that his father, with Whispers' urging, has resumed drinking and is severely depressed without him. Will feels guilty, and Riley tells him they will go visit his father together. Other series regulars Amanita "Neets" Caplan Portrayed by Freema Agyeman. Nomi's girlfriend, who later becomes an ally for the new sensates. Whispers Portrayed by Terrence Mann. A sensate who turned against his own kind for unknown reasons and leads an organization determined to neutralize or kill sensates. Despite his being a sensate and having a family of his own, he lacks empathy. Sanyam Dandekar Portrayed by Anupam Kher. Himanshu Powdwal portrayed a young Sanyam. Kala's father, a chef and restaurant owner. He and his daughter are very close. Kala's fiancée Rajan constantly seeks his approval. Jonas Maliki Portrayed by Naveen Andrews. A sensate from Angelica's cluster, who wants to help the newly-born cluster of sensates. By the end of season one, he is captured by the series' villain, Whispers. Angelica "Angel" Turing Portrayed by Daryl Hannah. A sensate from an older cluster (which includes Jonas) who becomes the "mother" of the cluster of eight new sensates as she activates their psychic connection. She kills herself before being captured by Whispers in order to protect the cluster she has birthed. Because she birthed the new sensates, her memories echo through them, and she can still somehow communicate with them. Jonas said "A genetic birth transfers genes. A sensate birth transfers sense experience and memory." Recurring characters The recurring actors are listed by the region in which they first appear. In Nairobi, Kenya Paul Ogola as Jela, Capheus' best friend and partner in the "Van Damn" bus service. Peter Nzioki as Silas Kabaka, a crime lord who approaches Capheus to work for him. Lwanda Jawar as Githu, the leader of the Nairobi "Superpower" gang. Chichi Seii as Shiro, Capheus' mother who is seriously ill with AIDS. Rosa Katanu as Amondi Kabaka, Silas' daughter. Biko Nyongesa, plays a member of the "Superpower" gang. Mumbi Maina as Zakia Asalanche, a local news journalist who becomes romantically involved with Capheus In Seoul, South Korea Lee Ki-chan as Joong-Ki Bak, Sun's younger brother. Lee Geung-young as Kang-Dae Bak, a businessman and Sun and Joong-Ki's father. Youn Yuh-jung as Min-jung, fellow prisoner Son Seok-koo as Detective Kwon-Ho Mun, policeman, who wants to clear Sun's name Hye-Hwa Kim as Mi-Cha, Sun's mother. Sara Sohn as Soo-Jin, a Korean prisoner. Myung Gye-Nam as Sun's kickboxing trainer. In San Francisco, California, United States of America Adam Shapiro as Dr. Metzger, Nomi's "doctor" who really works for Whispers. Michael X. Sommers as Bug, Nomi's old friend who ran with her in their younger hacktivist days. Sandra Fish as Janet Marks, Nomi's disapproving mother. Maximilienne Ewalt as Grace, Amanita's mother who is more accepting of Nomi than her own. She embraces both Nomi's relationship with Neets and her identity as a trans woman. In Mumbai, India Anupam Kher as Sanyam Dandekar, Kala's Father. Purab Kohli as Rajan Rasal, Kala's fiancé. Natasha Rastogi as Priya Dandekar, Kala and Daya's mother, Sanyam's wife. Mansi Dovhal portrayed a young Priya. Darshan Jariwala as Manendra Rasal, Rajan's father and Sahana's husband. Mita Vashisht as Sahana Rasal, mother of Rajan and wife of Manendra. Huzane Mewawala as Daya Dandekar, Kala's sister and a fellow pharmacist. Avantika Akerkar as Aunty Ina, Kala and Daya's aunt. Shruti Bapna as Devi, Kala's friend. Rajesh Khera as a wedding planner. In Reykjavík, Iceland Kristján Kristjánsson as Gunnar, Riley's pianist father. Lilja Þórisdóttir as Yrsa, an Icelandic sensate from an older cluster. Eyþór Gunnarsson as Sven, Riley's friend in Iceland. Thor Birgisson as Magnus Þórsson, Riley's husband who died in a car accident. In London, England, United Kingdom Frank Dillane as Shugs, Riley's close friend and Bambie's boyfriend. Nicôle Lecky as Bambie, Shugs' girlfriend. Joseph Mawle as Nyx, a drug dealer. In Berlin, Germany Maximilian Mauff as Felix Berner, a locksmith who is Wolfgang's best friend and partner-in-crime. Chiron Elias Krase portrayed a young Felix. Sylvester Groth as Sergei Bogdanow, Wolfgang's rich uncle and Steiner's father. Christian Oliver as Steiner Bogdanow, a villainous Russian mobster in Berlin who is at war with his cousin Wolfgang and Felix. Bernhard Schütz as Anton Bogdanow, Wolfgang's father. Georg Tryphon as Abraham, a Jewish business man. Wolfgang Lindner as one of Sergei's bodyguards. Lars Eidinger as Sebastian Fuchs, also known as "King of the North" for his status as leading one faction of the mob gangs in Berlin. Valeria Bilello as Lila Facchini, a sensate from another cluster that works alongside Fuchs and is in collusion with Whispers. In Mexico City, Mexico Alfonso Herrera as Hernando Fuentes, Lito's boyfriend who, at the request of his partner, helps keep the relationship a secret from society. Eréndira Ibarra as Daniela Velázquez, an actress who helps Lito to hide his sexual orientation. Joaquin's ex-girlfriend. Raúl Méndez as Joaquín Flores, Daniela's jealous and violent abusive ex-boyfriend. Ari Brickman as the director of Lito's current film. Jeronimo Best as the assistant director in Lito's movies. Erik Hayser as Raoul Pasquale, a sensate from Angelica's first cluster and acquaintance of Lito. Cecilia Suárez as Lito's manager In Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Ness Bautista as Diego Morales, Will's police partner. William Burke as Deshawn, a young gang member in Chicago. Larry Clarke as Will's Police Captain. Margot Thorne as Sara Patrell, a young sensate who disappeared after being found by Whispers. Joe Pantoliano as Michael Gorski, Will's father, a retired cop. Minor characters These are a few significant minor characters, such as celebrities making a cameo appearance. Ma Dong-seok as the bouncer outside the sex club in Seoul. Tony Hong as the referee of the underground martial arts ring. Sean Dorsey as Sean, the real life choreographer of the Fresh Meat Festival dance Nomi and Amanita attend. Tino Rodríguez as "Green Fairy" in the San Francisco Pride. Rodríguez's painting The Song that Traverses a Tenebrous World is featured in the show hanging on the walls of Lito's apartment. Virgo Paraiso as "Purple Fairy" in the San Francisco Pride. Dorsey, Rodríguez and Paraiso had previously collaborated with the Wachowskis on the music video of Antony and the Johnsons' Epilepsy Is Dancing. Lana Wachowski and Tom Tykwer passing by the camera with their backs turned to it during the New Year's Eve celebration in the Christmas special. David Mitchell and Aleksandar Hemon cameo as themselves in Amanita's bookstore. They were involved in some capacity with the writing of the second season, for which they were credited as "consultants". Eduardo Semerjian as "Parade Host" in the São Paulo Pride. Bruno Fagundes as a customer in a restaurant in São Paulo. Marc Jacobs as himself. His partner Char Defrancesco, appears in the same scene, as Charlie. Kobi Kihara as herself, interviewing Capheus. Cleopatra Koheirwe as Mother References External links Full cast and crew of Sense8 on IMDb Lists of fictional characters Lists of American television series characters

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201914

October 1914

The following events occurred in October 1914: October 1, 1914 (Thursday) The Battle of Arras began when General Louis de Maud'huy ordered troops with the French Tenth Army to attack German forces southeast of Arras and Lens in northern France, but vastly underestimated the strength of the German forces positioned there. Mexican revolutionary leader Venustiano Carranza called on all other revolutionary leaders to meet for convention in Mexico City in what was perceived as "the last attempt to create unity among the revolutionaries." Former Canadian Labor Minister and future Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had been a director for the Rockefeller Foundation since June, was assigned by the American business family to head an inquiry into the Colorado mine strike that resulted in violence and dozens of deaths earlier in 1914, particularly at Ludlow. The 6th Regiment of the Royal Horse Artillery merged with the 4th Regiment Royal Artillery. The Southern Line of the State Railway of Thailand was extended in the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, with stations Khao Chum Thong Junction serving the line. The Billinge Green rail station opened in Davenham, England. The rail station in Pontygwaith, Wales, was closed. The Kiever Synagogue was established in Toronto. The one-mile oval Bowie Race Track was opened for horse racing outside of Bowie, Maryland by the Southern Maryland Agricultural Society. The Edward VII Monument, designed by Louis-Philippe Hébert, was unveiled at Phillips Square in Montreal by Edward's brother Prince Arthur, who was then the Governor General of Canada. Edward had visited Montreal in 1860, when he was the Prince of Wales, to open the Victoria Bridge. British mathematician Edgar Buckingham introduced the use of the symbol "i" for the dimensionless variables (or parameters) in what becomes known as the Buckingham π theorem, significant to dimensional analysis. Born: Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, 12th Librarian of Congress, in Atlanta (d. 2004); Marvin Gay Sr., American religious leader and murderer, father to R&B music artist Marvin Gaye and his killer, in Jessamine County, Kentucky (d. 1998) Died: Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter, best known for her landscapes of Jæren in southern Norway (b. 1843) October 2, 1914 (Friday) Battle of Arras — French forces gave up Douai in northern France after the German reserve units staged a successful counterattack. William Howard Hearst became Premier of Ontario, succeeding James Whitney who died suddenly on September 25. Violent fallout from the Komagata Maru incident continued in India when Sikh passengers of the Japanese vessel refused orders to board a train from Calcutta to Punjab and opened fire, killing one police officer and wounding several others. British troops opened fire and killed 16 Sikhs and arrested dozens more. Porto Velho was established as the capital of Rondônia, Brazil. Born: Jack Parsons, American rocket engineer, one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Aerojet in California, in Los Angeles (d. 1952, killed in an explosion) October 3, 1914 (Saturday) Battle of Arras — The French line held against the German advance on Arras. German and Austro-Hungarian forces clashed in what is now southwestern Poland. Russian orders had been ordered to pull back but only the cavalry obeyed, leaving behind an infantry group that believed it could hold its position. They were destroyed the next day, with 7,000 Russian troops captured. Forces under command of Essad Pasha Toptani took Durrës, the capital of Albania, with no resistance. The Port Adelaide Football Club defeated the Carlton Football Club to be crowned Champions of Australia for a record fourth time and becoming the only League club in Australian football to go through its entire season undefeated. The New Athletic Field for Mississippi State University opened for its first game, the fourth oldest college stadium in the United States. The Green Line of the Boylston Street subway in Boston opened stations Copley and Massachusetts. Born: Lê Trọng Tấn, Vietnamese military officer, Chief of General Staff for the People's Army of Vietnam from 1975 to 1986, in Hoài Đức District, Vietnam (d. 1986) October 4, 1914 (Sunday) An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the surface-wave magnitude scale shook Lake Burdur in southwestern Turkey, causing an estimated 4,000 deaths and destroying more than 17,000 homes. The Canadian Expeditionary Force of 31,000 men set off to Great Britain in 31 ocean liners, arriving in Plymouth Sound, England, within a week. Battle of Arras — The French Tenth Army failed to hold back the German advance and lost Lens in northern France. The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three was proclaimed in Germany, in which 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists signed a document declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War I. While the document galvanized public support in Germany, it was met with outrage by the international intellectual community, especially since it came after reports of atrocities committed by occupying German forces in Belgium in August. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson declared a national day of prayer throughout the United States for the end of World War I. The Northern Group of the French Army was established. The Baltic Exhibition closed in Malmö, Sweden, four days after its official closing date of September 30. Canoga Park High School opened to students in Canoga Park, California. Born: Jim Cairns, Australian politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia from 1974 to 1975, in Carlton, Victoria, Australia (d. 2003) October 5, 1914 (Monday) Essad Pasha Toptani became the fourth Prime Minister of Albania and formed the fifth cabinet of Albania. Winston Churchill visited government officials in Antwerp with the Royal Marines Brigade where he offered to resign from his position as First Lord of the Admiralty to take command of the newly formed Royal Navy Division and help with defending Belgium from the German invasion. Although the offer was supported by Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener, the British cabinet rejected it. A mine explosion killed 16 near Birmingham, Alabama. Sergeant and Corporal Louis Quenault of the Armée de l'Air Française were the first aviators in history to shoot down another aircraft(fr) with gunfire, downing a German Aviatik B.II with machine gun fire from their Voisin III over Jonchery, Reims. The Sekihoku railroad opened in Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan, with stations Ponmuka serving the line. The first session of Loyola University New Orleans College of Law was held in the College of the Immaculate Conception in New Orleans. Ethel Barrymore made her screen debut in the drama The Nightingale, written by American playwright Augustus Thomas, who was a close friend to Ethel's father Maurice Barrymore. The films has long been considered lost. Died: Albert Solomon, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Tasmania (b. 1876) October 6, 1914 (Tuesday) Joseph Kennedy married Rose Fitzgerald in Boston. The first Sopwith Gunbus airplane was given a test flight in England. British singer Mark Sheridan released the first recording of the hit World War I song "Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser". The city of Dunn Center, North Dakota was established. Born: Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition, in Larvik, Norway (d. 2002); Leonida Bagration, Russian noble, consort to Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, in Tbilisi (d. 2010) October 7, 1914 (Wednesday) Battle of Jabassi — British forces launched an unsuccessful attack against German defenses dug in at the village of Jabassi on the Wuri River in German Cameroon. The Quiches District was established in Sihuas Province, Peru. Born: Begum Akhtar, Indian singer of Hindustani classical music, in Faizabad, India (d. 1974); Josef František, Czech air force pilot, member of the No. 303 Polish Squadron during World War II, three-time recipient of the Cross of Valour and Distinguished Flying Medal, in Otaslavice, Austria-Hungary (d. 1940, killed in action) October 8, 1914 (Thursday) In a raid planned by Royal Naval Air Service Wing Commander Charles Samson, two Sopwith Tabloids attacked the Zeppelin sheds at Düsseldorf and the Cologne railway station. Flight Lieutenant Reginald Marix was able to destroy Zeppelin Z IX by bombing the hangar it was held in, the first time that an aircraft destroyed an airship. The popular World War I patriot song "Keep the Home Fires Burning", composed by Ivor Novello with lyrics by Lena Guilbert Ford, was published with the original title "'Til the Boys Come Home" by Ascherberg, Hopwood and Crew Ltd. in London. The song was re-titled to its current name in 1915. Born: William A. Egan, American politician, first and fourth Governor of Alaska, in Valdez, Alaska (d. 1984); Rowland Wolfe, American gymnast, gold medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympics (d. 2010) Died: Adelaide Crapsey, American poet, known for her poetry collection Verses published posthumously (b. 1878) October 9, 1914 (Friday) Siege of Antwerp — Finding no resistance from the defending fortresses around Antwerp, German commanding officer Hans Hartwig von Beseler ceased bombardment and called on Belgian General Victor Deguise to surrender. However, four civilian representatives, including the Mayor of Antwerp Jan De Vos, met with Beseler beforehand to request an end to the bombardment of the city and signed a capitulation. The document forced Deguise to accept the terms a day later and surrender along with 30,000 Allied troops. German troops occupied the city until the end of World War I. Battle of the Vistula River — German forces arrived at Vistula River but found little resistance on the river's west bank. General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, sent troops from Warsaw to attack the German's left flank, but the Germans knew of the army's strength from orders found on the body of a Russian officer. They knew three Russian armies would concentrate against the German Ninth Army to relieve pressure on the Austro-Hungarian line in the south. A German airplane appeared over Lille, France, and dropped two bombs on the city's post office. By the afternoon, all men of fighting age were ordered to leave Lille immediately, while civilians in the surrounding towns and villages were evacuated. The IV Corps of the British Army was established, with John French in command. The Torrens Island Concentration Camp opened on Torrens Island south of Adelaide, Australia, to house 400 German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war. The Orpheum Theatre opened in Champaign, Illinois as a live vaudeville theater. It is now the site of the Orpheum Children's Science Museum. Born: Joseph L. Melnick, American medical scientist, lead breakthrough research in how polio was spread, in Boston (d. 2001) Died: Dumitru C. Moruzi, Romanian writer, member of the Sămănătorul group (b. 1850) October 10, 1914 (Saturday) Battle of La Bassée - British and French soldiers attempted to recover the northern French city of La Bassée from occupying German forces. The last train left Lille, France, at dawn, an hour after German artillery began to fire on the station, the city's main government building and the famous Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. The barrage continued for another two days. Mexican revolutionary leaders Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza and Álvaro Obregón met at the Convention of Aguascalientes in Mexico to discuss future governance of the nation after deposing Mexican president Victoriano Huerta in July. Revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata delayed attending the meeting until 15 days later. Romanian King Carol I died and was succeeded by his nephew Ferdinand. Carol opposed the country entering the World War I because of close relations with Germany, but Ferdinand was in favor and formally sided with the Allies in 1916. The German cruiser left Diego Garcia, a British-held atoll in the Indian Ocean after ten days of rest and maintenance. Due to its isolation, the inhabitants were still not aware World War I had started and were unknowingly harboring an enemy vessel, an oversight the German crew took full advantage of. The American schooner collided with the steamer Belfast in thick fog off the coast of Marblehead, Massachusetts and sank, with all crew rescued. The 10th Light Horse Regiment of the First Australian Imperial Force was established. The 38th Welsh Infantry Division of the British Army was established. The Boorowa railway line opened between Boorowa and Galong, New South Wales, Australia. East Fremantle defeated South Fremantle 43-24 to win its ninth West Australian State Premiership. The Spanish opera Margot, composed by Joaquín Turina, debuted at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid. Died: Gijsbert van Tienhoven, Dutch politician, 21st Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1841); Johan Jacob Ahrenberg, Finnish architect, designed major public buildings including the Reserve Officer School in Hamina, Finland (b. 1847) October 11, 1914 (Sunday) Battle of Flirey — French forces abandoned attempts to retake the village of Saint-Mihiel in northeastern France from German forces, who were now too entrenched to be moved, thus ending the battle. The village would not be retaken until 1918. The German submarine torpedoed and sank the Russian cruiser in the Gulf of Finland off Osmussaar, Estonia with the loss of all 597 crew. It was the first warship Russia lost during World War I. More than 100,000 visitors attended the final day of the Jubilee Exhibition in Oslo. Brown University celebrated its 150th anniversary as a post-secondary institution. Among the many official dignitaries that attended included: Former U.S. President William Howard Taft Steel magnate Andrew Carnegie Standard Oil executive John D. Rockefeller Jr. Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad president Howard Elliott Brown University president William Faunce Columbia University president Nicholas Murray Butler Cornell University president Jacob Gould Schurman Princeton University president John Grier Hibben Yale University president Arthur Twining Hadley University of California president Benjamin Ide Wheeler Amherst College president Alexander Meiklejohn Bowdoin College president William De Witt Hyde Mount Holyoke College president Mary Emma Woolley Association football club Frigg defeated Gjøvik-Lyn 4-2 to win the Norwegian Cup. The association football club Norbergs was established in Norberg, Sweden. Born: J. Edward Day, American public servant, 55th United States Postmaster General who introduced the ZIP Code system to United States Postal Service, in Jacksonville, Illinois (d. 1996); Reuben Fine, American chess player, seven-time winner of the U.S. Open Chess Championship and five-time medalist at Chess Olympiad, in New York City (d. 1993) Died: Aida Overton Walker, American dancer and choreographer, known for her collaborations with Bert Williams (b. 1880) October 12, 1914 (Monday) German forces took control of Ghent, Belgium, with little resistance, allowing the city to escape much of the destruction from World War I. Battle of Messines — French and British soldiers advanced on the German defense line in French portion of Flanders, capturing the town of Mont des Cats in the process. The German barrage on Lille, France, ended with troops entering the city. In all, the barrage killed , destroyed the railway station, and set parts of the city on fire. Maritz rebellion — The Union of South Africa declared martial law in response to a Boer uprising that included 12,000 rebel soldiers under command of general Manie Maritz, Christiaan de Wet and Christian Frederick Beyers. The trial for 17 of the conspirators in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand began in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, the Serbian student who fired the fatal shots, admitted in court his motivation for assassination was purely political: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria ... By means of terror." British naval officer Horace Hood became Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy in Dover. The British captured one of the colliers the German cruiser relied on for coal supplies. The Royal Navy destroyer was launched from the Scotstoun shipyard in Glasgow to serve in the Harwich Force assigned to defend the English Channel. Died: Margaret E. Knight, American inventor, first noted female American inventor with nearly a dozen patents to her name, in York, Maine (b. 1838) October 13, 1914 (Tuesday) The Battle of Armentières began in northern France, with soldiers with the British Expeditionary Force advancing to find Germans dug in and well-defended. Battle of La Bassée — British forces nearly lost Givenchy in northeastern France when Germany troops attacked them during the rainstorm, with the British losing The Imperial Japanese Navy attempted air-to-air combat for the first time, as a naval airplane joined three Imperial Japanese Army airplanes in an attempt to attack a German reconnaissance plane during the Siege of Tsingtao. However, the German aircraft escaped. The Boston Braves defeated the Philadelphia Athletics in all four games to win the World Series. Chemical manufacturer Wacker Chemie was established in Munich. The Algoma Central Railway, building northward from Sault Ste. Marie, opened its northernmost section between Oba and Hearst, Ontario. A 33-pound (15 kg) iron meteorite hit the ground near Appley Bridge, England. Born: Frankie Hayes, American baseball player, catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, and Boston Red Sox from 1933 to 1947, in Jamesburg, New Jersey (d. 1955) Died: Walter Withers, Australian landscape artist, member of the Heidelberg School of Australian impressionists (b. 1854) October 14, 1914 (Wednesday) Battle of La Bassée — British soldiers and French cavalry attacked German defenses on a canal leading to La Bassée but lost when action wrapped the following day. Battle of Armentières — German forces regrouped behind the river Lys in northeastern France and waited for the German 4th and 6th armies to organize in Belgium, giving the town of Bailleul back to the Allies. Battle of Messines — Allied troops and cavalry closed the last gaps in the offensive and put the German armies on the defense. Battle of Jabassi — British forces launched a second attack and succeeded in capturing Jabassi, German Cameroon. The Dover Town rail station closed in Dover, England, as part as part of efforts to modernize the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Student Jewish fraternity Phi Alpha was founded at George Washington University. It merged with Phi Sigma Delta in 1959. defeated South Australia by 58 points during an exhibition game at the Jubilee Oval in Adelaide, Australia. Even though it was not part of the official season, the win clinched a perfect season for . Born: Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research with neutrinos (d. 2006) Died: Hubert Hamilton, British army officer, noted commander in the Mahdist War, Second Boer War and World War I, recipient of the Order of the Bath and Royal Victorian Order, first British division commander to be killed in action (b. 1861) October 15, 1914 (Thursday) was torpedoed by the German submarine in the North Sea and sank in less than ten minutes with the loss of 524 lives. The German cruiser captured a British steamer in the Indian Ocean and sank her the next day. Over the next five days, she captured five more vessels and used one of them as a collier. The U.S. government enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which sought to prevent anti-competitive practices in their incipiency. Singer Beniamino Gigli made his stage debut at Rovigo in the Amilcare Ponchielli opera La Gioconda. A. A. Milne's collection of short stories for Punch magazine were published in the anthology Once a Week. Born: Mohammed Zahir Shah, Afghan noble, last Emir of Afghanistan, in Kabul (d. 2007); Lim Yew Hock, Singaporean politician, second Chief Minister of Singapore, in Singapore (d. 1984) October 16, 1914 (Friday) Battle of the Yser — Belgian and French troops under Colonel Alphonse Jacques successfully defended the Belgian town of Dixmude against the advancing German army despite heavy losses. Jacques' leadership during the day's battle became so respected he was later awarded the title of Baron with the Belgian nobility. Battle of La Bassée — British troops sustained another 1,000 casualties as they advanced to Aubers in northeastern France, but managed to recapture Givenchy from the Germans. Battle of Armentières — British forces secured the Lys river crossings while the German focused their attacks further north at Dixmude. Italian Foreign Minister Antonino Paternò Castello died and was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino, who continued to follow the negotiating strategy set by his predecessor which lead to the secret Treaty of London in 1915. The main body of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, which included 8,000 troops, finally departed from New Zealand for Australia where they joined up with the First Australian Imperial Force, including the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade which was composed of the Auckland, Canterbury, Otago, and Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiments. The 2nd Indian Cavalry Division of the British Army was established. Born: Charles Catterall, South African boxer, silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics (d. 1966) October 17, 1914 (Saturday) Battle of La Bassée — British forces captured Violaines and gained a foothold on Aubers Ridge while French cavalry captured Fromelles from the Germans in northeastern France. Battle of Armentières — French forces recaptured Armentières. A German torpedo boat sunk the with the loss of 271 officers and sailors. With only three survivors of the disaster, it was the largest single loss for Japanese forces for all of World War I. Battle off Texel — The Imperial German Navy lost an entire torpedo squadron as it tried to lay mines in shipping lanes at the mouth of the River Thames, including 218 sailors killed and 30 taken prisoner. While searching for survivors during the aftermath of Battle off Texel, the was seized, even though war conventions stipulated for navies never to do so. The Royal Navy justified the seizure as coded radio messages were monitored coming from the ship, the ship's wireless was destroyed, and the crew was observed throwing documents overboard. The ship was renamed SS Huntley. Pancho Villa ordered his troops to attack a garrison loyal to Álvaro Obregón at Naco, Sonora, Mexico. The siege lasted 119 days, the longest sustained battle in the Mexican Revolution, before it ended with Villa's forces withdrawing. The Royal Naval Air Service established naval air squadrons No. 201 and No. 202 to provide air support on the Western Front. The American passenger ship was launched by William Cramp & Sons from Philadelphia and was to go into service by March 1915. She was acquired by the United States Shipping Board in 1917 for military service after the United States entered World War I. The fourth city hall for Dallas was completed. It was designated a Dallas Landmark in 1982. The village of Chicago Ridge, Illinois was incorporated. Born: Jerry Siegel, American comic book author, co-creator of Superman with Joe Shuster, in Cleveland (d. 1996) October 18, 1914 (Sunday) Battle of the Yser — A German offensive overran Allied troops from the coastal town of Nieuwpoort, Belgium south to Arras in France. Battle of La Bassée — The Imperial German Army received reinforcements and slowed the British advance. Battle of Armentières — French and British forces attacked German defenses in the Lys river valley. The Germans gave up part of a valley ridge but forced the remaining Allied troops to dig in. Battle of Messines — The Allied advance against Germany halted near Messines. The French cavalry, which had done most of the advancing against the Germans, sustained around Battle of the Vistula River — Germany called on Austria-Hungary to provide reinforcements to hold a line German lines at Vistula River west of Warsaw, but Austria-Hungarian commanders did not want their troops mingling with the Germans and instead offered to cover the German line's right flank to free up extra German troops. Unfortunately, the Austrian-Hungarian troops came too late to deliver a needed counterattack against the three Russian armies attacking the lines, allowing Russian troops to cross the river. The British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet took shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow was secured against submarine attack. The British submarine was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine in the North Sea, with all 28 of its crew lost. It was first recorded incident in which a naval submarine sank another. Benito Mussolini, chief editor of the socialist newspaper Avanti!, declared in favor of intervention on the side of the Triple Entente, and was subsequently expelled from the Italian Socialist Party. The 1st Field Artillery Battery of Australia was mobilized for operations in Egypt. The Goethe University Frankfurt was established in Frankfurt. The Yodo Railroad was established to connect Shimanto and Uwajima, Japan, with stations Chikanaga, Fukata, Futana, Miyanoshita, Muden, and Ōuchi serving the line. The Clare Gaelic football club won their first All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship title, beating Laois 2-4 and 1-2 in the final at Croke Park in Dublin. The first mass was held in the Cathedral Basilica after it was officially dedicated by the city of St. Louis, Missouri. October 19, 1914 (Monday) The First Battle of Ypres began as German, French and British forces advanced to encounter each other at the western Belgian town of Langemark. The Race to the Sea effectively ended with the start of the First Battle of Ypres, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast. Battle of La Bassée — British infantry and French cavalry captured Le Pilly (now Herlies) in northeastern France but were forced to retire by German artillery-fire. Portuguese forces intercepted a German military column crossing the border between Angola and German South West Africa illegally, resulting in a violent dispute at the town of Naulila that left three German officers dead. The 28th Indian Brigade of the British Indian Army was established. Born: Harold Gimblett, English cricketer, batsman for the England cricket team from 1936 to 1939 and Somerset County Cricket Club from 1935 to 1954, in Bicknoller, England (d. 1978) Died: Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine state leader, 14th President of Argentina (b. 1843); Robert Hugh Benson, British clergy, Anglican priest who converted to Catholicism, author of apocalyptic novel Lord of the World which has been read by several Popes (b. 1871) October 20, 1914 (Tuesday) Battle of La Bassée — Two fresh army divisions reinforced German defenses, forcing advancing British forces to dig in. That decision narrowly forestalled a German counter-offensive which was to commence that same day. Battle of Armentières — German cavalry was reorganized on the river Lys to pin down the forces in front of them while infantry attacked the flank and rear of the opposing forces at Ennetières, France. After initial setbacks, German troops broke through and captured the town as well as Prémesques further north. German artillery began to bombard Armentières and force many Allied troops to withdraw. First Battle of Edea — British and French colonial troops began their assault on German forces stationed at Edéa in German Cameroon. The British ocean liner HMS Princess Irene was launched by William Denny and Brothers in Dumbarton, Scotland, for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but was recommissioned by the Royal Navy as a minelayer. British cargo ship was stopped in the North Sea off the coast of Norway by German submarine where she was searched under prize rules and her crew allowed to take to the lifeboats before she was scuttled. The Coat of arms of London County Council were registered by the College of Arms. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Crato was established in Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Born: James C. Floyd, British-Canadian aerospace engineer, chief design engineer for Avro Canada, in Manchester; Fayard Nicholas, American dancer, partnered with brother Harold to form the Nicholas Brothers tap dance duo during the Harlem Renaissance, in Mobile, Alabama (d. 2006) October 21, 1914 (Wednesday) First Battle of Ypres — Soldiers from the Fourth and Sixth German Armies attacked Allied forces from the Belgium towns of Armentières, Messines and Langemark. Battle of La Bassée — Germans troops attacked the Allied defensive line through a mist early morning, and managed to break a gap in line through the element of surprise. But as the mist lifted later, British reserves were able to organize a counterattack which retook most of the lost trenches. However, the British sustained some A reserve trench line was dug to ensure Allied defenses would hold to future counterattacks by the Germans. Battle of Armentières — German forces gained then lost the trench system at Le Gheer, but were able to bombard and capture the village of Le Maisnil. Battle of the Yser — Germans forces were able to establish a small bridgehead on the west bank of the Yser River in Belgium, but were still not able to take Dixmude. John Scaddan barely held onto his seat as Premier of Western Australia in the state elections. The state government became minority when a lost a seat due to a resignation the following year, would be defeated in 1916. Komagata Maru incident — Immigration officer William C. Hopkinson was shot dead in a Vancouver provincial courthouse by Mewa Singh, a member of the city's Sikh community, just before Hopkinson was to testify in a trial hearing. Singh shot the officer in retaliation for testimony he gave the day before at the trial of Ram Singh for the murder of Argun Singh (who was shot dead in front of his home on September 3) which resulted in the defendant's acquittal. Hopkinson's murder was the fifth in a bloody feud that erupted in Vancouver's Sikh community between supporters and detractors of the British Columbia government's decision in May to bar the Japanese vessel [[SS Komagata Maru|SS Komagata Maru]] carrying hundreds of British Indian citizens from docking at a Canadian port. The state BTH Bank chain was established in Quitman, Texas. Born: Martin Gardner, American mathematician and writer, creator of the popular Mathematical Games columns in Scientific American from 1956 to 1981, in Tulsa, Oklahoma (d. 2010) October 22, 1914 (Thursday) First Battle of Ypres — German forces capture the Belgium town of Langemark. Battle of La Bassée — German troops forced the British out of Violaines in northeastern France. Battle of Armentières — Germany resumed renewed attacks on the Allied line over the next three days but failed to make any significant breakthroughs. The Brady Theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma opened to the public, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. October 23, 1914 (Friday) First Battle of Ypres — British and French forces managed to close gaps in the defense line and impede the German offensive in western Belgium. Trial hearings for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand wrapped in Sarajevo, with the court dismissing the defendants' claims that official Serbia was blameless. In a verdict that ran five days later: "The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both the Serbian intelligence and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service, collaborated in the outrage." Italian forces occupied the port city of Vlorë, or Avlona as they called it, in response to plans by Greece to occupy southern Albania following the dissolving of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. The Northwestern Pacific Railroad was completed, connecting Humboldt County, California to the United States rail network. German noble Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick established the War Merit Cross that could be awarded for exemplary military service to any rank in the Imperial German Army. The last medal was awarded in 1918. Russian theater actor and director Yevgeny Vakhtangov began teaching acting, drama and the theatrical arts and newly college of drama known as Mansurova School for the street where it was established. It was later renamed Vakhtangove School in 1917 after the professor and then its present name Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute in 1939 after its most famous student. The college is still active. The city of Pinellas Park, Florida was incorporated. Born: Bruiser Kinard, American football player and coach, tackle for the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Yankees from 1948 to 1947, coach for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1948 to 1970, in Pelahatchie, Mississippi (d. 1985) Died: José Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine state leader, 13th President of Argentina (b. 1831) October 24, 1914 (Saturday) First Battle of Ypres — German attacked the Allies at Gheluvelt, Belgium. Battle of Armentières — Soldiers from the Sixth Germany Army attempted to overrun French defenses on the main canal leading to the Lys river. French brigades held off the attack for 48 hours until withdrawing with a loss of 585 casualties. Maritz rebellion — Regular troops with the Union of South Africa defeated the main rebel Boer army under command of General Manie Maritz, forcing him to flee to Germany. Italian opera singer Adelina Patti gave her final public performance at a Red Cross concert for the benefit of World War I veterans, at Royal Albert Hall in London. Palmer Stadium officially opened as the home field for the Princeton Tigers football team in Princeton, New Jersey. It eventually closed in 1996 and demolished for the current Princeton Stadium. Born: František Čapek, Czech canoeist, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics, in Branice, Bohemia (d. 2008) October 25, 1914 (Sunday) Federal elections were held in Switzerland, with the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland retaining its majority in the National Council. Erich von Falkenhayn replaced Helmuth von Moltke as German Chief of Staff. Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha ordered Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to mobilize his ships in the Black Sea and attack the Russian fleet "if a suitable opportunity presented itself". First Battle of Ypres — German attacks pushed furthern attacks on the south flank of the Allied line and nearly punched through the following day, until Allied reserves stopped the gap and prevented a full rout. Battle of La Bassée — British, French and German infantry fought hand-to-hand as the Germans try to overrun the Allied trenches, but were eventually forced out by reinforcements. Many of the attacking German soldiers were killed or captured. Italian rider Lauro Bordin won the 10th Giro di Lombardia bicycle race in Lombardy, Italy. Born: John Berryman, American poet, best known for his poetry collection The Dream Songs, in McAlester, Oklahoma (d. 1972) Died: Charles W. H. Douglas, British Army general, Chief of the General Staff in 1914 (b. 1850) October 26, 1914 (Monday) Battle of La Bassée — The Germans launched probing attacks on the British and French defensive line around Neuve-Chapelle but could not break through the line. First Battle of Edea — British and French colonial troops captured Edéa in German Cameroon. Russian forces defeated the Polish Legion at the villages of Laski and Anielin, the first major engagement the Legion fought for Austria-Hungary during World War I. The Ottoman naval fleet under command of Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon left port on a "reconnaissance exercise" in the Black Sea. The Norwegian schooner Endurance, carrying members of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by British explorer Ernest Shackleton, arrived at the British-governed South Georgia Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean. They would stay at the Grytviken whaling station for a month before commencing to the Ross Ice Shelf of the Antarctic. Captain Robert Bartlett and eight survivors of arrived in Victoria, British Columbia on USS Bear, the American cutter Bartlett originally recruited to rescue the shipwreck survivors in the Bering Sea. Born: Jackie Coogan, American actor, best known for the title role in Charlie Chaplin's The Kid and Uncle Fester in the 1960s TV sitcom The Addams Family, in Los Angeles (d. 1984) October 27, 1914 (Tuesday) Battle of the Vistula River — The German Ninth Army and the Austria-Hungary First Army made a general retreat after failing to hold the western bank of the Vistula River. Austria-Hungary lost somewhere between 40,000 and 50,000 men while Germany lost just over 19,000. The Greek army occupied Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies. In response to the Greek occupation, Italy sent its marines to occupy the Albanian port of Vlorë. The British super-dreadnought battleship sank off Tory Island, northwest of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the German armed merchant cruiser Berlin. An explosion and fire in a coal mine near Royalton, Illinois killed 61 miners. The Chichibu railroad was established in Minano, Saitama, Japan, with stations Minano, Chichibu, Kuroya, Ōnohara, and Oyahana serving it. Born: Ahmet Kireççi, Turkish wrestler, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Mersin, Turkey (d. 1978); Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author, most known for the poem "Do not go gentle into that good night", in Uplands, Swansea, Wales (d. 1953) Died: Paul Anthelme Bourde, French poet, member of the Decadent movement (b. 1851) October 28, 1914 (Wednesday) First Battle of Ypres — Responding to costly failures of the Fourth and Sixth German Armies to punch through the Allied line in western Belgium, German commanders ordered holding attacks while a new force was assembled to press an attack towards Ypres and Poperinge. Battle of La Bassée — Allied forces attempted to recapture Neuve-Chapelle, but disorganization inhibited any real advance. Forces included British, French, and Indian troops (many of them Sikhs) leading to language difficulties in communicating orders, along with most soldiers exhausted by nearly 15 days of fighting. Some soldiers were reported falling asleep while firing. British Indian forces in particular sustained major casualties, with the 47th Sikh company losing 221 out of 289 men. Eventually, Allied troops retired to their line to recover. Battle of Armentières — Despite being bombarded for two days by German artillery, defending French soldiers repulsed two waves of attacks and inflicted heavy enemy casualties. Battle of Penang — After successfully disguising itself as the British cruiser , the German cruiser entered Penang harbour in British Malaya and torpedoed the Russian protected cruiser , killing 88 sailors and wounding 121, out of a crew of 250. The French destroyer set off in pursuit of Emden, but was quickly sunk by the German ship. The Ottoman naval fleet in the Black Sea split up into four combat wings and began targeting Russian ports. Sentencing began of participants in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The principle assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was relieved of a death sentence for being under the age 20 at the date of the assassination and was instead given 20 years imprisonment. Maritz rebellion — The rebel Boer commando unit under General Christian Frederick Beyers was attacked and dispersed by the South African regular army, forcing Beyers to go on the run for a month before his death at Vaal River on December 8. The Royal Victorian Aero Club was established at Moorabbin Airport in Melbourne. Born: Jonas Salk, American medical researcher and virologist, developed the first successful polio vaccine, in New York City (d. 1995); Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of chromatography (d. 1994) October 29, 1914 (Thursday) German warships and , now with the Ottoman Navy, bombarded Russian ports Novorossiysk, Odessa and Sevastopol in the Black Sea. First Battle of Ypres — German forces captured a crucial crossroads point at Gheluvelt, Belgium, and took prisoners. Further pushes by the Germans put their artillery within range of Ypres by . Battle of the Yser — In a desperate attempt to prevent the Imperial German Army from overrunning the last major territory in Belgium, engineers opened the sluices that controlled the tides of the North Sea and flooded about of lowland from the seacoast to the town of Diksmuide in the south. Battle of Mołotków — Some 6,000 Polish Legion soldiers allied with the Central Powers clashed with 15,000 Russian troops near the village of Mołotków in Galicia (now part of the Ukraine). The battle ended in a Russian victory, with Polish losses at 200 dead, 300 wounded and 400 captured. Russian forces lost 100 men. Siege of Mora – British and French colonial forces under command of Captain R. W. Fox began to assault the German stronghold located on the mountain of Mora, German Cameroon. Commanded by Captain Ernst von Raben, the German garrison of 200 would hold out for more than a year before surrendering. The Australian government passed the War Precautions Act, which gave the government special powers for the duration of World War I and for six months afterwards. The cornerstones for the Brooks County Courthouse in Falfurrias, Texas were laid. The courthouse was named after former Texas Ranger and judge James Brooks, who spearheaded the project. The court house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Born: Manuel Flores Leon Guerrero, Guam state leader, 6th Governor of Guam from 1963 to 1969, in Hagåtña, Guam (d. 1985) Died: Félix Bracquemond, French painter, awarded grande medaille d'honneur'' at the 1900 Universal Exhibition (b. 1833) October 30, 1914 (Friday) First Battle of Ypres — German forces attacked the left flank of the British Expeditionary Force at Gheluvelt, Belgium, but were repulsed, while a motley command of French and British troops rallied to retake key villages British lost to the offense. Battle of the Yser — The Germans launched a large attack that punched through the Belgian Army's defensive and were able to reach Nieuwpoort and Pervijze in Belgium. Battle of La Bassée — German attacked during the nighttime and engaged British Indian troops sent to relieve Allied forces. Despite assurances of ten days of rest, many of the Allied troops were relocated to other positions in the front of northeastern France with an engineer corps remaining behind to build more fortifications. Battle of Messines — German forces launched a general assault on the Allied line, forcing them to withdraw from the town of Hollebeke on their north flank while retaining Messines on their south. Battle of Rufiji Delta — The German cruiser was blocked from leaving the mouth of Rufiji River in German East Africa (now Tanzania) by British warships , and . , requisitioned as a military hospital ship, was lost by grounding in a storm on rocks off Whitby, England, with the loss of 85 lives. Two days after the Battle of Penang, the German cruiser stopped a British steamer and transferred survivors it picked up after sinking the . The new Union Station, designed by architect Jarvis Hunt, opened in Kansas City, Missouri as the second-largest train station in the United States. Born: Leabua Jonathan, Mosotho state leader, second Prime Minister of Lesotho, in Leribe, Basutoland (now Lesotho) (d. 1987) October 31, 1914 (Saturday) The Battle of the Vistula River concluded in a Russian victory over German and Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw. However, the Imperial German Army destroyed much of the rails and bridges to delay the Imperial Russian Army from advancing. Still, the victory boosted the morale of the Russian Army at a crucial time as it proved the armies of the Central Powers could be beaten. Battle of the Yser — Belgian and French counter-attacks stalled the German advance, allowing them to recover Nieuwpoort, Belgium. The Germans canceled a final attack after learning the Allies had flooded the tributaries of the Yser River in their rear and withdrew later that night. The price has been high for Belgium, with casualties estimated to be between 20,000 and 40,000 (French forces sustained 15,000). However, Germany's casualties were greater during the retreat, with estimates exceeding 76,000. First Battle of Ypres — The Germans broke through Allied line near Gheluvelt, Belgium, but a critical counter-attack by a British regiment restored the line. Battle of Messines — The German army captured parts of the town of Messines. Battle of Armentières — France consolidated its defense forces north of the Lys while the British Expeditionary Force was able to repulse German attacks on its trenches over a 48-hour period. Siege of Tsingtao — The Imperial Japanese Navy began shelling the German colonial port Tsingtao in China. Italian forces seized Sazan Island off the coast of Albania to further contain Greek military occupation in the country. The British naval cruiser was sunk by the German submarine in the Strait of Dover with the loss of 44 lives. German troops from German South West Africa raided and destroyed a Portuguese fort at Cuangar, Angola in retaliation for the deaths of German officers in Naulila earlier in October, killing 8 soldiers and one civilian in what was referred to as the "Cuangar Massacre". Government troops defeated a rebel army of 300 that attempted to take the port city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, killing or wounding 100 men. The 29th Indian Brigade of the British Indian Army was established. The Royal Navy battleship was launched by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland. The Nair Service Society was established in southern India as a caste-based organization that owned and managed a number of educational institutions and hospitals. Born: Robert E. Smylie, American politician, 24th Governor of Idaho, in Marcus, Iowa (d. 2004) References 1914 1914-10 1914-10

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro%20%28TV%20series%29

Navarro (TV series)

Navarro is a drama series about a French commissioner that aired on TF1. It was on the air for 18 years. Plot Antoine Navarro solves cases as a French police officer in Paris. Cast Roger Hanin as Commissioner Antoine Navarro (1989-2005) Emmanuelle Boidron as Yolande Navarro, Navarro's Daughter (1989-2005) Catherine Allégret as Ginette "Ginou" Bouloche (1989-1995 / 1999-2005) Françoise Armelle as Gabrielle "Gaby" Laisi (1997-1998) Jacques Martial as Inspector Bain-Marie (later lieutenant) (1989-2004) Christian Rauth as Inspector René Auquelin (later Lieutenant) (1989-2004) Daniel Rialet as Inspector Joseph Blomet (later Lieutenant) (1989-2004) Jean-Claude Caron as Inspector Guisseppe Borelli (later Lieutenant) (1994-2005) Grace de Capitani as Inspector Laura Marcos (1993) Viktor Lazlo as Captain Roussel (2005) Jean-Marie Mistral as Officer Christian Martin (1989-2005) Marie Fugain as Lieutenant Carole Maudiard (2000-2005) Filip Nikolic as Lieutenant Yann Boldec (2001-2005) Anthony Dupray as Lieutenant Lucas Paoli (2003-2006) Maurice Vaudaux as Superintendent Maurice Waltz (1989-2006) Bernard Larmande as Dr. Salvo Carlo (1989-2005) Michel Pilorgé as Professor Bloch, CSU (1991-2005) Sam Karmann as Detective Chief Inspector François Barrada (later Commissioner) (1989-1993) Isabelle Mergault as Miss Lulu (1989-1991) Guest Anne Marivin Babsie Steger Béatrice Agenin Carole Franck Corinne Touzet Didier Flamand Emil Abossolo-Mbo Étienne Chicot Éva Darlan François Marthouret François Rollin Frédérique Cantrel Gianni Giardinelli Jacques Boudet Jean Benguigui Jean-Marie Winling Jean-Yves Berteloot Joseph Malerba Judith El Zein Julien Courbey Laure Duthilleul Liane Foly Liliane Rovère Marianne Denicourt Marie-Christine Adam Martine Chevallier Michèle Laroque Michèle Moretti Natacha Amal Nicolas Vaude Nicole Calfan Olivier Martinez Pascale Arbillot Philippe Bas Riton Liebman Samir Guesmi Thibault de Montalembert Yolande Moreau Episodes Series 1 (1989) La fille d'André (Andre's Daughter) Le rouleau ne fait pas le printemps (The Roller Doesn't Make a Summer) Fils de périph' (Peripheral wires') Folie de flic (Cop Folly) Series 2 (1990) Strip Show Barbès de l'aube à l'aurore Mauvaise Action Samouraï Mort d'une fourmi Cimetière des éléphants Billets de sang Salades russes Méprise d'otages Series 3 (1991) Le bal des gringos Comme des frères Un mort sans avenir Les chasses-neiges À L'ami a la mort Enlèvement demandé Dans les cordes Le collectionneur Le clan des clandestins La mariée est en rouge Mort clinique Series 4 (1992) Mort d'un témoin Le dernier Casino L'étoffe de Navarro Les enfants de nulle part Le voisin du dessus Series 5 (1993) L'honneur de Navarro Le contrat Coupable je présume? Froid devant Crime de sang En suivant la caillera L'échange Un visage d'ange Triste Carnaval Les gens de peu Series 6 (1994) Fort Navarro Le choix de Navarro Coups bas Femmes en colère Series 7 (1995) Meurtre d'un salaud Sanglante Nostalgie Sentiments mortels L'ombre d'un père L'encaisseur Les chiffonniers de l'aube La trahison de Ginou Le fils unique Le cimetière des sentiments Series 8 (1997) Regrettable incident Une femme à l'index Le parfum du danger Verdict Un mari violent Un bon flic Series 9 (1998) Pleure pas petit homme Pas de grève pour le crime La colère de Navarro Secret Suicide de flic Avec les loups Thomas l'enfant battue Series 10 (1999) Esclavage moderne Bus de nuit Sur ma vie L'émeute Meurtres en famille Series 11 (2000) Vengeance Aveugle Jusqu'au bout de la vie Une fille en flamme Terreur à domicile Promotion macabre Mademoiselle Navarro Ne pleurez pas Jeannette La machination Series 12 (2001) Graines de Macadame Le parrain Délocalisation La peau d'un mulet Zéro pointé Police Racket Series 13 (2002) Chute d'un ange Marchand d'homme Flics et Trafics La revenante Sortie autorisée Voleur sans défense Une Affaire Brûlante Series 14 (2003) Fascination Le bourreau de l'ombre La foire au sentiment Ainsi soit-il Series 15 (2004) Manipulation Double meurtres Escort blues Mortelle violence Une femme au abois La mort un dimanche Au cœur du volcan Jour de colère Series 16 (2005) Blessure profonde Adolescence brisée L'âme en vrac Disparition Famille blessée Spin offs Miss Navarro (2005) (Mademoiselle Navarro) Squad Navarro (Brigade Navarro) (2006-2008) References French crime drama television series 1989 French television series debuts TF1 television dramas 2007 French television series endings

47599687

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20J.%20Martinez

Alex J. Martinez

Alex Joseph Martinez (born April 19, 1951) is an American attorney who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Colorado from 1996 to 2011. Born in Denver, Colorado, Martinez attended Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and Reed College in Portland, Oregon. He received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Colorado in 1973, followed by a Juris Doctor from the University of Colorado Law School in 1976. Martinez was a deputy state public defender in Denver from 1976 to 1979. when he relocated to Pueblo, Colorado to supervise state public defender's office there. In 1983, Governor Richard Lamm appointed Martinez to a county court judge seat in Pueblo County, and in 1988 Governor Roy Romer appointed Martinez as a district court judge in Colorado's Tenth Judicial District. In September 1996, Romer elevated Martinez to the Supreme Court of Colorado. Martinez was retained on the court in 2000, and again in a strongly contested process in 2010. He resigned from the court in 2011 to accept a post as Manager of Safety for the city of Denver. Shortly after entering into this position, Martinez engendered some controversy by referring to a critical review of the police department as "nitpicky", although the comment endeared Martinez to the police. He left that position in 2013. From 2013 to 2016, he served as the General Counsel of the Denver Public School District. References 1951 births Living people 20th-century American judges 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American judges Colorado lawyers Colorado state court judges Hispanic and Latino American judges Lawyers from Denver Public defenders Justices of the Colorado Supreme Court Reed College alumni University of Colorado alumni University of Colorado Law School alumni

47607271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Jack%20Combs

Dan Jack Combs

Dan Jack Combs (August 22, 1924 – May 25, 2002) was a Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals from 1983 to 1989 and the Kentucky Supreme Court from 1989 to 1993. Combs rose to national prominence by successfully defending Appalachian Volunteers Margaret and Alan McSurely against charges of sedition in a case that took 15 years to fully adjudicate. After a long legal career, Combs unseated incumbent Elijah M. Hogge for a seat on the Kentucky Court of Appeals. In 1989, he challenged incumbent James B. Stephenson for his seat on the Kentucky Supreme Court. During the campaign, he attacked some of Stephenson's previous opinions in violation of a state judicial code that forbade judicial candidates from stating opinions related to cases they might later be asked to rule on. After the election, which Combs won, he was suspended for three months for violating the code, but the suspension was not carried out because Combs appealed the constitutionality of the code and eventually succeeded in overturning it. Throughout his tenure on the court, Combs was known as being sympathetic to unpopular litigants and causes. He retired from the court in 1993, citing ill health stemming from a motorcycle accident and two strokes. In retirement, he was twice arrested on marijuana-related charges. He admitted using the drug medicinally to help with insomnia and became an advocate for its legalization. He died at home on May 25, 2002. Early life and family Combs was born August 22, 1924 in Floyd County, Kentucky to Albert Ghent and Hettie Gilliam Combs. His father worked in the coal mines and was killed in a rockfall, leaving his mother to raise him and his four siblings. Combs served in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II and was discharged in 1947. After helping combat flooding near the town on Betsy Layne, Combs and some friends purchased a bottle of whisky before returning home. Although Combs said he had only taken one drink, he was arrested for public intoxication; he said he believed his muddied appearance led the arresting constable to assume he was drunk. In jail, he decided to forego re-enlistment in the Navy and enter the legal profession to correct what he saw as injustices in the legal system. After completing a law curriculum at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, he was admitted to the bar in 1951 and began practice in his native Eastern Kentucky. He received his juris doctor degree from Samford University's Cumberland School of Law in 1969. Combs was married three times. He married his first wife, Mary Jane, in 1953. They divorced in May 1973. His second wife's name was Betty, and his third wife's name was Teresa. McSurely case Combs rose to national prominence by representing Margaret and Alan McSurely, two civil rights advocates. The McSurelys were part of an organization known as the Southern Conference Educational Fund, which advocated that the area's poor citizens band together to oust the incumbent political leaders and elect a "people's government." On August 11, 1967, Commonwealth's Attorney Thomas Ratliff and sheriff's deputies raided the couple's home in Pike County and arrested them on charges of sedition. The papers and other property seized in the raid was used by Arkansas Senator John Little McClellan in his investigations of civil disturbances in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. Combs held that the state's sedition law was unconstitutional and petitioned the federal judiciary to overturn it. Combs said he had reached an agreement with Ratliff not to seek indictments for the McSurelys until the constitutionality of the sedition law was settled; however, Judge James B. Stephenson instructed the grand jury that the federal government could not stop them from investigating and returning an indictment. The trial dragged on for years, with Combs appearing as a witness on the couple's behalf in 1982. The sedition law was eventually found unconstitutional, and on January 7, 1983, a federal jury awarded the McSurelys $2 million for violation of the Fourth Amendment rights against illegal search and seizure. Judicial career After 32 years in private practice, Combs was elected to the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1983, defeating incumbent Elijah M. Hogge by almost 4,000 votes. He served until 1988, when he was elected to the Kentucky Supreme Court over incumbent James B. Stephenson. Just before the non-partisan primary campaign, Combs complained that Supreme Court Chief Justice Robert F. Stephens' plan to convene the court in Ashland, Pikeville and Hazard – the three most populous cities in the 7th District, which Combs, Stephenson, and a third candidate were vying to represent on the court – amounted to a political ploy meant to convey Stephens' endorsement of the incumbent. Stephens denied any political motive, saying the trip was part of a public education campaign that began in 1986 with trips to Louisville, Owensboro, and Paducah. In an election that saw a record-low 15% turnout, Stephenson finished about 2,000 votes ahead of Combs in the primary, and both men finished well ahead of the third candidate in the race, who was eliminated from the general election ballot with the loss. On the night of the primary election, Combs publicly challenged Stephenson to a debate, to be televised on Kentucky Educational Television. Stephenson declined, citing a state judicial code forbidding candidates for judicial offices to discuss positions on issues that might come before them if elected. Combs maintained that this code violated the state constitution and the federal Constitution and refused to abide by it. He charged that Stephenson had too often sided with wealthy litigants over poorer ones including denying compensation to injured workers and upholding prohibitions on felons owning firearms, which Combs said violated the Second Amendment. Following an investigation, the Kentucky Judicial Retirement and Removal Commission ordered him suspended from the bench for three months without pay for violating the code in February 1990. Combs appealed on grounds that the code abridged his First Amendment right to free speech. The suspension was not carried out pending the outcome of Combs' appeal, and it was overturned in a case that ultimately was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court. Combs won the general election over Stephenson by over 7,500 votes. During his tenure, he was known as "the conscience" of the court. Combs was called "a defender of civil liberties and frequently unpopular people" by The Kentucky Post. On August 10, 1989, Combs was thrown from his motorcycle after being struck by a drunk driver. He was treated for multiple injuries at Pikeville Methodist Hospital, but released the same night. Afterward, he suffered from memory lapses and depression, including thoughts of suicide. He participated in psychiatric therapy, including shock therapy, to treat his condition, but his psychiatrist opined that the depression was a permanent condition. Combs retired from the court on June 30, 1993, because of failing health. He said he had experienced a stroke 10 months previous, and tests showed that he had since experienced a second. The strokes worsened his memory condition. Combs recommended his law clerk, Richard Hunt, as his replacement, but Governor Brereton Jones appointed Sara Walter Combs, no relation to Dan Jack, making her the first female justice in the court's history. Legal issues and marijuana advocacy On December 29, 1994, Combs filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection. He reported $132,346 in debts, including $20,000 in credit-card debt and $10,000 in delinquent mortgage payments on his $150,000 house. Combs and his son, Ghent, were arrested in 1995 after a police raid on his house produced a cannabis plant as well as of processed marijuana. Combs accused police of planting evidence to support their charge and initially denied that he had ever used marijuana. He later admitted to using the drug to help with insomnia, but maintained he had only been using it since retiring from the Supreme Court in 1993. Reporters later uncovered testimony from Combs' psychiatrist in a 1992 civil case that Combs had told him after a 1989 motorcycle accident that he used marijuana for insomnia. Combs later blamed his inconsistency on his Alzheimer's-like memory disorder that made it difficult for him to remember details like when he began smoking marijuana. Charges against Combs were dismissed on the condition that he have no further legal issues with drugs for two years. In a subsequent interview, Combs admitted to using marijuana since his arrest. The case made him a celebrity among advocates for the legalization of cannabis, and he was interviewed by High Times magazine. Combs said he refused to seek a prescription for a sleep aid for his insomnia because such drugs are addictive. He said he opposed the federal ban on medicinal marijuana: "Are we constitutionally bound to be in a state of depression, or may we alleviate that by resorting to natural foods, nature's foods—God's foods?" In December 1996, Combs was again arrested for an unlawful transaction with minor after allowing his then-14-year-old son, Dan Jack Combs, Jr., to smoke marijuana in the family's home. Police noticed the drug's odor when coming to the home to serve an arrest warrant against Combs' older son on a drunk driving charge. District Judge James Allen confined Combs' younger son to the Floyd County Juvenile Detention Center on grounds that he was a danger to himself and others. The elder Combs had his son placed on suicide watch and maintained that the incidents, including Allen's decision to detain his son, were part of a political vendetta against him and his family. Combs' arrest resulted in the 1995 charges against him being reinstituted. A Floyd County judge entered a plea of "innocent" on Combs' behalf after he failed to appear at his arraignment, which his attorney said was due to his memory disorder. A 1997 Associated Press story described Combs as a recovering alcoholic. All charges against Combs were dismissed in August 1997 because his memory disorder made it impossible to prove his intent to break the law. Drug possession charges against Combs' son were also dropped. In January 1997, Combs was arrested for writing a $500 cold check to a coal company, allegedly as reimbursement for damage caused by his son Dan Jack, Jr. The charge was dropped in February 1997 on the condition that Combs forfeit the $500 he posted as bond. Death Combs died at his home in Stanville, Kentucky, on May 25, 2002. He was buried in a family cemetery. References 1924 births 2002 deaths American cannabis activists United States Navy personnel of World War II Cumberland School of Law alumni Cumberland University alumni Judges of the Kentucky Court of Appeals Kentucky lawyers Justices of the Kentucky Supreme Court People from Floyd County, Kentucky 20th-century American judges 20th-century American lawyers

47633955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders%20of%20Alison%20Parker%20and%20Adam%20Ward

Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward

On the morning of August 26, 2015, news reporter Alison Parker and photojournalist Adam Ward, both employees of CBS affiliate WDBJ in Roanoke, Virginia, United States, were fatally shot while conducting a live television interview near Smith Mountain Lake in Moneta. They were interviewing Vicki Gardner, executive director of the local chamber of commerce, when all three were attacked by a gunman. Parker, age 24, and Ward, age 27, died at the scene, while Gardner survived. The gunman was 41-year-old Vester Lee Flanagan II, a former reporter at WDBJ who had been fired in 2013 for disruptive conduct. After a five-hour manhunt, Flanagan shot himself during a car chase with police officers and died later at a hospital. Events Murders At the time of the shooting, Alison Parker and Adam Ward were conducting a live interview with Vicki Gardner at Moneta's Bridgewater Plaza about upcoming events for the 50th anniversary of Smith Mountain Lake, southeast of Roanoke. The shooting occurred at 6:46 a.m. EDT in the middle of the segment, which was broadcast on WDBJ's morning news program Mornin. Video of the incident showed Parker conducting the interview when at least eight gunshots were heard, followed by screams. Ward's camera fell to the ground, briefly capturing the image of Flanagan holding a Glock 19 9mm pistol. WDBJ then switched back to Mornin anchor Kimberly McBroom at the station's news studio, seemingly confused by what had just happened. She later stated that she believed the noises could have been a car backfiring or shots being fired in the background. Immediate aftermath Parker and Ward died at the scene. Gardner was also shot, but she survived following surgery at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital. According to the state medical examiner's office, Parker died from gunshot wounds to her head and chest, while Ward died from shots to his head and torso. Gardner was shot in the back after she curled into a fetal position in an attempt to play dead. A total of fifteen shots were fired. Staff in the WDBJ newsroom reviewed video of the incident from Ward's fallen camera and identified Flanagan as the likely gunman. They alerted general manager Jeffrey Marks, who passed the information to the Franklin County sheriff. Flanagan faxed ABC News at 8:23 a.m. and then phoned shortly after 10:00 a.m., making a confession. During the ensuing manhunt, authorities tracked Flanagan's cell phone to locate him. Flanagan abandoned his Ford Mustang at the Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport and drove a rented Chevrolet Sonic north on I-81, then east on I-66. An automated license plate reader in a Virginia state trooper's car identified the rented Sonic at 11:20 a.m. The trooper called for backup and attempted to initiate a traffic stop, but Flanagan sped away. His car ran off the side of the road and struck an embankment near Markham after a pursuit of less than two miles. Flanagan was found inside the car with gunshot wounds which were apparently self-inflicted while he was driving. He was airlifted to Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, where he was declared dead at 1:26 p.m. Victims Alison Bailey Parker (August 19, 1991 – August 26, 2015) grew up in Martinsville, Virginia, and attended Patrick & Henry Community College and James Madison University (JMU). She interned at WDBJ in 2012, worked as a general assignment news reporter at ABC affiliate WCTI-TV in New Bern, North Carolina, from December 2012 until May 2014, and then was hired by WDBJ in 2014 as a correspondent for Mornin. Adam Laing Ward (May 10, 1988 – August 26, 2015) was born in Daleville, Virginia. He grew up in Salem and graduated from Virginia Tech with a degree in communications and media studies in 2011. He had worked at the station since July 2011 as a videographer, as well as an occasional sports reporter. Vicki Gardner is originally from Union Springs, New York, and has been the executive director of the Smith Mountain Lake Regional Chamber of Commerce since 2002. She underwent surgery in which her right kidney and part of her colon were removed and was released from the hospital on September 8, 2015. Perpetrator Personal background Vester Lee Flanagan II (October 8, 1973 – August 26, 2015) was known professionally as Bryce Williams and was a native of Oakland, California. Flanagan's family were Jehovah's Witnesses. He graduated from Skyline High School and attended San Francisco State University, earning a degree in radio and television in 1995. He interned at CBS affiliate KPIX-TV in San Francisco in 1993, eventually working there as a production assistant and weekend news writer. He had also been a small-time actor and model before beginning his career in journalism. Flanagan worked as a general assignment news reporter at CBS affiliate WTOC-TV in Savannah, Georgia, from February 1997 to March 1999. Between March 1999 and March 2000 he worked as a reporter for NBC affiliate WTWC-TV in Tallahassee, Florida, where he reported to news director Don Shafer that co-workers were making offensive comments about his sexual orientation. In an interview with the Daily Mail, former WTWC sports reporter Dave Leval claimed that Flanagan verbally abused two female staffers at the station on different occasions after they pointed out mistakes in his reporting, and that several photographers had tried to get out of working on stories to which Flanagan was assigned due to his "diva" behavior. Flanagan lost his job due to "odd behavior" in March 2000. He filed a civil lawsuit against WTWC alleging racial discrimination, as he was African-American. The lawsuit was settled under unspecified terms in January 2001. WTWC's owner, Sinclair Broadcast Group, had discontinued the station's news operations in November 2000 due to poor ratings and budget reductions. Flanagan worked for CBS affiliate WNCT-TV in Greenville, North Carolina, from 2002 to 2004. He also found some work at ABC affiliate KMID in Midland, Texas. Tenure at WDBJ WDBJ announced on April 19, 2012, that they hired Flanagan as a multimedia journalist under the professional name Bryce Williams. Documents relating to his time at WDBJ suggest that the station's management considered him an experienced reporter, but there were conflicts with other reporters and with photographers. Office memos from WDBJ showed that news director Dan Dennison ordered Flanagan to contact Health Advocate in July 2012 after receiving complaints that co-workers were "feeling threatened or uncomfortable" while working with him. It is unclear whether he did so prior to his dismissal. WDBJ dismissed Flanagan on February 1, 2013, citing his volatile behavior. According to a former colleague, upon learning of his dismissal, Flanagan lashed out at newsroom staffers, resulting in the staffers being put in a room while police escorted him out of the building. Ward allegedly recorded Flanagan as he was escorted out, and the two men had a confrontation earlier that day. Flanagan allegedly threw a wooden cross at Dennison, saying, "You need this." WDBJ provided security to the staffers for a time after the incident and directed them to call the police if he ever returned to the station. Flanagan filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) against WDBJ, alleging racial discrimination, in which he allegedly named Parker. The EEOC investigated, then dismissed the complaint as uncorroborated. Flanagan wrote a suicide note in which he said that he killed both of his cats out of rage after the incident. Flanagan got a job at a local UnitedHealth Group call center after his dismissal. He had a confrontation with a female employee who casually pointed out how quiet he was being, to which he responded aggressively, telling her to never talk to him again. One of Flanagan's neighbors in his apartment complex described him as an arrogant person who acted rudely towards people around him. He was noted for sometimes throwing cat feces at the homes of neighbors with whom he had disputes. Shooting and motives Flanagan maintained accounts on Facebook and Twitter that were suspended after he was named as a suspect in the shooting. He repeated his claims of racial discrimination by WDBJ on both profiles, specifically naming Parker and Ward. He claimed that Parker had made a coded racist remark during her internship at WDBJ regarding a friend of Flanagan's, and that Ward had filed a complaint against him to the station's human resources department after working with him on one occasion. At 11:14 a.m. on the day of the shooting, Flanagan uploaded a 56-second phone camera video to his Twitter and Facebook accounts before they were suspended, shot from a first-person perspective of the incident. The video shows Flanagan walking up to the scene of the interview and brandishing a handgun for approximately fifteen seconds without Ward, Parker, or Gardner noticing; Gardner later said that she had been blinded by the television lighting. Flanagan mutters "bitch" while pointing the weapon at Parker, and lowers the gun before raising it again and opening fire directly at her. Parker flinches and screams before attempting to escape the attack, and the light of Ward's camera is seen quickly dropping before Flanagan pulls the camera away and shuts it off. ABC News received a 23-page fax at 8:26 a.m. allegedly sent by Flanagan entitled, "Suicide Note for Friend & Family". In the document, Flanagan described his grievances over what he alleged to be racial discrimination and sexual harassment committed by black men and white women in his workplace, believing that he was targeted because he was a homosexual black man. He claimed to have been provoked by the Charleston church shooting two months before and made threatening comments about Dylann Roof, the perpetrator of that crime. Flanagan described the church shooting as a "tipping point", saying that his anger had been "building steadily" and describing himself as "a human powder keg ... just waiting to go BOOM". A spokesman for the Franklin County Sheriff's Office said that Flanagan "very closely identified" with "individuals who have committed domestic acts of violence and mass murder, as well as the September 11, 2001, attacks on the U.S." Flanagan said that Jehovah had told him to act and expressed an admiration for Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who perpetrated the 1999 Columbine High School massacre; and Seung-Hui Cho, the perpetrator of the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting. Flanagan said in the note, "Yeah I'm all fucked up in the head." After Flanagan's death, officers searched his rental car. They found various items, including a Glock pistol with several magazines and ammunition, a cell phone, letters, notes, a "to-do" list, a suitcase containing three license plates, and several disguises, including a wig. Aftermath Reactions U.S. President Barack Obama said he was heartbroken over the murders. Then-Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe said on Twitter that he also was heartbroken over the shooting, and he reasserted his support for gun control. McAuliffe later made calls for tougher gun laws in the state and blamed the Virginia General Assembly for failing to pass a package of gun control measures that he had proposed earlier in January. His remarks drew criticism from Republicans who charged that he was politicizing the tragedy. Senator Mark Warner of Virginia gave his condolences to Parker and Ward's families, as well as to WDBJ and the first responders involved. Parker's father, Andy Parker, said that he would become an advocate on the issue of gun violence prevention, comparing it to John Walsh's advocacy of crime prevention. He said that he would speak with politicians and news outlets to address mental health issues and improve care for those with mental illnesses. He had run as a Democratic candidate for the Virginia House of Delegates in 2007. However, he was not elected, and he urged politicians to strengthen laws against gun violence. Andy Parker's comments were made against pressure from the National Rifle Association (NRA), whom he criticized for preventing lawmakers from passing such legislation in the past. He criticized Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine, the latter of whom criticized the NRA for blocking efforts by the General Assembly and Congress to tighten background checks for gun purchases, for not directly contacting his family following the announcement that his daughter was one of the victims. Staff members for Senator Kaine explained that he had not contacted the victims' families at the time "out of respect for their space and privacy during this difficult time of grieving". The same reasoning was cited by Warner on August 29, who said he did not immediately contact Parker's family out of respect to the family's privacy "at a time of unimaginable grief". The shooting led Alison Parker's boyfriend, Chris Hurst, to successfully run for a seat in the House of Delegates with a priority to pass gun control legislation. Media response In the immediate wake of the shooting, various media productions were either delayed or pulled from television outlets. USA Network postponed the first-season finale of the series Mr. Robot one week from its originally scheduled air date (the day of the murders) because the episode included a scene with similarities to the incident. IFC delayed airing an episode of its satirical series Documentary Now! which centered on two journalists who are killed on-camera as they track down a Mexican drug cartel leader. Warner Bros. Records decided to pull a television commercial for Disturbed's album Immortalized, as it depicted an incident similar to the killings. Writing about news coverage of the incident, ThinkProgress noted, "There isn’t broad consensus about how to handle this type of coverage." Users of Facebook and Twitter criticized the sites' autoplay option, which allowed opted-in viewers to see graphic images of the shooting without warning. The New York Post, the New York Daily News, and British tabloids The Sun and the Daily Mirror were criticized for their decision to publish still frames from Flanagan's phone video of the murders on their front pages. ABC World News Tonight did not show any part of Flanagan's video; NBC Nightly News broadcast a still frame; and CBS Evening News showed a 25-second segment of the video. CNN aired the footage once every hour on the day of the shooting. The gun control lobbying group Everytown for Gun Safety shared the broadcast video with a three-second discretionary warning, despite WDBJ's plea on Twitter not to "share or post the video". Christine Courtois, chairwoman of the American Psychological Association's post-traumatic stress disorder guidelines development panel, warned that anyone watching the footage was likely to be upset, possibly leading to acute stress disorder. The Guardian journalist Catherine Bennett criticized the media's use of frame shots and footage as "helping Flanagan achieve his vanity script." Ebony writer Jamilah Lemieux and Dexter Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the American mainstream media were too selective about rebroadcasting the footage of Parker and Ward's deaths to white audiences but have frequently shown content of many black people being killed. Los Angeles Times writer Mary McNamara wrote that reluctance to watch or share the graphic footage in order to prevent the fulfillment of "a killer's wish is not just absurd, it's agreeing to adopt a murderer's way of thinking." She said that people should watch the footage, not for entertainment, but to realize how brutal the murders were. Daily News writer Linda Stasi said that media criticism of showing footage contradicted frequent media decisions to publish other violent content. The Virginia State Police ordered BBC journalists to delete the station's copy of the video of Flanagan crashing his car during the police chase before he committed suicide. Battling online material In sworn testimony before Congress in July 2019, Andy Parker credited the HONR Network in assisting him to combat offensive online material and hoaxes spread after the tragedy, saying "the HONR Network who worked long hours flagging videos so that I was spared. When finding offensive content, HONR volunteers would click the report button below each video and check the appropriate box explaining how the video violates YouTube's Community Guidelines. Although hundreds of videos have been taken down due to their diligence, they are often stymied even with an enforceable copyright." He also added "I have engaged in direct communications with Google regarding the proliferation of these videos, but while they profess a desire to help, in reality they do nothing ... [I met with] Google Director of Global Human Rights regarding specific content and our attempts to have it removed. Their response was, "We’re really trying". Since that meeting, there has been nothing but silence. Thanks to Section 230, Google has complete immunity and therefore no incentive to respond." On February 20, 2020, Andy Parker filed a complaint to the Federal Trade Commission alleging that YouTube had failed to enforce its own Terms of Service by keeping certain videos of the shooting on its website. In October 2021, Parker filed a similar complaint to the FTC about Facebook. In February 2022, it was reported that Parker had created a non-fungible token from the video material recorded by Ward's camera in an attempt to claim copyright as a means of pressuring social media platforms to remove the video. Lawsuit against WDBJ In 2019, Vicki Gardner filed a $6 million civil suit against WDBJ for being "negligent in hiring Vester Lee Flanagan II, who wounded her and killed journalists Alison Parker and Adam Ward then himself". On June 26, 2020, a Franklin County Circuit Court dismissed the case. Memorials Following the murders, Patrick Henry Community College and the PHCC Foundation created the Alison Bailey Parker Memorial Scholarship to remember Parker, who graduated from the college in 2009. The scholarship is awarded annually to a student studying in a Media Design and Production program. In 2017, JMU dedicated a soundstage and control room in Harrison Hall to Parker, naming it the Alison B. Parker studio. JMU's Media Arts & Design School also established the Alison B. Parker Memorial Fund in her honor. The Salem Educational Foundation and Alumni Association established the Adam Ward Scholarship fund to remember Ward. He had previously attended Salem High School where his father, Buddy, had also worked as a guidance counselor. See also Capital Gazette shooting Christine Chubbuck, a television news reporter and the first person to commit suicide on live television in 1974 Crime in Virginia R. Budd Dwyer, the former state treasurer of Pennsylvania who shot himself on live television in 1987 List of journalists killed in the United States Workplace aggression References 2015 in American television 2015 in Virginia 2015 murders in the United States Attacks in the United States in 2015 August 2015 crimes in the United States Bedford County, Virginia Deaths by firearm in Virginia Deaths by person in the United States Filmed deaths in the United States Filmed killings Journalists killed in the United States Murder–suicides in Virginia Workplace shootings in the United States

47747055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20Ohio

2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio were held on November 8, 2016, to elect the 16 U.S. Representatives from the state of Ohio, one from each of the state's 16 congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. The primaries were held on March 15. District 1 The 1st District is held by Republican Steve Chabot. Republican primary Candidates Steve Chabot, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Jim Berns, Libertarian candidate in the 2010 and 2012 congressional elections Fred Kundrata, 2014 congressional candidate Michele Young Results General election Candidates Steve Chabot (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Michele Young (D) Shalom Keller (Write-in) Kiumars Kiani (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Steve Chabot for Congress Michele Young for Congress Shalom Keller for Congress Kiumars Kiani for Congress District 2 The 2nd District is held by Republican Brad Wenstrup. Republican primary Candidates Jim Lewis, member of the West Clermont Board of Education Brad Wenstrup, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Russ Hurley, Award Winning Small Business Owner & filmmaker (Kings Court Master Barber & Shoe Shine Service Est. 1936), Barber, US Navy Veteran ~ Hemp/Cannabis Activist Ronny Richards, 2014 congressional candidate William R. Smith, 2012 and 2014 congressional candidate Results General election Candidates Brad Wenstrup (R), incumbent U.S. Representative William R. Smith (D), 2012 and 2014 congressional candidate Janet Everhard (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Brad Wenstrup for Congress Janet Everhard for Congress District 3 The 3rd District is held by Democrat Joyce Beatty. Democratic primary Candidates Joyce Beatty, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates John Adams, 2014 congressional candidate Results General election Candidates Joyce Beatty (D), incumbent U.S. Representative John Adams (R), 2014 congressional candidate Results Official campaign websites John Adams for Congress Joyce Beatty for Congress District 4 The 4th District is held by Republican Jim Jordan. Republican primary Candidates Jim Jordan, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Norbert G. Dennerll, Jr., former Cleveland city councilman and perennial candidate Janet Garrett, retired teacher and 2014 congressional candidate Daniel Johnson Results General election Candidates Jim Jordan (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Janet Garrett (D), retired teacher and 2014 congressional candidate Results Official campaign websites Janet Garrett for Congress Jim Jordan for Congress District 5 The 5th District is held by Republican Bob Latta. Republican primary Candidates Bob Latta, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates James L. Neu, Jr. Results General election Candidates Bob Latta (R), incumbent U.S. Representative James L. Neu, Jr. (D) Results Official campaign websites Bob Latta for Congress James Neu for Congress District 6 The 6th District is held by Republican Bill Johnson. Republican primary Candidates Bill Johnson, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Michael L. Lorentz, mayor of Belpre, Ohio Withdrawn Michael D. Davenport Results General election Candidates Bill Johnson (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Michael L. Lorentz (D), mayor of Belpre, Ohio Results Official campaign websites Bill Johnson for Congress Michael Lorentz for Congress District 7 The 7th District is held by Republican Bob Gibbs. Republican primary Candidates Bob Gibbs, incumbent U.S. Representative Terry Robertson, truck driver and real estate agent Results Democratic primary Candidates Roy Rich, retired police commander Bebley Thomas Spence, Jr. Results General election Candidates Bob Gibbs (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Roy Rich (D), retired police commander Dan Phillip (I) Results Official campaign websites Bob Gibbs for Congress Roy Rich for Congress Dan Phillip for Congress District 8 The 8th District was held by Republican John Boehner. Boehner announced that he will resign his seat effective October 30, 2015. A special election to fill the remainder of the term will be held at a date to be determined. Prior to the announcement of Boehner's resignation, he was facing primary challenges from Tea Party activists and 2014 opponents businessman Matthew Ashworth and teacher J.D. Winteregg. Since Boehner's announcement, nearly 15 candidates have pulled petitions for the Republican nomination. Corey Foister won the Democratic nomination, but later withdrew from the election after the June 7th special election. Steven Fought was nominated by the Democratic Party to take Foister's place on the general election ballot. Republican primary Candidates Matthew Ashworth Bill Beagle Warren Davidson Timothy S. Derickson Scott George Eric J. Haemmerle Terri King Joseph Matvey Edward R. Meer John W. Robbins Michael Smith Jim Spurlino Kevin F. White J.D. Winteregg George S. Wooley Results Democratic primary Candidates Corey Foister Results Green primary Candidates James J. Condit Jr. Results General election Candidates Warren Davidson (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Steven Fought (D), former communications director and legislative director for U.S. Representative Marcy Kaptur Derrick James Hendricks (G) Results Official campaign websites Warren Davidson for Congress Steven Fought for Congress District 9 The 9th District is held by Democrat Marcy Kaptur. Former state representative Steve Kraus will be running for the Republican nomination. Democratic primary Candidates Marcy Kaptur, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates Steve Kraus, former State Representative Donald P. Larson, small business owner Joel Lieske, political science professor at Cleveland State University Results General election Candidates Marcy Kaptur (D), incumbent U.S. Representative Donald P. Larson (R), small business owner George Skalsky (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Marcy Kaptur for Congress Donald Larson for Congress George Skalsky for Congress District 10 The 10th District is held by Republican Mike Turner. Republican primary Candidates Mike Turner, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Robert Klepinger, 2014 congressional candidate Results General election Candidates Mike Turner (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Robert Klepinger (D), 2014 congressional candidate Tom McMasters (I), mayor of Huber Heights, Ohio Dave Harlow (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Robert Klepinger for Congress Mike Turner for Congress Tom McMasters for Congress Dave Harlow for Congress District 11 The 11th District is held by Democrat Marcia Fudge. Democratic primary Candidates Marcia Fudge, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates Beverly A. Goldstein, retired audiologist Results General election Candidates Marcia Fudge (D), incumbent U.S. Representative Beverly A. Goldstein (R), retired audiologist Results Official campaign websites Marcia Fudge for Congress Beverly Goldstein for Congress District 12 The 12th District is held by Republican Pat Tiberi. Republican primary Candidates Pat Tiberi, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Ed Albertson Results Green primary Candidates Joe Manchik Results General election Candidates Pat Tiberi (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Ed Albertson (D) Joe Manchik (G) John J. Baumeister (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Ed Albertson for Congress Joe Manchik for Congress Pat Tiberi for Congress J. Baumeister for Congress District 13 The 13th District is held by Democrat Tim Ryan. Democratic primary Candidates John Stephen Luchansky, perennial candidate Tim Ryan, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Republican primary Candidates Richard Morckel, technician Results General election Candidates Tim Ryan (D), incumbent U.S. Representative Richard A. Morckel (R), technician Calvin Hill, Sr. (Write-in) Results Official campaign websites Tim Ryan for Congress Richard Morckel for Congress District 14 The 14th District is held by Republican David Joyce. Republican primary Candidates David Joyce, incumbent U.S. Representative Matt Lynch, former State Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Alfred Mackey, former Ashtabula County Common Pleas Judge Michael Wager, attorney and 2014 congressional candidate Results General election Candidates David Joyce (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Michael Wager (D), attorney and 2014 congressional candidate Andrew Jarvi (G; Write-in) Results Official campaign websites David Joyce for Congress Michael Wager for Congress Andrew Jarvi for Congress District 15 The 15th District is held by Republican Steve Stivers. Republican primary Candidates Steve Stivers, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Scott Wharton, farmer, airline pilot, and 2014 congressional candidate Results Green primary Candidates Dennis Lambert, 2014 congressional candidate Results General election Candidates Steve Stivers (R), incumbent U.S. Representative Scott Wharton (D), farmer, airline pilot, and 2014 congressional candidate Results Official campaign websites Steve Stivers for Congress Scott Wharton for Congress District 16 The 16th District is held by Republican Jim Renacci. Republican primary Candidates Jim Renacci, incumbent U.S. Representative Results Democratic primary Candidates Keith Mundy Results General election Candidates Jim Renacci, incumbent U.S. Representative Keith Mundy (D) Results Official campaign websites Keith Mundy for Congress Jim Renacci for Congress See also United States House of Representatives elections, 2016 United States elections, 2016 References Ohio 2016 United States House of Representatives

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SayHerName

SayHerName

#SayHerName is a social movement that seeks to raise awareness for Black female victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States. Black women are 17% more likely to be stopped by police and 150% more likely to be killed than their white counterparts. #SayHerName aims to highlight the gender-specific ways in which Black women are disproportionately affected by fatal acts of racial injustice. In an effort to create a large social media presence alongside existing racial justice campaigns, such as #BlackLivesMatter and #BlackGirlsMatter, the African American Policy Forum (AAPF) coined the hashtag #SayHerName in December 2014. In May 2015, the AAPF released a report entitled "Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women", which outlined the goals and objectives of the #SayHerName movement. In July 2015, Sandra Bland, a woman who had been taken into police custody after a traffic violation, was found hanged three days later in her jail cell. Following Bland's death, the AAPF, in conjunction with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Soros Justice Fellow, Andrea Ritchie, issued an updated version of the original report. The updated version includes a description of the circumstances surrounding Bland's death, as well as several accounts detailing recent incidents of police-instigated violence against Black women, including Tanisha Anderson and Rekia Boyd. The report also provides an analytical framework for understanding what it says are Black women's susceptibility to police brutality and state-sanctioned violence, and offers suggestions on how to effectively mobilize various communities and empower them to advocate for racial justice. Drawing from the AAPF report, the #SayHerName movement strives to address what it believes is the marginalization of Black women within both mainstream media and the #BlackLivesMatter movement. Of the movement's many agendas, one includes commemorating the women who have lost their lives due to police brutality and anti-Black violence. Origins of the movement Historical context Hattie McCray was a 14-year-old girl who was killed by a white police officer in 1930s New Orleans because she rejected his sexual advances. Women such as Hattie McCray and the girls of the Leesburg Stockade are mere examples of the police violence Black women face. Although the "SayHerName" campaign began in 2015, police brutality has been an issue for Black women for much longer. Name of movement #SayHerName stems from the idea that having individuals and the media say the names of Black women who have been victims of police violence will make people ask the necessary questions. And the concept of saying the name is also a symbol or shorthand for learning and telling the stories of these women, again both between individuals and in the media. Crenshaw has said, "If you say the name, you're prompted to learn the story, and if you know the story, then you have a broader sense of all the ways Black bodies are made vulnerable to police violence." Creation of the campaign The #SayHerName movement is a response to the Black Lives Matter movement and the mainstream media's tendency to sideline the experiences of Black women in the context of police brutality and anti-Black violence. In recent years, the killings of unarmed Black youth like Trayvon Martin and men like Michael Brown have captured much more national attention and public outrage than the killings of Black women such as Rekia Boyd and Shelly Frey. According to Kimberlé Crenshaw, one of the founders of the AAPF, Black women's continued exclusion from stories about police brutality, racism, and anti-Black violence contribute to an erroneous notion that Black men are the chief victims of racism and state-sanctioned violence which underplay issues such as rape and sexual assault by police. #SayHerName does not seek to replace Black Lives Matter or dilute its power, but aims to simply add perspectives and lived experiences to the conversation of racial injustice. The movement actively considers how multiple social identities (including gender, sexual orientation, and class) influence an individual's experiences with police brutality and anti-Black violence, a concept known as intersectionality. Intersectionality #SayHerName builds off texts and movements like Anannya Bhatacharjee's 2001 report Whose Safety? Women and the Violence of Law Enforcement in order to expand on systemic violence in a way that is committed to being intersectional. Works that have been published as results of intersectional approaches to victimization through violence include Beth Richie's Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America's Prison Nation (2012) as well as a list from INCITE! Including The Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology, Law Enforcement Violence Against Women of Color and Trans People of Color: A Critical Intersection of Gender and State Violence, and Queer : The Criminalization of LGBT People in the United States. #SayHerName as a movement is largely based on the concept of intersectionality in order to bring attention to all victims of systemic violence. Intersectionality is a term that Kimberlé Crenshaw, a well regarded scholar and activist, was responsible for coining in 1989. Since then, it has become a key element of many modern feminist practices. Brittany Cooper explains how intersectionality provides an analytical frame originally designed to address the unique positions of women of color within rights movements. Its relevance to #SayHerName is highlighted by Crenshaw's founding position in both the concept of intersectionality and the movement itself. The focus on the victimization of Black women within the #SayHerName movement is dependent on the notion of intersectionality, which Crenshaw describes as "like a lazy Susan – you can subject race, sexuality, transgender identity or class to a feminist critique through intersectionality". Additional factors in an intersectional analysis within #SayHerName include cis or trans status, education, geographical location, and disability – both on the parts of the victims being targeted and the officers responsible for the violence. Crenshaw especially highlights the role of both physical and mental disability as a factor that puts victims more at risk of being targeted as threatening or otherwise violent by police. This is exacerbated by stereotypes of aggressiveness and poor emotional control attributed to Black women and men in the United States. Homa Kahleeli asserts that over seventy Black women have died as a result of either police violence or police misconduct within the past three years. In instances of police misconduct where firearms are discharged, both female and child victims have been objectified with the label "collateral", which diminishes the violence of murder and erases responsibility of the officer. #SayHerName highlights collateral treatment as a unique form of violence that these victims face in contrast with the Black men addressed by the Black Lives Matter movement. Social media The #SayHerName movement is one of many contemporary social justice campaigns that engage in hashtag activism and digital activism. Created by AAPF and CISPS in December 2014, the #SayHerName hashtag provides an online community for activists, scholars, news reporters, and other social media users to participate in the conversation on racial justice along with other social movements such as Black Lives Matter. The hashtag is mostly active on Twitter. Of its many uses, the #SayHerName hashtag has principally served to highlight recent incidents of Black women's fatal encounters with police and anti-Black violence as well as advertise upcoming events. An analysis of Twitter activity found that a third of Tweets using the hashtag were in conjunction with the name of a Black woman who was a victim of police violence. Other content using the hashtag included links to blogs written by Black women, such as The Huffington Posts Black Voices column, Blavity, and BlackGirlTragic.com. Second most frequent were academics, particularly Black feminist scholars, though the largest number of retweets came from a white male entertainer. By addressing recent incidents of police-instigated violence, the #SayHerName hashtag strives to advance one of the chief goals of the movement: to re-integrate Black women's lived experiences into mainstream racial justice narratives about police brutality and state-sanctioned violence. Through its engagement with hashtag activism, #SayHerName situates itself within a recent social historical development in which the media's tendency to disregard or heavily misrepresent events pertaining to racial justice incites activists to commit themselves to digital activism. In addition, with its increasing social media presence, #SayHerName provides an opportunity for a diversity of voices invested in racial justice to contribute to an ever-expanding discourse on Black women's susceptibility to police brutality and anti-Black violence. Supporters Some of the strongest original supporters of the #SayHerName movement include people who were directly impacted by the killings. Friends, family members, and individuals who shared similar social identities with the victims were and remain likely to participate in mobilization efforts. Mothers especially appear to have a strong emotional connection to the cause and are willing to speak out against police brutality and anti-Black violence. The movement has received support from several celebrities, which is integral to the spread of the movement and its social media reach. Through the use of the #SayHerName hashtag, influential figures can increase public awareness and shed light on instances of racial injustice, which can sometimes go unnoticed. Such high-profile support was seen immediately following the death of Sandra Bland; musical artist Janelle Monáe tweeted the #SayHerName hashtag, as did actress Taraji P. Henson. Nicki Minaj, Jessie J, and Zendaya Coleman all recognized Bland's death on Instagram. The American Civil Liberties Union has supported the movement, using the hashtag to promote activism particularly regarding violence against transgender women of color. The Human Rights Campaign likewise uses the hashtag in this manner. The 2017 Women's March also used the hashtag on Twitter, recognizing transgender women of color killed in 2017. Activities Since the movement began in late 2014, there have been two nationwide events (one that occurred in May of that year and another one twelve months later) to increase public awareness. The second #SayHerName Silent Protest: National Day of Action to End State Violence Against Women and Girls took place in major cities around the country and garnered significant attention on social media. In New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and elsewhere, men and women took to the streets with duct tape over their mouths to represent the silence and erasure of Black women and girls' narratives along with signs in their hands to remember those that have lost their lives to police brutality and anti-Black violence. At Ohio University, the Women's Center created a SayHerName program for both Fall 2020 and Spring 2021. The Spring 2021 program involved speakers and structured discussion topics. They begin every session with a moment of silence for the women who had lost their lives. The AAPF memorializes these women on their "Angel Day", the day they were killed. In 2020, there was a resurgence in the #SayHerName campaign. This was due to the growing popularity of the Black Lives Matter movement and the murder of Breonna Taylor. Taylor was a Black woman killed in March 2020 by police officers in civilian clothing, during a rushed police raid. A year after her death, Kentucky Governor, Andy Beshear, signed a bill into law that would limit no-knock warrants. The city of Louisville responded to this and officially banned no-knock warrants in Spring 2021 and named it "Breonna's Law." The WNBA dedicated their 2020 season to "long history of inequality, implicit bias and racism that disproportionately impacts communities of color" by partnering with the #SayHerName campaign. The first weekend of their season, the players wore jerseys honoring Breonna Taylor and the #SayHerName movement. Angel McCoughtry, a player for Louisville, created the idea to put Breonna Taylor on the back of the women's jerseys. McCoughtry has brought greater light to this by saying, "It's a lot deeper than just the jersey, but I think that's a great start." In 2021, Janelle Monae released "Hell You Talbout" alongside lawyer, civil rights advocate, and pioneering scholar Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw and the African American Policy Forum. Advocates claim that the #SayHerName hashtag has successfully created a safe online place for marginalized groups to come together and mourn their losses. However, as the hashtag spreads from Twitter to Facebook along with other social media platforms, the rhetoric does not change. Despite the diversity in background, with each woman sharing her story, the same underlying themes of vulnerability to physical police and aggressive sexual violence keep reappearing, making it appear that simply saying the names, remembering the faces and increasing awareness is not enough. Experts say that despite being only 7% of the population, and outnumbered by white women at the ratio of 5:1, Black women and girls have accounted for 20% of the unarmed people killed by police since 1999. Relationship with #BlackLivesMatter Although the movement makes an active effort to engage in discourse and conversation with the Black Lives Matter movement, #SayHerName is different in its construct, goals and methods. Feminist theorists such as Kimberlé Crenshaw have pointed out that the #SayHerName movement addresses intersectionality of gender, class and disability that play out on Black women and girls' bodies. These are aspects that do not appear to be so readily addressed by the Black Lives Matter movement, which is specifically known as a movement that addresses racial inequality within the criminal justice system. Many supporters of the Black Lives Matter movement were largely sparked by outrage of the deaths of young African-American males at the hands of police with excessive violence and no repercussion from the legal system. In contrast, when stories of African-American women meeting similar fates in just as harrowing circumstances were brought up, the number of supporters and advocates seemed to decrease; female victim's names and stories are generally less recognized than the male victims. #SayHerName aims to raise awareness of how sexism and racism simultaneously play out of colored female bodies, no matter their background, while still being a safe, inclusive space for all individuals to come together and create and participate in discourse. Role of the African American Policy Forum The #SayHerName movement represents one of three recent racial justice initiatives engendered by the AAPF. Since coining the #SayHerName hashtag in February 2015, the AAPF has assumed a central role in mobilizing the campaign – an effort that has culminated into at least two significant events: the AAPF's release of the report "Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women" and its sponsoring of "#SayHerName: A Vigil in Remembrance of Black Women and Girls Killed by the Police". Both events occurred in May 2015, and have served to disrupt mainstream racial justice narratives that attend exclusively to heterosexual, cisgender Black men's susceptibility to police brutality and anti-Black violence. Since 2015, #SayHerName has organized Mother's Weekends in New York. These weekends shed light on the necessities of the families of those who lost Black women to a racist state. They also provide a place of inclusion and community for those individuals also. The #SayHerName Mothers Network has assembled numerous times. The Mothers Network marched in the Women's March in Washington, organized meetings and focus groups to come up with the most effective ways to aid families who have lost women to police violence, and they also lobbied for police reform. May 2015 report In May 2015, the AAPF, in conjunction with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Soros Justice Fellow, Andrea Ritchie, issued a report entitled "Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women". The report highlights the goals and objectives of the #SayHerName movement and presents several reasons as to why gender-inclusivity is a critical component of racial justice advocacy. In addition to these, the report includes several accounts detailing incidents from the last three decades of Black women's fatal encounters with police brutality and state-sanctioned violence. To supplement these accounts, the report incorporates an intersectional framework for understanding Black women's susceptibility to police brutality by addressing how the interactions between race, gender, sexual orientation, class, and ability inform the violent ways in which law enforcement officials treat Black women. After divulging recent incidents of police brutality against Black women, the report concludes with several recommendations as to how members of local communities, policy-makers, researchers, and activists can best incorporate a gender-inclusive framework into racial justice campaigns that specifically address police brutality and state-sanctioned violence. By contributing these recommendations, the AAPF, along with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Andrea Ritchie, hopes that the report could serve as a useful resource to which the media, community organizers, policy-makers, and other stakeholders invested in racial justice can refer. After Sandra Bland's encounter with police in July 2015, the AAPF released an updated version of the original report. While the structure of the updated version is similar to that of the original report, the updated version contributes additional accounts of Black women's deadly encounters with police and includes a description of the circumstances surrounding Bland's death. By issuing the updated version, the AAPF strives to reinforce the critical, urgent need for policy-makers, the media, community organizers, and other stakeholders to tackle the structural inequalities that render Black women within the United States heavily susceptible to police-instigated, anti-Black violence. Names mentioned in the updated version of the #SayHerName report, and on the AAPF "In Memoriam" Priscilla Slater – Died in police custody on June 10, 2020 Breonna Taylor – Killed by police on March 13, 2020 Atatiana Jefferson – Killed by police on October 12, 2019 Crystal Ragland – Killed by police on May 30, 2019 Pamela Turner – Killed by police on May 13, 2019 Nina Adams – Killed by police on March 13, 2019 Latasha Walton – Killed by police on March 12, 2019 Brittany McLean – Died in police custody on March 9, 2019 Angel Decarlo – Killed by police on December 18, 2018 April Webster – Killed by police in her home on December 16, 2018 Tameka Simpson – Killed by police on December 11, 2018 LaJuana Philips – Killed by police on October 2, 2018 Dereshia Blackwell – Killed by police on September 9, 2018 Cynthia Fields – Killed by a stray bullet by police on July 27, 2018 LaShanda Anderson – Killed by police on June 9, 2018 Shukri Ali Said – Killed by police on April 28, 2018 DeCynthia Clements – Killed by police on March 12, 2018 Crystalline Barnes – Killed by police during a traffic stop on January 27, 2018 Geraldine Townsend – Killed by police on January 17, 2018 Sandy Guardiola – Killed in her bed by police on October 4, 2017 India N. Nelson – Killed by police on July 17, 2017 Charleena Chavon Lyles – Killed by police on June 18, 2017 Jonie Block – Killed by police on May 15, 2017 Alteria Woods – Killed by police while pregnant on March 19, 2017 Morgan London Rankins – Killed by police on February 22, 2017 Deborah Danner – Killed in her home by police on October 18, 2016 Korryn Gaines – Killed by police on August 1, 2016 Jessica Williams – Killed by police on May 19, 2016 Deresha Armstrong – Killed by police on May 5, 2016 Laronda Sweatt – Killed by police on April 6, 2016 India M. Beaty – Killed by police on March 19, 2016 Kisha Michael – Killed by police on February 21, 2016 Sahlah Ridgeway – Killed by police on February 12, 2016 Gynna McMillen – Died in police custody on January 10, 2016 Bettie Jones – Killed by police on December 26, 2015 Barbara Dawson – Died December 21, 2015 Marquesha McMillan – Killed by police on October 26, 2015 India Kager – Killed by police in her car on September 5, 2015 Redel Jones – Killed by police August 12, 2015 Raynette Turner – Died in police custody on July 27, 2015 Ralkina Jones – Died in police custody on July 26, 2015 Joyce Curnell – Died in police custody on July 22, 2015 Kindra Chapman – Died in police custody on July 14, 2015 Sandra Bland – Died in police custody on July 13, 2015 Nuwnah Laroche – Killed by police on May 7, 2015 Alexia Christian – Killed by police on April 30, 2015 Mya Hall – Killed by police on March 30, 2015 Meagan Hockaday – Killed by police on March 28, 2015 Janisha Fonville – Killed by police on February 18, 2015 Natasha McKenna – Died of police-induced trauma on February 8, 2015 Tanisha Anderson – Killed by police on November 13, 2014 Aura Rosser – Killed by police on November 9, 2014 Sheneque Proctor – Died in police custody after being refused medical treatment on November 1, 2014 Iretha Lilly – Died in police custody on October 6, 2014 Latandra Ellington – Killed in her jail cell on October 1, 2014, 10 days after writing to her family that she was threatened by an officer Michelle Cusseaux – Killed by police on August 13, 2014 Pearlie Golden – Killed by police on May 7, 2014 Gabriella Nevarez – Killed by police on March 2, 2014 Yvette Smith – Killed by police on February 16, 2014 Tracy A. Wade – Killed by police in 2014 Ariel Levy – Killed by police in 2014 Angela Beatrice Randolph – Killed by police in 2014 Dawn Cameron – Killed by police in 2014 Shonda Mikelson – Killed by police in 2014 Renisha McBride – Killed on November 3, 2013 Miriam Carey – Killed by federal agents on October 3, 2013 Kyam Livingston – Died in police custody on July 24, 2013 Kayla Moore – Killed by police on February 12, 2013 Angelique Styles – Killed by police in 2013 Shelly Frey – Killed by police on December 6, 2012 Malissa Williams – Killed by police on November 29, 2012 Erica Collins – Killed by police on October 13, 2012 Shulena Weldon – Died after being run over by a car by police on August 9, 2012 Alesia Thomas – Killed by police on July 22, 2012 Shantel Davis – Killed by police on June 14, 2012 Sharmel Edwards – Killed by police on April 21, 2012 Rekia Boyd – Killed by police on March 21, 2012 Shereese Francis – Killed by police on March 15, 2012 Jameela Barnette – Killed by police on December 25, 2011 Unnamed – Killed October 3, 2011 Catawaba Howard – Killed by police on August 12, 2011 Brenda Williams – Killed by police on April 27, 2011 Derrinesha Clay – Killed by police on March 14, 2011 Shelley Amos and Cheryl Blount-Burton – Killed on February 19, 2011, by an on-duty police officer who was driving twice the speed limit and was not responding to an emergency call Carolyn Moran-Hernandez – Killed by police on February 14, 2011 Latricka Sloan – Killed by police on January 22, 2011 Aiyana Stanley-Jones – Killed by police on May 16, 2010 Ahjah Dixon – Died in police custody on March 4, 2010 Sarah Riggins – Killed by police on October 23, 2009 Katherine Hysaw – Killed by police on September 9, 2009 Barbara Stewart – Killed by police on March 24, 2009 Duanna Johnson – Died in 2008 Tarika Wilson – Killed by police on January 4, 2008 Kathryn Johnston – Killed by police on November 21, 2006 Alberta Spruill – Died of police-induced trauma on May 16, 2003 Kendra James – Killed by police on May 5, 2003 Nizah Morris – Died in 2002 LaTanya Haggerty – Killed by police on June 4, 1999 Margaret LaVerne Mitchell – Killed by police on May 21, 1999 Tyisha Miller – Killed by police on December 28, 1998 Danette Daniels – Killed by police on June 8, 1997 Frankie Ann Perkins – Killed by police on March 22, 1997 Sonji Taylor – Killed by police on December 16, 1993 Eleanor Bumpurs – Killed by police on October 29, 1984 Mothers Network In November 2016, the #SayHerName Mothers Network was made official. This took place a year and half after the first #SayHerName vigil was held in Union Square in New York City. The mothers network was reconvened on many occasions since the original official meeting. These times include women's march in Washington, lobbying for police reform on Capitol Hill, and several focus groups for strategizing purposes. These mothers also meet together to go over needs of new members who have been directly affected by police violence with their daughters. These mothers also organize vigils for victims of police violence including Charleena Lyles and Vicky Coles-McAdory, who was an original member who died from a stroke in 2017. Recommendations The AAPF published a "Take Action Guide" that lists five action items. Intended for immediate implementation, they include: "find ways to support all families who have lost loved ones to police violence, create spaces to discuss how the intersections of patriarchy, homophobia, and transphobia impact Black communities as a whole, and continuously develop skills to talk about the multiplicity of ways in which state violence affects all Black women and girls, particularly those who are transgender, non-transgender and gender-nonconforming". Events The AAPF hosts events promoting the #SayHerName movement on a semi-regular basis. One example was an event in March 2017 titled "Say Her Name: An Evening of Arts and Action Los Angeles". Spread of the movement In the evening of May 20, 2015, the AAPF and twenty local sponsors, including the Black Youth Project 100 and the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School, organized an event called "#SayHerName: A Vigil in Remembrance of Black Women and Girls Killed by the Police". The purpose of the vigil, which transpired at Union Square in New York City, was to commemorate such women as Rekia Boyd, Tanisha Anderson, Miriam Carey, and Kayla Moore, among many others, who lost their lives due to police brutality and anti-Black violence. Relatives of Tanisha Anderson, Rekia Boyd, Shantel Davis, Shelly Fray, Alberta Spruill, Kyam Livingston, Kayla Moore, Miriam Carey, and Michelle Cusseaux attended, marking the first time that the family members gathered at the same location for the purpose of honoring the women. In addition to commemorating the lives of such women, the event featured speeches, singing, poetry, and art by scholars, artists, and activists, including Kimberlé Crenshaw, Piper Anderson, Eve Ensler, LaChanze, and Aja Monet. Aja Monet wrote a poem advocating for the #SayHerName movement. Given how the vigil occurred one day prior to the National Day of Action on Black Women and Girls, one of its principal aims was to mobilize the New York City community into action against gendered and racialized forms of violence and police brutality. By demanding that the public no longer ignore Black women's struggles against gendered, racialized violence, the vigil's attendants strove to advance one of the chief goals of the #SayHerName movement: to re-integrate Black women leaders and victims of anti-Black violence into mainstream racial justice narratives about racism and police brutality. On the other side of the country in May 2015, Black women and girls also stood in the middle of San Francisco, holding signs and displaying painted messages on their bare chests. Some phrases included "I fight for those who have been murdered by the state", "with love for female masculinity", and "to end infant mortality". References 2010s in the United States 21st-century controversies African-American feminism Black feminism Black Lives Matter Civil rights protests in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States Hashtags Left-wing advocacy groups Race and crime in the United States Social justice organizations Social movements in the United States Black Twitter Police brutality in the United States American political catchphrases

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Days%20of%20Our%20Lives%20characters%20%282000s%29

List of Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)

Days of Our Lives is an American soap opera broadcast on the NBC network. Created by Ted and Betty Corday, the series focuses on the residents of the fictional midwestern town of Salem, USA. It premiered on November 8, 1965. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and made their first appearance between 2000 to 2009. Maxine Landis Maxine Landis is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . She was portrayed by Aloma Wright from 2008 to 2015 when the character just dropped off the canvas. Aloma previously made a one episode appearance as a nurse named Jillian in 2007. Storylines Maxine is the head nurse at Salem's University Hospital. She often gets into the lives of the Salemites to offer a piece of advice. She played an instrumental role in helping to shape Melanie Jonas from a spoiled self-centered brat into a kind and compassionate woman, who eventually wanted to become a nurse. As a result, she and Melanie eventually became good friends. She has mentioned having two children in the past, a son and a daughter, and her husband Carl has passed away. She has been friends with Dr. Daniel Jonas and Jennifer Horton, and is now starting to date Abe Carver. Maxine and Abe must have split because Abe is now with Valerie Grant. J.T. Reiber J.T. Reiber, born on June 9, 2000, is introduced as the child intended to be adopted by Abe Carver (James Reynolds) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). However, Lexie's father Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) switches the infant at birth with Bo and Hope's (Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso) son. After years of trying for a baby the natural way, Abe and Lexie Carver decide that they will adopt a child. When Lexie's father Stefano DiMera hears about the news, he is over joyed at the prospect of finally becoming a grandfather and asks that Abe and Lexie adopt the child of one of his distant relatives. The birth mother Marlo is in fact the niece of Dr. Rolf, Stefano's longtime assistant. However none the wiser to Lexie and Abe, Stefano is planning a plot whereby Marlo's baby would be switched with the baby of Bo and Hope's who Stefano at the time thought might be his or John Black's. After the births of the babies, Stefano has Dr. Rolf switch Hope's and Marlo's babies birth tags. So, the baby is instead taken home by Bo and Hope Brady and named John Thomas, getting his names from family friend John Black (Drake Hogestyn) and Hope's late grandfather Tom Horton (MacDonald Carey). Zack Brady Zack Brady was the second son and child of supercouple Hope and Bo Brady, born June 9, 2000. For the longest time, Zack is known as Isaac Theo Carver, the long-awaited and much-beloved son of Abe and Lexie Carver. For years the two had tried unsuccessfully to have a child of their own with no success, until Lexie's father, Stefano, got them in touch with Marlo, a young pregnant woman. Abe and Lexie adopt the baby that Marlo has given birth to, unaware that Stefano had switched Marlo and Hope's sons. Zack dies on January 1, 2006, after being run over by Bo's SUV, which is driven by his daughter, Chelsea. Upon his death, his liver is donated to his niece, Claire Brady, and his corneas are donated to Abe Carver; Claire's life is saved and Abe regains his eyesight. Zack's death and the revelation of Chelsea as the SUV driver drive a wedge between Bo and Hope – as well as the rest of the Brady family for most of 2006. In June 2016, Hope has a vision of a teen Zack at the age he would have been, had he lived, portrayed by Scott Shilstone. Bonnie Lockhart Bonnie Lockhart is the mother of Patrick, Mimi, and Conner Lockhart. The role was originated by Robin Riker, who played the role from July 11 to 31, 2000. Kathy Connell then played the role from August 15, 2000, to June 7, 2002. Judi Evans, who previously played Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis, took over the role the following year; she is the most notable actress to play the role and has had the longest tenure. Evans played Bonnie from September 1, 2003, to March 1, 2007. A decade later, Bonnie returned to the show on July 21, 2017, when Evans was also portraying Adrienne Kiriakis. The character departed again on October 25, 2017, then returned on August 20, 2018, and remained on the show until November 6 of that year. The character of Mimi Lockhart's mother was introduced as "Maureen Lockhart" in 2002. Her storyline mainly dealt with the Lockhart family's homelessness due to her husband David's unemployment. The character was completely reconceived in 2003 with Evans's introduction as Bonnie Lockhart, a brash, trashy schemer and gold-digger. With David having abandoned his family, Mrs. Lockhart reclaims her pre-marriage identity and desists from David's demeaning use of her hated middle name, Maureen. Working as a housecleaner, Bonnie resents her employers and other established families in Salem, even the blue-collar Bradys, because of what she perceives as their privilege. Bonnie frequently interferes in her daughter Mimi's life. When Mimi's boyfriend Rex Brady is believed to be a member of the wealthy DiMera family, Bonnie encourages the relationship. But after Rex's true Brady family heritage is revealed, Bonnie discourages Rex from proposing to Mimi and persuades a pregnant Mimi to have an abortion without telling Rex about the pregnancy. After one of her employers, Maggie Horton, is seemingly murdered in late 2003, Bonnie gets Maggie's widower, Mickey Horton, to marry her. Mickey sets her up as the impresario of Maggie's old restaurant, Chez Rouge, which she reopens as a honky-tonk, Alice's, named after her new mother-in-law, Alice Horton, in hopes of ingratiating herself with Mickey's skeptical family. Mickey ends his marriage to Bonnie to resume his relationship with Maggie after she is found alive. Hoping to extort the Kiriakis family, Bonnie pays Mimi's surrogate Lauren to carry to term after accidentally being implanted with an embryo fathered by Philip Kiriakis instead of by Mimi's boyfriend Shawn-Douglas Brady. In 2007, the skeleton of David Lockhart's murdered corpse is found buried under a church. Bonnie reveals that Mimi killed her abusive father in self-defense years earlier and blacked out the incident. To protect Mimi, Bonnie confesses to killing David and sends Mimi to live in Arizona and look after Connor there. Bonnie stands trial offscreen and is jailed. Bonnie's scheme with Lauren comes to light after Bonnie's incarceration ends the payments, so Lauren abandons the baby, Tyler, who is adopted. Bonnie escapes from prison in 2017 with the help of Hattie Adams and Anjelica Deveraux. It is established that Bonnie looks identical to Adrienne Kiriakis, which was not addressed in Evans's previous appearances as the characters. Anjelica abducts Adrienne and leaves her imprisoned in Bonnie's place while Bonnie impersonates Adrienne. Anjelica orders Bonnie to break up with Adrienne's boyfriend Lucas Horton and reunite with Adrienne's and Angelica's ex-husband, Justin Kiriakis, and then break his heart, enabling Anjelica to seduce him. Bonnie dumps Lucas, despite her attraction to him. This drives recovering alcoholic Lucas to drink, and when he drunkenly returns to Bonnie's hotel room, she welcomes him for a tryst. When Anjelica suddenly dies of a heart attack, Bonnie focuses on getting revenge on Maggie for, as she sees it, stealing Mickey from her. Using Justin to gain access to the Kiriakis mansion, where Maggie lives as Victor Kiriakis's wife after Mikey's death, Bonnie obtains incriminating information about Victor and attempts to blackmail him into divorcing Maggie and marrying her. Victor agrees, but secretly informs his loved ones about the blackmail, humoring Bonnie to buy time to eliminate the evidence of his crimes. To prevent parolee Sheila Watkins from honoring Adrienne's request to raise the alarm, Bonnie gives Sheila a job as a housekeeper. Victor rebukes Bonnie at the intended wedding, and Adrienne's brother Steve Johnson detects her impersonation and exposes her. She flees Salem before she can be sent back to jail. The next year, Bonnie returns to Salem with a baby, also named Bonnie, she claims was conceived with Lucas in their one-night stand. A DNA test proves that the baby is Bonnie and Lucas's. Bonnie then hides "Baby Bonnie" and refuses to divulge her whereabouts unless Lucas helps extricate her from her legal problems. Bonnie is set to be released when the truth is revealed: the baby is really Emily, Mimi's daughter by Rex from their own one-night stand in a recent chance meeting. The DNA test produced a false positive due to the close relationships between Bonnie and her daughter, and between brothers Rex and Lucas. Bonnie's deal is rescinded, and Hattie convinces Bonnie to return to prison and serve out the remainder of her sentence. In 2019, after the show's one-year time jump, Bonnie has been released from prison and written a memoir. Bonnie does not appear onscreen, but Hattie reads Bonnie's book, Love Made Me Loony. Later, Justin represented her and won a settlement for her and the two became close and formed a relationship despite his family's reservations given Bonnie's past transgressions. Angela Moroni Angela Moroni was portrayed by Ayda Field from late summer of 2000 until March 2001. Angela Moroni is the daughter of Vincent Moroni, an Italian mob boss. She was introduced during Brandon and Sami's quest to get the tape back with Kate forcing Roberto to confess to the murder of Franco Kelly. Angela came into possession of the tape, but she would only give it to Brandon if he married her. When Brandon and Sami went back to Salem, she came with them and kept the tape with her. When they returned to Europe, Brandon and Angela got married. When a spy from her father saw Brandon and Sami kiss, he hired two gunmen to kill Sami and Brandon at the coronation of Greta Von Amberg. This backfired however, when Angela dove in front of Brandon. Before her death, Angela finally made her father give Brandon and Sami the tape. Vincent Moroni Vincent Moroni was portrayed by Carl Weintraub from summer 2000 until March 2001. Vincent Moroni was an Italian mob boss with one daughter, Angela. Upon meeting Brandon and Sami, he was immediately suspicious of them. After Kate told Vincent about the tape (containing Kate telling Roberto to confess to the murder of Franco Kelly) he took it from Angela. When Brandon married Angela anyway, Vincent was convinced he loved his daughter. Kate later slept with Vincent to convince him to kill Victor and manipulated him into spying on Sami and Brandon. When his spy told him about the kiss he ordered Victor, Brandon and Sami to be murdered at the coronation of Greta Von Amberg. Chaos erupted then and Angela threw herself in front of Brandon, saving his life. Vincent was so upset at the events that he set in motion, that he committed suicide. Hattie Adams Hattie Adams is a woman who bore a resemblance to Marlena Evans. Under the guidance of Wilhelm Rolf, she had plastic surgery to increase this resemblance. Stefano DiMera planned to use Hattie against Marlena, but never implemented such a plan. Hattie eventually had further surgery (off-screen) to look identical to Marlena and reappeared briefly in 2004; she was suspected of being a serial killer after Marlena was supposedly witnessed committing the crimes, but it was determined that Marlena had performed the acts under hypnosis and Hattie was not involved. In 2016, an incarcerated Hope Williams Brady encounters Hattie in prison and they become allies; upset that Stefano had interfered in her life, Hattie is pleased that Hope had murdered him. Hattie explains that she had become a secretary in Chicago, but then a man she was dating stole money from her company and framed her for the theft. Hope agrees to help Hattie clear her name, and in exchange Hattie protects Hope from the prison's dominant clique. Hattie was originally played by Andrea Hall, the real-life identical twin sister of Marlena's portrayer, Deidre Hall. From April 9, 2004, onward, after the character's final surgery and Andrea Hall's retirement from acting, Hattie was played by Deidre Hall. In November 2016, it was confirmed that Deidre Hall would reprise her portrayal of Hattie. Harold Wentworth Harold Wentworth, played by Ryan Scott from 2001 until 2003, was introduced during a storyline in which Jack Deveraux pretended to be gay in order to spare Greta von Amberg's feelings, as he didn't return her affection. Greta tried to set Jack up with Harold, an openly gay man. Harold worked with Greta to set up situations where he and Jack could be intimate, but Jack would always find a way to escape. Jack eventually admitted that he was not gay, which led to Harold criticizing him for his cowardice. Harold later happened to be in Las Vegas at the same time as Jack and Greta, and he helped them hide from mob hitmen by disguising themselves as showgirls. To his dismay, Jack then learned that Harold was the son of Oliver Wentworth, the owner of the Spectator. This was the local newspaper, which Jack hoped to run; Jennifer got the job instead, due in part to Harold's recommendation. Harold then worked at the Spectator, and was able to maintain a friendly, professional relationship with Jack. He last appeared during the summer of 2003, shortly before the Salem Stalker storyline started. By 2006, though not shown on-screen, Harold had become editor of the Spectator; Jack and Jennifer learned that he was offering them a job running the London bureau of the paper, which they accepted. Eugenia Willens Eugenia Willens, played by Daphne Bloomer from 2002 to 2006, worked at Salem University Hospital as a lab tech, but she lost her job and her pension after Sami blackmailed her into looking the other way while Sami switched the results of a paternity test. She later conspired with Kate against Sami and also worked as Lucas' personal assistant at Titan. She briefly dated Lucas. Rex Brady Rex Brady was originally portrayed by actor Eric Winter. Rex is the son of Roman Brady and Kate Roberts and twin brother to Cassie Brady. Rex (as played by Winter) first appeared on July 8, 2002. Rex and his twin sister Cassie were discovered half-naked during a meteor shower and were originally suspected to be aliens. As time went on it was discovered that they were the children of Andre DiMera (who at the time was impersonating his cousin Tony DiMera) and Marlena Evans but this turned out to be false. In reality a sperm sample was somehow taken from Roman Brady during his years of captivity at the hands of Tony's father Stefano DiMera and combined with eggs taken from Kate Roberts who was a prostitute and associate of Stefano's. Rex and, to a lesser extent, Cassie seemed to have super human intelligence. Rex also suffered mysterious mood swings and psychotic tendencies during Salem Stalker storyline. He dated Mimi Lockhart but they broke up when Rex discovered Mimi aborted his baby without telling him about it. Feeling hurt and betrayed, Rex left town following the abortion on July 26, 2005, coinciding with Winter's departure from the show. Rex returned, played by Kyle Lowder, on October 19, 2018. Lowder vacated the role on August 9, 2019, but made brief reappearances in May 2020 and March 2021. Duck Duck, played by Franc Ross, is a Vietnam War veteran who lives on the fictional island Tinda Lao with his daughter Gabby. Gabby Gabby, played by Joy Bisco, is a young woman who lives on the fictional island, Tinda Lao. Her father is Duck. When Shawn-Douglas Brady was in Tinda Lao, she fell in love with him, but he stuck to his fiancée, Belle Black. She appeared on the soap in 2007. Morgan Hollingsworth Morgan Hollingsworth, portrayed by Kristen Renton, was President of Alpha Chi Theta sorority, where Chelsea and Stephanie pledged. Morgan dated Max Brady and was almost a victim of Ford Decker, the campus rapist. She and the Alpha Chi Theta girls conspired to stop Ford from raping again but their plan backfired and he fell to his death. Soon after Ford's death and the coverup was exposed, Max and Morgan broke up. Morgan later went to work for Tony as his intern at the same time Stephanie interned for Anna's rival firm. Morgan's interests moved to Philip Kiriakis soon after her father, Paul, disappeared. John Black and Phillip were involved in a heated shipping rivalry that turned ugly when gun fire broke out. Phillip took a bullet intended for Morgan after one of Ava's goons tried to shoot her. Morgan helped Phillip with his recovery and they shared a short romance. After Paul was revealed to be alive, Phillip admitted to threatening Paul's life and was later caught kissing Chloe. Morgan left town to take a two-year internship in Chicago. Alex North Alex North was portrayed by Wayne Northrop from August 1, 2005, to May 24, 2006. Alex North was brought to Salem by John Black to help John's wife Marlena Evans recover from amnesia. Marlena had memories of Alex and, after discovering they had been married (North had been presumed dead after being captured on a mission in Vietnam), she chose him instead of John because Alex was controlling her mind. It was soon discovered that he had been an abusive husband and, after a fight with John, he was presumed dead after falling over the edge of a cliff. The Alex North storyline was very unpopular with viewers. Trent Robbins Trent Robbins (played by Roscoe Born) was the biological father of Max Brady and the adoptive father of Melanie Layton. He abused Max as a child, causing Max to become socially isolated and mute for several years. Trent returned in 2008 as the Dean of the Physics department at Salem University. It was revealed that he was still married to Nicole Walker. He re-entered Max's life by awarding Nick Fallon a grant for his "work" on a fuel cell. Unbeknownst to Trent, Max was responsible for the majority of Nick's design. Max became short-tempered upon seeing Trent and confronted him. After Max insisted that Trent take responsibility for his abusive actions, Trent offered to pay him off in order to keep his past a secret. Trent was murdered via a stab in the back. Among the suspects were Caroline Brady, Trent's children Max and Melanie, and his wife Nicole. It was revealed that Nick was responsible for the murder. Nick maintained that he killed Trent in Melanie's defense, and that his addiction to alcohol and painkillers played a role in his bad decision. Claire Brady Claire Brady was originally portrayed by identical twins Olivia and Ava White from January 2006 to December 2007 and then Alina Foley in 2008. In July 2015, it was announced the character would be rapidly aged with actress Olivia Rose Keegan, as part of the show's fiftieth anniversary. In May 2016, Keegan stated she was on contract. She left the role in July 2019, returning briefly on October 31 of that year, and returned again on June 1, 2020. Two months later, it was announced she would again vacate the role, with her last appearance being on August 11th with Isabel Durant first appearing in the role the next day. In September 27, 2005, Claire Kiriakis was born at St. Luke's during the almost wedding of Sami Brady and Lucas Roberts delivered by her maternal grandmother, Marlena Evans, and Lexie Carver. Philip and Belle chose Claire as her name when she was born, Mimi Lockhart and Shawn-Douglas Brady became Godparents. Claire became very ill when she was just a few months old and Belle took her to the hospital. It was there that Kate found out Claire's blood type was AB- and knew that she wasn't Philip's daughter. She kept it from Philip and Belle but told Victor. Mimi found out the same information and kept it secret, because she was marrying Shawn and didn't want him to find out the truth and go back to Belle. A little after thanksgiving, Claire needed a liver transplant and her doctor Lexi Carver found Claire's uncle Zack Brady as a match. He had died the same night and his liver was donated to Claire. She survived and went home with Philip and Belle. It was a few months later that Mimi spilled the news to Shawn that she too knew all along that Claire wasn't Philip's baby. Belle and Philip had a DNA test done and Philip was devastated. Later, Belle took Claire to her parents and left Philip, after she miscarried. Philip tried to get full custody of Claire after he returned from war, but Belle and Shawn took the baby and ran to Toronto and stayed at a shelter where 'Merle' helped them escape to Australia on a cruise ship. Upon their return to Salem, Philip promised to leave Claire with her rightful family. Claire was aged at this point and then kidnapped by Crystal Miller and brought to New Ross, Ireland for protection. This is where she was found in January 2008 by Hope, Bo, John, Marlena, Belle, Chloe, Philip and Shawn. Claire's grandmother Colleen Brady revealed the source of the Brady/DiMera feud when she admitted to her affair with Santo DiMera. She also revealed that she was John's mother, making her Claire's great-grandmother. Colleen admitted to everyone that she was terminally ill and died shortly after. On the way home from Ireland, Claire and her parents, along with everyone else flying back, faced a traumatic plane crash due to sabotage caused by Ava Vitali. Claire's great-grandfather, Shawn Brady, died a hero on the plane saving his son's life. Upon arrival in Salem, Claire's grandfather, Bo, was rushed to the hospital for pancreatic failure and went through a life-saving surgery. Claire's parents, Belle and Shawn, reunited and decided to take Claire and sail around the world. In November 25, Claire returned to Salem with her mother as a teenager for thanksgiving and her grandpa Bo's funeral. During the family's absence from Salem, they had settled down in Maine, but Nicole had not Cheated Daniel and now Claire's parents were separated. Shawn decided to return to Maine and Claire went to visit him. She returned to spend Christmas in Salem with her family, and she got to know some of the younger residents like Gabi Hernandez, and her and Will's daughter Arianna Horton. Eve Donovan heard Claire singing in Horton Town Square, and asked her to be part of a music event she was organizing. Claire was ecstatic, but Belle suggested that Claire should spent Christmas with her father. Claire accused her mother they are about to get married, but Belle said she was sorry they weren't. Claire told her mother she wasn't sorry and felt she wanted to start over without her and Shawn. Claire was offered a chance to go to New York for an audition by Eve, but Claire was hesitant to go, and Eve encouraged her to give it some thought. Claire was later upset to see Philip and Belle together. Claire asked Philip to stay away from Belle, and said she and her father just needed time to figure things out. Soon after seeing her mother get close with Philip, she phoned her father to come back to Salem so he can save her mother from herself. Claire noticed that Ciara seemed to have a crush on Chase, and Ciara pointed out that Claire also seems to be crushing on Chase. Ciara encouraged Claire to talk to Chase, but Chase told her he wasn't ready to date. Belle and Claire's relationship became fractured even more when Belle told Eve to stay away from Claire. Eve encouraged Belle not to give up on a relationship with her mom. Eve and Claire went to New York for audition. Claire failed the audition, and was so disappointed that she left New York by herself, and returned to Salem. In an effort to cheer Claire up, Belle bought Victor's nightclub, so Claire could practice her singing. Claire saw it as a way in trying to buy her love, and rejected the gesture. Claire noticed that Ciara wasn't acting herself, and also a seemed to hold a lot of resentment for Chase. Claire decided to ask Chase out, but he rejected the offer. Claire told Ciara that she has asked Chase out, and Ciara reluctantly admitted to Claire that Chase had raped her. Claire, Theo Carver, and Joey Johnson all kidnapped Chase and brought him to a warehouse, so Ciara could confront Chase. Afterwards, the police were called and Chase was arrested. Claire focused on being a friend to Ciara, and her music. Both Ciara and her parents were impressed with Claire's talent. Claire helped set up for prom where Mark McNair forcibly kissed Ciara, causing Theo to beat him up. Claire took her classmate Henry to the prom, and encouraged Ciara to go as well. At the prom, someone rigged the projector to show humiliating photos of Ciara and Theo. When the group saw Mark smirking, they deduced he was behind it, and vandalized his car as payback. Unfortunately, the car belonged to Mark's father, who was also a judge. The teens were all put in jail for the night, and bailed out the next day. Later, while having breakfast Claire noticed a moment between her parents and they announced they were back together. Claire decided to drop out of school, and focus on her music. She took and Shawn and Belle's skepticism as not being supportive, but they later told her they would support her if this is what she wants. When Chloe Lane returned to town, she and Philip partnered up in the music business, and offered Claire a recording contract. Claire discovered Chloe was pregnant, and that she didn't want anyone to know. Later her parents got back together in the summer of 2016. But they had to leave for Hong Kong for her mother's work. She remained in Salem where she was around for the prison break of Orpheus, Xander Kiriakis, and Clyde Weston, she was kidnapped by them for money in exchange. She was eventually rescued by her grandpa John and Steve Johnson. After the siege, Claire began hitting on Theo. They began dating. Claire and Ciara began to work as volunteers at the hospital. Soon when Valerie Grant came back to town, Theo was suspicious for her as he thought she was keeping a secret from his father who she began to date. Claire decided to help him spy on her to find out her secret, this got her into conflict with Ciara as she believed she's making Theo do things that are wrong. In 2017, Claire began to realize that Theo still has feelings for Ciara and decides to do whatever it takes to break them up. She hid a letter that Ciara had written for Theo which details her feelings for him. Her friend Jade offered her a way into becoming more famous by making a sex-tape but she refused. However, Jade was persistent for she believed she knew best and so she secretly taped Theo and Claire having sex. On June 13, Theo's father Abe Carver and Claire's grandmother Hope Brady discovered the sex video by accident on Theo's computer, they confronted them about it. Both Theo and Claire denied being behind it. Soon however Theo began accusing Claire of being behind this, this broke her heart and after it was revealed that it was Jade who did this all on her own, Claire realized that Theo doesn't trust her so she broke up with him. Claire spoke to her grandmother Marlena on her heartbreak and told her everything about her paranoia of Theo and Ciara's feelings for each other. She gave Theo the letter Ciara had written for him months ago and he was in disbelief that she could do something like this. Later in the summer, she took a job as a waiter. On August 10, Claire meets with Tripp at work and he gave her back an MP3 player she had recently let him borrow. Tripp raved about how amazing her voice is and how he has no doubts she will be among the best singers in the future. He reveals to her that he plans to leave Salem, because he is the one who set Kayla up. He explains why and Claire's shocked. She was able to convince him to apologize to her. Claire started to excuse herself so she'd get back to work, but before walking away, she asked if she was ever going to see Tripp again. He's not sure. She gave Tripp her MP3 player to Tripp as a sort of reminder of her. When she and Joey learn of Chad's arrest, Joey informed her that he plans to confess on killing Ava, and was surprised to hear that Tripp knew he killed his mother and yet did not turn his brother in. On August 31, Claire suggested to Theo that Tripp could move in with them and this made Theo jealous, believing she and Tripp have gotten close. Later, Claire offered Tripp to move into her and Theo Carver's apartment, which he happily accepted despite Theo's reluctance. She began noticing Theo's jealousy to grow right before she leaves to go help Tripp move his stuff into the apartment. Later, Theo confessed his love for Claire and they got back together. On October 19, Claire helped Tripp get a job at the same cafe she’s working at as a waiter. This brought her into conflict with a jealous Theo. On November 13, at the loft, Claire revealed to Tripp that she told Theo that she really feels comfortable around him, for he understands and captivates her better than him. When they are playing video games they share a close moment, which is interrupted by a call. Claire learns that Theo has been shot. Claire faints because of the news, and Tripp stays next to her in the hospital. On December 26, Theo wakes up from his coma and Claire is beyond relieved. Ciara and Claire continue fighting and on December 28, Claire learns of Tripp's feelings for her. She did not reciprocate. In June 2020, Claire called Marlena to Bayview and said she was well enough to be released. Marlena agreed to talk to Claire's doctors. Claire also had plans to attend Ciara and Ben's upcoming wedding. She found out about it by swiping her doctor's invitation since he had also treated Ben. Claire's new friend Gwen Rizczech inquired about her interest in Ciara and Ben. Claire mentioned Ciara was her dad's little sister, and Gwen said Ciara was Claire's aunt. Claire said she was, but she never calls Ciara that. Claire told Gwen that she had tried to kill Ciara, and Gwen realized Ciara had been the person she was referring to. Claire expressed her desire to be Ciara's maid of honor, and Gwen wondered if Claire had an ulterior motive. Claire denied it, and Gwen promised to keep her secret. Willow Stark Willow Stark was played by Annie Burgstede from October 2006 to June 2007. Willow was a former prostitute who Shawn Brady met one evening. Shawn got Willow a job at Chez Rouge and started dating her after he broke up with his ex-wife Mimi Lockhart. She became more controlling and obsessed with Shawn and disliked that Shawn tried to see Claire or Belle. Shawn broke things off with her so he could be a better father so she set fire to his loft. Weeks later, EJ DiMera paid her to break into the Brady home and she accidentally set fire to the place. She planted Chelsea Brady's brush at the scene, but Nick Fallon hid the brush, so she was sent to jail. Once Nick bailed her out, he helped her find a place to live. Willow attempted to blackmail Nick and eventually fell to her death on an episode that aired June 5, 2007. She has a younger brother named Jed Stark who attended Salem University. Barb Reiber Barb Reiber, played by Tamara Clatterbuck, is the wife of Glen Reiber, the biological father of J. T. Brady, who was switched at birth with Zack Brady, resulting in a complicated custody battle. Glen Reiber Glen Reiber is the biological father of J.T. Brady, who was switched at birth with Zack Brady, resulting in a complicated custody battle. While watching TV in Chicago, Glen Reiber saw a sketch of a girl whose body had been found frozen in the ice, in the canal behind Bo and Hope Brady's house after their wedding New Year's Eve. He recognized it as Marlo, his former girlfriend, who had left town suddenly while pregnant. The couple went to Salem, identified the sketch, and Glen inquired about the baby Marlo carried. Though given the runaround by the Carvers, he and Barb found that Marlo gave birth to a boy, in June 2000, and the Carvers had adopted him. Jennifer Deveraux had a car accident resulting in baby J.T. Brady falling into the river, while strapped in Isaac Carver's baby seat (his name was on it). Barb spotted the baby floating, like Moses in the rushes, and they rescued him. Thinking that he is Isaac, the Reibers fled to his aunt's cabin in the hills. Auntie discovered the surgery scar, and when the baby began to have breathing difficulties, Glen and Barb rushed him to the local hospital, but then returned to Salem. They already had a DNA test to prove Glen was the father of Marlo's child. Although facing kidnapping charges, Bo and Hope only wanted J.T. back safe, and promised not to press charges. The Reibers returned J.T., and went back to Chicago, where the DNA results arrived. Barb read them secretly, realizing Glen was the father of J.T., and not Isaac's father, and went back to Salem to blackmail Lexie Carver. She succeeded in getting several thousand dollars, and then told Glen that she was pregnant with their child, hoping he will not try to search for the truth. Eventually they both returned to Salem and crashed Lexie's party. When Lexie didn't come up with the million dollars, Barb blew the whistle. Glen sought out a slick attorney, Cameron Reese, to sue for custody of J.T. In the ensuing DNA test, it was proven that Glen was J.T.'s father. After Glen and Barb lost custody of J.T. to Bo and Hope, they returned to Chicago, where they prepared for the birth of their next child. Tyler Kiriakis Tyler Kiriakis is the son of Philip Kiriakis and Mimi Lockhart. In July 2006, Philip Kiriakis and then-wife Belle Black were planning to have a second child, as were their friends/nephew Shawn-Douglas Brady and his then wife Mimi Lockhart were also plan to have a baby. Both couples planned to use artificial insemination. A gloved hand switched the samples so Belle ended up pregnant with Shawn's baby and Shawn and Mimi's surrogate ended up pregnant with Philip and Mimi's child. It wasn't long until both couples learned the truth that there was a switch in the petri dishes. Philip and Mimi wanted to have both babies aborted but Belle chose not to have her child aborted. Unfortunately, she later had complications and her child was lost. After Shawn and Mimi separated, Mimi signed away their rights to the child and left its fate up to the surrogate mother Lauren Chaffee. Bonnie Lockhart was paying Lauren with the intent to mother the child but Bonnie was sent to jail and Lauren was left to give birth on her own. Philip and his sister Billie have traced Lauren's steps and now believe that "Pocket" or Ty Johnson, the baby boy being fostered by Kayla Brady and Steve Johnson, is actually Tyler. Allie Horton Allie Horton is the daughter of Sami Brady and Lucas Horton. She and her twin, Johnny DiMera, are introduced on October 23, 2007, at her grandmother Marlena's house, where they are delivered by Marlena. Allie goes for several weeks without a name until the Thanksgiving Day wedding of Shawn and Belle, where Lucas announces her name as Alice Caroline Horton, and "Allie" for short. Sami is shocked because she and Lucas haven't yet reached a decision on their baby girl's name together, but happily Sami loves the name. Allie is named after her great-grandmothers, Alice Horton and Caroline Brady. Her twin, Johnny DiMera, is her maternal half-brother. Allie has a big brother in Will Horton, and in 2009, she becomes big sister to her new maternal half-sister, Sydney DiMera. In February 2011, Allie goes to live in Hong Kong with her father Lucas for a while, after the man who is masquerading as her step-father Rafe Hernandez is mean to her several times. She returns after it is revealed that the man is an imposter. Sami and the real Rafe try to help Allie understand what has happened. In May 2013, Allie becomes an aunt to Arianna Grace Horton (Will's daughter with Gabi Hernandez), and in April 2014 when Will gets married, Allie gains a brother-in-law in Sonny Kiriakis. In May 2014, Allie is walking into the Horton Town Square with Jordan Ridgeway when she sees her favorite cousin Nick Fallon, who has been shot multiple times and is bleeding from the chest, stumble into the square and collapse. Allie screams and is the first person to notice him. Afterwards, she cannot stop looking at him despite her parents' attempts to get her to look away; and when Nick dies shortly after, she is traumatized by his death. In October 2014, Allie moves with Sami, Johnny and Sydney, to live in California. A year later Sami takes them all on a round-the-world trip, and in the fall of 2017 the children stay with their Aunt Carrie and Uncle Austin in Switzerland. In June 2020, a grown up Allie (Lindsay Arnold) returns to Salem, much to the surprise of Eric Brady (Greg Vaughan) and Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker), where she reveals she is pregnant. After giving birth to son, Henry, she leaves town. When Sami sues Eric and Nicole for custody of her son, she returns much to the displeasure of her mother. Re-claiming her son, whom she names Henry, she moves back in with Nicole. Later, she discloses she was raped in London, and identifies Tripp Dalton (Lucas Adams) as her rapist and Henry's father. In December 2020, Charlie Dale (Mike C. Manning) discloses to his mother, Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun), that he was the one who raped Allie, not Tripp. Johnny DiMera Johnny DiMera is the son of EJ DiMera and Sami Brady, and is the maternal half-twin of Allie Horton. Johnny is born with Allie on October 23, 2007. He is originally believed, like Allie, to be the son of Lucas Horton, but after the birth, EJ begins to suspect that the twins might have different fathers because Johnny does not look like his sister, and EJ thinks Johnny looks like himself. A second DNA test confirms EJ to be Johnny's father. With a full name of John Roman DiMera, Johnny is named after his mom's dad and step-dad, Roman Brady and John Black. Johnny has an older maternal half-brother in Will Horton, and in 2009 he gains a full sister in Sydney DiMera. In 2013, Johnny becomes an uncle to Will's daughter Arianna Horton. After witnessing a murder, Johnny's mom Sami is taken into protection by the federal government as a vulnerable witness. Whilst in witness protection, Sami allows Johnny to live with EJ and his wife Nicole Walker, in the DiMera mansion, with Johnny's paternal grandfather, Stefano DiMera. When Sami is released from witness protection, Johnny returns to live with Sami. However, Stefano insists that EJ raises Johnny as a DiMera, against Sami's wishes. EJ first resists this notion because he does not want to betray his ex-wife; but when he hears that Sami's youngest daughter, whom Sami says she adopted, is his daughter and that Sami gave birth to her whilst in witness protection and hid this from him, EJ is furious with Sami, and he agrees to raise Johnny as a DiMera against his ex-wife's wishes. After much heartache and drama, including Johnny suffering from eye-cancer (from which he eventually makes a full recovery), EJ and Sami become co-operative co-parents, and eventually marry again; but then Johnny's dad EJ is shot dead in a conflict with the villainous Clyde Weston. After losing his dad, Johnny goes with his mom and sisters to live in Los Angeles. A year later Sami takes them all on a round-the-world trip, and in the fall of 2017 the children stay with their Aunt Carrie and Uncle Austin in Switzerland. Johnny reunited with his father in 2018 when his father EJ was revealed to be alive and then lived in Rome, Italy with his siblings and Mother. Crawford Decker Crawford Decker, played by John Sanderford (2007–08), was Ford Decker's father. He used his influence with the president of Salem University to protect Ford from being punished for raping several female students. Crawford also urged the police to aggressively pursue Ford's subsequent disappearance. Ford Decker Ford Decker, played by Matthew Florida (2007), was a student at Salem University who was a serial date rapist. When his father Crawford, used his influence to protect Ford from being punished for drugging and raping numerous female students, the sisters of Alpha Chi Theta decided to take action. The women, who included three of Ford's victims or attempted victims, drugged him. When the partially incapacitated Ford then pursued Chelsea, whom he had also drugged, up the stairs of the sorority house, he lost consciousness and suffered a fatal fall down the stairs. The sisters buried his body in the basement. Subsequently, Chelsea Brady and Stephanie Johnson dug him back up and hid him in a water heater, which Max Brady removed from the premises. Richard Baker Richard Baker, played by John Callahan (2008–2010), is a doctor Nicole blackmails into posing as her OB/GYN while she fakes pregnancy after miscarrying her baby. Though he claims to have altruistic motives in the running of his free clinic, he's involved in shady black market baby brokering in order to pay off his substantial debts, a fact Nicole uses to her advantage. He frequently goes to Nicole for money in exchange for keeping her secret until he is murdered by men Stefano DiMera hires. Stefano also attempts to frame Rafe Hernandez for the murder. In his last frugal efforts to tell Sami and Mia about the baby switch, he writes each of them a letter, both of which are destroyed by Nicole. However, it is discovered that he faked his death and later returns to Salem. He helps Hope, who under the influence of sleeping pills, mugs the men of Salem. He was caught and send to prison for helping Nicole switch babies and stealing money. Daniel Jonas Daniel Jonas first appeared on March 4, 2008, being portrayed by actor, Shawn Christian. Christian initially signed a one-year contract, but he has since signed on for an extended stay. Following a fatal car crash caused by Eric Brady's drunk-driving, the character was written into a coma on January 4, 2016. On January 6, 2016, the character was killed off after being taken off life support when his heart was donated to Brady Black. Christian reprised the role thereafter during a dream sequence with Nicole Walker on February 12, 2016, during another dream sequence months later with Chloe Lane on November 3, 2016, and yet another dream sequence with Nicole Walker on December 12, 2016 - declaring his love for her as well as his encouragement for her to move on with her life. Christian made more reprisals in 2017, once on January 27, 2017, once in May 2017, and a final appearance as an apparition to Eric Brady and Nicole Walker on June 28, 2017. The character reappeared in a one-off guest appearance on April 1, 2020 - for a special April Fools episode. Before arriving in Salem, Dr. Jonas worked at various hospitals around the world. Many years ago, he had an affair with Carly Manning, who later introduced him to Rebecca, a cancer patient with whom Daniel fell in love. Although Rebecca's prognosis was grim, Daniel married her anyway and was determined to save her. Rebecca's cancer proved to be too advanced and she died in Daniel's arms. Upon his arrival in Salem, Daniel has romances with Chelsea Brady and her grandmother Kate Roberts. In early 2010, Carly tells Daniel that Melanie Layton is their daughter. Daniel and Melanie bond quickly, and eventually forgive Carly for keeping them apart. After a drunken one night stand with Melanie's husband, Philip Kiriakis, Daniel's fiancée Chloe Lane becomes pregnant, and is unsure if Daniel or Philip is the father. She is relieved when a paternity test shows Daniel as the child's father. Daniel and Chloe name their son Parker, after Daniel's mother. At Parker's christening, Caroline Brady reveals that she switched the paternity test to keep Melanie from leaving Philip for her granddaughter Stephanie Johnson's boyfriend Nathan Horton. Daniel ends his marriage to Chloe. Daniel soon finds happiness with Jennifer Horton, but their happiness is short-lived as Jennifer's ex, Jack Deveraux returns to town. Eventually Jennifer reunites with Jack and Daniel finds comfort with a pregnant Nicole Walker. He also learns that Maggie Horton is his biological mother. Daniel helps Nicole fix her child's paternity test, claiming the baby is Rafe Hernandez's, even though it is EJ DiMera's. As Nicole grows attached to Daniel, Jack dies and Daniel and Jennifer reunite. Nicole loses her baby, but keeps it a secret, wanting to hold onto Daniel. When Nicole falls down the stairs after a fight with Jennifer, and gives birth to a stillborn son, she blames Jennifer. Eventually the truth comes out and Daniel and Jennifer once again reunite. EJ confronts Daniel for keeping his son away from him saying he will not retaliate because of Daniel's previous help with his other son Johnny but warns Daniel not to cross him again. On January 7, 2013, Chloe returns to Salem with the news that Daniel is really Parker's father. On December 31, 2015, Daniel and Brady Black are driving in car returning to the Basic Black launch of product line because Brady forgot a gift for Theresa, during this time Eric Brady decides to drive himself while being intoxicated causes a car crash which injures several major Salem Residents including, Daniel, Brady Black, Eric, and Jennifer Horton. On January 4, 2016, Daniel was pronounced dead to the injuries from the accident, as an organ donor, Kayla asks Maggie to allow for Daniel to donate his heart to either Eric or Brady. On January 6, 2016, Daniel is taken off life-support with Maggie's consent and his heart is donated to Brady Black. On April 1, 2020, Daniel is revealed to be alive and comes back to Salem to resume his life with Nicole and get to know his daughter, Holly. He convinces Nicole to leave Eric and to marry him in a wedding ceremony that is being officiated by Abe Carver in Eric's apartment. Eric interrupts the wedding and reveals that Daniel is already married. Nicole becomes enraged and kicks Daniel out of the apartment. Later, in the town square, it is revealed that Daniel is married to Shelia Watkins. It is later revealed that this was a joke and part of the "April Fools Day" Show. Mia McCormick Mia McCormick was played by Taylor Spreitler from January 6, 2009 to June 23, 2010. Mia is a high school drop-out, who was introduced as a pregnant teenager. Nicole Walker buys her baby, Grace, for $10K to replace her own, secretly miscarried, baby. NIcole then secretly swaps Grace for Sami Brady's baby, Sydney, who was born at the same time (January 28, 2009). Mia uses the money to fund a dancing career in Japan but when this fails she returns to Salem, determined to get her baby back. On arriving in Salem, she moves in with Maggie Horton and she befriends Maggie's nephew, Will Horton. Will is Sami Brady's firstborn, and they babysit Will's new baby sister Grace together, without Mia realizing Grace is her own daughter. Mia is attracted to Will and they date. Mia works at Java Cafe, where she meets and re-connects with her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera, whom she left when she discovered she was pregnant. After overhearing information and investigating, Chad discovers that Mia had a baby, and realizes it is his. Nicole pressurizes Mia to keep their deal secret, but Chad wants to know what happened to his daughter, and he eventually learns that Mia gave their daughter away to Nicole. In the meantime, Grace contracts bacterial meningitis, and she dies, leaving Will and Sami devastated. It is only afterwards that Mia finds out about the baby-swap: that Grace was her biological daughter. Shocked and devastated, Mia and Chad mourn Grace. Grace Brady Grace Brady is the biological daughter of a young teenage mother, Mia McCormick and her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera, then Peterson-Woods, born on-screen on January 27, 2009, but she was believed to be the biological daughter of EJ DiMera and Sami Brady. It wasn't until November 12, 2009 when Rafe Hernandez revealed the truth that Sami Brady knew she wasn't Grace's birth mother. Sami Brady and Nicole Walker were both pregnant with EJ DiMera's babies. Nicole miscarried but pretended to still be pregnant. She planned to adopt Mia McCormick's baby and pass it off as hers with E.J. When Mia and Sami gave birth to girls on the same day, in the same medical clinic, almost at the same time, Nicole switched Sami's baby with Mia's baby (Nicole helped deliver Mia's baby), so that she and E.J. would raise a child that was biologically his. Sami, who was forced to enter the witness protection program during her pregnancy, decided to protect her child from the DiMeras by never telling E.J. about their baby. As a result, she left Grace at a convent orphanage. On March 30, 2009, Sami brought Grace home to Salem telling everybody she was her "adopted" daughter. The same day she made Rafe, her former bodyguard turned boyfriend, Grace's godfather. The baby was christened Grace Rafaela; Grace in honor of the convent and what Sami perceived as God's intervention in helping her to have and keep her baby, and Rafaela in honor of Rafe. Grace died on June 9, 2009 from bacterial meningitis. Grace's parents, Sami Brady and Rafe Hernandez, were at her bedside when she died. She had also been held on that day by her biological mother, Mia. On June 11, 2009 Sami revealed to E.J. that he was "Grace's biological father," still unaware that the baby she had raised was not genetically theirs. Sydney DiMera Sydney DiMera is the daughter of EJ DiMera and Sami Brady. Sydney is born in secret on January 28, 2009, while her mother is in witness protection, and she is switched shortly after birth with Grace Brady, the daughter of a teenage mother, Mia, who has agreed to give her baby up for adoption to Nicole Walker. Nicole, who has miscarried her fiancé E.J.'s daughter Sydney DiMera Sr., has arranged in secret to adopt Mia's baby and pass the child off as E.J.'s, fearful that she would lose EJ without a baby. When Nicole learns that Sami had just recently given birth to her and E.J.'s daughter the same day Mia gave birth to hers, Nicole switches the babies, preferring to have E.J.'s biological daughter over an unrelated child. Nicole instantly bonds with Sydney, and vows to always protect her no matter what happens. Sami and E.J. are none the wiser to Nicole's treachery, and Sami and Rafe bond with "Sami's" daughter, while EJ and Nicole bond with "their" daughter. E.J. eventually learns that Nicole had a miscarriage with their daughter Sydney DiMera Sr. and he kicks Nicole and Sydney out of the mansion, not knowing the truth about Sydney. Eventually, Sami also learns that Sydney is her biological daughter. Soon after, E.J. learns that Sydney is his biological child with Sami. However, the family reunion turns into a nightmare when Brady Black bails Nicole out of jail and she kidnaps Sydney. Nicole has a change of heart and decides to tell E.J. and Sami where Sydney is, but she is knocked out by Anna DiMera, who takes Sydney. It is later revealed that Anna was hired by E.J. to kidnap Sydney. Sydney becomes the subject of many custody battles between E.J. and Sami over the next few years, with Nicole involved, as well, during the time she is married to E.J. They later come to an agreement, though, and Sydney is able to stay with her entire family, including her siblings, Johnny, Allie Horton, and Will Horton. Sydney became an aunt when Gabi Hernandez gave birth to Will's daughter, Arianna Horton. Nathan Horton Nathan Horton, portrayed by Mark Hapka, is a doctor who came to Salem in June 2009 to start an internship at Salem University Hospital. He is the son of Melissa Horton; his father has never been identified. On his first day at the hospital, he meets Melanie Layton, and they start a flirtation. Later, Melanie is surprised and alarmed when she returns home to Maggie Horton's house to find a half-dressed Nathan, fresh out of the shower, as she hadn't yet learned that he is Maggie's grandson; Maggie soon arrives and explains that Nathan would be living there. When Nathan learns that Melanie was the girl his cousin Nick Fallon had been involved with, he blames her for ruining Nick's life and speaks harshly to her about it. When Maggie informs Nathan that Melanie had been Nick's victim and that she spoke on his behalf in court, Nathan apologizes to Melanie and she accepts. He moves into Lucas's house after learning Maggie feels uncomfortable with him and Melanie dating while living under the same roof. See also List of Days of Our Lives characters List of Days of Our Lives characters (1960s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1970s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1980s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (1990s) List of Days of Our Lives characters (2010s) List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members References 2000s

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%201914

September 1914

The following events occurred in September 1914: September 1, 1914 (Tuesday) Due to war with Germany, Saint Petersburg in Russia changed its name to Petrograd, meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg. British Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener met with General John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force following the Battle of Le Cateau at a midnight ministers that included French Prime Minister René Viviani and War Minister Alexandre Millerand. The two British generals at one point excused themselves to talk privately, and while no record of their conversation was kept, it was evident months afterward the two had developed a professional hostility towards one other. Affair of Néry – A cavalry brigade from the retreating British Army fought a skirmish against an opposing German cavalry brigade twice their size, during the Great Retreat from Mons. The British artillery was mostly put out of action in the first few minutes, but a single gun successfully kept up a steady fire for two and a half hours against a full German battery until British reinforcements arrived. Three men of the artillery unit were awarded the Victoria Cross for their part in the battle, including Edward Kinder Bradbury who died from wounds during the battle. The battery itself was later awarded the honour title of "Néry", the only British Army unit to have this as a battle honour. Zaian War – The Zayanes called off their siege on the French-held colonial town of Khenifra, Morocco, resulting in an "armed peace" that lasted until November. Martial law was declared in Butte, Montana, after local law enforcement failed to quell ongoing labor violence between rival mining groups in the town. Around 500 National Guard were called in to regain order. A state district court later ordered the town's mayor and sheriff to be fired from their positions for dereliction of duty, and new leadership was appointed. The British 3rd Cavalry Division was established under the command of Major-General the Hon. Julian Byng and remained active until 1919. The 2nd Light Horse Brigade of the First Australian Imperial Force was established in Sydney, with the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Light Horse Regiments in support. The 14th, 15th and 17th Battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force were established. The "Corps Eberhardt" of the Imperial Germany Army was established to defend the Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany and France. It was renamed the XV Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps in 1916. The Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya arrived off Kiaochow Bay, China, to participate in operations during the Siege of Tsingtao. It was the first combat deployment of an aviation ship by any country. Gertrude I. Johnson and Mary T. Wales founded the Johnson & Wales Business School in Providence, Rhode Island, with a single student. It eventually grew to become Johnson & Wales University with four campuses across the United States. The last known passenger pigeon "Martha" died in the Cincinnati Zoo. The poem "August, 1914" by John Masefield was published in the September 1 issue of The English Review, the first piece of literature written about World War I. The town of Mission Beach, Queensland, Australia was established. Died: George Henry Morris, Irish military officer, first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle, killed in action (b. 1872) September 2, 1914 (Wednesday) Japan landed between 15,000 and 20,000 troops at Longkou, China, north of the German-control Chinese port of Tsingtao in preparation to lay siege to the port, even though it violated China's neutrality. The French village of Moronvilliers, 15 kilometers northeast from Rheims, was occupied by German troops. Because it was situated on what became the Western Front, the village was deserted and destroyed during the war. The Accrington Pals were established as part of Kitchener's Army in Accrington, England. The 2nd Mounted Division of the British Army was established. The British territorial mounted artillery brigades, the I Brigade and II Brigade, were established in Egypt from existing mounted brigades and artillery. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, and 20th Battalions were established for the Canadian Expeditionary Force and deployed to Europe on October 14. Charles Masterman invited 25 "eminent literary men" to Wellington House in London to form a secret British war propaganda bureau. Those who attend include William Archer, Arnold Bennett, G. K. Chesterton, Arthur Conan Doyle, Ford Madox Ford, John Galsworthy, Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, Henry Newbolt, Gilbert Parker, G. M. Trevelyan and H. G. Wells. Born: George Brown, British politician, served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1960 to 1970, in London (d. 1985); Fred Ruiz Castro, Filipino judge, 12th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1976 to 1979 (d. 1979) Died: John de Villiers, South African judge, first Chief Justice of South Africa from 1874 to 1914 (b. 1842) September 3, 1914 (Thursday) Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeded Pope Pius X as the 258th pope. Prince William of Albania left the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule. Battle of Rawa – The Russian Fifth Army under command of Paul von Plehwe exploited a gap in the Austrian-Hungarian defense line when the Austo-Hungarian Fourth Army was ordered south to aid the Third Army, which had suffered heavy casualties. Royal Navy torpedo gunboat struck a mine and sank in the North Sea along with a naval trawler, with the loss of one of her 91 crew (the other boat lost another five crew). The 63rd Naval Infantry Division was established as the main infantry unit for the Royal Navy. Sioux County, North Dakota was established by proclamation of Governor Louis B. Hanna and named after the Sioux Lakota that historically settled in the area. The Masonic Temple in Worcester, Massachusetts, was completed and dedicated by Grand Master, Most Worshipful Melvin M. Johnson. The temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Born: Dixy Lee Ray, American politician, 17th and first female Governor of Washington, in Tacoma, Washington (d. 1994) Died: Albéric Magnard, French composer, known for symphonies and operas including Guercœur and Bérénice (killed in action) (b. 1865) September 4, 1914 (Friday) Battle of Rawa – The Russian Third Army seized Lemberg in Galicia (now Poland) from Austria-Hungary. Battle of Grand Couronné – The German Sixth Army attacked the regrouping French Second Army in northeastern France following the Battle of the Frontiers. Siege of Antwerp – Spurred by news that 40,000 British troops had landed in Belgium, German forces attacked captured fortresses and blew up bridges from the Scheldt towards Termonde north of the city. A coal mine collapsed in Adamson, Oklahoma, killing 14 miners. Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain Robert Bartlett of the Karluk met fur trader Olaf Swenson in Nome, Alaska who had chartered the schooner King and Winge for a seasonal trade run to Siberia. Bartlett requested Swensen have the ship stop by Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea and look for the stranded survivors of the Karluk shipwreck. Barlett's charter ship Bear left Nome a few days after King and Winge. The French Foreign Legion established 2nd and 3rd Foreign Regiments of the 1st Foreign Regiment, and 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment to fight for the Allies in World War I. The Royal Town Planning Institute was established as the principal association for urban planners in Great Britain. Enlistee William Henry Strahan wrote the poem "The Bugle Call" before he left for military training at Blackboy Hill, Australia. Following his death during the first day of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, many newspapers published the verses. Died: Charles Péguy, French poet and essayist, author of "Portico of the Mystery of the Second Virtue", killed in action near Villeroy, Seine-et-Marne, France (b. 1873) September 5, 1914 (Saturday) The Australian Labor Party led by Andrew Fisher won the Australian federal election, taking 42 out of 75 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 31 out of 36 seats in the Australian Senate. Early general elections were held in Sweden for the second time that year. The First Battle of the Marne began when the French Sixth Army left Paris to the east and engaged cavalry patrols with the German Sixth Army at the River Ourcq. French general Noël de Castelnau was ordered to hold the city of Nancy, France as long as possible while French troops on the Grand Couronné repulsed German attacks. Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder was sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 261 sailors. It was the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine. During the Siege of Tsingtao, the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out its first air combat mission. A three-seat Farman seaplane from the Wakamiya bombed German fortifications at Tsingtao, China, and conducted a reconnaissance of Kiaochow Bay. The German light cruiser SMS Emden, under command of Karl von Müller, was spotted in the Bay of Bengal. The cover of magazine London Opinion first carried the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You. The Amsterdam cricket club was established after three separate crickets clubs merged, being Volharding, RAP and Amstel, thus retaining the title of oldest active cricket club in the Netherlands. Born: Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Catholic nun, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her humanitarian work, in Ponce, Puerto Rico (d. 2000); Minuetta Kessler, Russian-Canadian composer and pianist, noted piano prodigy best known for her performances with the Boston Pops Orchestra, in Gomel, Russia (d. 2002) Died: Charles Péguy, French poet, known for poetry collections including The Portal of the Mystery of Hope, killed in action at the First Battle of the Marne (b. 1873) September 6, 1914 (Sunday) First Battle of the Marne – Troops from the British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army crossed the Grand Morin and Petit Morin rivers in France to engage German forces. General Joseph Gallieni began a 3-day effort to gather about 600 taxicabs in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front fifty kilometers away. With each taxi carrying five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver, the fleet was able to provide 6,000 reinforcements to the front at a crucial point in the Battle of the Marne. Most taxis returned to civilian service immediately, although some remained longer to carry back the wounded and refugees. The French treasury reimbursed all taxis with a total fare of 70,012 francs. Battle of Drina – The Serbian Second Army repelled an initial offense by the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army at the Drina River, but the stronger 6th Army managed to surprise the Serbian Third Army and gained a foothold into Serbian territory. The Siege of Maubeuge in France ended when the fortress's defenders surrendered to German forces after several days of shelling. German colonial forces attacked British troops defending Nsanakong in German Cameroon, forcing them to retreat over the border into Nigeria with 100 casualties. The first air-sea battle in history occurred between Imperial Japanese Navy seaplanes and German and Austro-Hungarian ships in Kiaochow Bay during the Siege of Tsingtao. The Bohemian National Alliance was established in Chicago to advocate support of the independent state of Czechoslovakia from Austria-Hungary. The Indonesian Islamic organization Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya was established with the first Al-Irshad school in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. Died: Alfred Mayssonnié, French rugby player, scrum-half and fly-half for the France national rugby union team from 1908 to 1910, killed at the First Battle of the Marne (b. 1884) September 7, 1914 (Monday) Battle of Grand Couronné – German attacks drove French defenders back south of Verdun, France, which threatened to separate the French Second and Third Armies. General Noël Castelnau requested to retreat from Nancy again but ordered to hold the city for another 24 hours. First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The German Eighth Army under command of Paul von Hindenburg began attacking the Russian First Army under command of Paul von Rennenkampf in East Prussia. The German cruiser SMS Nürnberg destroyed a cable relay station on Fanning Island (now Tabuaeran) in the Pacific Ocean, in what became known as the Fanning Raid. Canadian Arctic Expedition – The trading schooner King and Winge reached Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea and found 14 of the original 25 survivors of the Karluk shipwreck onshore to meet them. They were rapidly transferred to the ship and then sailed to Herald Island to search for another party that had ventured out there in February, but were forced to turn back because of ice. The ship rendezvoused with the Bear days later and the crew was reunited with Captain Robert Bartlett. The 1st Hull Heavy Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery was established to serve in Kitchener's Army. The Royal Navy established the Admiral Commanding for the Orkneys and Shetlands for the North Sea with Stanley Colville as the first commander. Actor Dustin Farnum reprised his successful 1904 stage role of The Virginian, based upon the 1902 novel by Owen Wister, in the first screen adaptation of the western directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Association football club Tombense was established in Tombos, Brazil. The novel Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross by L. Frank Baum opens on September 7, 1914, where main characters Patsy Doyle and Beth De Graf of the Aunt Jane's Nieces series and their uncle John Merrick read a newspaper account of the end of the Siege of Maubeuge and the German victory. The German victory concern the girls and motivates them to help out with the war effort. Born: James Van Allen, American physicist, detected the existence of the Van Allen radiation belt surrounding Earth, in Mount Pleasant, Iowa (d. 2006); Jean Blackwell Hutson, American librarian and curator, chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, in Sommerfield, Florida (d. 1998) Born: Mandy Mitchell-Innes, English cricketer, batsman for the England cricket team and Somerset County Cricket Club from 1931 to 1949, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2006); Lída Baarová, Czech-Austrian actress, mistress to Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, in Prague (d. 2000) Died: William Erasmus Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, major subject in Darwin's studies on developmental psychology (b. 1839); Peter O'Brien, Irish judge, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1889 to 1913 (b. 1842) September 8, 1914 (Tuesday) First Battle of the Marne – The French Fifth Army launched a surprise attack against the German Second Army, further widening the 50-kilometer gap between the First and Second German Armies. With the two German command posts now unable to communicate with each other, both commanding officers met and agreed the German Second Army was in danger of encirclement and should retreat immediately. Battle of Grand Couronné – The German offensive began to wane and French forces were able to start retaking lost ground. Pope Benedict XV held his first consistory in the Vatican. Major General Julian Byng was replaced by General J. Maxwell to command the Force in Egypt, whose primary objective was to protect the Suez Canal from the Central Powers. Private Thomas Highgate became the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I. The British ocean liner RMS Oceanic ran aground on a reef off the island of Foula of the Shetland Islands due to a navigational error. All passengers and crew were rescued but the ship was swallowed by the sea during a storm the following day. The wreck received little public exposure due to the controversy of crew incompetence surrounding the wreck. John D. Rockefeller and his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary at their home in Pocantico Hills, New York, two days before Laura's 75th birthday. It would be their last anniversary as Laura would pass away March 12, 1915. The stage comedy It Pays to Advertise by Roi Cooper Megrue and Walter C. Hackett premiered on Broadway and ran a full year in New York City. Born: B. P. Koirala, Nepalese state leader, 22nd Prime Minister of Nepal, in Varanasi, British India (d. 1982); Denys Lasdun, British architect, best known for the Royal National Theatre in London (d. 2001) Died: William Lofland Dudley, American chemist, developed the refining process for iridium (b. 1859) September 9, 1914 (Wednesday) German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg laid out Germany's war aims in the Septemberprogramm, as drafted by his private secretary, Kurt Riezler. Assuming a quick and decisive victory over France, the plan proposed making vassal states of Belgium and France and seizing much land from the Russian Empire in Eastern Europe. Chief of the Imperial German General Staff Helmuth von Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown upon hearing German forces were retreating from the Marne. It was alleged later that he told Kaiser Wilhelm II "Your Majesty, we have lost the war!" although historians including Winston Churchill were uncertain that it had actually happened. Siege of Antwerp – Belgian troops attacked Germany's eastern flank, capturing key river crossings and the town of Aarschot east of the city. Battle of Bita Paka – Australian occupation of German New Guinea began with capturing instead of destroying a wireless station on Nauru after it was found abandoned. The Taylor County Courthouse was officially opened in Medford, Wisconsin to replace the original courthouse built in 1876. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Hilaire Belloc was contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. The period drama Break, Break, Break was released, starring William Garwood and Louise Lester as mid-Victorian lovers, and directed by Harry A. Pollard. Iron Davis of the Boston Braves pitched a no-hitter during the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies, resulting in a 7–0 win. Born: Victor Tennekoon, Sri Lankan judge, 35th Chief Justice of Sri Lanka, in Central Province, Ceylon (d. 2007); Alexander Cordell, Welsh writer, author of the Mortymer Saga which included Rape of the Fair Country, Hosts of Rebecca and Song of the Earth, in Colombo (d. 1997); Seymour Heller, American talent agent, best known for being the agent for Liberace, in Cleveland (d. 2001) Died: Robert Napuʻuako Boyd, Hawaiian revolutionary leader, member of the failed Wilcox rebellion (b. 1864) September 10, 1914 (Thursday) German forces retreated from Verdun to the Aisne River in northeastern France. Siege of Antwerp – Belgian cavalry reached the city of Leuven, Belgium. Rebel forces captured the city of Durrës, capital of Albania, a week after Prince William abdicated the throne. The units that would eventually make up the 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Reserve Corps of the Imperial German Army were established, including the 43rd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, 53rd, 54th, and the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division which Adolf Hitler served through much of the war. The German light cruiser SMS Emden moved into the main shipping route between India and Ceylon began capturing or sinking half a dozen merchant ships, starting with the Indus. The Royal Navy began ordering ships in the Indian Ocean to hunt down the cruiser. Born: Robert Wise, American film director and producer, recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Picture for West Side Story and The Sound of Music, in Winchester, Indiana (d. 2005); Terence O'Neill, Irish state leader, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, in London (d. 1990); Keith Hampshire, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 6, No. 22 and No. 456 Squadrons during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Flying Cross, in Port Macquarie, Australia (d. 1982) Died: Neil Douglas Findlay, British army officer, commander of the 1st Infantry Division, recipient of the Order of the Bath, first British general to be killed in World War I (b. 1859) September 11, 1914 (Friday) Austro-Hungarian forces were defeated at the Battle of Rawa, sustaining some 50,000 casualties and 70,000 men taken prisoner, while the victorious Russian force sustained 60,000 casualties. However, the Central Powers retook Rawa on June 21, 1915. First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – Reinforcements bolstered the German Eighth Army, allowed them to push the Russian First Army back to a line running from Insterburg to Angerburg in East Prussia. Battle of Bita Paka – Australian troops from the cruiser landed at the port Rabaul in German New Guinea while the destroyer landed small parties to capture other small settlements with strategically placed wireless stations. British tanker was shelled and sunk in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico by German warship . The 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Infantry Divisions of Kitchener's Army were established. Born: Pavle, Serbian religious leader, 44th Serbian Patriarch, in Kućanci in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (d. 2009); Guglielmo Achille Cavellini, Italian artist, leading promoter of abstract art in Italy, in Brescia, Italy (d. 1990) Died: Mircea Demetriade, Romanian poet, early member of the Symbolist movement in Romania (b. 1861) September 12, 1914 (Saturday) The First Battle of the Marne ended after the German armies retreated to the River Aisne. French forces in pursuit captured 11,717 German soldiers, 30 artillery pieces and 100 machine-guns while British forces captured another 3,500 German soldiers. The defeat was so complete that many historians believed it forced the German Army to abandon its Schlieffen Plan. First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – German forces captured Gumbinnen (now Gusev) as Russian forces retreated. The Armistead Monument to General George Armistead was unveiled at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. Born: Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor, best known for his role as Q in 17 of the James Bond films, in Newport, Wales (d. 1999, killed in an auto accident); Janusz Żurakowski, Polish-Canadian fighter and test pilot, first test pilot of the Avro Arrow, in Ryzawka, Russian Empire (d. 2004) September 13, 1914 (Sunday) Although the General Electoral League received the most votes in the Swedish general election, the Swedish Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest party, winning 87 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber. First Battle of the Aisne – The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army crossed the Aisne at night under the cover of fog to partially demolish bridges and capture key ridges for an offensive against German forces. French forces recaptured the villages Pont-à-Mousson and Lunéville without opposition to end the Battle of Grand Couronné in France. With the French armies closing up to the Seille River, the Battle of the Frontiers ended with the northeast segment of the Western Front stabilized until 1918. First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The town of Stallupönen (now Nesterov) fell to German forces in East Prussia as Russian resistance deteriorated. Siege of Antwerp – Successful campaigns and German troops regrouping to bolster offensives in northern France allowed Belgian forces to return to Antwerp. The British sub HMS E9 sank the German aviso SMS Hela with all but two of her 178 crew captured. It was the first German ship sunk by a British sub in World War I. Former British diplomat and Irish nationalist Roger Casement met with German diplomat Franz von Papen in Washington D.C. to seek Germany's support in an independent Ireland from Great Britain. Canadian Arctic Expedition – The last survivors of the Karluk arrived in Nome, Alaska with most of the town out to greet them. In all, 14 out of the 25 that survived the sinking in January were accounted for. Three men were confirmed dead during the wait on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea, another four were believed to have perished on the ice after leaving the main party, and another four were unaccounted but believed to have been on Herald Island (although no one could get near it). It was not until an American expedition to the island in 1924 found human remains and equipment that confirmed the missing party had made it to land before perishing. The British 2nd Cavalry Division was established after merging the 5th Cavalry Brigade and 3rd Cavalry Brigade, along with members of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Engineers. The 21st Division of the British Army was established. Born: Leonard Feather, British jazz musician and journalist, known for his jazz music criticism for the Los Angeles Times and Metronome, in London (d. 1994) Died: Robert Hope-Jones, English inventor, designed the first theater organ (b. 1859); Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Egyptian state leader, 7th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1840) September 14, 1914 (Monday) First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The Russian First Army of the Neman River withdrew from East Prussia with over 100,000 casualties plus 45,000 prisoners, allowing the victorious German Eighth Army near complete control of the territory. The German cruiser SMS Cap Trafalgar was sunk by the British cruiser RMS Carmania at Trindade and Martin Vaz, off the coast of Brazil, with a loss of up to 50 crew and another 279 captured. The Royal Australian Navy's first submarine was lost off the Duke of York Islands with all 35 men while patrolling New Britain in the Pacific Ocean after less than seven months in service, the first Allied submarine loss of the war. The Tatiana Committee, named after Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, was established to support war refugees. The Kauai High School was established in Lihue, Hawaii. Born: Clayton Moore, American actor, played The Lone Ranger in the 1950s television series, in Chicago (d. 1999); Manlio Di Rosa, Italian fencer, two-time gold and silver medalist at the 1936, 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics, in Livorno, Italy (d. 1989); M. J. Thirumalachar, Indian microbiologist, known for the development of antifungal antibiotics, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, in Mysore, India (d. 1999) Died: Allen Allensworth, American army officer, first African-American to achieve rank of lieutenant colonel, founder of Allensworth, California (b. 1842); Nicolás Zamora, Filipino religious leader, founder of the Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands (b. 1875) September 15, 1914 (Tuesday) The first trenches of the Western Front were dug at the First Battle of the Aisne, as the conflict ended indecisively. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson formally ordered all American troops to leave the Mexican port of Veracruz after nearly five months of occupation in an effort to appease relations with Mexican provisional government leader Venustiano Carranza. Maritz rebellion – Christian Frederick Beyers, Commandant-General of the Union Defence Force in South Africa, resigned from his commission in protest of the South African government's decision to provide military support to the British Empire during World War I. Along with General Koos de la Rey, who served in the Second Boer War and was nominated to the Senate, Beyers traveled to an armory in Potchefstroom to meet with commanding officer Major Jan Kemp. Major Kemp and some 2,000 men under his command were supposedly sympathetic to Beyer's ideas. On the way to the meeting, De la Rey's car was fired upon by a policeman after it failed to stop at a road block set up to look for a fugitive criminal gang. De la Rey was hit and killed. A train crash near Lebanon, Missouri, killed 27 passengers and injured 18 others. The 14th session of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba began following the Conservatives lead by Rodmond Roblin forming government. The 8th Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment of the British Army was established. The Wooloowin State School was established in Lutwyche, Queensland, Australia. Born: Jens Otto Krag, Danish state leader, 18th Prime Minister of Denmark, in Randers, Denmark (d. 1978); Subandrio, Indonesian politician, 10th Foreign Minister of Indonesia until removed from office following the failed 1965 coup after which he was imprisoned for 29 years, in Malang, Indonesia (d. 2004) Born: Creighton Abrams, American army officer, commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972, in Springfield, Massachusetts (d. 1974); Ernest van den Haag, Dutch-American sociologist, advocate for racial segregation in the United States through the National Review, in The Hague (d. 2002) Born: Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer, author of the novella The Invention of Morel, in Buenos Aires (d. 1999); Robert McCloskey, American children's author/illustrator, best known for Make Way for Ducklings, in Hamilton, Ohio (d. 2003); John Roderick, American journalist, covered Mao Zedong and rise of communist China from 1946 to 1984, in Waterville, Maine (d. 2008) Died: Franjo Marković, Croatian philosopher, promoter of aesthetics in Croatian (b. 1845) September 16, 1914 (Wednesday) Russian forces began the Siege of Przemyśl in Eastern Galicia where a garrison of Austrian-Hungarian forces held out for 133 days before surrendering, the longest siege in World War I. The Canadian Aviation Corps was formed in an attempt for Canada to provide trained pilots for the Royal Air Force during World War I, but the organization dissolved by the spring of next year. Born: Allen Funt, American television producer, creator and host of Candid Camera, in New York City (d. 1999) September 17, 1914 (Thursday) Essad Pasha Toptani of the Ottoman Empire and Nikola Pašić of Serbia signed a secret alliance known as the Treaty of Niš. Andrew Fisher became Prime Minister of Australia for the third time and formed the 11th ministry of the Government of Australia, replacing the Cook Ministry. The German Sixth Army attempted to outflank French forces to the north in Belgium but met stiff-counter resistance, further entrenching the Western Front. Siege of Toma – German New Guinea governor Eduard Haber surrendered to Australian forces after determining there were few troops to defend the Pacific colony. The British battleship HMS Invincible sank during a storm in the English Channel off the coast of the Isle of Portland, with a loss of 21 of her 64 crew. The German Army command established Army Detachment A to manage strategy on the southern part of the Western Front. The city of Firebaugh, California was incorporated. Born: Thomas J. Bata, Czech-Canadian business executive, CEO of Bata Shoes, in Prague (d. 2008); William Grut, Swedish track athlete, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics, in Stockholm (d. 2012) September 18, 1914 (Friday) The Government of Ireland Act received royal assent (although King George had contemplated refusing it). However, the Act is postponed for the duration of World War I by the simultaneous Suspensory Act and in practice never came into effect in its original form. The German Army command established Army Detachment C to manage strategy on the southern part of the Western Front. American steamship sank during a storm off the coast of Oregon with the loss of 60 of her 62 passengers and crew, making it the worst maritime disaster in the state's history. Appliance manufacturer Kelvinator was established in Detroit. September 19, 1914 (Saturday) The German Ninth Army was established in Breslau near the German-Polish border to command troops on the Eastern Front. The German Army command established Army Detachment B to manage strategy on the extreme southern part of the Western Front. The 6th Cavalry Brigade, famous for its role at the Battle of Waterloo, was re-established with the 3rd Cavalry Division. The 7th and 8th Infantry Divisions were also reactivated. Port Adelaide 13.15 (93) defeated North Adelaide 1.8 (14) for their second successive South Australian National Football League (SAFL) flag and eighth overall. They were the only SAFL football team to finish with a perfect season, overall winning thirty consecutive matches. Pitcher Ed Lafitte tossed a no-hitter for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League in a 6–2 win over the Kansas City Packers. The Tryon Road Uniting Church formally opened in Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia. It was registered with the New South Wales State Heritage Register in 2003. Born: Rogers Morton, American politician, served as cabinet minister for the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford administrations, in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1979); Alphonzo E. Bell Jr., American politician, U.S. Senator from California from 1961 to 1977, in Santa Fe Springs, California (d. 2004) Died: Charles Devendeville, French swimmer, gold medalist at the 1900 Summer Olympics (killed in action) (b. 1882) September 20, 1914 (Sunday) The German cruiser sank the British cruiser at the Battle of Zanzibar, with a loss of 38 British sailors. With support from Serbia and Italy, Ottoman general Essad Pasha Toptani organized an armed force of 10,000 men to invade Albania. In a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond called on members of the Irish Volunteers to go "wherever the firing line extends". The majority did so, fighting in the 10th and 16th Irish Divisions alongside their volunteer counterparts from the 36th (Ulster) Division; the rump Irish Volunteers split off on 24 September. New train stations opened to the serve the Uetsu and Rikuu rail lines in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, including Amarume, Karikawa and Tsuya serving the line. The Trinity Auditorium was dedicated as a music venue by the Methodist Episcopal Church South in Los Angeles. Born: Ken Hechler, American politician, U.S. Representative for West Virginia from 1959 to 1977 and Secretary of State of West Virginia from 1985 to 2001, in Roslyn, New York (d. 2016) Died: William R. Pettiford, American religious leader and banker, pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, and founder of one of the first southern banks for African-Americans (b. 1847) September 21, 1914 (Monday) First Battle of Picardy – German forces marched from Rheims, France, and engaged French forces the following day. All German armed forces in German New Guinea surrendered to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force. German forces laid siege to Osowiec Fortress in the Russian Empire (now north-eastern Poland), using up to 60 artillery pieces to bombard the fort. Battle of Ukoko – The French gunboat Surprise bombarded the German colonial port of Ukoko in the central African territory of Neukamerun (now Gabon) before French soldiers landed and took the town. Spanish Navy battleship Jaime I was launched and would serve in the Spanish Civil War. The Preston Platform railway station for the Riviera Line was closed in Devon, England, three years after it opened. Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen was published in The Times in London. Born: John Kluge, German-American broadcaster, owner of Metromedia from 1958 to 1986, in Chemnitz, Germany (d. 2010); Bodo Sandberg, Dutch air force officer, member of the Royal Netherlands Air Force during World War II, recipient of the Cross of Merit and Airman's Cross, in Rotterdam (d. 2005) September 22, 1914 (Tuesday) German submarine U-9 torpedoed three British Royal Navy armored cruisers, , and , with the deaths of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea. The German light cruiser SMS Emden bombarded Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in World War I. In the first British air raid against Germany in history, Royal Naval Air Service BE.2 aircraft of No. 3 Squadron based at Antwerp, Belgium, attacked German airship hangars at Cologne and Düsseldorf, Germany, but failed to inflict damage due to bad weather and the failure of bombs to explode. Bombardment of Papeete – German armored cruisers and entered the port of Papeete on the island of Tahiti and sank the French gunboat and freighter Walkure before bombarding the town's fortifications. French novelist Alain-Fournier (Lieutenant Henri-Alban Fournier), aged 27, was killed in action near Vaux-lès-Palameix (Meuse) a month after enlisting, leaving his second novel, Colombe Blanchet, unfinished. His body wasn't identified until 1991. The Nagoya Electric Railway opened new stations in Kiyosu, Japan, including Marunouchi. T. S. Eliot met fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time at Pound's flat in London, starting a professional relationship that encouraged Eliot to focus on a serious career in poetry. The association football club Martín Ledesma was established in Capiatá, Paraguay. Born: Dorothy Ray Healey, American activist, leading promoter of minority workers' rights through the Communist Party USA and New American Movement, in Denver (d. 2006) September 23, 1914 (Wednesday) Lieutenant O.F.J. Hogg of British Army commanded the first anti-aircraft unit to shoot down an aircraft, firing 75 rounds from a QF 1 pdr Mark II ("pom-pom") artillery piece. South Australian Railways opened the Waikerie railway line between Karoonda and Waikerie, South Australia, Australia. Women sorority Delta Sigma Epsilon was established at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. It merged with Delta Zeta in 1956. Born: Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Brunei noble, 28th Sultan of Brunei, in Brunei Town, Brunei (d. 1986) September 24, 1914 (Thursday) German naval officer Wilhelm Souchon was commissioned into the Ottoman Navy with the rank of Vice Admiral. The French Air Force squadron Escadrille 31 was established at the Dijon Air Base near Longvic, France. Born: Andrzej Panufnik, Polish-British musician and composer, reestablished the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra after World War II before defecting to Great Britain, in Warsaw (d. 1991); John Kerr, Australian politician, 18th Governor-General of Australia, in Sydney (d. 1991) September 25, 1914 (Friday) Battle of Buggenhout – The Belgians launched a major offensive against German forces at Buggenhout between Antwerp and Brussels. The French Second Army fought the German Sixth Army in the First Battle of Albert. The first attempt by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to depart New Zealand for Europe was aborted due to concerns about the presence of German SMS Emden capturing or sinking merchant vessels in the Indian Ocean. Kamerun Campaign – French colonial forces captured the German fort at Kousséri, German Cameroon, forcing the Germans to retreat to Mora. Born: Elena Lucena, Argentine film actress, popular movie star during the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema, in Buenos Aires (d. 2015) Died: James Whitney, Canadian politician, 6th Premier of Ontario (b. 1843) September 26, 1914 (Saturday) The German South West Africa army defeated forces from the Union of South Africa at the Battle of Sandfontein in what is now Namibia. Battle of Buggenhout – Belgian troops and cavalry engaged and attempted to cut off the retreat of the German Landwehr Brigade, but the brigade managed to escape encirclement and rejoin the main body of forces the following day. The United States Federal Trade Commission was established by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Carlton won the 18th Victorian Football League Premiership, defeating South Melbourne 6.9 (45) to 4.15 (39) in the VFL Grand Final. Born: Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert, producer and host of The Jack LaLanne Show from 1951 to 1985, in San Francisco (d. 2011); Achille Compagnoni, Italian mountaineer, scaled and reached the summit of K2 with Lino Lacedelli, the first climbers to do it, in Santa Caterina di Valfurva, Italy (d. 2009) Born: Dorian Shainin, American engineer, noted quality and reliability expert for NASA, United States Department of Defense, Hewlett-Packard, Ford Motor Company, Exxon, AT&T and others, in San Francisco (d. 2000); Richard Earl Thompson, American artist, member of the American Impressionism movement, in Oak Park, Illinois (d. 1991) Died: August Macke, German painter, one of the leading members of the German Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) (killed in action) (b. 1887) September 27, 1914 (Sunday) Battle of Albert – German forces pushed back French reserve armies around the River Somme east of Albert, France. Battle of Buggenhout – A Belgian volunteer regiment clashed with German troops, but, outmanned and outgunned, retreated to Mol, Belgium, where some volunteer recruits managed to frustrate German troops from taking its railway station (the rail was blown up later to slow the German advance). Russian forces regrouped and forced back German artillery away from Osowiec Fortress in Russian-held Polish territory, ending Germany's first attempt to take the fort. A Cossack unit attacked Jewish residents in Lwów, causing 40 civilian casualties. Komagata Maru incident – Passengers of the Japanese ship Komagata Maru arrived back in Calcutta after being forced to return from Canada. British authorities attempted to arrest Baba Gurdit Singh and 20 other men deemed as leaders for organizing the voyage. Singh resisted arrest, causing a general riot to break out. British officers opened fire and killed 19 passengers. Most of the survivors were arrested, but Singh escaped along with a few others and remained underground until 1920. The first Neutral Socialist Conference was held in Lugano, Switzerland, by representatives of the Swiss Social Democratic Party and the Italian Socialist Party. Two more conferences for socialist parties in Europe would be held during World War I. Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps becomes the third pro baseball player to 3000 hits, nearly four months after Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates. September 28, 1914 (Monday) The Germans began bombarding the fortresses protecting Antwerp. Battle of Albert – French forces halted the German advance around Arras in the Somme valley. Siege of Tsingtao – German naval ships , , , and were scuttled off the coast of Tsingtau, China to prevent capture by the British. The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, founded by L. Frank Baum, author of the bestselling fantasy novels set in the Land of Oz, released the first film adaptations of his books – The Patchwork Girl of Oz and The Magic Cloak of Oz. Unfortunately, neither movie was a success and subsequent films failed to translate Baum's success with the books into movies. The film company would fold within a year. The Bevier and Southern Railroad (BVS) was established when the rail company Missouri and Louisiana Railroad divided the Missouri portion to become BVS until it was shut down in 1982. The State School of Mines and Metallurgy officially opened in El Paso, Texas. It evolved to become the University of Texas at El Paso in 1967. Born: Maria Franziska von Trapp, Austrian singer, second oldest of the Trapp Family Singers, in Zell am See, Austria (d. 2014) Died: Richard Warren Sears, American business leader, founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863); Christian Fleetwood, American soldier, noted African-American to receive the Medal of Honor for actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm during the American Civil War (b. 1840); Stevan Mokranjac, Serbian composer, credited as the "father of Serbian music" for compositions and musical education in Belgrade (b. 1856) September 29, 1914 (Tuesday) Battle of the Vistula River – The German Ninth Army advanced on Vistula River where Russian forces regrouped following their defeat at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes. Siege of Antwerp – German bombardments rendered several forts useless to defense, forcing the Belgian army to evacuate all wounded, non-combative men, prisoners of war, equipment and ammunition to Antwerp. Belgian Prime Minister Charles de Broqueville informed the British the Belgian field army of 65,000 men would withdraw to Ostend if the outer fortresses fell and leave a garrison of 80,000 troops to hold Antwerp for as long as possible. Battle of Albert – A German reserve division attacked and captured the French village of Fricourt but was prevented by a French barrage from advancing further. France counter-attacked the following day and almost recaptured Fricourt. The German cruiser SMS Emden moored at the Maldives in the Indian Ocean to restock its coal supplies using a captured merchant vessel. Arthur Machen's short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News (London). Born: Edward Cobb Outlaw, American naval officer, commander of the Fighting Squadron 32 of the USS Langley during World War II, six-time recipient of the Air Medal, two-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, and Navy Cross, in Greenville, North Carolina (d. 1996) Died: Jean Bouin, French runner, silver medalist at the 1912 Summer Olympics (killed in action near Marseille) (b. 1888) September 30, 1914 (Wednesday) French forces arrived at Arras in an attempt to outflank the advancing German armies in what was the start of the Battle of Arras. British Indian Army Expeditionary Force A arrived at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front (World War I). Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya was damaged by a naval mine and forced to retire from the Siege of Tsingtao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history. The Australian Army Intelligence Corps was disbanded and replaced with intelligence sections for each Australian military district. The two Curtiss Model H prototypes, originally prepared for the Daily Mail sponsored transatlantic contest in August, were shipped to Great Britain aboard for the Royal Naval Air Service. This spawned a fleet of aircraft which saw extensive military service during World War I, where they were developed extensively for anti-submarine patrol and air-sea rescue. Frank Hanly, Governor of Indiana, established the Flying Squadron of America to promote the temperance movement. Born: Tom Eckersley, British graphic artist, known for design works for various organizations including Austin Reed, British Petroleum, and Guinness, in Lancashire, England (d. 1997) References 1914 1914-09 1914-09

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Boniface%20High%20School%20%28Kimberley%2C%20South%20Africa%29

St. Boniface High School (Kimberley, South Africa)

St. Boniface High School (formerly St. Boniface Mission School) is an independent Roman Catholic high school located in Galeshewe, Kimberly, Northern Cape, South Africa. It was established in 1951 by the Congregation of Christian Brothers and today serves nearly 1,000 students. History The Kimberley location of St. Boniface High School was for years a mission church and school run for native Africans by German priests and nuns. By 1950, the St. Boniface Mission School, which included elementary through high school grades, had grown so large that the parish leadership had decided that a male religious order would be better suited to the size and stature of the school. An Irish Christian Brother, Paul Dunn, C.F.C., already served as the elementary school principal. He suggested the Christian Brothers to serve the school. Br. Ferdinand Clancy, C.F.C., Superior General of the Brothers, wrote to the Brother Principal of the American Province, Br. Austin Gleason, C.F.C., requesting they send Brothers to found an independent high school in Kimberley. Forty Brothers out of 100 province-wide offered to join in the mission. Two men were chosen, Brs. Elphage Enda St. Martin, C.F.C., and John James Hayes, C.F.C. The school was named St. Boniface High School, and opened for classes in January 1951. The school grew tremendously during the early years, and was funded both by the parish and the state. Relations with the South African government became icy as it became known that the Brothers were offering the black African students a college preparatory education. After the Minister of Bantu Education met with Principal Br. Hayes, the school no longer received government funding, and relied nearly solely on American aid. In 1959, Br. Hayes was deported from the country for his publicly known anti-Apartheid sentiments and actions, and Br. St. Martin replaced him as principal. He later came back to visit the school in 1997 once the Apartheid had ended. He was by then a layperson, having left the Brothers. During the 1960s, the school expanded its extracurricular and athletic programs significantly. The first dramatic performance at St. Boniface was Oklahoma!, organized and directed by Br. Joseph Matthews, C.F.C., math instructor and sports coach. The school also added a brass band, the Stardusters, founded by Br. Michael Malvey, C.F.C. He wrote to the New York City Police Department, which donated the unused instruments from their recently disbanded brass band. A fellow teacher with a wealthy family, Br. Stoltz, C.F.C., quietly paid for both the purchase and shipment of band uniforms and the shipment of the instruments. Brother Elphage E. St. Martin, C.F.C., then known by his religious name Enda, describes the founding and early years of the school, as the well as the larger events and situation in Kimberly:"The Mission was started by the German Oblate Fathers [(Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate)] and named after the patron saint of Germany. It was the German Oblates who staffed most places in the Kimberley Diocese. They were the ones to greet [Br.] James Hayes and I when we arrived to start a high school in January 1951. The school year began in January. The nuns at the mission were German Dominicans [of] Oakford, and there were several Dominican Sisters’ communities in the area.The parish priest at St. Boniface was Fr. Hartjes, O.M.I. And, of course, an old Irish Brother of ours, Br. Paul Dundon, C.F.C., taught in the St. Boniface grade school. Probably, Paul was the original contact who helped the Brothers get there. At this point Paul was the grade school principal and made continuous efforts to get blankets and food to the people who were extremely poor. He unashamedly begged help for the black students from his many contacts with Christian Brothers’ College Old Boys Alumni, many of whom he had taught prior to going to the mission. CBC was a very high-class boarding school for whites with an Olympic-size swimming bath (no such things as pools down there), top quality tennis courts, a prime cricket pitch, a chapel bigger than the parish church, a chiming clock tower, brick buildings, etc.In those Apartheid years, the area was known as a compound and it had a diamond mine in its adjacent environs. Blacks came from all over Africa and applied to work in the diamond mines. It provided very low pay, but then the tribal Africans had no pay at all in their villages. These compounds were surrounded by double-wire fences with razor coils on top; guards and attack dogs patrolled the fenced ring around the mine complex. Natives signed up for four-month stretches of mine labor. There were no females in their living areas so homosexuality was common among the workers.The other area where the black people lived was called a location. This was an urban native township and there was one in this case next to the compound. Location was their original names but by this point the government called them Bantu Townships. Natives could only live in a location or if living in a white area, they had to live within the servant quarters on that plot. Some locations had thatched huts but the ones near St. Boniface had simple brick houses with one or two rooms, mostly no electricity or plumbing. They used candles or oil lamps and water from taps located about a block or two away. There were common laundry tubs with taps of only cold water. There were public toilets which used a ‘honey bucket’ system.The locations were separated from the white areas by what was euphemistically termed a ‘green belt.’ There was no grass, however. It was a semi-desert and the students of the Mission could use it for soccer fields. There were also areas for ‘Coloureds.’ These were people of mixed blood. Everyone carried a government ID card with his/her classification: White, Bantu, Coloured, Indian. Asiatics did not have a classification. The people in the location, who usually had jobs in the white area, went into town each day to work at whatever jobs they were allowed to have. All technical and skilled jobs were ruled out, ‘job reservation’ it was called. The blacks did the laboring jobs: digging, carrying loads, cleaning, gardening, etc. Some were allowed to be doctors, nurses, lawyers, teachers and police but only in their own areas. A sad example; if a white person collapsed on the street, a black doctor could not attend to that person.I don’t think it was any easier for us Americans to work at St. Boniface than it would be for the Irish, or any other whites, even if [they were] South African. [Brother Leo Christopher Uicker, C.F.C.] came to South Africa to replace me as the science and math teacher when I was reassigned to Zambia for the school year 1965. But I did get a chance to know him during my last year in Kimberley. After three years in Zambia, I was going to leave Africa for the American provinces, but I was asked to return to St. Boniface for the year 1968 because they were short one Brother for that year." The Christian Brothers from the United States left the school in 1969 due to declining vocations and a reorganization of their province structure. They were replaced by Brothers from the South African Province. Some Dominican Sisters of Oakford, priests, and Brothers, one of whom - Br. Donald Madden,cfc- spent many years as principal of the school till his retirement. Ms. Nomvula Dondolo was appointed the St Boniface's first lay female principal. List of principals Alumni The St. Boniface High School alumni association is the St. Boniface Past Pupils Union. It was known as the St. Boniface Old Boys Union until the school became coeducational. The Past Pupils Union organizes reunions and raises money for the school. Notable alumni Manne Dipico, politician and businessman Yvonne Mokgoro, Constitutional Court judge Christopher Matlhako, ambassador Cecilia MAYNE {Kgarebe} Qualified Nurse, Business woman References Catholic secondary schools in South Africa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20Malabon%20local%20elections

2016 Malabon local elections

Local elections held in Malabon on May 9, 2016 within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, the two Congressmen, and the twelve councilors for the city's two Sangguniang Panglungsod districts, six for each district. Candidates Incumbent officials are expressed in italics. Mayor Incumbent Mayor Antolin "Lenlen" Oreta III is running for a second term. His opponent is incumbent Lone District Representative Josephine Veronique "Jaye" Lacson-Noel. Vice Mayor Jeannie Ng-Sandoval is the incumbent. Her opponents are First District Councilor John Anthony Garcia and Councilor Leslie Gutierrez-Yambao. Representative, Lone District Incumbent Representative Josephine Veronique "Jaye" Lacson-Noel is on her second term. however, she will instead run for mayor. Former Malabon-Navotas District Representative Federico "Ricky" Sandoval II is her party's nominee. Sandoval will face former Senator and Representative Teresa "Tessie" Aquino-Oreta, mother of Mayor Antolin Oreta III. Councilors Team Pusong Malabonian Team Sanib Lakas District 1 |- | colspan="5" style="background:black;"| District 2 Note: Incumbent Councilor Tiger Mañalac, son of former Malabon chief of police and councilor Boyong Mañalac, was shot dead by riding in tandem, near his home in Brgy. Tinajeros, Malabon. He cannot seek re-election anymore due to his death last January 23, 2016. His eldest son and Tinajeros Sk Chairman Peng was named later as a substitute candidate for the late father’s re-election. |- | colspan="5" style="background:black;"| References Notes SL Part of the primary opposition coalition named Team Sanib Lakas. PM Part of the administration coalition named Team Pusong Malabonian. External links COMELEC's List of Local Candidates for Verification Elections in Malabon Malabon

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%201901

July 1901

The following events occurred in July 1901: July 1, 1901 (Monday) The British and Japanese sections of Beijing were formally restored to the control of Imperial China. In Germany, the Versicherungsaufichtsgesetz (the Act on Supervision of Insurance Companies) went into effect, regulating private insurance companies for the first time. The Act, passed on May 12, was modeled on similar provisions in Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, and several individual states in the United States. France's "Law on Associations" took effect, requiring that any associations in France had to be "composed of French citizens without foreign obligations". Championed by Prime Minister Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, the 1901 law had its strongest effect on French members of the Catholic Church, since it had obligations to the Vatican in Rome. "Ultimately," a historian would write, "12,000 Catholic schools were closed, and 50,000 members of religious orders were dispersed." The last issue of Le Moniteur Universel, which had been the official newspaper of the French government from 1789 until 1871, was published. In the thirty years since becoming a private publication, its circulation had gradually declined. Patrolman Garrett Cody of the Arlington, Massachusetts Police Department was shot and killed with his own service revolver while chasing an assault suspect who had taken it from him. In the Lake View section on Chicago's north side, a bolt of lightning killed four men and seven boys who had taken refuge from the rain in a zinc-covered shed near the Robbins Pier. The youngest victim was an 11-year-old boy, while two others were 12 years old. July 2, 1901 (Tuesday) Coroners' offices reported 225 heat-related deaths in a single day in New York City and its suburbs as temperatures of 98° continued, the day after 96 people there had died from the "hot wave". Fifty deaths each were reported in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The death toll the day before in New York had been 96, and, in the days before air-conditioning, thousands of tenement dwellers "brought their mattresses from inside the houses and camped in the street" and 250 horses died. On July 3, New York lost 188 people, and Philadelphia another 59, even as temperatures began to drop. Patrolman Patrick McGovern of the New Haven Police Department in Connecticut was struck and killed by a streetcar during a dust storm. July 3, 1901 (Wednesday) American outlaw Kid Curry (Harvey Logan) and the remaining members of The Wild Bunch pulled off a train robbery of the Great Northern Flyer. Curry and Ben Kilpatrick boarded the train at Malta, Montana, as passengers, rode for seven miles, and as the train approached Exeter Switch near the town of Wagner, Logan left his seat, walked to the front of the train, climbed over into the engineer's cab, pulled out his two six-guns, and ordered the men to stop. After it halted, the train was boarded by O. C. "Deaf Charley" Hanks and Laura Bullion, who had been waiting at the switch. Breaking into the express car, they dynamited a safe that was carrying $40,000 worth of bank notes (the equivalent of almost $1.1 million in 2016) that was being transported to the Montana National Bank in Montana. Some accounts place Butch Cassidy at the scene, while other historians conclude that Cassidy had already departed the United States on a ship bound for Argentina. A district judge in Omaha declined to continue an injunction, and cleared the way for the first ever exhibition the sport of bullfighting in Nebraska, to take place on July 4. Although the filers of the suit cited the state law against animal cruelty, the organizers noted that "the picadores are to be without real lances, the chulos without real banderillos and the matador without a real sword", since the instruments "are to be imitated in soft pine and papier mache." Judge Jacob Fawcett commented that "he was satisfied that the bull fights will not present one-tenth of the brutality that is to be witnessed on a football field." Born: Ruth Crawford Seeger, American composer, in East Liverpool, Ohio (d. 1953) Thelma Wood, American sculptor, in Kansas (d. 1970) July 4, 1901 (Thursday) Future U.S. President William Howard Taft was sworn in as the Governor-General of the Philippines in a ceremony at Cathedral Plaza in Manila coincided with 125th anniversary of the independence of the U.S., where General Arthur MacArthur formally transferred his authority as Military Governor to Taft's civilian government. MacArthur transferred his command of American troops in the Philippines to Major General Adna Chaffee. In his address, Governor-General Taft announced that the Philippine Commission that served as legislature would include three new Filipino members on September 1. As Taft took office, 22 of the 27 organized Philippine provinces were at peace, while the insurrection continued in five and 16 had not yet been organized. The longest covered bridge in the world, the 1,282 foot (390 m) span over the Saint John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, was opened. Deputy Sheriff Cub Burney of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was stabbed in the stomach by a man creating a disturbance at an Independence Day celebration in Oklahoma. Burney would die of his wounds on July 17. Died: John Fiske, 59, American philosopher (b. 1842) Johannes Schmidt, 58, German linguist (b. 1843) Peter Tait, 70, Scottish physicist and pioneer in the study of thermodynamics (b. 1831) July 5, 1901 (Friday) The French Navy submarine Gustave Zédé stunned the naval world by demonstrating its potential to sneak up upon and sink even the most powerful of surface ships. The occasion was exercises of the French Mediterranean Fleet; the Gustave Zédé traveled 160 miles under its own power, moved undersea into Ajaccio harbor on the island of Corsica, and struck the Fleet's flagship, the Charles Martel, with a dummy torpedo. "The successful 'sinking' of a fully protected battleship by a tiny submarine which could approach its target, deliver a lethal blow and escape without being detected," a historian would write later, "was a watershed in the history of submarines and was an object lesson to the naval planners of all major countries in the changes that were going to be wrought into the future shape of sea power." The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City received its largest contribution up to that time, as the beneficiary of $5,750,000 or more, representing nearly all of the estate of the late Jacob S. Rogers, a locomotive manufacturer and philanthropist. Only $250,000 total was left to eight relatives. Born: Len Lye, New Zealand-American kinetic sculpture artist and filmmaker, in Christchurch (d. 1980) July 6, 1901 (Saturday) Canadian sportsman John Voss and freelance journalist Norman Luxton departed from Vancouver to begin a cruise around the world the Tilikum, a 38-foot long dugout canoe that had been carved by Nuu-chah-nulth tribesmen from the trunk of a cedar tree. Voss and Luxton modified the canoe by raising its sides, installing a deck, adding support, and installing a keel, a rudder, a cabin, a cockpit, and sails. Luxton would depart after sustaining an injury on a reef in the South Pacific. After the boat reached South Africa in 1902, Voss would abandon the circumnavigation attempt, sailing along the Atlantic coast of South America for refitting in Brazil, rather than attempting to reach the Pacific Ocean. He would end his adventure in October, 1904, sailing the Tilikum up the River Thames into London. Born: Marshal Pavel Rotmistrov, Soviet commander of armored troops during World War II (d. 1982) Syama Prasad Mukherjee, Indian politician, founder of the right wing nationalist party Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, in Calcutta (d. 1953) Philip Wheelwright, American philosopher, in Elizabeth, New Jersey (d. 1970) Died: Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Hohenlohe, 82, Chancellor of Germany from 1894 to 1900 (b. 1819) William J. Stillman, 73, American war correspondent and former U.S. Ambassador to Italy (b. 1828) Joseph LeConte, 78, American geologist and physician who co-founded the Sierra Club conservation society (b. 1823) July 7, 1901 (Sunday) U.S. President William McKinley proclaimed the opening to settlers of particular Indian territories in the Oklahoma Territory, including the Creek Nation, effective August 6. Night Watchman Ole McMillan of the Humboldt, Iowa Police Department was shot and killed while responding to a domestic disturbance. Born: Vittorio De Sica, Italian film director and actor, three-time recipient of the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, in Lazio, Italy (d. 1974) Sam Katzman, American B-movie film director and producer, best known for Earth vs. the Flying Saucers and the Jungle Jim series, in New York City (d. 1973) Died: Pierre Lorillard IV, 67, American tobacco manufacturer and millionaire (b. 1833) Johanna Spyri, 74, Swiss writer best known for creating the 1880 children's book Heidi (b. 1827) July 8, 1901 (Monday) The House of Lords ruled that the United Kingdom had no jurisdiction in overturning a decision by a foreign court that had acted in accordance with the foreign nation's laws. The case in question involved the 1897 seizure of the British freighter S.S. Baluchistan by the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, and the confiscation of its cargo of 280 cases of rifles and 306 cases of cartridges, being shipped to Persia. Exercising their judiciary power, the Lords concluded that the seizure was legal under the laws of Muscat, which had outlawed the supply of arms to Islamic rebels. An attempt was made to assassinate Reginald Wingate, the British Governor-General of the Sudan, when his train was derailed in Egypt at Damanhur as he approached Alexandria. Wingate was able to escape unharmed, and the saboteurs of the rail line were never found. The Texas Legislature voted an extensive reorganization and reduction of the Texas Rangers state police force, eliminating the "Frontier Battalion" and consolidated the organization into four companies of no more than 21 members. However, the initial budgeting allowed for only eight rangers and a sergeant for each division. My Brilliant Career, the first novel by Australian author Miles Franklin, was first published. In 1979, 25 years after her death, her book would be adapted to a film of the same name. Texas entrepreneur John Henry Kirby chartered the largest lumber manufacturer in the world, Kirby Lumber Company, and one of the largest oil producers in the world at that time, the Houston Oil Company, on the same day. Born: Paul David Devanandan, Indian Christian theologist and pioneer in comparative religion dialogues, in Madras (d. 1962) July 9, 1901 (Tuesday) Pope Leo gave formal approval from the Catholic Church on the Institutum Iosephitarum Gerardimonensium, an institution that had been founded in 1817 and that is commonly referred to as the "Sons of Saint Joseph" or "Josephites of Belgium". Born: Barbara Cartland, best-selling English romance novelist, as Mary Barbara Hamilton, in Edgbaston, England (d. 2000) Jester Hairston, African-American songwriter, in Belews Creek, North Carolina (d. 2000) July 10, 1901 (Wednesday) Registration opened for the Oklahoma Territory land lottery at 9:00 in the morning at two United States Department of the Interior offices, located at El Reno and at Lawton. When the registration closed at 6:00 p.m. on Friday, July 26, there were 167,000 people who had spent the $25 registration fee to be eligible for one of 13,000 tracts of land of 160 acres each, with drawing to begin on July 29. Each of the 13,000 winners whose ticket was drawn would have the opportunity to buy their tract from the government for two hundred dollars ($1.25 per acre) or to agree to pay $2.50 an acre over a 14-month period. Cole Younger and his younger brother, Jim Younger, were granted parole after almost 25 years in the Minnesota State Prison in Stillwater, Minnesota. On September 7, 1876, the brothers, along with Jesse James and Frank James, had attempted to rob a bank in Northfield, and while the James brothers were able to escape, Cole and Jim and Bob Younger had ended up in prison (where Bob died in 1889). On July 24, it was reported that the first post-incarceration job for the two men would be in Saint Paul selling tombstones. London's first electric streetcar service was inaugurated. A 15 mile long section of the electric tramway line, operated by London United Tramways and located in West London, was dedicated by Lord Rothschild. Nineteen people were killed in the collision of two trains in Missouri, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad line. The southbound Chicago and Alton No. 7 train collided head on with a livestock train, setting both ablaze, and scalding many of the riders with steam. A brigade of 3,000 Imperial Chinese troops was defeated at Chichou, 40 miles southeast of Paotingfu, by the fighters for the Allied Villagers' Society. Born: Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese science fiction film director and co-creator of the Godzilla film series, in Sukagawa, Fukushima, Japan (d. 1970) Died: Martha Johnson Patterson, 72, daughter of former U.S. President Andrew Johnson, and acting First Lady of the United States from 1865 to 1869 because of the chronic illness of her mother. July 11, 1901 (Thursday) Léon Gaumont applied for a patent for the Chronophone, his invention for presenting motion pictures with sound, with a projector (a Chrono-Bioscope or cinematograph) and a phonograph (the Cyclophone) being synchronized "by two coupled electrical motors, with the phonograph determining the speed". The system would be demonstrated on November 7, 1902, using three films but was not reliable because vibrations from the cinematograph made the picture move more slowly than the sound. The government of Bolivia an agreement with a jointly owned American and British company called the "Bolivian Syndicate", granting tax exemptions, free navigation of rivers (including the Amazon River, and the right to maintain railroads, electric power plants and a police force in a disputed border area, the Acre territory. The boundaries of the land leased to the Syndicate were its border with Brazil (which also claimed the Acre territory), its border with Peru, and the Abuna River. The agreement would reopen the "Acre War" between Brazil and Bolivia, and on August 8, 1902, the Brazilian Navy would begin turning back any boats on the Amazon River that were traveling to or from Bolivia; the dispute would finally be settled by a treaty on November 17, 1903, with Bolivia relinquishing most of the Acre Territory to Brazil. Seven construction workers and two railroad employees were killed near Conneaut, Pennsylvania when a locomotive and freight cars plunged through a bridge that was under repair. The construction men were reportedly "crushed into shapeless masses". Temperatures across the Midwest and the Deep South went into triple digits in the United States even as the heat wave in the East abated. Columbia, Missouri, the location of the University of Missouri, was at 112°, St. Louis was at 104°, Cincinnati and Louisville at 103°, Wichita, Kansas at 102° and Kansas City and Little Rock, Arkansas were at 101°. Reportedly, grain crops in half of the counties of Kansas were ruined by the heat and drought. July 12, 1901 (Friday) The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 of Australia, referred to as "An Act for the Interpretation of Acts of Parliament and for Shortening their Language", took effect after receiving royal assent. Born: Benjamin Sonnenberg, Russian-born American press agent and public relations consultant, in Brest-Litovsk (now Belarus) (b. 1978) Died: Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, 51, President of Chile since 1896, died suddenly of a cerebral thrombosis while visiting Valparaíso. His Vice-President, Aníbal Zañartu, served as Acting President until the recently elected Germán Riesco could be inaugurated. July 13, 1901 (Saturday) Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont became the first person to fly around the Eiffel Tower three times, one of the requirements of winning the prize of 100,000 French francs sponsored by wealthy oilman Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, but missed— by nine minutes— the other condition that he complete a round trip between the Longchamp Racecourse and the Tower within less than half an hour. Dumont's maneuverable dirigible had departed the horse racing grounds at 6:41 in the morning and he had completed steering around the tower by 6:54, but encountered strong winds on his way back and arrived at 7:20. Santos-Dumont would win the Deutsch Prize (equivalent to about $20,000 in 1901 and more than half a million dollars in 2016) three months later, on October 19. Everyman, a revival of a late 15th-century English morality play, The Somonyng of Everyman, was staged for the first time in more than 300 years. William Poel and the Elizabethan Stage Society presented the updated version of the 1470 script of Petrus Dorlandus in a courtyard at London's Charterhouse Square, marking "the first production of a medieval play by a professional company". On the same playbill, the Society presented The Sacrifice of Isaac, "the first performance of a Chester mystery play since the 1570s." William McKinley became the first President of the United States to ride in an automobile. McKinley was spending the summer in his hometown of Canton, Ohio when a friend and Cleveland auto manufacturer, Zeb Davis, offered to drive the President around the town. "The President seemed to enjoy the straightaway part of the ride," a reporter would note, "but when the corners were turned short his backbone stiffened perceptibly, and it was noted that he took a firmer hold of the arms of the seat. It was the President's first experience in a horseless carriage on the public highway." Born: Franz Anton Basch, Swiss-Hungarian Nazi "Racial Group Leader", in Zürich (d. 1946, executed) Eliseo Vivas, Colombian-American philosopher, in Pamplona, Colombia (d. 1991) Henry Billings, American mural artist and painter, in New York City (d. 1985) Alfred Newman Gilbey, British Roman Catholic priest, in Harlow, England (d. 1998) Julian Pemartín, Spanish animator, in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain (d. 1966) Died: Peter Jackson, 40, black boxer from Saint Croix who reigned as the heavyweight champion of Australia from 1886 to 1888, and holder of the British Commonwealth title from 1890 to 1898, of tuberculosis (b. 1861) Robert Carpenter, 70, English cricket batsman and umpire during the 19th century (b. 1830) July 14, 1901 (Sunday) On the 48th anniversary of the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and the crew of the USS Susquehanna at Japan's Edo Bay, a monument was dedicated by the Japanese at the city of Kurihama, where Perry first landed. The polished granite monolith was inscribed in letters of gold written by the recently resigned Prime Minister, the Marquis Itō Hirobumi, and was paid for by contributions from Japan's citizens, including the Emperor Meiji, who provided 1,000 yen toward the project. At the ceremony three U.S. Navy ships steamed into Edo Bay under the command of Commodore Frederick Rodgers, Perry's grandson, and joined a fleet of Japanese warships in firing a salute to the man who opened relations between the United States and Japan. The monument survived World War II and stands in Kurihama's Perry Park. Deputy Sheriff Joseph Manning of the Bell County, Kentucky Sheriff's Department was shot and killed from ambush by a man he was attempting to arrest. Born: Gerald Finzi, British composer, in London (d. 1956) Died: Charles Nordhoff, 70, German-born American journalist (b. 1830) July 15, 1901 (Monday) The Edison Manufacturing Company, organized in 1900 by inventor Thomas Edison, attained a monopoly over the production of American motion pictures after a federal court in New York City ruled in its favor in a suit against the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company for patent infringement on Edison's kinetoscope. In advertisements after the decision, the Edison Company bragged "We have won." and noted that the decision "grants Mr. Edison the only right to manufacture motion picture machines and films." Until the decision's reversal on March 2, 1902, films could not be produced or exhibited without approval from Edison. The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers went on a nationwide strike. Albert Sears was arrested for murder after seven years posing as a Miss Annie Eberly and working as a schoolteacher in northwestern Arkansas. Born: Nicola Abbagnano, Italian philosopher (d. 1990) July 16, 1901 (Tuesday) French colonial official Louis-Guillaume Mouttet accepted the appointment to be the new Governor of Martinique, a decision that would ultimately cost him his life. As with nearly every other resident of Martinique's capital, Saint-Pierre, Martinique, Governor Mouttet would be killed in the eruption of Mount Pelée. 69-year-old Jailer James Watson Fuller of the Berkshire County, Massachusetts Sheriff's Office was beaten to death with a whalebone mallet by a prisoner in a workshop at the Pittsfield House of Correction. Born: Albert Forster, Nazi German Governor of German-annexed Poland (Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia) from 1939 to 1956, in Fürth, Germany (d. 1952, executed) July 17, 1901 (Wednesday) Hannibal Sehested, the Prime Minister of Denmark, resigned along with his entire cabinet. Japan relented on its June 24 request for an increase of the indemnity sought from China for damages from the Boxer Rebellion. The Baldwin-Ziegler expedition to the North Pole began, on the ships America and Belgica, with 42 men, captained by Evelyn Briggs Baldwin departing Norway from Tromsø, to set up stations in Franz Josef Land. Born: Luigi Chinetti, Italian race car driver and three-time winner of 24 Hours of Le Mans, in Milan (d. 1994) G. P. Wells, British zoologist, author and son of H. G. Wells (d. 1985) Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet, as Wiktor Zysman in Klimontów, Poland (d. 1938, executed) Died: Major General Daniel Butterfield, 69, American Civil War hero, Medal of Honor winner, and composer of the bugle call "Taps" (b. 1831) John Farmer, 65, British composer (b. 1835) July 18, 1901 (Thursday) The Philippine Constabulary, a paramilitary law enforcement unit with American officers and Filipino troops, was established as the "Insular Constabulary" by the Philippine Commission's Act Number 175, for the purpose of having local soldiers take over from the U.S. Army in fighting the remaining insurgents. Most of the Constabulary's members would be recruited from young men who were members of rural peasant tribes The 70 American officers picked for the job began recruiting members of the force (including Filipinos who were commissioned as lieutenants) on August 8, under the overall command of Brigadier General Henry T. Allen. The force would eventually consist of 6,000 native troops, who would often employ brutal tactics under the direction of the Americans. Earl Russell, a member of the House of Lords, was arraigned before his fellow members and pleaded guilty to charges of bigamy. Though not removed from the Lords, he was sentenced to three months imprisonment at the Hollowell jail. "During his imprisonment," the New York Tribune noted, "Lord Russell will be allowed his own servants, cook, and other comforts not ordinarily accorded prisoners," though smoking a cigar was not one of the privileges. He would serve his sentence and be released in October. Born: Celesta Geyer, American circus performer billed as the 555-pound "Dolly Dimples, the World's Most Beautiful Fat Lady", at the Ringling Brothers circus in the 1930s; as Celesta Hermann in Cincinnati. In the early 1950s, Geyer would go on an extreme diet for 14 months after suffering a near fatal heart attack, and drop to a weight of 112 pounds, recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest weight loss. She would operate an art gallery until her death in 1982. Died: Jan ten Brink, Dutch writer (b. 1834) July 19, 1901 (Friday) The Government of Newfoundland took control of all railroad tracks (including bridges), lands and telegraph lines owned privately by railway contractor Sir Robert Gillespie Reid In return for $850,000 Reid sold 3,135,000 acres of land. Died: Eleanor Anne Ormerod, 73, English entomologist (b. 1828) July 20, 1901 (Saturday) Representatives of Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco and France's Governor-General of Algeria, Paul Révoil, signed the Protocol of Paris, agreeing upon a border between Algeria and Morocco. Charles Dow, publisher of The Wall Street Journal, wrote an editorial in the Journal titled "Methods of Reading the Market" and proposed what would become known as the "theory of double tops", observing that "Records of trading show that in many cases when a stock reaches top it will have a moderate decline and then go back again to the near highest figures." Born: Heinie Manush, American baseball outfielder and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, in Tuscumbia, Alabama (d. 1971) July 21, 1901 (Sunday) American astronomer Edward Charles Pickering photographed the spectrum of a streak of lightning and announced a discovery that proved to be an incorrect conclusion. Pickering, who made many valuable contributions to the field, concluded "that not only are the chemical elements so-called compounds, but that hydrogen itself, instead of being a single element, seemed to be a composite." The New York Times published a front-page story, "Mosquitoes as Firebugs", that warned that attempts to eradicate the mosquito population in South Orange, New Jersey, had resulted in new dangers. Starting in 1892, Leland Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture had launched a campaign to kill mosquito larvae by putting crude oil on bodies of water. In addition to polluting the water, killing fish and injuring domestic and wild animals, the oil stopped larvae, but caused some of the existing mosquitoes to thrive, and some of the "Jersey Skeeters" that had built a resistance had enough oil on and in their bodies to become flammable. The Times reported that "blazing mosquitoes" that had somehow continued to fly after encountering an ignition source "have set fire to curtains and draperies before the insects were consumed." Born: Albert H. Gordon, American businessman and philanthropist who lived to the age of 107, in North Scituate, Massachusetts (d. 2009) July 22, 1901 (Monday) China and the Eight-Nation Alliance formally agreed on an indemnity plan for China to pay 450,000,000 taels ($332,000,000), along with four percent annual interest, to the nations over the course of the next 40 years for reparations arising from the Boxer Rebellion. The payment was arranged through a bond issue with China paying 23 million taels ($17,000,000) each year toward the interest and the liquidation of the principal. The first section of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad opened with the first train service in French Somalia, on a section from the Port of Djibouti to Douanlé, located on the border with Ethiopia. The line would not reach Addis Ababa until 1917. New York City's 50,000 tailors went on strike. Deputy Sheriff Richard Read of the Hardin County, Kentucky Sheriff's Department was shot and killed by a man creating a disturbance at a public picnic. After being sentenced to life in prison, the suspect would be lynched on November 16, 1902. Chief of Police Robert Allen Lilly of the Elkins, West Virginia Police Department was shot and killed while backing up an officer attempting to arrest a man who had been having sex on a riverbank. Lilly would die of his wound the following day; the suspect would be lynched. Born: Charles Weidman, American choreographer and pioneer of modern dance, in Lincoln, Nebraska (d. 1975) Died: Albert Jenks, 75, American portrait painter (b. 1869) Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers, 80, German zoologist (b. 1821) July 23, 1901 (Tuesday) Johan Henrik Deuntzer was appointed by King Christian as the new Prime Minister of Denmark, as the King "finally consented to follow normal parliamentary rule by calling on the majority of the Lower Chamber to form the government" Prolific American inventor John J. Montgomery was awarded U.S. Patent Number 679,155 for his invention, the "gold concentrator", that used a combination of strong magnets and mechanical separating devices to isolate gold from deposits of magnetite. The device would be successfully tested at Manresa Beach in Santa Cruz County, California and allow a ranching family to obtain sufficient gold to construct some commercial buildings in the town of Aptos. President William McKinley proclaimed the organization of a new civil government in Puerto Rico, with William H. Hunt as the new Governor, succeeding Charles Herbert Allen. July 24, 1901 (Wednesday) American author William Sidney Porter, who would write under the pen name of O. Henry was released from the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio after serving three years of a five-year sentence for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas. In 1902, he would move to New York City and begin the most prolific phase of his writing career, including a new short story every week for the New York World Sunday Magazine supplement. Literary critic Guy Davenport offers the theory of Porter that "The pseudonym that he began to write under in prison is constructed from the Oh of Ohio and the en and ry in penitentiary (he gives the code for this in the story "The Man Higher Up," in which a con man named Alfred E. Ricks is caught but returns to the game as A. L. Fredericks)." The American battleship USS Kearsarge inadvertently fired an armed shell at the city of Newport, Rhode Island and struck the Newport City Hall. The ship had been performing a routine gunnery drill and was firing toward the shore, when the officers realized that a live shell had been inadvertently loaded in with the dummy ammunition used for such tests. "The shell hit one of the great, granite blocks of the second story" of the Hall, a report noted the next day, "within fifteen inches of an open window where people were standing, making a hole an inch deep, glanced against the stone balcony, then took another direction, passing up Bull Street until it struck a tree, where it tore off a branch several inches in diameter and burst into fragments." Half an hour after the shot was fired, two officers arrived and determined that the fragments were those of a one-pound shell. Remarkably, nobody was injured even though the streets had been filled with people when the shot hit shortly after 5:00 in the afternoon. General Zurbano, a holdout in the Philippine resistance to American rule, surrendered to the United States Army in Tayabas Province on Luzon, along with 518 troops and 29 of his officers. Born: Mabel Albertson, American actress (d. 1982) July 25, 1901 (Thursday) Thirty Russian soldiers were killed and 60 injured in an explosion of artillery in the city of Batum, now part of the Republic of Georgia. Germán Riesco was selected as the new President of Chile. South Carolina's Democratic Party committee voted to revoke the membership of U.S. Senator John L. McLaurin, based on his attempted resignation the previous month. The Russian Empire banished American explorer and journalist George Kennan, after the Minister of the Interior concluded that he was "politically untrustworthy". Kennan had attained worldwide fame in 1883 after reporting about his experiences in Siberia, and was in his hotel room in Saint Petersburg when a police officer placed him under house arrest and informed him that he had 24 hours to leave the country. July 26, 1901 (Friday) Former Senator Carlos Rangel Garbiras led an invasion from Colombia into Venezuela with 4,000 fellow Venezuelan exiles supplemented by Colombian troops, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro. Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Venezuela would be severed on December 16. The Duke of York, who was nine years away from becoming King George V of the United Kingdom, finished his tour of the newly independent nation of Australia, departing from Fremantle with the Duchess of York and the royal entourage to return to Britain. "It was a spectacular visit," an author would note later, "setting the seal of royal approval on the fledgling nation. It also gave Australians, on the other side of the world from mother England, powerful assurance of their valued place in the Empire." RMS Celtic, the largest ship in the world, departed Liverpool on its maiden voyage. The first of a new generation of ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, the Celtic was the first ship that could carry a tonnage of more than 20,000 tons, and was the first ship to exceed in length. At 6:00 p.m., registration closed for the drawing for lots in Oklahoma Territory. At El Reno, 3,850 appeared on the final day, and the final total of registrants ended at 136,315. At Lawton, the total number was 30,691 as 532 people showed up. Drawing would begin on July 29. The town of Simpsonville, South Carolina, which had had a population of 195 people in the 1900 U.S. Census, was incorporated. Within 100 years, it would have more than 14,000 residents and by 2016, its population would be 100 times larger than what it had been at the time of its founding. United States Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long ordered a court of inquiry to examine the conduct of Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley during the Spanish–American War, after Schley had requested the investigation in order to be cleared of rumors of wrongdoing. July 27, 1901 (Saturday) Abraham Kuyper took office as the new Prime Minister of the Netherlands. A new USS Maine battleship was launched from Philadelphia, three years after the explosion of the previous USS Maine in Havana Harbor. The borough of Bridgeville, Pennsylvania was incorporated as its own self-governing municipality. At Kill Devil Hills, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright completed construction of the improved version of the wing design of their planned flying machine. On that day, Wilbur made seventeen glides into headwinds of , and on one of the last attempts of the day, covered a distance of in 19 seconds aloft. Patrolman James H. Purdon of the Louisville Police Department died while attempting to rescue people from a fire that had started in a photographic supply company below their apartments. Died: Brooke Foss Westcott, 76, British Anglican bishop and Biblical translator (b. 1825) July 28, 1901 (Sunday) The Port of San Francisco was shut down as the 13,000 waterfront workers in the City Front Federation walked out on strike after midnight. For three months, passage into and out of the harbor was halted, and 300 assaults (five of them fatal) were reported during the violence between labor and management. Born: Rudy Vallée, American bandleader and popular singer, as Hubert Prior Vallée, in Island Pond, Vermont (d. 1986) Harry Bridges, Australian-American union leader, who co-founded the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) and one-time member of the Communist Party USA (d. 1990) Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player and manager, in Mishawaka, Indiana (d. 1979) July 29, 1901 (Monday) The Socialist Party of America was created by the merger of the Social Democratic Party and members of the Socialist Labor Party. The United States Department of the Interior began the process of drawing for allotment of land applications in the former Kiowa and Comanche Indian nations in Oklahoma. At 9:30 in the morning, 30,000 people gathered at El Reno and in Lawton to be witnesses. The first name drawn in El Reno was Stephen A. Holcomb of Pauls Valley, who won the right to pick a tract before anyone else, while James R. Wood of Weatherford was the first in Lawton, where the most valuable of the lands were located. The saddest story was that of Minerva McClintock, who had gotten married the day before; after her name was drawn ninth in Lawton, she learned that she had forfeited her right because the drawing was limited to unmarried people. Died: Paul Alexis, 54, French novelist, at Aix-en-Provence, France (b. 1847) July 30, 1901 (Tuesday) The last German troops were withdrawn from China, with the exception of 25 people assigned to govern the German Embassy in Beijing. Nadir of American race relations: By a vote of 109 to 23, the Alabama constitutional convention began the first of its measures to disenfranchise African Americans from voting. The "grandfather clause" limited the right to register to vote to those persons whose ancestors were war veterans. Police Officer William A. Weiss of the Houston Police Department in Texas was shot and killed by two brothers who had recently been arrested. July 31, 1901 (Wednesday) Reinhard Süring and Arthur Berson of Germany ascended in a hot-air balloon to a height of , breaking the official record for the highest distance away from the Earth. Departing from Tempelhof on the Preussen, they conducted meteorological observations and landed at Cottbus. Unofficially, Britons Henry Tracey Coxwell and James Glaisher were claimed to have reached as high as on September 5, 1862 after losing consciousness after recording a barometer reading at . RRS Discovery, commanded by Robert Falcon Scott, departed London from the East India Docks at noon to the port of Cowes on the Isle of Wight to take on supplies and to await the visit of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra before its departure on the British National Antarctic Expedition. Second Boer War: The British House of Commons voted a grant of 100,000 pounds to Lord Roberts in appreciation of his service in the war. Patrolman Hugh McKeon of the New Haven Police Department in Connecticut was shot and killed during a raid. Born: Rudolf Slánský, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and de facto leader of Czechoslovakia from 1946 until his arrest and trial in 1952, in Nezvěstice, Austria-Hungary (d. 1952, executed) Jean Dubuffet, French painter, in Le Havre (d. 1985) Alexander Schreiner, German-American organist for the Salt Lake Tabernacle organ, in Nuremberg (d. 1987) References 1901 1901-07 1901-07

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Hamilton%2C%20Ontario%20municipal%20election

2018 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election

The 2018 Hamilton municipal election occurred on October 22, 2018, as per the Ontario Municipal Elections Act, 1996. Electors in Hamilton selected one Mayor, members of the Hamilton, Ontario City Council and members of both English and French Public and Catholic School Boards. On election day, Hamiltonians re-elected Fred Eisenberger to serve his third term as mayor of the City of Hamilton. He is the first mayor since amalgamation to be re-elected for two consecutive terms. Issues Council ward boundary reform In June 2012, councillors committed $260,000 to conduct a study that would examine boundary reform in 2015, with a proposal to come forward regarding changes for the 2018 Municipal Election. This was following the 2006–2010 and 2010–2014 councils opting to push an examination of ward boundaries into the next council term. The issue arose during the 2014 municipal election, with Hamilton's three top mayoral contenders supporting ward boundary reform during their campaigns. In early 2015, councillors approved city staff's request to put out a call for proposals for the consultants who would examine ward boundaries. The successful bidders, Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., then began a process of public consultation and examination. Throughout February, 2016, community consolation meetings were held across Hamilton to inform the public and collect feedback from residents. The final report presented a number of options for changing the city's existing boundaries. On February 8, 2017, councillors voted to reject the consultant reports and redraw the city's ward boundaries themselves, opting to avoid any substantial boundary changes, except for a minor ascetic alteration to the boundary between Ward 6 and Ward 7 on the East Mountain. The change was controversial, with community tensions flaring at the approval meeting. Robert Williams, one of the consultants the city hired to study the boundaries told council Watson and Associates could not support the changes, saying, "I've told you in black and white, we couldn't endorse it." Ward 3 Councillor Matthew Green stated that he believed the approved wards were councillors 'gerrymandering' boundaries. In response to the controversy, local residents appealed council's decision to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB). After holding a series of hearings in October, the OMB struck down the city's redrawn boundaries and imposed a new electoral map for the 2018 election. The new map eliminated a distinct ward for the former municipality of Wentworth, and significantly altered boundaries across the city, most notably providing another ward to the city's West Mountain. In January, 2018, local media reported that a group of residents from Hamilton's suburbs, working under the name "Free Flamborough", had taken issue with the imposed boundaries and council's decision to not pursue an appeal. The group, led by Flamborough resident Roman Sarachman, had begun exploring options such as launching legal action against the municipal government, or pressuring the provincial government for the right to de-amalgamate from Hamilton School board ward boundary reform The Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board's (HWDSB) attempt to reallocate the ward boundaries for trustees in 2013 also resulted in the decision to task the 2014–2018 Board with examining ward boundary reform after city council redraws boundaries. Following the OMB decision on Hamilton's council wards, the HWDSB and Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board (HWCDSB) sought relief from a provincially-imposed March 31, 2018 deadline to update their respective ward boundaries, but were denied a stay by the provinces' Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Ministry of Education The HWCDSB was the first board to meet the provincially-imposed deadline, with Catholic trustees opting to abandon their long-standing practice of having two trustees elected for Ward 9, 10, and 11, and instead establishing single trustee seats for Ward 1, 2, and 15, Ward 8 and 14, Ward 9 and 11, and Ward 12 and 13. In mandating a single trustee for Ward 1, 2, and 15, the HWCDSB created the first non-contiguous electoral ward in the city's history. The HWDSB initially proposed merging the newly constituted West Mountain Wards 8 and 14, as well as considering options that would blend Wards 5 and 10, and 9 and 11. Following a public survey in which 47 percent of respondents approved of the board's proposed changes, trustees voted 9–1 to pair Wards 8 and 14. Ranked ballots Following the 2014 provincial election, the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Ted McMeekin, announced the province would be reexamining the Municipal Elections Act, 1996 to determine if the length and voting systems of Ontario's municipal elections needed alterations. Part of the reexamination was a proposal that would have allowed municipalities to adopt a ranked ballot system for the 2018 municipal elections. In June 2015, Hamilton's manager of elections, Tony Fallis, commented that the system would confuse electors, while Ward 3 councillor Matthew Green called the system a "fantastic opportunity." The following month, Green invited ranked ballot-advocate Dave Meslin to speak in Hamilton on the issue, sparking a call for a citizen's group to promote the proposed electoral system. Mayor Eisenberger spoke favourably about the new system and indicated he was willing to consider it for the 2018 election. Despite this, in November, 2016, councillors rejected an attempt by Ward 3 Councillor Matthew Green to initiate a study into the feasibility of ranked balloting. Opponents of the plan called ranked ballots 'confusing' and worried they would hinder voter turnout. Council ultimately voted 9–5 against making any moves toward the change. Light rail transit Beginning in 2008, city council and Metrolinx, the transit agency responsible for projects across the Toronto and Hamilton areas, developed plans for a new rapid transit system in Hamilton to ease congestion on the city's Hamilton Street Railway (HSR) system. In September, 2008, a city-commissioned survey found that 94% of Hamiltonians surveyed supported investment in rapid transit with 66% supporting light rail transit (LRT), 8% favouring bus rapid transit (BRT), and 20% endorsing either option. Hamilton City Council endorsed the BLAST network plan in 2008, which called for 5 rapid transit lines to be constructed across the city. In 2014, the city's mayoral campaign focused heavily on the light rail issue, with Eisenberger and challenger Brian McHattie taking a position in favour of light rail while candidate Brad Clark opposed the project. Eisenberger won the race with 39.93%, while McHattie took 20.38%. Clark, who placed second, received 31.53% of the vote. Across Hamilton, pro-LRT councillors were elected with the express goal of supporting the project. In early 2015, activists feared the HSR had abandoned hope the project would be successful, as the agency's new director, Dave Dixon, had submitted for council's approval a request for new express buses totaling $302 million. Fears were abated in May, 2015, when Premier Kathleen Wynne and Transportation Minister Steven Del Duca announced the provincial government would fund the city's LRT project at 100% and invest in the construction of a new GO Train station in Stoney Creek at Centennial Parkway. While the initial plan announced by the provincial government was to construct the city's B-Line LRT line with a 'spur' line to the West Harbour GO Station, in 2017, Metrolinx announced the 'spur' would be dropped from the project in favour of express bus service that would feed into the city's existing A-Line express bus line. During the 2018 Ontario Provincial Election campaign, the Progressive Conservative Party sought to attract the support of anti-LRT advocates by suggesting the party would be open to disbursing the earmarked $1 billion for LRT to the city for use on general infrastructure. This caused Ward 6 councillor Tom Jackson, Ward 8 councillor Terry Whitehead, and Ward 12 councillor Lloyd Ferguson to openly discuss changing their votes in favour of LRT if the Progressive Conservatives won the June 7 vote. Mayoral election Incumbent mayor Fred Eisenberger announced his intention to seek a third term in January 2018, aiming to continue the projects begun under his second administration. Speaking with CBC Hamilton, Eisenberger emphasized his commitment to a platform of economic development, improved public transit, and looking to public/private partnerships to build more affordable housing. Edward Graydon, who sought the city's mayoralty in 2010, registered to run for mayor on the first day of nominations. Graydon was a vocal opponent of the city's planned LRT project, interjecting himself into a press conference held by Ward 8 Councillor Terry Whitehead and Ward 3 Councillor Matthew Green in 2017, interrupting Green by shouting "If you don't want LRT in this community, in 2018 vote for me, Edward Graydon, and I'll make this city the best city you've ever seen," and "Here's a motion: Get rid of Matthew Green. He's a terrible politician. You've got to get rid of him. You're only going to make the city great when I'm in." Graydon and Green have scuffled publicly in the time since the incident, with Graydon taking to social media in profanity-laced posts demanding apologies from the Ward 3 councillor. Phil Ryerson, who placed last in the race for the city's mayoralty in 2014, registered to run on May 25, 2018. Ryerson's platform focused on cancelling the city's LRT plan, turning city streets into cement roads, and ending all in camera meetings. Nathalie Xian Yi Yan, a traditional Chinese medicine practitioner who had lost two bids for Ward 6 councillor in 2006 and 2010, registered to run for mayor on May 31. Xian Yi Yan also unsuccessfully sought the provincial NDP nomination on Hamilton Mountain in 2007 and in Flamborough-Glanbrook in 2018. On July 3, Ricky Tavares, who finished in 10th place during the 2014 mayoral campaign, registered to seek the office again. Tavares was notable during that campaign for demanding Ryan McGreal, the editor of local affairs website Raise The Hammer, purchase marijuana seeds from him before he would answer questions from the media. Tavares again requested money from the media in exchange for answers to questions when approached by CBC Hamilton reporter Samantha Craggs in July, 2018. In response to an inquiry about his platform, Tavares told Craggs "Its (sic) gonna cost you $500 for this information. I am making it cheap for you because I think I remember you from city hall meetings many months ago and I think your (sic) beautiful. I like you." Also on July 3, 2018, Vito Sgro, an organizer with the Liberal Party and past chair of the Hamilton Port Authority, announced he would be running for mayor on a platform of cancelling the city's LRT plan, hiring an auditor to study the city's finances, and changing the city's ward boundaries to create five superwards that conform to the city's federal and provincial ridings and would elect 3 councillors each. Sgro had been rumoured to jump into the race when he first signaled to Hamilton Spectator columnist Andrew Dreschel in January that he was considering a run. On June 9, 2018, former federal Green Party candidate for Hamilton Centre, Ute Schmidt-Jones, registered to run for mayor. Schmidt-Jones was previously a candidate for city council in Midland, Ontario during the 2014 municipal campaign. Schmidt-Jones was banned from Hamilton City Hall after throwing pumpkin seeds adorned with smiley faces at Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2016 to protest his support for oil pipelines. Schmidt-Jones expressed support for the city's LRT plan. A week after entering the mayoral race, Sgro was the subject of some controversy when Joanna Chapman, a retired businesswoman and former Dundas town councillor, told local media that Sgro was the accountant who approved former Mayor Larry Di Ianni's financial statements during his 2003 mayoral campaign. In that campaign, Di Ianni accepted donations that exceeded the legal limit required by the Municipal Elections Act. In 2006, Di Ianni plead guilty to violating the Municipal Elections Act and was forced to return $26,000 in illegal contributions, make a $4,500 donation to charity, and write an essay on his actions. Chapman noted that Sgro, a registered accountant, had access to Di Ianni's campaign financials and was aware of the violation prior to signing off on the documents. Di Ianni pushed back against Chapman's accusations, telling Hamilton Spectator columnist Andrew Dreschel, "To sort of try to damage someone through innuendo — which, by the way, is a Joanna Chapman specialty — is just not fair." On July 20, neo-Nazi, Holocaust-denier, and white-supremacist, Paul Fromm, registered to run for mayor of Hamilton. Fromm moved to Hamilton Mountain from m Mississauga earlier in 2018. Fromm previously ran for Mayor of Mississauga in 2014 and, in the 2018 Ontario provincial election, stood as a candidate for the Canadians' Choice Party in Etobicoke Centre. Identified as a neo-Nazi by the Southern Poverty Law Centre, Fromm was fired from his job as a public school teacher in Peel Region after attending far-right events and shouting racial slurs. Sgro launched his mayoral campaign with a $250-a-plate fundraiser on Thursday, August 9 at the Michelangelo Banquet Centre. In attendance were former Liberal candidate in Hamilton Centre and Hamilton Mountain, Javid Mirza (who served as one of Sgro's campaign advisors), Michelle Stockwell, a former Liberal candidate in Hamilton East-Stoney Creek, and former Government House Leader in the cabinet of Paul Martin, Tony Valeri. During one of the first mayoral debates of the campaign, hosted by local community cable channel Cable 14, mayoral contenders focused mainly on the city's planned light rail project. Sgro, Ryerson, Geissler, Fromm, and Graydon all took stances against the project, while George Rusich, Schmid-Jones, and Eisenberger were supportive. Sgro used the debate to advocate for road-widening schemes, while Fromm attempted to downplay his connections to white supremacist movements and focus on his advocacy for Hamilton's drivers. Schmid-Jones proposed banning bottled water from the city's facilities, while Eisenbeger promoted his record of reducing homelessness and integrating the city's transit network. During the debate, candidates Graydon and Carlos Gomes were cautioned against using foul language and personal attacks, while Gomes used the debate to defend his marijuana use, though did not reference the Federal government's planned legalization of the substance on October 17, five days before the municipal election. Mayoral candidate Tavares was again invited to the debate but demanded financial compensation to appear. The issue of recreation facilities for people in Hamilton's suburban communities became an issue during the campaign, with Eisenberger pledging to conduct feasibility studies for rec centres in the next term of office. Pattison proposed the idea of reviewing all city facilities while Rusich promised to have a number of facilities built and operational by 2022. On Election Day, October 22, Hamilton's residents gave incumbent Fred Eisenberger a second term as mayor. According to The Hamilton Spectator, Eisenberger is the "first mayor since amalgamation to survive back-to-back Hamilton elections." Candidates |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#66023C;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Fred Eisenberger (Incumbent) | style="text-align:centre;" | 74,093 | style="text-align:centre;" | 54.03% | style="text-align:centre;" | +14.1% | style="text-align:centre;" |$114,534.00 |- | style="background-color:#1406a8;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Vito Sgro | style="text-align:centre;" | 52,190 | style="text-align:centre;" | 38.06% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$228,890.71 |- | style="background-color:#b1e85f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | George Rusich | style="text-align:centre;" | 2,220 | style="text-align:centre;" | 1.62% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$8,692.00 |- | style="background-color:#fdff91;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jim Davis | style="text-align:centre;" | 2,071 | style="text-align:centre;" | 1.51% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$1,000.00 |- | style="background-color:#E30022;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Nathalie Xian Yi Yan | style="text-align:centre;" | 1,286 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.94% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#f44262;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Michael Pattison | style="text-align:centre;" | 899 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.66% | style="text-align:centre;" | +0.04 | style="text-align:centre;" |$2,282.60 |- | style="background-color:#65AFF6;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Paul Fromm | style="text-align:centre;" | 706 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.51% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$7,189.16 |- | style="background-color:#efffaf;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Carlos Gomes | style="text-align:centre;" | 521 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.38% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#a3c3f7;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Todd May | style="text-align:centre;" | 500 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.36% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#f44289;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Henry Geissler | style="text-align:centre;" | 494 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.36% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$1,178.53 |- | style="background-color:#7ff9b0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Phil Ryerson | style="text-align:centre;" | 479 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.35% | style="text-align:centre;" | +0.13% | style="text-align:centre;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#019b10;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ute Schmid-Jones | style="text-align:centre;" | 463 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.34% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$3,016.28 |- | style="background-color:#4A4B4C;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Edward Graydon | style="text-align:centre;" | 409 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.30% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" | $2,526.30 |- | style="background-color:#8DB600"| | style="text-align:left;" | Mark Wozny | style="text-align:centre;" | 408 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.30% | style="text-align:centre;" | n/a | style="text-align:centre;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#ffe69e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ricky Tavares | style="text-align:centre;" | 398 | style="text-align:centre;" | 0.29% | style="text-align:centre;" | -0.06% | style="text-align:centre;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |138,549 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |361,212 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |38.7% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+5.2% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} City Council Election Ward 1 Incumbent Ward 1 councillor Aidan Johnson registered for re-election on the day nominations opened, May 1. On the same day, McMaster graduate student and vice-president of the Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas NDP, Sophie Geffros, registered to seek the seat. Greffos' campaign focused on improving civic engagement and increasing dialogue in west Hamilton. On July 18, nine days before the close of nominations, Johnson announced they were withdrawing their nomination to become the executive director of the Niagara Community Legal Clinic, which serves residents in Welland and St. Catharines. Jason Allen, third-place candidate in 2014 and a former staffer with Metrolinx registered to contest the seat, touting an endorsement from Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi. Carol Lazich, one of the most vocal anti-LRT activists in the city campaigned on a platform of opposing the project. Maureen Wilson, a former staffer with Hamilton Mayor Bob Wade and partner to former Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Chair Terry Cooke campaigned on an urbanist platform. Wilson maintained support from across the political spectrum, earning the endorsements of former Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Westdale MPP Ted McMeekin, then-NDP candidate for MP in Hamilton Centre Matthew Green, and former Hamilton Police Service Chief Ken Robertson. Linda Narducci, a small-business owner and founding member of The Mustard Seed, a local organic co-operative, campaigned on improving pedestrian and cyclist safety as well as reviewing the ward's participatory budgeting project. Syed Bakht, a self-employed tax specialist and Jordan Geertsma, a local pub owner ran on campaigns skeptical of LRT. Lyla Miklos, a Unitarian lay chaplain and education worker sought the seat on a campaign of respecting the democratic process and speaking for marginalized Hamiltonians. Richard Massie, who lived in Ward 14, ran on a platform of redeveloping the Chedoke Golf Course, Sharon Cole focused on housing affordability, and Harrison White, the youngest candidate in the ward at the age of 22, focused on housing issues and hospital wait times. Ela Eroglu, a local architect, ran on a campaign of addressing poverty issues. Sharon Anderson, an Ainslie Wood resident, focused on better soliciting resident feedback on important projects. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#ce0056;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Maureen Wilson | style="text-align:right;" |3,664 | style="text-align:right;" |41.51% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$21,134.50 |- | style="background-color:#00aeea;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jason Allen | style="text-align:right;" | 1,501 | style="text-align:right;" | 17.00% | style="text-align:right;" |+4.98% | style="text-align:right;" |$7,260.00 |- | style="background-color:#727268;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Carol Lazich | style="text-align:right;" | 1,060 | style="text-align:right;" | 12.01% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,080.60 |- | style="background-color:#9605af;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Sophie Geffros | style="text-align:right;" | 905 | style="text-align:right;" | 10.25% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,844.00 |- | style="background-color:#49ed28;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Lyla Miklos | style="text-align:right;" | 294 | style="text-align:right;" | 3.33% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$5,234.14 |- | style="background-color:#7e35a8;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Linda Narducci | style="text-align:right;" | 238 | style="text-align:right;" | 2.70% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#025ff4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Richard Massie | style="text-align:right;" | 235 | style="text-align:right;" | 2.66% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$2,314.95 |- | style="background-color:#d677b3;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jordan Geertsma | style="text-align:right;" | 202 | style="text-align:right;" | 2.29% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$5,570.00 |- | style="background-color:#99dcff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Syed Bakht | style="text-align:right;" | 162 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.84% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,080.01 |- | style="background-color:#f2cb1d;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Harrison White | style="text-align:right;" | 157 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.78% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$904.48 |- | style="background-color:#870628;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Sharon Anderson | style="text-align:right;" | 147 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.67% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$119.89 |- | style="background-color:#ff002e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ela Eroglu | style="text-align:right;" | 137 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.55% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$4,300.00 |- | style="background-color:#d142f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Sharon Cole | style="text-align:right;" | 125 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.42% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |8,827 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |20,769 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |42.5% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+1.76% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 2 Seeking a third term on council, incumbent Jason Farr faced competition from seven candidates. Cameron Kroetsch, a former union president and LGBT rights activist in Hamilton, and Nicole Smith, a local literacy centre manager, were the first candidates to register on May 1. They were followed by Suresh Venodh Daljeet and Mark Tennant in the following months. Farr registered on July 19, and was followed by James Unsworth, John Vail, and Diane Chiarelli on July 27, the final day of nominations. Kroetsch, who received the support of previous challengers to Farr - Terri Wallis (2014) and Matt Jelly (2010) - as well as former Green Party federal and provincial candidate Peter Ormond, campaigned for better communication and allocation of the city's existing public housing stock. A majority of the council candidates in Ward 2 indicated support for the city's light rail transit project, including Kroetsch, Daljeet, Smith, Farr, and another 2010 challenger of Farr's, Chiarelli. Tennant and 2014 council candidate and Progressive Conservative candidate for Hamilton Centre, Vail, both opposed the project. Smith's campaign focused on addressing the ward's infrastructure backlog and collaborative decision-making, Daljeet campaigned on waterfront re-development, business attraction, and transit affordability, Tennant's campaign emphasized community safety and tackling the opioid epidemic while Chiarelli emphasized community safety and sustainable development. Local media indicated that James Unsworth had opted to not campaign for the seat, despite having his name remain on the ballot. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#5F9EA0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jason Farr (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |3,162 | style="text-align:right;" |46.86% | style="text-align:right;" |-19.49% | style="text-align:right;" |$22,019.53 |- | style="background-color:#ddf9ff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Cameron Kroetsch | style="text-align:right;" |2,024 | style="text-align:right;" |29.99% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$18,405.00 |- | style="background-color:#A3C1AD;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Diane Chiarelli | style="text-align:right;" | 430 | style="text-align:right;" | 6.37% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#574fff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John Vail | style="text-align:right;" | 296 | style="text-align:right;" | 4.39% | style="text-align:right;" | -1.68% | style="text-align:right;" | $8,315.57 |- | style="background-color:#f4f142;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Mark Tennant | style="text-align:right;" |362 | style="text-align:right;" |5.36% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#C86567;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Nicole Smith | style="text-align:right;" |281 | style="text-align:right;" |4.16% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#32ba44;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Suresh Daljeet | style="text-align:right;" | 120 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.78% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#c11f3c;" | | style="text-align:left;" | James Unsworth | style="text-align:right;" | 73 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.08% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |6,748 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |19,008 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |35.5% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+6.43% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 3 On June 17, 2018, Hamilton Spectator columnist Andrew Dreschel reported that sitting Ward 3 councillor Matthew Green was considering seeking the NDP nomination to stand as the party's candidate in Hamilton Centre for the 2019 federal election. At the time, Green declined to confirm if he was going to seek federal office or reoffer for his Ward 3 council seat. Local transgender advocate Kristeen Sprague filed to seek the Ward 3 seat on June 15. Perennial candidate Keith Beck registered to run in Ward 3 on July 6. Beck sought the office of Ward 7 councillor in 2014, receiving 12.41% of the vote. He had filed to papers to run for council in Ward 2 in 2010, but withdrew and refiled to run in Ward 7, and finished last with 5.14% of the vote. In 2006, he filed to run for mayor, but withdrew and refiled to run for city council in Ward 10, where he finished last with 6.58% of the vote. During a 2004 by-election for the office of Ward 2 councillor caused by Andrea Horwath's election to the Ontario legislature, received 29 votes, or 0.57%, placing 9th out of 11 candidates. The candidates were joined by former staffer with Mayor Fred Eisenberger, Laura Farr, on July 12. Farr, a Liberal Party activist, served on the party's Electoral District Association in Hamilton Centre. On July 16, one day before incumbent councillor Matthew Green was scheduled to hold a press conference regarding his political future, NDP supporter and founder of a local consulting firm, the Empower Strategy group, Evelyn Myrie registered to run in Ward 3. Myrie had previously been involved with the Hamilton Centre for Civic Inclusion, was awarded with Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal, and has been inducted into Hamilton's Gallery of Distinction. In 1994, Myrie ran for the office of Ward 1 councillor, and finished 5th with 13.6% of the vote. Myrie would later drop out of the race before the close of nominations. At a press conference held on July 17, Green formally announced that he would not seek re-election in Ward 3, instead opting to seek the NDP's nomination for Parliament in Hamilton Centre. On the day Green announced his intention to seek higher office, business owner and vocal anti-LRT activist Milena Balta registered to seek the seat. Following Green's announcement, a number of candidates entered the race to replace the one-term councillor. Alain Bureau, who had successfully advocated for the inclusion of a Gage Park stop on the B-Line LRT route ran on a platform of promoting healthy communities. Steven Paul Denault, who ran for the office of Ward 3 HWDSB Trustee in 2010 and 2014 and Wards 9, 10, and 11 HWCDSB Trustee in 2006, campaigned on re-establishing a network of electrified trolley buses while expressing frustration with the lack of a public referendum on LRT. Speaking with the CBC, Denault remarked, "I'm very very disappointed in our elected people." Nrinder Nann, Green's 2014 campaign manager and a local small business owner, ran on a pro-LRT platform that called for strategies to improve housing affordability, improving community safety, and doing more for the environment. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#b2035d;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Nrinder Nann | style="text-align:right;" |2,618 | style="text-align:right;" |33.96% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$20,787.33 |- | style="background-color:#42a1f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Laura Farr | style="text-align:right;" |1,471 | style="text-align:right;" |19.08% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$6,743.99 |- | style="background-color:#c4ff47;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ned Kuruc | style="text-align:right;" |1,066 | style="text-align:right;" |13.83% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$19,115.22 |- | style="background-color:#31a07d;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Amanda Salonen | style="text-align:right;" |552 | style="text-align:right;" |7.16% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#ecf402;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Dan Smith | style="text-align:right;" |474 | style="text-align:right;" |6.15% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$5,566.82 |- | style="background-color:#036018;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Alain Bureau | style="text-align:right;" |314 | style="text-align:right;" |4.07% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$9,959.77 2 |- | style="background-color:#b5636a;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Milena Balta | style="text-align:right;" |269 | style="text-align:right;" |3.49% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$4,880.45 |- | style="background-color:#40221f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Stephen Rowe | style="text-align:right;" |232 | style="text-align:right;" |3.01% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,620.95 |- | style="background-color:#840613;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Brendan Kavanaugh | style="text-align:right;" |213 | style="text-align:right;" |2.76% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |-1 |- | style="background-color:#a5afa0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Tony Lemma | style="text-align:right;" |196 | style="text-align:right;" |2.54% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$3,965.36 |- | style="background-color:#874cff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Kristeen Sprague | style="text-align:right;" |120 | style="text-align:right;" |1.56% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |-1 |- | style="background-color:#18c938;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Steven Paul Denault | style="text-align:right;" |100 | style="text-align:right;" |1.30% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,659.00 |- | style="background-color:#aaf442;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Keith Beck | style="text-align:right;" |83 | style="text-align:right;" |1.08% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |7,708 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |24,626 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |31.3% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+1.71% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 election2 These candidates were delayed in submitting their official Financial Statements and have been barred from running in the 2022 Municipal electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 4 Ward 4 faced a series of health and environmental issues in the lead-up to the 2018 election. Local media reported of resident complaints regarding a municipal facility storing waste generated from the city's "Green Bin" composting program, odors and particulate from the area's steel plants and metal recycling facility, and on-going issues with Burlington Street, which acts as an arterial highway for heavy trucks. Issues relating to housing affordability and commercial decline were also of importance. Controversial incumbent councillor Sam Merulla registered to seek a 6th term. Merulla, a former Liberal Party staffer-turned New Democrat, had been experiencing a rightward ideological shift and campaigned on opposing wasteful spending and focusing on "needs rather than wants". Merulla had generated attention and controversy during the 2014-2018 term of council for a number of high-profile motions and disputes. Merulla had waged a campaign against the popular mobile game Pokémon Go after "Pokéstops" were found in the city's cemeteries, and had proposed the licensing of house cats. More controversially, Merulla attacked public employees over wages, threatened to sue Vivian Saunders, a local resident focused on campaign finance accountability, over discrepancies in Merulla's 2014 campaign financial records, pushed for sanctions against Ward 12 councillor Lloyd Ferguson over an incident where Ferguson pushed local journalist Joey Coleman, and mocked Ward 14 councillor Robert Pasuta for missing some council meetings due to Pasuta's suffering a traumatic brain injury on his farm. Rod Douglas was Merulla's only opponent in the race, Douglas, a 55-year-old mechanical engineer, was an LRT opponent and ran on a campaign of fixing local roads and improving apartment inspection. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FF7F00;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Sam Merulla (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |6,913 | style="text-align:right;" |78.35% | style="text-align:right;" |-4.14% | style="text-align:right;" |$26,423.12 |- | style="background-color:#54b754;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Rod Douglas | style="text-align:right;" |1,910 | style="text-align:right;" |21.65% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,256.75 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |8,823 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |24,994 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |35.3% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+5.43% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 5 In March, 2018, Stewart Klazinga a resident of the Vincent Neighbourhood, announced his intention to seek the office of Ward 5 councillor. In his announcement, Klazinga spoke of the need to improve transit, transparency, and work toward a Vision Zero program for Hamilton. Klazinga, a 35-year-old community activist, also emphasized the need for more community consultation from councillors. Former NDP candidate in Ancaster—Dundas—Flamborough—Westdale, Juanita Maldonado, campaigned on opposing LRT, creating an "advocacy office" for seniors and better regulation of cannabis dispensaries. Seven-term incumbent Chad Collins sought another term in office, running on his record of service and focusing on addressing infrastructure issues. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FF0000;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Chad Collins (incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |7,596 | style="text-align:right;" |80.38% | style="text-align:right;" |+8.70 | style="text-align:right;" |$12,016.03 |- | style="background-color:#ffb200;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Juanita Maldonado | style="text-align:right;" |1,340 | style="text-align:right;" |14.16% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,450.00 |- | style="background-color:#ffc521;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Stewart Klazinga | style="text-align:right;" |526 | style="text-align:right;" |5.56% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,724.35 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |9,462 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |26,881 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |35.2% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+1.56% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 6 Tom Jackson, who has served as Ward 6 Councillor from 1988, announced his intention to seek re-election immediately following the 2014 election. In January 2018, he confirmed his intention to seek a 10th term on council and registered on June 21. Brad Young was first to candidate to register on June 8. His campaign focused on a change in leadership, with the candidate writing in the Hamilton Mountain News, “After 30 years of honourable service, isn't it time to nurture the new era?” Young took a stand against the city's LRT project, instead advocating for a conversion of the city's HSR bus fleet to electric vehicles. Timothy Taylor, the financial officer for a local escape room, ran on a platform of reducing inefficiency at city hall, supporting LRT, providing more supports to local businesses, and reopening the city's disused ski hills. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#002E63;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Tom Jackson (incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |8,247 | style="text-align:right;" |82.26% | style="text-align:right;" |+1.43 | style="text-align:right;" |$27,470.75 |- | style="background-color:#b70776;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Timothy Taylor | style="text-align:right;" |943 | style="text-align:right;" |9.41% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="background-color:#32bc03;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Brad Young | style="text-align:right;" |836 | style="text-align:right;" |8.34% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$446.95 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |10,026 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |25,318 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |39.6% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+4.45% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 7 Ward 7, despite the ward-boundary realignment, remained the largest ward in the city by population at 47,460 residents. The ward had faced considerable political upheval with former councillor Scott Duvall vacating the seat in 2015 after being elected Hamilton Mountain's NDP MP and the winner of the by-election to replace him, Donna Skelly, vacating the seat in early 2018 after being elected the PC MPP for Flamborough-Glanbrook. Former Ward 7 alderman Terry Anderson, who served from 1991 to 2000, served as the interim councillor, but did not seek election to the seat. Ester Pauls, the runner-up in race for Hamilton Mountain MPP in the June 2018 Ontario general election registered to seek the seat. Pauls, the owner of a running shop in Westdale, was skeptical of the city's LRT project and ran on a platform of being a political outsider. Despite her contemporary political affiliations, Pauls also noted her past campaign work for former Hamilton Mountain MPP Marie Bountrogianni and former Mayor Bob Bratina. Geraldine McMullen, a candidate in the by-election to replace Duvall, worked with the Ontario NDP and campaigned on speaking up for the ward's residents, public operation of LRT, supporting affordable housing in the ward, and running for re-election in 2022 rather than seeking outside opportunities as the ward's former councillors had. McMullen also carried the endorsement of former Hamilton Mountain MP Chris Charlton. Dan McIntyre, a 29-year old autoworker ran on a platform of supporting LRT, addressing poverty through job creation, and increasing HSR service. McIntyre was one of the few candidates to list a home address in the ward at the time of the election. Adam Dirani, an opponent of LRT, ran on a fiscally conservative platform of being more efficient with the city's taxes while Steve Clarke, a semi-retired City of Hamilton employee, wanted the city to focus on building the A-Line LRT first. Karen Grice-Uggenti, the director of the Hamilton Mountain Liberal Party Association, wanted a pivot to BRT, and Steven Benson, a self-employed advertising executive, was undecided about LRT, instead focusing his platform on traffic calming. Jim McColl, a USW Steelworker ran on a platform of supporting LRT, expanding the B.L.A.S.T network and clean, safe, affordable housing. On election night, Pauls won with the smallest percentage of any elected councillor, earning 25% of the vote and beating McMullen by just over 1,100 votes. Pauls attributed her victory to her attempts to connect with the voters of Ward 7. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#181ce2;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Esther Pauls | style="text-align:right;" |3,016 | style="text-align:right;" |25.00% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$11,909.48 |- | style="background-color:#981932;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Geraldine McMullen | style="text-align:right;" |1,878 | style="text-align:right;" |15.57% | style="text-align:right;" |+8.4% Note 1 | style="text-align:right;" |$15,870.80 |- | style="background-color:#281146;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Dan MacIntyre | style="text-align:right;" |1,735 | style="text-align:right;" |14.38% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$21,162.08 |- | style="background-color:#f2e609;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Adam Dirani | style="text-align:right;" |1,418 | style="text-align:right;" |11.75% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$9,230.00 |- | style="background-color:#7f9fff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Karen Grice-Uggenti | style="text-align:right;" |1,280 | style="text-align:right;" |10.61% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$14,191.78 |- | style="background-color:#ffb493;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Steve Clarke | style="text-align:right;" |1,243 | style="text-align:right;" |10.30% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,620.96 |- | style="background-color:#e5eefc;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Jim McColl | style="text-align:right;" |662 | style="text-align:right;" |5.49% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$5,129.33 |- | style="background-color:#3590ff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Steve Benson | style="text-align:right;" |411 | style="text-align:right;" |3.41% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |-1 |- | style="background-color:#f44277;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Joseph Kazubek | style="text-align:right;" |160 | style="text-align:right;" |1.33% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,360.65 |- | style="background-color:#34af21;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Roland Schneider | style="text-align:right;" |157 | style="text-align:right;" |1.30% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$3,452.32 |- | style="background-color:#a0e592;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Kristopher Clowater | style="text-align:right;" |104 | style="text-align:right;" |0.86% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$4,481.92 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |12,064 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |31,093 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |38.8% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+7.05% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 election Note 1: Results compared to 2016 By-ElectionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 8 Christopher Climie, a local real estate agent, was the first candidate to register on May 8, 2018. Despite Climie's early entry into the race, he made no effort to campaign, not responding to any questions from local media, maintaining any campaign website or infrastructure, or appearing at any debates. John-Paul Danko, runner up in the 2016 Ward 7 by-election, registered to run in Ward 8 on May 11, 2018. Danko, the husband of Ward 7 Public School Trustee Dawn Danko, began to publicly campaign for an appointment to city council after the winner of the 2016 by-election, Donna Skelly, was elected Progressive Conservative MPP for Flamborough—Glanbrook. Colleen Wicken registered to seek the seat on June 28, 2018. Wicken, a staffer with Ward 8 Councillor Terry Whitehead and former chair of the Bonnington-Buchanan-Mohawk-Southam Neighbourhoods Association, had previously advocated for more police presence in student neighbourhoods and against the city's ward boundary changes. Danko ran on a platform of supporting the city's LRT project, reducing speeds on local streets, investing in infrastructure, and planning for intensification along Upper James Street. On the final day of registrations, former Mississauga City Councillor and MP for Mississauga-Brampton South, Eve Adams, registered to seek the Ward 8 seat. Adams, who was elected as a Conservative in 2011 and crossed the floor to the Liberals prior to the 2015 election before losing a nomination battle to Marco Mendicino in the Toronto-area riding of Eglinton-Lawrence, had served on Mississauga City Council representing Ward 5 from 2003 to her election to Parliament in 2011. Adams, who has family in Hamilton, noted that she wanted to widen the Red Hill Valley Expressway and the 403, cancel the city's LRT project, and attract more businesses to Hamilton. During the campaign, Ward 8 councillor Terry Whitehead, who was seeking election in Ward 14, mass-emailed constituents, accusing Wicken of stealing a contact list meant for Christmas cards for personal political gain and encouraging residents to report Wicken to the police. Wicken denied the accusation. Whitehead, who had endorsed Ruddick, requested the Hamilton Police open an investigation into the matter. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#1ecc3e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John-Paul Danko | style="text-align:right;" |3,752 | style="text-align:right;" |41.67% | style="text-align:right;" |+23% Note 1 | style="text-align:right;" |$25,906.54 |- | style="background-color:#5f81d8;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Eve Adams | style="text-align:right;" |2,097 | style="text-align:right;" |23.29% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$19,800.00 |- | style="background-color:#84d0ff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Steve Ruddick | style="text-align:right;" |1,905 | style="text-align:right;" |21.16% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$7,988.23 |- | style="background-color:#f44250;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Colleen Wicken | style="text-align:right;" |911 | style="text-align:right;" |10.12% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,872.08 |- | style="background-color:#ffcc2f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Anthony Simpson | style="text-align:right;" |288 | style="text-align:right;" |3.20% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#ff77f3;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Christopher Climie | style="text-align:right;" |50 | style="text-align:right;" |0.56% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |9,003 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |21,694 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |41.5% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+5.21% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 election Note 1: Results compared to 2016 By-ElectionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 9 Incumbent councillor Doug Conley informed the Stoney Creek News of his intention to seek re-election in January 2018, registering to run on May 16. Cam Galindo, third-place Ward 9 candidate in 2014, announced he would be seeking the seat for a second time in February 2018. At his campaign launch on June 16, Galindo spoke about the need for lower taxes, more public forums, increased public safety, and improvement of local parks, while speaking skeptically about the city's LRT project. Galindo dropped out of the councillor's race on the final day of nominations, re-registering to seek a school trustee seat instead. The day before nominations were set to close, former Ward 9 councillor, 2014 mayoral candidate, Stoney Creek Progressive Conservative MPP, and provincial cabinet minister Brad Clark registered to seek the seat. Since his defeat to Mayor Eisenberger in 2014, Clark has been a consultant with Maple Leaf Strategies, a group representing a landfill in upper Stoney Creek. After registering, Clark spoke about his track-record of never having an Ontario Municipal Board tribunal surrounding a development project in his ward during his two terms in office. Local resident David Ford registered to seek the seat to tackle what he claimed were communication issues with incumbent councillor Conley. Ford, an HR manager, informed the Stoney Creek News that he opposed LRT and supported widening roads in the area, while noting "I hate politics, so maybe this is the right job for me." Lakhwinder Singh Multani, a second-place finisher in the Ward 5 council race in 2000, also campaigned on better communication and opposing LRT, while also promoting the idea of making police more visible throughout the area. Peter Lanza, a first-time candidate for office, echoed his fellow candidates' concerns about communication, while campaigning on the need to improve the area's infrastructure to keep pace with a growing population. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#0047AB;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Brad Clark | style="text-align:right;" | 2,539 | style="text-align:right;" | 38.73% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$17,516.77 |- | style="background-color:#cccccc;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Doug Conley (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |1,961 | style="text-align:right;" |29.91% | style="text-align:right;" | +3.74 | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#0dbc3c;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Peter Lanza | style="text-align:right;" |1,529 | style="text-align:right;" |23.32% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$6,574.43 |- | style="background-color:#42e8f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | David Ford | style="text-align:right;" |330 | style="text-align:right;" |5.03% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#ff3200;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Lakhwinder Singh Multani | style="text-align:right;" |197 | style="text-align:right;" |3.00% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |6,556 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |19,114 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |34.3% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+0.1% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 10 Ian Thompson, Ward 13 HWDSB Trustee (2000–2003), Ward 11 and 12 HWDSB Trustee (2003–2006), and a former staffer with Liberal MPPs Dominic Agostino and Judy Marsales, was the first individual to announce their intention to seek office in the 2018 election. Prior to the Ontario Municipal Board's decision on the city's ward boundaries, Thompson had considered seeking election in the former Ward 11, though the redistribution shifted his attention to Ward 10, where he resides. At his campaign launch, Thompson announced he would, if elected, ask the mayor to address power outage issues in Stoney Creek, hire 30 new police officers to combat crime, build a splash-pad in the Oceanic neighbourhood, and only serve two terms. In March, 2018, one-term Ward 9 and 10 HWDSB Trustee Jeff Beattie announced that he was considering seeking a seat on council. Beattie registered to run for city council on the day nominations opened, May 1. At his campaign launch and meet and greet, Beattie listed community safety, transit, infrastructure and improving city services among his priorities. Beattie, citing his long residency in the area, believed this provided his campaign with an advantage. Maria Pearson, councillor for Ward 10 since 2003 and councillor in the former Town of Stoney Creek from 1991 to 2000, registered to run for a fourth term on May 4. Pearson labelled herself an LRT critic and has campaigned for a BRT-style alternative to the rapid transit project. Louie Milojevic, a local private equity investor, history professor and columnist, sought the council seat after placing third to Pearson in the 2003 election. Milojevic spoke about the need for better transit in the area, campaigned for improved infrastructure, and opposed the city's LRT project. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#ED1C24;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Maria Pearson (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |3,988 | style="text-align:right;" |36.34% | style="text-align:right;" |-21.69% | style="text-align:right;" |$23,895.59 |- | style="background-color:#d4b713;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Louie Milojevic | style="text-align:right;" |2,990 | style="text-align:right;" |27.25% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$19,148.68 |- | style="background-color:#95D60A;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jeff Beattie | style="text-align:right;" |2,692 | style="text-align:right;" |24.53% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$13,957.90 |- | style="background-color:#1453ba;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ian Thompson | style="text-align:right;" |1,304 | style="text-align:right;" |11.88% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$12,294.42 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |11,045 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |27,005 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |40.88% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+0.02% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 11 Brenda Johnson, 2-term Ward 11 councillor, announced her intention to seek another term on council in September 2017 when former HWDSB Trustee Ian Thompson indicated he would be running for the office as well. Following ward boundary re-alignments, Thompson sought election in Ward 10. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#791E7D;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Brenda Johnson (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |6,129 | style="text-align:right;" |87.97% | style="text-align:right;" |+4.52% | style="text-align:right;" |$11,639.15 |- | style="background-color:#63b574;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Waleed Shewayhat | style="text-align:right;" |838 | style="text-align:right;" |12.03% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |7,045 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |17,790 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |39.6% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+5.99% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 election2 These candidates were delayed in submitting their official Financial Statements and have been barred from running in the 2022 Municipal electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 12 The first candidate to register for the Ward 12 council position was Ancaster resident and loss prevention manager, John Scime. Scime focused on public safety, managing the area's growth, and supporting increased bus service to the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport. Scime's nomination was matched the following day by Sheffield resident Miranda Reis. A disability-rights advocate and chartered accountant who served as the former budget manager for the City of Cambridge, Ries pointed to improved public transit as being crucial for the city's development. The third entrant to the Ward 12 council race was Ancaster resident and third-place finisher in the 2014 race for Ward 11 and 12 Public School Trustee, Mike Bell. Bell, a mechanical engineer, indicated he wanted to make Ancaster more walkable, adding bike lanes onto area streets, and carefully reviewing the city's LRT project and a $13-million water tower project approved by the city in 2017. Lloyd Ferguson, the incumbent Ward 12 councillor, had avoided making any commitment to running for a 4th term, telling the Ancaster News that anyone who makes known their ambitions to seek political office, would "'put a big target on' their back." Ferguson registered to run on July 9, 2018. Speaking with the Ancaster News, Ferguson indicated that he had wavered on whether he would seek re-election, but ultimately decided to register again to complete pending projects in his community, though he noted he would likely not run again in the 2022 election. The final candidate to register was 27-year-old real estate agent Kevin Marley. A graduate of McMaster University, Marley indicated he was supportive of the city's LRT project, wanted to investigate public works efforts for low-income citizens, and improving the area's highway infrastructure to ease congestion. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#C32148;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Lloyd Ferguson (incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,000 | style="text-align:right;" | 58.30% | style="text-align:right;" | -20.45% | style="text-align:right;" |$22,165.97 |- | style="background-color:#8b02b5;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Miranda Reis | style="text-align:right;" | 2,296 | style="text-align:right;" | 19.12% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$12,593.74 |- | style="background-color:#5ecdfb;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Mike Bell | style="text-align:right;" | 1,699 | style="text-align:right;" | 14.15% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,367.27 |- | style="background-color:#663333;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John Scime | style="text-align:right;" | 801 | style="text-align:right;" | 6.67% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,804.32 |- | style="background-color:#158717;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Kevin Marley | style="text-align:right;" | 210 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.75% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$402.56 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |12,006 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |12,006 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |29,426 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |40.8% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+4.9% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 13 Two candidates registered to seek the Ward 13 council seat on the first day of nominations: small business owner and prospective Hamilton West-Ancaster-Dundas Progressive Conservative nomination contestant Kevin Gray, as well as John Mykytyshyn, a local Conservative activist and son of a former Dundas town councillor. Gray emphasized the importance of increasing communication between Dundas and Hamilton, while Mykytyshyn discussed returning to wards for Dundas and Flamborough realigning these wards to the former ward boundaries The third candidate to register was local teacher Rich Gelder, who filed on June 11. Gelder, a Dundas resident for two decades, supported the city's LRT project, and promoted the idea of complete streets, better public transit, and improved cycling infrastructure. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#1138c6;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Arlene Vanderbeek | style="text-align:right;" | 3,953 | style="text-align:right;" | 34.49% | style="text-align:right;" | -8.07% | style="text-align:right;" |$18,974.83 |- | style="background-color:#ffb70f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Rich Gelder | style="text-align:right;" | 3,087 | style="text-align:right;" | 26.93% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$8,075.08 |- | style="background-color:#1962d3;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John Mykytyshyn | style="text-align:right;" | 2,091 | style="text-align:right;" |18.24% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$23,778.40 2 |- | style="background-color:#0b65ed;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Kevin Gray | style="text-align:right;" | 895 | style="text-align:right;" | 7.81% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#ffe77f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John Roberts | style="text-align:right;" | 661 | style="text-align:right;" | 5.77% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="background-color:#17b22e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Gaspare Bonomo | style="text-align:right;" | 598 | style="text-align:right;" | 5.22% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$4,269.34 |- | style="background-color:#b51759;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Pamela Mitchell | style="text-align:right;" | 177 | style="text-align:right;" | 1.54% | style="text-align:right;" | +0.53% | style="text-align:right;" |$0.10 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |11,462 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |26,289 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |40.8% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |-0.19% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 election2 These candidates were delayed in submitting their official Financial Statements and have been barred from running in the 2022 Municipal electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 14 The first candidate to register for the Ward 14 council seat was 2015 Hamilton West-Ancaster-Dundas federal Conservative Party candidate and 2018 provincial Progressive Conservative nomination contestant Vincent Samuel, who registered on June 12. Samuel, who immigrated to Canada from Pakistan in 1990, expressed a desire to keep taxes low and ensure a variety of housing options for Mountain residents. Samuel indicated he wanted to ensure the city's LRT project was beneficial to taxpayers. Terry Whitehead, who had served as Ward 8 councillor from 2003, avoided declaring which seat he would contest after his West Mountain ward was split following the OMB decision on the city's ward boundaries, waiting until July 26 to register. In March 2018, he announced he was considering a challenge to incumbent mayor Fred Eisenberger, though ultimately opted to run for a fourth term on council. Robert Iszkula, a small-business owner who formerly lived on the west mountain, ran on a campaign of improving HSR service, adding a public library to the ward, and improving local parks. Roslyn French-Sanges, a stylist with clothing company Nygard, promised to be more responsive to constituents and improve transportation in the ward. Bryan Wilson, a 38-year-old employee with Air Canada, campaigned on supporting LRT, improving local green space, and better maintaining roads. During the election, Whitehead came under fire from LIUNA after the union donated $500.00 to his campaign based on his comments indicating he was supporting LRT. Whitehead reversed his position, prompting a vice-president in the union, Joe Mancinelli, to say he felt "disappointed and betrayed." In the final weeks of the campaign, both Iszkula and Samuel suspended their campaigns. Iszkula endorsed Wilson, while Samuel announced he would be supporting Whitehead. As the deadline for removing their names from the ballot had passed, both candidates formalled remained in the race. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FF0800;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Terry Whitehead (incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,358 | style="text-align:right;" | 57.79% | style="text-align:right;" | -18.75% | style="text-align:right;" |$27,849.35 |- | style="background-color:#00bc1f;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Bryan Wilson | style="text-align:right;" | 2,535 | style="text-align:right;" | 27.34% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$4,432.86 |- | style="background-color:#ffc45e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Roslyn French-Sanges | style="text-align:right;" | 834 | style="text-align:right;" | 9.00% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$10,225.00 |- | style="background-color:#f4d442;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Robert Iszkula | style="text-align:right;" | 295 | style="text-align:right;" | 3.18% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$3,226.79 |- | style="background-color:#1c44b2;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Vincent Samuel | style="text-align:right;" | 249 | style="text-align:right;" | 2.69% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |9,271 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |22,179 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |41.8% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |New Ward | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Ward 15 On June 18, incumbent councillor Judi Partridge filed to run for re-election. Having unsuccessfully run for the Ontario Liberal Party during the 2018 Ontario Election in the riding of Flamborough-Glanbrook, Partridge opted to seek another term on council to continue the projects she began prior to her provincial run. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FDEE00;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Judi Partridge (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,471 | style="text-align:right;" | 51.61% | style="text-align:right;" |-17.62% | style="text-align:right;" |$17,654.85 |- | style="background-color:#35b4ea;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Susan McKechnie | style="text-align:right;" | 3,255 | style="text-align:right;" | 48.39% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,554.91 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |6,726 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |6,726 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |20,382 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |33% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |+5.12% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#c2c2c2;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" |} Public School Board trustee elections Ward 1 and 2 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#048edf;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Christine Bingham (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |8,404 | style="text-align:right;" |75.96% | style="text-align:right;" |+45.21% | style="text-align:right;" |$462.54 |- | style="background-color:#ff8cb6;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Rahimuddin Chowdhury | style="text-align:right;" |2,660 | style="text-align:right;" |24.04% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |11,064 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 3 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#f7e3a3;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Chris Parkinson | style="text-align:right;" |1,461 | style="text-align:right;" |27.03% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,035.32 |- | style="background-color:#f7a10c;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Maria Felix Miller | style="text-align:right;" |1,432 | style="text-align:right;" |26.49% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,047.21 |- | style="background-color:#0b442e;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Gail Tessier | style="text-align:right;" |824 | style="text-align:right;" |15.25% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$625.81 |- | style="background-color:#6842f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jocelynn Vieira | style="text-align:right;" |788 | style="text-align:right;" |14.58% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$402.19 |- | style="background-color:#037c34;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Livia Jones | style="text-align:right;" |568 | style="text-align:right;" |10.51% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$339.47 |- | style="background-color:#d6155c;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Marlene Thomas | style="text-align:right;" |332 | style="text-align:right;" |6.14% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |5,405 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 4 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#8DB600"| | style="text-align:left;" | Ray E. Mulholland (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 5 Chair of the HWDSB, incumbent Ward 5 trustee Todd White, registered to seek a third term on July 25, 2018. The day following his registration, CBC Hamilton reported that Carole Paikin Miller, the wife of Hamilton East-Stoney Creek MPP Paul Miller would be seeking the seat as well. White, who had served as Miller's constituency assistant since 2007, had filed a complaint with the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario against the 4-term MPP after Miller critiqued White for taking parental leave to care for his children. In a series of voicemails leaked to the media, Miller slammed White and the Canadian Office and Professional Employees Union, stating "Sometimes unions do more harm than good, and sometimes, they get their people into bad situations." White downplayed the entry of Paikin Miller, telling the CBC, "I think the actions and behaviour are consistent with what has already been reported. I'll let voters conclude what this all means." On July 26, the Stoney Creek News reported that candidate Jason McLaughlin had, in the past, posted lewd and sexist memes to his personal Facebook page and had been told by outgoing Ward 3 trustee Larry Pattison to address the issue. McLaughlin stated to the paper that one of the memes, which referred to women as 'ugly', did not appear to have offended anyone while another was possibly posted by someone "trying to sabotage his campaign". The Ward 5 trustee campaign became a proxy battle between different Hamilton-area NDP organizations. Paikin Miller did not interact with local media during the election and did not respond to reporter's comments following her victory. White was blunt when discussing his election loss, blaming his dispute with MPP Miller for his loss and noting, "When you stick your neck out you have to be prepared for it to be cut off and in this case, Paul Miller and the NDP cut it off." |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#bc5603"| | style="text-align:left;" | Carole Paikin Miller | style="text-align:right;" |2,349 | style="text-align:right;" |40.75% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$7,980.58 |- | style="background-color:#FF7E00;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Todd White (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |2,240 | style="text-align:right;" |38.86% | style="text-align:right;" |-36.78% | style="text-align:right;" |$3,898.69 |- | style="background-color:#ffafc5"| | style="text-align:left;" | Jason McLaughlin | style="text-align:right;" |1,175 | style="text-align:right;" |20.39% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |5,764 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 6 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#663854;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Kathy Archer (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |3,046 | style="text-align:right;" |48.43% | style="text-align:right;" |+15.06% | style="text-align:right;" |$428.02 |- | style="background-color:#30c7ff"| | style="text-align:left;" | Jay Edington | style="text-align:right;" |2,495 | style="text-align:right;" |39.67% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$6,865.53 |- | style="background-color:#99BADD;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Eamon O'Donnell | style="text-align:right;" |749 | style="text-align:right;" |11.91% | style="text-align:right;" |-12.66% | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |6,290 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 7 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#fecb45;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Dawn Danko (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 8 and 14 Despite registering to run on May 3, 2018, Wes Hicks, the incumbent 33-year veteran school trustee announced on June 28 that he was stepping down and would withdraw his nomination to seek another term. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#118947;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Becky Buck | style="text-align:right;" |6,866 | style="text-align:right;" |61.61% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$6,257.41 |- | style="background-color:#ff0015;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Damin Starr | style="text-align:right;" |1,248 | style="text-align:right;" |11.20% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,390.87 |- | style="background-color:#4156a0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Rochelle Butler | style="text-align:right;" |1,072 | style="text-align:right;" |9.62% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$672.21 |- | style="background-color:#ff9e30;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Yousaf Malik | style="text-align:right;" |1,064 | style="text-align:right;" |9.55% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,710.87 |- | style="background-color:#e5e375;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Erica Villabroza | style="text-align:right;" |894 | style="text-align:right;" |8.02% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,703.73 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |11,144 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 9 and 10 In an interview prior to the 2019 Federal Election campaign, former NDP MP for Hamilton East-Stoney Creek from (2006 to 2015), Wayne Marston, indicated he was considering running for a school trustee's position in the 2018 election. Marston had served as a Public School Trustee for Ward 5 from (2000 to 2006). |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FED24B;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Cam Galindo | style="text-align:right;" |4,894 | style="text-align:right;" |52.06% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$9,874.09 |- | style="background-color:#e5a309"| | style="text-align:left;" | Wayne Marston | style="text-align:right;" |4,506 | style="text-align:right;" |47.94% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$5,449.82 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |9,400 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 11 and 12 The first entrant into the Ward 11 and 12 trustee race was young right-wing activist Blake Hambly. Hambly, a graduate of Hamilton District Christian High School, a private Christian school in Glanbrook, is the president of the McMaster Campus Conservatives and the McMaster branch of Turning Point, a right-wing advocacy group founded by Charlie Kirk, that targets youth and university campuses. Hambly worked for Arizona Senate candidate Kelli Ward, Conservative Party of Canada leadership contestant Kellie Leitch, Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership candidate and social conservative, Tanya Granic Allen, and Flamborough-Glanbrook PC MPP Donna Skelly. Incumbent trustee Alex Johnstone, a staffer with Hamilton Centre MP David Christopherson, registered to run for re-election on June 29. The final candidate to enter the race was Glanbrook resident Bruce Carnegie. Carnegie, a McMaster chemistry graduate, noted his concerns around dropping EQAO scores and emphasized a focus on STEM education. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FFAF00;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Alex Johnstone (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |7,047 | style="text-align:right;" |57.75% | style="text-align:right;" |+15.37% | style="text-align:right;" |$2,312.00 |- | style="background-color:#21870d"| | style="text-align:left;" | Bruce Carnegie | style="text-align:right;" |3,043 | style="text-align:right;" |24.94% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$2,048.71 |- | style="background-color:#2403b5"| | style="text-align:left;" | Blake Hambly | style="text-align:right;" |2,113 | style="text-align:right;" |17.32% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" | -1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |12,203 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 13 Incumbent Ward 13 trustee Greg Van Geffen announced in June 2018 that he was not seeking re-election to the public school board, citing the pressures of the job on his family and business. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#306d43;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Paul Tut | style="text-align:right;" |2,966 | style="text-align:right;" |34.84% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$6,391.11 |- | style="background-color:#fcc028;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Chris Parr | style="text-align:right;" |2,361 | style="text-align:right;" |27.73% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$4,294.27 |- | style="background-color:#ff006a;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Sukhi Dhillon | style="text-align:right;" |1,989 | style="text-align:right;" |23.36% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$5,187.88 |- | style="background-color:#93ffe4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Noor Nizam | style="text-align:right;" |626 | style="text-align:right;" |7.35% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$317.07 |- | style="background-color:#0a43ff;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Steven James Laur | style="text-align:right;" |571 | style="text-align:right;" |6.71% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |-1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |8,513 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 15 Penny Deathe, the incumbent Ward 15 HWDSB Trustee, became the first sitting trustee to announce their intention to seek another term in January 2018. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#f26a81;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Penny Deathe (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |3,128 | style="text-align:right;" |64.47% | style="text-align:right;" |+14.34% | style="text-align:right;" |$98.08 |- | style="background-color:#1908af;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Janet Creet | style="text-align:right;" |1,724 | style="text-align:right;" |35.53% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |4,852 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Catholic School Board Trustee Elections Ward 1, 2, and 15 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#4F7942;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Mark Valvasori (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 3 and 4 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#BD8869;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Anthony Perri (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 5 On July 25, 2018, former Ward 3 Catholic trustee Ralph Agostino registered seek the Ward 5 trustee seat. In 2014, his son, Sam, was defeated by Aldo D’Intino. The Agostino political family has a long history of serving on the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board, as Dominic Agostino, Mary Agostino-Locane, and Rose Agostino have all served on the Board. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#42a7f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Aldo D’Intino (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |1,616 | style="text-align:right;" |51.46% | style="text-align:right;" |+2.77% | style="text-align:right;" |$1,085.36 |- | style="background-color:#FF0000;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ralph Agostino | style="text-align:right;" |1,524 | style="text-align:right;" |48.54% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$940.21 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |3,140 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |100% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 6 On July 25, Ellen Agostino, the wife of former Ward 5 Catholic School Trustee Sam Agostino, registered to seek election to the Catholic School Board. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#41f4f4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Joseph Baiardo (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |1,610 | style="text-align:right;" |51.90% | style="text-align:right;" |-11.49% | style="text-align:right;" |$4,696.11 |- | style="background-color:#FF0000;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Ellen Agostino | style="text-align:right;" |1,248 | style="text-align:right;" |40.23% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$532.99 |- | style="background-color:#721487;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Elenita Ranas | style="text-align:right;" |244 | style="text-align:right;" |7.87% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$5,536.09 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |3,102 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 7 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FF0000;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Pat Daly (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 8 and 14 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#4F7942;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John Valvasori (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |4,685 | style="text-align:right;" |80.15% | style="text-align:right;" |10.57% | style="text-align:right;" |$1,501.88 |- | style="background-color:#00661c;" | | style="text-align:left;" | George Kalacherry | style="text-align:right;" |1,160 | style="text-align:right;" |19.85% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$886.45 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |5,845 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 9 and 11 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#F65A4B;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Louis Agro | style="text-align:right;" |1,417 | style="text-align:right;" |35.55% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$229.02 |- | style="background-color:#b7ffcd;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Tyler Iorio | style="text-align:right;" |1,222 | style="text-align:right;" |30.66% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,763.19 |- | style="background-color:#a3013a;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Tony Di Mambro | style="text-align:right;" |827 | style="text-align:right;" |20.75% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |-1 |- | style="background-color:#a69ff4;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Karmen Crea | style="text-align:right;" |520 | style="text-align:right;" |13.05% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |3,986 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2022 electionNote: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 10 |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#63A5C7;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Mary Nardini (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Ward 12 and 13 Dundas resident, widower, and retired Catholic School principal Neil Chopp was one of the first candidates to register to seek the seat of Ward 12 and 13 Catholic trustee on May 1. Chopp, a former Brant County educator, was joined by Waterdown resident Phil Homerski on the same day. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#ffd1e0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Phil Homerski | style="text-align:right;" |1,940 | style="text-align:right;" |42.68% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,505.72 |- | style="background-color:#d4ffce;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Neil Chopp | style="text-align:right;" |1,522 | style="text-align:right;" |33.49% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$1,797.02 |- | style="background-color:#7891e2;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Olya Lydia Chan | style="text-align:right;" |1,083 | style="text-align:right;" |23.83% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$590.44 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |4,545 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} French Public School Board election |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#d8ffdd;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Pierre Girouard (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right;" |261 | style="text-align:right;" |73.52% | style="text-align:right;" |+10.3% | style="text-align:right;" |$527.91 |- | style="background-color:#af2a85;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Denis Frawley | style="text-align:right;" |94 | style="text-align:right;" |26.48% | style="text-align:right;" | - | style="text-align:right;" |$0.00 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |355 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} French Catholic School Board election |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#7fbee0;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Marcel Levesque (Incumbent) !colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Acclaimed |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated School Trustee Candidates" |} Mid-term elections Ward 7 Councillor Shortly after being sworn in for a third term as Ward 7 Councillor, Scott Duvall announced he would be seeking the New Democratic Party's nomination to run in the 42nd Federal Election as their candidate on Hamilton Mountain. Duvall was selected by party members in the riding at a nomination meeting on March 29, 2015 to stand as their candidate over his opponent, former provincial NDP candidate Bryan Adamczyk. Duvall was elected to Parliament on October 19, 2015 with 35.8% of the vote. Prior to Duvall's election, candidates began expressing interest in running for his seat. By September 4, 2015, four candidates had already announced their intention to run in the by-election if it were to be called. On Friday, October 23, 2015, Duvall officially resigned from city council. Duvall told the Hamilton Spectator that, while he had not yet endorsed a replacement, he was watching the competition carefully. After speculation that the by-election would occur in February or March 2016, the CBC reported on November 2, 2015, that the election would take place on March 21, 2016, following council's approval of the date through a bylaw passed at their December 9, 2015 council meeting. As the number of candidates increased, local media began to report on the impact the by-election was having on local political party establishments. Candidates Geraldine McMullen and Uzma Qureshi, both NDP members, maintained the support of varying factions within the party. McMullen received support from former Hamilton Mountain MP Chris Charlton while Qureshi was endorsed by current Hamilton Mountain MPP Monique Taylor and Hamilton Centre MP David Christopherson. Similarly, candidates Bob Charters, Donna Skelly, and Hans Zuriel had the support of elements of Hamilton's Conservative establishment. Charters was the Progressive Conservative's candidate in Hamilton Mountain in 2007, Skelly sought election as a Progressive Conservative in Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Westdale in 2011 and 2014, while Zuriel is the president of the Hamilton Mountain Conservative association and heavily involved with Conservative politics at McMaster University. With the registration of former Hamilton Mountain Liberal candidate Shawn Burt on January 29, the local Liberal Party was also split between their 2015 candidate and Hamilton West-Ancaster-Dundas nomination contestant Howard Rabb. The local Libertarian Party establishment was also split between Luc Hetu, the party's nominated, but unregistered, candidate for the 2015 election in Flamborough-Glanbrook and Robert Young, the party's Hamilton Centre candidate. Both candidates registered on February 1 and both used Young's business address at 616 Barton Street East on their registration forms. In an interview with the Hamilton Mountain News, McMaster political science professor Dr. Henry Jacek noted that he expected voter turnout to be very low, allowing a candidate to win with around 1,500 votes. He also indicated that by his analysis, while the splits in party support were evident, candidates aligned with the New Democrats were likely to perform well considering their historic support in Ward 7 and the popularity of Scott Duvall. At the close of nominations on February 5, 22 candidates had registered, making the Ward 7 by-election the most contested election in Hamilton's post-amalgamation history. Just prior to election day, Qureshi faced criticism from local media and other candidates for a letter mailed to the community from Duvall and MPP Monique Taylor that encouraged strategic voting to defeat candidates with ties to the Conservative Party. Taking aim at McMullen, who had secured the endorsement of the city's labour council and from Duvall's predecessor, Chris Charlton, the letter claimed "It is clear that (Qureshi) has risen above the pack and presents the ONLY choice if we are going to elect a strong progressive councillor for Ward 7." The letter was called "disrespectful" by McMullen and mentioned by Skelly on election night, who called it "political interference". On election night, Donna Skelly secured victory with 1,967 votes, 92 ballots ahead of second-place finisher, John-Paul Danko. Speaking with reporters after her win, Skelly noted that she wanted to "ruffle a few feathers" with regard to taxes and city finances, while announcing her support for the city's Light Rail Transit project. |- !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Candidate !colspan="3"|Popular vote !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Expenditures |- ! Votes ! % ! ±% |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Donna Skelly | style="text-align:right;" |1,967 | style="text-align:right;" |19.59% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$30,524.46 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | John-Paul Danko | style="text-align:right;" |1,875 | style="text-align:right;" |18.67% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$21,530.03 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Uzma Qureshi | style="text-align:right;" |1,521 | style="text-align:right;" |15.14% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$28,621.86 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Shaun Burt | style="text-align:right;" |881 | style="text-align:right;" |8.77% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Doug Farraway | style="text-align:right;" |785 | style="text-align:right;" |7.82% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$12,657 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Geraldine McMullen | style="text-align:right;" |720 | style="text-align:right;" |7.17% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$27,112.84 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Tom Gordon | style="text-align:right;" |468 | style="text-align:right;" |4.66% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$2,681.09 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Howard Rabb | style="text-align:right;" |376 | style="text-align:right;" |3.74% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$17,696.61 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Bob Charters | style="text-align:right;" |354 | style="text-align:right;" |3.52% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Glenn Murphy | style="text-align:right;" |255 | style="text-align:right;" |2.54% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$5,840.09 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Chelsey Heroux | style="text-align:right;" |172 | style="text-align:right;" |1.71% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Hans Zuriel | style="text-align:right;" |133 | style="text-align:right;" |1.32% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$8,531.42 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Philip Bradshaw | style="text-align:right;" |110 | style="text-align:right;" |1.10% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$1,450.12 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Robert Bolton | style="text-align:right;" |95 | style="text-align:right;" |0.95% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Jeanne Pacey | style="text-align:right;" |95 | style="text-align:right;" |0.95% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Louis Vecchioni | style="text-align:right;" |64 | style="text-align:right;" |0.64% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Anthony Nicholl | style="text-align:right;" |62 | style="text-align:right;" |0.62% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Mohammad Shahrouri | style="text-align:right;" |48 | style="text-align:right;" |0.48% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$160 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Robert Young | style="text-align:right;" |22 | style="text-align:right;" |0.22% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$930.87 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Paul Nagy | style="text-align:right;" |17 | style="text-align:right;" |0.17% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$0 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Damin Starr | style="text-align:right;" |17 | style="text-align:right;" |0.17% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |$7,886.76 |- | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" | | style="text-align:left;" | Luc Hetu | style="text-align:right;" |6 | style="text-align:right;" |0.06% | style="text-align:right;" |- | style="text-align:right;" |n/a1 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Total votes | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |10,063 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |24.35% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |=7.4% | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |$40,005.55 |- | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2" |Registered voters | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" |41,332 | style="text-align:right;background-color:#FFFFFF;" colspan="3" | |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="6" |1 These candidates did not submit official Financial Statements and are, therefore, ineligible to run in the 2018 Municipal election Note: All Hamilton Municipal Elections are officially non-partisan. Note: Candidate campaign colours are based on the prominent colour used in campaign items (signs, literature, etc.)and are used as a visual differentiation between candidates. |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="13" |Sources: City of Hamilton, "Nominated Candidates" City of Hamilton, "2016 Candidate Financial Statements |} Timeline 2014 October 27, 2014: 2014 Municipal Election 2015 January 5, 2015: Ward 7 councillor Scott Duvall announced his intention to run for the New Democratic Party's nomination on Hamilton Mountain. March 29, 2015: Duvall is named the NDP's candidate for the 2015 Federal Election March 30, 2015: Councillors approve city staff's request to hire consultants for a ward boundary review. July 28, 2015: Two council candidates from 2014, Ira Rosen (Ward 1) and Toby Yull (Ward 13) were barred from standing in the 2018 election due to their failure to submit audited financial statements. October 19, 2015: Duvall is elected to Parliament and indicates he will step down from council. October 22, 2015: Duvall officially resigns as councillor for Ward 7. December 10, 2015: Nominations for the Ward 7 by-election open 2016 February 5, 2016: Nominations for the Ward 7 by-election close with 22 candidates having registered March 21, 2016: Date of the Ward 7 by-election. Candidate Donna Skelly is elected to replace Duvall. November 16, 2016: City council votes against a proposal from Councillor Matthew Green to investigate a ranked ballot for the 2018 election. 2017 February 8, 2017: Council rejects the recommendations of the consultants hired to redraw the city's ward boundaries, opting to redraw the city's wards themselves. December 12, 2017: The Ontario Municipal Board imposes a new ward map on Hamilton after citizens appealed council's self-drawn map for the 2018 election. This map eliminates rural Ward 14, instead moving it to the West Mountain, along with making other changes to the city's long-standing electoral boundaries. 2018 April 9, 2018: City of Hamilton 'Open House' for prospective candidates May 1, 2018: Nominations open. July 27, 2018: Nominations close. October 22, 2018: Election day. External links City of Hamilton official Municipal Elections webpage References 2018 Ontario municipal elections 2018

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20United%20States%20presidential%20election

2020 United States presidential election

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and the junior U.S. senator from California Kamala Harris defeated the incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and incumbent vice president Mike Pence. The election took place against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and related recession. It was the first election since 1992, the first in the 21st century, and the fifth in the past 100 years, in which the incumbent president failed to win a second term. The election saw the highest voter turnout by percentage since 1900, with each of the two main tickets receiving more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008. Biden received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election. In a competitive primary that featured the most candidates for any political party in the modern era of American politics, Biden secured the Democratic nomination over his closest rival, Senator Bernie Sanders. Biden's running mate, Senator Kamala Harris from California, became the first African-American, first Asian-American, and third female vice presidential nominee on a major party ticket. Jo Jorgensen secured the Libertarian nomination with Spike Cohen as her running mate, and Howie Hawkins secured the Green nomination with Angela Nicole Walker as his running mate. The central issues of the election included the public health and economic impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; civil unrest in reaction to the police murder of George Floyd and others; the Supreme Court following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett; and the future of the Affordable Care Act. Due to the ongoing pandemic, a record number of ballots were cast early and by mail. Many more Democrats voted by mail than Republicans. As a result of a large number of mail-in ballots, some swing states saw delays in vote counting and reporting; this led to major news outlets delaying their projection of Biden and Harris as the president-elect and vice president-elect until the morning of November 7, three and a half days after the election. Major media networks project a state for a candidate once there is high statistical confidence that the outstanding vote would be unlikely to prevent the projected winner from ultimately winning that state. Before, during, and after Election Day, Trump and numerous Republicans attempted to subvert the election and overturn the results, falsely alleging widespread voter fraud and trying to influence the vote counting process in swing states. Attorney General William Barr and officials in each of the 50 states found no evidence of widespread fraud or irregularities in the election. Federal agencies overseeing election security said it was the most secure in American history. The Trump campaign and its allies, including Republican members of Congress, continued to engage in numerous attempts to overturn the results of the election by filing 63 lawsuits in several states (all of which were withdrawn or dismissed), spreading conspiracy theories alleging fraud, pressuring Republican state election officials and legislators to change results, pressuring the Department of Justice to declare the election "corrupt" and intervene, objecting to the Electoral College certification in Congress, and refusing to cooperate with the presidential transition of Joe Biden. This culminated in a mob of Trump supporters attacking the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, after Trump repeatedly said that he would never concede the election. However, on January 7, one day after the violent Capitol attack and two months after Biden's victory was declared, Trump acknowledged the incoming administration without mentioning Biden's name in a video posted to Twitter. The election results in each state and the District of Columbia were certified by December 9. The presidential electors formally cast their votes for president and vice president on December 14, and their votes were officially counted by Congress from January 6–7, 2021, before and after the attack on the Capitol. Biden and Harris were inaugurated on January 20, 2021. Background Procedure Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years old, and have been a United States resident for at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties in the United States. Each party develops a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The presidential nominee typically chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's ticket, which is then ratified by the delegates at the party's convention (except for the Libertarian Party, which nominates its vice-presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the presidential nominee's preference). The general election in November is also an indirect election, in which voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the president and vice president. If no candidate receives the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election, the United States House of Representatives will select the president from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes, and the United States Senate will select the vice president from among the candidates who received the two highest totals. The presidential election occurred simultaneously alongside elections for the House of Representatives, the Senate, and various state and local-level elections. The Maine Legislature passed a bill in August 2019 adopting ranked-choice voting (RCV) both for presidential primaries and for the general election. Governor Janet Mills allowed the bill to become law without her signature, which delayed its taking effect until after the 2020 Democratic primary in March and made Maine the first state to use RCV for a presidential general election. The Maine Republican Party filed signatures for a veto referendum to preclude the use of RCV for the 2020 election, but Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap found there were insufficient valid signatures to qualify for the ballot. A challenge in Maine Superior Court was successful for the Maine Republican Party, but the Maine Supreme Judicial Court stayed the ruling pending appeal on September 8, 2020. Nevertheless, ballots began being printed later that day without the veto referendum and including RCV for the presidential election, and the Court ruled in favor of the Secretary of State on September 22, allowing RCV to be used. An emergency appeal to the Supreme Court was denied on October 6. The use of RCV could cause the projection of the winner(s) of Maine's electoral votes to be delayed for several days after election day, complicating interpretation of the national popular vote. The law continues the use of the congressional district method for the allocation of Maine's electors (Nebraska is the only other state that apportions its electoral votes this way). On December 14, 2020, pledged electors for each candidate, known collectively as the United States Electoral College, gathered in their states' capitols to cast their official votes. Pursuant to the processes laid out by the Electoral Count Act of 1887, certificates of ascertainment listing the names of the electors and separate certificates recording their votes are distributed to various officials across the branches of government. The newly elected Congress, with the Vice President in his role as Senate President presiding, met in a joint session to formally open the certificates and count the votes, which began on January 6, 2021, was interrupted by the storming of the Capitol building, and finished the following day. Simultaneous elections The presidential election occurred simultaneously with elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives. Gubernatorial and legislative elections were also held in several states. For the subsequent election, the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census, and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts. In most states, the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting, although some states have redistricting commissions. Often, a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win elections. Therefore, the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in drawing new congressional and state legislative districts, which would stay in effect until 2032. Nominations Democratic Party Joe Biden became the presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party on June 5, 2020, when he secured enough delegates to ensure his nomination at the national convention. He was formally nominated at the convention on August 18. Republican Party Every incumbent president seeking another term has been renominated by their party since 1884. Donald Trump and his running mate, Mike Pence, were able to easily secure the nomination after receiving enough delegates in the 2020 Republican presidential primaries. Libertarian Party Jo Jorgensen, who was the running mate of author Harry Browne in 1996, received the Libertarian nomination at the national convention on May 23, 2020. She achieved ballot access in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Green Party Howie Hawkins became the presumptive nominee of the Green Party on June 21, 2020, and was officially nominated by the party on July 11, 2020. Hawkins secured ballot access in 29 states and the District of Columbia, representing 381 electoral votes, and write-in access in 16 more states, representing 130 electoral votes. General election campaigns Ballot access Party conventions The 2020 Democratic National Convention was originally scheduled for July 13–16 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but was delayed to August 17–20 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the convention would be held in a mixed online-in person format, with most delegates attending remotely but a few still attending the physical convention site. On August 5, the in-person portion of the convention was scaled down even further; major speeches, including Biden's, were switched to a virtual format. The 2020 Republican National Convention took place from August 24–27 in Charlotte, North Carolina and various remote locations. Originally, a three-day convention was planned to be held in North Carolina, but due to North Carolina's insistence that the convention follow COVID-19 social distancing rules, the speeches and celebrations were moved to Jacksonville, Florida (official convention business was still contractually obligated to be conducted in Charlotte). However, due to the worsening situation with regards to COVID-19 in Florida, the plans there were cancelled, and the convention was moved back to Charlotte in a scaled-down capacity. The 2020 Libertarian National Convention was originally scheduled to be held in Austin, Texas, over Memorial Day weekend from May 22 to 25, but all reservations at the JW Marriott Downtown Austin for the convention were cancelled on April 26 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Libertarian National Committee eventually decided the party would hold two conventions, one online from May 22–24 to select the presidential and vice-presidential nominees and one at a physical convention in Orlando, Florida, from July 8–12 for other business. The 2020 Green National Convention was originally to be held in Detroit, Michigan, from July 9to 12. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the convention was instead held online, without a change in date. Issues unique to the election Impeachment The House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump on two counts on December 18, 2019. The trial in the Senate began on January 21, 2020, and ended on February 5, resulting in acquittal by the United States Senate. This is the second time a president has been impeached during his first term while running for a second term. Trump continued to hold campaign rallies during the impeachment. This is also the first time since the modern presidential primaries were established in 1911 that a president has been subjected to impeachment while the primary season was underway. The impeachment process overlapped with the primary campaigns, forcing senators running for the Democratic nomination to remain in Washington for the trial in the days before and after the Iowa caucuses. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic Several events related to the 2020 presidential election were altered or postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the country and its effects, such as the stay-at-home order and social distancing guidelines by local governments. On March 10, following primary elections in six states, Democratic candidates Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders cancelled planned campaign night events and further in-person campaigning and campaign rallies. On March 12, Trump also stated his intent to postpone further campaign rallies. The 11th Democratic debate was held on March 15 without an audience at the CNN studios in Washington, D.C. Several states also postponed their primaries to a later date, including Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, and Maryland. As of March 24, 2020, all major-party presidential candidates had halted in-person campaigning and campaign rallies over COVID-19 concerns. Political analysts speculated at the time that the moratorium on traditional campaigning, coupled with the effects of the pandemic on the nation, could have unpredictable effects on the voting populace and possibly, how the election will be conducted. Some presidential primary elections were severely disrupted by COVID-19-related issues, including long lines at polling places, greatly increased requests for absentee ballots, and technology issues. Due to a shortage of election workers able or willing to work during the pandemic, the number of polling places was often greatly reduced. Most states expanded or encouraged voting by mail as an alternative, but many voters complained that they never received the absentee ballots they had requested. The March 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act included money for states to increase mail-in voting. By May, Trump and his campaign strongly opposed mail-in voting, claiming that it would cause widespread voter fraud, a belief that has been discredited by a number of media organizations. Government response to the impact of the pandemic from the Trump administration, coupled with the differing positions taken by congressional Democrats and Republicans regarding economic stimulus, became a major campaign issue for both parties. On April 6, the Supreme Court and Republicans in the State Legislature of Wisconsin rebuffed Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers's request to move the state's spring elections to June. As a result, the elections, which included a presidential primary, went ahead on April7 as planned. At least seven new cases of COVID-19 were traced to this election. Voting-rights advocates expressed fear of similar chaos on a nationwide scale in November, recommending states move to expand vote-by-mail options. On June 20, 2020, Trump's campaign held an in-person rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled that the event could go ahead despite continuing concerns over COVID-19. Attendance at the rally was far lower than expected, being described as a "flop", and it led to a significant worsening of relations between Trump and his campaign manager, Brad Parscale. 7.7 million people watched the event on Fox News, a Saturday audience record for that channel. Three weeks after the rally, the Oklahoma State Department of Health recorded record numbers of cases of COVID-19, and former Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain died of the virus, although it was not confirmed that he caught the disease due to his attendance at the rally. On October 2, 2020, Trump and First Lady Melania Trump tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 following a positive test from his senior advisor, Hope Hicks, as part of the larger COVID-19 outbreak among White House personnel. Both the president and first lady immediately entered quarantine, which prevented Trump from further campaigning, notably at campaign rallies. Later that day, the President was admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center with a low grade fever, where he was reported to have received an experimental antibody treatment. Trump's diagnosis came only two days after he had shared the stage with Joe Biden at the first presidential debate. This raised the possibility that Biden had caught the virus from Trump; however, Biden tested negative. Trump was discharged from the hospital on October 5. Trump being diagnosed with COVID-19 was widely seen as having a negative effect on his campaign and shifted the attention of the public back onto COVID-19, an issue which is generally seen as a liability for Trump, due to his response to the COVID-19 pandemic suffering from low approval ratings. Being in quarantine also meant Trump was unable to attend rallies, which were a major part of his campaign. As a result of Trump contracting COVID-19, Biden continued campaigning but temporarily ceased running attack ads against him. On October 12, one week after his discharge from the hospital, Trump resumed in-person rallies. Trump continued to travel to battleground states and hold mass rallies, sometimes two or three in a day. His rallies have been criticized for their lack of social distancing or mask wearing, and some polls suggest that voters see him less favorably for potentially endangering attendees. Foreign interference U.S. officials have accused Russia, China, and Iran of trying to influence the 2020 United States elections. On October 4, 2019, Microsoft announced that "Phosphorus", a group of hackers linked to the Iranian government, had attempted to compromise e-mail accounts belonging to journalists, U.S. government officials and the campaign of a U.S. presidential candidate. The Voice of America reported in April 2020 that "Internet security researchers say there have already been signs that China-allied hackers have engaged in so-called 'spear-phishing' attacks on American political targets ahead of the 2020 vote." Chinese spokesman Geng Shuang denied the allegations and said he would "hope the people of the U.S. not drag China into its electoral politics". On February 13, 2020, American intelligence officials advised members of the House Intelligence Committee that Russia was interfering in the 2020 election in an effort to get Trump re-elected. The briefing was delivered by Shelby Pierson, the intelligence community's top election security official and an aide to acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. On February 21, The Washington Post reported that, according to unnamed U.S. officials, Russia was interfering in the Democratic primary in an effort to support the nomination of Senator Bernie Sanders. Sanders issued a statement after the news report, saying in part, "I don't care, frankly, who Putin wants to be president. My message to Putin is clear: stay out of American elections, and as president, I will make sure that you do." Sanders acknowledged that his campaign was briefed about Russia's alleged efforts about a month prior. In a February 2020 briefing to the House Intelligence Committee, U.S. intelligence officials warned Congress that Russia was interfering in the 2020 campaign to support Trump's reelection campaign; Trump was angered that Congress had been informed of the threat, and the day after the briefing castigated the acting director of national intelligence, Joseph Maguire, for allowing the briefing to go forward. China and some government-linked Chinese individuals have been accused of interfering in the election to support the candidacy of both Biden and Trump, though whether it is actually doing so is disputed among the intelligence community. On October 21, threatening emails were sent to Democrats in at least four states. The emails warned, "You will vote for Trump on Election Day or we will come after you." Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe announced that evening that the emails, using a spoofed return address, had been sent by Iran. He added that both Iran and Russia are known to have obtained American voter registration data, possibly from publicly available information, and "This data can be used by foreign actors to attempt to communicate false information to registered voters that they hope will cause confusion, sow chaos and undermine your confidence in American democracy." A spokesman for Iran denied the allegation. In his announcement, Ratcliffe said Iran's intent had been "to intimidate voters, incite social unrest, and damage President Trump", raising questions as to how ordering Democrats to vote for Trump would be damaging to Trump. It was later reported that the reference to Trump had not been in Ratcliffe's prepared remarks as signed off by the other officials on the stage; he had added it on his own. On November 18, 2021, the Justice Department charged two Iranian hackers with attempting to intimidate American voters ahead of the 2020 U.S. election by sending threatening emails and spreading false information. Throughout the election period, several Colombian lawmakers and the Colombian ambassador to the United States issued statements supporting the Donald Trump campaign, which has been viewed as potentially harmful to Colombia–United States relations. On October 26, the U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, Philip Goldberg, requested that Colombian politicians abstain from getting involved in the elections. The Department of Justice is investigating whether the Trump Victory Committee accepted a $100,000 donation from Malaysian businessman and international fugitive Jho Low, who is accused of being the mastermind behind the multibillion-dollar 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal involving a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1MDB. Government officials and American corporate security officers braced for a repeat of 2016's election infrastructure hacking and similar twenty-first century attacks, and in fact conducted what were characterized as preemptive counter-strikes on botnet infrastructure which might be used in large-scale coordination of hacking, and some incidents earlier in the year appeared to foreshadow such possibilities. Nonetheless, after his dismissal, in a December 2020 interview, Chris Krebs, the Trump administration's director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), described monitoring Election Day from CISA's joint command center along with representatives from the military's United States Cyber Command, the National Security Agency (NSA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service (USSS), the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), representatives of vendors of voting machine equipment, and representatives of state and local governments, as well as his agency's analysis preceding and after that day, saying, "It was quiet. There was no indication or evidence that there was any sort of hacking or compromise of election systems on, before, or after November third." Responding to spurious claims of foreign outsourcing of vote counting as a rationale behind litigation attempting to stop official vote-counting in some areas, Krebs also affirmed that, "All votes in the United States of America are counted in the United States of America." Acts of foreign interference included Russian state-directed application of computational propaganda approaches, more conventional state-sponsored Internet propaganda, smaller-scale disinformation efforts, "information laundering" and "trading up the chain" propaganda tactics employing some government officials, Trump affiliates, and US media outlets. Trump's potential rejection of election results During the campaign, Trump indicated in Twitter posts, interviews, and speeches that he might refuse to recognize the outcome of the election if he was defeated; Trump falsely suggested that the election would be rigged against him. In July 2020, Trump declined to answer whether he would accept the results, just as he did in the 2016 presidential election, telling Fox News anchor Chris Wallace that "I have to see. No, I'm not going to just say yes. I'm not going to say no." Trump repeatedly claimed that "the only way" he could lose would be if the election was "rigged" and repeatedly refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power after the election. Trump also attacked mail-in voting throughout the campaign, falsely claiming that the practice contains high rates of fraud; at one point, Trump said, "We'll see what happens... Get rid of the ballots and you'll have a very peacefulthere won't be a transfer, frankly. There will be a continuation." Trump's statements have been described as a threat "to upend the constitutional order". In September 2020, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, who was appointed by Trump, testified under oath that the FBI has "not seen, historically, any kind of coordinated national voter fraud effort in a major election, whether it's by mail or otherwise". A number of congressional Republicans insisted they were committed to an orderly and peaceful transition of power, but declined to criticize Trump for his comments. On September 24, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming the Senate's commitment to a peaceful transfer of power. Trump has also stated he expected the Supreme Court to decide the election and that he wanted a conservative majority in case of an election dispute, reiterating his commitment to quickly install a ninth justice following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Election delay suggestion In April 2020, Biden suggested that Trump might try to delay the election, saying he "is gonna try to kick back the election somehow, come up with some rationale why it can't be held". On July 30, Trump tweeted that "With Universal Mail-In Voting (not Absentee Voting, which is good), 2020 will be the most INACCURATE & FRAUDULENT Election in history" and asked if it should be delayed until people can safely cast ballots in person. Experts have indicated that, for the election to be legally delayed, such a decision must be made by Congress. And the Constitution sets the end of the presidential and vice-presidential terms at January 20, a hard deadline which cannot be altered by Congress except by constitutional amendment. Postal voting Postal voting in the United States has become increasingly common, with 25% of voters mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018. By June 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was predicted to cause a large increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of congregating at polling places. An August 2020 state-by-state analysis concluded that 76% of Americans were eligible to vote by mail in 2020, a record number. The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020more than double the number in 2016. The Postal Service sent a letter to multiple states in July 2020, warning that the service would not be able to meet the state's deadlines for requesting and casting last-minute absentee ballots. In addition to the anticipated high volume of mailed ballots, the prediction was due in part to numerous measures taken by Louis DeJoy, the newly installed United States Postmaster General, including banning overtime and extra trips to deliver mail, which caused delays in delivering mail, and dismantling and removing hundreds of high-speed mail sorting machines from postal centers. On August 18, after the House of Representatives had been recalled from its August break to vote on a bill reversing the changes, DeJoy announced that he would roll back all the changes until after the November election. He said he would reinstate overtime hours, roll back service reductions, and halt the removal of mail-sorting machines and collection boxes. The House of Representatives voted an emergency grant of $25billion to the post office to facilitate the predicted flood of mail ballots. Although Trump has repeatedly denounced mail voting, he has mailed in ballots due to being in a different state than the one where he votes at the time of the election. In August 2020, Trump conceded that the post office would need additional funds to handle the additional mail-in voting, but said he would block any additional funding for the post office to prevent any increase in balloting by mail. The Trump campaign filed lawsuits seeking to block the use of official ballot dropboxes in Pennsylvania in locations other than an election office, and also sought to "block election officials from counting mail-in ballots if a voter forgets to put their mail-in ballot in a secrecy sleeve within the ballot return-envelope." The Trump campaign and the Republican Party both failed to produce any evidence of vote-by-mail fraud after being ordered by a federal judge to do so. On Election Day, a judge ordered mail inspectors to search "mail facilities in.... key battleground states" for ballots. The agency refused to comply with the order and nearly 7% of ballots in USPS facilities on Election Day were not processed in time. Federal Election Commission issues The Federal Election Commission, which was created in 1974 to enforce campaign finance laws in federal elections, has not functioned since July 2020 due to vacancies in membership. In the absence of a quorum, the commission cannot vote on complaints or give guidance through advisory opinions. As of May 19, 2020, there were 350 outstanding matters on the agency's enforcement docket and 227 items waiting for action. As of September 1, 2020, Trump had not nominated anyone to fill the FEC vacancies. Supreme Court vacancy On September 18, 2020, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell immediately said the precedent he had set regarding the Merrick Garland nomination was inoperative and that a replacement would be voted on as soon as possible, setting the stage for a confirmation battle and an unexpected intrusion into the campaign. The death of Justice Ginsburg resulted in large increases in momentum for both the Democrats and Republicans. The president, vice president, and several Republican members of Congress said a full Supreme Court bench was needed to decide the upcoming election. On September 26, the day after Justice Ginsburg's body lay in state at the Capitol, Trump held a Rose Garden ceremony at the White House to announce and introduce his candidate, Amy Coney Barrett. After four days of confirmation hearings, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted the nomination out of committee on October 22, and on October 26, Barrett was confirmed on a party-line vote of 52–48, with no Democrats voting for her confirmation. This was the closest Supreme Court confirmation ever to a presidential election, and the first Supreme Court nomination since 1869 with no supporting votes from the minority party. It was also one of the fastest timelines from nomination to confirmations in U.S. history. According to a Fox News poll, a current issue for voters is the protection of the Supreme Court ruling of Roe v. Wade, on the legality of abortion. Pre-election litigation By September 2020, several hundred legal cases relating to the election had been filed. About 250 of these had to do with the mechanics of voting in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Supreme Court ruled on a number of these cases, primarily issuing emergency stays instead of going through the normal process due to the urgency. In October 2020, there was speculation that the election might be decided through a Supreme Court case, as happened following the 2000 election. Debates On October 11, 2019, the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) announced that three general election debates would be held in the fall of 2020. The first, moderated by Chris Wallace, took place on September 29, and was co-hosted by Case Western Reserve University and the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio. The debate was originally to be hosted at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, but the university decided against holding the debate as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Biden was generally held to have won the first debate, with a significant minority of commentators calling it a draw. One exchange that was particularly noted was when Trump did not directly denounce the white supremacist and neo-fascist group Proud Boys, which explicitly engages in political violence, instead responding that they should "stand back and stand by". On the next day, Trump told reporters the group should "stand down" while also claiming that he was not aware of what the group was. The debate was described as "chaotic and nearly incoherent" because of Trump's repeated interruptions, causing the CPD to consider adjustments to the format of the remaining debates. The vice presidential debate was held on October 7, 2020, at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The debate was widely held to be subdued, with no clear victor. One incident that was particularly commented on was when a fly landed on vice-president Pence's head, and remained there unbeknownst to him for two minutes. The second debate was initially set to be held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, but the university withdrew in June 2020, over concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The planned debate was rescheduled for October 15 at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in Miami, but due to Trump contracting COVID-19 the CPD announced on October8 that the debate would be held virtually, in which the candidates would appear from separate locations. However, Trump refused to participate in a virtual debate, and the commission subsequently announced that the debate had been cancelled. The third scheduled debate took place on October 22 at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, and was moderated by Kristen Welker. The changes to the debate rules resulted in it being generally considered more civil than the first debate. Welker's performance as moderator was praised, with her being regarded as having done a good job preventing the candidates from interrupting each other. Biden was generally held to have won the debate, though it was considered unlikely to alter the race to any considerable degree. The Free & Equal Elections Foundation held two debates with various third party and independent candidates, one on October 8, 2020, in Denver, Colorado, and another on October 24, 2020, in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Polling Two-way Four-way Swing states Endorsements The total cost of the election The Center for Responsive Politics estimated the total cost of the 2020 election nearly $14 billion, making it the most expensive election in history and twice as expensive as the previous presidential election cycle. Campaign issues COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic was a major issue of the campaign, with Trump's responses being heavily criticized. The president spread mixed messages on the value of wearing face masks as protection, including criticizing Biden and reporters for wearing them, but has also encouraged their use at times. During the campaign, Trump held many events across the country, including in COVID-19 hotspots, where attendees did not wear masks and were not socially distancing; at the same time, he mocked those who wore face masks. Biden advocated for the expansion of federal funding, including funding under the Defense Production Act for testing, personal protective equipment, and research. Trump also invoked the Defense Production Act to control the distribution of masks and ventillators, but his response plan relied significantly on a vaccine being released by the end of 2020. At the second presidential debate, Trump claimed Biden had called him xenophobic for restricting entry from foreign nationals who had visited China, but Biden responded that he had not been referring to this decision. Economy Trump claimed credit for the consistent economic expansion of his presidency's first three years, with the stock market at its longest growth period in history and unemployment at a fifty-year low. Additionally, he has touted the 2020 third-quarter rebound, in which GDP grew at an annualized rate of 33.1%, as evidence of the success of his economic policies. Biden responded to Trump's claims by repeating that the strong economy under Trump's presidency was inherited from the Obama administration, and that Trump has aggravated the economic impact of the pandemic, including the need for 42 million Americans to file for unemployment. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which lowered income taxes for many Americans and lowered the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, were a major component of Trump's economic policy. Biden and the Democrats generally describe these cuts as unfairly benefiting the upper class. Biden plans to raise taxes on corporations and those making over $400,000 per year, while keeping the reduced taxes on lower-income brackets and raise capital gains taxes to a maximum bracket of 39.6%. In response, Trump said Biden's plans would destroy retirement accounts and the stock market. Environment Trump and Biden's views on environmental policy differ significantly. Trump has stated that climate change is a hoax, although he has also called it a serious subject. Trump condemned the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gas reduction and began the withdrawal process. Biden planned to rejoin it and announced a $2trillion plan to combat climate change. However, Biden has not fully accepted the Green New Deal. Biden does not plan to ban fracking, but rather to outlaw new fracking on federal land. However, in a debate, Trump claimed Biden wanted to ban it altogether. Trump's other environmental policies have included the removal of methane emission standards, and an expansion of mining. Health care Health care was a divisive issue in both the Democratic primary campaign and the general campaign. While Biden, as well as other candidates, promised protection of the Affordable Care Act, progressives within the Democratic Party advocated to replace the private insurance industry with Medicare for All. Biden's plan involves adding a public option to the American healthcare system, and the restoration of the individual mandate to buy health care which was removed from the Affordable Care Act by the 2017 tax cut bill as well as restoring funding for Planned Parenthood. Trump announced plans to repeal the Affordable Care Act, calling it "too expensive", but has not said what would replace it. At the time of the election, the Trump administration and Republican officials from 18 states had a lawsuit before the Supreme Court, asking the court to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Racial unrest As a result of the murder of George Floyd and other incidents of police brutality against African Americans, combined with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of protests and a wider period of racial unrest erupted in mid-2020. This was followed by the Black Lives Matter movement, which protested police brutality against black people, and became a central point of the 2020 presidential campaign. Although a majority of the protests were peaceful, widespread riots and looting also occurred. As a result of these protests, Trump and the Republicans suggested sending in the military to counter the protests, which was criticized, especially by Democrats, as heavy-handed and potentially illegal. Trump referred to Black Lives Matter protesters confronting diners in a restaurant as "thugs", and called the movement a "symbol of hate". Particularly controversial was a photo-op Trump took in front of St. John's Church in Washington D.C., before which military police had forcefully cleared peaceful protestors from the area. Biden condemned Trump for his actions against protestors; he described George Floyd's words "I can't breathe" as a "wake-up call for our nation". He also promised he would create a police oversight commission in his first 100 days as president, and establish a uniform use of force standard, as well as other police reform measures. Predictions Results Statistics More than 158 million votes were cast in the election. More than 100 million of them were cast before Election Day by early voting or mail ballot, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The election saw the highest voter turnout as a percentage of eligible voters since 1900, with each of the two main tickets receiving more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008. The Biden–Harris ticket received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever in a U.S. presidential election. However, it was the ninth consecutive presidential election where the victorious major party nominee did not receive a popular vote majority by a double-digit margin over the losing major party nominee(s), continuing the longest sequence of such presidential elections in U.S. history that began in 1988 and in 2016 eclipsed the previous longest sequences from 1836 through 1860 and from 1876 through 1900. In 2020, 58 percent of U.S. voters lived in landslide counties, a decline from 61 percent in 2016. Trump became the first U.S. president since 1992 and the eleventh incumbent in the country's history to lose a bid for a second term. Biden's 51.3% of the popular vote was the highest for a challenger to an incumbent president since 1932. Although Ronald Reagan in 1980 and Bill Clinton in 1992 defeated their incumbent opponents by a wider popular-vote margin, their share of the vote was kept lower due to significant third party voting. Biden became the second former vice president, after Republican Richard Nixon in 1968, to be elected president without having succeeded to the office. Biden won 25 states, the District of Columbia, and one congressional district in Nebraska, totaling 306 electoral votes. Trump won 25 states and one congressional district in Maine, totaling 232 electoral votes. This result was the exact reverse of Trump's 2016 306-to-232 victory (excluding faithless electors), marking the first ever occurrence of back-to-back elections with the same electoral vote distribution between candidates. Biden became the first Democrat to win the presidential election in Georgia since 1992 and in Arizona since 1996, and the first candidate to win nationally without Ohio since 1960 and without Florida since 1992, effectively puncturing the former's bellwether status. Biden flipped five states won by Trump in 2016: Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, as well as Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Trump did not flip any states won by Clinton in 2016. Biden's three gains in the rust belt — Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin — are characterized as the rebuilding of the blue wall states consistently won by Democrats since 1992 that was punctured by Trump in 2016. In light of the attempts to contest the election results, an important question is how many votes would need to be changed to change the overall result. If the three closest states (Wisconsin, Georgia, and Arizona) had gone for Trump, there would have been a tie of 269 electors for each candidate, causing a contingent election and throwing it to the House of Representatives, where Trump had the advantage. Biden's popular vote margin in those three states totaled around 43,000; this is only 0.03% of the total votes cast nationally, but it would entail changing the margins in each of these states by 0.63% or less. A similar situation occurred in 2016, when a shift of 0.77% or less in the three closest states (Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania) would have resulted in popular vote winner Hillary Clinton defeating Trump in the Electoral College. Almost all counties previously considered reliable indicators of eventual success in presidential elections voted for Trump instead of Biden, meaning that they did not continue their streaks as bellwether counties. This was attributed to increasing political polarization throughout the country, as well as the urban-rural divide. While Trump still dominated rural America, this was not universally true. Biden won 50.5% of rural counties with majorities of non-white voters, particularly in the South and West. Rural counties in the South won by Biden had higher levels of economic distress than those won by Trump, but in the Northeast, the exact inverse was true. In the West, Biden did especially well in rural counties that had high shares of workers employed in the leisure and hospitality sector. Such counties likewise had large constituencies of in-migration from other states. Every state won by Biden was won by more votes than Hillary Clinton won each state. The combined vote margin of these states was equal to Biden's gain over Hillary Clinton. Election calls Major news organizations project a state for a candidate when there is high mathematical confidence that the outstanding vote would be unlikely to prevent the projected winner from ultimately winning the state. Election projections are made by decision teams of political scientists and data scientists. On November 6, election-calling organization Decision Desk HQ projected that Biden had won the election after forecasting that Biden had won Pennsylvania. According to Decision Desk HQ (which had not yet called Arizona), Pennsylvania's 20 electoral votes gave Biden a total of 273 electoral votes, three over the threshold to make him president-elect. Decision Desk HQs clients Vox and Business Insider also called the race at that time. On the morning of November 7 at approximately 11:30a.m. EST, roughly three and a half days after polls had closed, ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, the Associated Press, CNN, and Fox News all called the election for Biden, based on projections of votes in Pennsylvania showing him leading outside of the recount threshold (0.5% in that state). That evening, Biden and Harris gave victory speeches in Wilmington, Delaware. OSCE election monitoring On the invitation of the U.S. State Department, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), which has been monitoring U.S. elections since 2002 (as it does for major elections in all other OSCE member countries), sent 102 observers from 39 countries. The task force consisted of long-term observers from the ODIHR office (led by former Polish diplomat Urszula Gacek) deployed to 28 states from September on and covering 15 states on election day, and a group of European lawmakers acting as short-term observers (led by German parliamentarian Michael Georg Link), reporting from Maryland, Virginia, California, Nevada, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin, and D.C. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was scaled down to a "limited election observation mission" from the originally planned 100 long-term observers and 400 short-term observers. An interim report published by the OSCE shortly before the election noted that many ODIHR interlocutors "expressed grave concerns about the risk of legitimacy of the elections being questioned due to the incumbent President's repeated allegations of a fraudulent election process, and postal vote in particular." On the day after the election, the task force published preliminary findings, with part of the summary stating: The 3 November general elections were competitive and well managed despite legal uncertainties and logistical challenges. In a highly polarized political environment, harsh campaign rhetoric fuelled tensions. Measures intended to secure the elections during the pandemic triggered protracted litigation driven by partisan interests. The uncertainty caused by late legal challenges and evidence-deficient claims about election fraud created confusion and concern among election officials and voters. Voter registration and identification rules in some states are unduly restrictive for certain groups of citizens. The media, although sharply polarized, provided comprehensive coverage of the campaign and made efforts to provide accurate information on the organization of elections. Link said that "on the election day itself, we couldn't see any violations" at the polling places visited by the observers. The task force also found "nothing untoward" while observing the handling of mail-in ballots at post offices, with Gacek being quoted as saying: "We feel that allegations of systemic wrongdoing in these elections have no solid ground. The system has held up well." The OSCE's election monitoring branch published a more comprehensive report in early 2021. Electoral results Candidates are listed individually below if they received more than 0.1% of the popular vote. Popular vote totals are from the Federal Election Commission report. Results by state Note that two states, Maine and Nebraska, allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates by congressional districts. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes. Close states States where the margin of victory was under 1% (37 electoral votes; all won by Biden): Georgia, 0.23% (11,779 votes) – 16 electoral votes Arizona, 0.31% (10,457 votes) – 11 electoral votes Wisconsin, 0.63% (20,682 votes) – 10 electoral votes (tipping-point state for Biden victory) States where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (86 electoral votes; 42 won by Biden, 44 by Trump): Pennsylvania, 1.16% (80,555 votes) – 20 electoral votes (tipping-point state for Trump victory) North Carolina, 1.35% (74,483 votes) – 15 electoral votes Nevada, 2.39% (33,596 votes) – 6 electoral votes Michigan, 2.78% (154,188 votes) – 16 electoral votes Florida, 3.36% (371,686 votes) – 29 electoral votes States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (80 electoral votes; 17 won by Biden, 63 by Trump): Texas, 5.58% (631,221 votes) – 38 electoral votes Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 6.50% (22,091 votes) – 1 electoral vote Minnesota, 7.11% (233,012 votes) – 10 electoral votes New Hampshire, 7.35% (59,267 votes) – 4 electoral votes Maine's 2nd congressional district, 7.44% (27,996 votes) – 1 electoral vote Ohio, 8.03% (475,669 votes) – 18 electoral votes Iowa, 8.20% (138,611 votes) – 6 electoral votes Maine, 9.07% (74,335 votes) – 2 electoral votes Blue denotes states or congressional districts won by Democrat Joe Biden; red denotes those won by Republican Donald Trump. County statistics Counties with highest percentage of Democratic vote: Kalawao County, Hawaii – 95.8% Washington, D.C. – 92.15% Prince George's County, Maryland – 89.26% Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota – 88.41% Petersburg, Virginia – 87.75% Counties with highest percentage of Republican vote: Roberts County, Texas – 96.18% Borden County, Texas – 95.43% King County, Texas – 94.97% Garfield County, Montana – 93.97% Glasscock County, Texas – 93.57% Maps Exit polling Voter demographic data for 2020 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News, and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 15,590 voters in person as well as by phone. The Brookings Institution released a report entitled "Exit polls show both familiar and new voting blocs sealed Biden's win" on November 12, 2020. In it, author William H. Frey attributes Obama's 2008 win to young people, people of color, and the college-educated. Frey contends Trump won in 2016 thanks to older White without college degrees. Frey says the same coalitions largely held in 2008 and 2016, although in key battleground states Biden increased his vote among some of the 2016 Trump groups, particularly among White and older Americans. Trump won the white vote in 2016 by 20% but in 2020 by only 16%. The Democratic Party won black voters by 75%, the lowest margin since 1980. Democrats won the Latino vote by 32%, which is the smallest margin since 2004, and they won the Asian American vote by 27%, the lowest figure since 2008. Biden reduced the Republican margin of white men without college educations from 48% to 42%, and the Democrats made a slight improvement of 2% among white, college-educated women. People age 18 to 29 registered a rise in Democratic support between 2016 and 2020, with the Democratic margin of victory among that demographic increasing from 19% to 24%. Post-election analysis using verified voter data found the Associated Press's Votecast was more accurate than the exit polls. Voting patterns by ethnicity Hispanic and Latino voters Biden won 65% of the Latino vote according to Edison Research, and 63% according to the Associated Press. Voto Latino reported that the Latino vote was crucial to the Biden victory in Arizona. 40% of Latino voters who voted in 2020 did not vote in 2016, and 73% of those Latino voters voted for Biden (438,000 voters). Florida and Texas, which have large Latino populations, were carried by Trump. In Florida, Trump won a majority of Cuban American voters in Miami-Dade County, Florida. However, the Latino vote was still crucial to enable Biden to carry states such as Nevada. Latino voters were targeted by a major Spanish-language disinformation campaign in the final weeks of the election, with various falsehoods and conspiracy theories being pushed out by WhatsApp and viral social media posts. Demographic patterns emerged having to do with country of origin and candidate preference. Pre- and post-election surveys showed Biden winning Latinos of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Spanish heritage, while Trump carried Latinos of Cuban heritage. Data from Florida showed Biden holding a narrow edge among South Americans. Black voters Biden won 87% of the Black vote, while Trump won 12%. Biden's advantage among Black voters was crucial in the large cities of Pennsylvania and Michigan; the increase in the Democratic vote in Milwaukee County of about 28,000 votes was more than the 20,000-vote lead Biden had in the state of Wisconsin. Almost half Biden's gains in Georgia came from the four largest countiesFulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, and Cobball in the Atlanta metro area with large Black populations. However, Trump also improved on his share of the Black vote in 2016 by 4% and doubled the Black vote Mitt Romney received in 2012. Asian American and Pacific Island voters Polls showed that 68% of Asian American and Pacific Island (AAPI) voters supported Biden/Harris, while 28% supported Trump/Pence. Karthick Ramakrishnan, a political science professor at the University of California Riverside and founder of AAPI Data, said Asian Americans supported Biden over Trump by about a 2:1 margin. Korean Americans, Japanese Americans, Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans favored Biden by higher margins overall compared to Vietnamese Americans and Filipino Americans. Many voters were turned off by Trump's language some of which was widely considered racist such as ("China virus" and "kung flu") but, according to Vox reporter Terry Nguyen, many Vietnamese voters (and especially elderly, South Vietnamese migrants who populated coastal centers in the 1970s) appreciated his strong anti-China stance. Indian American Voters Data from FiveThirtyEight indicated 65% of Indian American voters backed Joe Biden, and 28% supported Donald Trump. Some Indian Americans self-identified with Kamala Harris, but others approved of Donald Trump's support of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. In a speech given to 50,000 Indian-Americans during his 2019 visit to the US, Modi praised Trump with remarks that were interpreted as an indirect endorsement of his candidacy. Indian right-wing organizations like the Hindu Sena had performed special havans and pujas for Trump's electoral victory. During the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, a group of Trump supporters held an Indian flag quite prominently. It was held by a US citizen of Indian origin hailing from Kochi in Southern India. Varun Gandhi, a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling BJP, expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his tweets. However, opposition Indian National Congress leader Shashi Tharoor equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters. American Indian and Alaska Native voters Pre-election voter surveys by Indian Country Today found 68% of American Indian and Alaska Native voters supporting Democratic nominee Joe Biden. In particular, the Navajo Reservation, which spans a large quadrant of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, delivered up to 97% of their votes per precinct to Biden, while overall support for Biden was between 60 and 90% on the Reservation. Biden also posted large turnout among Havasupai, Hopi, and Tohono O'odham peoples, delivering a large win in New Mexico and flipping Arizona. In Montana, while the state went for Trump overall, Biden won counties overlapping reservations of the Blackfeet, Fort Belknap, Crow and Northern Cheyenne. The same pattern held in South Dakota, with most of the counties overlapping the lands of the Standing Rock Sioux, Cheyenne River Sioux, Oglala Sioux, Rosebud Sioux and Crow Creek tribes going for Biden. For example, in Oglala Lakota County, which overlaps with the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Biden won 88% of the vote. Trump's strongest performance among Native tribes was with the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, where he won a strong majority in Robeson County and flipped Scotland County from blue to red. Trump had campaigned in Lumberton, in Robeson County, and had promised the Lumbees federal recognition. Polling accuracy Although polls generally predicted the Biden victory, the national polls overestimated him by three to four points, and some state polling was even further from the actual result and greater than 2016's error (one or two points). The numbers represented the highest level of error since the 1980 presidential election. This polling overestimation also applied in several Senate races, where the Democrats underperformed by about five points relative to the polls, as well as the House elections, where Republicans gained seats instead of losing as polls predicted. Most pollsters underestimated support for Trump in several key battleground states, including Florida, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Texas, and Wisconsin; a notable exception was Ann Selzer, who accurately predicted Republican victories in Iowa for the presidential and Senate races. The discrepancy between poll predictions and the actual result persisted from the 2016 election despite pollsters' attempts to fix problems with polling in 2016, in which they underestimated the Republican vote in several states. The imprecise polls led to changes in campaigning and fundraising decisions for both Democrats and Republicans. According to The New York Times, polling misses have been attributed to, among other issues, reduced average response to polling; the relative difficulty to poll certain types of voters; and pandemic-related problems, such as a theory which suggests Democrats were less willing to vote in person on Election Day than Republicans for fear of contracting COVID-19. According to CNN, research presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research indicated one of the primary problems was an inability by pollsters to include a certain segment of Trump supporters, either due to inaccessibility or lack of participation. New Statesman data journalist Ben Walker pointed to Hispanics as a historically difficult group to poll accurately, leading to pollsters underestimating the level of Trump support within the demographic group. Election analyst Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight wrote that the polling error was completely normal by historical standards and disputes the narrative that polls were wrong. Aftermath Election night Election night, November 3, ended without a clear winner, as many state results were too close to call and millions of votes remained uncounted, including in the battleground states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Arizona, and Nevada. Results were delayed in these states due to local rules on counting mail-in ballots. In a victory declared after midnight, Trump won the swing state of Florida by over three percentage points, an increase from his 1.2 percentage point margin in 2016, having seen significant gains in support among the Latino community in Miami-Dade County. Shortly after 12:30a.m.EST, Biden made a short speech in which he urged his supporters to be patient while the votes are counted, and said he believed he was "on track to win this election". Shortly before 2:30a.m.EST, Trump made a speech to a roomful of supporters, falsely asserting that he had won the election and calling for a stop to all vote counting, saying that continued counting was "a fraud on the American people" and "we will be going to the U.S. Supreme Court." The Biden campaign denounced these attempts, claiming the Trump campaign was engaging in a "naked effort to take away the democratic rights of American citizens". Late counting In Pennsylvania, where the counting of mail-in ballots began on election night, Trump declared victory on November4 with a lead of 675,000 votes, despite more than a million ballots remaining uncounted. Trump also declared victory in North Carolina and Georgia, despite many ballots being uncounted. At 11:20p.m.EST on election night, Fox News projected Biden would win Arizona, with the Associated Press making the same call at 2:50a.m.EST on November 4; however, several other media outlets concluded the state was too close to call. By the evening of November 4, the Associated Press reported that Biden had secured 264 electoral votes by winning Michigan and Wisconsin, with Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, and Nevada remaining uncalled. Biden had a 1% lead in Nevada and maintained a 2.3% lead in Arizona by November 5, needing only to win Nevada and Arizona or to win Pennsylvania to obtain the necessary 270 electoral votes. Some Trump supporters expressed concerns of possible fraud after seeing the president leading in some states on Election Night, only to see Biden take the lead in subsequent days. Election experts attributed this to several factors, including a "red mirage" of early results being counted in relatively thinly-populated rural areas that favored Trump, which are quicker to count, followed later by results from more heavily populated urban areas that favored Biden, which take longer to count. In some states like Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin, Republican-controlled legislatures prohibited mail-in ballots from being counted before Election Day, and once those ballots were counted they generally favored Biden, at least in part because Trump had for months raised concerns about mail-in ballots, encouraging his supporters instead to vote in person. By contrast, in states such as Florida, which allowed counting of mail-in ballots for weeks prior to Election Day, an early blue shift giving the appearance of a Biden lead was later overcome by in-person voting that favored Trump, resulting in the state being called for the president on Election Night. On November 5, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit by the Trump campaign to stop vote-counting in Pennsylvania. The Trump campaign had alleged that its observers were not given access to observe the vote, but its lawyers admitted during the hearing that its observers were already present in the vote-counting room. Also that day, a state judge dismissed another lawsuit by the Trump campaign which alleged that in Georgia, late-arriving ballots were counted. The judge ruled no evidence had been produced that the ballots were late. Meanwhile, a state judge in Michigan dismissed the Trump campaign's lawsuit requesting a pause in vote-counting to allow access to observers, as the judge noted that vote-counting had already finished in Michigan. That judge also noted the official complaint did not state "why", "when, where, or by whom" an election observer was allegedly blocked from observing ballot-counting in Michigan. On November 6, Biden assumed leads in Pennsylvania and Georgia as the states continued to count ballots, and absentee votes in those states heavily favored Biden. Due to the slim margin between Biden and Trump in the state, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger announced on November6 that a recount would be held in Georgia. At that point, Georgia had not seen "any widespread irregularities" in this election, according to the voting system manager of the state, Gabriel Sterling. Also, on November 6, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito issued an order requiring officials in Pennsylvania to segregate late-arriving ballots, amid a dispute as to whether the state's Supreme Court validly ordered a 3-day extension of the deadline for mail-in ballots to arrive. Several Republican attorneys general filed amicus briefs before the U.S. Supreme Court in subsequent days agreeing with the Pennsylvania Republican Party's view that only the state legislature could change the voting deadline. By November 7, several prominent Republicans had publicly denounced Trump's claims of electoral fraud, saying they were unsubstantiated, baseless or without evidence, damaging to the election process, undermining democracy and dangerous to political stability while others supported his demand of transparency. According to CNN, people close to Donald Trump, such as his son-in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner and his wife Melania Trump, urged him to accept his defeat. While Donald Trump privately acknowledged the outcome of the presidential election, he nonetheless encouraged his legal team to continue pursuing legal challenges. Trump expected to win the election in Arizona, but when Fox News awarded said state to Biden, Trump became furious and claimed Biden's victory in Arizona was the result of fraud. Trump and his allies suffered approximately 50 legal losses in four weeks after starting their litigation. In view of these legal defeats, Trump began to employ "a public pressure campaign on state and local Republican officials to manipulate the electoral system on his behalf". Election protests Protests against Trump's challenges to the election results occurred in Minneapolis, Portland, New York, and other cities. Police in Minneapolis arrested more than 600 demonstrators for blocking traffic on an interstate highway. In Portland, the National Guard was called out after some protesters smashed windows and threw objects at police. At the same time, groups of Trump supporters gathered outside of election centers in Phoenix, Detroit, and Philadelphia, shouting objections to counts that showed Biden leading or gaining ground. In Arizona, where Biden's lead was shrinking as more results were reported, the pro-Trump protesters mostly demanded that all remaining votes be counted, while in Michigan and Pennsylvania, where Trump's lead shrank and disappeared altogether as more results were reported, they called for the count to be stopped. False claims of fraud Trump and a variety of his surrogates and supporters made a series of observably false claims that the election was fraudulent. Claims that substantial fraud was committed have been repeatedly debunked. On November 9and 10, The New York Times called the offices of top election officials in every state; all 45 of those who responded said there was no evidence of fraud. Some described the election as remarkably successful considering the coronavirus pandemic, the record turnout, and the unprecedented number of mailed ballots. On November 12, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a statement calling the 2020 election "the most secure in American history" and noting "[t]here is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised." Trump fired the director of CISA five days later. As ballots were still being counted two days after Election Day, Trump asserted without evidence that there was "tremendous corruption and fraud going on", adding: "If you count the legal votes, I easily win. If you count the illegal votes, they can try to steal the election from us." Trump has repeatedly claimed that the results of mail-in ballots showing significantly more support for Biden is suspicious. This is a common phenomenon known as the blue shift, since more Democrats than Republicans tend to vote by mail, and mail ballots are counted after Election Day in many states. Leading up to the 2020 election, the effect was predicted to be even greater than usual, as Trump's attacks on mail-in voting may have deterred Republicans from casting mail ballots. In early January, 2021, Trump repeatedly claimed that he won every single state in the presidential election - a 50-state sweep, and a 535 to 3 electoral college victory. On January 2, 2021, during his phone call to Brad Raffensperger, the Georgia Secretary of State, Trump said, "As you know, every single state. We won every state; we won every statehouse in the country. ... But we won every single statehouse." Two days later, on January 4, 2021, Trump appeared at a campaign rally in Dalton, Georgia showing his support for Republican Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler. During his speech at the rally, Trump again asserted that he won "every single state," and "We win every state, and they're going to have this guy [Biden] be President?" Many claims of purported voter fraud were discovered to be false or misleading. In Fulton County, Georgia, the number of votes affected was 342, with no breakdown of which candidates they were for. A viral video of a Pennsylvania poll worker filling out a ballot was found to be a case of a damaged ballot being replicated to ensure proper counting, while a video claimed to show a man taking ballots illegally to a Detroit counting center was found to be actually depicting a photographer transporting his equipment. Another video of a poll watcher being turned away in Philadelphia was found to be real, but the poll watcher had subsequently been allowed inside after a misunderstanding had been resolved. A tweet that went viral claimed 14,000 votes in Wayne County, Michigan, were cast by dead people, but the list of names included was found to be incorrect. The Trump campaign and Tucker Carlson also claimed a James Blalock had voted in Georgia despite having died in 2006, though his 94-year-old widow had registered and voted as Mrs. James E. Blalock. In Erie, Pennsylvania, a postal worker who claimed the postmaster had instructed postal workers to backdate ballots mailed after Election Day later admitted he had fabricated the claim. Prior to his recantation, Republican senator Lindsey Graham cited the claim in a letter to the Justice Department calling for an investigation, and the worker was praised as a patriot on a GoFundMe page created in his name that raised $136,000. Days after Biden had been declared the winner, White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany asserted without evidence that the Democratic Party was welcoming fraud and illegal voting. Republican former speaker of the House Newt Gingrich stated on Fox News, "I think that it is a corrupt, stolen election." Appearing at a press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business as Biden was being declared the winner, Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani asserted without evidence that hundreds of thousands of ballots were questionable. Responding to Giuliani, a spokesperson for Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro said "Many of the claims against the commonwealth have already been dismissed, and repeating these false attacks is reckless. No active lawsuit even alleges, and no evidence presented so far has shown, widespread problems." One week after the election, Republican Philadelphia city commissioner Al Schmidt said he had not seen any evidence of widespread fraud, stating, "I have seen the most fantastical things on social media, making completely ridiculous allegations that have no basis in fact at all and see them spread." He added that his office had examined a list of dead people who purportedly voted in Philadelphia but "not a single one of them voted in Philadelphia after they died." Trump derided Schmidt, tweeting, "He refuses to look at a mountain of corruption & dishonesty. We win!" Attorneys who brought accusations of voting fraud or irregularities before judges could not produce actual evidence to support the allegations. In one instance, a Trump attorney sought to have ballot counting halted in Detroit on the basis of a claim by a Republican poll watcher that she had been told by an unidentified person that ballots were being backdated; Michigan Court of Appeals judge Cynthia Stephens dismissed the argument as "inadmissible hearsay within hearsay". Some senior attorneys at law firms working on Trump's behalf, notably Jones Day, expressed concerns that they were helping to undermine the integrity of American elections by advancing arguments lacking evidence. Trump and his lawyers Giuliani and Sidney Powell repeatedly made the false claim that the Toronto, Ontario-based firm Dominion Voting Systems, which had supplied voting machines for 27 states, was a "communist" organization controlled by billionaire George Soros, former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez (who died in 2013), or the Chinese Communist Party, and that the machines had "stolen" hundreds of thousands of votes from Trump. The false claims about the company circulated on social media, amplified by more than a dozen tweets or retweets by Trump. The disinformation campaign prompted threats and harassment against Dominion employees. A December 2020 poll showed 77% of Republicans believe widespread fraud occurred during the election. 35% of independent voters also said they believe widespread voter fraud took place. Overall, 60% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate, 34% did not, and 6% were unsure. Another poll taken in late December showed a similar result, with 62% of Americans polled believing Biden was the legitimate winner of the election, while 37% did not. This split in popular opinion remained largely stable, with a January 10, 2021, poll commissioned by ABC News showing 68% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate and 32% did not. These numbers remained largely stagnant, with a June 2021 poll from Monmouth showing 61% believed Biden won fair and square, 32% believed he won due to fraud, and 7% were unsure. More than a year later, public opinion on the matter still remained stagnant, with a poll commissioned by ABC News finding that 65% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate, 33% believed it was not legitimate, and 2% were unsure. The same poll also found that 72% of Americans thought the people involved in the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, were attacking democracy, while 25% thought they were protecting democracy, and 3% were unsure. Motivated by the myth of widespread fraud, Republican state lawmakers initiated a push to make voting laws more restrictive. Lawsuits After the election, the Trump campaign filed several lawsuits in multiple states, including Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Pennsylvania. Lawyers and other observers noted the suits were unlikely to have an effect on the outcome. Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt said, "There's literally nothing that I've seen yet with the meaningful potential to affect the final result." Some law firms have moved to drop their representation in lawsuits challenging results of the election. On December 20, Giuliani filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court, asking them to overturn the results of the Pennsylvania election and direct the state legislature to appoint electors. The Supreme Court was regarded as very unlikely to grant this petition, and even if they did, it would not alter the election outcome, since Biden would still have a majority of Electoral College votes without Pennsylvania. The Court set the deadline for reply briefs from the respondents for January 22, 2021, two days after President Elect Biden's inauguration. Texas v. Pennsylvania On December 9, Ken Paxton, the Attorney General of Texas, filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the United States, asking the court to overturn the results in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Georgia. Attorneys general of seventeen other states also signed onto the lawsuit. 126 Republicans in the House of Representatives, more than two-thirds of the Republican caucus, signed an amicus brief in support of the lawsuit. The suit was rejected by the Supreme Court on December 11. Trump's refusal to concede Early in the morning on November 4, with vote counts still going on in many states, Trump claimed he had won. For weeks after the networks had called the election for Biden, Trump refused to acknowledge that Biden had won. Biden described Trump's refusal as "an embarrassment". In the wake of the election, the General Services Administration (GSA) refused to formally acknowledge Biden's victory, and the White House ordered government agencies not to cooperate with the Biden transition team in any way. Starting in 1896, when William Jennings Bryan established a precedent of formal concession by sending a congratulatory telegram to President-elect William McKinley, every losing major party presidential candidate has formally conceded. Trump acknowledged Biden's victory in a tweet on November 15, although he refused to concede and blamed his loss on fraud, stating: "He won because the Election was Rigged." Trump then tweeted: "I concede NOTHING! We have a long way to go." In a June 2021 interview with Sean Hannity, Trump stated that "we didn't win" and said that he wished President Biden success in international diplomacy, which Forbes interpreted as Trump "[coming] as close as he’s ever been to conceding his 2020 election loss." GSA delays certifying Biden as president-elect Although all major media outlets called the election for Biden on November 7, the head of the General Services Administration (GSA), Trump appointee Emily W. Murphy, refused for over two weeks to certify Biden as the president-elect. Without formal GSA certification or "ascertainment" of the winner of the election, the official transition process was delayed. On November 23, Murphy acknowledged Biden as the winner and said the Trump administration would begin the formal transition process. Trump said he had instructed his administration to "do what needs to be done" but did not concede, and indicated he intended to continue his fight to overturn the election results. Suggestion to have state legislatures choose Electoral College voters Both before and after the election, Trump and other Republican leaders publicly considered asking certain Republican-controlled state legislatures to select electors for Trump rather than Biden, even in the event of a Biden victory in those states. In Pennsylvania, a state which Biden won despite its legislature being controlled by Republicans, the president's personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani asked a federal judge to consider ordering the state legislature to ignore the state's popular vote and select electors for Trump. Legal experts, including New York University law professor Richard Pildes, have said such a strategy would run into numerous legal and political problems, noting that in various battleground states, Democratic Party members elected to statewide offices would thwart such efforts, and ultimately Congress likely would not accept the votes of legislatively appointed electors over those appointed based on the election results. Law professor Lawrence Lessig noted that while the Constitution grants state legislatures the power to determine how electors are selected, including the power to directly appoint them, Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 gives Congress the power to determine when electors must be appointed, which they have designated to be Election Day, meaning that legislatures cannot change how electors are appointed for an election after this date. In modern times, most states have used a popular vote within their state as the determining factor in who gets all the state's electors, and changing election rules after an election has been conducted could also violate the Constitution's Due Process Clause. Attempts to delay or deny election results In November, Trump focused his efforts on trying to delay vote certifications at the county and state level. On December 2, Trump posted a 46-minute video to his social media in which he repeated his baseless claims that the election was "rigged" and fraudulent and called for either the state legislatures or the courts to overturn the results of the election and allow him to stay in office. He continued to apply pressure to elected Republicans in Michigan, Georgia, and Pennsylvania in an unprecedented attempt to overturn the election result. Some commentators have characterized Trump's actions as an attempted coup d'état or self-coup. On December 15, the day after the electoral college vote, Republican Senate Majority leader Mitch McConnell, who was previously among those who would not recognize the election results, publicly accepted Biden's win, saying, "Today, I want to congratulate President-elect Joe Biden." Multiple news media outlets reported that at a December 18 meeting in the White House, there was discussion of Michael Flynn's suggestion to overturn the election by invoking martial law and rerunning the election in several swing states under military supervision. Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy and Army Chief of Staff General James McConville later issued a joint statement saying: "There is no role for the U.S. military in determining the outcome of an American election." In a December 20 tweet, Trump dismissed the accusations of wanting to declare martial law as "fake news". In a December 21 news conference, outgoing Attorney General William Barr disavowed several actions reportedly being considered by Trump, including seizing voting machines, appointing a special counsel to investigate voter fraud, and appointing one to investigate Hunter Biden. On January 6, 2021, shortly after a rally held by Trump where he continued to press false claims of election fraud, a crowd of Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol, interrupting the Joint session of the United States Congress where the official Electoral College ballots were being certified. The crowd caused widespread damage to the Capitol and forced lawmakers to evacuate the chambers where debate was occurring. As part of an organized effort by Republican lawmakers to challenge the results in close states, the House and the Senate were meeting separately to debate the results of Arizona's election and accepting the electoral college ballots submitted. Several other challenges were also planned. After the interruption, while leaders of both parties, including Vice President Pence, Speaker Pelosi, and Senate Majority Leader McConnell, all denounced the disruption and called on lawmakers to confirm the results, several Republicans pressed forward with their challenges, though they were unsuccessful in changing any of the electoral college results, and the official vote was certified in the early morning hours of January 7. Pressure on state and local officials As the Trump campaign's lawsuits were repeatedly rejected in court, Trump personally communicated with Republican local and state officials in at least three states, including state legislators, attorneys general, and governors who had supported him in the general election and continued to support him. He pressured them to overturn the election results in their states by recounting votes, throwing out certain votes, or getting the state legislature to replace the elected Democratic slate of Electoral College members with a Republican slate of electors chosen by the legislature. In late November, he personally phoned Republican members of two county electoral boards in Michigan, trying to get them to reverse their certification of the result in their county. He then invited members of the Michigan state legislature to the White House, where they declined his suggestion that they choose a new slate of electors. He repeatedly spoke to the Republican governor of Georgia and the secretary of state, demanding that they reverse their state's election results, threatening them with political retaliation when they did not, strongly criticizing them in speeches and tweets, and demanding that the governor resign. During the first week of December, Trump twice phoned the speaker of the Pennsylvania state House of Representatives, urging him to appoint a replacement slate of electors; the speaker said he did not have that power but later joined in a letter encouraging the state's representatives in Congress to dispute the results. On January 4 The Washington Post reported that in a phone call on January 2, Trump pressured Georgia secretary of state Brad Raffensperger to overturn the state's result, telling him "I just want to find 11,780 votes" and threatening him with legal action if he did not cooperate. On January 4, 2021, Democratic congressional leaders, believing Trump "engaged in solicitation of, or conspiracy to commit, a number of election crimes", requested the FBI to investigate the incident. In addition, while some House Republicans tried to defend Trump's Georgia call, Democrats began drafting a censure resolution. Two months later The Washington Post acknowledged that they had originally used quotes not actually said by Trump, and added a correction to the article. Also on January 2, 2021, Trump took part in a mass phone call with nearly 300 state legislators from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, in which he urged them to "decertify" the election results in their states. Recounts On November 11, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger ordered a statewide hand recount of the vote in addition to the normal audit process. At the time, Biden held a lead of 14,112 votes, or 0.3% in the state. The audit was concluded on November 19 and affirmed Biden's lead by 12,670 votes. The change in the count was due to a number of human errors, including memory cards that did not upload properly to the state servers, and was not attributable to any fraud in the original tally. After certifying the results Republican Governor Brian Kemp called for another hand audit, demanding to compare signatures on absentee ballot requests to actual ballots, despite the fact that this request was impossible, as signatures on mail-in ballot applications and envelopes are checked when they are originally received by election offices, and that ballots are thereafter separated from envelopes to ensure the secrecy of the ballot. The Trump campaign requested a machine recount, which was estimated to cost taxpayers $200,000 in one Georgia county alone. This recount reaffirmed Biden's victory in the state for the third time. Trump unsuccessfully sought to overturn Biden's win in Georgia through litigation; suits by the Trump campaign and allies were rejected by both the Georgia Supreme Court and by federal courts. Trump also sought to overturn Biden's win by pressuring Kemp to call a special session of the Georgia General Assembly so state legislators could override the Georgia election results and appoint a pro-Trump slate of electors, an entreaty rebuffed by Kemp. On November 18, the Trump campaign wired $3million to pay for partial recounts in Milwaukee County and Dane County, Wisconsin, where Milwaukee and Madison, the two largest cities in the state and Democratic strongholds, are located. During the recount, Milwaukee County election commissioner Tim Posnanski said several Republican observers were breaking rules by posing as independents. The recount started November 20 and concluded on November 29, increasing Biden's lead by 87 votes. Electoral College votes The presidential electors met in the state capitol of each state and in the District of Columbia on December 14, 2020, and formalized Biden's victory, casting 306 votes for Biden/Harris and 232 votes for Trump/Pence. Unlike the 2016 election, there were no faithless electors. In six swing states won by Biden, groups of self-appointed Republican "alternate electors" met on the same day to vote for Trump. These alternate slates were not signed by the governors of the states they claim to represent, did not have the backing of any state legislature, and have no legal status. Even after the casting of the electoral votes and rejection of his lawsuits seeking to overturn the election by at least 86 judges, Trump refused to concede defeat. In a speech following the Electoral College vote, Biden praised the resiliency of U.S. democratic institutions and the high election turnout (calling it "one of the most amazing demonstrations of civic duty we've ever seen in our country") and called for national unity. Biden also condemned Trump, and those who backed his efforts to subvert the election outcome, for adopting a stance "so extreme that we've never seen it beforea position that refused to respect the will of the people, refused to respect the rule of law and refused to honor our Constitution" and for exposing state election workers and officials to "political pressure, verbal abuse and even threats of physical violence" that was "simply unconscionable." Certification of Electoral College votes The 117th United States Congress first convened on January 3, 2021, and was scheduled to count and certify the Electoral College votes on January 6, 2021. There were 222 Democrats and 212 Republicans in the House; there were 51 Republicans, 46 Democrats, and two independents in the Senate. Several Republican members of the House and Senate said they would raise objections to the reported count in several states, meeting the requirement that if a member from each body objects, the two houses must meet separately to discuss whether to accept the certified state vote. A statement from the vice president's office said Pence welcomes the plan by Republicans to "raise objections and bring forward evidence" challenging the election results. On December 28, 2020, Representative Louie Gohmert filed a lawsuit in Texas challenging the constitutionality of the Electoral Count Act of 1887, claiming Vice President Pence has the power and ability to unilaterally decide which slates of electoral votes get counted. The case was dismissed on January 1, 2021, for lack of both standing and jurisdiction. The plaintiffs filed an appeal, and the appeal was dismissed by a three-judge panel of the appeals court the next day. As vice president, Pence was due to preside over the January 6, 2021, congressional session to count the electoral votes, which is normally a non-controversial, ceremonial event. In January 2021, Trump began to pressure Pence to take action to overturn the election, demanding both in public and in private that Pence use his position to overturn the election results in swing states and declare Trump and Pence the winners of the election. Pence demurred that the law does not give him that power. Starting in December, Trump called for his supporters to stage a massive protest in Washington, D.C. on January6 to argue against certification of the electoral vote, using tweets such as "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!" D.C. police were concerned, and the National Guard was alerted because several rallies in December had turned violent. On January 6, Trump supporters stormed the Capitol, stopping the count of the votes and prompting an evacuation of press and lawmakers. The group entered the House and Senate chambers and vandalized offices. Five people died as a result of the events in the Capitol: one person was shot by police, one Capitol Police officer died from a stroke after physically engaging with rioters, one person died of a heart attack, another of a stroke, and the final person's death is still under investigation. Trump has been accused of inciting the violence with his rhetoric, an accusation that was reinforced with an article of impeachment filed on January 13 for "incitement of insurrection". Congress reconvened that same night, after the Capitol was cleared of trespassers. The Senate resumed its session at around 8:00p.m. on January6 to finish debating the objection to the Arizona electors. Objections to the Pennsylvania electors were also considered. The joint session completed its work shortly before 4:00a.m. on Thursday, January 7, declaring Biden and Harris the winners. Several commentators viewed the attack on the Capitol Building as an indicator of increased political destabilization in the country that could lead to a spike of political violence in future elections, ranging from domestic terrorism to a civil war. Post-certification On January 11, 2021, Representative Cori Bush filed a resolution calling for the possible expulsion of more than 100 Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives who voted against certifying results of the presidential election, and Senator Sheldon Whitehouse said the Senate Ethics Committee "must consider the expulsion, or censure and punishment, of Senators Cruz, Hawley, and perhaps others." On March 31, 2021, the Republican caucus of the Arizona State Senate hired several outside firms to examine the results of the presidential and senatorial elections in Maricopa County, where Biden had won by a large margin. There had been three previous audits and recounts of that county's results. The examination was initially funded by $150,000 from the State Senate operating budget; additional funding was to come from outside sources. In July the lead firm conducting the review released a summary of major donors, indicating $5.7 million was raised from five groups associated with individuals who had cast doubt on the presidential election. The audit began on April 22, 2021, and was expected to last 60 days. The investigation was still ongoing in August when a judge issued an order for the release of documents. On September 24, a preliminary release of the audit claimed to have found minor discrepancies in the original, state-certified count, which had actually widened Biden's margin by 360 votes. On May 10, 2021, over 120 retired U.S. generals and admirals published an open letter alleging that there had been "election irregularities," suggesting that the election had not been "fair and honest" and did not "accurately reflect the ‘will of the people', and arguing for tighter restrictions on voting." On May 12, 2021, U.S. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her party leadership role as Chair of the House Republican Conference, partially for continuing to assert that the election had been fair and that the election results were final. Well into Biden's presidency, Trump continues to insist that he had actually won the 2020 election. As of August 2021, surveys found that a majority of Republicans believe it. A widespread rumor predicted that Trump would be somehow reinstated to the presidency in August 2021, although the predicted date of August 13 passed without incident. Viewership Legend Total television viewers8:00 to 11:00p.m.EST Total cable TV viewers6:00p.m. to 3:00a.m.EST Television viewers 25 to 548:00 to 11:00p.m.EST Cable TV viewers 25 to 546:00p.m. to 3:00a.m.EST See also International reactions to the 2020 United States presidential election Protests against Donald Trump Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election 2020 United States gubernatorial elections Notes References Further reading External links General Elections, 3 November 2020, Reports and findings from the OSCE/ODIHR election observation mission 2020 in women's history Donald Trump Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics Joe Biden Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign Kamala Harris Mike Pence November 2020 events in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic%20terrorism

Domestic terrorism

Domestic terrorism or homegrown terrorism is a form of terrorism in which victims "within a country are targeted by a perpetrator with the same citizenship" as the victims. There are many definitions of terrorism, and none of them are universally accepted. The United States Department of State defined terrorism in 2003 as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience." However, the U.S. government cannot charge someone with domestic terrorism because no such criminal law exists. Definition While there are many potential definitions of domestic terrorism, it is largely defined as terrorism in which the perpetrator targets his/her own country. Enders defines domestic terrorism as "homegrown in which the venue, target, and perpetrators are all from the same country." The term "homegrown terrorism" stems from jihadi terrorism against Westerners. Wilner and Dobouloz described homegrown terrorism as "autonomously organized radicalized Westerners with little direct assistance from transnational networks, usually organized within the home or host country, and targets fellow nationals." The Congressional Research Service report, American Jihadist Terrorism: Combatting a Complex Threat, describes homegrown terrorism as a “terrorist activity or plots perpetuated within the United States or abroad by American citizens, permanent legal residents, or visitors radicalized largely within the United States.” Under the 2001 USA Patriot Act, domestic terrorism is defined as "activities that (A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the U.S. or of any state; (B) appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S." This definition is made for the purposes of authorizing law enforcement investigations. While international terrorism ("acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries") is a defined crime in federal law, no federal criminal offense exists which is referred to as "domestic terrorism". Acts of domestic terrorism are federally charged under specific laws, such as killing federal agents or "attempting to use explosives to destroy a building in interstate commerce". Some state and local governments in the United States do have domestic crimes called "terrorism", including the District of Columbia. In 2020, in response to Public Law 116-92, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice/FBI published the following definition of domestic terrorism: "Domestic Terrorism for the FBI’s purposes is referenced in U.S. Code at 18 U.S.C. 2331(5), and is defined as activities: Involving acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State; Appearing to be intended to: Intimidate or coerce a civilian population; Influence the policy of government by intimidation or coercion; or Affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping; and Occurring primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." The 2020 publication notes the US Government broadly divides the domestic terrorism (DT) or domestic violent extremism (DVE) threat into several threat categories, with the two largest being: “Racially or Ethnically Motivated Violent Extremism: This threat encompasses the potentially unlawful use or threat of force or violence in furtherance of ideological agendas derived from bias, often related to race or ethnicity, held by the actor against others or a given population group. Racially or Ethnically Motivated Violent Extremists purport to use both political and religious justifications to support their racially-or ethnically-based ideological objectives and criminal activities.” “Anti-Government or Anti-Authority Violent Extremism: This threat encompasses the potentially unlawful use or threat of force or violence in furtherance of ideological agendas, derived from anti-government or anti-authority sentiment, including opposition to perceived economic, social, or racial hierarchies, or perceived government overreach, negligence, or illegitimacy.” Facts and studies Homegrown terrorism is not new to the world. Security analysts have argued that after the end of the Cold War, military conflicts have increasingly involved violent non-state actors carrying out asymmetric warfare, of which terror attacks are one part. The United States has uncovered a number of alleged terrorist plots that have been successfully suppressed through domestic intelligence and law enforcement. The United States has begun to account for the threat of homegrown terrorism, as shown by increased volume of literature on the subject in recent years and increased number of terrorist websites since Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, began posting beheading videos in 2003. A July 2009 document by the FBI estimated that there were roughly 15,000 websites and web forums that support terrorist activities, with around 10,000 of them actively maintained. 80% of these sites are on U.S.-based servers. According to the Congressional Research Service's study, American Jihadist Terrorism: Combatting a Complex Threat, between May 2009 and November 2010, law enforcement made arrests related to 22 homegrown jihadist-inspired terror plots by American citizens or legal residents of the U.S. This is a significant increase over the 21 plots caught in the seven interim years after the September 11 attacks. During these seven years, two plots resulted in attacks, compared to the two attacks between May 2009 and November 2010, which resulted in 14 deaths. This spike post-May 2009 shows that some Americans are susceptible to ideologies that support a violent form of jihad. Roughly one-quarter of these plots have been linked to major international terrorist groups but an increasing number of Americans are holding high-level operational roles in these terrorist groups, especially al-Qaeda and its affiliated groups. The former CIA Director Michael Hayden called homegrown terrorism the more serious threat faced by American citizens today. The UK, likewise, considers homegrown terrorism to be a considerable threat. On June 6, 2011, Prime Minister David Cameron announced a wide-ranging strategy to prevent British citizens from being radicalized into becoming terrorists while at university. The strategy is intended to prevent extremist speakers or groups from coming to universities. On July 23, 2019, Christopher A. Wray, the head of the FBI, said at a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing that the agency had made around 100 domestic terrorism arrests since October 1, 2018, and that the majority of them were connected in some way with white supremacy. Wray said that the Bureau was "aggressively pursuing [domestic terrorism] using both counterterrorism resources and criminal investigative resources and partnering closely with our state and local partners," but said that it was focused on the violence itself and not on its ideological basis. A similar number of arrests had been made for instances of international terrorism. In the past, Wray has said that white supremacy was a significant and "pervasive" threat to the U.S. Lone wolf terrorism Domestic terrorism is often linked to lone wolf terrorism. Sociologist Ramón Spaaij defines lone wolf terrorism as an act of terrorism committed by one person who "acts on his or her own without orders from—or even connections to an organization". From the late 20th to the early 21st centuries, lone wolf terrorism in the United States has primarily been associated with white supremacy, Islamic fundamentalism, and anti-government extremists such as Dylann Roof, Robert Bowers, Wade Michael Page, Ted Kaczynski, Eric Rudolph, Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., and Omar Mateen. Many lone wolves share a common trait in that they seek acceptance from other groups but are typically met with rejection. In their 2007 book Hunting the American Terrorist former FBI Deputy Assistant Director Terry Turchie and former FBI special agent Kathleen Puckett described six criteria to define a lone wolf: The act of terrorism was organized by few or only one person that was not operating with an organized group The individual is willing to use lethal violence to achieve their goal Their primary goal is ideological, political, or religious in scope The individual is willing to accept full-scale collateral damage The individual is not intending to commit suicide, unless the situation calls for it The individual is intending to commit homicide to get their message public, or to use such acts as the message Radicalization There is no one path toward violence. Homegrown terrorists have been high school dropouts, college graduates, members of the military, and cover the range of financial situations. Recent research by Matt Qvortrup in the British Journal of Politics and International Relations has suggested that domestic terrorism is a result of lack of opportunities for meaningful political engagement. Some domestic terrorists studied overseas and were exposed to radical Islamist thought, while others took their inspiration from the internet. An article published in the British Journal of Sociology suggests that discrimination against minorities, particularly in the form of residential segregation of Muslims in European countries such as England, France, and Germany, can contribute to radicalization of Muslims living in these countries. Marc Sageman writes in his book, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century that, contrary to popular belief, radicalization into terrorism is not the product of poverty, various forms of brainwashing, youth, ignorance, lack of education, lack of employment, lack of social responsibility, criminality, or mental illness. He says that intermediaries and English-speaking imams, such as the late Yemeni-American cleric Anwar al-Awlaki (d. 2011), who are often found through the internet on forums, provide key roles in the radicalization process. Social networks provided in forums support and build upon an individual's radical beliefs. Prison systems are also a concern as a place of radicalization and jihadist recruiting; nearly three dozen ex-convicts who attended training camps in Yemen were believed to have been radicalized in prison. The only constant appears to be "a newfound hatred for their native or adopted country, a degree of dangerous malleability, and a religious fervor justifying or legitimizing violence that impels these very impressionable and perhaps easily influenced individuals toward potentially lethal acts of violence," according to Peter Bergen and Bruce Hoffman's September 2010 paper for the Bipartisan Policy Center. Training Training for potential homegrown terrorists is often very fast-paced, or rushed, as some groups under attack by U.S. forces may feel the need to implement operations "more precipitously than they might otherwise occur," according to Bruce Hoffman. This was the case with the failed Times Square plot carried out by Faisal Shazad. Pakistani Taliban (TPP) was on record as providing financing and four months of training for Shazad directly prior to his actions in Times Square. Shazad reportedly received only three to five days of training in bomb-making. Some individuals go abroad to a region containing extremism, predominantly Pakistan, but also Iraq, Afghanistan,Yemen or Somalia. In the case of the London Underground bombers, Mohammad Sidique Khan, the operational leader of the cell, received military and explosives training at a camp in Malakand, Pakistan in July 2003. Later he took Shezad Tanweer to Karachi, Pakistan, in late 2004 to February 2005 where they crossed the border to receive training at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan. Training and usage of recruits is varied. Some, such as Shahzad, received little training and ultimately failed in their goals. Others, like the sleeper agent David Headley’s reconnaissance efforts, were essential towards Lashkar-e-Toiba’s (LeT) success in the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. Scholars say that some lone wolves may achieve objectives, but the vast majority of individual operators fail to execute their plans because of lack of training and planning. There is also a question as to whether such individuals are radical, or suffering other problems. The American convert, Abdulhakim Muhammad (née Carlos Bledsoe), who killed a U.S. military recruiter in Little Rock, Arkansas, and wounded another, had many other targets and plans, which went awry. It was not until some time after his arrest that he first claimed to have been working for Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). But, investigators found no evidence of this. The lead county prosecutor said that, aside from Muhammad's self-serving statements, it was "just an awful killing", like others he had seen. Bledsoe's father described his son as "unable to process reality." He was charged with capital murder and related charges, not terrorism, and pleaded guilty. The American Nidal Hasan, the US Army major and psychiatrist charged in the 2009 Fort Hood shooting, had come to the attention of colleagues and superiors years before the shootings; they documented their concerns about his mental state. The Department of Defense has classified the event as "workplace violence" rather than terrorism, pending Hasan's court martial. Some observers believe that his personal characteristics are more like those of other mass murderers than terrorists; he did not belong to any group. The Somalian Al-Shabab ("the youth") have recruited strongly in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. The 30+ Somali-Americans received training by senior al-Qaeda leaders in Somalia. Hoffman believes this indicates that radicalization and recruitment is not an isolated, lone-wolf phenomenon unique to Somali-Americans, but that there is terrorist recruitment infrastructure in the United States. After more than a dozen of 20 American recruits were killed in fighting in Somalia, the number of Americans going to join Al-Shabab has declined since 2007–2008. Role of the internet “The Internet is a driver and enabler for the process of radicalization", says a report of the Police Department of the City of New York of 2007. The internet has a wide appeal as it provides an anonymous way for like-minded, conflicted individuals to meet, form virtual relations, and discuss the radical and extremist ideology they encounter. The virtual network created in message boards or private forums further radicalizes and cements the jihadi-Salafi/racial supremacist message individuals have encountered as they build a community. The internet acts as an enabler, providing the aspiring jihadist/supremacist with a forum in which they may plan, share information on targets, weapons, and recruit others into their plans. Much of the resources needed to make weapons can be found on-line. Inspire Inspire is an online English-language propaganda magazine published by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Purported to be created by Samir Khan, a U.S. citizen and cyber-jihadist, the magazine uses American idioms and phrasing and does not appear to have British or South Asian influences in its language. The magazine contains messages calling for western jihadists, like this one from AQAP leader Nasir al-Wahayshi, "to acquire weapons and learn methods of war. They are living in a place where they can cause great harm to the enemy and where they can support the Messenger of Allah... The means of harming them are many so seek assistance from Allah and do not be weak and you will find a way." STRATFOR suggests that the magazine is meant to "fan the flames of Jihad." History and examples Africa January 5–6, 2012: Nigeria attacks, around 37 Christians are targeted and killed by Boko Haram militants. April 16, 2013: Baga massacre, 187 people are killed in Baga in Borno State. It is unclear whether the Nigerian military or Boko Haram is responsible for the massacre. June 18, 2009: Al-Shabaab claimed the 2009 Beledweyne bombing, which killed 35 people including Somali security minister Omar Hashi Aden. Australia Operation Pendennis: Melbourne & Sydney, Australia November 2005. Sydney hostage crisis: December 2014 Canada On October 14, 1982 – The anarchist group the Squamish Five, who were Canadian version of Direct Action, bombs a Litton Industries factory north of Toronto, Canada that is manufacturing guidance devices for American cruise missiles, ten are injured. On May 8, 1984, Soldier Denis Lortie, a federalist, enters the National Assembly with the intent of killing René Lévesque and the deputies of the Parti Québécois. Due to a great amount of chance, he came in too early and killed 0 deputies, but still killed 3 other people and wounded 13. Unarmed employee René Jalbert negotiated with Lortie for several hours and convinced him to give up his gun and get arrested. Jalbert got decorated the next week. On October 20, 2014, in the 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack, the radicalized Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canadian citizen Martin Couture-Rouleau – who also called himself "Abu Ibrahim AlCanadi" – ran a soldier down and shot another. Couture-Rouleau was, in the aftermath, shot dead by an officer of the Sûreté du Québec. On October 22, 2014, Michael Zehaf-Bibeau opened fire at the National War Memorial in Parliament Hill Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. One soldier was shot. The suspect ran to the Parliament of Canada. The suspect was then engaged in a shoot out with security and police forces. On January 29, 2017 in the Quebec City mosque shooting, Alexandre Bissonnette, a Political science student at the University of Laval, opened fire in the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada and killed six worshipers. China 2014 Kunming attack France Maxime Brunerie's failed assassination attempt of Jacques Chirac January 2015 Île-de-France attacks in Île-de-France November 2015 Paris attacks in Paris, France July 3, 2017 and November 6, 2018 assassination plots against Emmanuel Macron by far-righters Germany Red Army Faction from 1970 to 1998 Revolutionary Cells from 1973 to 1993 National Socialist Underground from 2000 to 2006 The murder of Walter Lübcke Israel Brit Hakanaim: Ultra-orthodox radical Jewish organization which operated in the 1950s and worked against the secularization in the newly-born Israel. Some Israeli Arabs were involved in terrorists activities numerous times according to the Shin Bet, most of them had connections to Palestinian terrorist organizations, with a minority of them operating by their own. Some notable examples are the bombing of No. 361 Egged bus in Meron, where Israeli Arabs from Bi'ina were involved, and the 2017 Temple Mount shooting. Italy Years of Lead by far-right neo-Nazi/neo-fascist and far-left Communist/Marxist groups. Macerata shooting by neo-Nazi Lega Nord member Luca Traini. New Zealand Wanganui Computer Centre bombing: November 1982, anarchist Neil Roberts detonated a homemade bomb in a suicide attack on the New Zealand Police computer centre. Only Roberts was killed in the attack and while the building entrance doorway was destroyed, the computer system was not damaged. Norway Norway attacks: July 2011, a right-wing extremist who spoke against Islam and immigration, Anders Behring Breivik was responsible for a car bomb explosion that killed 8 in Oslo and killing 69 at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Norway. Netherlands Theo van Gogh murder by the Hofstad Group: Amsterdam, Netherlands November 2004 Spain 1959–2018 ETA terrorism. Madrid Train Bombings in Madrid, Spain: March 2004 United Kingdom London Underground bombing July 2005 in London, United Kingdom Murder of Jo Cox in Birstall, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom by Thomas Mair 2017 Finsbury Park mosque attack in Finsbury Park, London, United Kingdom by Darren Osbourne The neo-Nazi National Action United States A non-exhaustive list of examples of U.S. attacks that have been referred to as domestic terrorism: 1849 San Francisco Coal Miners Massacre The Hounds, a white vigilante group in San Francisco, attacks a Chilean mining community, raping women, burning houses, and lynching two men. 1856 Pottawatomie massacre abolitionist John Brown with like-minded settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. 1857 Mountain Meadows Massacre series of attacks on the Baker–Fancher emigrant wagon train, at Mountain Meadows in southern Utah. 1865 Lincoln Assassination 1873 Colfax Massacre Republicans had narrowly won the 1872 election to retain control of the state, but Democrats contested the results. Thousands of African-Americans were killed by domestic terrorists – white supremacist organizations such as the Knights of White Camellia and the Ku Klux Klan. 1886 Haymarket affair two workers were killed by police in the course of a confrontation between striking workers and strikebreakers in the streets of Chicago. 1917 Milwaukee Police Department bombing bomb attack that killed ten people including nine members of local law enforcement. 1920 Wall Street bombing horse-drawn wagon filled with 100 pounds (45 kg) of dynamite was detonated and killed 38 and injured 400 across the street from the headquarters of the J.P. Morgan Bank in the Financial District of New York City. 1921 Tulsa race massacre a white mob started the Tulsa race massacre attacking residents and businesses of the African-American community known as Black Wall Street, in the Greenwood area in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in what is considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in United States History. 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing members of the United Klans of America set a bomb consisting of a timing device and fifteen sticks of dynamite to explode at a historically black church in Birmingham, Alabama, that was a local focus of the Civil Rights struggle. 1969–1975 Attacks by The Weather Underground. 1973–1975 SLA activities and the 1974 shootout by Donald DeFreeze 1980–1985 Attacks by the Jewish Defense League. 1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack by the Boricua Popular Army 1983–1984 The Order/Bruder Schweigen activities such as the assassination of Jewish radio host Alan Berg in Denver, Colorado. 1994–1996 Aryan Republican Army criminal activities. 1995 Oklahoma City bombing at Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing at Centennial Olympic Park, Atlanta, Georgia by Eric Robert Rudolph 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting at Granada Hills North Valley Jewish Community Center and Chatsworth in Los Angeles, California by Buford O. Furrow 1999 The murders of Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder and burnings of Sacramento synagogues and abortion clinics in Happy Valley, California and Sacramento, California by Matthew and Tyler Williams 2002 Beltway sniper attacks in and around Washington, D.C. area by John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo 2008 Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee by neo-Nazi skinheads 2008 Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting at the Tennessee Valley Unitarian Universalist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee by Jim David Adkinsson 2009 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. by James von Brunn 2009 Fort Hood shooting at Fort Hood in Killeen, Texas by Nidal Hasan 2010 Austin suicide attack targeting the IRS at Building I Echelon office complex in Austin, Texas by Andrew Joseph Stack III 2012 Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people (including himself) and wounded four others in a mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. 2013 Boston Marathon bombing at Boylston Street and Boston Marathon in Boston, Massachusetts by Dzhkohar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. 2014 Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom by Frazier Glenn Miller Jr. 2015 Curtis Culwell Center attack terrorist attack on an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas. 2015 Charleston church shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina by Dylann Roof 2015 Lafayette shooting at Grand 16 movie theatre in Lafayette, Louisiana by John "Rusty" Russell Houser. 2015 Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs, Colorado by Robert Lewis Dear 2015 San Bernardino attack at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California by Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik 2015 Chattanooga shootings at the Armed Forces Career Center and U.S. Navy Reserve center in Chattanooga, Tennessee by Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting at Pulse LGBT nightclub in Orlando, Florida by Omar Mateen 2017 Stabbing of Timothy Caughman at Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, New York City by James Harris Jackson 2017 Stabbing of Richard Collins III at the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland by Sean Urbanski 2017 Congressional baseball shooting at the Congressional Baseball Game for Charity in Alexandria, Virginia by James Thomas Hodgkinson 2017 Fresno shootings at Motel 6 and downtown Fresno in Fresno, California by Kori Ali Muhammad 2017 Charlottesville car attack during the Charlottesville riots/Unite the Right rally at Downtown Mall in Charlottesville, Virginia by James Alex Fields 2017 Burnette Chapel shooting at the Burnette Chapel Church of Christ in Antioch, Tennessee by Emanuel Kidega Samson. 2018 October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts across various cities in the United States by Cesar Alteri Sayoc Jr. 2018 Murder of Blaze Bernstein at Borrego Park in Lake Forest, California by Samuel Woodard/Atomwaffen Division 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting at Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation by Robert Bowers 2019 Christopher Paul Hasson's attempted assassination of Democrat, left-wing, and socialist politicians and journalists 2019 Escondido mosque fire and Poway synagogue shooting at Dar-ul-Arqam mosque and Chabad of Poway in Escondido, California and Poway, California by John T. Earnest 2019 Tacoma attack at an ICE detention center in Tacoma, Washington by Willem van Spronsen 2019 El Paso shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas (ongoing investigation) by Patrick Crusius 2020 Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot planned by far-right militia group Wolverine Watchmen 2021 Storming of the US Capitol Building on January 6th by supporters of former US President Donald Trump has been described as an act of domestic terrorism by FBI director Christopher Wray See also Domestic terrorism in the United States Jihadist extremism in the United States Domestic terrorism in Canada Domestic violence Psychological warfare Political warfare Christian terrorism References Notes Further reading External links National Counterterrorism Center Terrorism by form Political violence Hate crime Sectarian violence Insurgency Public safety Terrorism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20California%2C%20Merced%20stabbing%20attack

University of California, Merced stabbing attack

On November 4, 2015, 18-year-old student Faisal Mohammad stabbed and injured four people with a hunting knife on the campus of the University of California, Merced, in Merced, California. He was then shot dead by university police. Attack The attack began at about 8:00 a.m. Pacific Time, and was over in about fifteen minutes. The first attacks took place near the center of campus, inside a classroom at the Classroom and Office Building, then continued outside the building until Mohammad was shot by UC Merced police officers. Two of the victims were airlifted to hospital; two were treated on campus for minor injuries. Merced County Sheriff Vern Warnke stated that the weapon used in the attack was a hunting knife between 8 and 10 inches in length. The planned attack (see below) was thwarted by a student, Tyler Patton, and construction worker, Byron Price, who was working in a nearby hallway. During Mohammad's initial attack, Patton attacked him with classroom furniture, disrupting the attack. Mohammad then tried to flee the room and ran into Price as Price was entering. Mohammad stabbed him in the side, then ran out of the room and down the stairs, attempting to stab more students as he fled. He then rushed out of the building and attacked a member of the University staff, stabbing her several times. Mohammad then fled across the Scholar's Lane pedestrian bridge at the center of campus, where two campus police officers gave chase, then shot and killed him. According to Price, Mohammad "looked scared" during the attack, but in addition to seeing fear "in his eyes," Price said, "He also looked like he was having fun... He was smiling." An investigation found that the police had acted properly in shooting the attacker when he refused to drop his weapon and, instead, lunged at one of them. Victims The stabbing victims included two students; one staff member; and Byron Price, an employee of a construction company who was at work on a building renovation when the stabbing began. All four victims suffered from non-life-threatening injuries, and are expected to recover. Perpetrator The attacker was identified as Faisal Mohammad, 18, a first-year student from Santa Clara. He graduated from Wilcox High School in 2015. The attacker's name had not been released on the day of the attack to give authorities time to contact the next of kin. Mohammad was born in the United States. Authorities have found no indication that he suffered from mental illness. High school friends described him as a "pleasant, quiet boy" who enjoyed going to a mosque. The backpack Mohammad was carrying contained "zip-tie handcuffs, two clear bags containing petroleum jelly, a night-vision scope, a safety hammer, two rolls of duct tape." The sheriff described the hammer as a "device used to break windows". Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was brought into the investigation. On March 17, 2016, the FBI concluded that Mohammad was inspired by ISIS and that the attack was an instance of lone-wolf terrorism. ISIS propaganda was found on Mohammad's computer, and he was also found to have visited extremist websites in the days preceding the attack. Mohammad left a manifesto in his pocket, detailing his plans. His original plan had been to use the tape to bind the other students to their desks and report the situation to police, steal a gun from a responding police officer, and use it to murder students who had refused to include him in their study group. He had also planned to cut someone's head off. He intended to spread the petroleum jelly on the floor to make responding police slip and fall while he stole their guns. Merced County Sheriff Vern Warnke initially said that although the manifesto made several references to Allah, the attack had nothing to do with religion or terrorism, and Mohammad was motivated by anger over being excluded from the study group. Sheriff Warnke later amended his comments to state that new information had come to light on November 7, which had led to the Merced County Sheriff's Department handing formal control over the investigation to UC Merced and the FBI. A law enforcement official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to the Merced Sun-Star newspaper, stated that the style of clothing worn by the attacker, along with websites he had visited and a printout of an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) flag found among his possessions, all contributed to the decision to hand control of the investigation to federal authorities. The FBI categorically denies it was aware of any "derogatory information" about Mohammad or that he had been the subject of any federal investigation prior to the stabbing. On December 11, Mohammad's roommate described him to federal investigators as "a loner and an extreme Muslim", also stating that he was not surprised by the incident. The roommate also recalled an incident when a friend had asked Mohammad what would happen if he touched the mat Mohammad used for praying and Mohammad had replied, "I will kill you." References 2015 crimes in California Attacks in the United States in 2015 Attacks on universities and colleges in the United States Deaths by firearm in California Islamic terrorism in California Knife attacks Mass stabbings in the United States November 2015 crimes in the United States November 2015 events in the United States Stabbing attacks in 2015 Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2015 Terrorist incidents involving knife attacks Merced

48503346

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Jeremy%20Mardis

Shooting of Jeremy Mardis

On November 3, 2015, Jeremy Mardis, a six-year-old boy, was murdered by police in Marksville, Louisiana, in a shooting that also wounded his father, Chris Few. Two Marksville law enforcement officers, Derrick Stafford and Norris Greenhouse Jr., were arrested on charges of second-degree murder and attempted second-degree murder as a result of the incident. The evidence from a police body-worn video camera was cited as being contributory to the speed of the arrests. On March 24, 2017, Stafford was found guilty on the lesser-included offenses of manslaughter and attempted manslaughter. He was sentenced to 40 years in prison. On September 29, 2017, Greenhouse pleaded guilty to negligent homicide and malfeasance in office. He was sentenced to 7 years in prison, but was paroled in 2019 after serving years, a quarter of his initial sentence. Background Marksville is a small city with a population of 5,702 at the 2010 census, characterized by familiar relationships and interactions between locals. The city had a series of running conflicts between Mayor John Lemoine and several city officials over budgets. The conflicts reportedly started soon after Lemoine took office in 2009, when he called for several audits of the city court and recommended that the city council lower the budget, including the salary of Marksville Marshal (equivalent to a police chief in other jurisdictions) Floyd Voinche. Citizens have described the politics as "particularly intense and personal". Lemoine was also reportedly in conflict with the Marksville Police Department, which had three different chiefs during Lemoine's five years in office. About three months prior to the shooting incident, Voinche's office hired several local police officers to work part-time in street patrols and purchased two used Ford Crown Victoria police vehicles for their use. The street patrols involved mostly making traffic stops and issuing citations. Before that, the local marshal office's jurisdiction had been limited to serving court papers. According to Lemoine, speaking after the shooting occurred, Voinche did not consult with the city about this expansion of his operations, including the hiring of full-time police officers. Lemoine had written at least one letter to the office of Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell, questioning the legal authority of Voinche's actions. Because state statute gives marshals the authority to enforce the law within their respective jurisdictions, street patrols and issuing tickets were considered to be encompassed in this authority. Shooting incident On the night of November 3, 2015, officers Derrick Stafford and Norris Greenhouse of the Marksville Marshal's Office attempted to stop a vehicle driven by Christopher Few. His son, Jeremy Mardis, was a passenger in the front seat. After Few and his fiancée Megan Dixon had an argument at a bar that evening, they had driven away in separate vehicles. Dixon said that she saw Few pass her, followed by a marked police car with two officers. Greenhouse and Stafford activated the patrol car lights, but Few failed to pull over, resulting in a two-mile car chase. At some point, Greenhouse and Stafford called for backup, and two other officers responded. The chase ended on a dead-end street near, the entrance to the Marksville State Historic Site, at the corner of Martin Luther King Drive and Taensas Street. One of the responding officers used his body camera to record the confrontation. Greenhouse and Stafford fired eighteen rounds of ammunition into Few's vehicle at approximately 9:30 p.m. Few was struck twice, in the head and chest, despite having his hands in the air, which was recorded on police body-camera footage. Mardis was hit by five bullets, and was also struck in the head and chest. He was thought to have died instantly, according to the coroner for Avoyelles Parish. Police officers involved Three of the four involved officers worked both as police officers and as marshals. While in most of Louisiana marshals are authorized only to serve legal documents such as arrest warrants, in Marksville, deputy marshals were empowered earlier in 2015 to make discretionary arrests, "preserve the peace", and issue traffic tickets. Officers who fired the shots Norris Greenhouse Jr., 23, and Derrick Stafford, 32, were officers with the Marksville Police Department. Greenhouse was a reserve officer with Marksville and served as a deputy marshal for the nearby Alexandria City Marshal's Office; he had been on the force for one year. Stafford was a lieutenant and shift supervisor for the Marksville Police Department, and an eight-year veteran of that Department. He was "moonlighting" as a deputy marshal at the time of the shooting. That night, Greenhouse and Stafford were working side jobs for the city marshal's office. They were two of several officers hired by the Marksville Marshal's Office about three months prior to the shooting. At the time of the shooting, Greenhouse, Stafford and Marksville Police Chief Elster Smith, Jr., were the subjects of a federal civil suit for use of force. Stafford was the subject of five civil suits in Avoyelles Parish; Greenhouse was named in one of these. In addition, Stafford had been indicted in 2011 by Rapides Parish on two counts of aggravated rape but the charges were dropped in 2012. Responding officers Lieutenant Jason Brouillette, a 13-year veteran of the Marksville Police Department, and Sergeant Kenneth Parnell, a five-year veteran, responded to the backup call made by Greenhouse and Stafford. Parnell was wearing a body camera, which recorded at least part of the incident. Brouillette and Parnell were placed on administrative leave following the incident. Investigators do not believe either of them fired their weapons. Victims Christopher Few Christopher Few moved from Mississippi to the Marksville area in April 2014 to work as an apprentice riverboat captain and to be closer to his relatives. He was listed in critical condition on November 3. A family spokesperson said that bullet fragments remained in Few's brain and lung. His condition improved to serious by the following morning. As of November 9, Few was hospitalized in Alexandria, Louisiana, where his condition had been upgraded to fair. He was released from the hospital on November 13. Few and Mardis shared a home with Few's mother prior to the shooting. Body-cam footage reportedly shows Few had his hands up when he was shot. Jeremy Mardis Jeremy David Mardis ( 2009 – November 3, 2015) was diagnosed with autism at the age of two. At the time of the shooting, he was in the first grade and attended Lafargue Elementary School in Effie, Louisiana. He had moved with his father to Louisiana from Mississippi the year before. Mardis' mother Katie Mardis, and his sister, still live in Mississippi. Christopher Few's fiancée Dixon described Mardis as an affectionate and intelligent child, and said that Mardis did speak. Mardis and Few shared a home with Few's mother prior to the shooting. Mardis was in the front seat of Few's vehicle and wearing a seatbelt when they were shot. He was pronounced dead at the scene. A funeral for Mardis was held on November 9 at Moore Funeral Services in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where his mother and sister live. He was buried in Beaumont Cemetery. His father was still hospitalized and unable to attend. Investigation and prosecution Charles Riddle, the district attorney for Avoyelles Parish, recused himself from the case because Officer Greenhouse's father is an assistant district attorney in his office. The office of the attorney general of Louisiana prosecuted the cases of Greenhouse and Stafford. Greenhouse and Stafford surrendered to police on the evening of November 6, and they were charged with second-degree murder and second-degree attempted murder. They were transferred on November 9 from a jail in Avoyelles Parish to Rapides Parish Detention Center #3 because, as the police said, the latter facility is "better equipped to isolate [Greenhouse and Stafford] from the general population". It is standard procedure to separate ex-law-enforcement inmates from non-law-enforcement inmates when they are incarcerated. Investigation Colonel Mike Edmonson of the Louisiana State Police began an investigation into the shooting. He said that the body-camera video recorded by one of the responding officers was essential to the officers being arrested. Other contributory evidence included interviews with the cooperating officers, 9-1-1 recordings, and unspecified forensic evidence. Legal analysts cited by The Advocate newspaper of Baton Rouge, Louisiana also attributed the arrests to the body-camera footage. Ballistics tests showed that of the four responding officers, only Greenhouse and Stafford fired their weapons. Although initial news reports said there was a warrant for Few's arrest prior to or after the shooting, the state police have said this was not true. In addition, Edmonson said that there was no evidence of a firearm inside Few's vehicle. The Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Office of the United States Attorney, are participating in the investigation. Few's fiancée Megan Dixon said that the police pursuit of Few may have been prompted by his running a red light or by the officers seeing an altercation she had with Few at a traffic light, when he approached her car and they had words. One police vehicle reportedly received damage caused by Few reversing into it. Dixon also said that Few had encountered Greenhouse a month before the shooting. He threatened to hurt Greenhouse after the officer contacted Dixon, a former high school classmate, and went to the home she shared with Few. She said Few told Greenhouse, "Don't come to my home again, or I'll hurt you". Gag order Judge William Bennett of the Louisiana 12th Judicial District Court was assigned to the case and presided over the bail hearing on November 9. He issued a gag order that day, forbidding all parties, including police, victims, and witnesses, from discussing the case with the press. Media outlets had requested the Louisiana State Police to release public records with information about the case, but these requests were denied as a result of the judge's order. Bail hearing and bond posting A description of the body-cam video's contents was presented as evidence during the bail hearings, but the video was not shown. Bail was set at for each officer. On November 24, Greenhouse's family posted bond and he was released. Stafford posted bail and was released in March; both men were under house arrest. Trial dates Stafford's trial began on March 13, 2017; Greenhouse's trial date was set for June 12, 2017. The judge had postponed these dates in order to allow the defense time to prepare, including for their use of expert witnesses. Outcome The jury found Stafford guilty of manslaughter and attempted manslaughter. Stafford was sentenced to forty years in prison, half of which would be served "without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence." On September 29, 2017, Greenhouse pleaded guilty to negligent homicide and malfeasance in office. He was sentenced to five years for the negligent homicide charge and two years for the malfeasance in office. Sources stated that Few's family agreed to the terms of the plea deal. The attorney general's prosecutor cited differences in the actions of the two officers as the reason for the extreme differences in their sentences. Norris Greenhouse, Jr. was released from prison as of July 3, 2019, after serving only 21 months (25%) of a seven-year sentence. References 2015 deaths 2015 in Louisiana 2015 controversies in the United States Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana Child deaths Deaths by firearm in Louisiana Deaths by person in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement controversies in the United States Law enforcement in Louisiana Murder in Louisiana People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Police brutality in the United States November 2015 events in the United States People murdered by law enforcement officers in the United States Murdered American children Marksville, Louisiana Incidents of violence against boys

48577410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Jamar%20Clark

Killing of Jamar Clark

On November 15, 2015, Jamar Clark, a 24-year-old African-American man, was fatally shot by police officers in Minneapolis. The two officers involved with the shooting were Mark Ringgenberg and Dustin Schwarze. They were a part of the Minneapolis Police Department and were subsequently placed on paid administrative leave. The night after the shooting, Clark died at the Hennepin County Medical Center after being taken off life support. His death was the result of a gunshot wound he sustained during the November 15 incident. In response to the shooting, Black Lives Matter organized protests outside the Fourth Precinct police station that lasted for 18 days, as well as other protests and demonstrations in and around Minneapolis. Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman announced that cases concerning officer-involved shootings would no longer be put before grand juries, but instead his office would make the decision to file criminal charges. On March 30, 2016, Freeman announced that no charges would be filed against Ringgenberg and Schwarze. Freeman concluded that the officers acted in accordance with Minnesota Statutes authorizing deadly force and that the state would be unable to provide evidence that the officer's use of force was unlawful. In 2019, Clark's family agreed to a $200,000 civil settlement which was approved by city council. Jamar Clark Jamar Clark (May 3, 1991 – November 16, 2015) was adopted by Wilma and James Clark when he was four. His family stated that he had a close relationship with his biological and adoptive parents and his 14 siblings. Clark had endured a difficult childhood but despite this, was on his way to turning his life around. At the time of the shooting, he was employed by Tim Hoag at Copeland Trucking and had hopes of attending college, although he never enrolled. Clark had previous encounters with law enforcement, beginning in 2010 when he received a felony conviction for first-degree aggravated robbery. The conviction resulted in a sentence of 41 months in prison, of which it is unclear how many Clark served. Clark faced a second conviction for terroristic threats after he threatened to burn down the apartment of an ex-girlfriend in March 2015, following a bitter breakup. According to Kyle Potter of the Associated Press, "He threw a brick through his ex-girlfriend's window and threatened to burn her apartment unit down -- leaving behind a trail of lighter fluid to prove it, according to court documents." As of November 2015, he was on probation for this crime. Potter wrote that Clark's ex-girlfriend described him as "a nurturing, loving man who was drawn to her four children, giving them advice and helping them sell candy for school", but that she also said that their relationship soured in recent times, resulting in their breakup. A Domestic Abuse No Contact Order was issued for Clark, requiring him to stay away from the ex-girlfriend until 2020. Additionally, Clark was awaiting trial for a high-speed chase arrest from July 2015. Shooting Jamar Clark was attending the birthday party of Nekelia Sharp, who was hosting the event at her apartment on the 1600 block of Plymouth Avenue North in Minneapolis. Sharp and her husband engaged in a dispute and Clark's girlfriend grabbed Sharp, after which Sharp and Clark's girlfriend fought. Clark stepped in to pull his girlfriend away and, according to Sharp, Clark's girlfriend hit him. The pair left and soon, someone called for help and paramedics were called. Sharp let them into her apartment and they escorted Clark's girlfriend to the ambulance, which Clark approached after she had entered it. An onlooker reported that both the paramedics and police who had arrived at the scene asked Clark to step away from the ambulance and that police then stepped out of their car, arrested Clark on the ground, and the EMS supervisor placed a knee on Clark's chest, after which point he was shot. County Attorney accounts say that Clark got into a confrontation with paramedics and then when police officers responded at 12:45a.m., a struggle ensued, Clark obtained the officer's gun, leading to the shooting by the other officer. Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman said that Clark was resisting and was not handcuffed. In a statement on November 16, police chief Janeé Harteau said that the Minneapolis Police Department's preliminary information was that Clark was not restrained with handcuffs when shot. An autopsy report, released on November 17, by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner concluded that Clark died from a gunshot wound to the head. The President of the Minneapolis Police Union Bob Kroll said that Clark was actively resisting arrest and tried to take the weapon of one of the officers, and that he was not handcuffed at the moment of the shooting. Clark's DNA was found on the handle of one of the officers' gun. Mike Freeman said there was no forensic evidence on Clark's arm indicating he was handcuffed at the time of shooting. In addition, he stated that 10 law enforcement and paramedic witnesses including the officers involved said he was not handcuffed. The United States Department of Justice Department declined to prosecute the officers, saying it found "insufficient evidence" for criminal civil rights charges. The federal government decision followed a separate investigation in March by Minnesota's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA), which concluded that the officers acted in self-defense and would not face criminal charges for the killing. Schwarze shot Clark only after Ringgenberg scuffled with the young man, according to the BCA findings. Clark allegedly took control of the officer's gun and Ringgenberg told Schwarze to open fire. The department's internal investigation confirmed those findings. They "concluded the use of deadly force in the line of duty was necessary to protect an officer from apparent death or great bodily harm." Other accounts have disputed the police's version of events. Nekelia Sharp said that the shooting occurred while Clark was handcuffed and not resisting. Teto Wilson, who visited a nearby club, said he saw Clark "perfectly still, laying [sic] on the ground" when he was shot. Keisha Steele, who lived near the area of the shooting, said she saw Clark's hands behind his back. Everett Spicer arrived at the scene after the shooting, and said he saw a motionless Clark handcuffed on the ground. Spicer said police removed the handcuffs from Clark as emergency medical services arrived to tend to him. In its decision to not charge the officers, the Department of Justice said that eyewitness accounts were inconsistent. Half of the witness interviewed said that Clark was not handcuffed. Among those that said he was handcuffed at the time of the shooting, federal authorities said that witness accounts varied regarding the timing and sequence of events, and if one or both hands were cuffed. Political reaction Immediate response The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) issued a statement condemning the shooting and demanded an independent investigation. The Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis defended the officers' actions during the shooting, adding that they had no previous disciplinary issues and pointing out a preceding incident in which an Aitkin County sheriff's deputy was disarmed and killed with his own gun. Administrative leave Mark Ringgenberg and Dustin Schwarze, who had been with the department for 13 months, both were subsequently placed on paid administrative leave while the investigation was conducted. Local politics Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges stated that she contacted the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice and the US Attorney for Minnesota in order to request an outside investigation in the "interest of transparency and community confidence." Although Minnesota's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension had already begun an investigation, Hodges indicated that Minneapolis needed "all the tools we have available to us" to investigate the shooting. Protests Black Lives Matter (BLM) activists and supporters protested for days outside the police precinct, protesting against information hiding, demanding for release of police dashcam and bodycam videos containing material evidence that can settle the truth of police accounts of the incident. Shooting of protesters On November 23, a group of four men, three wearing masks, were asked to leave the protest. The group was chased away from the demonstration by about a dozen protesters before one turned and opened fire at around 10:45 p.m. Five male protesters were shot, but none of them suffered life-threatening injuries. One of the injured protesters later said he heard the word "nigger" being used during the incident, although he did not state who exactly said it. Shots were also overheard the following night, though no injuries were reported. At 11:20 a.m. the next day, a 23-year-old white man was taken into custody in Bloomington. A 32-year-old Hispanic man was arrested in Minneapolis, but was later released after it was determined he was not at the scene of the shooting. At 2:30 p.m., two white men, ages 21 and 26, turned themselves in to police. Four men were charged in the shootings: Lawrence Scarsella, 23, with riot and five counts of assault (both in the second degree), and Daniel Thomas Macey, 26, Nathan Wayne Gustavsson, 21, and Joseph Martin Backman, 27, each with a charge of second-degree riot. Several of the men in custody are believed to have posted on 4chan's /pol/ and /k/ imageboards in connection with the shooting. Days before the shooting, the suspects had released a video of them using racial slurs while preparing to bring their weapons to a protest that night. As of March 14, 2016, attorneys for the men charged have motioned to dismiss the case based on self-defense. The motion says that the protesters wanted to "beat their asses" because they were white, KKK, or police. Interviews with two protesters indicate that the men charged were assaulted prior to being forced from the protest at which point they were followed for a number of blocks, before the men fired upon the group. The dismissal motion also indicates that there is video evidence saying that one of the alleged gunmen raised their hands in surrender before leaving and being assaulted afterwards. On January 24, 2017, current Burnsville Police Department and former Mankato PD officer Bret Levin, friend of Scarsella since high school, testified that he and Scarsella had exchanged "racially charged" texts, explicitly "negative about black people," on multiple occasions. On April 26, 2017, Scarsella was sentenced to 15 years for the shooting. Charges against Macey were dismissed on February 27, 2017, as he was not with Scarsella at the time of the shooting, they were separated when pursued by protesters. On July 20, 2017, Gustavsson was sentenced to eight months in the workhouse, with credit for nearly two months of time served in jail after pleading guilty to felony second-degree riot and aiding an offender after the fact. Backman was sentenced to 90 days of house arrest for aiding an offender after the fact, the riot charge against him was dismissed for the same reason Macey's charges were stayed. Removal of protest camp Protesters had camped outside of the 4th precinct for 18 days. At 4:00 a.m. on December 3, police arrived and handed out fliers stating protesters had ten minutes to leave. Later police began removing the encampments and most of the protesters left. Eight protesters who refused to leave were placed under arrest. Subsequent protests Black Lives Matter staged a December 23 protest of Clark's death at the Mall of America in Bloomington, a year after a similar protest in December 2014. The Mall sought to block the 2015 demonstrations, resulting in three of the protest's organizers being legally barred from entering the space. Protesters marched from the mall then took Metro Transit trains to the Terminal 2 station of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport where they were blocked by police and Terminal 2 security checkpoints were closed. Other protesters drove to Terminal 1 and blocked incoming airport traffic on Minnesota State Highway 5. A total 13 demonstrators were arrested. Another protest was conducted on January 18, 2016 (Martin Luther King, Jr. Day), with demonstrators against the deaths of Clark and Marcus Golden (a man who Saint Paul police had killed a year prior) blocking the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge for a short time. Protesters insisted that a special prosecutor should hear Clark's case, instead of a grand jury convening to decide whether Clark's shooting was justified. As late as November 2020, protests in Clark's name were still being held in Minneapolis. During events of the 2020–2021 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest, Clark's name was featured in protests alongside other Black men who were killed by police. Legal actions and settlement In February 2016, per the requests of local officials, the U.S. Department of Justice's Community Oriented Policing Services office announced that they would be conducting a review of the way the city handled the November protests. On March 16, Mike Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, announced that his office would cease the use of grand juries in shootings involving police officers. Freeman announced this because he believed that the use of a grand jury would not provide a transparent and fair trial (Lissargue, Jennie). The announcement was met with approval from activists and described by the Star Tribune as a "rare move" with potential ramifications throughout the country. Later in March, in preparation for Freeman's office's announcement about whether they would be pursuing charges against Ringgenberg and Schwarze, Harteau released a video warning against "violence or disruption" based on Freeman's actions. On March 30, Freeman announced that no charges against the officers would be filed. The officers were not charged because the county was not able to prove that beyond a reasonable doubt that the officers that were involved in the shooting, shot Jamar Clark unjustifiably, as stated in Minnesota Statutes, section 609.066. On June 13, 2019, Schwartze was removed as a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit filed by Clark's family. In August 2019, Attorneys for Clark's family confirmed that the family accepted a $200,000 settlement. This settlement sum was much larger than previous five-figures settlement proposal which city leaders offered in May 2019. The settlement went into effect after being approved by the Minneapolis City Council on August 23, 2019. See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul References Further reading Lissarague, Jennie (March 30, 2016). "No Charges in Hennepin County for 2 Minneapolis Officers in Jamar Clark Shooting". KSTP-TV. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Who was Jamar Clark?" (March 30, 2016). Star Tribune. Retrieved March 30, 2016. External links Minnesota Statutes, section 609.066, Authorized Use of Deadly Force by Peace Officers 2015 in Minnesota 2015 controversies in the United States Black Lives Matter Deaths by firearm in Minnesota 2010s in Minneapolis Law enforcement controversies in the United States Protests in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement November 2015 events in the United States African-American history in Minneapolis–Saint Paul African-American-related controversies Minneapolis Police Department History of racism in Minnesota African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

48644641

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Laquan%20McDonald

Murder of Laquan McDonald

The murder of Laquan McDonald took place on October 20, 2014, in Chicago, Illinois. McDonald was a 17-year-old African American youth who was fatally shot by a white Chicago Police Officer, Jason Van Dyke. Police had initially reported that McDonald was behaving erratically while walking down the street, refusing to put down a knife, and that he had lunged at officers. Preliminary internal police reports described the incident similarly, leading to the shooting being judged a justifiable and Van Dyke not being charged at the time. On November 24, 2015, thirteen months after the shooting, a court ordered the police to release a dash cam video of the shooting. It showed that McDonald was walking away from the police when he was shot 16 times by Officer Van Dyke. That same day, Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder and initially held without bail at the Cook County Jail. He was released on bail on November 30. The city reached a settlement with McDonald's family for $5 million in April 2015. On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second-degree murder, as well as 16 counts of aggravated battery with a firearm. Protests followed the shooting of McDonald, demanding changes in police and judicial procedure, and for the dismissal or resignation of city and county officials. Rahm Emanuel won a second term in 2015 as Mayor of Chicago (prior to the release of the dash cam video), but Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez lost her bid for reelection in 2016. At the request of Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan, the United States Department of Justice initiated a civil rights investigation into McDonald's death and the activities of the Chicago Police Department. It released its report in January 2017, describing the police as having a culture of "excessive violence", especially against minority suspects, and of having poor training and supervision. DOJ and city officials signed a consent decree for a plan for improvement to be overseen by the courts. Moreover, three Chicago police officers were tried for allegedly attempting to cover up events related to the shooting and were found not guilty by the Cook County Circuit Court on January 17, 2019. Profiles Laquan McDonald Laquan Joseph McDonald (September 25, 1997 – October 20, 2014) was from the 37th Ward of Chicago. According to NBC Chicago news, McDonald earned $1,100 working after school in the Youth Advocate Program in 2014. His final report card showed that he had earned an A in personal finance and music, a B in world studies and reading, and Cs in biology and algebra. He had a younger sister and brother. One of McDonald's teachers described him as "very respectful and reserved". The teacher added that McDonald "was not aggressive". Toxicology reports later revealed that McDonald had PCP in his blood and urine at the time of the encounter with police. Defense expert pharmacologist James Thomas O’Donnell testified that the amount found was enough to suggest he had taken the drug on the day of the shooting and that it could cause "significant bizarre behavior". Jason Van Dyke Jason D. Van Dyke (born 1978) was born in Hinsdale, Illinois, and graduated from Hinsdale South High School in 1996. He earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from St. Xavier University in Chicago. A 14-year veteran of the Chicago Police Department and earning a salary of $78,012, Van Dyke is married and has two children. Since 2001, some 20 citizen complaints have been filed against Officer Van Dyke, but none resulted in disciplinary action. Ten of the complaints allege he used excessive force, and two involve the use of a firearm. A jury awarded a Chicago man $350,000 after determining Van Dyke employed excessive force during a traffic stop. One complaint involved verbal abuse by Van Dyke, who used a racial slur. Van Dyke was involved in preparing questionable documentation of a separate shooting in 2005. According to CNN, "the Chicago Police Department has about 12,000 officers. Like Van Dyke, 402 officers have 20 or more complaints on file in the database. The most complaints against any officer, according to the database, is 68. The database shows that of the 20 complaints against Van Dyke none resulted in discipline. Five complaints in the database were "not sustained", five were unfounded, four resulted in exoneration, five had unknown outcomes and one resulted in no action taken." Events Shortly before 10:00 p.m., police were called to investigate McDonald at 4100 South Pulaski Road, responding to reports that he was carrying a knife and breaking into vehicles in a trucking yard at 41st Street and Kildare Avenue. When officers confronted McDonald, he used a knife with a blade to slice the tire on a patrol vehicle and damage its windshield. McDonald walked away from police after numerous verbal instructions from officers to drop the knife, at which point responding officers requested Taser backup, according to radio recordings released December 30, 2015, to Politico and NBC Chicago in response to Illinois Freedom of Information Act requests. Video of the shooting shows that Van Dyke was advancing on McDonald, while McDonald was walking away from Van Dyke when the first shot was fired. The first shot hit McDonald, who spun and fell to the ground. As McDonald lay on the ground, still holding the knife, Van Dyke fired more shots into him. In total, Van Dyke fired 16 shots at McDonald in 14–15 seconds, expending the maximum capacity of his 9 mm semi-automatic firearm. Van Dyke was on the scene for less than 30 seconds before opening fire and began shooting approximately six seconds after exiting his car. The first responding officer said that he did not see the need to use force, and none of the at least eight other officers on the scene fired their weapons. Laquan McDonald was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 10:42 p.m. Initial police report The initial police portrayals of the incident, consisting of about 400 pages of typed and handwritten reports, prompted police supervisors to rule the case a justifiable homicide and within the bounds of the department's use of force guidelines. The reports did not say how many times McDonald was shot and said McDonald was acting "crazed" and lunged at officers after refusing to drop his knife. Michael D. Robbins, one of the attorneys representing the McDonald estate, said his initial thoughts were that "I didn't think there was a case if he had lunged at a police officer", adding, "The police narrative, without exception, is that the use of force is justified and necessary, which it sometimes is." One police report described that McDonald "raised the knife across chest" and pointed it at Van Dyke. Van Dyke told investigators that he feared McDonald would rush him with the knife or throw it at him, and he also recalled a 2012 Police Department bulletin warning about a knife that was also capable of firing a bullet, as well as throwing knives and also spring-loaded knives capable of propelling the blade. One report noted that McDonald's knife "was in the open position" but, when announcing charges against Van Dyke, Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez said the knife was found folded at the scene. Medical report According to the Cook County Medical Examiner's Office's autopsy report, which was revealed by journalist Jamie Kalven through a public records request, McDonald was shot in his neck, chest, back, both arms, right leg and a graze wound to his left scalp. Nine of the 16 shots hit McDonald's back, and he was shot as he lay on the ground. His death was ruled a homicide. Dash-cam video Five police videos of the incident are known to exist, including the view from a camera mounted in the marked police SUV that Van Dyke was riding in as he and his partner responded to the scene. The videos show that at least eight police vehicles responded to the scene, but no video has been released from the other three vehicles. Chicago police officers are required to make sure that their video systems are working properly, and that they should "submit a ticket if they are unable to download digitally recorded data." There were no repair tickets requested by any of the three vehicles missing video on the scene that night. When video footage was initially released, it did not contain audio, although Chicago Police dashboard cameras should automatically record audio when the video recording is activated. According to a CPD video, "The in-car camera system automatically engages both the audio and the video recording when the vehicles' emergency roof lights are activated" and each vehicle has a front and rear camera and microphone. City officials initially blamed a technical problem. It was later revealed that the audio recording equipment in officer Van Dyke's vehicle had been "intentionally damaged" according to records from police technicians. Another car's audio was disabled because the microphones were in the glove compartment with the batteries inserted backwards. For another, a mobile start-up recorder was corrupted, and a third was processing other video at the time. The Sun-Times published that a sergeant reported officers throwing their microphones on the roof of the Jefferson Park police station to the Internal Police Review Authority a month and a half before the release of the Laquan McDonald dashcam video in an apparent protest against being recorded. Fraternal Order of Police president Dean Angelo defended officers in an interview, saying that operator error could be any number of accidents, adding, "Things always trickle downhill so it winds up the responsibility of the beat officer—God forbid it's the responsibility of the agency." Burger King surveillance video There was also a security camera at a nearby Burger King restaurant that may have captured the shooting, but during the time of the shooting there is a gap of 86 minutes in the recording. The manager of the restaurant said that on the night of the shooting, five Chicago police officers gained access to the video and passwords on the equipment, and that by the time the Independent Police Review Authority requested to view the footage the next day, it had been erased. The Tribune later obtained footage showing a Chicago police employee working on the restaurant's computers after the shooting. However, according to FBI sources, the video taken from the Burger King surveillance camera was not altered, and there were gaps throughout the surveillance video because the system at Burger King was a "mess". $5 million settlement Attorneys for the estate of Laquan McDonald entered into negotiations with the City of Chicago to settle claims arising out of his death. The Chicago City Council approved a $5 million settlement to McDonald's family on April 15, 2015, although the family had not yet filed a wrongful-death lawsuit. Emails from the mayor's office surrounding the case later revealed the settlement deal was finalized the day after the Mayor of Chicago, Rahm Emanuel, secured his second term by a run-off election. Part of the settlement agreement required that the video be sealed until investigations were completed, which could have delayed the release of the video for years. Aldermen were not shown the dash-cam video before approving the settlement, although city Corporation Counsel Stephen Patton said the existence of the video influenced the council's decision to settle before a lawsuit, and details about the video were given to the Finance Committee during a hearing. The decision took only "5 seconds out of a two hour, 45 minute meeting" to approve. Dick Simpson, a UIC political scientist and former Chicago alderman, said "It's odd not only in this case but maybe in others that there isn't more debate on the floor because that's where the public gets informed." Legal proceedings Requests for documents Reporters noted inconsistencies between the narrative police told reporters, the autopsy, and an anonymous eyewitness account before the video was publicly released. A whistle-blower expressed concern over the handling of the McDonald shooting a few weeks after the shooting, revealing "that there was a video and that it was horrific", to journalist Jamie Kalven and attorney Craig Futterman. The pair issued a statement calling on Chicago police to release the dash-cam video of the incident. The city of Chicago denied at least 15 requests for its release. Brandon Smith, a freelance journalist, and William Calloway, a community activist, filed a request for the video under the Freedom of Information Act in May 2015. When the request was denied, Smith filed a lawsuit against the City of Chicago in Cook County Circuit Court. Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan sent a letter to the Police Department the day before a court hearing, stating that they cannot withhold the video. She said that they had not substantiated their claim that releasing the video would interfere with an ongoing investigation or jeopardize a fair trial if any officer was charged. On November 19, Cook County Judge Franklin Valderrama denied the city's request for a stay, ordering the video to be released to the public no later than November 25. The city did not appeal the judge's decision. On November 24, after a press conference, the video was released that showed an officer fatally shooting McDonald. Investigations A criminal investigation also began weeks after the shooting, when the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA) forwarded the case to the state's attorney's office and the FBI. The U.S. attorney's office confirmed on April 13, 2015, that they had been conducting a federal criminal investigation of the McDonald case in conjunction with the state attorney's office, after contradictions were found between the initial police report and the dash-cam video. The police report said that McDonald had lunged at an officer, but the video footage showed that McDonald made no lunges. The video does show that McDonald was swinging the knife in his right hand in a wide, but aimless manner as he walked down the street, and also appears to show that McDonald turns slightly to look briefly at Van Dyke and another officer who are pointing guns at him, but that he continues to walk away from both officers at the moment Van Dyke opens fire on him. On December 2, 2015, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan asked the U.S. Justice Department to launch a separate civil rights investigation of Chicago police tactics. DOJ enlarged the scope of their investigation based on early findings, issuing a report in January 2017. (See later section on this). Van Dyke's trial On November 24, 2015, the same day the video was released, Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez announced that Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder, and Van Dyke turned himself in to authorities. He was initially held without bail at Cook County Jail for six days. Crowd funding website GoFundMe shut down a page that was set up to raise funds for his legal defense shortly after it had raised just over $10,000. On November 30, Van Dyke was granted bail, set at $1,500,000. He posted $150,000—ten percent of the bail—and was released from jail. On December 16, Van Dyke was indicted by a grand jury on six counts of first-degree murder and one count of official misconduct. The six counts of first-degree murder were: Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure With Firearm, Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure With Firearm, Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm, Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm, Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm Proximately, and Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm Proximately. On December 29, 2015, Van Dyke pleaded not guilty to the charges. Van Dyke's attorney, Daniel Herbert, said that his client fears for his life. Protesters yelled at him and called him names as he approached the courthouse for his arraignment. Van Dyke had a history of complaints in his police career but was cleared in most cases. After the arraignment, Herbert said he was looking for evidence to clear his client's name. On January 29, 2016, Herbert accused Chicago's mayor of tainting possible jurors, as he considered an effort to move the trial outside of Cook county: It's been dozens and dozens of comments where [Rahm Emanuel] essentially indicted my client. He's characterized my client's actions as being heinous without even seeing the videotape. So when the mayor of the city in which the pool of jurors is drawn from has taken such an adamant stance, it makes it extremely difficult for us to get a juror in here who is not predisposed to a finding of guilt. If convicted of first-degree murder, Van Dyke would have faced a prison sentence of 20 years to life. The case marked the first time in nearly 35 years that a Chicago police officer had been charged with first-degree murder for an on-duty fatality. On March 23, 2017, the charges against Van Dyke were six counts of first degree murder and 16 counts of aggravated battery, one for each shot fired at Laquan McDonald. Jury selection began on September 5, 2018, and the trial commenced on September 17. On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second degree murder and 16 counts of aggravated battery with a firearm, but was found not guilty of official misconduct. On January 18, 2019, Van Dyke was sentenced to 6.75 years in prison for the second-degree murder conviction alone instead of the other more serious charges, which was contrary to Illinois Supreme Court precedent. Illinois Attorney General Kwame Raoul filed a request with the Illinois Supreme Court to vacate Van Dyke's sentence for second-degree murder and impose a sentence on each of the 16 aggravated battery counts. A majority of Illinois Supreme Court Justices voted to deny this request without a hearing or explanation. Two Justices authored dissenting opinions stating that the decision of the sentencing judge had been unlawful. The Illinois Department of Corrections refused to disclose the state prison where Van Dyke was initially incarcerated to serve his sentence, citing safety reasons. He was transferred on February 5, 2019, to the Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut. During his first week at this facility, he was assaulted by other inmates while in the general population. Sometime after the assault, he was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville in Otisville, New York. In November 2019 he was moved from the Otisville federal prison to a state prison outside Illinois. On February 3, 2022, Van Dyke was released from prison after serving 39 months of his 81-month sentence. He was eligible to be released early due to good behavior in prison. He was subsequently on mandatory supervised release, i.e. parole. Trial of March, Walsh, and Gaffney On June 27, 2017, three current or former Chicago police officers were charged with conspiracy, official misconduct, and obstruction of justice connected with a coverup of the shooting. Those charged were David March, the lead detective in this case, Joseph Walsh, Van Dyke's partner on the night of the shooting, and Thomas Gaffney. Their bench trial began on November 27, 2018, and a verdict was expected by January 15, 2019. On January 17, 2019, Cook County Judge Domenica Stephenson found them not guilty of the charges. Reactions Protests November protests After the release of the video on November 24, 2015, a few hundred people blocked the intersection of Roosevelt and Michigan Avenue in protest. On November 25, 2015, more protests were held. On the second night of protest, marchers tore off lights from a public Christmas Tree in Daley Plaza and multiple marchers were arrested. On Friday, November 27, a major day for Christmas shopping in the U.S., a group of protesters chanted "sixteen shots" and other slogans while marching on Michigan Avenue, the city of Chicago's central shopping district. This caused some businesses to shut their doors and the police closed Michigan Avenue, a six-lane street. December protests A 16-hour sit-in at the Cook County building on December 3, 2015, proceeded after Alvarez refused to resign on December 2. Protests erupted in the Loop after Mayor Emanuel called a special council meeting to apologize for his slow reaction to fix problems within the Chicago police department. On December 24, a month after the video had been published, protests disrupting Christmas-season shopping were again held on Michigan Avenue. Protesters also stood in the alley behind Emanuel's home the last three days in a row in December, promising to continue for 13 more days—to symbolize the 16 shots McDonald took from police—in an effort to force Emanuel to resign. On New Year's Eve, protesters temporarily took over parts of City Hall and a Hyatt hotel lobby, chanting "Rahm gotta go." January protests Over 100 African-American pastors boycotted the 30-year tradition of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Interfaith Breakfast, hosted by Chicago's mayor Rahm Emanuel. The breakfast was attended by Rev. Matthew Ross, who interrupted the proceedings when he stood up and began to chant "16 shots and a cover-up" during a musical performance. The day after Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, about 200 Black Youth Project 100 Chicago Chapter members, dressed in black T-shirts with the words "Fund Black Futures" written across them, blocked the entrance of the Chicago Patrolmen's Federal Credit Union in an effort to protest the Fraternal Order of Police's advocacy of the Chicago police department. City officials continue to deal with the aftermath of the McDonald shooting and are working to change the long-standing policy of keeping police shooting video under wraps. Protesters chanted "16 shots and a cover-up!" as Officer Van Dyke walked into court for a status hearing on January 29, 2016. February protests Laquan McDonald protesters hijacked a rally to support Apple's decision to fight back in the FBI–Apple encryption dispute in front of the Apple store on Michigan Avenue on February 24, 2016. Protesters started chants against Alvarez and Emanuel, but the crowd dispersed after several in the crowd got into a shoving match with police. March protests A rally started at State and Jackson consisting of "less than 50 people" on March 2, 2016, to mark 500 days since the shooting of Laquan McDonald. Other protesters were arrested for blocking the flow of traffic on Adams near Michigan Avenue. Other reactions On November 25, 2015, Senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders released a statement sending condolences to McDonald's family and criticizing the Emanuel administration and Chicago's police force. On November 29, 2015, Jabari Dean, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, posted an online threat to kill 16 unspecified white males—one for every shot fired at McDonald, plus any white police officers who might intervene—at the University of Chicago. The university announced that classes would be cancelled the next day. The same day, the FBI arrested Dean, who was charged with "transmitting in interstate commerce communications containing a threat to injure the person of another." Federal prosecutors stated they did not believe Dean had the means to carry out the attack he had threatened. The federal charge was later dropped against Dean. Chance the Rapper referred to the shooting on Saturday Night Live on December 12, 2015. He would refer to the shooting again on his second appearance on the show with Kanye West on February 13, 2016. On June 2, 2016, Vic Mensa released a song entitled "16 Shots", referring to McDonald's death. Aftermath Chicago Police Accountability Task Force On December 1, 2015, Rahm Emanuel created the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force, led by then-President of the Chicago Police Board Lori Lightfoot, "to review the system of accountability, oversight and training that is currently in place for Chicago's police officers." The Task Force's final report, published April 13, 2016, found racism and systemic failures in the city's police force, validating complaints made for years by African-American residents. Firing of Superintendent Garry McCarthy Emanuel fired Superintendent Garry McCarthy on December 1, 2015, under political pressure from protesters. McCarthy knew of the dash-cam video a few weeks after the shooting and stripped Officer Van Dyke of his police powers. Due to the IPRA investigation under way, McCarthy could not fire the officer, nor discipline him or put him on a "no pay" status. McCarthy refused to resign, so Emanuel fired him. Calls for Anita Alvarez's resignation Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez was criticized by political challengers and others for the delay in the release of the dash-cam video, which she viewed weeks after the shooting, and the long wait to charge Van Dyke for McDonald's death. This took more than a year and was completed only hours before the court-ordered release of the video. She faced a difficult primary election in March 2016. Calls for her resignation came from within her own party, including Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle. As of December 2, 2015, Alvarez had refused to resign, which prompted a 16-hour sit-in by protesters at the Cook County building on December 3, 2015. Alvarez said she had been cooperating with the FBI investigation since November 2014, and asked her critics why she would call in the FBI if she was attempting a cover-up. She also defended Mayor Rahm Emanuel's comments that it would be premature to release the dash-cam video in light of the investigation, saying it "was in the best interest of the investigation". Kim Foxx, a former prosecutor running against Alvarez with support by Jesse Jackson and other civil rights leaders, disagrees: By waiting so long to press charges in this case, State's Attorney Alvarez has done the McDonald family and the entire criminal justice system a heinous disservice. She waited until her hand was forced by intense political and media pressure surrounding the release of this painful video. She waited even after City Hall was prepared to pay the McDonald family $5 million in damages. In the 2016 election for Cook County State's Attorney, Alvarez was the subject of an activist campaign (sometimes referred to as "#ByeAnita") that criticized her for her handling of the Lacquan McDonald and Rekia Boyd cases, along with her broader role in the criminal justice system. Alvarez lost her bid for reelection in the March 2016 primary, earning 29 percent of the votes. Challenger Kim Foxx, who ran on a platform of criminal justice reform, won with 58 percent of the votes, and went on to win the general election. Calls for Rahm Emanuel's resignation McDonald's killing occurred four months before Emanuel faced a difficult campaign for reelection in February 2015. (He failed to win the majority and was elected by 56 percent in a runoff election—the first in Chicago's history— against Jesús "Chuy" García). The delayed timing of release of the video, the Chicago City Council's awarding the family $5 million within weeks of McDonald's death, and Emanuel firing Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy, prompted some commentators to accuse the city of cover-up. Journalist Ben Joravsky wrote in the Chicago Reader: Just imagine [if] Mayor Emanuel had released the video in, say, November [2014]—without being forced to by a lawsuit.... But of course, he didn't do the right thing. He buried the video. He allowed officials to mislead the public. He hid the tapes because most likely he [...] assumed it would hurt his reelection campaign. Thus he not only did the immoral thing, he did the politically stupid thing. Cook County state's attorney Anita Alvarez probably would've quickly responded with an indictment—just like she did earlier this week, when the tape actually was released. I mean, it's really hard to look at that tape and not call for an indictment. If the mayor had done that, he wouldn't be the villain in this sordid story. He'd be the hero. Or at least the guy who finally, for once in his life, did the right thing. Emanuel subsequently created the Task Force on Police Accountability to review current training and oversight for Chicago's police officers. He also maintained he never saw the dash-cam video until it was publicly released and would not resign. Emanuel's image received a blow when U.S. District Judge Edmond Chang accused city attorney Jordan Marsh, an attorney who handled cases in the office that represents the city in police misconduct lawsuits, of hiding evidence in a fatal police shooting. There was no legal mechanism to force Emanuel's resignation. State representative La Shawn K. Ford filed House Bill 4356 to set up the mechanism for a recall election, but it was not passed. Illinois Republican governor Bruce Rauner said he would sign such a bill. Video released of shooting of Ronald Johnson III On December 1, 2015, the city announced that there was a video of a fatal police shooting that took place on October 12, 2014. Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez's office investigated possible criminal charges against Officer George Hernandez (whose name was revealed on December 7), who shot Ronald Johnson III in the back during a foot chase. The officer opened fire seconds after arriving on the scene, when Johnson was moving away from police. Johnson was allegedly a known gang member and also allegedly armed; a gun was recovered at the scene. The attorney for Johnson's family contends police planted the weapon. The city fought to keep the video of the incident secret so as not to jeopardize the officer's right to a fair trial should he be indicted. As in the McDonald case, the video lacks audio. The city released the video on December 7 due to pressure for transparency prompted by the McDonald case. No charges have been filed against Hernandez. De-escalation and Taser training On December 30, 2015, Emanuel announced sweeping reforms within the police department, including new police training for handling tense situations and equipping every officer with a Taser, to be used to control suspects. All officers were to be equipped and trained by June 2016. Officers at the McDonald scene were waiting for a Taser to arrive before Van Dyke shot the suspect. At that time, 21.5 percent of officers had been trained to use a Taser. Dean Angelo, president of the Chicago chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police, said on the subject: "I know there are people on the job for 9 or 10 years who have not been trained. I can't say they have all requested training, but I am sure some have. It's very hard to get the proper training as a Chicago police officer and that's something that has been going on for a very long time. There is certainly a percentage of my members who believe that the Chicago Police Department doesn't offer the same level of training, or the same opportunities to obtain training, as many other police departments in the country. I think the general attitude is that's just 'Welcome to the Chicago Police Department.'" Emails from the mayor's office released On December 31, 2015, 3,085 pages of emails split across seven PDFs regarding the McDonald case and other police-related matters were obtained under the Illinois Freedom of Information Act. The timing of the release (on New Year's Eve) has been described by reporters as "strategic". The exchanges show that the mayor's staff had been communicating with both the IPRA and the office of the Cook County state attorney since the October 2014 shooting. They document fact-gathering and news-monitoring, to crafting a unified "message" on how to respond to media inquiries regarding the McDonald shooting. The emails included several highly redacted speech drafts to use if the video was released, prepared nearly a year before the release of the dash-cam video, which Emanuel's top aides knew existed. The emails also cover the topics of discrepancies between the police reports and dash-cam video, the lack of audio on the dash-cam videos (which senior mayoral adviser David Spielfogel noted: "The number of malfunctions seems a bit odd."), express exasperation with statements made by the IPRA, note the missing Burger King footage, and reports on protests and social media activity—all of which is highly redacted. The media characterized the emails as calling into question the "independence" of the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA), an agency approved by Chicago City Hall in 2007 to investigate allegations of police misconduct and made up entirely of civilian members. Aides to the mayor have responded that the communications were routine and did not interfere with the IPRA's investigation. Scott Ando, the former head of the IPRA who was fired by Emanuel in December, concurred that the mayor's office never interfered in the agency's investigations. He said: "We were generally asked to clear every messaging or release to the press ... I really think if I'd been allowed to be more responsive to the questions that were posed, it would have cleared the air a lot sooner." Adam Collins, a spokesperson for the mayor, has defended the mayor's office to the media, saying, "The mayor's office obviously does not direct investigations, nor are any employees involved in those investigations." In a May 26 email to Janey Rountree, Deputy Chief of Staff for Public Safety, Collins wrote: "Against my recommendation, IPRA has already provided this response that was a little antagonistic. I've asked that they follow up with this as well to soften and reinforce their message." The emails also reveal communication from the mayor's office with influential religious leaders Reverend Jesse Jackson and Father Michael Pfleger, asking them to soften their critical remarks on the case and explain the city could not fire Officer Van Dyke due to the IPRA investigation. Several persons, including Streetsblog Chicago reporter Steven Vance, Chicago Teachers Union member Luke Carman, and Twitter user "natalie solidarity", and others, collaborated on an effort to catalog the documents for easier access by readers. Request for emails from Van Dyke and other police officers In January 2016, CNN submitted a Freedom of Information Act request for emails regarding the McDonald case from Van Dyke, his partner, and other police officers. CNN requested emails from both official CPD email accounts and personal email accounts. However, after CNN appealed to the Public Access Counselor, CPD officials revealed that they had not attempted to look through the officers' personal email accounts, arguing that personal emails are not public records subject to disclosure. In August that year, Attorney General Lisa Madigan ruled that emails on personal accounts that pertain to public business must be disclosed to the public. Her ruling was a binding opinion, requiring CPD to search the officers' email accounts and comply with the decision within 35 days. CPD appealed the ruling in court, and lost in September 2017. Ultimately, CNN never received the emails that it had requested. Each of the officers, individually or through their attorneys, either refused to provide emails, ignored the request, or denied having any relevant emails. Documents from 2005 Incident In May 2016, CNN revealed documents of a 2005 incident, in which Van Dyke had written a police report without speaking to any of the personnel or witnesses at the scene of another police shooting. Records of the investigation indicated that Van Dyke had also inappropriately thrown out the original documents pertaining to the case. Two recommendations that officers be fired On August 16, 2016, inspector Joseph Ferguson recommended that 10 officers be fired, followed up by Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson's recommendation on August 18, that 7 police officers be fired for false or misleading statements made about the incident. 2017 DOJ Report and agreement for oversight of city police DOJ announced the completion of their investigation and issued a "scathing report" in early January 2017, noting problems in a police culture of excessive violence, especially against minorities; and lack of training and oversight. DOJ and the city have a preliminary agreement to undertake broad reforms for improvement, with the goal of increasing the safety of both citizens and officers. It noted the department's improvements, such as training in de-escalation to avoid use of force, issuance of Tasers, officers wearing body cameras, and the reshaping of a police oversight body. Also in January 2017, the city and DOJ signed "an agreement in principle to work together, with community input, to create a federal court-enforceable consent decree addressing the deficiencies uncovered during the investigation. An independent monitor, who has yet to be chosen, will oversee compliance." In February 2017, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions signaled that the Trump administration would "pull back" on federal civil rights probes of local police departments. He would not commit to enforcing the consent decree signed by Chicago and the Department of Justice. In June 2017, Mayor Emanuel backed off his commitment to enter a court-enforced agreement with the federal government. He said that an independent monitor selected by the city could work with the Justice Department to pursue police reforms without court oversight. Later that month, a group of civil rights organizations filed a federal lawsuit seeking court enforcement of police reforms. Also in June, Toni Preckwinkle, the president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, and Jesús "Chuy" García, another member of the Cook County Board, advocated for judicial oversight, as did Chicago Inspector General Joseph Ferguson. In August 2017, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a lawsuit in federal court requesting that a judge oversee police reform in Chicago. In July 2018, Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel and Illinois attorney general Lisa Madigan announced a proposed court settlement that was the first draft of a consent decree that would eventually serve as a court-enforced mandate governing reforms of the Chicago Police Department. Documentary film 16 Shots is a documentary film about the shooting of Laquan McDonald and the subsequent police cover-up. It was directed by Richard Rowley, and produced by Jacqueline Soohen and Jamie Kalven. Originally titled The Blue Wall, it premiered on May 1, 2018, at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto. Rowley subsequently updated the film to include later events, and re-titled it 16 Shots. The revised documentary premiered on June 14, 2019, on the Showtime network. See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, October 2014 Skullcap Crew Dismissal of Robert Rialmo References External links External video dashcam footage Catalog of emails from the mayor's office regarding the case 2014 in Illinois 2015 in Illinois 2010s in Chicago 2014 murders in the United States African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter Chicago Police Department Filmed killings by law enforcement Murder in Chicago Police brutality in the United States Protests in the United States Articles containing video clips October 2014 events in the United States October 2014 crimes in the United States People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Murders by law enforcement officers in the United States Incidents of violence against boys

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20December%202015

Deaths in December 2015

The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2015. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. December 2015 1 Edwar al-Kharrat, 89, Egyptian novelist, pneumonia. Rob Blokzijl, 72, Dutch physicist and computer scientist. Marc Breslow, 89, American game show director (The Price is Right, Match Game, Family Feud). Joseph Engelberger, 90, American engineer and inventor. Leoni Franco, 73, Uruguayan musician, composer and guitarist. Robert E. Glennen, 82, American academic, President of Emporia State University (1985–1997). Shirley Gunter, 81, American R&B singer. John F. Kurtzke, 89, American neurologist. Jim Loscutoff, 85, American basketball player (Boston Celtics), NBA champion (1957, 1959–1964), complications of pneumonia and Parkinson's disease. Trevor Obst, 75, Australian football player (Port Adelaide). Xavier Olea Muñoz, 92, Mexican lawyer and politician, Governor of Guerrero (1975). Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, 87, English-born Kenyan writer. V. Ramachandran, 84, Indian civil servant. Antonio Troyo Calderón, 92, Costa Rican Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of San José de Costa Rica (1979–2002). 2 Sandy Berger, 70, American political consultant, United States National Security Advisor (1997–2001), cancer. Theodor Borchgrevink, 92, Norwegian civil engineer. Bryony Brind, 55, English ballerina, heart attack. John Eaton, 81, American composer, brain hemorrhage. Gabriele Ferzetti, 90, Italian actor (L'Avventura, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Once Upon a Time in the West). Ray Gandolf, 85, American sportscaster. Shelby Highsmith, 86, American federal judge, adrenal cancer. Sam Ibiam, 90, Nigerian footballer (national team). Portia James, 62, American curator and historian. Ferenc Juhász, 87, Hungarian poet. Wim Kolijn, 71, Dutch politician. Ernst Larsen, 89, Norwegian runner, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). Bob Martyn, 85, American baseball player (Kansas City Athletics). Will McMillan, 71, American actor (General Hospital, The Crazies), producer, and director. Joan L. Mitchell, 68, American computer scientist, co-inventor of JPEG. Sir John Osborn, 92, British politician, Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam (1959–1987). M. A. M. Ramaswamy, 84, Indian industrialist and politician. John Rassias, 90, American language professor. Wally Roker, 78, American R&B singer and music executive, complications following brain surgery. George T. Sakato, 94, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient. A. Sheriff, 74, Indian screenwriter (Avalude Ravukal). Thom Thomas, 80, American playwright, leukemia. Anthony Valentine, 76, British actor (Colditz, Coronation Street, Escape to Athena), Parkinson's disease. Luz Marina Zuluaga, 77, Colombian beauty queen, Miss Universe (1958). Perpetrators of the 2015 San Bernardino attack shot dead by police: Syed Rizwan Farook, 28, American. Tashfeen Malik, 29, Pakistani. 3 Omar Ali, 76, Bangladeshi poet. Gladstone Anderson, 81, Jamaican musician. Willie Burden, 64, Canadian football player (Calgary Stampeders) and sports administrator. Roy Evans, 84, Welsh trade union leader. Sunil Hettiarachchi, 78, Sri Lankan actor. Eevi Huttunen, 93, Finnish speed skater, world champion (1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959), Olympic bronze medalist (1960). Lawrence Pugh, 82, American businessman, chief executive of VF Corporation. *Shared Belief, 4, American racehorse, colic. Arthur R. Taylor, 80, American businessman, president of CBS. Scott Weiland, 48, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots, Velvet Revolver, The Wondergirls), accidental drug and alcohol overdose. Howard West, 84, American television producer (Seinfeld). Melvin Williams, 73, American drug trafficker and actor (The Wire), cancer. Michael Wilson, 75, New Zealand cricketer. 4 Jaime Camino, 79, Spanish film director (The Long Winter, Lights and Shadows). Erik De Vlaeminck, 70, Belgian cyclist, seven-time world-champion cyclo-cross (1966, 1968–1973). Norman Engleback, 88, British architect. John Glad, 73, American academic and translator. Ricardo Guízar Díaz, 82, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Tlalnepantla (1996–2009). Henry Hall, 87, British physicist. Robert Loggia, 85, American actor (Jagged Edge, Scarface, Big), Alzheimer's disease. Rodney Milnes, 79, British opera critic. Karen Montgomery, 66, American actress and film producer, breast cancer. Irakli Ochiauri, 91, Georgian sculptor. Takamasa Sakurai, 49, Japanese author and popular culture expert, proponent of anime for cultural exchange, hit by train. Yossi Sarid, 75, Israeli politician, member of Knesset (1974–2006), Minister of Environment (1992–1996) and Education (1999–2000). Dmitry Shumkov, 43, Russian lawyer and investor, asphyxiation. Dag Skogheim, 87, Norwegian writer. Lajos Takács, 91, Hungarian mathematician. Xu Ming, 44, Chinese entrepreneur and billionaire. 5 Zafar Altaf, 74, Pakistani cricketer, administrator and civil servant, heart attack. Willie Coburn, 74, Scottish footballer (St Johnstone). Peter Cochrane, 96, Scottish World War II army officer. Luigi Conti, 86, Italian-born Vatican diplomat, Apostolic nuncio (1975–2003). Ray Crooke, 93, Australian artist, winner of the Archibald Prize (1969). Kiki Divaris, 90, Greek fashion designer, complications from pneumonia. Vic Eliason, 79, American Christian broadcaster, cancer. Marty Feldman, 93, American football coach (Oakland Raiders) and Marine. Markku Häkkinen, 69, Finnish botanist. Yolande Henderson, 81, Pakistani teacher, intestinal cancer. William McIlvanney, 79, Scottish novelist and poet. Hack Meyers, 41, American professional wrestler (ECW), complications from brain surgery. Marília Pêra, 72, Brazilian actress (Pixote, Better Days Ahead), lung cancer. Dimitar Iliev Popov, 88, Bulgarian politician, Prime Minister (1990–1991). Tibor Rubin, 86, Hungarian-born American Medal of Honor recipient and Holocaust survivor. Wolfgang Sandner, 66, German physicist. Siddhi Savetsila, 96, Thai politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1980–1990), Deputy Prime Minister (1986). Dave Scholz, 67, American basketball player (Philadelphia 76ers). Horst Schuldes, 76, German Olympic ice hockey player (1960), (1964). Franz Speta, 74, Austrian botanist. Chuck Williams, 100, American business executive and author, founder of Williams Sonoma. Bruce Yorke, 91, Canadian politician. 6 Dale Anderson, 83, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings). Ken Beatrice, 72, American radio personality (WMAL, WTEM), complications from pneumonia. Ian Burns, 76, Scottish footballer (Aberdeen). Max Hauri, 73, Swiss Olympic equestrian. Mack Herron, 67, American football player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers, New England Patriots). Ko Chun-hsiung, 70, Taiwanese actor (Eight Hundred Heroes, Attack Force Z), director and politician, member of the Legislative Yuan (2005–2008), lung cancer. Franzl Lang, 84, German yodeler. Liu Juying, 98, Chinese politician and army general. Mariuccia Mandelli, 90, Italian fashion designer, founder of Krizia. Mike Mangold, 60, American commercial and aerobatics pilot, world champion (2005, 2007), plane crash. Mick McLaughlin, 72, Welsh footballer (Hereford United, Newport County). John L. Myers, 68, American politician. Jaafar Mohammed Saad, Yemeni politician and general, Governor of Aden (since 2015), car bombing. Georg Smefjell, 78, Norwegian Olympic ice hockey player (1964), (1968). Nicholas Smith, 81, British actor (Are You Being Served?, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Doctor Who), complications from a fall. Zoltán Szabó, 86, Hungarian cardiac surgeon, performed nation's first successful heart transplant. Tomi Taira, 87, Japanese actress, respiratory failure. Holly Woodlawn, 69, Puerto Rican-born American actress and Warhol superstar, brain and liver cancer. Wu Te-mei, 68, Taiwanese politician, MLY (1984–1996), kidney failure caused by diabetes. 7 Betty Bourke, 91, New Zealand health administrator. Martin E. Brooks, 90, American actor (The Six Million Dollar Man, The Bionic Woman, Dallas). Lolita Aniyar de Castro, 78, Venezuelan politician. Horn Chen, 83, American businessman. Jesse C. Deen, 93, American politician. Heinz Fricke, 88, German conductor and music director. Hoàng Hà Giang, 24, Vietnamese Taekwondo athlete, silver medalist at the 2006 Asian Games. Gerhard Lenski, 91, American sociologist. Rrok Mirdita, 76, Montenegrin-born Albanian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Tiranë-Durrës (since 1992). Virginia A. Myers, 88, American artist, professor and printmaker. Kenneth Partridge, 89, English interior decorator. Elaine Riley, 98, American actress. Hyron Spinrad, 81, American astronomer. Shirley Stelfox, 74, British actress (Emmerdale, Keeping Up Appearances, Coronation Street), cancer. Jennifer Taylor, 80, Australian architect and academic. Peter Westbury, 77, British racing driver. 8 Mattiwilda Dobbs, 90, American coloratura soprano, cancer. Gus Gil, 76, Venezuelan baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Milwaukee Brewers, Seattle Pilots). Alan Hodgkinson, 79, English footballer (Sheffield United, national team). Derek Hyatt, 84, English landscape painter. Bonnie Lou, 91, American country singer, dementia. Gary Marker, 72, American bassist (Rising Sons, Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band) and recording engineer, stroke. Johnny More, 81, English impressionist, leukaemia. J. Hugh Nichols, 85, American politician. Anthony Francis Sharma, 77, Nepalese Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar Apostolic of Nepal (1984–2014). Jokelyn Tienstra, 45, Dutch handball player, brain tumor. Douglas Tompkins, 72, American conservationist and businessman, co-founder of The North Face and Esprit, hypothermia following kayak accident. Ross Turnbull, 81, Canadian-born American ice hockey player (Philadelphia Ramblers). John Trudell, 69, American Indian activist and poet, cancer. Elsie Tu, 102, English-born Hong Kong social activist, member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (1988–1995). Ramashankar Yadav, 58, Indian poet and activist. 9 Soshana Afroyim, 88, Austrian painter. Norman Breslow, 74, American statistician and medical researcher, prostate cancer. John Cockerton, 88, British Anglican priest and academic. Carlo Furno, 94, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Cardinal (since 1994) and Apostolic nuncio (1973–1995). Robert Grant, 67, American politician, member of the Kansas House of Representatives (1991–1994, 1997–2013). Gheorghe Gruia, 75, Romanian handball player, world champion (1964, 1970), Olympic bronze medalist (1972). Rusty Jones, 73, American jazz drummer. Juvenal Juvêncio, 81, Brazilian lawyer and sports director. Akiyuki Nosaka, 85, Japanese novelist (Grave of the Fireflies). Igino Rizzi, 91, Italian Olympic ski jumper. Henry Rowan, 92, American philanthropist and engineer. Matthew Shija, 91, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Kahama (1983–2001). Julio Terrazas Sandoval, 79, Bolivian Roman Catholic prelate, Cardinal (since 2001) and Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1991–2013). Jenny Wormald, 73, Scottish historian. 10 Klaus Baumgartner, 77, Swiss politician. Ian Bell, 59, Scottish journalist and author. Rainer Bloss, 69, German electronic musician (Drive Inn). Ron Bouchard, 67, American NASCAR driver, cancer. Walter Fawcett, 86, Northern Irish cricketer. Maurice Graham, 83, Australian rugby union player (New South Wales, New Zealand). Denis Héroux, 75, Canadian film director and producer. Dermot Patrick O'Mahony, 80, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin (1975–1996). Arnold Peralta, 26, Honduran footballer (national team, Rangers F.C.), shot. Desmond Robinson, 87, British Olympic cyclist. Dolph Schayes, 87, American Hall of Fame basketball player and coach (Philadelphia 76ers), NBA champion (1955), cancer. Barry Schweid, 83, American news correspondent (Associated Press), neurological disease. Donald J. Stohr, 81, American federal judge, U.S. District Court Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri (1992–2006). 11 Mihai Adam, 75, Romanian footballer. Harry Butler, 85, Australian naturalist and conservationist, cancer. Samir Chakrabarti, 72, Indian cricketer. Steve Chimombo, 70, Malawian writer. Lloyd Dane, 90, American racing driver. Neville De Souza, 87, Jamaican religious figure, Bishop of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands (1979–2000). Jake Howard, 70, Australian rugby union player (national team). Igor Kashintsev, 83, Soviet and Russian actor. Abish Kekilbayev, 76, Kazakh politician and academic. Sir Roderick McSween, 80, Scottish pathologist. Altaff Mungrue, 81, Trinidadian-born English cricketer. Jiří Paďour, 72, Czech Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of České Budějovice (2002–2014). Gaston Salvatore, 74, Chilean writer. H. Arnold Steinberg, 82, Canadian business and educational administrator, Chancellor of McGill University (2009–2014). Hema Upadhyay, 43, Indian artist, bludgeoned. John "Hot Rod" Williams, 53, American basketball player (Cleveland Cavaliers, Phoenix Suns), prostate cancer. Zyx, 65, Canadian cartoonist and publisher (Croc). 12 Luis Bermejo, 84, Spanish cartoonist and illustrator. Terry Bledsoe, 81, American football executive and sportswriter. Ignacio Carrau, 92, Spanish politician and lawyer. Jon Gadsby, 62, British-born New Zealand writer and comedian (A Week of It), cancer. Gösta Gärdin, 92, Swedish modern pentathlete, Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Frans Geurtsen, 73, Dutch footballer (DWS, national team). Sir Peter Gregson, 79, British civil servant. Ken Johnson, 87, British Olympic steeplechase athlete (1952). Sharad Anantrao Joshi, 80, Indian politician and social activist, prostate cancer. Federico Kirbus, 84, Argentine author. Evelyn S. Lieberman, 71, American public affairs professional, White House Deputy Chief of Staff (1996), pancreatic cancer. I. Howard Marshall, 81, Scottish theologian, pancreatic cancer. Yuri Marushkin, 71, Russian football player and manager. Gene Ready, 74, American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1977–1984), cancer. John Scott-Scott, 81, British aerospace engineer. Rose Siggins, 43, American actress (American Horror Story), infection. Yashpal Singh, 94, Indian politician Gregory Baker Wolfe, 93, American diplomat and academic. 13 Benedict Anderson, 79, American academic and writer (Imagined Communities), heart failure. John Bannon, 72, Australian politician, Premier of South Australia (1982–1992), cancer. Albert Bontridder, 94, Belgian architect and writer. Luigi Creatore, 93, American songwriter and record producer, pneumonia. James Gillies, 91, Canadian politician. Marleen de Pater-van der Meer, 65, Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives (2001–2010). Phil Pepe, 80, American sportswriter, heart attack. Gretchen Quie, 88, American artist, First Lady of Minnesota (1979–1983), restored the Minnesota Governor's Residence, Parkinson's disease. Peter Ryan, 92, Australian newspaper columnist. Donald Weinstein, 89, American historian. 14 Terry Backer, 61, American politician, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (since 1993), brain cancer. Sian Blake, 43, British actress (EastEnders), stabbed. Armando Cossutta, 89, Italian politician, member of the European Parliament (1999–2004). Johnny Egan, 76, Irish Gaelic football player (Offaly). Kathryn H. Kidd, 65, American author. Herbert Kiesel, 84, Swiss bobsledder. Joe Lancaster, 89, English football player and trainer. Edmund Lyndeck, 90, American singer and actor (Big Daddy, Enchanted, Road Trip). *Scat Daddy, 11, American Thoroughbred racehorse. Leander J. Shaw Jr., 85, American politician, Chief Justice of Florida Supreme Court (1990–1992). Glen Sonmor, 86, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers) and head coach (Minnesota North Stars), pneumonia. Mick Twomey, 84, Australian football player (Collingwood). Vadym Tyshchenko, 52, Ukrainian football player (Karpaty, Dnipro) and manager (Dnipro), Olympic champion (1988). Lillian Vernon, 88, German-born American businesswoman, founder of Lillian Vernon. Aleš Veselý, 80, Czech sculptor. 15 Tom Arden, 54, Australian-born British author, cancer. Milton Ballantyne, 87, Australian politician, member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly (1974–1980). André Bernard, 85, French cyclist. Stella Doufexis, 47, German mezzo-soprano, cancer. Licio Gelli, 96, Italian financier, Venerable Master of the Propaganda Due lodge. Charles C. Lanham, 87, American politician, member of West Virginia Senate. Ken Pogue, 81, Canadian actor (The 6th Day, The Dead Zone, Millennium), cancer. Kathy Secker, 70, British television presenter. Harry Zvi Tabor, 98, British-born Israeli physicist. H. Paul Varley, 84, American historian. 16 Noboru Ando, 89, Japanese actor and yakuza. Svein Bakke, 62, Norwegian footballer (Sogndal). John Bates, 77, American college basketball coach (Maryland Eastern Shore, Coppin State), heart attack. Peter Dickinson, 88, British author (Tulku, The Flight of Dragons, City of Gold). Khodadad Mirza Farman Farmaian, 87, Iranian Qajar dynasty royal and banker. Gabre Gabric, 101, Croatian-born Italian Olympic track and field athlete (1936), (1948). Snuff Garrett, 76, American record producer, cancer. Aafje Heynis, 91, Dutch contralto. Brian Keeble, 77, English footballer (Grimsby Town, Darlington). Bob Krause, 70, American college athletic director (Kansas State University), cancer. Heinz-Otto Kreiss, 85, German-born Swedish mathematician. Lizmark, 64, Mexican professional wrestler, respiratory failure. Jim McAnany, 79, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, Chicago Cubs). Anthony Muto, 81, American fashion designer, heart failure. Zoulikha Nasri, 70, Moroccan politician, Secretary of State for National Cooperation (1997–1998). George Earl Ortman, 89, American artist. Ray Price, 78, American motorcycle builder and racer. René Saorgin, 87, French organist. Ilie Savel, 88, Romanian Olympic hurdler. Harry Scott, 78, British boxer. Joseph Tellechéa, 89, French footballer. Enoch Thorsgard, 98, American politician. 17 Hal Brown, 91, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Houston Colt .45s). Serge Devèze, 59, French football manager. Zaevion Dobson, 15, American football player, shot. Börje Grönroos, 86, Finnish Olympic boxer. Osamu Hayaishi, 95, Japanese biochemist. Buckshot Hoffner, 91, American politician. Vladimir Kostyukov, 61, Belarusian football coach and player (Dnepr Mogilev). Kamal Ahmed Rizvi, 85, Pakistani actor and writer, heart attack. Joseph Roduit, 76, Swiss Roman Catholic prelate, Abbot of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune (1999–2015). Michael Wyschogrod, 87, German-born American Jewish theologian. 18 Luc Brewaeys, 56, Belgian composer and musician, cancer. Florentino Broce, 72, Filipino football player and coach. Slobodan Čašule, 70, Macedonian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2001–2002). Yūzan Fujita, 66, Japanese politician, Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture (1993–2009). Carl Furlonge, 83, Trinidadian cricketer. Joe Gilmore, 93, British barman. Evelio Hernández, 84, Cuban baseball player (Washington Senators). Vittore Gottardi, 74, Swiss footballer. Stuart Milton Hodgson, 91, Canadian politician, Commissioner of the Northwest Territories (1967–1979). Martin Jære, 95, Norwegian Olympic skier (1948). Daifallah Masadeh, 76–77, Jordanian politician, State Minister for Legal Affairs (2000–2001). Léon Mébiame, 81, Gabonese politician, Prime Minister (1975–1990). Howell W. Melton, 92, American lawyer and judge. Placidus Nkalanga, 96, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bukoba (1969–1973). Phil Oestricher, 84, American test pilot. Andreja Preger, 104, Hungarian-born Serbian pianist and Holocaust survivor. Mogens Rukov, 72, Danish screenwriter. Jesús Samper, 65, Spanish businessman, owner of Real Murcia (since 2001). Helge Solum Larsen, 46, Norwegian politician, deputy leader of Venstre (2010–2012), aneurysm. Jean-Luc Vilmouth, 63, French artist. 19 Bets Borm-Luijkx, 97, Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives (1980–1981). Peter Broggs, 61, Jamaican reggae musician. Douglas Dick, 95, American actor (Rope, Perry Mason). Louis DiGiaimo, 77, American casting director (The Godfather, Homicide: Life on the Street) and film producer (Donnie Brasco), stroke. Maurice Grace, 86, Australian Olympic rower. Chris Harris, 67, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1985–1991) and Senate (1991–2013). Jimmy Hill, 87, English footballer (Fulham) and manager (Coventry City), trade union leader (PFA) and TV presenter (Match of the Day), Alzheimer's disease. Harry Hyams, 87, British property developer (Centre Point). Greville Janner, 87, British politician, MP for Leicester North West (1970–1974) and Leicester West (1974–1997), Alzheimer's disease. Stephen Jelicich, 92, Croatian-born New Zealand architect. Mabuni Kenei, 97, Japanese martial arts expert. Samir Kuntar, 53, Lebanese convicted murderer, member of Hezbollah, longest-held Lebanese prisoner in Israel, missile strike. Alan Lee, 61, British cricket and horse racing journalist. *Madame Claude, 92, French procurer. Kurt Masur, 88, German conductor, Parkinson's disease. Dickie Moore, 84, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens), Stanley Cup winner (1953, 1956–1960), prostate cancer. Carlos Païta, 83, Argentine conductor. Ranganath, 66, Indian Telugu actor, suicide by hanging. Selma Reis, 55, Brazilian actress and singer, brain cancer. Ozell Sutton, 90, American civil rights activist. Karin Söder, 87, Swedish politician, leader of the Centre Party (1985–1987), Minister for Health and Social Affairs (1979–1982), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1976–1978). Dick Wathika, 42, Kenyan politician, Mayor of Nairobi (2004–2008). 20 Aldo Baito, 95, Italian cyclist. George Burpo, 93, American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds). Rudi Ceyssens, 53, Belgian Olympic cyclist. Patricia Elliott, 77, American actress (A Little Night Music, One Life to Live), Tony Award winner (1973), leiomyosarcoma. Gevorg Geodakyan, 87, Armenian musicologist. Robert Hayling, 86, American civil rights activist. Alain Jouffroy, 87, French surrealist poet and art critic. Ray Mathews, 86, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers). Angela McEwan, 81, American actress (Nebraska, Getting On), lung cancer. Wayne Robinson, 85, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles). Kjell Bloch Sandved, 93, Norwegian-born American author and nature photographer. Jim West, 61, Australian boxer, national flyweight/super featherweight and Commonwealth flyweight champion. 21 Rimma Bilunova, 75, Russian chess player and coach. Dejan Brđović, 49, Serbian volleyball player, Olympic bronze medalist (1996). Abune Dioskoros, 80, Eritrean prelate, Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (since 2007). Sam Dockery, 86, American jazz pianist. David Emms, 90, British educationalist. Timothy Foote, 89, American editor and writer. Jan Góra, 67, Polish Roman Catholic Dominican priest. *Jupiter Apple, 47, Brazilian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist (TNT, Os Cascavelletes), multiple organ failure. Vilgot Larsson, 83, Swedish Olympic ice hockey player (1956), (Leksands IF), world champion (1957). Richelieu Levoyer, 85, Ecuadorian army general and politician. *Lim Eng Beng, 64, Filipino basketball player, liver cancer. Bob Suci, 76, American football player (Houston Oilers, Boston Patriots). Andrei Troschinsky, 37, Kazakhstani ice hockey player, Asian champion (1999), heart attack. Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla, 90, Venezuelan philosopher. Emmanuel Yarbrough, 51, American mixed martial artist. 22 Arlin Adams, 94, American judge. Rolf Bossi, 92, German lawyer. Carol Burns, 68, Australian actress (Prisoner), cancer. Daisy Elliott, 98, American politician and realtor. Derek Ezra, Baron Ezra, 96, British coal industry administrator, Chairman of the National Coal Board (1971–1982). Nabil Al Fadl, 66, Kuwaiti politician. Billy Glaze, 72, American serial killer, lung cancer. Marijane Landis, 87, American broadcaster and television host (WGAL-TV). Joseph Leopold Imesch, 84, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Joliet (1979–2006). José Jhonson, 76, Ecuadorian footballer. Peter Lundblad, 65, Swedish singer ("Ta mig till havet"), prostate cancer. V. S. Malimath, 86, Indian judge, Chief Justice of Karnataka (1984) and Kerala (1985–1991). Riley Martin, 69, American author and radio host. Brooke McCarter, 52, American model and actor (The Lost Boys, Thrashin', Wired), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Freda Meissner-Blau, 88, Austrian politician, founder of The Greens – The Green Alternative. Carson Van Osten, 70, American artist, Disney Legend. 23 Hocine Aït Ahmed, 89, Algerian politician, founder and leader of Socialist Forces Front. Carlos Cano, 60, Peruvian actor, cancer. Chen Luyun, 38, Chinese basketball player, colon cancer. Henry Crichton, 6th Earl Erne, 78, British peer. Michael Earl, 56, American puppeteer (Sesame Street, Dinosaurs, Team America: World Police), colon cancer. Alfred G. Gilman, 74, American pharmacologist and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate, pancreatic cancer. Grégoire Haddad, 91, Lebanese Melkite Greek Catholic hierarch, Archbishop of Beirut and Byblos (1968–1975). Hatidža Hadžiosmanović, 78, Bosnian jurist, President of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Don Howe, 80, English footballer (West Bromwich Albion, Arsenal, national team) and coach. Ablie Jagne, 62, Gambian footballer (Real de Banjul, national team). Joe Jamail, 90, American attorney and billionaire. Jean-Marie Pelt, 82, French biologist. Igor Persiantsev, 78, Russian figure skater. Sławomir Pstrong, 39, Polish film and television director, screenwriter, and author of short stories. Taklung Tsetrul Rinpoche, 89, Tibetan lama, Supreme Head of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism (since 2012). Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, 85, German-born American political scientist. Bill Subritzky, 90, New Zealand property developer and evangelist. Sir Brian Tovey, 89, British civil servant, Director of the Government Communications Headquarters (1978–1983). Bülent Ulusu, 92, Turkish politician, Prime Minister (1980–1983). 24 Romeo Anaya, 69, Mexican boxer, WBA Bantamweight Champion (1973). László Bánhegyi, 84, Hungarian Olympic basketball player. Turid Birkeland, 53, Norwegian politician, Minister of Culture (1996–1997), myelofibrosis. Jim Carlton, 80, Australian politician, member of the Australian Parliament (1977–1994), Minister for Health (1982–1983). Suprovat Chakravarty, 86, Indian Olympic cyclist (1952), heart attack. David C. Clark, 89, American politician. Michael W. Davidson, 65, American microscopist. Eugène Dodeigne, 92, Belgian-born French sculptor. Robert S. Folkenberg, 75, Puerto Rican Seventh-day Adventist leader, President of the General Conference (1990–1999). Dennis Griffiths, 82, British newspaper executive (Evening Standard) and press historian. William Guest, 74, American R&B singer (Gladys Knight & the Pips), heart failure. Mel Holmes, 65, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers). Ron Jacobs, 72, American basketball coach (Loyola Marymount University, Northern Cement, Philippine national team), complications from a stroke. Jin Xiang, 80, Chinese composer and music critic. Takeharu Kunimoto, 55, Japanese musician, acute respiratory failure. Letty Jimenez Magsanoc, 74, Filipino journalist (Philippine Daily Inquirer), cardiac arrest. Adriana Olguín, 104, Chilean lawyer and politician, Minister of Justice (1952). 25 Manuel Agujetas, 76, Spanish flamenco singer. Zahran Alloush, 44, Syrian rebel commander, founder of Jaysh al-Islam, airstrike. Sir Clifford Boulton, 85, British public servant, Clerk of the House of Commons (1987–1994) Ali Eid, 75, Lebanese politician, General Secretary of the Arab Democratic Party (since 1972). George Evans, 74, Australian rugby league player (St. George). Karen Friesicke, 53, German comedian and actress, suicide. Leonid Gofshtein, 62, Israeli chess grandmaster. Ottavio Jemma, 90, Italian screenwriter. George Clayton Johnson, 86, American writer (Logan's Run, Ocean's 11, The Twilight Zone), prostate and bladder cancer. Eric Philpott, 69, Irish Gaelic footballer (Cork). Ignacio Rupérez, 72, Spanish author and diplomat, Ambassador to Iraq (2005–2008) and Honduras (2009–2010). Acharya S, 54, American religious author, breast cancer. Sadhana Shivdasani, 74, Indian film actress (Love in Simla, Woh Kaun Thi, Hum Dono). Robert Spitzer, 83, American psychiatrist, heart disease. Jason Wingreen, 95, American actor (Archie Bunker's Place, The Empire Strikes Back, Airplane!). 26 Nasser al-Bahri, 43, Saudi-born Yemeni Islamist militant and bodyguard. Tony Buffery, 76, British actor, comedian and writer. Ogwyn Davies, 90, Welsh painter. Bobby Dews, 76, American baseball player and coach (Atlanta Braves). Ed Dobson, 65, British-born American theologian, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ståle Eskeland, 72, Norwegian jurist, cancer. Robert Austin Larter, 90, Canadian politician. Emory Melton, 92, American politician, Missouri State Senator (1972–1996). William O'Callaghan, 94, Irish Army lieutenant general, Force Commander (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon). Jim O'Toole, 78, American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds). Mac Otten, 90, American basketball player (St. Louis Bombers). Jamie Parsons, 74, American politician, Mayor of Juneau (1991–1994), cancer. Frank B. Salisbury, 89, American plant physiologist. Mary Scranton, 97, American community advocate and philanthropist, First Lady of Pennsylvania (1963–1967), Alzheimer's disease. Marcel Seynaeve, 82, Belgian cyclist. Tongdaeng, 17, Thai dog, pet of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Sten Wickbom, 84, Swedish politician, Governor of Kronoberg County (1988–1995), Minister for Justice (1983–1987). 27 Naji al Jerf, 37, Syrian journalist and filmmaker, shot. Christopher N. L. Brooke, 88, British medieval historian. Stein Eriksen, 88, Norwegian alpine skier, Olympic champion (1952) and triple world champion (1954). Franco Giacobini, 89, Italian actor. Dave Henderson, 57, American baseball player (Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics), World Series champion (1989), heart attack. Aidan Higgins, 88, Irish writer. Ellsworth Kelly, 92, American artist. Meadowlark Lemon, 83, American Hall of Fame basketball player (Harlem Globetrotters). Sidney Mintz, 93, American anthropologist. Bill Mullins, 95, Irish horse rider. Alfredo Pacheco, 33, Salvadoran footballer (FAS, New York Red Bulls, national team), shot. Carlos Rosales Mendoza, 52, Mexican drug lord, founder of La Familia Michoacana. Andy M. Stewart, 63, Scottish folk singer (Silly Wizard). Roy Swinbourne, 86, English footballer (Wolverhampton Wanderers). Gabriel Tambon, 85, French politician, Mayor of Le Castellet, Var (since 1965). Brian Turner, 77, English cricketer. Wilbur Volz, 91, American football player (Buffalo Bills). Berenado Vunibobo, 83, Fijian politician and diplomat. Haskell Wexler, 93, American cinematographer and director (Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Medium Cool), Oscar winner (1966, 1976). Stevie Wright, 68, English-born Australian singer (The Easybeats). Youhannes Ezzat Zakaria Badir, 66, Egyptian Coptic Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Ismayliah (1992–1994) and Luqsor (since 1994). 28 Ann Arnold, 79, English artist. Chris Barnard, 76, South African author, heart attack. Robert O. Blake, 94, American diplomat, Ambassador to Mali (1970–1973), prostate cancer. John Bradbury, 62, English drummer (The Specials). Nancy Randall Clark, 77, American politician. Rick Cluchey, 82, American playwright. Bram de Does, 81, Dutch typographer. Maggie Deahm, 77, Australian politician, member of the Australian House of Representatives for Macquarie (1993–1996). Guru Josh, 51, Jersey musician, suicide. Joe Houston, 89, American jazz and R&B saxophonist. Eloy Inos, 66, Northern Mariana Islands politician, Governor (since 2013), Lieutenant Governor (2009–2013), complications after heart surgery. Eiji Kimizuka, 63, Japanese general, Chief of Staff Ground Self-Defense Force (2011–2013), lung cancer. Lemmy, 70, English rock musician (Motörhead, Hawkwind), complications from prostate cancer. Tiffany Leong, 30, Malaysian actress, liver cancer. Aura Lewis, 68, South African reggae singer. Ian Murdock, 42, American software engineer, founder of the Debian Project, suicide by hanging. Åge Nordkild, 63, Norwegian politician, member of the Sami Parliament (2001–2005, 2009–2013). Tone Nyhagen, 52, Norwegian dancer. Landon H. Rowland, 78, American businessman (Kansas City Southern Railway). Pierre-Marie Rudelle, 83, French painter. Allen Sapp, 87, Canadian painter. Sylvester Stein, 95, South African writer and athlete. Sean Whitesell, 52, American actor and television producer (Cold Case, House, Oz), cancer. 29 Sabino Acquaviva, 88, Italian sociologist. Billie Allen, 90, American actress, one of the first black performers on U.S. television. Aslam Azhar, 83, Pakistani television executive. Wanda Harper Bush, 84, American barrel racer, heart attack. Tony Carroll, 74, American psychotherapist. Patrick Curtin, 26, Irish Gaelic footballer (Kerry), head injuries after falling from a vehicle. Edward Hugh, 67, British economist, gallbladder and liver cancer. *Kim Yang-gon, 73, North Korean senior politician, traffic collision. Elżbieta Krzesińska, 81, Polish track and field athlete, Olympic champion (1956). Om Prakash Malhotra, 93, Indian Army general. Frank Malzone, 85, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, California Angels). Master Blaster, 28–29, Ugandan dancehall musician, shot. Ed Mayer, 84, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs). Pavel Srníček, 47, Czech footballer (Newcastle United, national team), European Championship runner-up (1996), complications from heart attack. 30 George Andreadis, 79, Greek author. Doug Atkins, 85, American football player (Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears, New Orleans Saints), NFL champion (1954, 1963). Víctor Santiago Díaz, Puerto Rican politician, cancer. Howard Davis, Jr., 59, American boxer, Olympic champion (1976), lung cancer. Chatral Sangye Dorje, 102, Tibetan yogi. George Elsey, 97, American military adviser. Mangesh Padgaonkar, 86, Indian poet. Howard Pawley, 81, Canadian politician, Premier of Manitoba (1981–1988). Luis Silva Parra, 84, Ecuadorian jazz saxophonist. Yuhanon Philoxenos, 74, Indian Syriac Orthodox bishop. Zjef Vanuytsel, 70, Belgian folk and kleinkunst singer. Fritz Wechselberger, 77, Austrian Olympic ice hockey player (1964). 31 Roman Bartoszcze, 69, Polish politician. Helen Blatch, 82, British actress, cancer. Wesley Burrowes, 85, Irish playwright (Glenroe). Natalie Cole, 65, American Grammy-winning singer ("This Will Be", "Sophisticated Lady", "Inseparable") and actress, heart failure. Peter J. Costigan, 85, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1966–1974). Bronislav Danda, 85, Czech ice hockey player, bronze medalist at the 1955 World Ice Hockey Championships. Steve Gohouri, 34, Ivorian footballer (Wigan Athletic, national team). (body found on this date) Geoffrey Hawthorn, 74, British sociologist. Beth Howland, 74, American actress (Alice, The Love Boat, Company), lung cancer. Marion James, 81, American blues singer. Donal Leahy, 77, Irish footballer (Cork Celtic). Marvin Panch, 89, American racing driver, natural causes. Felix Pirani, 87, British theoretical physicist. Dino Pompanin, 85, Italian Olympic skier. Vern Rapp, 87, American baseball manager (St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds). Dal Richards, 97, Canadian big band leader, prostate cancer. Wayne Rogers, 82, American actor (M*A*S*H, Ghosts of Mississippi, House Calls), complications from pneumonia. Daniel L. Ryan, 85, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Springfield in Illinois (1983–1999). Richard Sapper, 83, German industrial designer. Peter Wight, 85, Guyanese-born English cricketer (Somerset) and umpire. References 2015-12 12

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Neighbours%20characters%20%282016%29

List of Neighbours characters (2016)

Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on 18 March 1985 and currently airs on digital channel Eleven. The following is a list of characters that appeared in the soap in 2016, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by the show's executive producer Jason Herbison. The 32nd season of Neighbours began airing from 4 January 2016. Julie Quill and Xanthe Canning were introduced during the same month. March saw the first appearance of Jacka Hills. Jack Callahan, Ned Willis and Madison Robinson arrived in April, while Angus Beaumont-Hannay, Walter Mitchell and Mandy Franze made their debuts in May. August saw the arrival of James Udagawa, while brothers David and Leo Tanaka were introduced in September, along with Xanthe's mother Brooke Butler. Julie Quill Julie Quill, played by Gail Easdale, made her first screen appearance on 12 January 2016. The character and Easdale's casting was announced on 4 January. The actress revealed that she had previously auditioned for another role on the show in 2015, but was unsuccessful. She was then asked to play Julie and she accepted. The role marks Easdale's return to acting after a break to raise her children. She is also the wife of Stefan Dennis, who portrays Paul Robinson. Julie was introduced as the new owner of Lassiter's Hotel and Paul's enemy. Easdale described Julie as being "a hard nut, but she also has a softer side because she has worked hard and she appreciates others that put in the effort." Easdale said Julie was forced to make an impact in a male dominated environment, which she admired. She added that Paul was "a great character to play against", which made her guest stint more interesting as Dennis is different at home. The character is later exposed as the perpetrator behind the Lassiters Hotel explosion, which resulted in the deaths of Josh Willis (Harley Bonner) and Doug Willis (Terence Donovan) and she departs in June 2016. Easdale reprises the role on 8 September 2021, as Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou) visits Julie in prison in a bid to gain closure over the death of her son. Julie's return follows the introduction of her own son Jesse Porter (Cameron Robbie) in March 2021. Of her return and how Julie has changed, Easdale stated: "It's always great doing any role, but to be able to be Julie in the familiar surroundings of Erinsborough makes it that much more fun. Julie has reflected on her past deeds, making her a changed, remorseful character since the last time you saw her." Julie comes to Erinsborough to inspect Lassiter's hotel, the Quill Group's newest acquisition. Julie holds a grudge against the hotel's previous owner Paul Robinson, following a failed romance between them. When she learns Paul's nephew Daniel (Tim Phillipps) has applied for a job at the hotel, she turns him down after an interview. Julie discusses her struggles as a woman in the hotel industry with Terese Willis, and she decides to hire Daniel after realising that he and Paul have fallen out. She tells Terese that if there are problems, she will be held responsible. Julie returns a few weeks later for a meeting with Terese, and she clashes with Paul again. She later reveals to Terese her plans for a second hotel tower to be built on existing businesses within the Lassiter's complex. Julie becomes determined to ruin Paul's bid to host the Erinsborough Citizen of the Year event. She manages to persuade the council to hold the launch party at The Waterhole, but Paul arranges a job offer for the Lassiter's chef, causing him to quit before the launch. Harold's Store does the catering and leaves Julie, the guests and Mayor Sonya Rebecchi (Eve Morey) with food poisoning. Robinson's Motel is awarded the ceremony. Julie meets with her stepson Tom Quill (Kane Felsinger) to discuss the progress of the second tower. Tom informs Julie that he has persuaded those opposed to the development to withdraw their objections. When Robinson's loses its liquor license, Lassiter's regains the Citizen of the Year event and Julie gloats to Paul. She also puts pressure on Tom to sort the environmental report for the tower by replacing any negative report with a more positive version. When Tom's deception is later exposed, Julie disowns him. Shortly after, the boiler room at Lassiter's explodes, destroying the hotel. Julie moves in with Terese, who is grieving for her son Josh Willis, and learns that Tom is missing and possibly buried under the hotel rubble. She hires Sarah Beaumont (Nicola Charles) to take over Lassiter's while Terese takes leave. Julie attacks Paul as he is accused of causing the explosion, and when he tries to comfort her she accuses him of assault. Tom turns up alive, and Julie is angry with Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) for lying to her as he attacked Tom just before the explosion. Julie fires Terese when it transpires that she paid someone to give a false alibi, ensuring Paul was put away. At the reopening of Lassiter's, Julie is arrested by Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor), as John Doe's (Andrew James Morley) memory returns, and he recalls that he saw her conspire with Jacka Hills (Brad McMurray) to cause the explosion. Mark charges Julie and she attempts to apologise to Terese and her family. Terese's daughter, Piper Willis (Mavournee Hazel) slaps her and Terese refuses to forgive Julie. Mark then takes Julie away, and she is later sentenced to ten years in prison. Five years later, Julie's son Jesse Porter starts working for Lassiters in a bid to gain information for Shay, who is trying to repair the damage to the Quill Group's reputation. Xanthe Canning Xanthe Canning, played by Lilly Van der Meer, made her first screen appearance on 22 January 2016. The character and casting was announced on 30 November 2015. Colette Mann, who plays Sheila Canning, teased Xanthe's introduction during an October 2015 interview. She commented that the new arrival would start "a big new storyline" for the family. Of Van der Meer's casting, Mann said "Lilly's world has certainly been opened up since joining the show and we're loving having her here. She was already a Canning after just a couple of weeks, we had converted her." Xanthe is Sheila's granddaughter, the half-sister of Kyle Canning (Chris Milligan), and daughter of Gary Canning (Damien Richardson). Van der Meer said Xanthe would make "a good friend" on Ramsay Street, and that she would get into "trouble, excitement, and mischief." Jacka Hills Jackson Derek "Jacka" Hills, played by Brad McMurray, made his first screen appearance on 7 March 2016. Jacka is an old friend of Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner). He was billed as the show's "newest villain" and a writer for the official website said with "trouble brewing", Jacka would be in the middle of it. McMurray enjoyed playing the role, saying "It's a great show to be a part of and I'm quite adept at playing the bad guy so this is really a lot of fun. I love causing trouble and there are definitely a few surprises in store where Jacka is concerned." Following his original guest stint, the character returned in September. Jacka asks Steph to visit him in prison, after learning that his wife Regan Davis (Sabeena Manalis) might be having an affair. Steph agrees to speak to Regan to find out the truth. Steph Scully recognises her old friend Jacka, after he pulls his bike up alongside her and Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor). Steph suggests they round up their old friends for a beer and a talk. When Jacka mentions that they have been kicked out of their usual place, Steph invites them to Robinsons Motel. Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis) voices his displeasure at having a gang of bikers at the motel and asks them to leave. Unhappy at the way Paul spoke to Steph, Jacka and the group return to trash the room and steal Paul's prosthetic leg. A few weeks later, Jacka leaves some boxes of alcohol at Robinsons for Steph. Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor) recognises that they are stolen. Steph confronts Jacka and he warns her not to tell the police about his connection to the alcohol. However, Mark has already called it in. In retaliation, Jacka sprays graffiti over the motel's entrance. He is later seen leaving the scene of the explosion at Lassiter's Hotel with a cash box. Steph approaches Jacka to do some investigating into the explosion for her and Paul. Jacka refuses, as he is convinced Steph is trying to set him up. Jacka calls someone to let them know that no one knows he placed the hotel's blue prints in Paul's briefcase. Due to their gang connections, Jacka is revealed to be old friends with Ned Willis (Ben Hall). Jacka goes to Robinson's Motel where he wipes Paul's list of suspects from the whiteboard. Paul later contacts him about buying a fake passport to escape the country, in exchange for money. Jacks tells someone the phone that he will make sure the passport does not get Paul past immigration. Later, he is seen talking to the same person on the phone and laughing at Paul's prison sentence. It soon emerges that hotel owner Julie Quill (Gail Easedale) planned to pay him $10,000 to blow up the Lassiter's boiler to claim the insurance payout. Jacka did so, but Julie refused to pay him afterwards, once they found out that there were fatalities. Jacka is arrested and taken into police custody. Months later, Jacka asks Steph to visit him. He believes his wife, Regan Davis, is having an affair and he wants Steph to find out who it was with. After speaking with Regan, Steph returns to the prison and tells Jacka that Regan thought they were having an affair before he was jailed, which is why she stopped visiting him. Steph explains that she set Regan straight and Regan will visit him soon. Jacka then reveals that he had someone else check up on Regan and he thinks Steph is lying. He tells her to get him a name. Regan later tells him that she was having an affair with Ned. Jacka is released early to care for his dying mother and he returns to Erinsborough to get revenge on Ned. He watches Ned with Elly Conway (Jodi Anasta) and later finds her at The Waterhole. He introduces himself to her as JD and buys her several drinks. Ned sees them together and pulls Elly away, telling her who Jacka really is. Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou) then asks for him to be removed. Steph confronts Jacka and urges him to give up his revenge plan. Jacka breaks into Number 32 and poisons Ned's tattoo ink. He breaks in again, and is almost caught by Brad Willis (Kip Gamblin) and Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney). After learning that some of Ned's family and Elly are going up in a hot-air balloon, Jacka tampers with the gas cylinders, causing it to crash. At the hospital, Jacka learns that Regan died as a result of the balloon crash and he accuses Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) of killing her. Jacka is then arrested, and he is later sentenced to eighteen years in prison. Jack Callahan Jack Callahan (also John Doe), played by Andrew Morley, made his first screen appearance on 4 April 2016. The character and Morley's casting details were announced on 30 January 2016. Morley received a call from his manager asking him to record an audition tape while he was in Cambodia helping to raise money for charity. Upon his return to Melbourne, Morley was offered the role. He began filming in December 2015. Morley's character was initially billed as having "a mysterious past" and no family connection to Erinsborough. Morley commented that it was "an interesting start" for his character, dubbed John Doe. John befriends Paige Smith (Olympia Valance) as she tries to help him. It later emerges that his real name is Jack Callahan and he is a Catholic priest. Jack decides to stay in Erinsborough, but finds it hard as he is forced to choose between Paige and God. Ned Willis Ned Willis, played by Ben Hall, made his first screen appearance on 6 April 2016. Hall's casting was announced on 11 March 2016, while the character has been referred to for several years following his off-screen birth. Following his initial guest stint, Hall later returned to filming and Ned returned on 10 August. Ned is the son of Brad Willis (Kip Gamblin) and Beth Brennan (Natalie Imbruglia). His introduction united all of Brad's children on-screen for the first time. Hall explained that Ned has been living with his grandparents in Darwin. Ned is a tattoo artist and Hall commented that it would lead to some "mischief". He also described Ned as being "very complex" and "quite manipulative", adding "he has had a bit to deal with and it's really interesting how his story line pans out." The character will be reintroduced as a regular on 20 June 2018. Madison Robinson Madison Robinson, played by Sarah Ellen, made her first screen appearance on 22 April 2016. Ellen's casting was announced on 20 February, while Madison has previously been mentioned by other characters following her off-screen birth in 1995. Ellen filmed her guest appearance in the same month, but producers have said that she could return on a more permanent basis in the future. Of the casting, series producer Jason Herbison said "we always knew the character of Madison would appear in the Neighbours universe at some point and I'm thrilled to have cast Sarah in the role." Madison returned on 24 June and remained until 27 September, departing during scenes filmed on the Gold Coast. Ellen received on-screen credit for flashback scenes featuring Madison on 10 October 2019. Madison is the younger child of iconic Neighbours couple Scott (Jason Donovan) and Charlene Robinson (Kylie Minogue). She comes to Erinsborough to check up on her brother Daniel (Tim Phillipps), on behalf of their parents. To help her prepare for the role, Ellen watched footage of her on-screen parents. She commented, "I watched a lot of episodes with Charlene and she was a very feisty and adventurous character and I think Madison has definitely inherited a few of those characteristics." Madison is "a budding journalist". Holly Byrnes from the Herald Sun described her as a "stylish teen". On 22 August, Byrnes colleague Nui Te Koha reported that Ellen had wrapped her guest stint and would be pursuing new roles in Hollywood. Ellen commented, "Neighbours is such a great training ground. I feel like I could easily walk on to another set and it would be a breeze." When no one answers the door of Number 24 Ramsay Street, Madison attempts to enter through an open window. When she is pulled down by her brother Daniel, she punches him. They get reacquainted with each other and Madison reveals that she has come down from Brisbane on behalf of their parents, following Daniel's announcement that he will marry Imogen Willis (Ariel Kaplan). Daniel tells Madison that he and Imogen are marrying so they can go to the United States. Madison lends some of her clothes to Daniel's neighbour Xanthe Canning (Lily Van der Meer). When she later enquires about Xanthe's photo shoot, Xanthe is disheartened by the pictures, but Madison tells her not to be. Daniel and Imogen's marriage license comes through and Daniel tells Madison that they will marry in secret the following day. When Imogen's parents learn about the wedding, they get Madison to tell them where it is happening. Daniel and Imogen are persuaded to hold the wedding at home in front of their family and friends. After they leave town, Madison decides to stay and speak to her uncle Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis), who had been accused of causing the Lassiter's Hotel explosion. Madison tells Paul that she believes in him, as he had once taken her family out to dinner and told the waiter she was going to be the next Ita Buttrose. Madison explains that Paul is one of her heroes and she refuses to lose faith in him. After encouraging Paul to continue looking at the evidence, she leaves for Brisbane. Paul is imprisoned for the explosion, but several months later, is found innocent when the police charge Julie Quill (Gail Easdale). When he is freed, Paul frames a trainee reporter for the West Waratah Star for writing a bad article about him and uses it to blackmail the editor into hiring Madison as a cadet at the paper. She takes the opportunity, flying to Erinsborough and abandoning a boyfriend and university plans. Paul urges Madison to write a feature about the locals, and he later alters some of the profiles so they become personal attacks. Paul's actions are soon discovered and Madison moves out of Paul's motel to live with Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou). As an apology, Paul tells Madison about another story involving the new cleaning company at Lassiter's, who used to employ ladies in lingerie. Madison discovers that her cousin Amy Williams (Zoe Cramond) worked for the company and tells her editor that she no longer wants to write the article. She is fired from the paper, so Terese hires Madison as her assistant. Madison encourages Terese to put in a bid for Lassiter's. When her aunt Lucy Robinson (Melissa Bell) accepts the offer, Madison flies to New York with her to oversee the paperwork on Terese's behalf. When singer Rhonda Riley (Shayne Francis) is late for her performance at The Waterhole, Madison is encouraged to take her place. Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) later arranges for her to perform again. Xanthe assumes Madison is dating Ben Kirk (Felix Mallard) when she sees them together, and her grandmother Sheila Canning (Colette Mann) fires Madison from The Waterhole. It soon emerges that Ben is working on a song for Xanthe with Madison's help. Madison receives an audition for a singing residency at Lassiter's Gold Coast courtesy of Lucy. At SeaWorld, Madison unexpectedly meets her former boyfriend Logan Dunne (Nick Slater), who she thought had gone to California. She confronts him about their break-up and learns that he did not receive her texts, as he threw his phone off a bridge. He also explains that he does not have a new girlfriend and that he still loves her. Madison is late to the audition, but impresses the judges is offered the job. She decides to give it up to accompany Logan to California, but he tells her that he will stay on the Gold Coast with her. Angus Beaumont-Hannay Angus Beaumont-Hannay, played by Jai Waetford, made his first screen appearance on 2 May 2016. Waetford's casting was announced on 10 February, but his character's identity was initially kept secret. He later revealed to Angus O'Loughlin of the Hit 30 radio show that his character was called Angus. Of his casting, Waetford said "I am super excited to be joining the Neighbours team. It's my first TV role and I am looking forward to spending time on set, learning new things and meeting new people." Waetford had a guest contract with the show. Waetford's character was initially billed as the "rebellious" son of "a controversial Erinsborough character." It was later revealed that Angus is Sarah Beaumont's (Nicola Charles) son. The show's series producer Jason Herbison commented that Waetford would have fun with his character, who pushes boundaries. Following Waetford's initial guest stint, he later returned to filming with the cast on the Gold Coast. Angus comes to Australia after being expelled from his boarding school. He believes he is taking a holiday with his mother Sarah, but she tells him he is staying with her friends Karl (Alan Fletcher) and Susan Kennedy (Susan Kennedy) in Erinsborough while she goes to Germany for business. Angus clashes with Ben Kirk (Felix Mallard), after he finds and steals some money that Ben hid in his guitar case. Angus wants to leave, until he meets Xanthe Canning (Lily Van der Meer). Angus continues to feud with Ben, who later accuses him of planting matches and lighter fluid in his locker. Ben punches Angus in front of Xanthe and Susan. When Angus learns Xanthe has not prepared for an exam, he sets off the fire alarm. When Susan confronts him, he denies it was him. Angus buys Xanthe concert tickets and while sheltering from a storm, they kiss. When her friends fail to turn up for her 16th birthday party, Xanthe plans to make the day memorable by having sex with Angus. But after her grandmother Sheila (Colette Mann) stops them, Angus tells Xanthe that they are not right for each other and he ends their romance. Angus also tells Susan that he set off the fire alarm. Angus also sprays graffiti on the wall at the high school, but is not punished, which angers Ben and they fight again. Angus overhears Ben asking Susan why he was allowed to get away with his bad behaviour and Angus asks Karl if he is his father. Karl assures Angus that he is not. Angus becomes involved when Tom Quill (Kane Felsinger) demands that Xanthe and Ben pay back the money they took from his hotel room. Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) helps them out with a clothes sale, while they also form a band so they can go busking. Angus learns from Xanthe that his mother has cancer, so he takes the money that Ben and Xanthe made busking and runs away. They find Angus at the Off-Air bar and he tells them he is going to Bali, but Ben takes his passport. Angus decides to hitch a ride to the airport and Xanthe goes with him, assuming that he has done it before. After becoming scared of the man who picked them up, Angus and Xanthe flee and her father, Gary Canning (Damien Richardson) takes them home. A few days later, Sarah returns to see Angus and apologises for not telling him about her cancer. She asks him to come to Germany with her, where she will continue her treatment. Angus asks if he can stay with Karl and Susan. However, after talking with his mother and realising that he did not cause her cancer, he agrees to go with her and they leave for Germany. Weeks later, while he is on the Gold Coast with his father, Angus is reunited with Ben and Xanthe, after finding them on the beach. When he learns Madison Robinson (Sarah Ellen) is late for a singing audition, Angus fills in to by her more time. After speaking with Susan about how he has been effected by his mother's condition, she invites him to return to Erinsborough and he accepts. Susan's niece Elly Conway (Jodi Anasta) persuades Angus to return to school and he develops a crush on her. After Elly rejects Angus, he loses his virginity to Piper Willis (Mavournee Hazel), who also lost her virginity to him. He later decides to get a tattoo using Ned Willis's (Ben Hall) stolen ink, but Karl stops him as the ink is contaminated. Angus sings to Elly at the Halloween dance, rousing Susan's suspicions. That same night, Angus kisses Elly while she is sleeping and she reprimands him, but decides not to tell Susan. Leo Tanaka (Tim Kano) warns Angus to stop pursuing Elly. Angus decides to leave Erinsborough High, but he is persuaded to attend a music school instead. His drink is spiked by one of his new school friends and he makes a drunken phone call to Elly, who picks him up from the bar, with help from Tyler Brennan (Travis Burns). Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) informs Angus that an independent record label want to meet with him after seeing his music video. Elly plans to meet up with her former boyfriend and Angus asks Piper for her help in keeping them apart, but the plan fails and Elly asks Angus to stay out of her life. Angus helps a drunk Elly to bed and takes advantage of her state to kiss her. Susan finds him lying next to her on the bed and reports the incident to the education board, who refer the case to the police. At the same time, Angus is offered a record deal. Angus and Elly tell Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor) that nothing happened between them, but Elly later remembers what happened in her bedroom. Angus begs her to keep quiet, but she tells Susan and Angus is questioned by the police again, where he faces assault charges. Angus apologises to Elly and explains that he knows what he did was wrong. She decides not to press charges, and Angus's father escorts him to Sydney. Walter Mitchell Walter Mitchell, played by Greg Stone, made his first screen appearance on 13 May 2016. Walter was introduced as Sonya Rebecchi's (Eve Morey) estranged uncle. It soon emerged that Walter was hiding a secret from Sonya concerning the night her parents died in a car crash. He eventually revealed that he was actually Sonya's father. Furthermore, Sonya also learned Walter had a fourteen-year-old daughter called Zoe (Nicola Billie Gullotti). Sonya's half-sister suffers from leukaemia and Walter asks Sonya to get tested as Zoe needs a bone-marrow transplant. Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy branded Walter a "troubled relative", while an All About Soap columnist called him "cunning". Walter arrives in Erinsborough, and Toadie tries to stop him meeting Sonya. Walter assures Toadie that he is three weeks sober, but he lent the money Toadie gave him to a friend instead of going to rehab. Toadie's friend Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner) offers Walter a room at her motel. When Sonya arrives home early from a meeting, she meets Walter, but Toadie lies that Walter is one of his clients called Mitch. When she learns Mitch is an alcoholic, Sonya goes to an AA Meeting with him, where he meets Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou). Terese and Walter go for a drink and end up kissing. Sonya reveals that she has seen Mitch again, prompting Toadie to finally admit he is her uncle Walter. Sonya confronts Walter, who apologises for not finding her sooner, and though she tells him she cannot handle him in her life right now, he sticks around and continues to date Terese. Terese convinces Sonya to give Walter a second chance, but she becomes suspicious when she realises Walter was present in the car when her parents crashed and died. Walter reveals that he was arguing with his brother John, as he wanted Sonya to know he was actually her father, due to a brief affair between him and Sonya's mother. Sonya is shocked and initially rejects Walter, prompting him to get drunk. When Sonya finds him, she agrees to help him get clean and invites him to move in. Walter breaks up with Terese and babysits Sonya's daughter Nell (Scarlett Anderson), impressing her, but she finds a text on his phone from his ex-wife Roxanne, urging him to be honest with Sonya about something. Walter admits that he has another daughter called Zoe, who has leukaemia. He asks Sonya to get tested to be a bone marrow donor. Sonya meets Zoe and gets tested, but they learn she is not a match. Walter then suggests that Nell could be a donor instead, and Sonya gets her tested in secret as Toadie objects. When she is found to be a match, Sonya tells Toadie, who refuses to let his daughter donate due to her young age. Walter collects Nell from nursery and takes her to the hospital. Realising what Walter has done, Zoe takes Nell back home. Walter apologises to Sonya and Toadie for kidnapping Nell, and Sonya decides not to press charges against him. When Sonya's son Callum (Morgan Baker) is found to be a match for Zoe, she and Walter leave for the United States. In 2018, Sonya hears Zoe's cancer has returned and flies to the States to support Walter, who has begun drinking again. Mandy Franze Mandy Franze, played by Kristy Best, made her first screen appearance on 26 May 2016. The character and Best's casting was announced on 1 May. Mandy is introduced as the "mysterious" former girlfriend of Andrew Morley's John Doe character, and a love rival for Paige Smith (Olympia Valance). Mandy claims to be John Doe's girlfriend. She tells him that his real name is Jason Jones and that they live together. She had just got back from a trip when she learned where he was and what had happened to him. John questions Mandy about his life with her and she explains that they met in Geelong and that he is a handyman. Paige Smith is suspicious of Mandy, but John continues to get to know her and they kiss. Before John and Mandy leave town, Paige brings over a Hawaiian pizza for them. Mandy claims that it is John's favourite, as he loves pineapple, making him realise that she is lying about their relationship, as he is allergic to pineapple. Before she goes, Mandy reveals that she met John on the day of the Lassiter's explosion, but he did not tell her his name or many details about himself. James Udagawa James Udagawa, played by Samuel David Humphrey, made his first screen appearance on 3 August 2016. The character and casting was announced on 25 July 2016. Humphrey, who has acrodysostosis, came to the attention of the casting directors after starring in a documentary about young people with physical disabilities. He was initially going to appear as an extra, but "a more substantial role" was later written for him. Of his casting, Humphrey stated "I love the whole process and I've learnt so much on Neighbours. I want to keep improving my skills and hopefully inspire other people to chase their dreams." James was billed as a "corporate whizz kid" and "highly-intelligent". He is brought in to help save Lassiter's Hotel from financial ruin and rein in Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou). James joins Terese Willis in the lift at Lassiter's Hotel, where she mistakes him for a child due to his shortened height and directs him to the children's activity centre. When James later comes to Terese's office, she asks if he is lost and whether she can contact his parents. He then informs her that he is here to see her and the hotel's books, as he is a representative of his family's company, who have invested in the hotel. He explains that he wanted to experience the hotel as a guest and jokingly tells Terese that the children's activity centre is great. He asks to see the accounts, Terese's projections for the next year and the supplier contracts. A couple of weeks later, James returns for The Waterhole's quarterly review and to discuss the hidden cameras found in the hotel rooms. Elly Conway (Jodi Anasta) interrupts the meeting to explain that the cameras were part of a school media project and she apologises for it getting out of hand. James is satisfied with the explanation. Mr. Udagawa surprises Terese with his appearance a few weeks later. He lets her know that the figures for the Lassiter's pigeon race were satisfactory. Sheila Canning (Colette Mann) brings over a stock report for The Waterhole, which Udagawa takes from her. He tells Terese the takings are stagnant and demands to know what her plan is to improve them. James later confides in Terese that his sister Jasmine (Kaori Maeda-Judge) intends to usurp control of their family's company upon their grandfather's death. Jasmine manipulates their grandfather into relocating James, and he warns Terese to be careful around Jasmine. David Tanaka David Tanaka, played by Takaya Honda, made his first screen appearance on 21 September 2016. The character and Honda's casting was announced on 22 August 2016, along with Tim Kano who plays David's twin brother Leo Tanaka. Of his casting, Honda said, "I feel so privileged to have the opportunity to join the regular cast of Neighbours. To learn from such prominent and longstanding Australian talent is truly seeing my dreams fulfilled." David and Leo come to Erinsborough in the hope of solving "a family mystery". David is a doctor, who has "a social conscience". Leo Tanaka Leo Tanaka, played by Tim Kano, made his first screen appearance on 22 September 2016. The character and Kano's casting was announced on 22 August 2016, along with Takaya Honda who plays Leo's twin brother David Tanaka. Kano enjoyed portraying his character, saying "I'm loving the role of Leo, who is such a great character to play." The Tanaka brothers come to Erinsborough in the hope of solving "a family mystery". Unlike his doctor brother, Leo is an opportunist. Kano described the character as being superficial, "fun and cheeky". He also has "a good heart" and respects his brother. Brooke Butler Brooke Butler, played by Fifi Box, made her first screen appearance on 28 September 2016. The character and Box's casting was announced on 18 July 2016. She began filming her first scenes during the same week. Of her casting, Box commented, "I'm so excited to be heading to Ramsay Street to join the Neighbours family. Acting has been a lifelong dream of mine and to get this opportunity on Australia's most loved and popular show has blown my mind. I'm too excited for words!" Executive producer Jason Herbison praised Box's audition and said she won the role after showing that she "could pull off Gold Coast chic". Brooke is the estranged mother of Xanthe Canning (Lily Van der Meer) and ex-partner of Gary Canning (Damien Richardson). She was billed as "an opportunistic, flighty and dubious woman who relies on her looks to get by." Network Ten Executive Producer Claire Tonkin added that Brooke would be a "colourful character". In December 2016, Herbison confirmed that Brooke would return during 2017. She returned during the episode broadcast on 12 April. Near their old Gold Coast apartment, Brooke sits in her car and watches her daughter Xanthe and Ben Kirk (Felix Mallard). Weeks later, Brooke comes to Erinsborough to reconnect with Xanthe. She is also reunited with her former partner Gary and meets his mother Sheila Canning (Colette Mann). Brooke apologises to Xanthe for leaving her for so long, but explains that she was being chased by several men that she had conned. Xanthe realises that Brooke has been in Perth with her half-sister Jessie the whole time. Brooke apologises for not being there for Xanthe. Brooke reveals that she has a business selling jewellery, but Sheila is suspicious of her timing, as the family have just won a cash prize on Family Feud. She later takes a pair of Brooke's sample earrings to get them valued, and when she learns that they are legitimate, Sheila apologises. Xanthe encourages her mother to host a jewellery party for their neighbours, where Brooke makes several sales. She later meets with Mack Sweetin (Brian Edmond), to whom she owes money, and asks for the jewellery order to be delayed, as she does not want the buyers to know they are getting fakes until she has convinced Xanthe to leave town with her. Ben sees Mack hand over the jewellery to Brooke, but she denies receiving the shipment. She then convinces Xanthe that Ben does not respect her, and the couple fall out. Gary and Brooke reconcile their relationship, but Xanthe thinks Brooke is using her father. Gary confronts Brooke, but she convinces him that she has feelings for him. Mack warns Brooke that she is late with her repayment. Brooke manipulates Gary and Xanthe by saying Sheila is looking tired from looking after the house, working and caring for a teenager. She adds extra chilli powder to Sheila's meal, leading to her brief hospitalisation with indigestion. Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) enquires about his jewellery order and Brooke lies that she has not received it yet. She later tells Gary that customs are holding the order and she has to pay a $2000 fee, so Gary lends her the money. Brooke arranges to take Xanthe to Perth for a holiday. Shortly before they leave, Brooke's former boyfriend Trey Johnson (Jason Buckley) turns up, demanding the money Brooke stole from him. Brooke repays him and he leaves. Brooke tells Xanthe, Gary and Sheila that she is in debt and that the jewellery is fake. Mack turns up to collect Brooke's latest repayment and Sheila pays him. She tells Brooke that she will organise some shifts at The Waterhole for her. However, Brooke later writes Xanthe a goodbye letter and leaves town. She later calls Xanthe, but hangs up without speaking to her. Brooke returns to Erinsborough and applies for a job at the hospital, but Sheila ruins her chances. Brooke apologises to the Canning's neighbours for the jewellery scam and promises to pay them back when she gets a job. Terese gives Brooke a three-month trial as the manager of Lassiter's Day Spa. She also sets Brooke up on a date with Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis). Brooke and Gary come up with a plan for Brooke to meet her daughter, Jesse, when she stops over in Melbourne on the way to Malaysia. When Terese sees Gary with Brooke, she thinks that Gary is cheating on her. Brooke and Gary wait outside a hotel where they think Jesse is staying, but Brooke receives a text message saying that she is at a different hotel. Brooke hopes to get back together with Gary, but when Gary and Terese become engaged, Brooke decides to leave for Malaysia to meet up with Jesse, after Sheila offers to pay her fare. Others References External links Characters and cast at the Official Neighbours website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database 2016 Neighbours 2016 in Australian television

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20San%20Bernardino%20attack

2015 San Bernardino attack

On December 2, 2015, a terrorist attack, consisting of a mass shooting and an attempted bombing, occurred at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California. The perpetrators, Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, a married couple living in the city of Redlands, targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and Christmas party of about 80 employees in a rented banquet room. 14 people were killed and 22 others were seriously injured. Farook was a U.S.-born citizen of Pakistani descent, who worked as a health department employee. Malik was a Pakistani-born green card holder. After the shooting, the couple fled in a rented Ford Expedition sport utility vehicle (SUV). Four hours later, police pursued their vehicle and killed them in a shootout, which also left two officers injured. According to the FBI's investigation, the perpetrators were "homegrown violent extremists" inspired by foreign terrorist groups. They were not directed by such groups and were not part of any terrorist cell or network. FBI investigators have said that Farook and Malik had become radicalized over several years prior to the attack, consuming "poison on the internet" and expressing a commitment to jihadism and martyrdom in private messages to each other. Farook and Malik had traveled to Saudi Arabia in the years before the attack. The couple had amassed a large stockpile of weapons, ammunition, and bomb-making equipment in their home. Enrique Marquez Jr., a friend and former neighbor of Farook's, was investigated in connection with his purchase of the two rifles used in the attack. Marquez was arrested in December 2015, and later pleaded guilty to federal charges of providing material support for terrorism and making false statements in connection with the acquisition of a firearm. Marquez also admitted that, in 2011, he conspired with Farook to carry out shooting and bombing attacks, plans which were abandoned at the time. Three other people, including Farook's brother and sister-in-law, were arrested for immigration fraud in connection with a sham marriage between Marquez and Mariya Chernykh (the sister-in-law of Farook's brother). All three pleaded guilty. The attack was the deadliest mass shooting in the U.S. since the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and the deadliest terrorist attack to occur in the U.S. since the September 11 attacks. It was surpassed by the Orlando nightclub shooting in June 2016. Events Before the attack Farook and Malik left their six-month-old daughter with Farook's mother at their Redlands home the morning of the attack, saying they were going to a doctor's appointment. Farook, a health inspector for the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health, attended a departmental event at the banquet room of the Inland Regional Center. The event began as a semi-annual all-staff meeting and training event, and was in the process of transitioning into a department holiday party/luncheon when the shooting began. There were a total of 91 invited guests, with 75–80 people stated to have been in attendance. Farook arrived at the departmental event at about 8:30a.m. and left midway through it at around 10:30a.m., leaving a backpack atop a table. Coworkers reported that Farook had been quiet for the duration of the event, and that he had been looking at his phone before his departure. He posed for photos with other coworkers. Inland Regional Center attack Shortly before 11:00a.m., the event went on an unscheduled break due to a technical problem. At 10:58a.m. PST, Farook and Malik, armed with semi-automatic pistols and rifles, opened fire outside the building, killing two people. Farook entered the building a minute later, firing on those in attendance. He was followed quickly by Malik. They wore ski masks and black tactical gear (including load bearing vests holding magazines and ammunition), but not ballistic or bulletproof vests. The entire shooting took two or three minutes, during which the shooters fired more than 100 bullets before fleeing. During the shooting, many of those in attendance managed to escape the room and flee deeper into the building, while those who remained hid underneath tables or in bathrooms, closets, and cupboards. A bullet hit a fire sprinkler pipe, causing water to pour down the banquet room, making it difficult to see. The perpetrators moved between tables, shooting anyone who moved or made a sound. One person was struck by a bullet that tore through an interior wall, while another was shot while trying to escape through a glass door near where the shooters had entered. Three men attempted to stop one of the shooters, but all were shot; it was unclear if any of them survived. One victim was killed while shielding a coworker with his body. Some initially mistook the attack as an active shooter drill; some previous such drills had taken place in the same banquet room. An unidentified source told an NPR journalist that witnesses appeared to recognize Farook by his voice and build. Other witnesses easily identified one of the shooters as a female because of her slight build and tight-fitting clothes. Sources reported that Malik pledged bay'ah (allegiance) to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL, on a Facebook account associated with her as the attack was underway. Later reports described the posting as being made on behalf of both shooters. The perpetrators left three explosive devices connected to one another at the Inland Regional Center, contained inside the backpack left by Farook during the departmental event. The devices were described as pipe bombs constructed with Christmas lights and tied together, combined with a remote controlled car that was switched on. The poorly constructed devices failed to explode. Authorities believe that the pipe bombs were meant to target the emergency personnel responding to the scene. The device was hidden inside a canvas bag, and its build was similar to schematics published in Al Qaeda's Inspire magazine. Coworkers noticed the bag before the attack occurred, but thought that Farook would return for it and therefore did not investigate it. Police response It took 3 minutes and 32 seconds for the first police unit to respond to the shooting following the initial 9-1-1 emergency call. Two police officers with the San Bernardino Police Department (SBPD) arrived almost simultaneously at 11:04a.m.; when two other SBPD officers arrived two minutes later, the four officers entered the building through the southeast side and began to search for shooters. Another team of four officers (one from SBPD and the others from the Fontana Police Department) entered the building from the northern side and joined the first team in clearing all of the first-floor rooms. At 11:14a.m., the San Bernardino Fire Department made a Twitter post about an emergency on the 1300 block of Waterman Avenue, with the police working to clear the scene. Roads in the area were closed to traffic. The San Bernardino SWAT team happened to be conducting its monthly training exercise a few miles away from the scene at the time of the attack, which allowed them to arrive at the scene within eleven minutes. Police used a battering ram to get into the complex. The first floor was cleared by 11:17a.m., and a secondary sweep of the building began fourteen minutes later. As officers searched for shooters inside the building, others aided the wounded. Probation officers initially set up a makeshift triage center near the entrance of the building, but deemed it to be too close and relocated it across the street by 11:15a.m. Because survivors were soaked from water pouring from the fire sprinkler pipe, they became slippery for officers to hold. Injured victims were carried out on blankets and chairs, as litters and tactical stretchers were unavailable at the time. An SBPD tactical medic supervised the extraction operation. It took 57 minutes to get the last of the injured to a hospital. Ultimately, about 300 officers and agents from city, county, state, and federal agencies responded to the active-shooter event, converging on the scene as people were being evacuated. The FBI, the ATF, and the Los Angeles Police Department counter-terrorism unit were called in to assist. Police were on the lookout for a black SUV used by the perpetrators to flee the scene. At 5:08p.m., the explosive devices placed by Farook were discovered by an FBI SWAT officer. They were later detonated individually by a bomb squad, with the last detonation occurring at 8:37p.m. Earlier, at 11:33a.m., an abandoned roller luggage bag was found in a second-floor office and mistaken for a suspicious device, but was deemed safe by 2:22p.m. The Inland Regional Center was declared clear by authorities at 9:29p.m. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security sent a Pilatus PC-12 surveillance aircraft to the area, which circled the skies above San Bernardino for hours, mainly in the area where the shooting took place and in areas under investigation by police, and departed after the shootout between the perpetrators and police. Car pursuit and shootout Law enforcement began a search for the suspects. A witness gave Farook's name to police, who quickly learned that he had rented a black Ford Expedition EL SUV with Utah license plates four days before the attack. Based on information provided by one of Farook's neighbors, two plainclothes investigators went to the perpetrators' Redlands home on North Center Street for surveillance shortly before 3:00p.m., about four hours after the initial attack at the Inland Regional Center had begun. They spotted Farook's vehicle leaving the residence and gave chase onto the freeway at 3:08:19p.m. Officers from other agencies joined the pursuit shortly afterward. At least one fake explosivea metal pipe stuffed with cloth made to resemble a pipe bombwas thrown at the police during the pursuit. The SUV exited the freeway onto North Tippecanoe Avenue and briefly stopped at a stoplight, where a pursuing officer observed the perpetrators putting on tactical vests and equipping themselves with rifles. The SUV then continued onward onto East San Bernardino Avenue and entered a suburban area, where the shooter in the backseat, identified as Malik, began firing at police through the back window at 3:08:43p.m. Eventually, at 3:09:22p.m., the SUV stopped in a neighborhood about away from the scene of the initial attack. The couple continued to exchange fire with police from inside their vehicle. Malik opened the side passenger door and shot at the first police vehicle to stop, which was about away from the SUV. Farook exited out of the driver's front door, stood between the two open doors, and opened fire on the same vehicle. As more officers converged, Farook walked across the street towards some homes while continuing to fire, pinning officers behind their squad cars. He intended to flank the sheriff's deputy who had first stopped. Realizing this, several officers repositioned themselves and focused their gunfire on Farook. One police officer eventually shot Farook in the right side, allowing others to flank and shoot at him. Farook fell to the ground, shot several times in the legs and upper body. He fired at the police once with a handgun as he lay wounded on the ground, injuring an officer before the gun malfunctioned. Farook was shot again several times and killed. His body was handcuffed and positioned to lie face-down afterwards. Officers then fired on the SUV as Malik continued to shoot at them. During this exchange of gunfire, a second police officer was wounded. Using a police cruiser as cover, officers fired into the back of the SUV while rescuing the wounded officer and a second one. At 3:14:53p.m., Malik was killed by several bullets that struck her in the body and head. The gunfire lasted for around five minutes before both perpetrators were killed. Police used BearCat armored personnel carriers in confronting the shooters. Because authorities feared that the vehicle could contain explosives, the "Rook"—a motorized battering ram with a protective shield—was used to investigate the SUV. The sheriff's department confirmed that a man and a woman were killed. Seven police agencies were involved in the final shootout, with 23 officers firing a combined total of at least 440 rounds. The perpetrators fired at least 81 rounds. During the shootout, police asked residents to stay indoors. Nearly 2,500 rounds of .223-caliber and 9mm ammunition were recovered from the vehicle, along with medical supplies and a trigger apparatus believed to be for the explosives left behind at the Inland Regional Center. Victims Fatalities In the Inland Regional Center attack, 14 civilians were killed. They ranged in age from 26 to 60. Nine were residents of San Bernardino County, five from nearby Riverside, Los Angeles, and Orange counties. Three (Isaac Amanios, Bennetta Betbadal, and Tin Nguyen‍) were refugees from Eritrea, Iran, and Vietnam, respectively. Thirteen were county employees; ten were environmental health inspectors, comprising about a quarter of that department's workforce. According to autopsy reports released on May 27, 2016, all died from multiple gunshot wounds, mostly to their backs. Twelve died almost immediately. Shannon Johnson and Bennetta Betbadal later died at a makeshift triage center across the street from the Inland Regional Center. Injured The attack injured 22 civilians, some seriously and some shot. Several were hospitalized about 15 minutes after leaving the building. Five went to nearby Loma Linda University Medical Center and six to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center. The last discharged was from Loma Linda on March 3, 2016. One police officer was shot during the gunfight, and one was injured by flying glass or shrapnel. Both were struck in the thigh; one realized he was hit thirteen hours later. Investigation After the attack, police identified married couple Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik as the perpetrators. They used two illegally transferred .223-caliber semi-automatic rifles which had been modified to defeat California's magazine release requirements, two 9 mm caliber semi-automatic pistols, and an improvised explosive device in the attack. Neither shooter had a criminal record, and neither was on Terrorist Screening Database lists. The New York Times reported that "by all accounts so far, the government had no concrete intelligence warning of the assault," although the federal government has long feared "homegrown, self-radicalized individuals operating undetected before striking one of many soft targets" in the United States. On December 3, 2015, the FBI took over as the leading federal law enforcement agency on the case, treating the probe as a counter-terrorism investigation. The FBI conducted a "massive" investigation, and by December 7, 2015, had already conducted about 400 interviews and collected about 320 pieces of evidence. On January 5, 2016, the FBI began investigating what the perpetrators' activities were during an 18-minute period from 12:59p.m. to 1:17p.m. on the day of the shooting, and they appealed to the public for assistance. Investigators believe that the two were driving around the city in an apparent attempt to remotely detonate the explosive device they left behind at the scene of the attack. Motive The investigation found that the perpetrators were inspired by terrorists and terrorist organizations. In Senate Judiciary Committee testimony given on December 9, 2015, FBI Director James B. Comey said that they "were talking to each other about jihad and martyrdom," before their engagement and as early as the end of 2013. They reportedly spent at least a year preparing for the attack, including taking target practice and making plans to take care of their child and Farook's mother. Comey has said that although the investigation has shown that the couple was radicalized and possibly inspired by foreign terrorist organizations, there is no indication that they were directed by such a group or part of a broader cell or network. On December 16, 2015, Comey said, "We can see from our investigation that in late 2013, before there is a physical meeting of these two people [Farook and Malik] resulting in their engagement and then journey to the United States, they are communicating online, showing signs in that communication of their joint commitment to jihadism and to martyrdom. Those communications are direct, private messages." Comey said that the FBI's investigation had revealed that the perpetrators were "consuming poison on the Internet" and both had become radicalized "before they started courting or dating each other online" and "before the emergence of ISIL." As a result, Comey said that "untangling the motivations of which particular terrorist propaganda motivated in what way remains a challenge in these investigations, and our work is ongoing there." In one Arabic-language online radio broadcast, ISIL described the perpetrators as "supporters" following the attack. During the police investigation into the attack, The New York Times reported that this language indicated "a less direct connection" between the shooters and the terrorist group. In a December 5, 2015, English-language broadcast on its Bayan radio station, ISIL referred to the couple as "soldiers of the caliphate," which is a phrase ISIL uses to denote members of the terrorist organization. The New York Times reported that it was unclear why the two versions differed. On December 1, 2016, nearly one year after the attack, authorities speculated on Farook's forced participation in the training event and Christmas party as the trigger. Newly discovered emails indicated that Malik had objected to the party and did not want her husband to participate. San Bernardino Police Chief Jarrod Burguan said in an interview with ABC News that Malik stated that "she didn't think that a Muslim should have to participate in a non-Muslim holiday or event" in an online account. Searches After the deaths of the perpetrators, the focus shifted to a small townhouse in Redlands, a few miles away from San Bernardino; the place where Farook and Malik met after the shooting and where they lived. By 6:00 p.m. PST on December 2, 2015, police were executing a search warrant on the house. According to the San Bernardino police chief, Farook and Malik were listed in the rental agreement. Police used robots to search the house. Investigators found 2,000 9-mm handgun rounds, 2,500 .223-caliber rounds, and the tools that could be used to make improvised explosive devices. The FBI also initially reported that it had removed twelve pipe bombs from the perpetrators' home; the FBI clarified several days later that it had recovered 19 types of pipes that could be converted into bombs from the home. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) was able to complete an "urgent trace" on the firearms less than two hours after the guns were recovered. The couple was not completely successful in destroying their personal electronics, including mobile phones and hard drives, prior to the attack. Pursuant to a federal search warrant, the authorities also searched a townhouse in Corona twice, where Farook's brother and father lived. The FBI said that the family was cooperating and authorities did not arrest anyone. On December 10, 2015, federal authorities began searching Seccombe Lake park in downtown San Bernardino after receiving a tip that the shooters visited the area on the day of the attack. A dive team was sent into the shallow edge of the lake to search for evidence; nothing relevant was found. Media reporters enter shooters' home After the FBI completed a search of the perpetrators' townhouse, it was turned over to its landlord. On December 4, 2015, the landlord used a crowbar to open the door to the home and allowed reporters and photographers to "swarm" the home. NBC News correspondent Kerry Sanders said that Inside Edition paid the building's landlord to access the home. MSNBC, CNN, and Fox News all broadcast live video from the home, showing images of personal photographs, documents, identification cards, and baby items. The scene was described as having a "media circus" atmosphere. Sanders, in particular, was criticized for showing close-up images of children's photographs and Farook's mother's identification card; the network later said it regretted doing so. According to legal experts, the broadcast was not illegal, but it raised concerns about journalistic ethics. The Washington Post media critic Erik Wemple wrote that the media's behavior was "terrible" and opined that "this was a story poorly suited to live coverage, without the time and ability to document a scene, determine what's relevant and provide the filtered product to readers." Al Tompkins of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies said that the decision to enter the apartment was "ludicrous" and critiqued the "callous and competitive behavior" of the media on a grave story. Phone decryption On February 9, 2016, the FBI announced that it was unable to unlock one of the mobile phones they had recovered because of the phone's advanced security features. The phone was an iPhone 5C owned by the county and issued to its employee, the shooter Farook. The FBI first asked the National Security Agency to break into the phone, but the NSA was unable to do so. As a result, the FBI asked Apple Inc. to create a new version of the phone's iOS operating system that could be installed and run in the phone's random access memory to disable certain security features. Apple declined due to its policy to never undermine the security features of its products. The FBI responded by successfully applying to a United States magistrate judge, Sherri Pym, to issue a court order, mandating Apple to create and provide the requested software. The order was not a subpoena, but rather was issued under the All Writs Act of 1789. Apple announced their intent to oppose the order, citing the security risks that the creation of a backdoor would pose towards its customers. It also stated that no government had ever asked for similar access. The company was given until February 26, 2016, to fully respond to the court order. In response to the opposition, on February 19, 2016, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a new application urging a federal judge to compel Apple to comply with the order. The new application stated that the company could install the malware on the phone in its own premises, and after the FBI had hacked the phone via remote connection, Apple could remove and destroy the malware. The same day, Apple revealed that it had discussed with the FBI four methods to access data in the iPhone in early January, but one of the more promising methods was ruled out by a mistake during the investigation of the attack. After the shooter's phone had been recovered, the FBI asked San Bernardino County, the owner of the phone, to reset the password to the shooter's iCloud account in order to acquire data from the iCloud backup. However, this rendered the phone unable to back up recent data to iCloud unless its passcode is entered. This was confirmed by the Department of Justice, which then added that any backup would have been "insufficient" because they would not have been able to recover enough information from it. The San Bernardino County District Attorney, Michael Ramos, filed a brief claiming the iPhone may contain evidence of a possible third shooter and a "dormant cyber pathogen" that could have been introduced into the San Bernardino County computer network. On March 28, the Department of Justice announced that it had unlocked the iPhone and withdrew its suit. Initial reports, citing anonymous sources, stated that Israeli company Cellebrite was assisting the FBI with this alternative. However, The Washington Post, citing anonymous sources, reported that the FBI instead paid "professional hackers" who used a zero-day vulnerability in the iPhone's software to bypass its ten-try limitation, and did not need Cellebrite's assistance. In April 2021, The Washington Post reported that the Australian company Azimuth Security, a white hat hacking firm, had been the one to help the FBI. In September 2016, the Associated Press, Vice Media, and Gannett (the owner of USA Today) filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuit against the FBI, seeking to compel the agency to reveal who it hired to unlock Farook's iPhone, and how much was paid. On September 30, 2017, a federal court ruled against the media organizations and granted summary judgment in the government's favor. The court ruled that the company that hacked the iPhone and the amount paid to it by the FBI were national security secrets and "intelligence sources or methods" that are exempt from disclosure under FOIA; the court additionally ruled that the amount paid "reflects a confidential law enforcement technique or procedure" that also falls under a FOIA exemption. National reactions to Apple's opposition of the order were mixed. A CBS News poll that sampled 1,022 Americans found that 50% of the respondents supported the FBI's stance, while 45% supported Apple's stance. In March 2018, the Los Angeles Times reported that "the FBI eventually found that Farook's phone had information only about work and revealed nothing about the plot." Possibility of third shooter Initial news reports and witness accounts following the attack led to a search for up to three shooters, but police eventually determined that there were only two since only two firearms were used in the attack according to ballistics evidence. Immediately following the shootout that killed the perpetrators, investigators in armored vehicles at the perpetrators' townhouse considered ordering an evacuation, but instead ordered the neighborhood to shelter in place and cordoned off the area. From 4:00 p.m. to 5:30 p.m., police asked residents of the area to stay in their homes with doors locked and secure after residents reported a person jumping fences. No one was found; the reports may have been from officers at the scene. A person detained after running away from the scene of the shootout was thought to be a possible third suspect, but police determined that he was not connected to the shooting; the person was booked on an unrelated outstanding misdemeanor warrant. On February 18, 2016, the FBI revealed that they have not ruled out the possibility of a third shooter, but clarified that they are continuing to operate under the assumption that only two shooters were involved. Some witnesses who claimed to have seen three gunmen at the Inland Regional Center continued to assert their accounts. As of December 1, 2016, it was reported that the FBI has yet to rule out that possibility. Related arrests and prosecutions Enrique Marquez Jr. Enrique Marquez Jr., a next-door neighbor of Farook's until May 2015, and who is related to him by an immigration fraud sham marriage, was investigated in connection with his purchase of the two rifles used in the attack, a charge to which he agreed to plead guilty. There is no record of a transfer of the weapons from Marquez to the attackers. Personal background Marquez converted to Islam in 2007. Though not regularly, Marquez attended both the Islamic Center of Riverside and the Islamic Society of Corona-Norco four or five years before the attack, and stood out because of his Hispanic background. Federal prosecutors allege that in 2011, Farook and Marquez conspired to carry out shooting and bombing attacks at the library or cafeteria at Riverside Community College, where both were students, and on rush-hour traffic on California State Route 91 in Corona. Marquez reportedly told authorities that he and Farook tried to carry out the attack in 2011 or 2012. This plan was abandoned after three men in the Inland Empire were arrested for their plan to kill Americans in Afghanistan. Though the FBI had previously disputed this fact, Marquez was found to have ties to these men in 2016. By 2011, Marquez spent most of his time in Farook's home, listening to, watching, and reading radical Islamist propaganda, including Inspire magazine, the official publication of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), and videos produced by Al-Shabaab as well as the sermons of Anwar al-Awlaki. On November 29, 2014, Marquez entered into a sham marriage with Mariya Chernykh, a Russian woman who arrived in the U.S. on a J-1 visa and the sister of the wife of Farook's older brother. According to The New York Times, Marquez was said to have been paid between $5,000 and $10,000 to enter the green card marriage so that Chernykh could become a U.S. citizen. Early on December 5, 2015, federal authorities searched Marquez's Riverside home under a federal search warrant. He waived his Miranda rights and cooperated "extensively" with federal investigators, "discussing at length his relationship with" Farook. Arrest and legal proceedings On December 17, 2015, Marquez was arrested and charged in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California with three federal criminal counts: conspiracy to provide material support for terrorism (i.e., himself, a firearm, and explosives); making a false statement in connection with acquisition of firearms ("straw purchase"); and immigration fraud. Another "straw purchase"-related charge and another immigration fraud charge were added on December 30, 2015. He faced a maximum of 50 years in prison if convicted on all of the charges. The court ordered Marquez held without bail, saying that Marquez would pose a danger to the community if released. Marquez initially pleaded not guilty to all of the charges against him. On April 28, 2016, he was named in an indictment as a co-conspirator in document fraud in relation to the arrest of Mariya Chernynk. In February 2017, as part of a plea agreement with federal prosecutors, Marquez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists and to making false statements in connection with the purchase of a firearm. Marquez also admitted to plotting with Farook the alleged abandoned terror plots in 2011. As part of the plea agreement, the government agreed to dismiss the marriage fraud charges. The maximum sentence is 25 years in prison plus a $500,000 fine. Testifying in court when Marquez's guilty plea was entered, the father of one of the victims denounced the plea agreement, saying that it would lead to a sentence that was too light; the U.S. Attorney explained that while he understood the father's pain, the government did not have enough sufficient evidence to prosecute Marquez for more serious offenses. The sentencing hearing was initially set for November 6, 2017, but it was postponed to February 26, 2018, four days before. Sentencing was postponed indefinitely on June 26, 2018, after Marquez obtained a new attorney. On October 23, 2020, Marquez was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Raheel Farook, Tatiana Farook, and Mariya Chernykh Syed Raheel Farook, the brother of gunman Rizwan Farook, 31; his wife Tatiana Farook, 31; and her sister Mariya Chernykh, who was Marquez's "wife" in the sham marriage, were all subject to an investigation into Chernykh's sham marriage with Marquez, which arose during the investigation into the attack. Personal backgrounds Raheel Farook served in the U.S. Navy in the Iraq War from 2003 to 2007, and was awarded two medals for service during the War on Terror. He was described by friends and neighbors as sociable and extroverted compared with his brother Rizwan. In 2011, he married Tatiana, a Russian citizen who immigrated to the U.S. in 2003 from her home village of Vysokiy, located from Moscow. Tatiana had first settled into Richmond, Virginia, immediately after arriving into the U.S. on a J-1 visa. There, she married another man, but the couple divorced in 2010 and Tatiana moved to southern California, where she met Raheel. In California, she began launching several businesses, including a kiosk in The Shops at Montebello, a shopping mall. Mariya Chernykh, the younger sister of Tatiana Farook and also from the village of Vysokiy, left Russia and entered the U.S. on a J-1 visa in July 2009 and failed to depart on October 30 of the same year as required by her visa. At some point since her arrival in the U.S., she made an application for asylum, though it is currently unknown if it was ruled on. She dated a Los Angeles man for years and had a child with him, but were forced to split up due to the sham marriage. On November 29, 2014, Chernykh entered into a sham marriage with Marquez in order to gain legal status in the U.S. According to The Los Angeles Times, after the sham marriage, Chernykh struggled to play her part; on Christmas 2014, she was urged by Tatiana to stop posting online photos of herself with her ex-boyfriend. She began working with her sister as a saleswoman at her sister's kiosk. In January 2017, she pled guilty to immigration fraud. In late 2015, Chernykh and Marquez were set to be interviewed by immigration officials. As a result, according to the indictment, Raheel Farook created a fraudulent back-dated lease agreement that claimed the two were living with him and his wife since their marriage. Raheel and Tatiana Farook also allegedly staged family photos of Chernykh and Marquez, and established a joint transaction account for them. Prosecutors allege that on December 3, the day after the Inland Regional Center attack, Tatiana Farook lied to investigators about Chernykh and Marquez's marriage. On February 18, 2016, the FBI searched a residence belonging to Raheel Farook, but did not comment on the exact nature of the search. Raheel was not arrested or named a suspect at that time. Arrests and legal proceedings On April 28, 2016, the Farooks and Chernykh were arrested and charged with conspiracy to knowingly make false statements under oath with respect to immigration documents. These charges carry a maximum sentence of five years. All three pleaded not guilty to the charges against them in a federal court in Riverside. Raheel Farook's mother and Chernykh's ex-boyfriend agreed to post their bails. The day following her arrest, Chernykh posted her bail, but she was transferred to the custody of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement by the U.S. Marshals Service and is being held at Adelanto Detention Center. Deportation proceedings against her are pending, but are on hold until the criminal case is resolved. U.S. Attorney Eileen Decker issued a statement, saying that the charges arose from the investigation into the attack. The indictment alleged that Chernykh paid Marquez to enter into a sham marriage to obtain U.S. immigration benefits. The U.S. Attorney's Office said in a statement that Raheel and Tatiana Farook conspired in the sham marriage by "witnessing Marquez and Chernykh's wedding, taking staged family pictures of Marquez and Chernykh, establishing a joint checking account for the couple and creating a back-dated lease for Marquez and Chernykh to create the illusion that they shared a marital residence." Chernykh pleaded guilty to conspiracy, perjury, and two counts of making false statements. She was set to be sentenced on November 20, 2017, and faced up to 20 years in prison. In January 2017, Raheel Farook pleaded guilty to one felony count of conspiracy to commit immigration fraud, arising from his making of a false statement in support of Chernykh's application for permanent residency. The following month, Tatiana Farook pleaded guilty to the same crime. The maximum sentence in both cases is five years in prison, three years of supervised release, and a $250,000 fine. Both were initially set to be sentenced on November 13, 2017, but this was postponed to March 19, 2018, three days before. Both were later sentenced to three years of probation. Rafia Sultana Shareef (Rafia Farook) In March 2020, Rafia Sultana Shareef, the mother of Syed Rizwan Farook and Syed Raheel Farook, pleaded guilty to one count of destroying evidence, becoming the only person prosecuted for a crime directly related to the December 2015 terrorist attack. Assistant U.S. Attorney Julius Nam argued, “The defendant chose to deliberately destroy a document that was central to the understanding of the planning”. The FBI recovered what prosecutors called the "attack plan" from a shredder in Raheel Farook's home in Corona and reconstructed it using a computer and scanner, according to Assistant U.S. Attorney Christopher Grigg. Prosecutors did not allege in court that Shareef, who shared a townhouse with Farook and Malik, knew in advance about the terrorists' plans, but in a statement on March 3, 2020 said, "Shareef admitted that she knew her son had produced the document, and she believed it was directly related to his planning of the IRC attack." The "attack plan" included a diagram of the Inland Regional Center conference room and a pathway for the shooters to take between the tables. It also listed action items such as practicing at a shooting range, destroying electronics that authorities could use for tracking, purchasing parts to construct IEDs, and transferring funds to Shareef’s bank account. On February 11, 2021, U.S. District Court Judge Jesus G. Bernal sentenced Shareef to six months of home confinement and three years of probation. While the maximum sentence had been 20 years in federal prison, the under her plea agreement she faced at most 18 months in custody. Prior to sentencing, Shareef apologized to the handful of victims and survivors who were in the Riverside courthouse gallery, saying, “I pray for each of your family members” and to the judge, saying, “I am sorry for what I did.” Aftermath Emergency response discussion On March 18, 2016, California State Assemblyman Freddie Rodriguez of the Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Management conducted a hearing in which first responders were to share details of the response to the attack and possible aspects that could be improved on. During the hearing, Michael Madden, a lieutenant with the San Bernardino Police Department and one of the first responders to respond to the Inland Regional Center, requested state aid in encrypting police radio channels. He explained that police communications were playing out real-time across the U.S. during the attack, being broadcast on YouTube and other network systems. According to Madden, this put first responders at risk, as potential suspects could have been monitoring the communications and tracking the actions of law enforcement. He added that the City of San Bernardino, as well as San Bernardino County, were moving towards a radio system that will incorporate encrypted frequencies. Gun control discussion President Barack Obama called for "common sense" gun safety laws and stronger background checks as part of a bipartisan effort to reduce the frequency of such shootings. In an interview with CBS News' Norah O'Donnell, Obama said, "We have a pattern now of mass shootings in this country that has no parallel anywhere else in the world." Obama called for legislation to block people on the anti-terrorism No Fly List from purchasing weapons. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan opposed this proposal, saying that denying persons on the list the right to bear arms would violate their due process rights. After the shooting, some Democrats sought to tighten federal gun control regulations, "laying blame on a culture that allows even people who are not permitted to board airplanes to buy guns with ease," while some Republicans criticized what they believe to be "the Obama administration's unwillingness to come to terms with the true threat posed by Muslim extremists." Members of the California State Legislature also proposed to revisit some gun-control proposals that had previously stalled, with one assemblyman proposing a prohibition of the sale of guns to those on the federal No Fly List. On January 8, 2016, Representative Pete Aguilar of Redlands spoke on the floor of the House of Representatives and called for gun control. After the shooting, gun sales in California increased by more than 18,000, following an overall down year for statewide sales. Applications for concealed carry permits also rose 750 percent in San Bernardino County. The families of the shooting victims reacted to President Obama's executive action to tighten gun regulation and expand background checks. A number of family members expressed support for the plans as necessary and long overdue, while a few doubted whether they would reduce gun violence. Prior to the attack, a measure was sponsored by Senator Dianne Feinstein; it would allow the U.S. to ban sales of guns and explosives to people listed on government watch lists of suspected terrorists. The so-called "Feinstein Amendment" came to the Senate floor one day after the attack, but failed on a party-line vote, with Democrats in favor and Republicans opposed. On June 16, 2016, Tina Meins, the daughter of one of the fourteen people killed in the attack, spoke in a press conference arranged by Connecticut Senator Chris Murphy, just a day after Murphy launched a fifteen-hour filibuster on the U.S. Senate floor, regarding federal gun control legislation. In the press conference, Meins asserted her support for gun control and questioned the Senate's vote against the Feinstein Amendment, explaining that more than 2,000 terror suspects were able to purchase firearms since 2004. The New York Times published a front-page editorial, the first in 95 years, which called for gun-control measures. The Times editorial board wrote: "It is a moral outrage and a national disgrace that civilians can legally purchase weapons designed specifically to kill people with brutal speed and efficiency." Arthur O. Sulzberger, Jr., publisher of the Times, said the placement of the editorial on the front page was "to deliver a strong and visible statement of frustration and anguish about our country's inability to come to terms with the scourge of guns." On April 20, 2016, California state lawmakers gave initial approval to five gun control bills, which outlawed assault weapons with detachable magazines, prohibited the sale of rifles with the "bullet button" device, banned possession of magazines holding more than ten rounds, required the collection of information on people intending to buy ammunition for any kind of firearm, and required improvised firearms to be registered with the state and given a serial number. The measures have been opposed by a number of politicians and gun rights organizations such as the National Rifle Association and Gun Owners of California. Some of the bills were approved by Governor Brown on July 1, 2016, and went into effect in 2017. Lawsuits On January 13, 2016, the wife of one of the slain victims filed wrongful death claims against San Bernardino County and dozens of unidentified individuals, and also sought damages totaling , saying that her husband's death was preventable and caused by negligence. On January 22, 2016, three relatives of another slain victim filed identical claims against the county for similar reasons and also claimed that the county fostered a hostile workplace environment and failed to provide safety to the Inland Regional Center's employees. The three relatives sought for a total of . At least five San Bernardino city residents filed claims with the City of San Bernardino seeking reimbursement for least in property damage caused by bullets in the shootout, which hit a resident's truck and other items; the City Council voted 5–2 to deny the claims. The city police were one of seven law enforcement agencies on the scene, and it is uncertain which agency fired what bullets. On May 31, 2016, federal prosecutors filed a lawsuit against Farook's family. This lawsuit would allow them to seize both the proceeds of two life insurance policies (and the policies themselves) held by Farook, both of which listed Farook's mother as the beneficiary. One policy worth was taken out by Farook in 2012 when he started working for the county, while the other, worth , was taken out the following year. According to NBC News, "Under federal law, assets derived from terrorism are subject to forfeiture. A federal judge must approve an application before the government can seize the money." In the six-page lawsuit, the life insurance company claimed that Farook's mother was aware of her son's intentions to carry out the attack, and reasoned that she should not be entitled to the benefits as a result. On September 2, 2016, government officials said they wanted to give the money to the victims' families. Planned memorial On May 5, 2016, a group created by San Bernardino County announced plans for a memorial dedicated to the victims and survivors of the attack, as well as the first responders involved. Details about the design of the memorial, meant to be a fountain and garden, were released on the next day. Groundbreaking was slated to begin on June 2, the six-month anniversary of the attack. As of 2017, however, the memorial was still in the development stage. Such memorials usually take five to ten years to be completed. Threats against schools Hours after the attack, classes were canceled at California State University, San Bernardino and at Loma Linda University following a bomb threat that was called in to the university's medical center, where many injured victims were being treated. On December 15, after the Los Angeles Unified School District received a threat of attack by "explosive devices" and other means, Superintendent of Schools Ramon Cortines ordered the closure of all schools in the district for the day. Cortines cited the San Bernardino incident as an influence in his decision to close the schools. New York City received the same threat, but the New York City Department of Education determined it was a hoax and took no action. Release of after-action report On September 9, 2016, the Police Foundation and the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) released a review of law enforcement response to the attack. The review provided a detailed overview of the incident response; lessons learned to improve responding agencies' policies, procedures, tactics, systems, culture, and relationships; and guidance to other agencies and first responders as they prepare for responses to terrorist, active shooter, or other hostile events, and mass-casualty incidents. Survivors On the one-year anniversary of the attack, it was reported that a number of survivors were accusing San Bernardino County of cutting off support for them. This included a lack of access to counseling or antidepressant medication, the injured attempting to get surgeries approved and physical therapy covered, a lack of assistance in dealing with a complex workers' compensation program, and health insurers refusing to cover injuries because they occurred during an act of workplace violence. A county spokesman denied the accusations and said, "The county is, and always has been, committed to ensuring our employees get all the care they need." Anniversary commemoration events On the first anniversary of the attack, a bicycle ride hosted by the Redlands-based club “Ride Yourself Fit” was held at 7:30a.m.; dozens of local bicyclists, many of them police officers, rode , with one mile representing each person killed in the attack. The remembrance bicycle ride continues to be held every December 2. A remembrance ceremony was held at a local blood bank at 8:00a.m. Later that morning, over 200 people at the Inland Regional Center held a moment of silence outside the building. At 3:30p.m., a "Peace Garden" was opened on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino; it was dedicated in the memory of five of the victims, who were all alumni of the university. Reactions Local and county reactions Following the attack, county offices, including the Department of Public Health, were closed the remainder of the week, with only the most essential services remaining open. Most of the county's 20,000 employees returned to work on December 7, 2015, though Inland Regional Center personnel worked remotely. The Inland Regional Center remained closed until January 4, 2016. Its two main buildings now operated under heightened security; the building where the attack took place will remain closed indefinitely. The location of a planned train station next to the Center was moved eastward due in part to the Center's new security procedures. The City of San Bernardino incurred up to in unforeseen expenses (such as the deployment of more police officers on extended shifts) as a result of the attack, and planned to seek state and federal emergency funds to help cover the costs. California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in San Bernardino County, since roughly 35 percent of the Department of Public Health employees were among those killed or wounded in the attack, and the attack left the county with very few health inspectors to do critical work. The emergency declaration will allow the state of California to send in additional health inspectors for assistance. On March 22, 2016, San Bernardino County unanimously voted to accept a agreement with the California Association of Environmental Health Administrators to provide up to 30 temporary health inspectors to replace those currently on leave. As of May 29, 2016, 50 percent of county environmental health staff remain on leave, and temporary staff remain on loan from Riverside, Orange, Los Angeles, Contra Costa, Marin, Ventura, and San Luis Obispo Counties. About 2,000 local residents gathered at a candlelight vigil at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino the day after the attack. At the vigil, Mayor R. Carey Davis praised the first responders, said that the tragedy "has forever impacted our community," and talked about how the community had come together following the attack. Five of the victims and one of the killers were graduates of California State University, San Bernardino; on December 8, 2015, more than 1,000 students, alumni, and community members attended a candlelight vigil on campus in honor of the victims. On January 4, 2016, a memorial for the slain victims was held at the Citizens Business Bank Arena in nearby Ontario, with thousands in attendance, including Governor Brown, California Attorney General Kamala Harris, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, and Christian pastor Rick Warren. After the attack, a relief fund for San Bernardino was set up and has raised as of March 3, 2016. On July 5, 2016, the relief fund finished distributing the entirety of its raised money to the families of the deceased victims (which all received 80 percent of the funds), the 22 people injured (who received 15.5 percent), and witnesses to the shooting (who received 4.5 percent). There were 75 named recipients in total, though the two police officers injured in the shootout with the perpetrators declined their share of the compensation. Nationwide reactions President Barack Obama ordered U.S. flags to be flown at half-staff at the White House, public buildings, military installations, Navy ships, embassies, and diplomatic missions. On December 18, 2015, President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama met in San Bernardino with families of the fatal victims, and emergency personnel who first responded to the incident. The governors of several states also ordered flags to be lowered to half-staff in their states as well. In California, the annual Christmas tree lighting ceremony at the State Capitol was canceled and all flags were lowered to half-staff. Twelve of the dead were members of the Service Employees International Union; SEIU international president Mary Kay Henry said, "Our hearts are broken from this tragedy. ... We will unite to demand that our nation does everything possible to ensure that no more families have to feel this pain, sadness and loss ever again." Muslim reaction American Muslim organizations, including Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) and Islamic Society of Orange County, condemned the attacks. A night vigil was held the day after the attacks at the largest mosque in the San Bernardino County, the Ahmadiyya Baitul Hameed Mosque. In the aftermath of the shooting, CAIR reported an escalation in anti-Muslim hate crimes in the U.S., including the throwing of a pig's head at a mosque in Philadelphia, the beating of a Queens shop owner, and incidents of death threats and vandalism. A number of attacks and incidents of vandalism in southern California in the weeks following the attack were investigated as anti-Muslim hate crimes. A "Muslims United for San Bernardino" campaign to raise money to assist victims' families with funeral expenses and other needs raised more than 152,000 from more than 1,000 donors, becoming the most successful crowdfunding venture Muslim Americans have ever launched. On December 15, 2015, three senior White House officialsValerie Jarrett, Cecilia Muñoz, and Ben Rhodesmet with American Muslim and Sikh leaders to discuss the increase in violent attacks upon members of the American Muslim and Sikh community following the attack (Sikhs are not Muslims but have been occasionally targeted in anti-Islamic bias-motivated crimes). On January 19, 2016, Dabiq, the online propaganda magazine of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, released an issue praising the shooting and the perpetrators. Political reactions Governor Brown said, "Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims' families and everyone affected by the brutal attack." On September 12, 2016, Brown and California Attorney General Kamala Harris awarded eight police officers the Medal of Valor for their roles in emergency response during the attack and the subsequent shootout with the perpetrators. Pakistani Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan said the Pakistani government will continue to offer "all possible legal assistance" to the U.S. in the investigation, and that: [No] sane Pakistani or Muslim could even think about doing such acts, and only few people are using the name of Islam for their wrongdoings, which is defaming our religion. Such heinous acts also lead to serious difficulties for millions of Muslims who live in Western and other countries, and the extremists and nationalist elements in those societies look at Muslims with suspicions. Islamophobia is being spread around the world. What the terrorists are doing has nothing to do with Islam. In an address to the nation delivered from the Oval Office on December 6, 2015, President Obama declared the shooting an act of terrorism, referring to the shooters as having "gone down the dark path of radicalization" and embracing a "perverted version of Islam." Obama said that "the threat from terrorism is real, but we will overcome it" and promised that the United States will "destroy ISIL and any other organization that tries to harm us." Obama also outlined the ongoing fight against ISIL (including U.S. airstrikes, financial sanctions, and targeted special operations) and urged Americans to not give in to fear. It was just the third speech from the Oval Office in the seven years of Obama's presidency. Many Republican U.S. presidential candidates at the time, among them Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, and Donald Trump, responded by claiming the United States was at war. Chris Christie, who was campaigning in Iowa at the time, declared, "What the fact is this is a new world war and one that won't look like the last two. And this is one where it's radical Islamic jihadists everyday are trying to kill Americans and disrupt and destroy our way of life." Jeb Bush stated, "If this is a war, and I believe it is since they have declared war on us, we need to declare war on them." In the New York Review of Books, Wyatt Mason observed that a mass shooting at a Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood clinic, committed by a devout Christian a week earlier, did not lead to the kind of rhetorical outpouring produced by the San Bernardino attack, and argued that the difference in response suggested racism was at work. Some Muslim leaders objected to Obama's request that American Muslims help to "root out" extremism in their communities. Palestinian-American activist Linda Sarsour commented, "I'm tired of this idea that extremism can only mean Muslims or Islam or people who are associated with Islam ... why is it that we're only obsessed with Islam and Muslim communities?". "We would never ask any other faith community to stand up and condemn acts of violence committed by people within their groups", she said. On June 18, 2016, President Obama issued a Weekly Address addressing the San Bernardino attack and a mass shooting that occurred at a gay nightclub six days earlier. In the speech, he addressed the topics of homegrown terrorism and gun control. Being tough on terrorism, particularly the sorts of homegrown terrorism that we've seen now in Orlando and San Bernardino, means making it harder for people who want to kill Americans to get their hands on assault weapons that are capable of killing dozens of innocents as quickly as possible. That's something I'll continue to talk about in the weeks ahead. Controversies In response to the shooting, Donald Trump called for a "total and complete" ban on Muslims entering the United States "until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on." Trump's statement drew widespread condemnation, including from the White House, the Pentagon, the United Nations, and foreign leaders such as British Prime Minister David Cameron and French Prime Minister Manuel Valls. Trump's suggestion was met with condemnation from both Democratic and Republican candidates for the presidency in 2016. Trump, in an interview on Good Morning America, cited the internment of Japanese Americans, German Americans, and Italian Americans during World War II as precedent for his proposal. The attack reignited the debate over whether U.S. government should expand electronic surveillance of Americans, and specifically whether Congress should adopt legislation mandating that technology companies provide a backdoor so that law enforcement has access to encrypted communication. Technology companies oppose such legislation, arguing that it would unacceptably undermine security. At a December 9, 2015, hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, FBI Director Comey called upon tech companies offering end-to-end encryption (such as Apple) to revise their "business model." There is no evidence that the shooters in San Bernardino used encrypted communications, although Comey said the attackers in the Curtis Culwell Center attack earlier the same year exchanged encrypted text messages. Senators Richard Burr and Dianne Feinstein, the chairman and ranking member, respectively, of the Senate Intelligence Committee, are working on encryption legislation. Additionally, Feinstein reintroduced legislation that would require tech companies to report "knowledge of any terrorist activity" they become aware of, a measure that worried Silicon Valley technology companies, which object to such measures on privacy grounds. The use of BearCat armored vehicles by police during the shootout revived debate over use of military and military-style equipment by police, with some law-enforcement officials saying that the shooting showed a need for police to acquire such equipment. See also Gun violence in the United States Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Mass shootings in the United States List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes) Islamic terrorism 2009 Fort Hood shooting 2015 Chattanooga shootings Orlando nightclub shooting Curtis Culwell Center attack List of terrorist incidents, 2015 North Park Elementary School shooting Notes References External links Coverage at the Los Angeles Times Statement from Association of Regional Center Agencies 2015 crimes in California 2015 mass shootings in the United States 2015 murders in the United States 21st-century mass murder in the United States Attacks in the United States in 2015 Deaths by firearm in California December 2015 crimes in the United States December 2015 events in the United States History of San Bernardino, California Islamic terrorism in California Islamic terrorism in the United States Islamic terrorist incidents in 2015 Mass murder in 2015 Mass murder in California Mass murder in the United States Mass shootings in California Mass shootings in the United States Massacres in the United States Murder in California Terrorist incidents in California Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2015 Workplace violence in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Regional%20Center

Inland Regional Center

Inland Regional Center (IRC), formally Inland Counties Regional Center, Inc., is a government-funded not-for-profit public benefit corporation that provides services and programs to more than 33,000 people with developmental disabilities and their families in California's San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Its headquarters, which include a conference center, are located in San Bernardino; the Center also operates a branch office in Riverside. The Center is part of a statewide network of regional centers established by the state of California to provide these services under the Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act. History IRC was incorporated in 1971 and opened in February 1972 as the thirteenth of what became 21 such California centers established by the Lanterman Developmental Disabilities Act and contracted by the California Department of Developmental Services. IRC also operated the San Gabriel-Pomona Regional Center from July 1985 to June 1986. In 1990, services for Inyo and Mono counties were switched from Inland Regional Center to Kern Regional Center in Bakersfield. In 1996, the Center opened its current headquarters in San Bernardino. In 2010, the California Bureau of State Audits found Inland Regional Center had a "culture of employee intimidation" and concluded the center had violated part of its contract with the state. The audit raised questions about how it sets provider rates, handles property and manages its housing program. The state of California placed the agency on probation in January 2011 and ordered improvements. The auditors found the work environment fostered fear of retaliation for speaking out. Changes were made to policies, and communication measures increased, but some employees said that the work environment actually became worse. Lake Elsinore state Assemblyman Kevin Jeffries unsuccessfully introduced legislation to split the agency and increase transparency. In 2012, the organization received $247 million from the Department of Developmental Services for delivering services. A rail station next to the Center was planned to open in 2020 as part of the Arrow commuter rail project. However, , the station location is no longer planned to be adjacent to the Center due to heightened security after the 2015 shooting. Terrorist attack On December 2, 2015, husband and wife Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik perpetrated a terrorist attack at the Center, which consisted of a mass shooting and an attempted bombing and resulted in 14dead and 22injured. The shooters targeted an event for employees of the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health, held in an auditorium with about 80 people. The County had rented the conference center portion of the three building complex. The shooters fled in an SUV. The perpetrators were killed by police after gunfire was exchanged with the occupants of the SUV. Farook, who worked for the public health department as an environmental health inspector, had earlier attended the event. References External links Intellectual disability organizations Healthcare in Greater Los Angeles Buildings and structures in San Bernardino, California Medical and health organizations based in California Non-profit organizations based in California Organizations based in San Bernardino County, California 1971 establishments in California Organizations established in 1971

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20ISIL-related%20events%20%282015%29

Timeline of ISIL-related events (2015)

This article contains a timeline of events from January 2015 to December 2015 related to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS). This article contains information about events committed by or on behalf of the Islamic State, as well as events performed by groups who oppose them. Timeline January 2015 ISIL's official spokesman Abu Muhammad al-Adnani released an audio statement in which he accepted the earlier pledge of allegiance and announced the expansion of ISIL's caliphate with the creation of Wilayat Khorasan (Khurasan Province), a historical region incorporating parts of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Hafiz Khan Saeed was appointed as its local leader, or Wāli (Governor). Abdul Rauf was named as Khan's deputy, however he was killed by a US drone strike in Afghanistan several weeks later. 4 January: ISIL troops attacked Saudi Arabia again, near the border city of Arar, Saudi Arabia, killing four Saudi border guards. Four ISIL militants were also killed in the clashes. 5 January: In Kobanî, Kurdish YPG units captured the governmental and security district and the al-Refia, al-Sena'a, al-Tharura, and al-Banat schools. YPG also advanced in the Mishtanour neighbourhood south of the town. According to SOHR, the YPG now controls at least 80% of Kobanî. At least 14 ISIL militants were killed in the clashes. 6 January: A female suicide bomber detonated her vest at a police station in Istanbul's central Sultanahmet district, the perpetrator was identified as Diana Ramazova, a Chechen-Russian citizen from Dagestan. Turkish police are currently investigating Ramazova's possible links to al-Qaeda or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Further investigation revealed that suspect had photos with insurgents from ISIS 10 January: Suicide bombing in the Tripoli café in Lebanon kills 9 and wounds 30. It is initially attributed to ISIL militants, though other reports claim that only the al-Nusra Front is responsible. 12 January: ISIL battles for the town of Gwer, which was re-taken by Iraqi forces in August 2014. ISIL kills 30 Kurds in the conflict, despite US-led Coalition airstrikes. ISIL kidnapped 21 Christians in Tripoli, Libya. 13 January: Someone claiming to represent ISIS hacked U.S. Military's Twitter account and threatened vengeance on American soldiers for the US's intervention against ISIS, and inserted a video that warned ISIS about a U.S Military attack. ISIL affiliate group, Ansar Beit al-Maqdis, claimed to have kidnapped and killed an Egyptian police officer, Ayman al-Desouky. 14 January: Christopher Lee Cornell, an alleged ISIL sympathiser, was arrested for plotting to bomb the US Capitol. 15 January: 2 suspected terrorists linked with ISIS were shot dead by Belgian police and another wounded in the Belgian town of Verviers, during an anti-terrorist raid. 17 January: Fighting broke out in the Syrian town of Al-Hasakah between Syrian government forces and Kurdish militia, namely the People's Protection Units (YPG). The two sides, having previously coexisted and having focused on other enemies, clashed when government forces took control of buildings understood to be demilitarised, according to the SOHR. 18 January: Israel arrests 7 Arabs who admitted being ISIL members. The allegation was that they were caught just before executing an attack and were practising on animals how to behead people. 19 January: A Canadian special forces commander said that Canadian snipers "neutralized" ISIL militants in Iraq, after "advisers" operating at the front lines of the conflict came under fire. Also, in Kobanî, YPG fighters fully recaptured the Mistanour Hill south of Kobanî, killing 11 ISIL militants. By recapturing this hill, the YPG controlled the ISIL supply routes to Aleppo and Raqqa. By that time, ISIL control ofKobanî was reduced to 15%. Additionally, Syrian government loyalists and Kurdish fighters in Al-Hasakah reached a cease-fire, although sporadic clashes continued. 20 January: ISIL threatens to kill two Japanese hostages, Kenji Goto Jogo, a journalist, and Haruna Yukawa, a military company operator, unless a ransom of 200 million USD is paid. 21 January: Kurdish Peshmerga fighters began a planned operation to capture Mosul, liberating multiple villages neighbouring Mosul, and disrupting essential ISIL supply routes between Mosul, Tal Afar, and Syria. Also, U.S. airstrikes were conducted to assist the Kurdish Peshmerga fighters prior to and during the liberation operation. An estimated 200 ISIL fighters were killed on the first day of the clashes. The Peshmerga also positioned themselves on three fronts near Mosul. U.S. airstrikes near the Iraqi towns of Sinjar, Kirkuk, and Ramadi destroyed ISIL heavy weaponry and killed an unknown number of fighters. 23 January: Kurdish forces reported firing 20 Grad missiles into Mosul, upon receiving intelligence that ISIL militants were gathering to meet near the city's Zuhour neighbourhood. Firing from about north of Mosul, Captain Shivan Ahmed said that the rockets hit their targets. ISIL claimed that the rockets also hit civilians. 24 January: The Lebanese Army repelled another joint ISIL–al-Nusra incursion near Arsal, leading to the deaths of 5 Lebanese soldiers. 25 January: ISIL published a video declaring the execution of Haruna Yukawa, and have revised their demands. They no longer seek the $200 million USD ransom; instead, they demand the release of Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi in exchange for Kenji Goto and Muath al-Kasasbeh, a Jordanian fighter pilot. Also, the village of Mamid was recaptured by YPG and FSA fighters. ISIL lost 12 militants and a vehicle in the clashes. On the same day, YPG fighters cut the ISIL supply route to Kobanî, forcing ISIL into retreat. 25 January: 392 Special Action Force (SAF – a unit of the Philippine National Police) commandos have been engaged to hunt Malaysian bomb-maker and Jemaah Islamiyah leader Zulkifli bin Hir, known as Marwan, and Filipino bomb maker Abdul Basit Usman. Both of them 2 most wanted terrorists protected by the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)a Muslim insurgent group which pledged allegiance to ISIS in 2014. One of the SAF teams raided the hut where they believed Marwan was located and succeeded to kill him. The commandos were retreating from the assault on their targets when they came under fire from members of the BIFF. In maneuvering away from the BIFF assault, they strayed into territory controlled by the MILF (another Muslims insurgent group which signed peace agreement with Philippinas Government) several kilometers away, and a "misencounter" ensued, resulting in the death of 44 Police troopers killed in action and 16 wounded. At least 18 MILF fighters were killed and 5 BIFF fighters. 26 January: The YPG, with some assistance from US airstrikes, forced remaining ISIL forces in the city of Kobanî to retreat, and the YPG managed to enter the eastern outlying areas, thus fully recapturing the city of Kobanî. However, ISIL resistance persists in the eastern outskirts of Kobanî, and the surrounding Kobanî region remains under ISIL occupation. 27 January: Suspected ISIL militants in Libya killed eight people, after storming the Corinthia Hotel in Tripoli and detonating a car bomb. Also, YPG fighters recaptured the Helnej village southeast of Kobanî, and they also besieged ISIL forces in the southern countryside of the city. The next day, YPG and FSA fighters recaptured Kolama village, Seran mall, and Noroz hall. Later on 27 January, YPG fighters drove out the remaining ISIL forces in the southeastern corner of the City of Kobanî, thus securing 100% control of the city. 29 January: An ISIL militant claimed that ISIL has smuggled 4,000 militants into the European Union under the guise of civilian refugees. ISIL claimed that the fighters were planning retaliatory attacks. 31 January: ISIL claims to have beheaded Japanese hostage journalist Kenji Goto, the second ISIL execution of a Japanese person. February 2015 3 February: ISIL released a video of Jordanian hostage Muath al-Kasasbeh being burned to death while locked in a cage. Protests occurred in Jordan with some Jordanians demanding revenge on ISIL. Also, ISIL launched another incursion into Arsal, Lebanon, from their base in the countryside near the Syrian border to the west of Flitah, making it the deadliest ISIL incursion into Lebanon since their incursion into Arsal in August 2014. 4 February: Jordan executed two of its Al-Qaeda in Iraq prisoners, in retaliation against ISIL's burning of the Jordanian pilot. Sajida al-Rishawi, the Al-Qaeda in Iraq failed suicide bomber that ISIL wanted released in the proposed prisoner swap, was one of the executed terrorists. Jordanian TV also stated that Jordanian pilot Muath Al-Kaseasbeh was believed to have been executed by ISIL as early as 3 January 2015. Jordan's King Abdullah II vowed a "relentless war" against ISIL on its own territory, for killing Al-Kaseasbeh. Syrian Kurds fighting ISIL forces near Kobanî stated that they faced "no resistance" due to the fact that ISIL kept "withdrawing its fighters" whenever the Kurds entered another village. Later on 4 February, Jordan began launching airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq, in retaliation for ISIL's killing of Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh. The airstrikes killed 55 ISIL militants in Mosul, including a senior ISIL commander known as the "Prince of Nineveh". 5 February: Jordanian F-16s continued an elevated airstrike campaign against ISIL, targeting militants near the de facto ISIL capital of Raqqa, Syria. 6 February: A continued round of Coalition airstrikes at Raqqa killed over 30 ISIL militants. 7 February: ISIL claimed that American female hostage Kayla Mueller was killed in the Jordanian airstrike on Raqqa on 5 February. However, some experts believe that she may have been killed before the date of the video's release, in order for ISIL to try to drive a wedge between the US and Jordan by blaming her death on the Jordanian airstrikes. 8 February: ISIL reportedly took over the town of Nofaliya in Libya, after a convoy of 40 heavily armed vehicles arrived from Sirte and ordered Nofaliya's residents to "repent" and pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The fighters appointed Ali Al-Qarqaa as the ISIL emir of the town. 9 February: US airstrikes targeted ISIL strongholds in and around the town of Hawija, a mixed Kurdish-Arab city to the west of Kirkuk, which has been under ISIL control since June 2014. 10 February: President Obama confirmed the death of U.S. hostage Kayla Mueller by ISIL. 12 February: ISIL fighters seized most of the town of Khan al Baghdadi, with some reports indicating 90%, which is located 85 km northwest of Ramadi. It was also reported that ISIL had launched a direct attack on the Al Asad Airbase, where nearly 300 US soldiers are stationed. 14 February: The Libyan parliament confirmed the deaths of 21 kidnapped Egyptian Coptic Christian workers in Libya, after the ISIL English language publication Dabiq had released photos claiming their execution. 16 February: Egypt retaliated against ISIL for the beheading of 21 Egyptian Christians by bombing ISIL camps, training sites, and weapons storage depots in neighbouring Libya. 50 ISIL militants in Derna were killed by the initial airstrikes. 17 February: It was revealed that ISIL had launched another major assault on Erbil, coming within of the city. 20 February: Pierre Choulet, known as "Abou-Talha al-Faransi" (the Frenchman) who left France for Syria in October 2013, blew up himself in suicide bombing during an attack on a military base in Iraq. 21 February: Pope Tawadros II of the Coptic Orthodox Church canonised 21 Coptic Christians murdered by ISIL. He announced they will be commemorated on the 8th Amshir of the Coptic calendar, or 15 February of the Gregorian calendar as Holy Martyrs and Saints. Syrian Kurds launched an offensive to retake ISIL-held territories in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, specifically in the Tell Hamis area, with support from US airstrikes. At least 20 villages were captured, and 12 militants were killed in the clashes. 23 February: ISIL stormed the central library of Mosul, destroying about 100,000 books, manuscripts, and newspapers. ISIL abducted 150 Assyrian Christians from villages near Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region. It was reported that ISIL had burned around 8,000 rare books and manuscripts after destroying the Library of Mosul in Iraq. 25 February: Experts believe that three missing British schoolgirls who had gone to Turkey had travelled to Syria and joined ISIL. 26 February: The total number of Assyrian Christians abducted by ISIL from villages in northeastern Syria from 23 to 25 February rose to at least 220, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), a monitoring group based in Britain. Media report about the mass destruction of historical artefacts in the Mosul Museum by ISIL is released, including statues of Lamassu. Jihadi John is identified as Mohammed Emwazi, a 27-year-old Kuwaiti-born British man from a middle-class family who grew up in West London, and graduated from the University of Westminster with a computer programming degree. 27 February: The Kurdish Democratic Union Party and Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that Kurdish fighters, aided by Coalition airstrikes, had recaptured the town of Tal Hamis, as well as most of the villages in the region that had once been occupied by ISIL. At least 175 ISIL militants and 30 YPG fighters were killed in the clashes. March 2015 A group of IMU militants in northern Afghanistan, led by Sadulla Urgenji, released a video in which they stated they no longer view the Taliban's Mullah Omar as leader and pledged allegiance to ISIL's Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. 2 March: The Iraqi government launched a massive military operation to recapture Tikrit, with 30,000 Iraqi soldiers, backed by aircraft, besieging the city on three fronts. 5 March: It was reported that ISIL had destroyed the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud and its archaeological site, claiming that the city and its extensive collection of related antiquities were blasphemous. 6 March: An Iraqi antiquities official confirmed ISIL's bulldozing of the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud, a town founded in the thirteenth century BC, with unconfirmed amounts of damage. Iraqi forces and allies searched houses in Garma. 47 ISIL fighters and 5 Iraqi fighters were killed in Garma. 7 March: Iraqi forces took control of the town of Khan al Baghdadi, with the support of coalition airstrikes. 7 March: Boko Haram declared allegiance to ISIL, although some experts believe that the pledge is largely symbolic. 8 March: Mohammed Emwazi, also known as "Jihadi John", apologized to his family for the shame and scrutiny he brought on them after his identity was unmasked. 9 March: Iraqi forces and allies recaptured Al-Alam, Iraq. Infighting in ISIL left nine ISIL members dead near al-Bab city. Coalition airstrikes killed and destroyed ISIL units, including workers at an oil-pumping station in the Deir ez-Zor province of Syria. 10 March: ISIL has reportedly destroyed the 10th-century Assyrian monastery of St. George and a Chaldean Catholic seminary near Mosul. 12 March: ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audiotape in which he welcomed a pledge of allegiance made to ISIL by Boko Haram; he described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa. Jamaat-ul-Ahrar left ISIL and rejoined Tehrik-i-Taliban. 13 March: A group of militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in Northern Afghanistan swore allegiance to ISIL. 15 March: Fighting around the city of Tikrit led to the near-complete destruction of the tomb of Saddam Hussein located in Al-Awja. The former President's body had been moved from the mausoleum and taken to an unknown location last year, according to the local Sunni population. 18 March: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was reportedly seriously wounded in a Coalition airstrike at the al-Baaj District, in the Nineveh Governorate, near the Syrian border. It was reported that his wounds were so serious that the top ISIL leaders had a meeting to discuss who would replace him if he died. 18 March: ISIS has claimed responsibility for the terrorist attack at a museum in Tunisia that killed 21 people and injured dozens more. 20 March: ISIL took responsibility for a quadruple suicide bombing, carried out in Sana'a mosque in Yemen, which killed nearly 150 people. 26 March: From 25 to 26 March, US-led Coalition airstrikes were reported to have killed over 150 ISIL militants in Mosul. 30 March: The senior Sharia official of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya, Abdullah al-Libi, defected to ISIL, along with many other Ansar al-Sharia militants. 31 March: Iraqi forces recaptured the city center of Tikrit, with pockets of ISIL resistance consisting of 400 ISIL fighters remaining. April 2015 8 April: The Canadian military conducted its first airstrike on an ISIS target in Syria. Two Canadian CF-18s were involved in the airstrike against an ISIS garrison near Raqqa. A total of 10 coalition aircraft, including six from the U.S., took part in the airstrike. 8 April: ISIL destroyed the 12th century Bash Tapia Castle in Mosul. 12 April: The Iraqi government declared that Tikrit was free of ISIL forces, stating that it was safe for residents to return home. However, many refugees from Tikrit still feared returning to the city, and cleanup operations to remove the 5,000–10,000 IEDs are expected to take at least several months. Additionally, Abu Maria, the top ISIL leader in Tikrit, was killed along with his top aide by Iraqi forces at the Ajeel Oil Field, near Tikrit, who caught the ISIL leaders trying to flee from the city. Also, Wilayat Sinai, a group that has pledged allegiance to ISIL in the Sinai Peninsula, claimed responsibility for a bombing attack in Egypt that killed at least 13 people and wounded dozens more. 17 April: 130 ISIL sleeper agents hiding in Tikrit were found and killed by Iraq security forces, which finally ended the Second Battle of Tikrit. Additionally thousands of families fleeing Iraq's western city of Ramadi choked checkpoints leading to Baghdad on Friday, after an Islamic State advance spread panic and left security forces clinging to control. U.S. and Iraqi officials have warned that the city is at risk of falling to the Islamic State despite seven months of airstrikes by U.S. planes in Anbar. 18 April: ISIL's Wilayat Khorasan claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing in Afghanistan on 18 April that killed at least 33 people and injured more than 100, according to a statement believed to be from the movement. 19 April: ISIL produced a video showing the murder by shooting and decapitation of approximately 30 people, who were identified as Ethiopian Christians. 20 April: An 18-year-old boy from New Zealand joins ISIL and is reported missing. New Zealand and Australia are concerned about ISIL-related terrorism at Anzac day. 21 April: It was reported that al-Bagdadi had not yet recovered enough from the injuries he received from an 18 March Coalition airstrike to reassume daily control of ISIL. 22 April: The Iraqi Army regained ground in Ramadi from ISIL forces. Additionally, it was reported that Abu Ala al-Afri, the self-proclaimed Caliph's deputy and a former Iraqi physics teacher, has now been installed as the stand-in leader while Baghdadi recuperates from his injuries. 25 April: A video was released, in which ISIS executioners in the Homs province were shown staging a purported display of sympathy wherein they embrace and forgive two gay men for their sins, before bludgeoning them to death with huge rocks. after breaching ISIL's defense line, with reports that ISIL militants had retreated to the urban areas of Sarrin. According to at least one source, YPG and FSA forces managed to enter the northern part of Sarrin. May 2015 1 May: The Guardian reported that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL, was recovering in a part of Mosul from severe injuries he received during a March 2015 airstrike. It was reported that due to al-Baghdadi's incapacitation from his spinal injury, he may never be able to resume direct control of ISIL again. 5 May: ISIL claims that it was related to the Curtis Culwell Center attack in Garland, Texas on 3 May. The Chicago Tribune reported that there is a link between the gun used in the militant attack and the Fast and Furious U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) gunwalking scandal. 7 May: ISIL-backed Taliban forces launched a major offensive against the north-eastern Afghan city of Kunduz, triggering a humanitarian crisis and a wave of fleeing refugees. 13 May: The clashes, in Maiduguri, between Boko Haram fighters and the Nigerian army resulted in the death of 27 people in addition to 3 Nigerian soldiers killed in gunfights and 6 vigilantes who were killed and 12 more injured by 3 female bombers. Boko Haram lost 35 members including the suicide bombers. 14 May: An Al-Mourabitoun commander called Adnan Abu Walid Sahraoui pledged the group's allegiance to ISIL, expanding ISIL's area of operation into Mali. The group's founder, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, later issued a statement rejecting Sahraoui's announcement. 15 May: During the night, ISIL militants entered the city of Ramadi, the capital of Al Anbar Governorate, using six near-simultaneous car bombs. ISIL also released an audio tape message, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi calling all Muslims to fight against the Iraqi government in Saladin and Al Anbar Governorates, claiming that this is their duty as Muslims. The message breaks the rumors of his death. 15–16 May: U.S. Special Operations forces killed a senior ISIL commander named "Abu Sayyaf" during a raid intended to capture him in Deir ez-Zor, eastern Syria overnight. At least six people from ISIL were killed while no US soldiers were killed. 17 May: ISIL forces captured the city of Ramadi, the former capital of the Islamic State of Iraq, after Iraqi government forces abandoned their posts; more than 500 people were killed. 19 May: Algerian troops ambushed and killed at least 22 militants allied to Islamic State as they held a meeting east of the capital. 21 May: ISIL forces captured the Syrian town of Tadmur and the ancient city of Palmyra, beheading dozens of Syrian soldiers. Two gas fields also fell into ISIL hands. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, ISIL had by then seized 95,000 square kilometers of land, nearly half of Syria's territory. ISIL also reportedly kidnapped a Syriac Catholic priest, Fr. Jacques Mourad, in the area between Palmyra and Homs. 22 May: Al-Walid, the last border crossing between Syria and Iraq that was held by the Syrian Army, fell to ISIL. ISIL also carried out its first terror attack in Saudi Arabia, when a suicide bomber killed at least 21 people in a Shiite mosque in the city of Qatif. 22 May: Abu Maryam al Faransi and Abu Abdul Aziz al Faransi, 2 French ISIS militants, blew up themselves in bomb suicide attack during coordinated assault on the western Iraqi town of Haditha. After the bombings, clashes continued with the Iraqi Security Forces, the Sunni militia Kata'ib al Hamza, and Sunni tribesmen from the Al Jughayfa tribe. 26 May: ISIL militants burned an 80-year-old Assyrian woman to death for "failing to comply with the strict laws of the Islamic State." 27 May: ISIL seizes the Khunayfis phosphate mines south of Palmyra, depriving the Syrian government of a key source of revenue. 28 May: ISIL claims the seizure of Sirte Airport. 30 May: A suicide bomber has killed at least 16 people at a mosque in the Nigerian city of Maiduguri. Dozens more were wounded in the attack. It follows an overnight assault on the north-eastern city by Boko Haram, in which at least 13 people were killed before troops were able to push back the militants' advance. 31 May: ISIL launched an assault on the Syrian city of Al-Hasakah, with ISIL clashing with Syrian government forces on the southern outskirts, and Kurdish forces announcing their intent to protect their portion of the city. Kurdish forces killed 200–450 ISIL members and captured more than 20 in clashes accused of being ISIL and burned homes of suspected ISIL supporters near Ras al-Ayn and Tell Tamer. June 2015 1 June: ISIL begins mandating that male civilians in Mosul wear full beards and imposes harsh punishments for shaving, up to and including beheading. 2 June: ISIL forces close the gates of a dam in Ramadi, shutting off water to Khaldiyah and Habbaniyah. 3 June: ISIL forces in Afghanistan reportedly capture and execute ten militants of the Taliban in the Nangarhar province claimed by the Afghan National Army. 7 June: The Syrian Army reported it repelled an offensive by ISIL on the town of Hasakah. Kurdish forces also seized several villages west of Ras Al Ayn, including al-Jasoum and Sawadieh. 10 June: President Obama authorized the deployment of 450 American advisors to Iraq to help train Iraqi forces in fighting ISIL. 13 June: The Syrian Kurdish YPG militia announced it had begun to move towards the ISIL-controlled border town of Tell Abyad after encircling the town of Suluk 20 km to the southeast. 15 June: A spokesman for Kurdish YPG units announced Syrian Kurdish fighters had taken the town of Tell Abyad from ISIL. 15 June: Ali bin Tahar-Al Awni-al Harzi was killed in a drone strike in Mosul, Iraq. He was the brother of the top ISIS leader Tariq bin Tahar-Al-Awni-al-Harzi and not only a top ISIS leader himself, but also a person of interest in the deadly 2012 attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya. 16 June: Tariq bin Tahar-Al-Awni-al-Harzi (A top ISIS leader) was killed in a US airstrike in Syria, one day after his brother. 23 June: A Kurdish YPG spokesman announced the town of Ayn Issa and surrounding villages, located 50 km (30 miles) from Raqqa, were under the militia's "total control". Abu Mohammad al-Adnani announced the expansion of ISIL to Russia's North Caucasus region as a new Wilayat. 24 June: ISIL attacks Kobanî, killing at least 146 people. Kurdish forces and the Syrian government claimed the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey. 26 June: ISIL claims responsibility for the Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack in which one person was beheaded in France, the bombing of a Shiite mosque in Kuwait City, killing at least 27 people, and the attacks on tourists in Sousse, Tunisia, where 38 people were killed. 27 June: ISIL demolished the ancient statue Lion of al-Lat in Palmyra. 29 June: A senior ISIS commander, named Hesam Tarrad nicknamed Abu Bakr, was executed by the rival militant group, the Al-Nusra Front, in Eastern Lebanon. 30 June: Alaa Saadeh, a 23-year-old resident of West New York, New Jersey, is arrested at his home on charges of conspiring to provide material support to ISIL, and aiding and abetting an attempt to do so. His brother, designated by the United States Department of Justice as Co-Conspirator 1 (CC-1), left the United States on 5 May to join ISIL. Other co-conspirators residing in Fort Lee, New Jersey and Queens, New York were arrested on 13 and 17 June on similar charges, as part of an investigation of a group of individuals from New York and New Jersey that the Department says conspired to provide material support to ISIL. July 2015 1 July: A full-scale offensive in Sinai by the Islamic State affiliate began after sunrise with simultaneous assaults on more than a dozen military checkpoints. For hours, as the militants laid siege to the town of Sheikh Zuwaid, Sinai Province even released updates on its progress. The police station was under siege. To finally overcome the militants, the military called in warplanes and helicopters, conducting airstrikes that left the remains of the militants still sitting in their pulverized vehicles, witnesses said. The death toll reached 21 soldiers killed along with 100 of the militants. 2 July: Not less than 22 Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis militants were killed in an air strike launched early Thursday in Rafah, North Sinai, by Egyptian air forces, reported Reuter's Aswat Masriya. Military sources told Aswat Masriya that the 22 militants were killed in the early hours of Thursday (2 July) by an Apache helicopter after information was received on a number of militants who participated in an attack against Egyptian security forces at a checkpoint in Sheikh Zuweid also Thursday (2 July). 2 July: Rockets were shot at southern Israel by an ISIS-affiliated group. 3 July: Coalition forces targeted ISIS positions with 14 air strikes near the cities of Hasakah, Kobane, Aleppo and Tal Abyad, destroying tactical units, fighting positions, vehicles and structures. Some more 9 Air strikes occurred in Irak Near the cities of Al Huwayjah, Fallujah, Makhmur, Mosul, Sinjar. 4 July: Coalition forces conducted 16 airstrikes late Saturday and early Sunday against key ISIS buildings and transit routes in the terror group's stronghold of Raqqa, Syria, a U.S. Army official said. 5 July: The Egyptian army has killed 241 militants in North Sinai over the past five days, the army's spokesman said in a statement on Monday. From 1 to 5 July, the army also arrested four wanted terrorists and 29 other suspects. Four militant headquarters were also destroyed, spokesman Mohamed Samir added in a statement on his official Facebook page that also included pictures of the mangled bodies of dead alleged terrorists. The statement added that 26 vehicles used by militants were destroyed, including 11 land cruisers, while 16 bombs, prepared to attack army and police personnel in the peninsula, were made safe. Army personnel confiscated a number of militant weapons, including RPGs, machine guns, mortar shells, and hand grenades. 6 July: ISIS militants have retaken the key Syrian city of Ain Issa from Kurdish forces. 7 July: The Syrian Arab Army's 154th Brigade of the 4th Mechanized Division – in coordination with the 104th Airborne Brigade of the Republican Guard, Shaytat Tribesmen (Kata'eb Aswad Al-Sharqiyah), and the National Defense Forces (NDF) – launched a counter-assault at the Al-Liliyah and Al-Nishwa Quarters of Al-Hasakah City, killing scores of enemy combatants from ISIS in the process. Among the ISIS casualties there was the ISIS field commander of operations in Al-Hasakah City, "Abu Qatada Al-Leebi" (Libyan) – he is believed to be the highest ranking ISIS casualty that has been reported during this battle. 9 July: Mawlawi Shahedullah Shahed, a senior ISIS commander was killed in an air strike in Achin district, Nengarhar, Afghanistan. The IS leader was killed in the same strike with the group's "number two" – the head of military operations – Gol Zaman, according to the Afghan intelligence agency. Shahid was a former member of the Pakistani Taliban, he was ousted from the group in October 2014, and was one of the first to pledge allegiance to IS in Afghanistan. 10 July: Hafiz Saeed Khan, the Emir of ISIL's Khorasan Province, was killed in a drone strike in Afghanistan. At least 30 other insurgents were killed in the airstrike. 10 July: A Swedish member of ISIS, known as Abu Othman, died after a bombing on an ISIS media center in Anbar Province in Iraq. At least 23 members of ISIS were reportedly killed in the raid in Anbar, according to the Swedish Foreign Ministry. 11 July: ISIL claims responsibility for a car bomb blast at the Italian consulate in Cairo, Egypt. 16 July: ISIL militants in Sinai attack an Egyptian Navy ship with a guided anti-tank missile. 17 July: ISIL claims responsibility for a bombing in a Khan Bani Saad marketplace that killed 130, injured 130. 20 July: A bomb exploded on the Suruç district of Şanlıurfa, Turkey, killing 32 people and injuring 104. A politician from the pro-Kurdish party of DBP stated that the suicide bomber was a member of ISIS. 20 July: 13 ISIL fighters were killed by SAAF airstrikes in the city of Al-Hasakah. 26 July: At least 13 suspected Boko Haram militants and three civilians were killed in separate attacks over the weekend after the insurgents raided several remote localities around Lake Chad in Nigeria. The insurgents are also suspected of kidnapping some 30 people in Katikine village. 28 July: The United States and its allies conducted 11 air strikes in Iraq against the Islamic State and also targeted the militant group with three strikes in Syria August 2015 1 August: End of the Battle of Al-Hasakah resulting with a decisive Syrian Army & YPG/J victory. During the different clashes the IS lost at least 312 fighters including 26 child soldiers. 125 Syrian Army soldiers at least were killed, and at least 100 more wounded. The YPG/J sustained dozens of killed 2 August: Russian security forces killed 8 ISIL fighters in the North Caucasus region. 5 August: US launches its first attacks against ISIL from Turkey. 12 August: US launches its first manned air strikes against ISIL from Turkey. 13 August: ISIL truck-bombing of a market in a Shia district of Baghdad kills scores, wounds hundreds. 16 August : IS informed families of 4 IS militants from the city of al- Shaddadah, Syria, that IS organization executed them for "cooperating with the international coalition". 18 August: The No. 2 figure in ISIS, Haji Mutazz, was killed in an 18 August drone strike near Mosul, Iraq. Mutazz was traveling in a car with an Islamic State media operative named Abu Abdullah when the vehicle was hit. 19 August: ISIL beheaded Dr. Khaled al-Asaad, who was a retired chief of antiquities for Palmyra because ISIL accused him of being an "apostate" and lists his alleged crimes, including representing Syria at "infidel conferences," serving as "the director of idolatry" in Palmyra, visiting Iran and communicating with "a brother in the Syrian security services". 21 August: ISIL destroyed the historic Mar Elian monastery near the town of Al-Qaryatayn in the Homs Governorate. Two British Islamic State jihadists who died in Syria were killed by an RAF drone strike The target of the RAF drone attack was Reyaad Khan, a 21-year-old from Cardiff who had featured in a prominent Isis recruiting video last year. The second British was Ruhul Amin, from Aberdeen. Two other Isis fighters were killed in the attack on the Syrian city of Raqqa 21 August: Ten Abu Sayyaf militants were killed, raising to 25 the number of Islamic militants slain and 16 others wounded the past three days as the military continued its operations using 105 mm cannons against the fleeing terror group in Patikul, Sulu, Philippines. 22 August: Ayoub El Khazzani, a Moroccan who has links to Islamic State, attempted to kill passengers of a French train leaving from Brussels and going to Paris. He injured seriously 2 people and another one slightly while 3 American passengers overpowered him. El Khazzani had lived in Spain until 2014, moved to France then travelled to Turkey then Syria where he is believed to have trained with ISIS before returning to France. 23 August: ISIL destroyed the 2,000-year-old Baalshamin Temple (Temple of Ba'al) in Palmyra 23 August: Suspected Boko Haram militants ambushed a convoy carrying Nigeria's chief of army staff on a tour of towns in troubled Borno state. One Nigerian soldier died while 10 militants were killed and another five captured. 24 August: Junaid Hussain, 21 and from Birmingham, UK, was killed in air strike by US forces in Raqqa. The Pentagon confirmed that a U.S. drone strike killed Junaid Hussain, an ISIS operative linked to the Garland, Texas, cartoon contest attack. 25 August: ISIL suicide bomber assassinated two Iraqi generals identified by state television as Maj. Gen. Abdul-Rahman Abu-Regheef, deputy chief of operations in Anbar, and Brig. Gen. Sefeen Abdul-Maguid, commander of the 10th Army Division. 26 August: Kurdish forces backed by international coalition airstrikes drove Islamic State militants out of 10 villages in Iraq's Kirkuk province in an offensive to secure their territory to the north. Five peshmerga had been killed, most of them by improvised explosive devices. 28 August: 3 members of the Abu Sayyaf group were killed and 5 wounded, as well as 10 Marines were wounded, in an encounter, in the mountain of Patikul town, Sulu, Philippines. 29 August: Turkish military aircraft launches first airstrikes against ISIL targets as part of the Western coalition. 30 August: ISIL destroyed the Temple of Bel in Palmyra. The bricks and columns were reported as lying on the ground and only one wall was reported as remaining, according to a Palmyra resident. September 2015 1 September: At least one Turkish soldier was killed and two others wounded in the southern province of Kilis by cross-border fire near Syria. The fire came from Syrian territory held by ISIS militants. 5 September: The international coalition carried out 21 airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria over the weekend of 5 September. The largest concentration of attacks occurred near Fallujah, Iraq, where five airstrikes hit staging areas, a building and a bunker. Another 12 attacks were carried out across six other cities in Iraq. 5 September: An Iraqi woman, believed to be a member of the Yazidi-Kurdish minority, shot dead a senior Islamic State commander known as Abu Anas, as bloody revenge for making her a sex slave. 10 September: A coalition airstrike kills Abu Bakr al-Turkmani, an ISIL administrative emir, at Tal Afar, Iraq. 14 September: Two Australian Hornet fighter aircraft destroyed an ISIL armoured personnel carrier with a precision-guided missile in east Syria. 15 September: Egyptian security forces killed 55 militants in Sinai on the ninth day of an operation against Islamists in the area 2 Egyptian soldiers were killed. 16 September: The international coalition have carried out 22 air strikes on Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in the past 24 hours. There were three strikes near Hasaka in northeast Syria hitting a tactical unit and destroying Isis fighting positions, bunkers and excavators. Another strike near Aleppo hit an Isis tactical unit. Kobani, near the Turkish border, also took a hit destroying three fighting positions and a tactical unit. And in a co-ordinated attack with the Iraqi Government, there were fifteen strikes in Iraq targeting Islamic State buildings and equipment near Baiji, Fallujah, Mosul and Sinjar. 18 September: Syrian army jets have carried out at least 25 airstrikes on Islamic State positions in the city of Palmyra leaving at least 26 people dead, including 12 ISIS militants. 18 September: Abu Sayyaf militants are suspected to have bombed a bus killing 1 woman and injuring 16 more people, in Zamboanga, Philippines. At least 38 ISIS fighters were killed in airstrikes by the Damascus regime against Palmyra and two other towns held by ISIS in Homs province. 22 September: At least 38 ISIS fighters were killed in airstrikes by the Damascus regime against three jihadi-held towns in central Syria. 22 September: Cameroon's army killed 11 Boko Haram militants in clashes in the northern town of Amchide. 24 September: Yemen's branch of ISIS claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing at a mosque in the Yemeni capital Sanaa that killed at least 29 people. 25 September: Some 200 members of the Boko Haram Islamist militant group have given themselves up, in the town of Banki, Nigeria, on the border with Cameroon. 27 September: This airstrike resulted in the death of 30 ISIS members, including 12 child soldiers, and 20 wounded. 29 September: ISIS claimed responsibility for the shooting death of an Italian aid worker in Dhaka, Bangladesh; if confirmed this would be their first attack in Bangladesh. 29 September: The United States Department of State designates ISIL's Caucasus and Khorasan Provinces as global terrorist groups. 30 September: Russian aerospace force jets supposedly delivered pinpoint strikes on eight ISIS terror group targets in Syria. In total, 20 flights were made. As a result, arms and fuel depots and military equipment were hit. Supposed ISIS coordination centers in the mountains were totally destroyed. The de facto ISIS capital Raqqa, was also targeted, killing at least 12 jihadists. October 2015 2 October: Boko Haram attack on a village in southeastern Niger killed two Nigerien soldiers, wounded 7 others and also destroyed an army vehicle. 2 October: 3 ISIS members were arrested in Chechnya. 3 October: ISIS claimed responsibility for shooting and killing a Japanese man in the Rangpur District of Bangladesh. The second murder of a foreigner committed by ISIS in the country within a week; they warned of more attacks. 5 October: ISIS launched a full-scale assault on the provincial capital of the Deir Ezzor Governorate, attacking the Syrian Armed Forces' frontline defenses at the Military Airport; the Al-Sina'a, Al-Haweeqa, and Al-'Amal Districts; and the village of Al-Muri'iyah. This offensive totally failed and resulted in the death of around 150 ISIS members. 6 October: Russian jets hit ISIS targets in the Syrian city of Palmyra. The strikes destroyed 20 vehicles and 3 weapons depots in Islamic State-held Palmyra. 7 October: ISIS suffered heavy losses, against Syrian Army, after another failed offensive in Deir Ezzor military airport, in Syria. 7 October: The Nigerian Army killed over 100 Boko Haram militants after they made attempts to attack 120 Task Force Battalion troops, located at Goniri, Yobe State. During the encounter, the militants killed 7 soldiers and wounded 9 others. 8 October: General Hossein Hamedani, An Iranian military commander, who was overseeing the Quds Force and advising Syrian Army, was killed by ISIS militants on the outskirts of Aleppo city, Syria. ISIS sent 3 suicide bombers and hundreds of combatants to swarm the Syrian Army Base outside of the Deir Ezzor Military Airport, killing 23 soldiers from the 137th Brigade before ISIS was able to impose complete control over the last building situated between the Artillery Battalion Base and the Airbase. 8 October: 11 Chadian soldiers have been killed in the most recent Boko Haram attack in the country, while 13 others have been reportedly wounded. 8 October: Antiterror police in Russia's Chechen Republic have killed 3 suspected ISIS militants, coming back from Syria, in two separate shootouts. 2 law enforcement officials were wounded during the operation. 8 October: 3 Assyrians, kidnapped in February 2015, were executed on video tape. 9 October: 2 French Rafale jets carried out a second wave of strikes in Syria on an ISIS training camp. ISIS launched 4 suicide bombers towards the southeastern gate of the Deir Ezzor Military Airport; however, all of the vehicles were destroyed by the Syrian Armed Forces before they could reach their destination. the Syrian Armed Forces suffered another 16 casualties. ISIS sustained a total of 73 casualties and the destruction of 14 armored vehicles (suicide vehicles included) that were either mounted with a 23 mm or 57 mm anti-aircraft machine gun during those tense 48 hours. 10 October: During the last 24 hours, the Syrian army, in coordination with the Russian Air Force, captured the city of Jabboul (6 km from the surrounded Kuweires Military Airport, also called Rasin El Aboud, held by the Syrian Army) after intense firefights with ISIS. Fierce clashes took place in the vicinity of Marouh village (15 km south of Sirrin town). 16 October: A gunman shot and killed 5 people in an Islamic State-claimed attack on a Shia meeting hall in Saudi Arabia before being shot dead by police. 16 October: Lebanese militant group Hezbollah fired rockets and mortars at what it said were Islamic State fighters trying to infiltrate in the north of the country, killing 5 of them. 18 October: An ISIS convoy of 16 vehicles was hit as it drove through an eastern part of Hama province overnight. It resulted in the death of at least 40 militants. The planes which conducted the airstrikes could be Russian or Syrian. 18 October: A British ISIS fighter has carried out a devastating suicide bomb attack near the jihadi held city of Ramadi in Iraq. An ISIS statement claimed that the fighter, known only as Abu Omar al-Britani, had taken part in a twin suicide bomb attack, killing and wounding 80 people. The second suicide bomber is thought to be a Syrian national, named as Abu Qatiba al-Shami. 22 October: A Kurdish and United States commando raid to free prisoners being held by ISIL militants resulted in the release of 69 people including more than 20 Iraqi security forces. Intelligence suggested freshly dug graves were intended for the hostages, and a hostage interviews after the rescue said they expected to die after morning prayers. An American service member was deadly wounded (first American military death in the war against ISIL) and 4 Kurds were wounded. More than 20 ISIL members were killed and 6 captured. The US released video of the prison being bombed after the raid. 29 October: ISIL recently executed more than 200 of its own militants after they tried to break off and join al-Qaeda in Syria. 31 October: Lebanese security forces arrested an ISIL member planning suicide attack against army. 31 October: A Russian airliner flying from Sharm el-Sheikh Egypt crashes, killing all 224 people on board. ISIL claims responsibility in a video saying it is in retaliation for Russia sending planes against them. November 2015 1 November: An elderly South Korean man who was kidnapped by Abu Sayyaf militants in the southern Philippines 10 months ago has been found dead apparently due to an illness. 2 November: The Syrian Democratic Forces advanced towards the strategic town of al-Hawl on the border with Iraq, after storming the nearby village of Bahrat al-Khatooniya. Russian Su-25 jets bombed ISIS positions, in ancient city of Palmyra, destroying a fortification, an underground bunker and anti-aircraft guns. 3 November: International coalition forces launched air raids on military bases of the Islamic State group inside Shingal and Baaj, killing at least 10 militants. 4 November: John Gallagher, a Canadian man, fighting alongside the Syrian Democratic Forces, has been reportedly killed by a suicide bomber during fighting against Islamic State militants in north-eastern Syria. 4 November: At least nine people, including four Egyptian policemen, were killed and 10 others injured, when a suicide bomber rammed his vehicle into a police club in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack. 4 November: ISIL claimed responsibility for an attack near the Bangladeshi capital that left 1 police officer dead and another wounded. 5 November: Niger's air force bombed a Boko Haram base in the country's southeast and arrested more than 20 militants. 6 November: Airstrikes by Russian warplanes on the ISIL-held Syrian city of Raqqa killed 42 people earlier this week, including 27 civilians, 15 ISIS fighters made up the remainder of the death toll.</onlyinclude> 7 November: An Abu Sayyaf sub-leader was critically wounded in Sulu clash during a Filipino military operation. 8 November: An Abu Sayyaf leader was killed along with another bandit by Filipino government troops in Basilan. 3 soldiers were injured in the clash. 10 November: Robert Zankishiyev, aka Abdullah, an ISIS leader in North Caucasus was killed in a counter-terrorist operation in Nalchik, Russia. 11 November: Boko Haram killed 5 civilians in their initial attack in the village located Bosso district, Niger. Niger soldiers drove back the militants, killing around 20 of them. 11 November The Peshmerga launch an offensive to recapture Sinjar after an almost year-long stalemate from its positions on the Sinjar Mountain and the old city, backed by significant artillery bombardment and Coalition air support. The HPG and the YPG also participate in the offensive from their own positions though independently from the Peshmerga. Yezidis make up a significant portion of the Kurdish force, either as units within the Peshmerga, the PKK-affiliated YBŞ, or the HPŞ. ISIS abandons the city by the second day, and in the following days the peshmerga set up a defensive zone around the city and sever ISIS access to Highway 47, which runs between the Syrian border and Tal Afar through Sinjar. 12 November: ISIS claimed responsibility for a pair of suicide bombings which struck southern Beirut, killing 43 people and wounded at least 239. 12 November: The British ISIS militant Mohammed Emwazi, also known as Jihadi John, was announced killed in a US drone strike in Raqqa. 13 November: ISIS reportedly claimed responsibility for a suicide bomb in Baghdad that killed at least 18 people. 13 November: ISIS claimed responsibility for terror attacks in Paris, France that left 130 dead and 352 injured, including at least 99 seriously. Seven terrorists were killed in the attacks, six of them blew themselves up and one was killed by French police. 13 November: At least 9 Boko Haram terrorists were killed and one Nigerian soldier wounded, during an attack on a military base in Gwoza, Borno State, Nigeria. 14 November: A suicide bomber opened fire on Turkish police and then blew himself up during their raid on a suspected ISIS hideout in Gaziantep near the border with Syria, leaving 5 police officers wounded. The raid came hours after another incident in which Turkish soldiers clashed with ISIS fighters who fired at them near Gaziantep. 4 ISIS fighters were killed. 16 November: Troops from the Theatre Command of the 'Operation Lafiya Dole' in Borno State, Nigeria, have killed 37 militants, captured 23 of them alive and destroyed many of their camps. 16 November: U.S. warplanes hit 116 ISIS fuel trucks in eastern Syria. 17 November: Russian Air Force destroyed 140 targets in Raqqa, Deir Ezzor and Aleppo. 17 November: Anonymous began leaking the personal information of suspected extremists, after it "declared war" on ISIS in the wake of the deadly attacks in Paris. 17 November: ISIS-affiliated Abu Sayyaf militants beheaded a Malaysian hostage in Philippines. 18 November: The French police raided an apartment in search of suspects linked to the 13 November Paris attacks. 2 terrorists have been killed, including Abdelhamid Abaaoud, a Belgian ISIS militant who allegedly co-ordinated the November Paris attacks. 5 Police officiers were slightly injured and a police dog was killed. Another woman was found dead in the apartment and a total of 5 people have been taken into custody. 18 November: A suspected Islamic State militant was killed while trying to illegally cross into Turkey from Syria. 18 November: ISIS claimed they had killed two hostages hailing from Norway and China. 18 November: In Nigeria, at least 34 people were killed and another 80 wounded in suicid bombing, in Yola, a town packed with refugees from Nigeria's Islamic uprising. Later, 2 female suicide bombers killed at least 15 people in the northern city of Kano and injured 53. 19 November: An ISIS sniper was reportedly killed by a British missile fired from a RAF tornado, backing Kurdish forces. 19 November: Six men suspected of belonging to an ISIS terror cell were arrested by authorities in Kuwait. One of those arrested, a Lebanese-born Syrian Osama Mohammed Saeed Khaiyat, used a website under his supervision to help fund and support ISIS. 20 November: ISIS claimed responsibility for an attack on the army in the eastern region of Hadramawt, in Yemen, that a security source said killed at least 19 Yemeni soldiers and 35 militants. 20 November: Afghan army forces reportedly killed 12 ISIS militants and injured 5 more, in the eastern province of Nangarhar. 3 government troopers were injured in the operation as well. 20 November: An Abu Sayyaf member, reportedly involved in the kidnapping of foreigners in Malaysia, was killed during military operations, in Tawi-Tawi, in a Filipino army and police joint operation. 21 November: Turkey arrested a Belgian man of Moroccan origin, named Ahmet Dahmani, suspected of being involved in the November Paris attacks. He was arrested with 2 Syrian men suspected of planning to help Dahmani cross safely into Syria. 22 November: 14 ISIS members were killed in two special anti-terror operations, near Nalchik, in Russia 11 ISIS militants were neutralised by the FSB in the first operation and 3 more in the second one. 22 November: The Dubai police detained an Indian man, who was being tracked for over a year by Indian authorities for suspected online activities linked to ISIS. 23 November: The Syrian Army recaptured Maheen and surrounding villages from ISIS. The regime's army targeted ISIS positions near al-Shaer gas field with heavy artillery, killing at least 21 insurgents. 24 November: ISIS claimed responsibility for a hotel attack that killed 7 people, including 2 judges, 4 policemen and 1 civilian, and wounded 10 in Egypt's Sinai. At least 2 terrorists were killed. 24 November: The Lebanese Army arrested an ISIS militant based in Tripoli. 25 November: ISIS claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing attack against a bus of the Tunisian presidential guards, killing 12 of them and wounding 20 others in Tunis. 25 November: Samra Kesinovic, an Austrian teenager who traveled to Syria to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, is reported dead, having been beaten to death by the group after trying to escape from Raqqa. Her companion, Sabina Selimovic, was reported to have been killed in fighting in Syria in September. 26 November: German Federal Security Council decided to join the military campaign against Islamic State militants with six Panavia Tornado Recce reconnaissance airplanes to support identifying targets. Also it will send one frigate to convoy French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle in the eastern Mediterranean. Furthermore, it will support aerial refueling with Airbus A310 MRTT. The mission will have to be approved by the Bundestag and essentially be justified with article 51 of the UN-Charta and the invoked article 42.7 of the Treaty of Lisbon. This mission will not include military attacks and will avoid participation in battles. 26 November: 8 armed men carrying the ISIS flag, and including a suspected Indonesian national, were killed in an encounter with government troops, in Palimbang town, Sultan Kudarat, in the Philippines. 26 November: A Syrian man accused of transporting the two ISIS suicide bombers who blew themselves up in the 2015 Beirut bombings has been killed in a joint Hezbollah-Syrian army operation. 26 November: At least 5 gunmen opened fire on a Shiite mosque in northern Bangladesh, killing at least one person and injuring 3 others. ISIS, reportedly claimed responsibility for the attack. 26 November: At least 4 ISIS militants were arrested from Paghman district of Kabul. 26 November: The Ghost Sec, a hacking group related to Anonymous, gained control of a website supporting IS and replaced it with a Viagra advertisement. 28 November: The Syrian Arab Army's elite special operations division known as the "Tiger Forces" reportedly captured the village of 'Aqulah after a fierce battle with ISIS in the Kuweires Military Airport's southern countryside. At least 20 enemy combatants were reportedly killed during this military operation to liberate 'Aqulah. 28 November: ISIS claimed an attack led by masked gunmen on a motorcycle killing 4 Egyptian policemen in south of Cairo. 28 November: Filipino authorities caught an Abu Sayyaf member linked to the kidnappings of 2 Malaysians in Sandakan earlier this year, one of whom, Bernard Then, was beheaded this month. 28 November: Boko Haram members raided a border village in Niger, killing 4 people and torching some 50 homes. 2 other people were wounded in the assault, the attackers then fled to Nigeria. 11 people, including a soldier, were killed and another soldier seriously wounded in two separate attacks by Boko Haram in Cameroon's north. 29 November: The international coalition conducted 15 strikes against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. In Iraq, 12 air strikes near 7 cities, including 5 near Ramadi, struck 6 of the militant group's tactical units as well as several fighting positions and vehicles. 3 strikes near Dayr Az Zawr and Al Hawl in Syria hit another tactical unit and destroyed an ISIS checkpoint as well as several pieces of equipment used by the militants. 29 November: Afghan security forces killed at least 5 IS militants in eastern Afghanistan. 29 November: At least four persons were killed and an unspecified number of teenage girls were abducted by Boko Haram insurgents from Bam village in Biu Local Government Area, Nigeria. 30 November: Two men with French nationality were arrested attempting to join IS fighters in Libya via Tunisia. December 2015 1 December: Georgian security services have announced the arrest of 4 men suspected of having ties to the Islamic State group. 1 December: Boko Haram killed 8 people in an attack on a village in the southeast of Niger. At least 6 people have been killed and several others injured during a raid by Boko Haram insurgents on Gamgara, Nigeria. 1 December: A Moroccan man was arrested, in Pamplona in Spain, for planning to join ISIS in Syria, by officers from Civil Guard. 2 December: Cameroon's army has killed at least 100 Boko Haram militants and freed 900 hostages in a Nigeria border operation. 2 December: Police in Italy and Kosovo detained 4 Kosovars, with IS contacts, for making threats against the pope and a U.S. diplomat. 2 December: ISIS members have killed 2 members of an influential tribe in southeastern Yemen. 2 December: 14 people were killed and 21 more injured in a mass shooting at San Bernardino, California, U.S. The suspects, married couple Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, were killed by the police and a police officer was wounded in the shootout. The female shooter, Tashfeen Malik, pledged allegiance to ISIS leader on Facebook. 3 December: After a year of bombing ISIS in Iraq, the United Kingdom parliament authorized airstrikes against it in Syria. 4 December: Abdullahi Abubakar who is reportedly number 58 on the published list of 100 wanted Boko Haram insurgents released by the military authorities was arrested in Uba Askira area, Nigeria. 5 December Three female suicide bombers killed about 30 at a crowded market on the island of Koulfoua in Lake Chad. 5 December Three female Boko Haram suicide bombers killed about 30 at a crowded market on the island of Koulfoua in Lake Chad. 6 December: At least 6 ISIS loyalists were killed by Afghan security forces, as ground and air operations continue to suppress the operations of the terror group in eastern Nangahrar province. 6 December: The governor of the major Yemeni city of Aden and 6 bodyguards were killed in a car bombing. An attack ISIS said it committed. 6 December: 3 soldiers were killed as the Nigerian military commenced an attack on Boko Haram deep inside the Sambisa Forest. 7 December: A Danish Islamist tied to Paris attacks was allegedly killed by a drone attack on in the Syrian city of Raqqa. He has been reportedly killed along with a high-ranking ISIS member. 9 December: Government troops intercepted a suspected ammunition courier of the Abu Sayyaf group in Sulu and recovered rounds of grenade launcher, in the Philippines. 10 December: 7 civilians were killed by Boko Haram in the Kamuya village, which is located along the border between Borno and Yobe State, Nigeria. Dozens of civilians were abducted. 11 December: The U.S. announces that a drone strike in Iraq in "late November" had killed ISIS finance minister Abu Saleh, a former Al Qaeda member. Two other finance figures had also been recently killed in Iraq: Abu Maryam and Abu Rahman al-Tunisi. 11 December: The Catalan Police arrested Ali Charef Damache an ISIS militant, in a security raid. Damache is wanted by the US and the Interpol for providing support to terrorists. The suspect is originally from Algeria and has Irish nationality. ISIL forces captured the UNESCO heritage site of Sabratha. 11 December: 14 people were killed, some of them decapitated, in a Boko Haram raid on a village in northeast Nigeria. 12 December: Police and military authorities arrested a notorious member of the Abu Sayyaf Group who is facing a string of criminal cases for kidnapping and illegal detention, in Zamboanga, Philippines. 15 December: 13 Abu Sayyaf bandits and 2 soldiers were killed in a firefight while 10 other soldiers were injured in Al Barka, Basilan, Philippines. 7 Army soldiers were wounded following an attack by 150 suspected Abu Sayyaf terrorists on a battalion headquarters in Patikul Sulu. 16 December: Serious offensive by ISIS forces, with 300 fighters attacking several Kurdish positions north and east of Mosul. Reports on the number of ISIL casualties varied, from 42 dead to hundreds. 24 December: Some 200 al-Shabab fighters operating in the border region between Somalia and Kenya have pledged allegiance to ISIS. This move signifies a split within al-Shabab between those who are still loyal to al-Qaeda and this new splinter group. By switching allegiance the latter have answered a call made by Nigerian-based ISIS-affiliate Boko Haram to join ISIS. The group has already committed at least two attacks in the last two weeks, killing one soldier and two civilians. 28 December: Iraqi forces retake a central government complex in Ramadi, viewed as the last major hurdle in the effort to expel ISIS from the city. An Iraqi official, off record, stated that roughly 45% of the city remains under ISIS control, largely in the north and west. A spokesman for Iraq's counter-terrorism forces has said that only about 100 ISIS members remain in the city. 28 December On the morning two female Boko Haram suicide bombers detonated their explosives at a crowded market in Madagali. According to a local resident at least 28 were killed. 30 December: ISIL's Caucasus branch attacked a group of tourists visiting the Naryn-Kala fortress in Dagestan; one person was killed and eleven injured. 31 December: The United States Department of Justice announces the arrest of a Rochester, New York man alleged to have planned an ISIL-inspired attack on local New Year's Eve festivities. References 2015 ISIL ISIL ISIL Lists of armed conflicts in 2015

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20in%20the%20British%20Armed%20Forces

Irish in the British Armed Forces

Irish in the British Armed Forces refers to the history of Irish people serving in the British Armed Forces (including the British Army, the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force and other elements). Ireland was then as part of the United Kingdom from 1800 to 1922 and during this time in particular many Irishmen fought in the British Army. Different social classes joined the military for various reasons, including the Anglo-Irish officers who thoroughly wished to support the "mother country", while others, typically poorer Irish Catholics, did so to support their families or seeking adventure. Many Irishmen and members of the Irish diaspora in Britain and also Ulster-Scots served in both World War I and World War II as part of the British forces. However, especially since the advent of Irish independence and The Troubles, the topic of enlistment in the British forces has been controversial for the Irish at home, but does still occur. Since partition, Irish citizens have continued to have the right to serve in the British Army, reaching its highest levels since World War II in the 1990s. History Background and earlier contacts Gaelic kerns fighting under the Normans As far back as the High Middle Ages, following the Norman invasion of Ireland, some Gaels acted as mercenary ceithearnach recruited by Anglo-Norman lords to fight in their various feudal campaigns. As various different forces grappled for control of land, some of the Gaelic factions joined with some of the Norman factions fighting side by side, either out of ad hoc self-interest or as a mercenary action. As part of this they fought not only in Ireland, but also in England during the Wars of the Roses and in France during the Hundred Years' War. In his work on the Hundred Years' War, Desmond Seward mentions that the Earl of Ormond had raised Irish kern and Gallowglass to fight for Henry V Plantagenet, King of England, where they were present at the 1418 Siege of Rouen. During this time, with the exception of the Pale, much of Ireland was outside of the English Crown's direct control, but because of the close location to the Kingdom of England, whichever faction in the Wars of the Roses was currently out of favour; Yorkist or Lancastrian; could find refuge in Ireland, often attempting to raise an armed force. Only one full-scale battle took place in Ireland itself, between Yorkists (FitzGeralds) and Lancastrians (Butlers) at the Battle of Piltown in 1462, where Irish troops fought on both sides. This was part of the Butler–FitzGerald dispute between two of the leading Anglo-Norman families in Ireland. The most notable instance from this period is from the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487. This was as part of the Lambert Simnel campaign, where the leading Yorkist figure the Earl of Lincoln was able to rise 5,000 Irish kerns, through his contacts with the FitzGerald family. Tudor military involvement with Ireland The Tudor-era saw a new stage of military development in Ireland with the creation of the Kingdom of Ireland. Figures such as Anthony St. Leger and Thomas Wolsey, as well as Henry VIII Tudor himself, favoured an assimilationist policy for Ireland of surrender and regrant, whereby the Gaelic Irish leaders would be brought into alliance with the English Crown, securing their lands on the condition of abandoning their customs. There was no standing army and so during this early period of Tudor Ireland, commissions and military matters were under the administration of a local county High Sheriff (often of Gaelic Irish or Old English stock). A harsher and more aggressive policy under his offspring—Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I—whereby martial law would be implemented and New English settlers brought into the country to administrate military matters, made participation with crown forces more disreputable. Pre-emptive martial law was introduced by Lord Deputy, the Earl of Sussex in 1556, during the reign of Mary Tudor, while she was colonising the lands of the Ó Mórdha as "Queen's County" and the Ó Conchubhair Fáilghe as "King's County". This allowed for persons suspected of oppositionist tendencies to be executed without trial, as well as against "tax offenders" and the displaced poor. This continued on during the Elizabethan period, with Henry Sidney and William FitzWilliam following suit. Many of the local Gaelic Irish and Old English were displaced from positions of power and previously friendly persons such as James FitzMaurice FitzGerald and Fiach Mac Aodha Ó Broin rose up in military revolt. Massacres by English forces, such as Rathlin, Clandeboye and Mullaghmast also turned the Irish against trusting the Crown forces and led to the development of a proto-Irish nationalism. Eventually, by 1585, Elizabeth had been advised to abandon martial law by the Earl of Ormond, Archbishop Adam Loftus and Sir Nicholas White. The works of Richard Beacon and Edmund Spenser encouraged the return of a harsher repression and following this threat, some Gaels such as Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill and Aodh Mór Ó Néill joined rank militarily with Catholic Spain against the Protestant Tudor forces. Stuart military involvement with Ireland With the Christian sectarian division now a permanent fixture of Irish society, the Stuart period would see more religion-associated conflicts. Due to the English having financial problems, James I Stuart offered a pardon to the participants of Tyrone's Rebellion along the lines of surrender and regrant in 1603, but neither side fully trusted the other. These leaders of Ulster Gaeldom fled with the Flight of the Earls in 1607 in the hopes of militarily retaking their lands with the assistance of Spain (a goal which had little practical chance of success, due to the Treaty of London). A year later, Sir Cathaoir Ó Dochartaigh, a previous supporter of the English forces against Ó Néill, rose up due to ill-treatment and goading at the hands of George Paulet with O'Doherty's Rebellion. After the rebellion failed, in the same year, James I instigated the Plantation of Ulster, bringing in Scottish and English Protestants to be settled on confiscated Gaelic lands. An anxiety of ethnic cleansing was present among the Gaels, expressed by bardic poets such as Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh who lamented: "Where have the Gaels gone? We have in their stead an arrogant, impure crowd of foreigners' blood. There are Saxons there and Scotch." Ireland would have a significant role to play in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Throughout the realms under the Stuart monarchy, sectarian tensions bubbled away as the Crown attempted to erect Episcopalianism as the state religion. For Ireland, the tensions were doubled due to the specter of land-dispossession (continued under the Earl of Stafford) and the push to Anglicisation. Irish Catholics pressed for civil liberties known as The Graces: Stafford said they would be delivered if the Irish helped to suppress the Covenanters in Scotland during the Bishops Wars (enraging the English and Scottish Parliaments). The situation came to ahead when the Irish Catholic gentry under Féilim Ó Néill attempted a desperate coup d'état with the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The rebellion was betrayed by spies and Ireland descended into chaos, including sectarian communal violence, until the Irish Confederation was established. In 1644, in response to the threat of the Confederate Irish; nominally loyal to Charles I Stuart, but independent of the Royalist Army in Ireland; possibly sending troops to aid the embattled Stuart monarch in the English Civil War, the Long Parliament issued an ordinance of "no quarter to the Irish" fighting on English soil. A minority of the 8,000 troops sent by the Duke of Ormonde from Munster to fight for the king were native Irish and so the policy did see some application. The Parliamentarians under Thomas Mytton killed Irish prisoners of war at Shrewsbury in 1645 and Conway Castle in 1646. After the Battle of Naseby over 100 Welsh-speaking women were massacred by the Roundheads, who mistook them for Irish-speakers. Regimentalisation and modern Army 1690 and the early Anglo-Irish regiments Papists Act 1778, Napoleonic and Victorian-eras Some of the Penal Laws against Catholics were reversed with the Papists Act 1778, which was passed by the Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland. This allowed for Catholics to own property, inherit land and join the British Army. The British Army needed soldiers to fight in the contemporary American Revolutionary War and had made some concessions to North American Catholics with the Quebec Act earlier in 1774. Despite ensuing ultra-Protestant riots in Scotland and also the Gordon Riots in London against reversing the ban, many Irish Catholics from this point on would use it as an opportunity for employment. It has been estimated that during the North American conflict, from the British Army 16% of the rank and file and 31% of the COs were Irishmen. There were Irishmen fighting on both sides; a standout story from the diary of Sergeant Roger Lamb recalls how Patrick Maguire of the 9th Regiment of Foot spotted his own brother fighting on the side of the American Patriots during the Saratoga campaign. In following years, the Irish would swell the ranks to the extent that by 1813 the British Army's total manpower was "1/2 English, 1/6 Scottish and 1/3 Irish." In the aftermath of the French Revolution a new period of conflict arose. The United Irishmen was created by radical liberals of Protestant background, such as Wolfe Tone, Edward FitzGerald and Henry Joy McCracken. In collaboration with the French Republic, they sought to set up their own republic in Ireland; appealing to Irish Catholics (particularly elements of the Defenders) to be their sans-culottes. In 1793, the Volunteers was replaced with new government groups; the Militia and the Yeomanry. These latter organisations initially had a higher numbers of Irish Catholic members, but as the Irish Rebellion of 1798 gained ground in Wexford and the Wicklow Mountains, some Catholics were purged due to suspected United Irish sympathies. Lord Castlereagh also secretly adopted a policy of supporting the newly formed Orange Order (successors of the Peep o' Day Boys) in Ulster, to dissuade Presbyterian United Irish membership. Orangism then spread into the Yeomanry and Militia. Despite the large number of deaths in the United Irish conflict, Irishmen; Catholic and Protestant; flocked to join the British Army and the Royal Navy with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in Europe. Some republicans on the other hand formed the pro-Bonapartist Irish Legion. The Ireland-born Duke of Wellington led the British to a famous victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The main Irish regiments involved in the Napoleonic Wars were the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, 18th Royal Hussars, 27th Regiment of Foot, 87th Regiment of Foot and the 88th Regiment of Foot. Of the 27th Inniskilling Regiment, Bonaparte himself said; "anything to equal the stubborn bravery of the Regiment with castles in their caps I have never before witnessed." At the other famous British victory of the Napoleonic Age a decade earlier; the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805; around a quarter of the Royal Navy crew present (3,573 people) were Irishmen. A monument to Horatio Nelson, known as Nelson's Pillar, designed by architects William Wilkins and Francis Johnston, with the statue sculpted by Thomas Kirk, was built from 1808 to 1809 in Dublin, Ireland. Within the context of Ossianic romanticism, the writer Walter Scott had taken some of the Philo-Gaelic ideals of James Macpherson and produced a "British Isles nationalism" for the 19th century Victorian Age, within which Gaelic cultural motifs had something of a place (critics deride this tendency as "Balmoralism"). This extended to the regiments of the British Army, which incorporated elements of Highland and Irish national costume into its dress. This idealisation of the "Gaelic warrior," as a noble savage of sorts had consequences for military-associated race theory of the day. British authorities would classify the Gaelic Irish peasantry, along with their Highland Scots cousins and peoples as far removed as the Gurkhas, Rajputs and Sikhs as martial races, most suited to the hardships of warfare (although, the Irish were typically described as more emotional than Highlanders and sometimes questions were raised as to their Imperial loyalty). In part, the British Raj derived this martial race concept from the Vedic varna known as the Kshatriya. Service during World War I and World War II The Troubles and contemporary situation The Troubles and the following Operation Banner taking place in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 2006 marked a new phase in the relationship between Irish people and the British Armed Forces. Initially, the Irish national community in the North were glad that the British Army had been deployed with a remit to halt communal violence from Ulster loyalists. Some Irish people did not trust the Royal Ulster Constabulary to be impartial, due to perceptions of sectarian biases and the Irish Republican Army had stockpiled weapons, ostensibly to "defend their areas." When the Falls curfew was called in 1970, with the British Army searching civilian properties for illegal weapons, the situation quickly deteriorated. Militant republicans such as the PIRA launched an urban guerrilla warfare campaign with the hopes of forcing a secession of the North from the United Kingdom, with a goal to bring about a United Ireland. In attempting to distinguish between civilians and combatants, some atrocities occurred on all sides, especially during the 1970s. A notable example in 1972 was Bloody Sunday in Derry, associated with the Parachute Regiment (already regarded as heavy handed by the Irish nationalist community across the board). The Scottish regiments which were deployed, such as the Black Watch, were perceived by Irish nationalists as being particularly sympathetic to Orangism and Ulster loyalism, due in part to a similar socio-political culture of sectarianism in Scotland. For the Irish diaspora in Britain, bombings by the PIRA in England led some to either emphasise the credentials of their own Britishness, including championing the suppression of paramilitary forces by the state, or for a minority, participating in organisations such as the Troops Out Movement formed in 1973 (also consisting of some English people), which aligned itself with Irish republicanism by advocating a British disengagement and withdrawal from Northern Ireland. With the ending of the Cold War, the Royal Irish Rangers and the Ulster Defence Regiment were amalgamated to form the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Since the emergence of the Northern Ireland peace process and the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, with Sinn Féin entering into a power sharing agreement with unionists, tensions have died down somewhat, although a low level Dissident Irish Republican campaign continues. Thousands of Irish people have continued to find employment in all branches of the British Armed Forces and this trend has been increasing in recent years, especially since the economic implosion of the Celtic Tiger in 2008. When the British monarch Elizabeth II and her husband made a conciliatory state visit to Ireland in 2011, Major General David O'Morchoe, president of The Royal British Legion in the Republic of Ireland (and head of the Ó Murchadha, a Gaelic sept of the Uí Ceinnselaig), gave her and Mary McAleese, president of Ireland a tour of the Irish National War Memorial Gardens. Subjects Prominent figures Ireland-born During the Second World War, some notable Irish personalities who fought for Britain were Victoria Cross winners such as Donald Garland of the Royal Air Force and James Joseph Magennis of the Royal Navy. The best known of the Irish from among The Few who fought in the Battle of Britain was Brendan Finucane. In the aftermath of the Liverpool Blitz, Dublin-born James Scully won a George Cross for his actions. Victoria Cross recipients Many Ireland-born people have been awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry available to members of the British Armed Forces. In fact, from the nations which were part of the British Empire, the only country which has more winners is England with 614. Ireland, with 190 awards (not including Irish diaspora born abroad), outranks Scotland who have 158 and Australia who have 97. When awards per number of people in the total population are taken into account, Ireland's awards would be the equivalent of England gaining 2,850 Victoria Crosses. Charles Davis Lucas of the Royal Navy from County Armagh was the man whose actions were the earliest to be rewarded with a Victoria Cross, due to his actions in the Baltic Sea on 21 June 1854. This propensity for Irish servicemen to win a disproportionate amount of Victoria Crosses received satirical treatment from Dublin playwright George Bernard Shaw in his 1915 play O'Flaherty V.C., A Recruiting Pamphlet. The play in some parts derives inspiration from the case of Michael John O'Leary. Within it Shaw tells the story of an Irishman from a nationalist family background who joins the British Army simply to escape the hum-drum existence of home life and to seek out adventure abroad. He does not know or care about the "reasons" for the war, nor for British patriotism, but he wins a Victoria Cross in the process. The British military and civil authorities were able to pressure the Abbey Theatre into censoring Shaw's play at the time. Monuments and remembrance War memorials exist on the island of Ireland dedicated to Irish personnel who served in the British Armed Forces over the centuries; some of these memorials originate from Victorian-times. Monuments of local significance include one at Kickham Barracks, a prominent Gaelic cross for the Royal Munster Fusiliers at Killarney, monuments to the Connaught Rangers and Irish Guards at the County Mayo Peace Park and Garden of Remembrance in Castlebar, the Belfast War Memorial in Donegall Square West and a number of monuments inside churches, particularly Anglican ones such as St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Aside from these memorials based in Ireland, Irish surnames also feature prominently on war memorials in a great many towns and cities across Great Britain itself. The most prominent memorial is dedicated to the 49,400 Irish soldiers who died during World War I; this is the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, at Islandbridge in Dublin. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and first planned in 1919 and was completed in 1938, at a time when Ireland had achieved independence. Despite being a monument to people who fought in the British Army, it received cross-party support, partly because the likes of Major General William Hickie had been Home Rulers. There are a number of other major monuments relevant to the experience of Irish soldiers in World War I, this time based on the European continent; the Menin Gate in Ypres, Belgium, for example, features the names of many Irish soldiers. A second Belgium-based memorial was opened in 1998; the Island of Ireland Peace Park. There also exists in Thiepval, France, a monument called the Ulster Tower to the men who died at the Battle of the Somme. Involvement in the Dominions World War II veterans During the Second World War, Ireland maintained a policy of neutrality and was not a military combatant in the conflict. Aside from a far larger number of previously non-attached Irish-born persons who served in World War II, 4,987 recorded members of the Irish Defence Forces (Óglaigh na hÉireann) deserted their positions to join combatant nations, primarily the British Armed Forces during what is known as The Emergency. In response to this and to deter further desertions, Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, enacted EPO 362 in 1945 which deprived deserters of an Irish pension, previously accrued unemployment benefits and banned them from jobs in the public sector for 7 years. At the time this was much debated, with some such as Thomas F. O'Higgins and Patrick McGilligan strongly arguing against the act, while Matthew O'Reilly argued that it was a lenient punishment for the crime of desertion. The historical perception of the topic and the legacy of the treatment of these men when they returned to Ireland after the war, has become an increasingly contested issue in the 21st Century. Defenders of the Fianna Fáil Government's actions assert that the British Government would not tolerate desertion from their Armed Forces under military law, and in fact during the First World War, 306 British soldiers were executed for going so (including 22 serving Irishmen). Supporters of the "deserters" typically state that they were fighting an "ultimate evil" in the form of Nazi Germany. In May 2011 a pressure group was formed in Ireland entitled the 'Irish Soldiers Pardons Campaign', seeking formal acknowledgement from the Irish State that soldiers in its employ who had illegally left the Irish Defence Forces to enlist with the British Government's Arms in World War 2 had been unjustly defamed and treated by the Irish Government's actions, which involved financial penalties being laid upon them by the state when they returned home post-war and employment blacklisting. Public petitions were organized and a media engagement publicity campaign was launched. In June 2013 the Irish Government's Minister for Defence, Alan Shatter, gave a statement in the Dáil Éireann making a formal apology by the Irish Government for its treatment of Irish veterans from the conflict. The Government subsequently passed into law the '(Second World War Amnesty & Immunity) Act (No.12) 2013', granting formal legal amnesty to all Irish Defence Force personnel who had left their posts to enlist with the British Arms in the conflict. Irish republican opposition The broader movement of Irish nationalism; particularly those of a Home Rule or reformist disposition; was not necessarily hostile to Britain or Irish participation in the British Armed Forces and indeed had some supporters up until the end of the First World War, such as the National Volunteers who were supporters of John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party. The doctrines of Irish republicanism have traditionally upheld a harder line. Republicans by nature advocate "breaking the connection with England" in total: an All-Ireland sovereign nation state under a republican form of government, with no British involvement. From the beginning in the late 1700s, Irish republicanism has tended to employed two tactics: (1) portray the British state and its security forces in propaganda as a hostile, alien, occupational force (2) infiltrate militant republicans into the British military to gain practical experience in soldiering. A number of men who later became prominent Irish republican militants had at some point served in the British Army, this includes; James Connolly, Tom Barry, Martin Doyle (a Victoria Cross winner), Emmet Dalton, Erskine Childers and in more recent times John Joe McGee. Aside from the obvious paramilitary opposition to Irish involvement in the British Armed Forces, the Irish rebel song tradition has developed which also voices opposition to Irish enlistment or criticised the actions of the British forces in Ireland. Some of the best known of these include; Join the British Army, The Recruiting Sergeant, Foggy Dew, Come Out Ye Black and Tans, Who Is Ireland's Enemy?, Go On Home, among others. Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye and McCafferty, while not of republican origin, carry much of the same spirit. Gaelic games participation As part of the general Gaelic Revival of the 19th century, the Gaelic Athletic Association was created to organise and promote the restoration of Gaelic games such as hurling and Gaelic football. These were seen as native Irish cultural alternatives to British-directed sports such as rugby union, association football and cricket. Thirteen years after its creation, the GAA enacted Rule 21 in 1897, which banned all members of the British Armed Forces and the police from participation; both in Ireland and Great Britain itself. Although, like with other institutions such as the Gaelic League, the original principles of the GAA was to be apolitical, militant republicans from the Irish Republican Brotherhood joined and became influential within the organisations. Rule 21 was enforced primarily to stop members of the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Dublin Metropolitan Police from spying on nationalistic GAA members. After the secession of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland, which led to the creation of Northern Ireland, the rule continued to be in place. Particularly during The Troubles, there was a climate of mutual suspicion, as some Ulster unionists regarded elements of the GAA as sympathetic in some ways to the goals of the Provisional IRA and at the same time, the GAA (especially in the North) were suspicious of Royal Ulster Constabulary personnel wishing to join. As part of the Northern Ireland peace process and the reforming of the police into a more cross-community institution, as the Police Service of Northern Ireland, moves were made to lift the ban. In 2001, during the presidency of Seán McCague, the ban was lifted, with 26 counties voting yes. Members of the Irish diaspora serving in the Irish Guards founded the Gardaí Éireannach as part of the London GAA in 2015. Regiments Towards the end of the 17th century, a number of regiments began to develop which swore allegiance to the British interest; most of these derive from the Williamite War in Ireland. Most of the early "Irish" Regiment of Foot were founded by New English settlers, however, an exception is the 5th Regiment of Foot (later known as the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers) deriving its lineage from Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare. A slew of red-coated regiments were founded during the Napoleonic Wars, not least the Royal Irish Fusiliers founded by Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet. At the height of the British Empire, regiments such as the Connaught Rangers emerged. The Irish Guards was founded during the Victorian-era. Many regiments were disbanded after Irish independence, but an association exists today to commemorate the history and servicemen in the form of the Combined Irish Regiments Association. A number of contemporary British regimental traditions make reference to Irish culture. The regimental motto of the Royal Irish Regiment; Faugh A Ballagh (Clear the Way!); is derived from the Irish language. The only other British regiment to feature one of the Gaelic languages as a motto was the Seaforth Highlanders, with Cuidich 'n Righ (Aid the King). Meanwhile, the Royal Dragoon Guards and the Irish Guards have as their motto Quis separabit? (Who will separate?) which was also used previously by the Connaught Rangers. An Irish harp with a crown features on the regimental cap badge of the Royal Irish and the Queen's Royal Hussars, while the shamrock and Cross of St. Patrick is featured on the Irish Guards' cap badge. Marching songs in use include the Killaloe March and Eileen Alannah for the Royal Irish, Fare Thee Well Inniskilling for the Royal Dragoon Guards, St Patrick's Day and Let Erin Remember for the Irish Guards. These regiments also celebrate St Patrick's Day on 17 March and are presented with shamrocks. The Royal Irish and the Irish Guards have an Irish Wolfhound as their military mascot, named "Brian Boru IX" and "Domhnall," respectively. Extant Amalgamated Disbanded Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) Connaught Rangers Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Dublin Fusiliers South Irish Horse 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade Cape Town Irish Volunteer Rifles See also Military History Society of Ireland Royal Hibernian Military School Royal Irish Constabulary Irish military diaspora Order of Saint Patrick References Bibliography External links The Irish Sea-Officers of the Royal Navy, 1793-1815 by Anthony Gary Brown Combined Irish Regiments Association at CIORCA Irish Soldiers of the British Army at Clann DubhGhaill Irish Fighting Irish by Barry McGinn Military history of Ireland Military history of the United Kingdom Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20music%20in%20Paris

History of music in Paris

The city of Paris has been an important center for European music since the Middle Ages. It was noted for its choral music in the 12th century, for its role in the development of ballet during the Renaissance, in the 19th century it became famous for its music halls and cabarets, and in the 20th century for the first performances of the Ballets Russes, its jazz clubs, and its part in the development of serial music. Paris has been home to many important composers, including: Léonin, Pérotin, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Niccolò Piccinni, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Georges Bizet, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Hector Berlioz, Paul Dukas, Gabriel Fauré, César Franck, Charles Gounod, Jules Massenet, Vincent d'Indy, Camille Saint-Saëns, Erik Satie, Igor Stravinsky, Sidney Bechet. Music of medieval Paris The cathedral schools and choral music In the Middle Ages, music was an important part of the ceremony in Paris churches and at the royal court. The Emperor Charlemagne had founded a school at the first cathedral of Notre Dame in 781, whose students chanted during the mass; and the court also had a school, the schola palatina, which traveled wherever the imperial court went, and whose students took part in the religious services at the Royal Chapel. Large monasteries were founded on the Left Bank at Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Sainte-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, which taught the art of religious chanting, adding more elaborate rhythms and rimes. When the new Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris was constructed, the Notre Dame school became famous for its innovations in vocal counterpoint, or polyphony. The Archdeacon Albert of the Notre Dame school became famous for composing the first known work for three voices, each chanting a different part at the same time. Another famous teacher at the Notre Dame school, Pérotin, composed for four different voices, with highly complex rhythms, blending all the voices together in ways never heard before. In the 13th century, the monks of the Notre Dame school developed an even more complex form, the motet, or "little word"; short pieces for two or three voices, each chanting different words, and sometimes in different languages. The motet became so popular that it was used in non-religious music, in the court and even by musicians and singers on the streets. A second important music school was established at the Sainte-Chapelle, the royal chapel on the Île de la Cité. Its choir had twenty-five persons, both men and boys, who were taught chanting and vocal techniques. The music of the religious schools became popular outside the churches; the melodies of chants were adapted for popular songs, and sometimes popular song melodies were adapted for church use. Prior to the ninth century there were no written manuscripts of liturgy related to music. The Gallic music of the churches of Gaul was replaced by the plain songs traced to Rome. In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as trouvères, became known for their poetry and songs. Choral polyphony is a musical genre which was introduced in the 15th century in the Western church music culture. At Notre-Dame, this culture became intertwined as its construction progressed. Composition of music and poetry was a culture that prevailed in the cathedral among its canons and dignitaries. In the cathedral, polyphony and organ music were reserved for solemn occasions at a time when acoustics were not well developed. Organizing of the music group in the cathedral was such that the polyphonic vocal choir singing musicians were set behind the tapestries whereas the organ was placed in the nave. Before the 16th century all music performed in the cathedral was a cappella, except for use of organ while chanting. One of the most famous composers of the 14th century was Guillaume de Machaut, who was also renowned as a poet. A canon at Notre-Dame de Reims, he composed a famous mass, the Messe de Nostre Dame, or Mass of our Lady, in about 1350, for four voices. Some of his motets use texts by Philip the Chancellor. Besides church music, he wrote popular songs in the style of the troubadours and trouvères. Street singers and minstrels The crowds on the streets, squares and markets of Paris were often entertained by singers of different kinds. The goliards were non-conformist students at the religious colleges, who led a bohemian life, and earned money for food and lodging by reciting poems and singing improvised songs, either love songs or satirical songs, accompanying themselves on medieval instruments. The trouvéres sang popular songs, romantic or humorous, largely borrowed in style and content from the troubadours of southern France. They often entertained crowds gathered on the Petit Pont, the bridge connecting the Île de la Cité with the left bank. They introduced a particular form, the rondeau, a round song. The Jongleurs were famous for burlesque songs, making fun of the merchants, clergy, and the nobility. Some of them became immensely popular, and received lodging and gifts from the nobles they amused. The Menestrels, (Minstrels), were usually street singers who had established a more professional means of living, entertaining in the palaces or residences of noble and wealthy Parisians. In 1321, thirty-seven minstrels and jongleurs formed a professional guild, the Confrérie de Saint-Julien des ménétriers, the first union of musicians in Paris. Most of them played instruments: the violin, flute, hautbois, or tambourine. They played at celebrations, weddings, meetings, holiday events, and royal celebrations and processions. By their statutes enacted in 1341, no musician could play on the streets without their permission. In order to become a member, a musician had to be an apprentice for six years. At the end of the six years, the apprentice had to audition for a jury of master musicians. By 1407, the rules of the Confrérie were applied to all of France. Musicians were also an important part of court life. The court of Queen Anne of Brittany, wife of Charles VIII of France, in 1493 included three well-known composers of the period: Antonius Divitis, Jean Mouton, and Claudin de Sermisy, as well as a tambourine player, a lute player, two singers, a player of the rebec (a three-stringed instrument like a violin), an organist, and a player of the manichordion, as well as three minstrels from Brittany. Music of Renaissance Paris (16th century) At the death of Charles VI in Paris in 1422, during the devastating Hundred Years' War which ended in 1453, the city had been occupied by the English and their Burgundian allies since 1418. The new (disinherited) French king, Charles VII, had his court established in Bourges, south of the Loire Valley, and did not return to his capital before liberating it in 1436. His successors chose to live in the Loire Valley, and rarely visited Paris. However, in 1515, after his coronation in Reims, king Francis I made his grand entrance in Paris and, in 1528, announced his intention to return the royal court there, and began reconstructing the Louvre as the royal residence in the capital. He also imported the Renaissance musical styles from Italy, and recruited the best musicians and composers in France for his court. La Musique de la Grande Écurie ("Music of the Great Stable") was organized in 1515 to perform at royal ceremonies outdoors. It featured haut, or loud instruments, including trumpets, fifes, cornets, drums, and later, violins. A second ensemble, La musique de la Chambre du Roi ("Music of the King's Chamber") was formed in 1530, with bas or quieter instruments, including violas, flutes and lutes. A third ensemble, the oldest, the Chapelle royale, which performed at religious services and ceremonies, was also reformed on Renaissance models. Another important revolution in music was brought about by the invention of the printing press; the first printed book of music was made in 1501 in Venice. The first printed book of music in France was made in Paris by Pierre Attaingnant; his printing house became the royal musical house in 1538. After his death, Robert Ballard became the royal music printer. Ballard established a shop in Paris in 1551. The most popular musical instrument for wealthy Parisians to play was the lute, and Ballard produced dozens of books of lute songs and airs, as well as music books for masses and motets, and pieces from Italy and Spain. The most popular genre in Paris was the chanson: hundreds of them were written on love, work, battles, religion, and nature. Mary, Queen of Scots and wife of king Francis II wrote a song of mourning for the loss of her husband, and French poets, including Pierre de Ronsard and Joachim du Bellay, had their sonnets and odes put to music. The most popular composers of songs included Clément Janequin, who wrote some two hundred and fifty pieces, and became Court composer, and Pierre Certon, who was a cleric at the Sainte-Chapelle while he wrote some three hundred chansons, ranging from religious and courtly music to popular melodies, such as the famous Sur le Pont d'Avignon. In the second part of the century, a variation of the chanson, the air de cour or simply air (melody), became popular. Airs were lighter in subject, and were accompanied by a lute. They became immensely popular in Paris. The Reformation and religious music The movement of Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther in the Holy Roman Empire and John Calvin in France, had an important impact on music in Paris. Under Calvin's direction, between 1545 and 1550 books of psalms were translated from Latin into French, turned into songs, and sung at reformed services in Paris. The Catholic establishment reacted fiercely to the new movement; the songs were condemned by the College of Sorbonne, the fortress of orthodoxy, and in 1549 one Protestant tailor in Paris, Jacques Duval, was burned at the stake, along with his song book. When the campaign against the new songs proved ineffective, the Catholic Church, at the Council of Trent (1545-1563) which launched the Counter-Reformation, also launched a musical counter-reformation. It was calling for an end to complex but unintelligible chants, simpler melodies, and more serious and elevated lyrics. Music and the first theater companies The beginning of the 16th century saw the first theater performances in Paris, which frequently included music and songs. An amateur theater group called the Confrérie de la Passion was periodically performing Passion Plays, based on the Passion of Jesus, in a large hall on the ground floor of the Hospital of the Trinity (Hôpital de la Trinité) on rue Saint-Denis, where it remained until 1539. In 1543, the group bought one of the buildings attached to the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 23 rue Étienne-Marcel, which became the first permanent theater in the city. The church authorities in Paris denounced Passion and religious mystery plays, which they banned in 1548. The Confrérie rented out its theater to visiting theater troupes, notably an English company directed by Jean Sehais, an Italian company called the Comici Gelosi ("Jealous Comedians"), and a French company headed by Valleran Le Conte. New instruments and the guild of instrument-makers The Renaissance saw a great increase in the number and quality of musical instruments: the harp, violin and flute were produced with many new variations, the seven-string guitar appeared, and the lute, which was based on the oud, an Arab instrument brought to the Iberian Peninsula during the Moorish invasions. The trumpet evolved to something similar to its present form. Powerful organs were built for Paris churches, as well as smaller portable organs and the clavichord, ancestor of the piano. The lute, most often used to accompany songs, became the instrument of choice for minstrels and musically-inclined aristocrats. In 1597, there were so many different instrument-makers in Paris that they, like the minstrels, were organized into a guild, which required six years of apprenticeship and the presentation of a master-work to be accepted as a full member. Dance and ballet Dance was also an important part of court life. The first French book of dance music was published in 1531 in Paris, with the title: "Fourteen gaillardes, nine pavanes, seven branles and two basses-danses". These French dance books, called Danceries, were circulated all over Europe. The names of the composers were rarely credited, with the exception of Jean d'Estrée, a member of the royal orchestra, who published four books of his dances in Paris between 1559 and 1574. At the end of the 16th century, the ballet became popular at the French court. Ballets were performed to celebrate weddings and other special occasions. The first performance of Circé by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx was performed at the Louvre Palace on September 24, 1581, to celebrate the wedding of Anne de Joyeuse, a royal favourite of Henry III, with Marguerite de Vaudémont. Ballets at the French royal court combined elaborate costumes, dance, singing, and comedy. During the reign of Henry IV, ballets were often comic or exotic works; those performed during his reign included "The Ballet of the fools", "The Ballet of the drunkards", "The Ballet of the Turks", and "The Ballet of the Indians". 17th century - royal court music, ballet and opera In the 17th century, music played an important part at the French royal court; there was no day without music. Louis XIII composed songs, and in 1618 organized the first permanent orchestra in France, called La Grande Bande or the Twenty-four ordinary violins of the King, who performed for royal balls, celebrations, and official ceremonies. His son, Louis XIV, an accomplished musician, was taught the guitar and the harpsichord by the best musicians of the period. In 1647, Jean-Baptiste Lully was brought to Paris from his native Florence to be in the service of La Grande Mademoiselle. In early 1653, he caught the attention of Louis XIV, who named him court composer for instrumental music. Under Lully, music became not simply entertainment, but an expression of royal majesty and power.The royal ministers, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin encouraged the development of French music in place of the Italian style. In the families of the nobles and the wealthy, children were taught to sing and to play musical instruments, such as harp, flute, guitar, and harpsichord, either in the convent schools, or at home with private tutors. Louis XIV established the Royal Academy of Music (Académie royale de musique) in 1672, and commissioned Lully to create a music school, but a school for opera singers in Paris was not opened until 1714, and its quality was very poor; it closed in 1784. One notable music teacher and composer was Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, Louis XIV's harpsichord teacher, whose compositions established the French school of harpsichord music. The Air de Cour, or Court Air, became very popular in the early 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIII, both at the royal court and in the palaces of the nobility and the wealthy. It was designed to be sung in a large room (chamber) where the nobility entertained their intimate friends. They usually were improvised songs on the themes of gallantry and love, in the form of a dialogue, performed with the lute and the théorbe. The composer Pierre Guéron, music teacher to the children of the King, published several books of court airs, and trained Angélique Paulet, the most famous Parisian singer of the early 17th century. The published songs were learned and sung by both nobles and wealthy Parisians. The debut of French opera Cardinal Mazarin, raised in Rome, was an enthusiastic supporter of Italian culture, and imported Italian painters, architects and musicians to work in Paris. In 1644, he invited the castrato Atto Melani to Paris, along with his brother Jacopo and the Florentine singer Francesca Costa, and introduced the Italian singing style to the French capital. The Italian style was much different than the French style of the day; voices were stronger and the singing expressed stronger emotions, rather than the finesse of the classical French style. The following year the first performance of an Italian opera, La finta pazza by Marco Marazzoli, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal on February 28, 1645, followed in 1647 by the more famous Orfeo of Luigi Rossi at the Petit-Bourbon theater next to the Louvre. The debut of Italian opera in Paris had exactly the opposite effect that Mazarin desired. As Parisian audiences were not prepared for a theatrical work that was entirely sung, the Cardinal was denounced and ridiculed by Parisian streets singers and pamphlets called mazarinades for spending a fortune on opera decoration and bringing Italian castrati and singers to Paris. Furthermore, during the disorders of the Fronde, Mazarin was forced to leave Paris. When calm was restored, he returned to the capital and carried forward his project to build an opera house. At the time the city had no theater to rival the opera houses of Venice or Rome and, in 1659, Mazarin began construction of the Salle des Machines, a new theater just to the north of Tuileries Palace, between the Marsan Pavilion and the chapel. It could seat six thousand persons, had marble columns, was lavishly decorated, and contained the elaborate machinery needed to produce dramatic stage effects. The death of Mazarin delayed the opening, but it was finally inaugurated in 1662 with an Italian opera, L'Ercole amante, by Cavalli. The premiere was a disaster: the acoustics in the new hall were terrible, and the sound of the stage machinery drowned out the music. The efforts to create a French opera continued. The poet Pierre Perrin persuaded the new Controller General of Finances, Colbert, to establish an Academy of Opera, and in 1669 Perrin was given a commission by the king to create works "in music and in French verse comparable to that of Italy." The first opera by Perrin, Pomone, with music by Robert Cambert, was performed on March 3, 1671, inside a converted Jeu de Paume, or tennis court, between the rue des Fossés de Nesles (now rue Mazarine) and the rue de Seine. It was an enormous success, running for one hundred forty-six performances. Seeing the success of Perrin's work, the official court composer, Lully, moved quickly; he persuaded the royal government to issue a decree banning any theatrical performances with more than two songs or two instruments without Lully's written permission. In 1671 alone, Lully wrote and presented five new operas. On November 15, 1672, he opened his own opera house in the jeu de paume du Bel-Air (also known as jeu de paume de Bécquet). He also demanded and received from the king the exclusive rights to use the theater of the Palais-Royal, until then used by the theater company of Molière, giving him control over any and all musical performances in Paris. He presented a new opera each year, entirely funded by the royal treasury. In April 1673, he premiered Cadmus et Hermione, the first French opera in the lyric-tragedy form. This form, which dominated French opera for the next two centuries, but was rarely exported, featured stories based on mythology and ancient heroes. The performances made maximum use of machinery, allowing the creation on stage of storms, monsters, and characters descending or ascending into the heavens. The texts involved recitation of verse in a classical half-spoken, half-sung style, borrowed from Racine and Corneille, with a vocal range of an octave, words mingled with sighs, exclamations and vibrato. The works included not only singing, but also dance. The operas were all dedicated to the glory of the Sun King: in the dedication of Armide, Lully wrote: "All of the praises of Paris are not enough for me; it is only to you, Sire, that I want to consecrate all the productions of my genius." After 1672, Louis XIV no longer lived in Paris, preferring the royal residences of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and finally Versailles where he and the court moved permanently in 1682. The royal musicians and opera singers went with him, and Versailles, not Paris, became the center of French musical life. Ballet During his residence in Paris, the young Louis XIV was an avid dancer and participant in ballet. Ballet was commonly practiced by young nobles, along with fencing and horsemanship. Only men danced, except in ballets given by the ladies of the Queen. Louis practiced several hours a day, and made his first ballet appearance in the Ballet de Cassandre at the age of thirteen. He was featured in the Ballet Royal de la Nuit, at the Petit-Bourbon theater, on 23 February 1653. This court ballet lasted 12 hours, from sundown until sunrise, and consisted of 45 dances. Louis XIV appeared in five of them, the most famous of which saw the young monarch in the role of Apollo, the Sun King, appearing as the Soleil levant ("rising Sun"). With the arrival of the twenty-six-year-old Jean-Baptiste Lully at the court, the ballet began to take on a new dimension. Lully premiered his first Grand Ballet Royal, Alcidiane, on February 14, 1658, with the entire court in attendance. The performance, composed of seventy-nine different tableaux, or scenes, lasted several hours. In the 1660s, Lully evolved the performances into a combination of ballet, singing, and theater. The performance of Molière's comedy-ballet Le Mariage forcé ("The Forced Marriage"), at the Louvre on 29 January 1664, included not only scenes by Molière and his actors, but several ballets, and also songs by the leading singers of the day, Mademoiselle Hilaire and Signora Anna. However, in 1670, at the age of twenty-six, Louis XIV decided to give up dancing. As a result, Lully revised the format of the court ballets to please the King as a spectator, rather than dancer. For his new tragédie-ballet, Psyché, performed before the King on January 17, 1671, the performance included dancing, singing, acting, orchestral music, and immense visual spectacles created by stage machinery. At one point in the performance, three hundred performers were on or suspended above the stage, singing, dancing, or playing lutes, flutes, trumpets, cymbals, violins, the harpsichord, the hautbois and the théorbe. Religious music In the Baroque era, music was an important weapon to win ordinary people to the side of the Catholic Church, as it had been since the Counter-Reformation, a time when music was given a larger role in religious services. The Sainte-Chapelle was renowned for the purity and beauty of its music, while the Te Deum sung at Notre-Dame was reputed for its soloists, choirs, and double-choirs, and for the musical form called the motet created for the cathedral's singers. The churches were equipped with magnificent organs. Most organists of the churches of Paris were members of families who held the post for generations: the most illustrious were members of the Couperin family, who were organists at the church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais, near the Louvre, for over two centuries, from 1650 until the French Revolution. The most outstanding member of the family was François Couperin, who composed and published numerous pieces, both religious and secular, for the organ and harpsichord. The dynasties included several women who made their mark on Parisian music: François' daughter, Louise Couperin, was a celebrated singer, and his granddaughter Marguerite became the first woman harpsichordist attached to the royal orchestra. Elisabeth Blanchet, the daughter of a prominent Paris harpsichord maker and wife of Armand-Louis Couperin, often took the place of her husband at the organs of Saint-Gervais, Sainte-Chapelle and Notre Dame. Her daughter, Céleste, also became a noted Paris organist at Saint-Gervais. Street musicians and comic opera The most popular gathering place for street musicians and singers, as well as clowns, acrobats, and poets, was the Pont Neuf, inaugurated by Louis XIII in 1613. All the carriages of the aristocracy and the wealthy crossed the bridge, and since it was the only bridge not lined by houses, there was room for a large audience. Listeners could hear comical songs about current events, romantic poems set to music, and (after 1673), the latest melodies of the court composer, Lully. Philipotte, the "Orpheus of the Pont-Neuf", Duchemin, "The Choir boy of the Pont-Neuf", and the one-legged Guillaume de Limoges, the "Lame Lothario", known for his ribald songs, were famous throughout Paris. The celebrated bateleur Tabarin set up a small stage on Place Dauphine, at the point where the bridge crosses the Île-de-la-CIté; his company presented theater, songs and comedy. Between acts, his business partner sold medicines and ointments. The debuts of each of the lyric-tragic operas of Lully were followed almost immediately by parodies performed on the stages at the large outdoor fairs of Paris, at Saint-Germain and Saint-Laurent. A large stage was constructed at the Saint-Germain fair in 1678. The Academy of Music moved quickly to have the city ban recitation of text on stage, which was the exclusive right of the Comédie-Française and the Royal Academy of Music. The actors at the fairs responded by writing their dialogue on signs and holding them up, where the audience read them aloud. The singers sometimes also sang with unintelligible words, mimicking the formal court style of Lully's music. The performers at the fairs invented a new style which combined comic songs with satire, and acrobatics, a form which took the name vaudeville. The foundation of the Royal Academy of Music in 1672 created a growing gulf between the official musicians of the court and the popular musicians of Paris, who were members of the guild of ménétriers (minstrels), with its own rules and traditions, under their traditional head, the elected "King of the Minstrels". While the guild of minstrels had a monopoly over the music in the streets, Lully, the head of the royal academy, had an ordinance passed which gave academy members the exclusive right to play at balls, serenades, and other public events. Academy members did not have to go through the apprenticeship required to be a member of the minstrels guild. The guild of minstrels brought a lawsuit against François Couperin and all organists of the Paris churches, demanding that they join the minstrels guild. The guild won the lawsuit, but the organists appealed to the Parliament of Paris, which exempted them from the rules of the guild. The guild continued to exist until the Revolution: in 1791, it was quietly dissolved. 18th century—the opera, the comic opera, and the salons The musical life of Paris at the beginning of the 18th century was gloomy; the court was at Versailles, and frivolity was officially frowned upon by Louis XIV and his second wife, the Marquise de Maintenon, and the religious party at court. The King's favorite composer, Lully, fell into disgrace because of his unorthodox lifestyle. Musical satires and farces continued to be sung on stages at the fairs, but they were constantly under attack from the Royal Academy of Music, which claimed a monopoly on singing performances. The Théâtre-Italien troupe was forced to leave Paris because of accusations that they made fun of Madame de Maintenon. After the death of the Louis XIV in 1715, the Regent and royal court returned to Paris, and the musical world brightened. The Opera The opera continued to create lavish productions of lyrical tragedies, in the style of Lully. In 1749, the management of the opera was transferred from the court to Paris, much to the dismay of city authorities, who had to pay for the huge spectacles. The opera performed at the theater of the Palais-Royal until April 6, 1763, when a fire destroyed that venue. It moved to the Hall of Machines of the Tuileries, then back to the Palais-Royal in 1770 when the theater was rebuilt. It burned down again in 1781. After Lully, the lyric-tragedy style of opera was faithfully maintained by a series of composers, the most prominent of whom was Jean-Philippe Rameau, who arrived in Paris from Dijon in 1723 and premiered his first opera, Hippolyte et Aricie, in 1733. The Mercure de France, the first Paris newspaper, described his music as "manly, harmonious, and of a new character" different from the music of Lully. The musical world of Paris soon divided into Lullyistes and Ramistes (or Rameauneurs, as they were termed by Voltaire). The prolific Rameau produced not only lyrical tragedies, but also opera-ballets, pastorales, and comic ballets. By the 1750s, Paris audiences were beginning to tire of the formality, conventions, repetitive themes, mechanical tricks and great length of the lyrical tragedies. In the Enlightenment begun in France in 1715, critics demanded a new, more natural form of opera. The battle was launched by the first performance in 1752 of La Serva Patrona, a 1733 Italian opera by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi at the Academy by the company of Bouffons. The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau praised the Italian opera for its simple plot, popular characters, and melodic singing. Describing the quarrel in his Confessions, Rousseau wrote: "On the one side, the most powerful and influential, were the rich, the nobles, and women, supporting the French style; on the other side, more lively, more proud, and more enthusiastic, were the true connaisseurs, the people of talent, the men of genius". Rameau defended his music: "Do you not know that music is a physical-mathematical science, and that sound is a physical object, and that the relationships between the different sounds are made by mathematics and geometry?" Roussau responded that music was the language of feelings; "from the melody comes all the power of music over the human spirit." To illustrate his point, Rousseau wrote a text for a new one-act opera (intermède), Le devin du village ("The village soothsayer"), about the love of two simple peasants, which became part of the Academy repertoire for the next sixty years. Over the course of the 18th century, the heroic style of Lully and Rameau quietly disappeared from Paris stages, replaced by the more natural and more romantic Italian style. Another operatic feud began with the arrival of the German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck in Paris in 1776. He had already written a series of successful Italian operas. In Vienna, he had studied French and had been the music teacher of the young Marie Antoinette. In 1774, he staged the opera Iphigénie en Aulide in Paris, which became a huge popular triumph; he followed it with a French version of Orfeo ed Euridice, which he had written in Vienna in 1762, and then Alceste, reviving the classical lyrical tragedy style. The supporters of Italian opera responded by bringing the Italian opera composer Niccolo Piccinni to Paris in 1776. The rival new operas written by Gluck and Piccinni did not please the fickle Parisian audiences, and both composers left Paris in disgust. By the time of the Revolution the repertoire of the Paris opera consisted of five operas by Gluck, and those of Piccinni, Antonio Salieri, Sacchini and Gretry. Rameau and the French classical style had almost disappeared from the repertoire. The fairs and the Opéra-Comique Throughout the 18th century, the stages of the largest fairs, the Foire Saint-Germain and Foire Saint-Laurent, were the places to see popular entertainment, pantomime and satirical songs. They were only open for a short period of time each year, and were strictly controlled by the rules of the Royal Academy of Music. In 1714–15, the Academy was short of money, and decided to sell licenses to producers of popular theater. The Comédiens-Italiens, expelled from Paris under Louis XIV, were invited back to Paris to perform satirical songs and sketches on the stage at the Hôtel de Bourgogne. In 1726, a new company, the Opéra-Comique, made up of performers from the Saint-Germain fair, was formed. It first settled near the fair on rue de Buci, then moved to the dead-end street cul de sac des Quatre-Vents. Some of the most famous popular French singers of the period and the playwright Charles-Simon Favart made their debut there. In 1744, the Opéra-Comique was taken over by an ambitious new director, Jean Monnet, who built a new theater at the Saint-Laurent fair, with decorations by the famed artist François Boucher, and an orchestra of eighteen musicians conducted by Jean-Philippe Rameau. In 1762, the two competing comic opera theaters were merged under a royal charter, and were allowed to perform all year long, not just during the fairs. The two groups first performed independently on the stage at the Hôtel de Bourgone, and engaged the best composers of the time, including Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny, François-André Danican Philidor and André Grétry. In 1783, they built a brand-new theater, between rues Favart, Marivaux, and the future boulevard des Italiens. The new theater, called Salle Favart, opened on April 28, 1783, in the center of what soon became the city's main theater district. Salons Much of the musical activity of the city took place in the salons of the nobility and wealthy Parisians. They sponsored private orchestras, often with a combination of both professional and amateur musicians, commissioned works, and organized concerts of very high quality, often with a mixture of both professional and amateur musicians. Some very wealthy Parisians built small theaters within their homes. In 1764, Louis François, Prince of Conti hosted a reception in his palace where the featured attraction was the ten-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at the harpsichord. A musical society was organized by the Marquise de Prie, the mistress of the Duke of Bourbon, which gave concerts of Italian music twice a week at the Louvre. The sixty-odd members who attended paid an annual fee, which went to the musicians. Though private individuals were forbidden to hold concerts without the permission of the Royal Academy of Music, a wealthy Parisian named Monsieur Bouland had a theater within his house on rue Saint-Antoine with a stage for two actors, an orchestra of twenty, and seating for three hundred. The owners of salons invited not only classical musicians, but also popular singers of comic opera from the Paris fairs, such as Pierre Laujon and Charles Collé, who became quite wealthy. The Masonic movement became immensely popular among the Parisian upper classes; the first lodge opened in Paris in 1736, and had four famous musicians among its first members. By 1742, there were more than twenty, each with its own musical director. One of the most famous concert societies was the Concert Spirituel, created in 1725, which organized public concerts of religious music in Latin, and later Italian and French, in a salon within the Tuileries Palace provided by the King. Attendees at the concerts included queen Marie Antoinette. The society commissioned works of music by important composers, including Haydn and Mozart, who wrote and performed the Symphony n° 31, K. 297/300a, known as the "Paris Symphony", for the Society during his visit to Paris in 1778. In 1763, the society moved to the Hall of Machines, and had an orchestra of fifty-four musicians and vocal ensemble of six sopranos, six tenors, and six basses. Popular music and street singers The most popular venues for popular music, satire, and comic songs continued to be the stages at the major fairs, where crowds listened to satirical, comical and sentimental songs, though they were only open part of the year. In 1742, the royal government decided that the street singers on the Pont-Neuf were a public nuisance, and were blocking traffic. Only booksellers were allowed to remain, and they had to pay a fee to the royal government. The street and popular musicians migrated across town to the Boulevard du Temple, a wide street with vestiges of the old city walls on one side, and houses on the other. In 1753, the city authorized the construction of cafés and theaters, at first made of canvas and wood, along the boulevard; and the boulevard quickly became the center of popular theater of Paris, a position it held until the Second Empire. Public balls Public balls were banned on moral grounds during the last years of the reign of Louis XIV, and were not permitted again until after his death in September 1715. Shortly after, a royal ordinance of 31 December 1715 authorized the first public balls in the city. These were the famous masked balls of the Paris Opera, which took place on Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays beginning on St. Martin's Day (November 11) and continuing until Carnival (February–March). The music of revolutionary Paris (1789–1800) Patriotic and revolutionary songs gave, as one journal of the period, the Chronique de Paris, wrote, "The national color to the Revolution". They were sung at political meetings, in theaters, in schools and on the streets. The most popular were the Carmagnole (about 1792); with words by an anonymous author, and music from an existing song; and Ça ira with words by Ladré and the music of an old contredanse by the violinist Bécaut called Le Carillon national. The song took its title from an expression, "That will happen," which Benjamin Franklin, the American envoy to Paris, had popularized, describing the American Revolution. The most famous song of the period was the Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin (Battle Song of the Army of the Rhine), by a young army officer, Claude Rouget de Lisle. It was first sung in public on 30 July 1791 by a battalion of volunteers from Marseille as they marched into Paris, and thereafter became known as the Hymne des Marseillais, which became, on 10 August 1792, the official anthem of the Revolution. During the revolutionary period, Ça ira was played by the orchestra in every theater before a performance, with the audience and performers singing. The Marseillaise was always performed at the intermission. Often the songs were sung during the performances, if the audience demanded it. In 1796, the Directory made the singing of such songs obligatory for all theaters, while banning the singing of songs by other political factions, such as the Réveil du people (Wake-up call of the People), the song of the Thermidorians. Music was also an important ingredient of the enormous public festivals that were organized by the Revolutionary governments, usually on the Champ de Mars, which was transformed into an immense outdoor theater to host these spectacles. The first was the Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790, a festival marking the first anniversary of the taking of the Bastille. The fêtes began in the morning with the ringing of church bells and firing of cannons; patriotic songs were sung throughout the ceremonies, which always concluded with a concert by the musicians of the National Guard and a ball in the streets. The last of the great festivals was the Festival of the Supreme Being, organized on June 8, 1794, by Robespierre, as a substitute for traditional religious celebrations; it had singers and choirs surrounding an artificial mountain crowned by the Tree of Liberty. Robespierre's role in the event did not entirely please the audience; he was arrested and executed a few weeks later. Founding of the Conservatory The flight of the aristocracy from Paris had created an enormous number of unemployed musicians and music teachers. However, the growing number of public concerts and ceremonies required a great number of trained musicians, particularly for the orchestra and band of the Garde Nationale, which had been formed in June 1790 to perform at the Festival of the Federation on the Champ de Mars. Bernard Sarrette, a captain of the National Guard, founded a school to train eighty young musicians, who at first were taught only wind instruments. The first national music school in France, it was given the name the Institut national de Musique. The teachers were leading musicians and composers of the period. The revolutionary Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public) instructed the new music school to concentrate on the composition of "civic songs, music for national festivals, theater pieces, military music, all types of music which will inspire in Republicans the sentiments and memories most dear to the Revolution." In 1792, the revolutionary government, the National Convention, decided to create a larger and more ambitious school of music, which would teach all instruments and genres of music. It was named the Conservatoire national de musique, using the name "Conservatory", an Italian Renaissance institution much praised by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It became the first music conservatory in France, with 350 students of both sexes from the 83 departments of France of that time. The 115 music teachers were paid by the State. The institute, in the meanwhile, collected the musical instruments and musical libraries of the thousands of aristocrats who had fled France, and stored them in a central depository for the use of students. The Conservatory opened its doors in 1796. Musical theater and the opera Despite the turmoil of the Revolution (or perhaps partly because of it) musical theater thrived during the period. New theaters appeared: the Théâtre du Vaudeville, the Palais-Variétes and the Théâtre Feydeau. The Feydau theater featured both a troupe performing French comic operas, and another performing Italian comedies. A half-dozen new theaters on the Boulevard du Temple, the new theater district of the city, performed vaudeville, pantomime and comic opera. The actress Mademoiselle Montansier opened her own musical theater in the Palais-Royal. The great fair of Saint-Germain, was closed by the Revolution, but a new theater, the Théâtre Lyrique de Saint-Germain, opened on its old site in 1791. Seventy-six new comic operas or vaudeville programs were staged in 1790, and fifty new works in each of the following years. Censorship of theatrical works was abolished in 1791, but this freedom did not last long. In 1793, the Committee of Public Safety decreed that any theater which put on plays "contrary to the spirit of the Revolution" would be closed and its property seized. After this decree, musical works on patriotic and revolutionary themes multiplied in the Paris theaters. The opera itself, a symbol of the aristocracy, was officially taken away from the former Royal Academy and given to the city of Paris in 1790. When the Terror began in 1793, one of its two new directors fled abroad, and the second was arrested, and only escaped the guillotine because Robespierre was executed first. Price of tickets was reduced, and special free performances were given for the poor. The program at both the Opera and the Opéra-comique were largely patriotic, republican and sometimes anti-religious. At the same time, operas by Lully and Gluck were still performed, though sometimes new lyrics were added attacking the King and monarchy. In March 1793, in the midst of the terror, Parisians heard their first Mozart opera, The Magic Flute, in French and without the recitatives. The opera was forced to move from its theater at Porte Saint-Martin in 1794 to the Salle Montansier at the Palais-Royal so the government could use the theater for political meetings. The Opera saw its name changed from the Académie royale de musique to the Théátre de l'Opéra (1791), Théátre des Arts (1791), Théátre de la République et des Arts (1797), Théâtre de l'Opéra again in 1802, then, under Napoleon, to the Académie impériale (1804). Pleasure gardens, cafés chantants and guinguettes During the late 18th century, and particularly after the end of the Reign of Terror, Parisians of all classes were in constant search for entertainment. The end of the century saw the opening of the pleasure gardens of Ranelegh, Vauxhall, and Tivoli. These were large private gardens where, in summer, Parisians paid an admission charge and found food, music, dancing, and other amusements, from pantomime to magic lantern shows and fireworks. The admission fee was relatively high; the owners of the gardens wanted to attract a more upper-class clientele and keep out the more boisterous Parisians who thronged the boulevards. With the closure of the fairs by the 1789 Revolution, the most popular destination for musical entertainment became Palais-Royal. Between 1780 and 1784, the duc de Chartres, (who became the Duke of Orleans in 1785 at the death of his father), rebuilt the garden of the Palais-Royal into a pleasure garden surrounded by wide covered arcades, which were occupied by shops, art galleries, and the first true restaurants in Paris. The basements were occupied by popular cafés with drinks, food and musical entertainment, and the upper floors by rooms for card-playing. The first famous musical café was the Café des Aveugles, which had an orchestra and chorus of blind musicians. In its early days it was popular with visitors to Paris, and also attracted prostitutes, trinket-sellers and pickpockets. Later cafés in the Palais Royal, named cafés chantants, offered musical programs of comic, sentimental and patriotic songs. The guinguette was mentioned as early as 1723 in Savary's posthumously published Dictionnaire du commerce. It was a type of tavern located just outside the city limits, where wine and other drinks were much cheaper and taxed less. They were open Sundays and holidays, usually had musicians for dancing, and attracted large crowds of working-class Parisians eager for rest and recreation after the work week. As time went on, guinguettes also attracted middle class Parisians with their families. Music during the First Empire (1800-1814) During the reign of Napoléon Bonaparte as First Consul and then Emperor, music in Paris was used to celebrate his victories and glory. Napoleon installed his brother Lucien as chief censor in 1800, and all musical and theater works were examined by the police before being performed. The former Academy of Music became the Académie impériale de musique. The official composer of Napoleon's regime was Jean-François Lesueur, who wrote a heroic opera, Ossian, ou Les bardes to glorify Napoleon. It was performed more than a hundred times in Paris before Napoleon's fall. Lesueur also wrote a special march for the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor at Notre-Dame, and directed the solemn mass, Te Deum and other music performed at the coronation. Lesueur wrote new opera Le Triomphe de Trajan, to celebrate Napoleon's victories at Jena, Friedland and Eylau. The opera had spectacular staging, with parades of soldiers and cavalry on stage. Lesueur continued his musical career after Napoleon's fall, as a professor of composition at the Conservatory; his future students included Hector Berlioz and Charles Gounod. The Empress Joséphine had her own favorite composer, the Italian Gaspare Spontini, who became her official composer of both historical dramas and comedies. Spontini's first lyrical work, La vestale, had a considerable success. His next work, Fernand Cortez, was commissioned when Napoleon decided to invade Spain, and celebrated the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés. Unfortunately, the French army was defeated in Spain and Fernand Cortez was pulled from the repertoire, but it made a great impression on other French composers with its grand scenic effects, a Mexican ballet and a cavalry charge, its use of drums, and its huge chorus. Napoleon recreated the grandeur of the earlier royal court, constructing a new theater at the Tuileries Palace, which was finished in 1808. He also brought together an exceptional troupe of musicians and singers from Italy, including the composer Ferdinando Paër, who became master of his household music, the castrato Girolamo Crescentini, and the contralto Giuseppina Grassini. Napoleon did not allow applause in the hall during performances. The orchestra played a special air by André Grétry when Napoleon entered the theater, and the Vivat Imperator when he departed. But, because of his military campaigns, he was rarely in Paris to enjoy them. Napoleon gave eight theaters official status and, to avoid competition to his official theaters, he closed all the others. The Imperial Academy and the Opéra-Comique were at the top of the hierarchy; followed by the Théâtre de lEmpereur, the new Opera buffa of the Théâtre de l'Impératrice, the theater of the Empress, run by Mademoiselle Montansier. Major operas and melodramas were performed at the theater at Porte-Saint-Martin and Opéra-Comique; parodies at the Théâtre du Vaudeville, and rustic comedies at the Théâtre des Variétés. With the signing of the Concordat in 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, the churches of Paris were re-opened, and religious music was allowed once more. Music during the Restoration (1815–1830) The Opera and the Conservatory After Napoleon's second abdication at the end of the Hundred Days in 1815, and his exile to the island of Saint Helena, the new government of Louis XVIII tried to restore the Parisian musical world to what it had been before the Revolution. The opera once again became the Royal Academy; the Conservatory, renamed the École royale de musique, was given a new department of religious music; and the composer Luigi Cherubini was commissioned to write a coronation solemn mass, the "Mass in G major", for Louis XVIII, and in 1825, the "Mass in A major" for his successor, Charles X. Spontini was named director of royal music. Lavish concerts in salons resumed in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, often given with the most popular new keyboard instrument, the piano. However, the government greatly irritated ordinary Parisians by banning music and dancing on Sundays, closing the popular guinguettes. At the beginning of the Restoration, the Paris Opera was located in the Salle Montansier on rue de Richelieu, where the square Louvois is today. On 13 February 1820, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry was assassinated at the door of the opera, and King Louis XVIII, in his grief, had the old theater demolished. In 1820–1821, the opera performed in the Salle Favart of the Théâtre des Italiens, then in the salle Louvois on rue Louvois, and, beginning on 16 August 1821, in the new opera house on rue Le Peletier, which was built out of the material of the old opera house. It was intended to be a temporary home until a new opera house was built; it was neither elegant nor well-located, but it was large and had modern lighting and stage equipment, with gas lights installed in 1822, and the first electrical lighting in 1849. It remained the primary opera venue of Paris for a half century, until the opening of the Palais Garnier. The opera repertoire was largely familiar works of Gluck, Sacchini and Spontini, to which were added fresh works by new composers, such as François Adrien Boieldieu, Louis Joseph Ferdinand Hérold, and Daniel Auber. An opera by Carl Maria von Weber, Der Freischütz, was translated into French under the title Robin des Bois ("Robin Hood"), and presented in 1824, causing a sensation. The first of new genre of romantic and nationalist French operas, La Muette de Portici by Auber, premiered in February 1829; the hero was an Italian patriot fighting against Spanish occupation and oppression. A performance of the same opera in Brussels in 1830 led to a popular uprising and the liberation of Belgium from Dutch rule. The opera also featured grand spectacles created with ingenious stage machinery and lighting, including recreations of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and the realistic illusions of flames and moving water. Rossini and the Théâtre Italien The grand rival of the royal opera was the Théâtre-Italien, which beginning in 1819 performed at the Salle Favart. It was formally under the administration of the royal opera, but it had its own administrator and repertoire and produced only works in Italian. It presented the works of the composer Gioacchino Rossini, who staged his first work in the Paris, L'italiana in Algeri in 1817, followed by a series of successes. Rossini presented his most famous work, The Barber of Seville, in 1818, two years after it premiered in Rome. Rossini made modifications for the French audience, changing it from two to four acts and changing Rosina's part from a contralto to a soprano. This new version premiered at the Odéon-Théâtre on 6 May 1824, with Rossini present, and remains today the version most used in opera houses around the world. Rossini decided to settle in Paris and became the musical director of the theater. With Rossini at its head, the Théâtre-Italien had a huge success; its company included several of the finest singers in Europe, including Giulia Grisi, the niece of Napoleon's favorite, Giuseppina Grassi; and Maria Malibran, who became the most famous interpreters of the music of Rossini. After a fire burned the Salle Favart in 1838, the troupe had several homes before it finally settled in the Salle Ventadour in 1841. Rossini continued to produce lavish operas with spectacular sets, rapid pace, the use of unusual instruments (the trombone, cymbals and triangle) and extravagant emotion. He staged Siege of Corinth (1827), followed by Moses and the comic opera Le comte Ory. He then undertook to write an opera that was entirely French; he wrote William Tell based on a play by Schiller, which premiered at the Salle Le Peletier on August 3, 1829. Though the famous overture was a success, the public reception for the rest of the opera was cool; the work was criticized for excessive length (four hours), a weak story, and a lack of action. Rossini, deeply wounded by the criticism, retired, at the age of thirty-seven, and never wrote another opera. Popular music—the Goguette and the political song The musical salons of the aristocracy were imitated by a new institution; the goguette, musical clubs formed by Paris workers, craftsmen, and employees. There were goguettes of both men and women. They usually met once a week, often in the back room of a cabaret, where they would enthusiastically sing popular, comic, and sentimental songs. During the Restoration, songs were also an important form of political expression. The poet and songwriter Pierre Jean de Béranger became famous for his songs ridiculing the aristocracy, the established church and the ultra-conservative parliament. He was imprisoned twice for his songs, in 1821 and 1828, which only added to his fame. His supporters around France sent foie gras, fine cheeses and wines to him in prison. The celebrated Paris police chief Eugène François Vidocq sent his men to infiltrate the goguettes and arrest those who sang songs ridiculing the monarch. Music in Paris under Louis Philippe (1830-1848) Public resentment against the Restoration government boiled over in July 1830 with an uprising in the streets of Paris, the departure of King Charles X, and the installation of the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Music played its part in the 1830 Revolution; the famed tenor Adolphe Nourrit, who had starred in the operas of Rossini, went onto the stages of Paris and emotionally sang the Marseillaise, which had been forbidden during the First Empire and the Restoration. As Europe was upset by revolutions and repression, many of the finest musicians in the continent came to seek sanctuary in Paris. The most famous was Frédéric Chopin, who arrived in Paris in September 1831 at the age of twenty-one, and did not return to Congress Poland because of the crushing of the Polish uprising against Russian rule in October 1831. Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, and remained in the city for most of the next eighteen years. He gave just thirty public performances during these years, preferring to give recitals in private salons. On 16 February 1838 and on 2 December 1841, he played at the Tuileries for King Louis-Philippe and the royal family. (He also gave a recital for the royal family in October 1839 in the Château de Saint-Cloud). He earned his living from commissions given by wealthy patrons, including the wife of James Mayer de Rothschild, from publishing his compositions and giving private lessons. Chopin lived at different addresses in Paris: upon his arrival in September 1831 until 1836, at 27 boulevard Poissonnière, then at 38 rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and 5 rue Tronchet. He had a ten-year relationship with the writer George Sand between 1837 and 1847. In 1842, they moved together to the Square d'Orléans, at 80 rue Taitbout, where the relationship ended. His last address in Paris was 12 Place Vendôme, where he moved in the second half of September 1849. Franz Liszt also lived in Paris during this period, composing music for the piano and giving concerts and music lessons. He lived at the Hôtel de France on rue La Fayette, not far from Chopin. The two men were friends, but Chopin did not appreciate the manner in which Liszt played variations on his music. Liszt wrote in 1837 in La Revue et Gazette musicale: "Paris is the pantheon of living musicians, the temple where one becomes a god for a century or for an hour; the burning fire which lights and then consumes all fame." The violinist Niccolò Paganini was a frequent visitor and performer in Paris. In 1836, he made an unfortunate investment in a Paris casino, and went bankrupt. He was forced to sell his collection of violins to pay his debts. Richard Wagner came to Paris in 1839, hoping to present his works on the Paris opera stages, with no success. Some interest was finally shown by the director of the Paris Opera; he rejected Wagner's music but wanted to buy the synopsis of his opera, Le Vaissau fantôme, to be put to music by a French composer, Louis-Philippe Dietsch. Wagner sold the work for five hundred francs, and returned home in 1842. The French composer Hector Berlioz had come to Paris from Grenoble in 1821 to study medicine, which he abandoned for music in 1824, attending the Conservatory in 1826, and won the Prix de Rome for his compositions in 1830. He was working on his most famous work, the Symphonie Fantastique, at the time of the July 1830 revolution. It had its premiere on 4 December 1830. The Royal Academy, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre-Italien Three Paris theaters were permitted to produce operas; The Royal Academy of Music on rue Le Peletier; the Opéra-Comique, and the Théâtre-Italien, nicknamed "Les Bouffes". The Royal Academy, financed by the government, was in dire financial difficulties. In February, the government handed over management of the theater to a gifted entrepreneur, Doctor Véron, who had become wealthy selling medicinal ointments. Véron targeted the audience of the newly wealthy Parisian businessmen and entrepreneurs; he redesigned the theater to make the loges smaller (six seats reduced to four seats), installed gas lights to improve visibility, and launched a new repertoire to make the Paris Opera "both brilliant and popular". The first great success of the new regime was Robert le Diable by the German composer Giacomo Meyerbeer, which premiered on November 21, 1831. The opera combined the German orchestral style with the Italian lyric singing style; it was an immense critical and popular success. Meyerbeer wrote a succession of popular operas, including At the end of his four-year contract, Doctor Véron retired, leaving the Opera in an admirable financial and artistic position. The Opéra-Comique also enjoyed great success, largely due to the talents of the scenarist Eugène Scribe, who wrote ninety works for the theater, put to music by forty different composers, including Daniel Auber, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Fromental Halévy (La Juive (1835)), Cherubini, Donizetti, Gounod and Verdi (for whom he wrote Les vêpres siciliennes). Scribe left behind the grand mythological themes of earlier French opera, and wrote stories from a variety of historical periods which, with a mixture of strong emotion, humor and romanticism, exactly suited the taste of Parisian audiences. The Théâtre-Italien completed the grand trio of Paris opera houses. After the fire at the Salle Favart, it moved briefly to the Odéon Theater and then permanently to the Salle Ventadour. In their repertoire, the ballet played a very small part, part, the costumes and sets were not remarkable, and the number of works was small; only a dozen new operas were staged between 1825 and 1870; but they included several famous works of Bel Canto opera, including I Puritani by Bellini and Marino Faliero and Don Pasquale by Donizetti. Verdi lived primarily in Paris between 1845 and 1847, and staged four of his operas at the Théâtre-Italien; Nabucco, Ernani, I due Foscari, and Jérusalem. The leading Italian singers also came regularly to sing at the Théâtre-Italien, including Giovanni Rubini, the creator of the role of Arturo in Bellini's I Puritani, Giulia Grisi, Fanny Persiani, Henriette Sontag and Giuditta Pasta, who created the role of Norma in Bellini's opera. French composers including Hector Berlioz struggled in vain against the tide of Italian operas. Berlioz succeeded in getting his opera Benvenuto Cellini staged at the Royal Academy in 1838, but it closed after just three performances, and was not staged again in France during his lifetime. Berlioz complained in the Journal des Debats that there were six operas by Donizetti in Paris playing in one year. "Monsieur Donizetti has the air to treat us like a conquered country," he wrote, "it is a veritable war of invasion. We can no longer call them the lyric theaters of Paris, just the lyric theaters of Monsieur Donizetti." The Conservatory and the symphony orchestra With the growing popularity of classical music and the arrival of so many talented musicians, Paris encountered a shortage of concert halls. The best hall in the city was that of the Paris Conservatory on rue Bergére, which had excellent acoustics and could seat a thousand persons. Berlioz premiered his Symphonie Fantastique there on December 30, 1830; on December 29, 1832, Berlioz presented the Symphony again, along with two new pieces, Lelio and Harold en Italie, which he wrote specially for Paganini to play. At the end of the performance, with Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas in the audience, Paganini bowed down humbly before Berlioz. in tribute. The Concert Society of the Paris Conservatory was founded in 1828, especially to play the symphonies of Beethoven; one at each performance, along with works by Mozart, Hayden and Handel. It was the first professional symphonic association in Europe. A second symphony association, the Societé de Sainte-Cecile, was founded shortly afterwards, which played more modern music; it presented the Paris premieres of Wagner's Tannhauser overture, works by Schubert, the Symphonie Italienne of Mendelssohn, the Fuite en Égypte of Berlioz, and the first works of Charles Gounod and Georges Bizet. Birth of the romantic ballet The ballet had been an integral part of the Paris Opera since the time of Louis XIV the 17th century. A new style, Romantic ballet, was born on March 12, 1832, with the premiere of La Sylphide at the Salle Le Peletier, with choreography by Filippo Taglioni and music by Jean-Madeleine Schneitzhoeffer. Taglioni designed the work as a showcase for his daughter Marie. La Sylphide was the first ballet where dancing en pointe had an aesthetic rationale and was not merely an acrobatic stunt. Other romantic ballets that had their first performances at the Opera were Giselle (1841), Paquita (1846) and Le corsaire (1856) Among the great ballerinas to grace the stage of the Opéra during this time were Marie Taglioni, Carlotta Grisi, Carolina Rosati, Fanny Elssler, Lucile Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito. Lucien Petipa danced the male lead in Giselle at its premiere, and his younger brother Marius Petipa also danced for a time at the Paris Opera. Marius Petipa moved from Paris to Saint Petersburg, where he became the ballet-master for the Russian Imperial ballet and created many celebrated ballets, including The Sleeping Beauty, La Bayadère and The Nutcracker. Balls, Concerts-Promenades and the romance The Champs-Élysées was redeveloped in the 1830s with public gardens at either end, and became a popular place for Parisians to promenade. It was soon lined with restaurants, cafes-chantants. and pleasure gardens where outdoor concerts and balls were held. The Café Turc opened a garden with a series of concert-promenades in the spring of 1833, which alternated symphonic music with quadrilles and airs for dancing. The 17-year-old jacques Offenbach wrote his first compositions for the dance orchestra at the Café Turc. The Tivoli, the Bazar of rue Saint-Honoré and the Casino Paganini competed with the Café Turc. In 1837, the King of the Viennese waltz, Johann Strauss, came in person to in Paris, competing with the French waltz king, Philippe Musard. The outdoor concerts and balls did not stay in fashion for long; most of the gardens began to close after 1838, and Musard took charge instead of the famous masked balls at the Paris Opera. The romance, a song with a simple, tender melody, sentimental words, accompanied on the piano, became the fashion in the Paris salons. Thousands of copies were sold by Paris publishers. The piano and the saxophone The July monarchy saw a surge in sales of instruments, especially pianos, for the French upper and middle class. Production of pianos in Paris tripled between 1830 and 1847, from four thousand to eleven thousand a year. The companies organized concerts and sponsored famous musicians to promote their brands. Chopin was contracted to play exclusively the Pleyel piano, while Liszt played on the Érard piano. The Paris firms of Pleyel, Érard, Herz, Pape and Kriegelstein exported pianos around the world. The crafts of other instruments also flourished; the Parisian firm of Cavaillé-Coll reconstructed the great organs of Notre-Dame, Saint-Sulpice, and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, which had been destroyed during the French Revolution. In 1842 the Belgian Adolphe Sax, 28-years old, arrived in Paris with his new invention, the saxophone. He won a silver medal for his new instrument at the Paris Exposition of French Industry in 1844, and in April 1845 won a competition held by the French Army on the Champs-de-Mars, in which a fanfare was played on traditional instruments and then on the instruments of Adolphe Sax. The jury chose the instrument of Sax, and it was adapted by the French Army, and then by orchestras and ensembles throughout the world. Popular music—street musicians and goguettes At the beginning of the 1830s, the Paris police counted 271 wandering street musicians, 220 saltimbanques, 106 players of the barbary organ, and 135 itinerant street singers. The goguettes, or working class singing-clubs, continued to grow in the popularity, meeting in the back rooms of cabarets. The repertoire of popular songs ranged from romantic to comic and satirical, to political and revolutionary, especially in the 1840s. in June, 1848, the musical clubs were banned from meeting, as the government tried, without success, to stop the political unrest, which finally exploded into the 1848 French Revolution. The 1848 Revolution and the Second Republic following the 1848 Revolution and the abdication of Louis-Philippe, the censorship of Paris theaters was briefly abolished. The Opera was renamed the Théâtre de la Nation, then Opéra-Théâtre de la Nation, then Académie nationale de musique. A new musical theater, the Théâtre-Lyrique, was created, devoted to presenting the works of young French composers, who had been largely ignored during the July monarchy. It was located on the Boulevard du Temple, the new theater district, in a building which had previously been occupied by the theater founded by Alexander Dumas to present historical plays. The cafés chantants became increasingly popular, spreading from the Champs Élysées to the Grand boulevards. Some, like the Café des Ambassadeurs, had outdoor concert gardens lit by gaslights. They presented romances by popular singers, and also a new comic genre, the minstrel show, featuring French singers with blackened faces playing the banjo and violin. The famous music cafés included the Moka on rue de la Lune, the Folies and Eldorado on boulevard Strasbourg, and the Alcazar on rue de Faubourg-Poissonniére, The Second Empire The Imperial Opera—Verdi and Wagner During the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870), the top of the hierarchy of Paris theaters was the Académie Imperial, or Imperial Opera Theatre, in the Salle Peletier. The opera house on Rue le Peletier could seat 1800 spectators. There were three performances a week, scheduled so as not to compete with the other major opera house in the city, Les Italiens. The best seats were in the forty boxes, which could each hold four or six persons, on the first balcony. One of the boxes could be rented for the entire season for 7500 francs. One of the major functions of the opera house was to be a meeting place for Paris society, and for this reason the performances were generally very long, with as many as five intermissions. Ballets were generally added in the middle of operas, to create additional opportunities for intermissions. The Salle Peletier had one infamous moment in its history; on 14 January 1858, a group of Italian extreme nationalists attempted to kill Napoleon III at the entrance of the opera house; they set off several bombs, which killed eight people and injured one hundred and fifty persons, and splattered the Empress Eugénie de Montijo with blood, though the Emperor was unharmed. Giuseppe Verdi played an important part in the glory of the Paris opera. He had first performed Nabucco in Paris in 1845 at the Théâtre-Italien, followed by Luisa Miller and Il trovatore He signed a new contract with the Paris Opera in 1852, and wanted absolute perfection for his next Parisian project, Les Vêpres siciliennes He complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded; the opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He was persuaded to return to stage Don Carlos, commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together". Napoleon III intervened personally to have Richard Wagner come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed the orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of Tannhäuser on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the Jockey Club, an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances, the Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the Prussian Army captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, Ode to the German Army at Paris. Napoleon III wanted a new opera house to be the centerpiece connecting the new boulevards he was constructing on the right bank. The competition was won by Charles Garnier and the first stone was laid by the Emperor in July 1862, but flooding of the basement caused the construction to proceed very slowly. As the building rose, it was covered with a large shed so the sculptors and artists could create the elaborate exterior decoration. The shed was taken off on August 15, 1867, in time for the Paris Universal Exposition, so visitors and Parisians could see the glorious new building; but the inside was not finished until 1875, after Napoleon's fall. Hervé, Offenbach and the Opéra Bouffes The operetta was born in Paris with the work of Louis Auguste Florimond Ronger, better known under the name of Hervé. His first operetta was called Don Quilchotte et Sancho Panza, performed in 1848 at the théâtre Montmartre. In the beginning they were short comic works or parodies, with a combination of songs, dance and dialogue, rarely with more than two persons on stage, and rarely longer than one act. Early operettas by Hervé was named Latrouillat and Truffaldini or the Inconvenience of a vendetta infinitely too prolonged and Agammemnon or the Camel with Two humps. Hervé opened a new theater, the Folies-Concertantes, on the Boulevard du Temple in 1854, later renamed the Folies-Nouvelle. The new genre was termed Opera Bouffe; works by Hervé appeared at a half-dozen theaters in the city, though the genre was ignored by the opera and the other official theaters. In 1853, the young German-born musician and composer Jacques Offenbach, then director of the orchestra of the Comedie-Française, wrote his first operetta in the new style, Pepita for the Théatre des Varietes. It was a success, but Offenbach was still unable to perform his works in the official theaters. During the first Paris Universal Exposition, he opened his own theater, the Bouffes-Parisiens, in an old theater at the Carré Marigny on the Champs-Élysées. It was an immense success; Rossini termed Offenbach "The Mozart of the Champs-Élysées". Offenbach moved to a larger theatre on the passage Choiseul, and presented his next operetta, Ba-ta-clan, which also enjoyed spectacular success. In 1858 Offenbach wrote a more serious and ambitious work, Orphée aux enfers, a four-act opera with a large cast and chorus. It was also a popular and critical success; Emperor Napoleon III attended, and afterwards presented Offenbach with French citizenship. With the approval of the Emperor, the official theaters of Paris were finally open to Offenbach, and his works became popular with the upper classes. He achieved further success with La Belle Hélène with Hortense Schneider in the leading role; then, again with Schneider, in La Vie parisienne ad la Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein In 1867, five different Paris theaters were staging works by Offenbach. He was the champion of the Paris operetta, but he also had the ambition to be considered a serious composer of orchestral works; unfortunately he died before the successful premiere of his most ambitious orchestral work, the Contes d'Hoffmann. The Théâtre Italien, the Théâtre-Lyrique, and the Opera-Comique Besides the Imperial Opera Theater, Paris had three other important opera houses; the Théâtre Italien, the Opera-Comique, and the Théâtre Lyrique. The Théâtre Italien was the based at the Salle Ventadour, and hosted the French premieres of several by Giuseppe Verdi, including Il Trovatore, La Traviata (1856), Rigoletto (1857) and Un ballo in maschera (1861). Verdi conducted his Requiem there, and Richard Wagner conducted a concert of selections from his operas. The soprano Adelina Patti had an exclusive contract to sing with the Italiens when she was in Paris. The Théâtre Lyrique was originally located on the Rue de Temple, the famous "Boulevard de Crime," but when that part of the street was demolished to make room for the Place de la Republique, Napoleon III built a new theater for them at Place du Châtelet. The Lyrique was famous for putting on operas by new composers; it staged the first French performance of Rienzi by Richard Wagner; the first performance of Les pêcheurs de perles (1863), the first opera by the 24-year-old Georges Bizet; the first performances of the operas Faust (1859) and Roméo et Juliette (1867) by Charles Gounod; and the first performance of Les Troyens (1863) by Hector Berlioz. The Opéra-Comique was located in the Salle Favart, and staged both comedies and serious works. It staged the first performances of Mignon by Ambroise Thomas (1866) and of La grand'tante, the first opera of Jules Massenet (1867). Romantic ballet Paris also had an enormous influence on the development of romantic ballet, thanks to the ballet troupe of the Paris Opera and its famous ballet masters. The first performance of Le Corsaire, choreographed by the ballet master of the opera, Joseph Mazilier to the music of Adolphe Adam, took place at the Paris Opera on January 23, 1856. Coppélia was originally choreographed by Arthur Saint-Léon to the music of Léo Delibes, and was based upon two stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann: It premiered on 25 May 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial l'Opéra, with the 16-year-old Giuseppina Bozzacchi in the principal role of Swanhilde. Its first flush of success was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris (which also led to the early death of Giuseppina Bozzacchi, on her 17th birthday), but eventually it became the most-performed ballet at the Opéra. The Cirque-Napoleon, concerts in the parks, and the Paris Expositions Napoleon III re-established the custom of concerts at the imperial court, performed at the Louvre, with a new orchestra composed of students at the Paris Conservatory under the direction of Jules Pasdeloup. To reach a broader public, in 1861 he began a series of concerts by the orchestra at the huge Cirque-Napoléon (now the Cirque d'hiver) which could four thousand persons. Admission was fifty centimes. 1861 Pasdeloup decided to widen the audience for his orchestra. Besides playing the classical works of Beethoven, Mozart, Hayden and Mendellsohn, the orchestra performed new works by Schumann, Wagner, Berlioz, Gounod, and Saint-Saëns. Napoleon had built a large number of new parks and squares in Paris, including the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes. The Emperor had bandstands installed in the new parks, and organized public concerts. Amateur as well as professional and military musicians were invited to take part in the concerts. The repertoire included classical music, military music, quadrilles, polkas and waltzes, and the latest music from Paris musical theater. Another force promoting musical education in Paris was the Orpheonic movement, which led to the creation of many new amateur orchestras and choral societies. Gounod directed the Orphéon of Paris between 1852 and 1856. The Paris Universal Expositions of 1855 and 1867, highlighting technological progress, also had an important musical component. New musical instruments, such as the saxophone and the Steinway piano, were put on display, and several new compositions were commissioned especially for performance during the expositions, including Verdi's Les Vêpres siciliennes and Don Carlos, Offenbach's La Grand-Duchesse de Gerolstein and La Vie parisienne, and Gounod's Romeo et Juliette. Cafés-Concerts During the Second Empire, the Café-Concert became extremely popular in Paris; by 1872, there were nearly one hundred and fifty in the city. Some were very simple; a cafe with a piano or small organ; others had an orchestra and professional singers. The café-concerts were strictly regulated, to prevent them from competing openly with the musical theaters. The singers were not allowed to wear costumes, and there could no sets, dialogue, or dancing by the performers. No more than forty songs could be sung in an evening, and the owners of the cafes were required to submit the musical program for each night to the police for review. If a song sounded subversive, the program was cancelled. After an actress of the Comedie-Française was condemned by the police for reciting classical verse at the Café Eldorado, and for wearing a long black dress rather street clothing, the law was relaxed in 1867. Thereafter cafe performers could wear costumes, recite dialogue, and have scenery on the stage. This opened the way for a new musical genre, the music hall, a few years later. The Belle Époque (1872–1913) Paris composers during the Belle Époque period had a major impact on European music, moving it away from Romanticism toward Impressionism in music and Modernism. The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 led to the downfall of Napoleon III, and the brief reign of the Paris Commune. During the two-month reign of the Commune, the Tuileries Palace was renamed the Maison du Peuple and hosted concerts of the music of Auber and Verd, while brass bands Bands of the Commune's National Guard gave concerts in the parks. The Commune produced one memorable song, Le Temps des cerises, with the melody of an 1866 song. In May 1871, as the French Army entered Paris and crushed the Commune, the Communards set fire to musical landmarks of the old regime, including the Tuileries Palace, the Théâtre-Lyrique on Place du Chatelet, and the house of Prosper Mérimée, the author of the novel Carmen and friend of Napoleon III. Despite the destruction, the opera reopened in July 1871 at rue de Pelletier with a performance of Auber's La Muette de Portici. The ruins of the Tuileries were eventual torn down, but the Théâtre-Lyrique was repaired and re-opened in November 1874, The opera house of Charles Garnier was completed and finally dedicated on January 5, 1875, in the presence of the President of the new Third Republic, Patrice de MacMahon and the King of Spain, with excerpts of music by Auber, Rossini, Halévy, Meyerbeer, and a ballet by Delibes and Minkus. Garnier appeared on the grand stairway during the intermission and received the applause of the crowd. Bizet, Saint-Saëns and Debussy The outbreak of the war between France and Germany in 1870 caused a group of French composers to form the Société Nationale de Musique, (SNM), officially founded on February 25, 1871, to promote new French music and resist the current of German music and particularly the influence of Wagner. It was led by Camille Saint-Saëns and included César Franck and Jules Massenet. The Society held its first concert at the Salle Pleyel in the autumn of 1871. The SNM played an important part through the Belle Époque by introducing Paris audiences to the music of new French composers, including Debussy, Gabriel Fauré, and Maurice Ravel. In addition to the SNM, Paris had three world-class symphony orchestras during the Belle Époque. In 1873 the Concert National was founded, under the direction of Édouard Colonne. It performed regularly at the Théatre du Châtelet, and premiered works by Debussy, Franck, Charles Gounod, Fauré, Massenet, and Sant-Saëns. Colonne invited leading European composers, including Richard Strauss, Edvard Grieg, and Piotr Tchaikovsky to conduct their works in Paris. He was also the first conductor of note to make commercial gramophone (phonograph) records, for the Pathé company in 1906. A second orchestra, the Societé des nouveaux concerts, was founded by Charles Lamoureux in 1881, devoted largely to the work of Wagner and his followers. This orchestra performed the Paris premiere of Wagner's Lohengrin at the Eden Theater in 1887. The society became known as the Lamouroux orchestra. A third symphony was created in 1905 by Victor Charpantier, brother of composer Gustave Charpentier, composed of amateur musicians, which gave free concerts at the Trocadero, under the direction of composers including Charpentier, Fauré and Saint-Saëns. In 1901, Gustave Charpentier founded the first trade union of professional musicians in France. Some of the SNM musicians felt that organization was too conservative, and in 1910 they founded the Societé musicale indépendente, or SMI, to promote "new tendencies" and music from abroad. Gabriel Fauré became head of the new organization; the SMI would go on to premiere his new works, as well as works by Ravel, Manuel de Falla, and Vaughan Williams, and the first performances of works by Eric Satie before a large public. In July 1872 the Opéra-Comique commissioned Georges Bizet to write an opera based on the novel Carmen by Prosper Mérimée. The rehearsals for the finished opera were extremely difficult; in previous operas, the chorus simply lined up on stage and sang, but in Carmen, they were asked to walk around the stage, act, and even smoke cigarettes. It defied all conventions of comic opera, with its musical style, the profession of its heroine and its tragic ending. At its premiere on March 3, 1875, it scandalized both the critics and the audience; one critic reported it "was neither scenic nor dramatic." It was defended by Camille Saint-Saëns, who called it a masterpiece, but when Bizet died three months after the premiere, it was considered a failure. With time it became one of the most-performed works of Paris opera. Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921) was born in Paris and was admitted to the Paris Conservatoire when he was thirteen. When he finished the Conservatory, he became an organist at the church of Saint-Merri, and later at La Madeleine. His opera, Samson et Dalila (1877), was in the grand romantic tradition, though the music was new and innovative. He also won fame in Paris for Danse Macabre, the opera The Carnival of the Animals (1877), and his Symphonie No. 3 "avec orgue" in C minor, op. 78 (1886). Société Nationale de Musique, Claude Debussy (1862-1918) was born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, and entered the Conservatory in 1872. He became part of the Parisian literary circle of the symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé, and an admirer of Richard Wagner, then went on to experiment with impressionism in music, atonal music and chromaticism. His most famous works included Clair de Lune (1890), La Mer (1905) and the opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1903-1905). He lived at 23 square de l'Avenue-Foch in the 16th arrondissement from 1905 until his death in 1918. Other influential composers in Paris during the period included Jules Massenet (1842-1912), author of the operas Manon and Werther; Gustave Charpentier, composer of the working-class "opera-novel" Louise; and Erik Satie (1866-1925), who, after leaving the Conservatory, made his living as a pianist at Le Chat Noir, a cabaret on Montmartre. His most famous works were the Gymnopédies (1888). Spanish music had an important part in the music of Paris in the Belle Époque, particularly between 1907 and 1914. The prominent Spanish composers Enrique Granados, Isaac Albeniz, Joaquín Turina and Manuel de Falla all lived in Paris, were inspired by the new works French music as well as traditional Spanish themes, and created a new school of modern Spanish music. They also in turn influenced French music; Debussy and Ravel wrote Iberia and Rapsodie espagnole inspired by Spanish themes. Music of the Expositions The great Paris Universal Expositions of 1878, 1889 and 1900 brought the greatest musicians in the world to Paris to perform, and also introduced musical genres from around the world, including Javanese, Congolese, New Caledonian, Algerian and Vietnamese music, to Paris audiences, The 1889 Exposition offered concerts by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Glazunov, while the 1900 Exposition featured band concerts conducted by John Philip Sousa. At the 1900 Exposition, Claude Debussy conducted a grand concert of his work at the Palais de Trocadero. The 1881 Exposition of electricity featured the first transmission of the sound of a musical performance from the Paris opera house to the Palace of Industry, while the 1889 Exposition displayed the new phonograph patented by Thomas Edison, which played the latest songs by Charles Gounod. The café concert, the music hall and the cabaret The café concert was an extremely popular musical venue at the beginning of the Belle Époque. Following the 1870 war, sentimental songs and songs calling for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine were the staple of all musical cafes. Over the course of the Belle Époque, the café chantant evolved into two different musical institutions; some, like Café des Ambassadeurs and the Eldorado, became very large, crowded and filled with noise and smoke, with orchestras, dance reviews, singers and comedy. The music hall originated in England in 1842, and was first imported into France in its British form in 1862, but under the French law protecting the state theaters, performers could not wear consumes or recite dialogue, something only allowed in theaters. When the law changed in 1867, the Paris music hall flourished, and a half-dozen new halls opened, offering acrobats, singers, dancers, magicians, and trained animals. The first Paris music hall built specially for that purpose was the Folies-Bergere (1869); it was followed by the Moulin Rouge (1889), the Alhambra (1866), the first to be called a music hall, and the Olympia (1893). The Printania (1903) was a music-garden, open only in summer, with a theater, restaurant, circus, and horse-racing. Older theaters also transformed themselves into music halls, including the Bobino Music Hall (1873), the Bataclan (1864), and the Alcazar (1858). At the beginning, music halls offered dance reviews, theater and songs, but gradually songs and singers became the main attraction. At the end of the Belle Epoque, the music halls began to face competition from movie theaters. The Olympia responded in 1911 with the invention of the grand stairway as a set for its musical and dance spectacles. The smaller, more intimate clubs, called cabarets, focused on individual singers and personal songs, often written by the singer, along with satire and poetry. The Le Chat Noir, neighborhood of Montmartre, was created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur. It combined music and other entertainment with political commentary and satire. The Chat Noir brought together the wealthy and famous of Paris with the Bohemians and artists of Montmartre and the Pigalle. Its clientele was described by the historian Paul Bourget: "a fantastic mixture of writers and painters, of journalists and students, of employees and high-livers, as well as models, prostitutes and true grand dames searching for exotic experiences." The composer Eric Satie earned his living after finishing the Conservatory playing the piano at the Chat Noir. By 1896 there were fifty-six cabarets and cafes with music in Paris, along with a dozen music halls. The cabarets did not have a high reputation; one critic wrote in 1897, "they sell drinks which are worth fifteen centimes along with verses which, for the most part, are worth nothing.". Diaghilev, Stravinsky and the Ballets Russes Russian music became extremely popular in Paris at the end of Belle Époque; The orchestras Lamoureux, Colonne, and the Paris Conservatory performed the music of Modest Mussorgsky, Glazunov, Mikhail Glinka, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky and Scriabin and flocked to hear the singer Chaliapin. In 1907 the French impresario Gabriel Astruc organized a season of Russian music, with performances by Scriabin and Sergei Rachmaninov. In 1908 the Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev brought to Paris a production of Boris Gudonov by Mussorgsky, with Chaliapin the leading role, while the Opéra-Comique staged The Snow Maiden by Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1909 Diaghilev brought dancers from the Imperial Théater in Saint Petersburg including Vaslav Nijinsky, Anna Pavlova and Ida Rubenstein, to the Châtelet theater with a program of classical ballet. The Paris audiences loved the dancers but were not excited by the ballets, which lost money. For 1910, Diaghilev decided to do something entirely new, and commissioned Ravel to write a ballet, Daphnis and Chloë, for his new company, now called the Ballets Russes. The season made a celebrity of unknown composer, Igor Stravinsky and his ballet The Firebird. The Ballet Russes returned to Paris in 1911 with a new work of Stravinsky, Petrushka and a new version of Daphnis et Chloé with choreography by Fokine and sets by Léon Bakst. In 1912, the Ballets Russes presented Afternoon of a Fawn by Debussy, choreographed and danced by Nijinsky. Nijinsky and the ballet were denounced by the French press, which called his performance "vile, bestial and erotic", and by Debussy himself, though it was defended by many French artists, including Rodin and Odilon Redon. The 1913 season, performed at the new Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, brought a new scandal, with The Rite of Spring, written by Stravinsky and choreographed by Nijinsky. The shouts of the audience during the performance, both for and against the dancers, were so loud that the dancers could not hear the music; the choreographer, in the wings, had to count in a loud voice to help them. The ballet transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure. The outbreak of World War I and the subsequent Russian Revolution of 1917 left the Ballets Russes stranded in Paris. They continued to perform in France and toured around Europe and the world, but never had the opportunity to perform in their own country. Dance—the Bal-musette, the cakewalk, the can-can and the tango Parisians of all social classes had a passion for dancing. The Bal-musette was a popular kind of dancing venue for working-class Parisians. It originated among the Auvergnats who came to Paris in large numbers in the 19th century. They took place at cafés and bars where patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy). Later Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style. The Bal-musettes featured simple, fast and sensual dance steps, often with dancers holding each other very close; it could be danced in a small space. The Cakewalk was introduced in Paris in 1903 by pair of American professional dancers, Professor Elk and his wife, at the Nouveau Cirque. The cakewalk was soon featured in other music halls, and was made into an early recording, with the singer Mistinguett. Claude Debussy composed a cakewalk, called Colliwog's cake-walk, between 1906 and 1908. The Can-can originated in the 1820s, and in its original form was danced in cabarets and balls by couples at the fast pace of a galop. It was often described as immoral, because women lifted their shirts and showed their stockings. Beginning in the 1850s, it was modified into stage form, with dancers in a line facing the audience making high kicks, splits and cartwheels; a version which became known as the French can-can. The most famous accompaniment was Offenbach's The Infernal Galop from Orpheus in the Underworld (1858), though it was not written for that dance. The can-can was performed at music halls throughout the Belle Époque and remains popular today. The tango was introduced into Paris in 1905, and was popularized by the Argentinian singer and composer Alfredo Gobb and his wife, singer Flora Rodiriguez, who came to Paris in 1907. They became professional tango teachers, and made numerous recordings of their music. It became popular throughout Paris; in 1913, even the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, danced a few steps of a tango at an official ball. Links to music of the Belle Époque Le Temps des cerises (Music 1866, words 1871) Maria Callas sing the Habanera from the opera Carmen, by Georges Bizet Traditional Bal-Musette music Debussy playing Golliwog's Cakewalk Excerpt of Stravinsky's ballet Rites of Spring (1913) The Années Folles (1919-1939) The first World War disrupted the Paris musical world; many musicians went into the army, and Ravel, too short to serve in the army, became a volunteer ambulance driver; but it did not stop musical creation altogether. The first cubist musical work, Parade, with a text by Jean Cocteau, music by Eric Satie, decor by Pablo Picasso, and choreography by Massine, was presented at the Chatelet theater on May 18, 1917. The poet and critic Apollinaire coined a new word, sur-realism, to describe it. The music by Satie featured an unusual mixture of instruments, including a saxophone, a harp, xylophone, a bouteillophone of bottles filled with varying amounts of water, and various noise-making devices, including a typewriter, siren, and a revolver. The production was denounced by one Paris newspaper as "the demolition of our national values" but Stravinsky praised it for its opposition to the "waves of impressionism, with language that is firm, clear, and without any connection with images." Classical music—Ravel, Satie and Stravinsky Many prominent composers worked in Paris during between the wars, including Maurice Ravel, Erik Satie, and Igor Stravinsky. Ravel was born in 1875; one of his last works, Boléro, written in 1928, became his most famous and most-often performed work. It was written on a commission from the Russian dancer Ida Rubinstein, who had been a member of the Ballets Russes before starting her own company. The composition was a sensational success when it was premiered at the Paris Opéra on November 22, 1928, with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska and designs by Alexandre Benois. Satie (1866-1925) was in poor health, due largely to a long life of excessive drinking. Nonetheless he established connections with the Dadaist movement, and wrote the music for two ballets shortly before his death. Igor Stravinsky (1888-1971) first achieved fame in Paris just before World War I with his revolutionary compositions for the Ballets Russes. In 1920 he returned for a production of a new ballet, Pulcinella, with sets designed by Pablo Picasso. He, his wife and daughter were invited by designer Coco Chanel to stay in her new house in the Paris suburb of Garches. Struggling for money, he obtained a contract with the Paris piano company Pleyel et Cie to re-arrange his music for their popular player pianos. In February 1921 he met the Russian dancer Vera de Bosset and began a long affair with her, both in Paris and on tours around Europe. He became a French citizen in 1931 and moved into a house on the rue de Faubourg-Saint-Honoré. It was a very unhappy period for him; both his daughter and wife died of tuberculosis. In 1939, as World War II approached, he left Paris for the United States; he married Vera in 1940 and settled in Los Angeles. New musical movements flourished in Paris. The most famous was Les Six, a group of six young French composers; brought together by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. They were Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc and Germaine Tailleferre, all born between 1888 and 1899. Their music had no common style; they were united mainly in opposition to the dramatic style of Wagner and the impressionistic style of Debussy and Ravel. They provided music for many colorful theatrical pieces written by Cocteau for the Paris stage. Between the wars, Paris was home to a remarkable colony of foreign composers, including Aaron Copland from the United States (from 1920 to 1925), Heitor Villa-Lobos from Brazil (1923-1930); and Béla Bartók from Hungary (after 1922). The American composer George Gershwin came to Paris in 1926 and 1928 and tried (without success) to have composition lessons with Ravel and Nadia Boulanger. During his 1928 visit, while staying at the Majestic Hotel, he wrote a symphonic poem, An American in Paris, which, at one point, turned into music the sound of Paris taxi horns on the nearby Etoile. A new three-thousand seat concert hall, the Salle Pleyel, was built in Paris in the interwar period. It was commissioned in 1927 by piano manufacturer Pleyel et Cie and designed by Gustave Lion. The inauguration concert was performed by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, with Robert Casadesus as soloist and Igor Stravinsky, Maurice Ravel, and Philippe Gaubert as conductors, A fire ravaged the interior of the hall on 28 June 1928, and it was extensively renovated, and the number of seats reduced to 1,913. Dance—the Ballets Russes and Ida Rubinstein The most famous Paris dance company was the Ballets Russes, Founded by Sergei Diaghilev in 1909. The company performed in Paris and internationally until Diaghilev's death in 1929. The set designers included Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Joan Miró, and Salvador Dalí. Its choreographers included Bronislava Nijinska (1891-1972), the younger sister of the star dancer Vaslav Nijinsky, and a young George Balanchine (1904-1983). In 1924, Balanchine, then a dancer, fled a Soviet dance company on tour in the Weimar Republic and came to Paris, where Diaghilev hired him as a choreographer. The most famous production was the 1924 ballet Le Train Bleu with a story by Cocteau, music by Darius Milhaud, costumes by Coco Chanel and a curtain painted by Picasso. The dancer Ida Rubinstein left the Ballets Russes in 1911 and started her own troupe, commissioning famous poets, including André Gide and Paul Valéry, and composers, including Stravinsky and Honneger, to write ballets for her. Her most famous creation was Boléro, written for her by Ravel, which she first danced at the Paris Opera on November 22, 1928. Ravel originally called the music Fandango, since it much more closely resembled that dance rather than a true bolero. In 1920 a new ballet company, directed by Swedish choreographer and dancer Jean Börlin, was established at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, and then performed in a more intimate new hall, the Studio des Champs-Élysées. Like the Ballets Rousses, Börlin also commissioned famous artists, including Pierre Bonnard and Fernand Léger to create the decor, famous poets including Paul Claudel to write the texts, and avant-garde musicians, including Ravel, Satie and members of the Group of Six, including Taillefere, Milhaud Honnege to write the music. The arrival of jazz—the Hot Club de Paris Jazz came to Paris in 1917, with the American soldiers arriving to fight in the First World War. The soldiers were accompanied by military bands, including the 369th regiment band, composed of fifty black musicians directed by a celebrated Broadway band leader, James Reese Europe, and several other regimental bands led by famous American musicians. They gave concerts at the kiosks in the parks of Paris, performing the foxtrot, the two-step, the one-step, and the Memphis Blues and "The Army Blues" of W.C. Handy. In August 1918, the orchestra of J.R. Europe was invited to perform at a music hall on the Champs-Élysées. The one-night performance was extended for eight weeks. The Casino de Paris presented the first French jazz review, with Gaby Deslys and Harry Pilcer and a ragtime orchestra. A black American jazz orchestra, the Jazz Kings, led by drummer Louis Mitchell, came to the Casino de Paris in 1919 to present a jazz review called Pa-ri-ki-ri, followed in 1920 by the jazz review Laisse-les-Tomber, with the young singer Mistinguett. The author jean Cocteau, enchanted by the new sound, described jazz as "an improvised catastrophe" and "a sonic cataclysm". By 1930, Parisians were listening to recordings of American jazz; Duke Ellington brought his orchestra to Paris in 1932, Louis Armstrong and Cab Calloway in 1934, Bill Coleman, Coleman Hawkins and Benny Carter in 1935. The first famous Paris jazz club, the Hot Club de Paris, was founded in 1932. The first famous French jazz group, the Quintette du Hot Club de France, was formed in 1934; its members were Django Reinhardt, his brother Joseph, Stephane Grapelli, Louis Vola and Roger Chaput. They became the most famous jazz ensemble in France, touring Europe and eventually to the United States. The music hall—Mistinguett and Josephine Baker The singer Mistinguett made her debut the Casino de Paris in 1895 and continued to appear regularly in the 1920s and 1930s at the Folies Bergère, Moulin Rouge and Eldorado. Her risqué routines captivated Paris, and she became one of the most highly-paid and popular French entertainers of her time. The Swedish ballet performing at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées closed in 1925, and its manager, André Davin, decided to create a musical show in the American style. He dispatched an American producer, Caroline Dudley, to New York, to recruit a company. She went to Harlem and returned in September 1925 with a troupe of twenty-five black musicians, singers and dancers, including the pianist Claude Hopkins, the clarinetist Sidney Bechet and the twenty-five year old singer Josephine Baker. The new show was called La Revue Nègre. The director, Jacques Charles, recruited from the Moulin Rouge, persuaded Baker to perform a Charleston called 'Danse sauvage,' half-nude, wearing only ostrich feathers. The audience at opening night on October 25, 1925, included Jean Cocteau, composers Darius Milhaud and Maurice Ravel, and fashion designer Paul Poiret. The show was an immense success. After a successful tour of Europe, Baker returned to France three months later to star at the Folies Bergère. The Théâtre des Champs Élysées continued its American series in July 1926 with the first French performance of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra The other music halls, including the Casino de Paris, Moulin Rouge and les Ambassadeurs presented jazz reviews, while the main concert halls, Pleyel and Gaveau, offered symphonic jazz concerts. New cabarets featuring jazz, including Bricktop's, the Boeuf sur le toit and Grand Écart opened, and American dance-styles, including the one-step, the fox-trot, the boston and the charleston, became popular in the dance halls. . The music-halls suffered growing hardships in the 1930s, facing growing competition from movie theaters The Olympia was converted into a movie theater, and others closed. But others continued to thrive; In 1937 and 1930 the Casino de Paris presented shows with Maurice Chevalier, who had already achieved success as an actor and singer in Hollywood. One genre remained highly popular in Paris; the Chanson réaliste; dramatic, emotional, tragic songs about love and passion. The leading singers of the genre were Yvonne George, Marie-Louise Damien and Fréhel. 1935, a twenty-year old singer named Édith Piaf was discovered in the Pigalle by nightclub owner Louis Leplée, whose club Le Gerny, off the Champs-Élysées, was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike. He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness. Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, which became her trademark apparel. Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night, attracting the presence of many celebrities, including Maurice Chevalier. Her nightclub appearance led to her first two records produced that same year, and the beginning of a legendary career that continued into the 1960s. The radio, phonograph, and the musical film The arrival of radio and the musical film had a gradual but dramatic impact on Paris music. The first radio station in Paris, Radio Tour Eiffel, broadcast from the Eiffel Tower starting on in December 24, 1921. The first classical music concert broadcast on French radio, was transmitted by the station Radiola on November 6, 1922, beginning with a march composed by Christoph Gluck, followed by symphonic and opera works. In 1929, a weekly series of broadcasts of classical music for school students was launched, but it had limited success. Due to the financial crisis, very few Paris schools had money to buy radios. At the beginning of Les Années Folles, the French company Pathé had a monopoly on the sale of phonograph records in France, and kept out records by other artists. In 1925, the Pathé label was bought by the American company Columbia, and soon American disks began to appear in the French market. After 1926, Parisians could buy records made by other foreign companies. The motion picture had the greatest impact on Paris music. Due largely to competition from the movies, between 1910 and 1920 two-thirds of the Paris music halls were transformed into movie theaters. Collaboration between the Paris movie studios and the film industry had begun early. The composer Camille Saint-Saëns had written music to accompany the 1908 film L'Assassinat du duc de Guise. The composer Arthur Honegger composed music for two of the most important silent films of Abel Gance, La Roue and Napoleon. Napoleon had its grand premiere on April 7, 1927, at the Palais Garnier with a full orchestra playing the score. The arrival in France of the first sound film, The Jazz Singer in 1927 caused a revolution in the French movie business, and was quickly followed by the production of French film musicals at the studios just outside Paris. New French films featured the singing talents of Jean Gabin (Pépé le Moko, Cœur de lilas), and Danielle Darrieux (La crise est finis, Mon cœur t'appelle, Un mauves garçon), Maurice Chevalier et Claudette Colbert (La Chanson de Paris) both made successful careers in Hollywood; Colbert remained in the U.S., but Chevalier returned to Paris and continued his singing career on the Paris music hall stage. Music hall singers, including Fernandel, Frehel and Josephine Baker, began making musical films. The 1934 musical film Zouzou, with Jean Gabin and Josephine Baker, was the first film to star a black actress. The French music industry was born, as movie studios merged with record companies and used films to promote records. The route to success for Paris singers became the recording and film. World War II—occupation and liberation In 1939, in the early days of World War II, the music hall orchestra of Ray Ventura had a popular hit with the song We'll hang out our laundry on the Siegried Line, but many musicians and composers living in Paris, including Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud and Kurt Weil, departed Paris for the United States. The German army crossed the Meuse, and by the end of June occupied Paris. The repression of Jews in the musical world of Paris began; Jewish faculty were dismissed from the Conservatory; Jewish students were banned in 1942. The director of the orchestra of the Conservatory, Roger Désormière, helped organize an underground organization of French musicians, with a clandestine newspaper. The new director of the Conservatory, Claude Delvincourt, organized and clandestine music lessons for Jewish pupils. He also organized a student orchestra, and protected the male musicians from being sent to forced labor in Germany by promising to organize concerts for the German soldiers in Paris. The four major symphony orchestras of Paris (Pasdeloupe, Colonne, Lamoureux and the Conservatory Concert Orchestra) continued to perform, giving 650 concerts during the four seasons of the Occupation. The Colonne orchestra, named for the composer Édourard Lamoureux, was forced to change its name. The Germans also organized a series of thirty-one concerts in Paris by the Berlin Philharmonic, conducted by Herbert von Karajan, and other German orchestras. French composers and musicians, including Martin Honegger, were invited to participate in music festivals in Vienna and Salzburg. The pianist Alfred Cortot became the Commissioner of Fine Arts of the Vichy government, took part in the Berlin music festival, and made a tour of German cities. French music hall performers continued to perform to audiences of Parisians and German soldiers. The Germans organized a tour to Germany of several the most popular singers, including Maurice Chevalier, Édith Piaf, and Charles Trenet; they performed for French workers who had been forced to work in German factories. Radio Paris became an important vehicle for Nazi and Vichy propaganda; it had an orchestra of ninety musicians and gave free concerts at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, which featured everything from Beethoven to Tangos and jazz. Jazz was officially banned in Germany as "decadent", and American records were banned after but remained highly popular in occupied Paris. Charles Delaunay organized a jazz festival in Paris in December 1940, and two concerts month were given at the Gaveau, and continued through 1944. Delaunay's band, called Jazz de Paris, gave a concert at the Salle Pleyel on January 16, 1941. The singer Johnny Hess also had an enormous success with his 1940 jazz-swing song, ils sont Zazous. American jazz returned to Paris with the U.S. army on August 25, 1944. The program director of the Voice of America, Sim Copans, equipped a truck with loudspeakers and broadcast excerpts of Gershwin and other American musicians in the Paris streets. The VOA also distributed V-disks, phonograph records with the songs of Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Lionel Hampton and Cab Calloway. These were the first American records to arrive in Paris since the war began. Just a month after the liberation of Paris, the first of a series of concerts was performed by the Orchestre national at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, presenting pieces by composers whose work was banned from public performance during the Occupation, including Gustave Mahler, Prokofiev, Stravinsky, Hindemith and Bartók. In May 1945, a Committee of National Cleansing was created for the artistic professions, to investigate musicians accused of collaborating with the Germans. Honegger was censured for touring in Germany, Mistinguett for singing on Radio-Paris. The pianist Alfred Cortot was stripped of his professorship at the Conservatory and moved back to his native Switzerland, but returned to Paris with a triumphant concert at the Salle Pleyel in 1949. Post-war Paris (1946–2000) Jazz clubs of Saint-Germain-des-Pres In the early post-war period, immediately after World War II, the Saint-Germain-des-Pres neighborhood and the nearby Saint-Michel neighborhood became home to many small jazz clubs. They were mostly located in cellars, due to the shortage of any suitable space, and because the music at late hours was less likely to disturb the neighbors. The first to open in 1945 was the Caveau des Lorientais, near Boulevard Saint-Michel, which introduced Parisians to New Orleans Jazz, played by clarinetist Claude Luter and his band. It closed shortly afterward, but was soon followed by other cellars; Le Vieux-Columbier, the Rose Rouge, the Club Saint-Germain; and Le Tabou. The jazz clubs The clubs attracted students from the nearby university, the Paris intellectual community, and celebrities from the Paris cultural world. They soon had doormen who controlled who was important or famous enough to be allowed inside into the cramped, smoke-filled cellars. A few of the musicians went on to celebrated careers; Sidney Bechet was the star of the first jazz festival held at the Salle Pleyel in 1949, and headlined at the Olympia music hall in 1955. A concert by Dizzy Gillespie and his orchestra at the Salle Pleyel in 1948 introduced Paris to a new variety of jazz, called bebop, and soon the jazz world of Paris was divided into two rival camps, those for bebop and those for more traditional New Orleans jazz, in the style of Louis Armstrong; this group was led by Sidney Bechet and trumpet player Boris Vian; Mezz Mezzrow, André Rewellotty, and guitarist Henri Salvador. Beginning in 1958, the leading figures in American jazz, including Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, Thelonious Monk and John Coltrane came to Paris to perform in a series called Paris Jazz Concert, at the Olympia music hall. The musician/ composer Quincy Jones came to Paris both to perform and to study composition with Nadia Boulanger and Olivier Messiaen. Jazz also played an important part in the French New Wave films of the 1950s; the film Les Liaisons dangereuses of Roger Vadim, set in Paris in the 1960s. featured music by Thelonious Monk and Art Blakey; À bout de soufflé (Breathless) by Jean-Luc Godard had a jazz score music by Martial Solal. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. Rock and roll Rock and roll made its first appearance in Paris in 1956, when pianist and arranger Michel Legrand returned from the United States with American rock and roll records and, with Boris Vian and Henri Salvador, recorded the first French rock and roll records Rock coquet and Rock n'roll mops. In 1957 Legrand and Albert Raisner recorded a French version of Bill Haley's Rock around the Clock and Eddy Constantine recorded Rock! Rock!. At about the same time, the Golf Druout, an indoor miniature golf course at the corner of rue Drouout and boulevard Montmartre installed the first jukebox in Paris, supplied with records from an American military base. The juke box attracted crowds of listeners, and became the first rock-and-roll club in Paris. Among the young musicians who came to the Golf Druout to hear new sound was Jean-Philippe Met, who had changed his name to Johnny Hallyday and became the most enduring Parisian rock singer. The first Parisian rock band, the Five Rocks, was founded at the beginning of the 1960s; it soon changed its name to the Chausettes Noirs (the black socks) The lead singer of the Chausettes noirs, Eddy Mitchell, became famous singing Eddie sois bon, a French remake of Johnny be Good by Chuck Berry. He left the band in 1962 and became a popular film actor. In 1965, the Beatles gave two hugely successful concerts at the Palais des Sports. Rock was firmly installed as the preferred music of young Parisians. Popular music took a big step forward in 1981 when the government gave up its monopoly over radio stations. Two hundred new private radio stations appeared in Paris alone, the great majority devoted entirely to music, covering every genre, including classical, jazz, world music, French songs from the 1920s to 1960s, and every type of rock and roll. Music from the Maghreb, Africa and the Caribbean During the first part of the 20th century, the music from France's colonies in North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean was largely ignored; or, during the 1900 Universal Exposition and the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931. it was treated as an exotic novelty, performed by costumed singers and dancers for the benefit of Exposition visitors. That began to change after World War II, when large numbers of temporary workers and students came to live, work and study in Paris. In the 1960s the migration grew even larger, as the colonies were granted their independence. The migrants settled in the outer neighborhoods and suburbs and brought their music with them. The music was almost entirely ignored by the French television and radio stations until 1981 when private radio stations were allowed. Soon dozens of new stations went on the air, playing the music of the new wave of immigrants. The singer Dalida was one of the first musicians from North Africa to achieve fame in Paris. Her father was Italian, the first violinist at the Cairo Opera. She moved to Paris in 1954 at the age of twenty and became a singer at Olympia Paris, and began making recordings. Her song Bambino in 1956 became a hit in France, selling three hundred thousand records, making her one of France's leading popular singers. She recorded Italians in French, Arabic, Italian, and a half-dozen other languages, before her death in 1987. One of the first popular styles imported from North Africa was Raï, a singing style from the Algerian city of Oran. One of the first famous singer of the style, Khaled, was born in Oran in 1960, started a band when he was fourteen, and moved to France in 1986, where he became a recording star with an international audience. In the 1980s and the 1990s, the traditional African, Maghreb and Caribbean musical styles were blended together with French and American styles of hip-hop, techno, and rap, to create an original style, which became popular well outside the immigrant communities. Musical styles imported into Paris include Sega from the Island of Mauritius. Zouk from the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, Zouglou, a dance-oriented style of music from Côte d'Ivoire; and Mbalax from Senegal and the Gambia. a fusion of popular Western music and dance such as jazz, soul, Latin, and rock blended with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of Senegal. Cabarets and music halls Between 1945 and 1960 the cabarets and music halls played an important part in Paris culture, giving a stage to established stars and new talent. The most important music halls of the period were the Olympia Paris and Bobino, while the important cabarets included La Galerie 55, L'Echelle de Jacob, le Port de Salut, l'Ecluse and Trois Baudets. Future French stars who debuted in the cabarets after the war included Bourvil in 1946, Yves Montand in 1947, Juliette Gréco in 1948, Georges Brassens at the Trois Baudets in 1952, and Jacques Brel at the same club in 1953. Headliners at the Olympia included Édith Piaf in 1949, Gilbert Bécaud in 1954, and Charles Aznavour, Tino Rossi and Dalida in 1955. Paris singing stars in the 1980s and 1990s included Serge Lama, Serge Gainsbourg, Michel Berger, Yves Duteil, Francis Cabrel, Patrick Bruel, and Jean-Jacques Goldman. Classical music—the Orchestre de Paris During first decades after the war Paris could boast four top-quality professional symphony orchestras: the Colonne orchestra at the Châtelet; the Lamoureux at Salle Pleyel; the Pasdeloup at the palais de Chaillot, and the Concert Society of the Conservatory at the théâtre des Champs-Élysées. The orchestras did not coordinate their programs; they played during the same season (October to Easter) at the same time (Sunday afternoons at 5:45) and for the most part played the same classical repertoire, rarely venturing into modern music. In the late 1960s, André Malraux, the Minister of Culture under President Charles de Gaulle, decided to create a new orchestra as the prestige symphony of Paris. the Society of Concerts of the Conservatory was abolished in 1967, and replaced by the Orchestre de Paris. The French government provided sixty percent of the funding for the new orchestra, with smaller shares from the City of Paris and the Department of the Seine. The first conductor of the orchestra was Charles Munch. After his death in 1968, it was conducted by Herbert von Karajan, then Georg Solti, then Daniel Barenboim, who directed the orchestra from 1975 to 1989. Much musical experimentation was taking place inside other Paris institutions. In 1954 Pierre Boulez founded Le Domaine musical, which between 1954 and 1966, presented regular concerts of new music by composers including Schoenberg and Webern. The most influential modernist composer in post-war Paris was Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992), organist at the Trinity Church beginning in 1930 and professor at the Paris Conservatory of Music from 1942. he was noted for his scientific study of bird songs (1958), his adaptations of traditional Asian and Latin American rhythms (1960); and original church music. Other notable composers included Pierre Schaeffer, founder of the school called Musique concrète, based on recorded sounds of the real world, such as the noise made by trains; and composer of Symphonie pour un home seul (1950) and Orphée 51 (1951); the composer Pierre Henry, a collaborator of Schaeffer, pioneer of electroacoustic music; and composer of The Well-Tempered microphone; and the conductor and composer Boulez, a pioneer of Serial music. Musical theater—the mega-musical Musical theater had a difficult time in the postwar years, due to stiff competition from musical films and high production costs. The exceptions were several mega-musicals first produced in Paris; Les Misérables, based on the novel by Victor Hugo, with music by Claude-Michel Schönberg and original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel, opened in Paris in 1980, and went on to success in London and New York, and became one of the most popular musicals of all time. Notre Dame de Paris, also based on a novel by Victor Hugo, with music composed by Riccardo Cocciante and lyrics by Luc Plamondon, opened on September 16, 1998, and made immediate stars of its lead singers, Hélène Ségara as Esmeralda and Garou, who played Quasimodo. The Bastille Opera and the City of Music When President François Mitterrand took office in 1981, his new culture minister, Jack Lang, launched a series musical innovations. On June 21, 1982, he began the Fete de la Musique, a day of free musical performances all over Paris and in other cities of France. A giant rock concert took place at the Trocadero, the opera orchestra played on the steps of the Opera Garnier, and the Garde Republicaine band played at the Pantheon. The Fete became an annual event. He also planned and began construction of a second opera house at Place de la Bastille, in place of an old suburban train station. Revolution. It was designed to have an equally good view from all seats (unlike the Palais Garnier) and to have less expensive tickets. After many technical problems, design changes, controversies and the dismissal of the opera's director, the Opera Bastille opened in July 1989.during the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution. The second grand musical project of Mitterrand and Lang, announced in 1982, was the Cité de la Musique, a large musical performance center at La Villette, a former-industrial section of the city. The first piece built was the Le Zénith, a concert hall with six thousand seats, inaugurated on January 12, 1984. It hosted concerts by Johnny Halladay, Serge Gainsbourg, Vanessa Paradis, the rock group Téléphone, and other celebrated Paris pop musicians. The Paris Conservatory of Music was moved to a new building on the site, opened to students in 1990. The museum of musical instruments of the Conservatory was opened at the beginning of 1997. The final piece, the Philharmonie de Paris concert hall, designed by architect Jean Nouvel, with 2,500 seats, was opened on January 24, 2015. See also Music of France References Notes and citations Books cited in article Links to music by period Early music Medieval motet in three voices from the School of Notre Dame Mass of Notre Dame in four voices by Guillaume de Machaut 16th century Listen to Song of the birds by Clement Janequin Listen to the song Je n'ose le dire by Pierre Certon 17th century Listen to songs of the French Royal Court from the 17th century Listen to "March for the Turkish Ceremony" by Jean-Baptiste Lully Watch a ballet from the opera Armide by Lully (1686) Listen to an organ work by François Couperin (1690) 18th century Watch Hippolyte et Aricie by Jean Philippe Rameau (1733) Listen to Mozart's Symphony number 31 (The Paris Symphony), written for the Concert Spirituel Listen to French popular music from the 18th century Listen to a song by André Grétry from the Paris Opéra-Comique (1788) Songs of the French Revolution Listen to the Revolutionary song Ça ira Listen to La Carmagnole Listen to the Marseillaise, with English translation The Second Empire Watch a scene from the opera Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz (1858) Watch scenes from the opera La Belle Hélène by Jacques Offenbach (1864) 1917–1939 Watch an excerpt of the ballet Parade with music by Eric Satie and costumes by Picasso (1917) Listen to Mistinguett sing Mon Homme (1920) Watch performance of Josephine Baker at the Folies Bergere (1927) Links to music (1940–1945) Listen to Johnny Hess sing Je suis Swing (1940) Links to music of postwar Paris (1945–2000) Listen to Quartet for the End of Time by Olivier Messiaen (1941) Listen to Study of trains, a work of concrete music by Pierre Schaeffer (1948) Edith Piaf sings Milord Sidney Bechet and Claude Luter play Petit Fleur (1952) Watch performances of Sidney Bechet, Django Reinhardt and Louis Armstrong (1952) Watch an early performance by Johnny Hallyday (1961) Listen to Eddy Mitchell and the Chaussettes noires (1962) French music history

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20Ugandan%20general%20election

2016 Ugandan general election

General elections were held in Uganda on 18 February 2016 to elect the President and Parliament. Polling day was declared a national holiday. Presidential candidates included incumbent Yoweri Museveni, in power since 1986, Kizza Besigye, who had run against Museveni in 2001, 2006 and 2011, former Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi, Abed Bwanika who has also challenged Museveni in 2001, 2006 and 2011, former Makerere University Vice Chancellor Venansius Baryamureeba, retired Army General Benon Biraaro, Joseph Mabirizi and former presidential advisor Faith Kyalya. Claims of rigging and violence at polling stations were reported and voting was extended in several locations after reports of people not being allowed to cast their votes. According to the Electoral Commission, Museveni was re-elected with 61% of the vote to Besigye's 35%. Opposition candidates claimed that the elections were marred by widespread fraud, voting irregularities, the repeated arrest of opposition politicians and a climate of voter intimidation. The European Union and United States have since criticised the election for lack of transparency and detentions of opposition candidates. Overseers from the Commonwealth of Nations were critical of the misuse of state powers in favour of the incumbent. Electoral system The President of Uganda was elected using the two-round system, with candidates needing to receive at least 50% of the vote to be elected in the first round. Chapter 142 of the Presidential Elections Act of 2000 of Uganda stipulates that presidential candidates must be a citizen of Uganda by birth, between 35 and 75 years old and be qualified to be an MP. Candidates were also required to be of sound mind and have no formal connection with the Electoral Commission of Uganda. Term limits were abolished in 2005. Members of the Parliament of Uganda were elected in single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. In addition, a number of seats were reserved for female candidates. The Parliament elected in 2011 had 375 seats, but voted to increase the number of constituencies to 418 for the 2016 elections. The elections were supervised by the Electoral Commission of Uganda, which registered 15,277,198 voters. Presidential candidates Eight candidates contested the presidential elections. Four candidates were from a generation called the Bush War revolutionaries, and were part of the guerrilla armies that toppled the previous government in 1986. Yoweri Museveni was running for his seventh term in office in 2016. He took power in 1986 after winning a guerrilla war against President Tito Okello. Museveni has been president for 30 years in a country where 78% of the population was under the age of 30 at the time of the elections. Museveni's main rival was four-time rival Kizza Besigye, who ran under the Forum for Democratic Change ticket and has lost the past three elections against Museveni. Besigye was Museveni's personal physician and a military officer who broke ties with the NRM government in 2001. Amama Mbabazi, a former Prime minister of Uganda and a founding member of the NRM, ran against the incumbent president under the Go Forward ticket. Mbabazi was sacked as prime minister in 2014 in a power struggle with Museveni. The Go Forward party was part of the Democratic Alliance, an alliance between Mbabazi, the Democratic Party, Uganda Peoples Congress and the Justice Forum (JEEMA). The alliance initially also included the FDC; however, due to disagreements in electing the alliance candidate for the election, the FDC split from the alliance. Abed Bwanika, a veterinarian, also ran for a third time. The doctor ran under the People's Development Party (PDP) banner. Though it was Bwanika's third time running for the presidency, he had failed to rally much support for his previous campaigns. Campaign First presidential debate Uganda held its first ever televised presidential debate on 15 January 2016. The debate took place at the Serena Hotel in Kampala and was led by BBC Newsday presenter Alan Kasujja and KTN journalist Nancy Kacungira. The presidential debate was attended by all presidential aspirants, except the incumbent president Yoweri Museveni, who was not present. Topics such as Uganda's growing national debt, corruption, education and job creation were at the centre of all candidates' manifestos. Second presidential debate The second presidential debate was held on 13 February 2016 at the Serena hotel. Unlike the first debate, the debate was attended by President Museveni. All eight candidates appeared at the debate, although Joseph Mabirizi arrived at the debate late. The debate was moderated by Dr. Shaka Ssali, who is a host of VOA's Straight Talk Africa, Dr. Joel Serunkuma Kibazo, the director of communications and external relations at the African Development Bank, and Dr. Suzie Muwanga, the head of political science and public administration at Makerere University. Foreign policy, national security and the economy were at the centre of the debate topics. Opinion polls Conduct Uganda has not seen a single peaceful transition of power in the country since its independence. Many observers believed that post-election demonstrations will occur and many protests will be under the risk of state sanctioned violence. The government recruited hundreds of thousands of unemployed young men. They have been hired, ostensibly, to prevent crime; however, according to Human Rights Watch, they have harassed opposition politicians and supporters. 1 February 2016 – The arrival of ballot papers from South Africa was delayed by about 3 hours and some theorists suggested that the authorities were conducting foul play to favor a certain candidate. Conspiracy theorists believe that the Ethiopian Airlines aircraft made an unscheduled stop in Kigali where some ballots were dropped off to be later transported into Uganda. The allegation was denied by both the Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority and the Electoral Commission of Uganda. The delay was said to be due to weather issues in Johannesburg. 13 February 2016 – The Electoral commission accepted that 20,000 names that were registered during the election process were not existent after two whistle blowers claimed there were some ghost names on the list. Arrests of opposition members 15 February 2016 – As Kizza Besigye was heading towards his campaign at the Makerere University in Kampala, the Ugandan Police detained the FDC candidate. The police fired tear gas and broke the crowds as the police accused Besigye for violating campaign rules. Besigye was driven outside of Kampala and then released. The Uganda police and Uganda People's Defence Force have been accused of siding with the NRM government to intimidate political opponents. 18 February 2016 – Besigye was arrested a second time. 19 February 2016 – Ugandan police surrounded and raided Forum for Democratic Change headquarters in Kampala and arrested presidential candidate Kizza Besigye, FDC president Mugisha Muntu, chairman Wasswa Biriggwa and an activist Ingrid Turinawe. 21 February 2016 – Besigye, and Amama Mbabazi, another presidential candidate, were both under de facto house arrest and it was reported that General Katumba Wamala was under surveillance. 24 February 2016 - Moses Kasibante and Betty Nambooze, two MP-elects, were briefly arrested for revealing documents that describe election fraud taking place. Social media blackout 18 February 2016 – The government ordered the mobile service providers MTN and Airtel to block social media platforms. The government claims that platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and Whatsapp spread rumors and create unnecessary chaos. The opposition has argued that the ruling was put in place to prevent the public from reporting irregularities in the election process. Checkpoints in Kampala 19 February 2016 – Ugandan journalists reported "Major junction are like military barracks [with] Checkpoints along major highways." 21 February 2016 – Security presence in Kampala was high according to the Associated Press. 26 February 2016 – EU and US officials were briefly barred by the police officers posted outside Besigye's house. The officials were only allowed to enter the premise on foot after a high ranking police officer let them in. Violence The New York Times reported that at least two people had been killed and 20 injured in riots during the week of the election. Results Museveni was declared the winner on 20 February 2016. Results from the electoral commission showed him with 60.8% of the vote against 35.4% for Besigye. He was sworn in at a ceremony in Kampala on 12 May 2016. President Parliament Reactions Domestic National Resistance Movement Party spokesman, Mike Kennedy Sebalu stated that "It appears as if our message that Uganda should maintain its path of steady progress for all, and not risk an untried and untested opposition, has resonated with the majority of Ugandan voters." The Forum for Democratic Change opposition party issued its own election results and one senior FDC official was quoted by Reuters as saying that their statistics showed "glaring discrepancies" with the government's figures. On 21 February Kizza Besigye, who was under house arrest, stated "I call upon all of you citizens to protest...The only way to get out of this is to use the popular numbers that we have to make sure that the gunmen do not do what they are doing." International States Commonwealth of Nations: Former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo led a 13 member group of monitors to represent the Commonwealth countries. He stated that the group was concerned over "the increased prevalence of money in politics, the misuse of state resources – which led to significant advantages for the incumbent – and the competence, credibility and ability of the Electoral Commission to manage the process effectively and impartially...The inexcusable delays of supply of material to polling stations, particularly in Kampala and its environs, and other deficiences in the process... have seriously detracted from the fairness and credibility of the result of the elections." : EU observers reported a mixed reaction to the election and stated that "voting was conducted in a calm and peaceful environment in the vast majority of the country" but noted that the Electoral Commission lacked "transparency and independence." The EU's observers added that, "The National Resistance Movement (NRM's) domination of the political landscape distorted the fairness of the campaign, and state actors were instrumental in creating an intimidating atmosphere." : On Friday 19 February, Secretary of State John Kerry called President Museveni and according to a statement from the U.S. State Department, "urged President Museveni to rein in the police and security forces, noting that such action calls into question Uganda’s commitment to a transparent and credible election process free from intimidation." References External links Electoral Commission of Uganda Uganda Election Updates Uganda Elections in Uganda Presidential elections in Uganda 2016 in Uganda Election and referendum articles with incomplete results February 2016 events in Africa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20in%20the%20United%20States

2016 in the United States

Events in the year 2016 in the United States. Incumbents Federal government President: Barack Obama (D-Illinois) Vice President: Joe Biden (D-Delaware) Chief Justice: John Roberts (New York) Speaker of the House of Representatives: Paul Ryan (R-Wisconsin) Senate Majority Leader: Mitch McConnell (R-Kentucky) Congress: 114th Events January January 1The following laws go into effect: Hawaii becomes the first state to raise the legal smoking age to 21. Texas allows the open carry of guns in public places. Tennessee launches the nation's first statewide registry of animal abusers. Washington, D.C., and Montgomery County, Maryland, ban the storage of food in Styrofoam containers. January 2–26The 3 Percenters and several other armed militia organizations take over the headquarters of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon, in a series of incidents stemming from the 2014 Bundy standoff. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ends the occupation with a shootout, killing one militiaman and arresting five others, including leader Ammon Bundy. January 5President Obama introduces executive orders to expand the enforcement of federal gun laws. January 6 – Star Wars: The Force Awakens becomes the highest-grossing film in North America, beating previous record-holder Avatar lifetime gross of $760 million in just 20 days of release. January 8The Obama administration announces an alliance with tech companies—including Apple, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and Twitter—to block the recruitment of Americans to Islamic extremist groups, specifically the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), via social media. January 9For the first time in its history, the national Powerball lottery prize surpasses $1 billion. January 1073rd Golden Globe Awards: The Revenant wins the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, with Leonardo DiCaprio winning the award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and Alejandro G. Iñárritu winning Best Director. The Martian wins the award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and Matt Damon wins Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Brie Larson wins Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for Room, and Jennifer Lawrence wins Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for Joy. Mr. Robot wins Best Television Series – Drama; Mozart in the Jungle wins Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy; and Wolf Hall wins Best Miniseries or Television Film. January 12President Obama gives his final State of the Union Address to the 114th United States Congress. January 14The nominees for the 88th Academy Awards are announced at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California. The nominees for Best Picture are The Big Short, Bridge of Spies, Brooklyn, Mad Max: Fury Road, The Martian, The Revenant, Room, and Spotlight. The nominees are criticized for their lack of diversity, resulting in boycotts by celebrities like Will Smith and Spike Lee, an official motion by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to increase diversity in its membership, and calls for comedian Chris Rock to step down as host. January 15Myloh Jaqory Mason, a fugitive on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list, is arrested in Thornton, Colorado, after being added to the list on December 17, 2015, for two bank robberies and two attempted murders. January 16 President Obama announces a federal state of emergency in Flint, Michigan, allowing additional support from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security in response to the ongoing contamination of tap water in the city. The United States lifts several economic sanctions against Iran in accordance with a multinational agreement made in July 2014 concerning Iran's nuclear program. Sanctions concerning Iran's human rights abuses, missile activity, and support for terrorism remain in effect. January 21A crippling winter storm hits the central and eastern United States, producing several feet of snow and ice (as well as strong winds and tornadoes in some areas) and killing 55 people. January 25A Texas grand jury finds no wrongdoing on the part of Planned Parenthood after a series of undercover videos made by the Center for Medical Progress (CMP), an anti-abortion organization, purported to show Planned Parenthood employees selling fetal tissue and organs. The grand jury indicts CMP founder David Daleiden and another videographer. January 30During a brawl between rival motorcycle clubs, gunfire and stabbings kill one person and injure seven at the National Western Complex in Denver, Colorado. February February 1 The February 2016 North American storm complex causes power outages for more than 70,000 people in Southern California. The Iowa caucuses are held, beginning the Democratic and Republican nomination processes for the 2016 presidential election. Senator Ted Cruz (R-Texas) wins the Republican caucuses, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton wins the Democratic caucuses. After poor showings in Iowa, Democratic candidate Martin O'Malley and Republican candidate Mike Huckabee suspend their campaigns. February 3Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) and former Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania) suspend their presidential candidacies. Barack Obama becomes the first U.S. president to visit a U.S. mosque in Baltimore, Maryland. February 4Six people are found dead, five from stab wounds and one from gunshot wounds, at a house in Chicago. February 7 Super Bowl 50 is played at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The Denver Broncos defeat the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10. February 9The New Hampshire primaries are held. Donald Trump wins the Republican primary, and Bernie Sanders wins the Democratic primary. February 10New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina suspend their campaigns for the Republican nomination. February 12Former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore suspends his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination. February 13Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia dies at the age of 79. February 14The 2016 North American cold wave causes record low temperatures in New England. February 1558th Annual Grammy Awards: "Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson, featuring Bruno Mars, wins the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Taylor Swift wins Album of the Year for 1989, Meghan Trainor wins Best New Artist, and Song of the Year is awarded to "Thinking Out Loud", by Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge. February 18106-year old civil rights activist, Virginia McLaurin, visits Barack Obama at the White House, becoming the oldest known-person and first centenarian to the visit the White House. February 20A man kills six people and injures two in Kalamazoo, Michigan, before being apprehended by the police. February 21Denny Hamlin wins the Daytona 500 in the closest finish in the race's 58-year history, beating Martin Truex Jr. by 11 thousandths of a second. February 25A disgruntled former employee opens fire in an office building in Hesston, Kansas, killing three people and injuring fourteen others. February 27Three people are stabbed at a Ku Klux Klan rally in Anaheim, California, and several people are arrested. February 2888th Academy Awards: The ceremony, hosted by Chris Rock, is held at Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. Tom McCarthy's Spotlight wins the Academy Award for Best Picture. Leonardo DiCaprio wins Best Actor for his performance in The Revenant, his first acting Oscar in five nominations. Brie Larson wins Best Actress for her performance in Room, her first acting Oscar and first nomination. Alejandro G. Iñárritu wins his second Best Director award for The Revenant, becoming the first director to win back-to-back Oscars since Joseph L. Mankiewicz in 1949 and 1950. George Miller's Mad Max: Fury Road wins six awards, the most for the evening. The telecast garners over 34.4 million viewers. February 29H2, History's secondary network, becomes Viceland, a lifestyle channel aimed at millennials which will include programming about music, cooking, sports, technology and hard-hitting documentaries. The change comes after A&E Networks purchased a 10% stake in Vice Media, Inc. in August 2014. March March 1Super Tuesday: Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump each win seven states on the Democratic and Republican sides, respectively. In the Democratic primaries, Clinton takes Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia; Bernie Sanders takes Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Vermont. In the Republican primaries, Trump wins Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia; Ted Cruz wins Alaska, Oklahoma, and Texas; and Senator Marco Rubio (R-Florida) wins Minnesota. March 4 Retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson suspends his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination. Walt Disney Animation Studios' 55th feature film, Zootopia, is released in theatres to acclaim as the studio's most critically well-received film since 1994's The Lion King. It is, at that point, Disney's second-most commercially successful animated film behind 2013's Frozen and the second to cross the billion-dollar mark. March 9 Pablo Antonio Serrano-Vitorino, an illegal immigrant from Mexico, is arrested on suspicion of killing five men in a shooting spree. The death toll in the country's largest outbreak of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica rises to 18 in Wisconsin, with 44 more infected. Six people are killed and three others injured in a mass shooting at a house in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. March 11At least four people are injured and five are arrested in Chicago when protesters demonstrating against Donald Trump scuffle with Trump supporters at a canceled Trump rally. March 14Abu Omar al-Shishani, a commander for the Islamic State, dies after being wounded in a U.S. airstrike near Al-Shaddadah, Syria, on March 4. March 15Marco Rubio suspends his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination after losing the primary in his home state, Florida. March 16President Obama nominates Merrick Garland to replace Antonin Scalia on the Supreme Court. March 21President Obama lands in Cuba for a meeting with Cuban President Raúl Castro, becoming the first U.S. president to visit Cuba since 1928. March 25Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, directed by Zack Snyder, is released as the second film in the DC Extended Universe and a follow-up to 2013's Man of Steel. An extended cut, dubbed the "Ultimate Edition", is later released digitally on June 28. March 28 The Department of Justice announces that it has unlocked the iPhone of a suspect in the 2015 San Bernardino attack without the help of Apple, after a heated public debate over the department's handling of encryption software in counter-terrorism efforts. The United States Capitol is placed under lockdown after a man opens fire near the Capitol Visitor Center. The suspect is shot by police and taken into custody. March 31 – April 1The 2016 Nuclear Security Summit is held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C., with 58 participants in attendance. It is the fourth edition of the conference, following the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit. April April 2 A coalition of progressive groups begins a ten-day march from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., with the goal of revealing corruption in campaign finance and "rigged voting laws". The group also demands a Senate hearing on President Obama's Supreme Court nomination. Participants include political commentator Cenk Uygur, actress Rosario Dawson, law professor Lawrence Lessig, and Ben & Jerry's co-founders Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. As of April 18, more than 1,200 protesters had been arrested. The United States Air Force deploys twelve F-15 Eagles and 350 personnel to Iceland and the Netherlands to deter further Russian aggression in Europe. A Lancair IV monoplane crashes into a parked car along a highway 50 miles north of San Diego, injuring five people and killing one. April 3An Amtrak passenger train on the Palmetto route, traveling from New York City to Savannah, Georgia, with 341 passengers and seven crew members on board, derails in Chester, Pennsylvania, after striking a backhoe on the tracks, injuring 35 and killing two. April 4The Villanova Wildcats defeat the North Carolina Tar Heels, 77–74, in the NCAA Men's Championship. April 5 Pharmaceutical companies Pfizer and Allergan terminate a planned $160 billion merger because of the Obama administration's new regulations on tax inversion. Pfizer will have to pay $400 million to Allergan for expenses in relation to the deal. Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant signs a bill allowing private businesses and religious groups to deny services to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The law is later blocked, pending appeal, by a federal judge. The Connecticut Huskies defeat the Syracuse Orange, 82–51, in the NCAA Women's Championship. The Wisconsin primaries are held. Ted Cruz beats Donald Trump and Ohio Governor John Kasich to win the Republican race. Bernie Sanders defeats Hillary Clinton in the Democratic race. April 7 – Fox's American Idol concludes its 15-season run, with Trent Harmon being declared the final winner. April 8 An airman shoots and kills a squadron commander and then himself at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Bernie Sanders accepts an invitation by Pope Francis to visit the Vatican, becoming the first American presidential candidate to receive such an invitation. SpaceX successfully launches its Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a NASA cargo run to the International Space Station, and lands its reusable main-stage booster on an autonomous spaceport drone ship. April 9The United States Air Force deploys B-52 bombers to Al Udeid Air Base in Doha, Qatar, to join the fight against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. April 11John Kerry becomes the first Secretary of State to visit the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, where he and other Group of Seven (G7) members lay wreaths. Before Kerry's trip, Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-California)—then the Speaker of the House of Representatives—was the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit the memorial. April 12Two unarmed Russian Sukhoi Su-24 jets fly simulated attacks against the U.S. Navy destroyer Donald Cook in the Baltic Sea. Later, a Russian Kamov Ka-27 naval helicopter is seen making seven passes around the warship while taking pictures. April 13 Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards signs an order banning discrimination against the LGBT community. The order reverses the policies of his predecessor, Bobby Jindal, who signed laws limiting same-sex marriage and the ability of transgender people to use the public restrooms of their choice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirms that the Zika virus causes birth defects. Kobe Bryant plays his final NBA game for the Los Angeles Lakers. Bryant, who played his entire 20-year career with the Lakers, sets a new points record for a final game, scoring 60 against the Utah Jazz. April 14 The top pick for the WNBA draft is UConn's Breanna Stewart, followed by her teammates Moriah Jefferson and Morgan Tuck. This is the first time in any major North American sports draft that a single school produced the top three selections. Microsoft files a lawsuit against the United States, stating that it has been prevented from disclosing information to its customers when the government obtains a warrant to read emails or access data through the cloud. A Russian Sukhoi Su-27 fighter jet intercepts and threatens a U.S. Air Force Boeing RC-135 reconnaissance aircraft in international airspace over the Baltic Sea. April 18 2016 Pulitzer Prizes: The Associated Press wins the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, and the Los Angeles Times wins the Pulitzer for Breaking News Reporting. Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton wins the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen wins the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Severe flooding in Houston, Texas, causes damage to 1,000 homes, leaves 147,000 residents without power, and kills eight people. The 120th Boston Marathon is held with 30,000 runners. Ethiopian runners Lemi Berhanu Hayle and Atsede Baysa win the marathon. April 19The New York primary is held, with Donald Trump winning the Republican race and Hillary Clinton winning the Democratic race. April 20 Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew announces that former slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman will replace Andrew Jackson on the twenty-dollar bill. Four people are killed when a small plane crashes in Anchorage, Alaska. CIA programmer Joshua Schulte allegedly stole backup files from a program called Confluence prior to the program's hacking tools being leaked. April 21 – Music legend Prince dies at the age of 57. To celebrate his legacy, cities across the U.S. hold vigils and light buildings, bridges, and other venues in purple. April 22 Eight family members are shot to death at four locations in Pike County, Ohio. Three children survive the attacks. Five people are killed in two separate shootings in Appling, Georgia. April 25 John Kasich and Ted Cruz announce that they will coordinate strategies to stop Donald Trump from winning the Republican presidential nomination: Kasich's campaign will ensure Cruz a "clear path" in Indiana, while Cruz's campaign will cut campaigning in New Mexico and Oregon. A court settlement calls for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, to pay $6 million to the family of Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old boy who was shot and killed by two police officers in November 2014 after his toy gun was mistaken for a real one. CRF Frozen Foods recalls more than 300 products. April 26Super Tuesday III: Donald Trump wins all five states holding Republican primaries (Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island). In the Democratic primaries, Hillary Clinton takes Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, while Bernie Sanders takes Rhode Island. April 27 The bodies of American climber Alex Lowe and photographer David Bridges, who were killed and buried during an avalanche in 1999, are discovered on the Himalayan mountain Shishapangma. Dennis Hastert, a former Speaker of the House, is sentenced to 15 months in prison for breaking banking laws through the payment of "hush money" to victims whom he had sexually abused. Ted Cruz announces that Carly Fiorina will be his running mate if he wins the Republican presidential nomination. April 28Comcast's NBCUniversal purchases DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion. April 29 The United States Air Force lands two F-22 Raptors in Lithuania for the first time in a show of support for Lithuania and surrounding countries, which have been worried over Russia's involvement in Ukraine. China denies a Hong Kong port call from Carrier Strike Group 3, which includes the and other escorting vessels. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports the first U.S.-related death from the Zika virus, an elderly man in Puerto Rico. April 30 President Obama attends his final White House Correspondents' Dinner, where comedian Larry Wilmore is the featured performer. Six people are killed in a car crash on Interstate 95 in Jupiter, Florida. May May 1 A cruise ship sets sail from Miami to Havana, Cuba, with more than 700 passengers on board, becoming the first in more than half a century to make the trip. The ship, Carnival Cruise Line's Adonia, was able to depart after a policy banning Cuban-born citizens from returning to the United States by sea was loosened. It docks in Havana on May 2. May Day: Protesters in Seattle begin to riot and attack law enforcement, injuring five police officers. Nine people are arrested. The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus officially retires its elephants after a final show in Providence, Rhode Island. The Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sava in New York City is almost destroyed in a four-alarm fire. Fourteen of 175 cars of a CSX freight train derail in Washington, D.C., leaking three chemicals that are deemed hazardous to the public. May 2 – The Loud House premieres on Nickelodeon and becomes the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air. May 3 A city bus is hijacked in Washington, D.C., and the suspect crashes it into a gas station, killing a pedestrian. ISIL fighters ambush and kill Charles Keating IV, a Navy SEAL who was assisting Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the area. Keating is later identified as the grandson of financier Charles Keating Jr., who was known for his involvement in a 1980s savings and loan scandal. Arizona Governor Doug Ducey orders all state flags to be flown at half-staff on May 4. The Indiana primary is held, and Donald Trump wins the Republican race. Ted Cruz suspends his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination. Three people are killed in a plane crash on Long Island. May 4 John Kasich suspends his presidential campaign, leaving Donald Trump the presumptive Republican nominee. The Department of Justice informs North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory that a new state law limiting restroom access for transgender people violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It demands a response by May 9 on whether the state will correct the violations. California raises the legal smoking age from 18 to 21 and restricts the use of electronic cigarettes in public places. May 5A warehouse burns down during a four-alarm fire in Houston. May 6 Three people are killed and three others injured during a two-day shooting spree in Potomac, Maryland. The suspect is believed to be a former police officer. Captain America: Civil War, directed by the Russo brothers, is released by Marvel Studios as the 13th film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), the first film of its "Phase Three" slate and the sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger and 2014's Captain America: The Winter Soldier. At release, it becomes the twelfth-highest-grossing film of all time (now the 22nd). May 7Nyquist, ridden by Mario Gutierrez, wins the Kentucky Derby. May 10 Three women are arrested at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago after being caught trying to smuggle 70 pounds ($3 million worth) of opium into the U.S. The West Virginia primary is held, with Donald Trump winning the Republican race and Bernie Sanders winning the Democratic race. Trump wins the Republican primary in Nebraska. NASA confirms the discovery of more than 1,284 exoplanets by its Kepler space observatory. Four people are stabbed, two of them fatally, at a home and a shopping mall in Taunton, Massachusetts. The assailant is shot and killed by an off-duty sheriff. May 12 Susannah Mushatt Jones, the world's oldest person and the last surviving American born in the 1800s, dies in New York at age 116. CBS cancels CSI: Cyber, the last active TV series in the CSI franchise. May 13 The Department of Education and Department of Justice advise public school districts across the country to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identity, rather than the gender assigned to them at birth. Michael Strahan makes his final appearance as co-host on Live! with Kelly and Michael. May 14 Eight people are killed and 44 others injured after a charter bus rolls over on Route 83 north of Laredo, Texas. A pilot is killed when his stunt plane crashes during an air show at DeKalb-Peachtree Airport in DeKalb County, Georgia. May 20 – The Angry Birds Movie is released in theaters. May 21A U.S. airstrike kills Mullah Akhtar Mansour, leader of the Taliban in Afghanistan. May 22 A skydiving tour plane crashes in Hawaii, killing five people. The U.S. lifts its embargo on arms trade in Vietnam. May 25An audit by the State Department Inspector General finds that Hillary Clinton violated directives from the department in her use of a private email server for government business during her time as Secretary of State. The Inspector General says that Clinton did not request approval to use the private server, and that such a request would have been denied because of security risks. May 27 President Obama becomes the first U.S. president to visit Hiroshima, Japan, where the United States dropped an atomic bomb in 1945. A P-47 Thunderbolt crashes in the Hudson River, killing the pilot. May 29 24-year-old rookie Alexander Rossi wins the 100th Indianapolis 500 mile race in front of a record crowd of 350,000. His car runs out of fuel coming to the finish line. May 30Former Stanford University student Brock Turner is sentenced to six months in prison for raping an unconscious woman behind a dumpster. The short sentence, as well as statements by Turner's parents in the following weeks, draw significant controversy. May 31Major flooding occurs in Texas and Oklahoma. June June 1 – A gunman opens fire at the University of California, Los Angeles, killing an associate professor and his wife in an apparent murder–suicide. June 3 – American boxing legend and conscientious objector Muhammad Ali dies of septic shock at a hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona, at the age of 74. June 7 – The final major state primaries are held for the 2016 presidential election, with Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump emerging as the presumptive nominees for the Democratic and Republican races, respectively. June 10 President Obama formally endorses Hillary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination. 22-year-old singer–songwriter Christina Grimmie is shot dead while signing autographs at a concert venue in Orlando, Florida. June 12 29-year-old Omar Mateen opens fire at Pulse, a gay dance club in Orlando, killing 49 people and leaving another 53 wounded. The attack surpassed the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings as the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. The shooting is investigated as a domestic terrorist attack. The 70th annual Tony Awards are presented, the cultural icon musical Hamilton wins 11 awards including Best Musical from a record 16 nominations. The performance of the cast of Hamilton was introduced by a filmed message from President and First Lady Obama and Chance the Rapper calling the show one of the greatest pieces of art ever made. In the NHL, the Eastern Conference champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeat the Western Conference champion San Jose Sharks in six games to win the Stanley Cup, the Penguins' fourth championship in franchise history. June 15–16 – In response to the attack in Orlando, Senator Chris Murphy (D-Connecticut) holds a filibuster for nearly fifteen hours, demanding new gun control laws from Congress. The filibuster ends when the Senate agrees to vote on two measures: one that would require universal background checks for gun sales, and another that would ban the sale of weapons to individuals on government watch lists of suspected terrorists. June 17 – Pixar Animation Studios' 17th feature film, Finding Dory, the sequel to 2003's Finding Nemo, is released in theaters. June 18 – A 19-year-old man is arrested after attempting to pull a gun from a policeman's holster at a Donald Trump rally in Las Vegas. He later admits he was planning to use it to kill Trump. June 19 – In the NBA, the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeat the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors in seven games to win their first NBA Finals title in the Cavaliers' 45-year history. It is the first major professional sports championship won by a team based in Cleveland since 1964. June 22–23 – Members of the House Democratic Caucus, led by Representative John Lewis (D-Georgia) and Representative Katherine Clark (D-Massachusetts), declare their intention to remain on the floor of the House of Representatives until its Republican Speaker, Paul Ryan, allows votes on gun control legislation in the aftermath of the Orlando nightclub shooting. The sit-in is staged by about 60 legislators. June 24 – At least 23 people are killed after a huge flood hits areas of West Virginia. June 26 – Ten people are hospitalized, five with stab wounds, after a group of counter-protesters attack a white supremacist gathering in Sacramento, California. June 27 – In a 5–3 decision, the Supreme Court strikes down a 2013 Texas law that imposed restrictions on abortion clinics. June 28- Pat Summitt the all-time winningest women's basketball coach in NCAA history dies of dementia at the age of 64, in Summit's 38-year coaching career with Tennessee she won 1,098 games the most of any men's or women's coach. July July 1 The U.S. military officially lifts its ban on transgender people serving openly in the armed forces. Attorney General Loretta Lynch announces that she will leave it up to the FBI to decide whether to bring charges against Hillary Clinton for her use of a private email server as Secretary of State. Vermont's GMO labeling law goes into effect—the first in the U.S. July 3 – The Fort Bragg Game becomes the first professional sporting event to ever be held on an active military base, and the first Major League Baseball regular season game ever held in the state of North Carolina when the Miami Marlins play the Atlanta Braves. July 4 – Juno successfully enters the orbit of Jupiter. July 5 Gypsy Rose Blanchard pleads guilty of the murder of her mother Dee Dee Blanchard who had abused her for many years, forcing her to use a wheelchair and to pretend to be ill. She is sentenced to 10 years in prison. Multiple cellphone video recordings capture the police shooting of Alton Sterling, a man selling CDs outside a convenience store in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, sparking wide outrage. The Department of Justice opens a federal investigation. July 6 After FBI Director James Comey recommends against indicting Hillary Clinton, Attorney General Lynch announces that the federal investigation of Clinton will be closed with no charges. A police officer shoots and kills 32-year-old Philando Castile during a routine traffic stop in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, sparking further public outcry and protests regarding police brutality. Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton requests an investigation by the Justice Department. July 7 – During a Black Lives Matter protest in Dallas, Texas, a sniper later identified as Micah Xavier Johnson opens fire, killing five Dallas police officers and injuring another eleven people in the deadliest incident for U.S. law enforcement since September 11, 2001. Johnson is later found to have targeted white people (specifically white police officers) and to have been interested in several black nationalist groups. He is killed by a C-4 bomb delivered by a robot, the first use of lethal force by a robot by an American police department. July 8 – Despite the conclusions of the FBI and attorney general, the State Department reopens its investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server. July 9 – The government of the Bahamas releases a rare advisory to Bahamian citizens traveling to the United States to be non-confrontational and cooperative with police after recent racial tensions in the country. July 16 – Donald Trump announces Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate for the Republican ticket in the 2016 presidential election. July 17 – Three police officers are shot dead and three others are injured in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The shooter has been killed and an investigation is underway. July 18–21 – The Republican National convention is held in Cleveland, ohio with Donald Trump accepting the nomination. July 22 – Hillary Clinton announces Virginia United States Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate for the Democrat ticket in the 2016 presidential election. July 25–28 – The Democratic National Convention is held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with Hillary Clinton accepting the nomination. She becomes the first woman to accept the nomination of a major party for president. July 30 All 16 occupants of a hot air balloon are killed – the deadliest incident of its kind in U.S. history – after hitting power lines and crashing near Austin, Texas. Skydiver Luke Aikins sets a new world record for the highest altitude jump without a parachute, falling 25,000 ft into a safety net. July 31 The 2016 Maryland flood in Ellicott City, Maryland, caused significant damage to the historic downtown area of the municipality Sharknado: The 4th Awakens airs for the first time on Syfy. August August 2 – A charter bus crashes on Highway 99 in Merced County, California, killing four people. August 4 – A wildfire occurs in California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming. August 5 – Suicide Squad, directed by David Ayer, is released as the third film in the DC Extended Universe. August 5–21 – The United States compete at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and win 46 gold, 37 silver, and 38 bronze medals. August 7 – Caleb Schwab, the 10-year-old son of Kansas state representative Scott Schwab, is killed while riding Verrückt—the world's tallest water slide—at the Schlitterbahn Water Park in Kansas City, Kansas. August 8 – A power outage causes hundreds of Delta Air Lines flights to be delayed or cancelled. August 10 – Police in Dallas, Texas kill Tony Timpa, who suffered from schizophrenia and depression, after he asked for help. The police laughed as he asked for help 30 times while they pinned his shoulders, knees, and neck to the ground. August 12–19 – The 2016 Louisiana floods submerge over 146,000 homes across south Louisiana, killing 13 people. The Red Cross characterized the floods as the worst natural disaster in the U.S. since Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and President Obama visited the Baton Rouge area to survey the damage. August 16 – The Blue Cut Fire occurs in California, displacing more than 82,000 residents, burning over 37,000 acres (150 km2) and threatening at least 34,500 structures. August 17–21 – The 74th World Science Fiction Convention is held at the Bartle Hall Convention Center in Kansas City, Missouri. August 20 – The U.S. Air Force deploys the B-1, B-2, and B-52 bombers in Guam to conduct exercises. August 26 - Barack Obama expands the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, making it the world's largest marine protected area in the United States. Barack Obama surpasses Theodore Roosevelt as the most water and land protected by a U.S. president. August 31 – The US conducts its first commercial flight to Cuba in 50 years September September 6 – The Federal Bureau of Investigation arrests Israeli rabbi Aharon Goldberg and divorce mediator Shimen Liebowitz, two planners of a contract killing on an estranged Jewish man, at a hotel in Central Valley, New York. September 10 – John Hinckley Jr., the man who tried to assassinate US President Ronald Reagan in 1981, is released from a psychiatric hospital after 35 years. September 11 Hillary Clinton becomes overheated and faints at a 9/11 memorial service in New York City, and is later revealed to have been diagnosed with pneumonia in the days prior. Savvy Shields, Miss Arkansas 2016, wins the 90th Miss America pageant. September 17 A pipe bomb explodes near a U.S. Marine Corps charity 5K run in Seaside Park, New Jersey. This is followed by an explosion in New York City that injures 29. A man dressed in a private security company uniform stabs and wounds nine people in a St. Cloud, Minnesota mall before being shot and killed by an off-duty police officer. September 18 Following explosions in Seaside Park, New Jersey, and Manhattan, New York, on the previous day, another explosive device was discovered at a transit station in Elizabeth. The device was accidentally detonated in the early hours of September 19 when operated on by a bomb squad robot. The 68th Primetime Emmy Awards are held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, California, with Game of Thrones winning the best drama and Veep winning the best comedy. September 19 – Ahmad Khan Rahami is identified as a suspect for the bombings in New York and New Jersey the previous two days. He is captured in a shootout. September 21 – A state of emergency is declared in Charlotte, North Carolina, after protests over the police killings of three black men in a single week. September 23 – A gunman opens fire at a mall in Burlington, Washington, killing 5 people. The shooter, Arcan Cetin, is arrested the next day. September 24 – The National Museum of African-American History and Culture, the biggest museum towards black history, opens at Washington D.C. September 26 – Presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton take part in their first live televised debate, with an estimated audience of up to 100 million viewers. September 28 – Congress votes to override President Obama's veto of the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, which would effectively allow the families of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their part in the attacks. September 29 – A commuter train crashes in Hoboken, New Jersey, killing one person and injuring 114 others. October October 1 The New York Times publishes parts of Donald Trump's 1995 tax records, which show that he suffered a $916 million loss during that year, which would have given him the ability to avoid paying income taxes for up to 18 years. This occurs while Trump is under intense scrutiny by Hillary Clinton and other political opponents to release his current tax records as is tradition in modern presidential elections. The Alabama Court of the Judiciary formally suspends Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court Roy Moore until the end of his term for directing probate judges to enforce the state's ban on same-sex marriage, which had been ruled unconstitutional in federal court. October 6 – Hurricane Matthew strengthens to a Category Four storm as it approaches Florida. October 7 The Obama administration accuses the government of Russia of hacking the computer network of the Democratic National Committee. The Washington Post releases a 2005 videotape of Donald Trump making lewd comments to Access Hollywood host Billy Bush about a married woman and commenting on how he can grab women "by the pussy" without repercussions because he is "a star". The comments are met with reactions of disgust and disbelief from the media and mainstream Republicans, as well as numerous Republicans rescinding their endorsements of his campaign. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan disinvites Trump from a Wisconsin campaign event in response. Trump issues an apology video online shortly after. October 10 – Samsung announces an official discontinuation of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 smartphone after reports of the phone overheating and combusting, posing a severe health risk. October 11 – President Obama presents details of a human mission to the planet Mars. October 15 – A firebomb is set off inside the Republican Party headquarters building in Orange County, North Carolina. No injuries are reported and a suspect has not been found. October 21 – A currently unknown attacker launches multiple distributed denial-of-service (DDos) attacks on networks operated by DNS provider Dyn, making numerous sites difficult or impossible to access for a period of time, including Twitter, Reddit, Netflix, Spotify, The New York Times, BBC News, and PayPal. The Department of Homeland Security opens an investigation. October 27 – Seven defendants, including Ammon and Ryan Bundy, are acquitted of all federal charges by a federal jury in relation to their occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in January. October 28 FBI Director James Comey informs Congress that the bureau has chosen to reopen its investigation into Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server after discovering some emails that, while not from Clinton herself or withheld during the investigation, may be "pertinent" to the investigation. The emails were discovered on a device belonging to Anthony Weiner during an investigation into one of his sexting scandals. 36-year-old Ryan Collins is sentenced to 18 months in prison after pleading guilty to the 2014 hacking and distributing of numerous celebrities' nude photos. November November 2 – Major League Baseball: In Game 7 of the World Series, the Chicago Cubs defeat the Cleveland Indians 8–7 in 10 innings, winning the Series 4–3 and claiming their first MLB title since 1908. November 4 – Doctor Strange, directed by Scott Derrickson, is released by Marvel Studios as the 14th film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). November 6 – In a second letter to Congress, FBI Director James Comey announces that the newest investigation of emails related to Hillary Clinton's use of a private server had not changed the conclusion the FBI reached in July. November 8 The 2016 presidential election is held. Donald Trump is elected as the 45th President of the United States and Mike Pence is elected the 48th Vice President, with Trump becoming the oldest man elected president at the age of 70 as well as the first president in history to take the office without any prior political or military experience. The win is considered one of the most shocking upsets in U.S. history, with most news outlets and experts considering a Trump victory unlikely. The result is also highly controversial due to Hillary Clinton's popular vote lead of nearly 3 million votes over Trump, who won via the Electoral College. Four states – California, Nevada, Maine and Massachusetts – vote to legalize the use, sale, and consumption of recreational marijuana. Faith Spotted Eagle becomes the first Native American to receive an electoral vote. The U.S. senate elects the most diverse cast yet. Catherine Cortez Masto becomes the first Latina senator, Kamala Harris becomes the first Asian-American, and the second black woman into the senate, and Ilhan Omar becomes the first Somali-American lawmaker. In the 2016 Senate and House elections, the Republican Party maintains its majority of seats in Congress. November 9 – Anti-Trump protests are held in several cities across the nation over the next week after Trump's election win. November 10 - John Kerry makes a trip to Antarctica becoming the first Secretary of State to visit all 7 continents. November 18 – Donald Trump agrees to pay a $25 million settlement to two class action lawsuits and a New York state civil lawsuit regarding his now defunct unlicensed Trump University. November 20 – More than 300 people are injured, 26 seriously, after police use water cannons, tear gas, rubber bullets, and concussion grenades on a peaceful protest against the proposed construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. November 21 – A school bus crashes in Chattanooga, Tennessee, killing at least six children and injuring another 22. November 23 – Walt Disney Animation Studios' 56th feature film, Moana, is released in theaters to critical and commercial success. Like 2013's Frozen and Zootopia earlier in the year, it is regarded as one of the studio's strongest works since the peak of the Renaissance era. November 25 The state elections commission of Wisconsin agrees to a statewide recount of its ballots in the 2016 presidential election after requests by Green Party candidate Jill Stein and independent candidate Rocky De La Fuente. After multiple hearings, Dylann Roof, the suspected perpetrator of the 2015 Charleston church shooting, is declared by a federal judge to be mentally competent enough to stand trial. November 28 – Eleven people are hospitalized with injuries after 18-year-old Abdul Razak Ali Artan attacks students on the campus of Ohio State University with his car and a butcher knife before being fatally shot by police. An investigation later shows that Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. December December 2 Donald Trump becomes the first US president or president-elect since 1979 to make direct contact with the President of Taiwan, upsetting Chinese diplomats and sparking concern over whether Trump will uphold the "One China policy" at the foundation of China-U.S. relations. A fire at an Oakland, California warehouse, which was hosting a music event, kills at least 36 people, the deadliest fire in Oakland history. December 4 The United States Army Corps of Engineers under the Obama administration denies the easement of the Dakota Access Pipeline through Lake Oahe in the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and will look for alternative routes. A man from Salisbury, North Carolina briefly opens fire with an AR-15 style rifle inside Comet Ping Pong, a pizzeria in Washington, D.C., wishing to "self-investigate" the establishment implicated in a false conspiracy theory that claims the restaurant is used by members of the Democratic Party for a child-sex ring. No injuries are reported, and the man is arrested without incident and immediately charged with assault with a dangerous weapon. December 5 – The murder trial of white police officer Michael Slager in the 2015 shooting death of Walter Scott in South Carolina ends in a mistrial after a hung jury cannot reach a verdict, resulting in no charges on Slager. December 8 – John Glenn, former astronaut, Colonel, and Senator, and the first American to orbit the Earth, dies of presently undisclosed conditions at the OSU Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio, at the age of 95. December 9 The CIA tells U.S. legislators that the United States Intelligence Community has "high confidence" that Russia conducted operations during the 2016 presidential election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency. Intelligence agencies have concluded that the Kremlin had orchestrated the Democratic National Committee cyber attacks. Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress call for a full-scale investigation. Trump writes off the report as "ridiculous". The Supreme Court of Michigan rejects Jill Stein's request for a recount of votes in the state, upholding Donald Trump's victory in the state. December 12 After the recount is completed in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania rejects Jill Stein's request, both states reaffirm Donald Trump as winner of the states in the 2016 election. Block Island Wind Farm becomes the first commercial offshore wind farm in the United States. December 14 Yahoo discloses that a data breach in 2013 compromised more than 1 billion user accounts' information, such as names, passwords, and unencrypted messages, making it the largest data breach in the history of the Internet. Yahoo already disclosed a smaller 2014 data breach in September 2016. The Federal Reserve raises its benchmark interest rate by 0.25%, only the second increase in a decade, citing strong economic growth and rising employment, though Chairwoman Janet Yellen says the outlook for the US economy going forward is "uncertain". December 16 - Rogue One: A Star Wars Story is released in theaters. December 19 The Electoral College elects Donald Trump as the next President of the United States, with 304 electoral votes cast for Trump versus 227 for Hillary Clinton. North Carolina Governor-elect Roy Cooper announces that the controversial HB2 law passed in March limiting the rights of the LGBT community will be repealed. December 20 – President Obama, in a joint agreement with Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau, permanently bans oil and gas drilling in most of the Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. December 23 – In a departure from its previous policy, the Obama administration chooses to not use its veto power and instead abstains from voting on United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, allowing its passage. The resolution demands an end to the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Both Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President-elect Donald Trump imply that the decision will result in a reassessment of relations with the United Nations. December 24 – Donald Trump announces that he will be dissolving his foundation to avoid potential conflicts of interest in his presidency. New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman asserts that Trump will not be able to do so until an ongoing investigation into the foundation has completed. December 27 – Carrie Fisher, known for playing the iconic character Princess Leia in the Star Wars film series, as well as being a noted script doctor and mental health advocate, dies at the age of 60 after suffering from cardiac arrest on a transatlantic flight four days earlier. Her mother, actress Debbie Reynolds dies the next day, after suffering a stroke while preparing for Fisher's funeral. December 29 – The Obama administration imposes sanctions against the leaders of the Russian intelligence agency GRU and expels 35 Russian operatives from the United States in response to Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election. President-elect Donald Trump urges the country "move on" from the issue, but nonetheless announces that he will be meeting with the United States Intelligence Community for an update on the situation. December 31 – A federal judge in Texas blocks the enforcement of a policy seeking to extend Affordable Care Act anti-discrimination protections for transgender health and abortion-related services. December 31 – United States troops withdraw from Afghanistan, leaving behind 8,400 troops stationed at 4 garrisons (Kabul, Kandahar, Bagram, and Jalalabad). Deaths January January 1 Lennie Bluett, actor (born 1919) Dale Bumpers, politician; 38th Governor of Arkansas and U.S. Senator (1975–1999) (born 1925) Gilbert Kaplan, businessman, publisher, and amateur conductor (born 1941) Tony Lane, graphic designer (born 1944) John Coleman Moore, mathematician (born 1923) Mike Oxley, politician (born 1944) Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-born cinematographer (born 1930) January 2 Brad Fuller, video game composer and audio engineer (born 1953) Stanley Siegel, radio reporter and talk show host (born 1936) Frances Cress Welsing, psychiatrist and author (born 1935) January 3 Leonard Berkowitz, social psychologist (born 1926) Gary Flakne, politician (born 1934) John McDade Howell, university chancellor (born 1922) Raymond W. Lessard, Roman Catholic prelate (born 1930) Andy Maurer, football player (born 1948) Ted Stanley, entrepreneur and philanthropist (born 1931) January 4 Robert Balser, animator (born 1927) Stephen W. Bosworth, diplomat; U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (1997–2001) (born 1939) Long John Hunter, blues musician (born 1931) Red Parker, football coach (born 1931) Joseph Ritz, author, playwright, and journalist (born 1929) Leo Rucka, football player (born 1931) January 5 Bob Armstrong, basketball player (born 1933) Nicholas Caldwell, R&B singer and musician (born 1944) Christine Lawrence Finney, animator and painter (born 1968) George MacIntyre, football player and coach (born 1939) Jay Ritchie, baseball player (born 1936) January 6 Robert D. Acland, surgeon (born 1941) Douglas Greer, child actor (born 1921) Pat Harrington Jr., actor (born 1929) Florence King, writer (born 1936) Serena Sinclair Lesley, journalist (born 1926) Sol Polansky, diplomat (born 1926) Robert D. Timm, businessman and politician (born 1921) January 7 Bill Foster, basketball coach (born 1929) John Johnson, basketball player (born 1947) Kitty Kallen, singer (born 1921) Richard Libertini, actor (born 1933) Troy Shondell, singer (born 1939) January 8 Otis Clay, R&B and soul singer (born 1942) Royal Parker, television personality (born 1929) Red Simpson, singer and songwriter (born 1934) Brett Smiley, singer and songwriter (born 1955) January 9 Barbara Allyne Bennet, actress and union executive (born 1939) Myra Carter, actress (born 1929) Lawrence H. Cohn, cardiac surgeon (born 1937) Lance Rautzhan, baseball player (born 1952) Angus Scrimm, actor and author (born 1926) Beau St. Clair, film producer (born 1952) Peggy Willis-Aarnio, ballet choreographer and historian (born 1948) January 10 David Bowie, English singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1947) Alton Brown, baseball player (born 1925) Ann Z. Caracristi, cryptanalyst and intelligence official (born 1921) Charles Congden Carpenter, naturalist and herpetologist (born 1921) Jeanne Córdova, German-born American LGBT activist and writer (born 1948) Carolyn Denning, pediatrician (born 1927) Michael Galeota, actor (born 1984) Ralph Hauenstein, business and philanthropist (born 1912) Francis Thomas Hurley, Roman Catholic prelate (born 1927) Arthur S. Obermayer, entrepreneur and philanthropist (born 1931) Dick Spady, restaurateur (born 1923) January 11 Monte Irvin, baseball player (born 1919) David Margulies, actor (born 1937) Don Strauch, politician; Mayor of Mesa, Arizona (born 1926) January 12 Meg Mundy, British-born American actress and model (born 1915) Andrew Smith, basketball player (born 1990) January 13 Luis Arroyo, baseball player (born 1927) Lawrence Phillips, football player (born 1975) Jim Simpson, sportscaster (born 1927) Tera Wray, pornographic actress (born 1982) January 14 George Carroll, American lawyer and politician (b. 1921) James Hannah, American attorney (b. 1944) Al Hart, American radio host (b. 1927) Ellen Meiksins Wood, American historian (b. 1942) January 15 Noreen Corcoran, actress and dancer (born 1943) Dan Haggerty, actor (born 1942) January 16 Bob Harkey, race car driver (born 1930) Gary Loizzo, singer and musician (born 1945) Ted Marchibroda, football player and coach (born 1931) Lloyd Rudolph, political scientist and author (born 1927) January 17 Blowfly, musician and producer (born 1939) Mic Gillette, brass player (born 1951) Ramblin' Lou Schriver, musician and broadcaster (born 1929) January 18Glenn Frey, singer-songwriter and musician (born 1948) January 19 Richard Levins, mathematical ecologist (born 1930) Forrest McDonald, historian (born 1927) William Y. Smith, general (born 1925) Frank Sullivan, baseball player (born 1930) January 20 Ronald Greenwald, rabbi and businessman (born 1934) David G. Hartwell, editor, literary critic and publisher (born 1941) Edward Yourdon, software engineer, computer consultant, author and lecturer (born 1944) January 21 Bill Johnson, alpine skier (born 1960) Derrick Todd Lee, serial killer (born 1968) January 22 Tom Aidala, American architect (b. 1933) Eugene Borowitz, American rabbi and philosopher (b. 1924) Fred Bruney, American football player (b. 1931) Pete Carmichael, American football coach (b. 1941) Waymond C. Huggins, American politician (b. 1927) Mikhail Odnoralov, Russian-born American painter (b. 1944) Robert Pickus, American activist (b. 1923) Sarah, American zoo cheetah (b. 2000) Storm Flag Flying, American thoroughbred racehorse (b. 1999) Rik Wilson, American ice hockey player (b. 1962) January 23Marie Mahoney, baseball player (born 1924) January 24Marvin Minsky, computer scientist (born 1927) January 25 Thornton Dial, artist (born 1928) Concepcion Picciotto, Spanish-born peace and social activist (born 1936) January 26 Tommy Kelly, actor (born 1925) Abe Vigoda, actor (born 1921) January 27Barbara Berger, baseball player (born 1930) January 28 Signe Toly Anderson, singer (born 1941) Buddy Cianci, politician; 32nd and 34th Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island (born 1941) Paul Kantner, singer and musician (born 1941) January 30Georgia Davis Powers, civil rights activist and politician (born 1923) February February 1 Jon Bunch, singer-songwriter (born 1970) Thomas Tigue, politician (born 1945) February 2 Robert Beiner, television sports director (b. 1950) Abram Cohen, Olympic fencer (b. 1924) Bob Elliott, comedian and actor (born 1923) Jim Goode, restaurateur (b. 1944) Halling, racehorse (b. 1991) Mike Oehler, author (b. 1937) February 3 Joe Alaskey, voice actor (born 1952) John P. Riley Jr., ice hockey player (born 1920) Maurice White, singer-songwriter (born 1941) February 4 Marlow Cook, politician; U.S. Senator (1968–1974) (born 1926) Jimmie Haskell, composer and arranger (born 1936) Dave Mirra, BMX rider (born 1974) Edgar Mitchell, astronaut (born 1930) Axl Rotten, professional wrestler (born 1971) Edgar Whitcomb, 43rd Governor of Indiana (born 1917) February 5 Bill Birchfield, politician and lawyer (born 1935) Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum, jurist (born 1929) Ray Colcord, film and television composer (born 1949) February 6 Dan Gerson, screenwriter (born 1966) Dan Hicks, singer-songwriter (born 1941) February 7 Andrew Glaze, poet, playwright and novelist (born 1920) Redding Pitt, attorney and politician (b. 1944) Thomas Rea, dermatologist and leprosy researcher (b. 1929) February 8 Charles C. Campbell, general (born 1948) Johnny Duncan, actor (born 1923) February 9 Edwin McDonough, actor (b. 1943) Donald E. Thorin, cinematographer (b. 1934) February 10 Andrew L. Lewis Jr., 7th United States Secretary of Transportation (born 1931) Lennie Pond, race car driver (born 1940) Christopher Rush, illustrator (born 1965) Richard Unis, judge (born 1928) February 11 Philip A. Kuhn, British-born historian (born 1933) Kevin Randleman, mixed martial artist (born 1971) John Keith Wells, U.S. Marine platoon commander (born 1922) February 12 Eddie Barry, ice hockey player (born 1919) Robert Frederick Froehlke, 10th United States Secretary of the Army (born 1922) February 13 Nathan Barksdale, drug dealer, dramatized in The Wire (born 1961) Johnny Lattner, football player (born 1932) Antonin Scalia, jurist; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (born 1936) February 14Steven Stucky, classical music composer (born 1949) February 15 Edward T. Foote II, academic and educator; 4th President of the University of Miami (born 1937) George Gaynes, Finnish-American actor (born 1917) February 16 Alisa Bellettini, television producer (born 1954) Lex McAllister, reality show contestant (born 1984) Robert Walker, sailor (born 1929) February 17Tony Phillips, baseball player (born 1959) February 18 Jim Davenport, baseball player (born 1933) Rosario Ferré, First Lady of Puerto Rico (born 1938) Tom Mullica, magician and impressionist (born 1948) Angela Raiola, television personality (born 1960) John Reinhardt, diplomat; U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria (1971–1975) (born 1920) February 19 Humbert Allen Astredo, actor (born 1929) Harper Lee, writer (born 1926) Charlie Tuna, radio personality (born 1944) February 20 Kevin Collins, baseball player (born 1946) Dave Needle, computer engineer (born 1947) February 21Richard Horner Thompson, general (born 1926) February 22 Wesley A. Clark, general and computer engineer (born 1927) Sonny James, singer-songwriter (born 1928) Cara McCollum, journalist and beauty queen (born 1992) February 23Donald E. Williams, astronaut (born 1942) February 25 Tony Burton, actor and comedian (born 1937) Alfred E. Mann, entrepreneur and philanthropist (born 1925) February 26 C. L. Blast, soul singer (b. 1934) William Y. Cooper, artist (b. 1933) Juan Conway McNabb, American-born Peruvian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1925) Robert Palladino, calligrapher and academic (b. 1932) Robert Struble Jr., historian and author (b. 1943) February 28 George Kennedy, actor (born 1925) Jack Lindquist, businessman; President of Disneyland (1990–1993) (born 1927) February 29 Stuart Beck, diplomat and law practitioner (born 1946) Helias Doundoulakis, spy and inventor (born 1923) Gil Hill, police officer and actor (born 1931) Lee Reherman, actor (born 1966) March March 1 Martha Wright, actress and singer (born 1923) Gayle McCormick, singer (born 1948) Jim Kimsey, co-founder and CEO of AOL (born 1939) Adam Dziewonski, Polish-born geophysicist (born 1936) Coca Crystal, television personality (born 1947) Stuart Beck, lawyer and diplomat (born 1946) March 2 R. Tom Zuidema, Dutch-born anthropologist (born 1927) James Barrett McNulty, 26th Mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania (born 1945) Aubrey McClendon, businessman and part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder (born 1959) Dick Hudson, football player (born 1940) Rosemary Hinkfuss, politician (born 1931) Robert Del Tufo, Attorney General of New Jersey (born 1933) March 3 Retta Ward, health official and educator (born 1953) William O'Brien, police officer (born 1944) Laura Knaperek, politician (born 1955) Henry R. Horsey, judge (born 1924) Gavin Christopher, singer, songwriter, musician and producer (born 1949) Jack Buckalew, politician (born 1932) Rooney L. Bowen, politician (born 1933) Ralph Baruch, President of Viacom (born 1923) March 4 William H. Plackett, naval non-commissioned officer (born 1937) Thomas G. Morris, politician (born 1919) Joey Martin Feek, country singer (born 1975) Pat Conroy, author (born 1945) Bud Collins, journalist and sportscaster (born 1929) March 5 Al Wistert, football player (born 1920) Ray Tomlinson, computer programmer (born 1941) Robert Redbird, artist (born 1939) Caesar Belser, football player (born 1944) March 6 Gary Smalley, family counselor and author (born 1940) Harold H. Saunders, diplomat (born 1930) Nancy Reagan, First Lady of the United States (born 1921) Elizabeth Garrett, 13th President of Cornell University (born 1963) Jerry Bridges, evangelist and author (born 1929) Barbara Almond, psychiatrist (born 1938) March 7 Quentin Young, physician and activist (born 1923) Paul Ryan, comic artist (born 1949) Steve Kraly, baseball player (born 1929) Bobby Johns, race car driver (born 1932) Joe Cabot, jazz trumpeter and bandleader (born 1921) Gary Braasch, photographer (born 1945) March 8 Alfred E. Senn, historian and academic (born 1932) David S. Johnson, computer scientist (born 1945) Ron Jacobs, broadcaster (born 1937) Richard Davalos, actor (born 1930) March 9 Coy Wayne Wesbrook, convicted mass murderer (born 1958) Bill Wade, football player (born 1930) Clyde Lovellette, basketball player (born 1929) Ralph S. Larsen, CEO of Johnson & Johnson (born 1938) John Gutfreund, investor and CEO of Salomon Brothers (born 1929) March 10 Gogi Grant, pop singer (born 1924) William Dyke, Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin (born 1930) Ernestine Anderson, jazz singer (born 1928) March 11 Ruth Terry, singer and actress (born 1920) Gerard Reedy, 30th President of the College of the Holy Cross (born 1939) Louis Meyers, festival organizer, co-founder of SXSW (born 1955) Shawn Elliott, actor and singer (born 1937) Ben Bagdikian, educator and journalist (born 1920) Joe Ascione, jazz drummer (born 1961) March 12 Bill Whitby, baseball player (born 1943) Lloyd Shapley, mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1923) Morton Hunt, psychologist and science writer (born 1920) Verena Huber-Dyson, mathematician (born 1923) Donnie Duncan, football coach (born 1940) Tommy Brown, singer (born 1931) March 13 Martin Olav Sabo, politician (born 1938) Hilary Putnam, philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist (born 1926) Sidney Mear, trumpeter (born 1918) Darryl Hunt, justice reform activist (born 1965) March 14 Vic Schwenk, football player, coach and executive (born 1924) June Peppas, baseball player (born 1929) Lloyd R. Leavitt Jr., lieutenant general (born 1928) Geoffrey Hartman, German-born literary theorist (born 1929) Tamara Grigsby, politician and social worker (born 1974) Virgilio Elizondo, Roman Catholic priest, theologian and civil rights activist (born 1935) Patrick Cain, football player (born 1962) John W. Cahn, German-born metallurgist (born 1928) March 15 Alice Pollitt, baseball player (born 1929) Earline W. Parmon, politician (born 1943) Ralph C. Johnson, politician and businessman (born 1953) Daryl Coley, gospel singer (born 1955) March 16 Alexander Esenin-Volpin, Russian-born poet and mathematician (born 1924) Frank Sinatra Jr., singer and actor (born 1944) Gene Short, basketball player (born 1953) William B. Bader, civil servant (born 1931) March 17 Steve Young, singer-songwriter (born 1942) Charles Kaufman, music educator (born 1928) Larry Drake, actor (born 1950) Claudine K. Brown, museum director (born 1949) E.L. Boteler, farmer and politician (born 1920) Ralph David Abernathy III, politician and businessman (born 1959) March 18 Harold Zisla, painter (born 1925) Tray Walker, football player (born 1992) Joe Santos, actor (born 1931) Fred Richards, baseball player (born 1927) Cherylene Lee, actress and playwright (born 1956) David Egan, singer-songwriter and pianist (born 1954) March 19 Jerry Taylor, politician and businessman (born 1937) Bob Adelman, photographer (born 1930) March 20 Gayle Hopkins, long jumper (born 1941) Robert J. Healey, political activist and attorney (born 1957) March 21 Carolyn Squires, nurse and politician (born 1940) Andrew Grove, Hungarian-born electronic executive (born 1936) Leon Charney, real estate investor, author, media personality and philanthropist (born 1938) Peter Brown, actor (born 1935) Leroy Blunt, politician (born 1921) March 22 Adam Kelly Ward, convicted murderer (born 1982) Harold J. Morowitz, biophysicist (born 1927) Rita Gam, actress (born 1927) Santiago J. Erevia, soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1946) Glen Dawson, rock climber and mountaineer (born 1912) Phife Dawg, rapper (born 1970) Richard Bradford, actor (born 1934) March 23 John McKibbin, politician and businessman (born 1947) Ken Howard, actor and President of SAG/SAG-AFTRA (2009–2016) (born 1944) Ruth Inge Hardison, sculptor, artist and photographer (born 1914) Joe Garagiola Sr., baseball player and broadcaster (born 1926) March 24 Kevin Turner, football player (born 1969) Garry Shandling, actor, comedian and writer (born 1949) Nicholas Scoppetta, 31st Commissioner of the New York City Fire Department (born 1932) Leonard L. Northrup Jr., engineer (born 1918) Edgar G. "Sonny" Mouton Jr., politician (born 1929) Tibor R. Machan, Hungarian-born philosopher (born 1939) Earl Hamner Jr., television writer and producer (born 1923) Maggie Blye, actress (born 1939) March 25 Shannon Bolin, actress and singer (born 1917) David H. Porter, 5th President of Skidmore College (born 1935) Lester Thurow, political economist (born 1938) March 26 Donald Stoltenberg, painter and author (born 1927) Jim Harrison, author (born 1937) David Baker, jazz composer (born 1931) March 27 Gilbert Horn Sr., soldier, politician and judge (born 1923) Curtis Hertel, 64th Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives (born 1953) Toni Grant, psychologist and radio personality (born 1942) Eric Engberg, news correspondent (born 1941) Vince Boryla, basketball player, coach and executive (born 1927) Mother Angelica, Franciscan nun and founder of EWTN (born 1923) March 28 W. Ward Reynoldson, lawyer and judge (born 1920) James Noble, actor (born 1922) Igor Khait, animator (born 1963) Bogdan Denitch, Bulgarian-born sociologist (born 1929) March 29 John Wittenborn, football player (born 1936) Steven Sample, 10th President of the University of Southern California (born 1940) Patty Duke, actress and President of SAG (1985–1988) (born 1946) Frank De Felitta, author, producer and director (born 1921) March 30 Bill Rosendahl, politician (born 1945) J. Thomas Rosch, lawyer (born 1939) Frankie Michaels, singer and actor (born 1955) Shirley Hufstedler, 1st United States Secretary of Education (born 1925) March 31 Ward Wettlaufer, golfer (born 1935) Terry Plumeri, musician, conductor and composer (born 1944) Eugene E. Parker, sports agent (born 1956) Werner Baer, economist (born 1931) April April 1 Patricia Thompson, philosopher and author (born 1926) Marjorie Peters, baseball player (born 1918) Herbert Theodore Milburn, judge (born 1931) Richard S. Kem, army general (born 1934) Tom Coughlin, business executive and fraudster (born 1949) April 2 Amber Rayne, pornographic actress (born 1984) Moreese Bickham, wrongfully convicted murderer and anti-death penalty activist (born 1917) Rick Bartow, artist and sculptor (born 1946) April 3 Clarence Clifton Young, politician (born 1922) Bill Henderson, jazz vocalist and actor (born 1926) Henry Harpending, anthropologist (born 1944) Robert Guinan, painter (born 1934) Joe Medicine Crow, Crow historian and author (born 1913) Ward Crutchfield, politician (born 1928) Alex de Jesús, boxer (born 1983) Erik Bauersfeld, radio dramatist and voice actor (born 1922) April 4 Mike Sandlock, baseball player (born 1915) George Radosevich, football player (born 1928) John Miller, politician (born 1947) Carlo Mastrangelo, doo-wop singer (born 1937) Archie Dees, basketball player (born 1936) April 5 Barbara Turner, screenwriter and actress (born 1936) E. M. Nathanson, author (born 1928) Leon Haywood, funk singer-songwriter and record producer (born 1942) Roman Gribbs, 65th Mayor of Detroit, Michigan (born 1925) April 6 Murray Wier, basketball player (born 1926) Pablo Lucio Vasquez, convicted murderer (born 1977) Ogden Mills Phipps, financier, racehorse owner and breeder (born 1940) Robert MacCrate, lawyer (born 1921) Joel Kurtzman, economist (born 1947) Merle Haggard, singer-songwriter and musician (born 1937) Dennis Davis, drummer (born 1951) April 7 Blackjack Mulligan, professional wrestler (born 1942) Vladimir Kagan, furniture designer (born 1927) Frank E. Denholm, politician (born 1923) Joe Freeman Britt, attorney and judge (born 1935) April 8 Edward J. Steimel, lobbyist and fundraiser (born 1922) Daisy Lewellyn, reality television personality (born 1980) Charles Hirsch, forensic pathologist (born 1937) William Hamilton, cartoonist, playwright and novelist (born 1939) Dick Alban, football player (born 1929) April 9 Will Smith, football player (born 1981) Tony Conrad, experimental filmmaker and musician (born 1940) Duane Clarridge, spy (born 1932) Arthur Anderson, actor (born 1922) April 10 Wayne Southwick, surgeon and academic (born 1923) Nicholas Hood, minister, politician and civil rights activist (born 1923) Louis Gladstone, politician (born 1927) April 11 Ed Snider, sports executive (born 1933) Anne Gould Hauberg, arts patron (born 1917) Hokie Gajan, football player and broadcaster (born 1959) Doug Banks, radio personality (born 1958) April 12 Spec Richardson, baseball executive (born 1923) Balls Mahoney, professional wrestler (born 1972) Bryce Jordan, 14th President of the Pennsylvania State University (born 1924) Anne Jackson, actress, wife of Eli Wallach (born 1925) David Gest, entertainer, producer and television personality (born 1953) Paul Carey, broadcaster and sportscaster (born 1928) Hector A. Cafferata Jr., soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1929) April 13 Nera White, basketball player (born 1935) Ray Thornton, politician and attorney (born 1928) April 14 Carl M. Vogel, politician (born 1955) Dan Ireland, Canadian-born film director and producer (born 1958) Fred Hayman, Swiss-born fashion retailer and entrepreneur (born 1925) Francesco Guarraci, Italian-born mobster (born 1955) April 15 Frederick Mayer, German-born spy (born 1921) Laura Liu, judge (born 1966) April 16 Maurice Kenny, Mohawk poet (born 1929) William M. Gray, meteorologist (born 1929) Rod Daniel, film and television director (born 1942) Ron Bonham, basketball player (born 1942) April 17 Doris Roberts, actress (born 1925) Clifton C. Garvin, businessman (born 1921) April 18 Scott Nimerfro, television writer and producer (born 1961) Ben-Zion Gold, Polish-born rabbi (born 1923) Bill Campbell, businessman and executive (born 1940) Paul Busiek, physician and legislator (born 1923) Brian Asawa, opera singer (born 1966) April 19 Pete Zorn, musician (born 1950) Milt Pappas, baseball player (born 1939) John McConathy, basketball player (born 1930) Richard Lyons, musician (born 1959) Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1923) April 20 Dwayne Washington, basketball player (born 1964) Harry Perkowski, baseball player (born 1922) Velda González, actress and politician (born 1933) Chyna, professional wrestler, bodybuilder and actress (born 1969) Solomon Blatt Jr., judge (born 1921) April 21 Peter Ruckman, Independent Baptist pastor (born 1921) Prince, singer, songwriter, musician and actor (born 1958) Michelle McNamara, crime writer, wife of Patton Oswalt (born 1970) Lonnie Mack, singer and guitarist (born 1941) April 22Jory Prum, audio engineer (born 1975) April 23 Horace Ward, judge (born 1927) Tom Muecke, football player (born 1963) Ron Brace, football player (born 1986) April 24 George Alexis Weymouth, artist and conservationist (born 1936) Terry Redlin, artist (born 1937) Billy Paul, R&B singer (born 1934) Lizette Parker, Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey (born 1972) Tommy Kono, weightlifter (born 1930) Steve Julian, radio host (born 1958) Perry O. Hooper Sr., jurist (born 1925) Manuel de la Torre, Spanish-born golf instructor (born 1921) April 25Joe Blahak, football player (born 1950) April 26 Harry Wu, Chinese-born human rights activist (born 1937) James H. Ware, biostatistician (born 1941) Ozzie Silna, basketball executive (born 1932) Winston Hill, football player (born 1941) April 27 Willie L. Williams, police commissioner (born 1943) Harold Cohen, British-born digital artist (born 1928) April 28 Blackie Sherrod, sportswriter (born 1919) Charles Gatewood, photographer (born 1942) Joe Durham, baseball player (born 1931) Conrad Burns, U.S. Senator (1989–2007) (born 1935) April 29Don White, race car driver (born 1926) April 30 Peter Thomas, television announcer and narrator (born 1924) Tracy Scott, script supervisor (born 1969) Marisol Escobar, French-born artist and sculptor (born 1930) Wayne Crawford, actor, producer, director and screenwriter (born 1942) Daniel Berrigan, Jesuit priest and peace activist (born 1921) Daniel Aaron, writer and academic, co-founder of the Library of America (born 1912) May May 1 Doug Raney, jazz guitarist, son of Jimmy Raney (born 1956) Solomon W. Golomb, mathematician and engineer (born 1932) May 2 Gordie Sundin, baseball player (born 1937) Afeni Shakur, political activist and businesswoman, mother of Tupac Shakur (born 1947) Jacky Lee, football player (born 1938) Al Ferrari, basketball player (born 1933) Mel Bartholomew, inventor and businessman (born 1932) May 3 Ret Turner, costume designer (born 1929) Ian Sander, film and television producer (born 1947) Nicolas Noxon, documentary filmmaker (born 1936) Thomas W. Libous, politician (born 1953) Frank Levingston, supercentenarian (born 1905) Abel Fernandez, actor (born 1930) Paul Boutelle, politician (born 1934) May 4 Jordan Parsons, mixed martial artist (born 1990) Ursula Mamlok, German-born composer (born 1923) Howard King, public address announcer (born 1933) Karl Butzer, German-born geographer (born 1934) Bob Bennett, U.S. Senator (1993–2011) (born 1933) Blas Avena, mixed martial artist (born 1983) May 5 Rollin Dart, CEO of Dart National Bank (born 1925) Dick Estell, radio host (born 1920) May 6 Rickey Smith, singer and reality show contestant (born 1979) Pierre, African penguin (born 1983) Candye Kane, blues singer-songwriter and actress (born 1961) Johnny Joannou, politician (born 1940) David Hall, 20th Governor of Oklahoma (born 1930) Christopher T. Carley, real estate developer (born 1943) May 7 John Stabb, punk vocalist (born 1961) Michael S. Harper, poet (born 1938) Ann Day, politician (born 1938) May 8 John Young, baseball player, scout and executive (born 1949) Nick Lashaway, actor (born 1988) William Schallert, actor and President of SAG (1979–1981) (born 1922) Louisa Chase, Panamanian-born painter and printmaker (born 1951) John Bradshaw, motivational writer and speaker (born 1933) Tom M. Apostol, mathematician (born 1923) May 9 Ronald W. Walker, historian (born 1939) Karl Maramorosch, Austrian-born virologist (born 1915) Chuck Curtis, football coach (born 1935) May 10Mark Lane, lawyer, politician, civil rights activist and author (born 1927) May 11 Michael Ratner, attorney (born 1943) Katherine Dunn, novelist (born 1945) May 12 Peter J. Liacouras, President of Temple University (born 1931) Del Latta, politician (born 1920) Julius La Rosa, singer (born 1930) Susannah Mushatt Jones, supercentenarian, last known American born in the 19th century (born 1899) May 13 James M. Shuart, President of Hofstra University (born 1931) Dick McAuliffe, baseball player (born 1939) Rabbit Kekai, surfer (born 1920) Sammy Ellis, baseball player (born 1941) Buster Cooper, jazz trombonist (born 1929) Bill Backer, advertising executive (born 1926) Murray A. Straus, American sociologist and professor (University of New Hampshire), creator of the Conflict tactics scale (born 1926) May 14Monteagle Stearns, U.S. Ambassador to Greece (1981–1985) and Ivory Coast (1976–1979) (born 1924) May 16 Robert "Bobby" Freeman, politician (born 1934) Jim McMillian, basketball player (born 1948) Julia Meade, actress (born 1925) Emilio Navaira, country and Tejano singer (born 1962) Mamie Rallins, hurdler (born 1941) Jack Unruh, commercial illustrator (born 1935) May 17Guy Clark, singer-songwriter, Grammy winner (2014) (born 1941). May 18 Elaine Abraham, Tlingit elder and nurse (born 1929) Fritz Stern, German-born historian (born 1926) Susan Tolchin, political scientist (born 1941) May 19 Irving Benson, actor and comedian (born 1914) John Berry, musician (born 1963) Jim Ray Hart, baseball player (born 1941) Morley Safer, Canadian-born journalist (born 1931) May 20 Patricia M. Derian, human rights activist (born 1929) Brandon Grove, U.S. Ambassador to East Germany and Zaire (1984–1987) (born 1929) Albert M. Sackett, Navy rear admiral (born 1920) Wheelock Whitney Jr., sports executive (born 1926) May 21 Homeboykris, racehorse (born 2007) Nick Menza, German-born drummer (born 1964) May 22 Tom DeLeone, football player (born 1950) George Wildman, cartoonist (born 1927) May 23Joe Fleishaker, actor (born 1954) May 24 Suzanne Corkin, neuroscientist (born 1937) Buck Kartalian, actor (born 1922) Mell Lazarus, cartoonist (born 1927) Hughes Oliphant Old, theologian (born 1933) May 25Nancy Dow, actress and model (born 1936) May 26 Cassandra Butts, lawyer (born 1965) Hedy Epstein, German-born Holocaust survivor and political activist (born 1924) Lou Grasmick, baseball player (born 1924) Iana Kasian, Ukrainian-born prosecutor and murder victim (born 1986) Gustav Meier, Swiss-born conductor (born 1929) Angela Paton, actress (born 1930) Coe Swobe, politician, member of the Nevada Senate (1966–1974) (born 1929) Bob Williams, football player (born 1930) May 27 Michael Dann, television executive (born 1921) Louise Erickson, baseball player (born 1929) Frank Modell, cartoonist (born 1917) Morton White, philosopher (born 1917) May 28 Bryce Dejean-Jones, basketball player (born 1992) Peter DeTroy, attorney (born 1948) M. Brendan Fleming, politician, Mayor of Lowell, Massachusetts (1982–1984) (born 1926) Harambe, endangered gorilla (born 1999) May 29 T. Marshall Hahn, educator and executive (born 1926) Ralph Ketner, businessman and philanthropist (born 1920) Don McNay, financial author (born 1959) May 30C. Michael Harper, executive (born 1927) May 31 Jan Crouch, televangelist and broadcasting executive (born 1928) David Tod Roy, sinologist and translator (born 1933) June June 1 Roger Enrico, businessman (born 1944) Boyce F. Martin Jr., judge, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1996–2003) (born 1935) June 2 Donny Everett, baseball player (born 1997) Wayne Kingery, football player (born 1927) Lee Pfund, baseball player and college baseball and basketball coach (born 1919) June 3 Muhammad Ali, boxer (born 1942) Henry Childs, football player (born 1951) June 4 Phyllis Curtin, operatic soprano (born 1921) Bill Richmond, film and television writer and producer (born 1921) William Wright, author, editor, and playwright (born 1930) June 5 Jerome Bruner, psychologist (born 1915) David Lamb, journalist (born 1940) Cedric Robinson, political scientist and activist (born 1940) Eleanor Zelliot, writer and educator (born 1926) June 6 Helen Fabela Chávez, labor unionist and activist (born 1928) Theresa Saldana, actress (born 1954) Kimbo Slice, Bahamian-born mixed martial artist and boxer (born 1974) June 7 Leonard Hill, television producer and real estate developer (born 1947) Thomas Perkins, businessman (born 1932) Sean Rooks, basketball player and coach (born 1969) Bryan Wiedmeier, football executive (born 1959) June 9 J. Reilly Lewis, choral conductor and organist (born 1944) Brooks Thompson, basketball player and coach (born 1970) June 10Mary Feik, aviator (born 1924) Gordie Howe- hockey player (b.1928) June 11 Gilbert Blue, Catawba Nation chief (1973–2007) (born 1933) Stacey Castor, convicted murderer (born 1967) Christina Grimmie, singer and songwriter (born 1994) Bryan Robinson, football player (born 1974) June 12 Michelle Cliff, Jamaican-born author (born 1946) Earl Faison, football player (born 1939) Curley Johnson, football player (born 1935) Danny Kopec, chess player (born 1954) George Voinovich, Governor of Ohio (1991–98) and Senator from Ohio (1999–2011) (born 1936) Janet Waldo, actress and voice artist (born 1920) 49 victims of the Pulse nightclub massacre June 13 Anahid Ajemian, violinist (born 1924) Michu Meszaros, Hungarian-born actor (born 1939) Chips Moman, record producer, guitarist, and songwriter (born 1937) Robert T. Paine, ecologist (born 1933) Gregory Rabassa, literary translator (born 1922) June 14 Melvin Dwork, interior designer and LGBT rights activist (born 1922) Ronnie Claire Edwards, actress (born 1933) Ann Morgan Guilbert, actress (born 1928) June 15 Lois Duncan, author (born 1934) Richard Selzer, surgeon and author (born 1928) June 16 Irving Moskowitz, businessman and philanthropist (born 1928) Bill Berkson, poet and literary critic (born 1939) June 17 Thomas Ashley Graves Jr., academic (born 1924) Ron Lester, actor (born 1970) David Morgenthaler, businessman (born 1919) June 18 Curt Hofstad, politician (born 1946) Kitty Rhoades, politician (born 1951) Joe Schaffernoth, baseball player (born 1937) June 19 David Johnson, Australian-born businessman (born 1933) Anton Yelchin, Soviet-born actor (born 1989) June 20 Frank Chapot, equestrian (born 1932) Alvin Endt, educator and politician (born 1933) Bill Ham, music manager and record producer (born 1937) Rich Olive, politician (born 1949) Chayito Valdez, Mexican-born singer and actress (born 1945) June 21 Dan Daniel, radio personality (born 1934) Jack Fuller, journalist, novelist, and publisher (born 1946) Wayne Jackson, R&B trumpeter (born 1941) Kenworth Moffett, art curator and museum director (born 1934) June 22 Joan Acker, sociologist and women's rights activist (born 1924) Jim Boyd, singer-songwriter (born 1956) June 23 Mike Flynn, online journalist and conservative activist (born 1968) James Green, labor historian and activist (born 1944) Michael Herr, author and war correspondent (born 1940) Stuart Nisbet, actor (born 1934) Ralph Stanley, bluegrass singer and banjoist (born 1927) June 24 Chaim Avrohom Horowitz, Polish-born rabbi (born 1933) Bernie Worrell, funk keyboardist (born 1944) June 25 Raymond Bateman, politician (born 1927) Bill Cunningham, street and fashion photographer (born 1929) Jim Hickman, baseball player (born 1937) Peter Hutton, experimental filmmaker (born 1944) Hal Lear, basketball player (born 1935) June 26 Jona Goldrich, Polish-born real estate developer and philanthropist (born 1927) Barbara Goldsmith, author, journalist, editor, and philanthropist (born 1931) John J. Santucci, lawyer and politician (born 1931) June 27 Simon Ramo, engineer, businessman, and author (born 1913) Mack Rice, singer and songwriter (born 1933) Alvin Toffler, writer and futurist (born 1928) June 28 Scotty Moore, rock and roll guitarist (born 1931) Buddy Ryan, football coach (born 1934) Pat Summitt, women's basketball coach (born 1952) Zurlon Tipton, football player (born 1990) June 29 Stanley Gault, businessman and philanthropist (born 1929) Irving Gottesman, psychologist (born 1930) Carl Haas, auto racing driver and owner (born 1929) Edward L. Salmon Jr., Episcopal bishop (born 1934) Rob Wasserman, rock double-bassist (born 1952) June 30 Don Friedman, jazz pianist (born 1935) Joe Scott, football player (born 1926) July July 2 Roscoe Brown, aviator and educator (born 1922) Michael Cimino, film director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1939) Alphie McCourt, Irish-born writer (born 1940) Jack C. Taylor, businessman, billionaire, and philanthropist (born 1922) Elie Wiesel, Romanian-born writer, educator, political activist, and Holocaust survivor (born 1928) July 3 Noel Neill, actress (born 1920) Clifford Vaughs, civil rights activist, filmmaker, and motorcycle builder (born 1937) July 4Abner J. Mikva, politician, federal judge, lawyer and law professor (born 1926) July 5William L. Armstrong, politician and businessman; U.S. Senator from Colorado (1979–1991) (born 1937) July 6 Marian Bergeson, politician; member of the California State Assembly (1978–1984) and California State Senate (1984–1995) (born 1925) Larry Bock, entrepreneur (born 1959) John McMartin, actor (born 1929) Mike Moore, football player (born 1956) July 7Tom Marr, talk radio host and sportscaster (born 1942) July 8 Harold A. Linstone, German-born mathematician and futurist (born 1924) William H. McNeill, Canadian-born historian (born 1917) Howard Raiffa, academic (born 1924) July 9 Norman Abbott, television director (born 1922) Sydney Schanberg, journalist (born 1934) July 10 Robert E. Cooper Sr., judge (born 1920) Alfred G. Knudson, geneticist (born 1922) July 11 John Brademas, politician and educator, U.S. Representative from Indiana (1959–1981) (born 1927) Jim Metzen, politician (born 1943) Scott Olin Wright, judge (born 1923) July 13 Marion Campbell, football player and coach (born 1929) Garry N. Drummond, businessman and philanthropist (born 1938) Robert Fano, Italian-born computer scientist (born 1917) Hollis L. Harris, businessman (born 1931) Carolyn See, author and educator (born 1934) July 14 Roger Chanoine, football player (born 1976) Troy Mader, rancher and politician; Wyoming state representative (2014–2015) (born 1955) Sharon Runner, politician; California state senator (2011–2016) (born 1954) July 15 Karl E. Case, economist and academic (born 1946) Duncan M. Gray Jr., Episcopalian prelate (born 1926) July 16 Bonnie Brown, country singer (born 1938) Robert Burren Morgan, politician; U.S. Senator from North Carolina (1975–1981) (born 1925) Gary S. Paxton, record producer, songwriter, and musician (born 1939) Nate Thurmond, basketball player (born 1941) Alan Vega, vocalist and visual artist (born 1938) July 17 Wendell Anderson, politician; 33rd Governor of Minnesota (1971–1976) (born 1933) Mel Durslag, sportswriter (born 1921) July 18 John Kerr, author (born 1950) Jeffrey Montgomery, LGBT rights activist (born 1953) Billy Name, photographer, filmmaker, and lighting designer (born 1940) July 19 Betsy Bloomingdale, socialite and philanthropist (born 1922) Garry Marshall, actor, director, writer, and producer (born 1934) Chief Zee, Washington Redskins superfan (born 1941) July 20 William Gaines, journalist and academic Mark Takai, politician; U.S. Representative from Hawaii (2015–2016) (born 1967) July 21 Bill Cardille, television and radio personality (born 1928) Thomas R. McCarthy, racehorse owner and trainer (born 1934) Lewie Steinberg, rhythm and blues bassist (born 1933) July 22 Dave Bald Eagle, Lakota actor, musician, soldier, and stuntman (born 1919) Dennis Green, football coach (born 1949) Zeke Smith, football player (born 1936) July 23 Sheilla Lampkin, politician (born 1945) Harold Duane Vietor, federal judge (born 1931) July 24 Marni Nixon, singer and actress (born 1930) Conrad Prebys, real estate developer and philanthropist (born 1933) Don Roberts, ice hockey coach (born 1933) July 25 Dwight Jones, basketball player (born 1952) Tim LaHaye, evangelical minister, author, and speaker (born 1926) Tom Peterson, retailer and television personality (born 1930) Franklin Van Antwerpen, federal judge (born 1941) July 26 Miss Cleo, psychic and television personality (born 1926) David A. Katz, federal judge (born 1933) Forrest Mars Jr., businessman and billionaire (born 1931) Sandy Pearlman, record producer, talent manager, and songwriter (born 1943) July 27 LaVon Crosby, politician; Nebraska state senator (1988–2000) (born 1924) Jack Davis, cartoonist and illustrator (born 1924) Doug Griffin, baseball player (born 1947) James Alan McPherson, short story writer and essayist (born 1943) Richard Thompson, cartoonist (born 1957) July 28Conrad K. Cyr, federal judge (born 1931) July 29 Antonio Armstrong, football player (born 1973) Zelda Fichandler, theatre producer, director, manager, and educator (born 1924) July 30 Alan Brice, baseball player (born 1937) Gloria DeHaven, actress and singer (born 1925) Dave Schwartz, meteorologist (born 1953) July 31Eric Moon, British-born librarian (born 1923) August August 1 Jonathan D. Krane, film producer (born 1952) Jim Northrup, Ojibwe writer (born 1943) August 2 Gordon Danby, physicist David Huddleston, actor (born 1930) Ahmed Zewail, Egyptian-born chemist (born 1946) August 3 Abdul Jeelani, basketball player (born 1954) Steve LaTourette, politician; U.S. Representative from Ohio (2005–2013) (born 1954) Elliot Tiber, writer and artist (born 1935) August 4 Jean Antone, wrestler (born 1943) David Dudley Dowd Jr., federal judge (born 1929) Patrice Munsel, operatic soprano (born 1925) Albert Nicholas, basketball player, businessman and philanthropist (born 1931) Gaspar Saladino, comic letterer and logo designer (born 1927) August 5 Alan Bates, politician; Oregon state senator (2005–2016) (born 1945) Richard Fagan, country songwriter and musician (born 1947) George E. Mendenhall, Biblical scholar (born 1916) August 6 Sid Applebaum, businessman (born 1924) Helen Delich Bentley, politician; U.S. Representative from Maryland (1985–1995) (born 1923) Joani Blank, feminist writer, sex educator, and entrepreneur (born 1937) Art Demmas, football official (born 1934) Pete Fountain, jazz clarinetist (born 1930) August 7 – Bryan Clauson, racing driver (born 1989) August 8 – George Yarno, football player (born 1957) August 9 Bill Dooley, football player and coach (born 1934) Barry Jenner, actor (born 1941) W. Carter Merbreier, television personality, minister, and police chaplain (born 1926) August 10 Neill Armstrong, football player and coach (born 1926) Steve Pivovar, sportswriter (born 1952) John Saunders, Canadian-born sports journalist and broadcaster (born 1955) Tom Wilson, football player and coach (born 1944) August 11 Thomas Steinbeck, author, journalist, and photographer (born 1944) Glenn Yarbrough, folk singer (born 1930) August 12 Alison Piepmeier, feminist writer, academic, and activist (born 1972) Ruby Wilson, blues and gospel singer (born 1948) August 13 Allen Kelley, basketball player (born 1932) Michel Richard, French-born chef and restaurateur (born 1948) August 14 Marion Christopher Barry, businessman (born 1980) DJ Official, hip hop musician and producer (born 1976) Fyvush Finkel, actor (born 1922) Ron Vander Kelen, football player (born 1939) August 15 Choo-Choo Coleman, baseball player (born 1937) Bobby Hutcherson, jazz vibraphonist and composer (born 1941) Richard Wackar, football and basketball coach (born 1928) August 16 John McLaughlin, political commentator and television personality (born 1927) Richard Seminack, Eastern Catholic bishop (born 1942) August 17 Steve Arlin, baseball player (born 1945) James R. Bennett, politician; 49th and 52nd Secretary of State of Alabama (born 1940) Arthur Hiller, Canadian-born film and television director (born 1923) John Timoney, Irish-born police officer (born 1948) August 18 Jay S. Fishman, businessman (born 1952) John William Vessey Jr., U.S. Army general; tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (born 1922) August 19 Donald Henderson, physician, educator, and epidemiologist (born 1928) Edward T. Maloney, aviation historian (born 1928) Lou Pearlman, record producer, music manager, and fraudster (born 1954) Jack Riley, actor, voice artist, and comedian (born 1935) August 20 George E. Curry, journalist (born 1947) Irving Fields, pianist and composer (born 1915) Jim Gibbons, football player (born 1936) Harry Gilmer, football player (born 1926) Joseph A. Palaia, politician; New Jersey state senator (1989–2008) (born 1927) Morton Schindel, film producer and educator (born 1918) Morris A. Wessel, pediatrician (born 1917) August 21Peter deCourcy Hero, college and foundation president (born 1942) August 22 Michael Brooks, basketball player (born 1958) Edward Malefakis, history professor (born 1932) Jane Thompson, designer, architect, and urban planner (born 1927) August 23 Steven Hill, actor (born 1922) Aaron W. Plyler, businessman and politician (born 1926) August 24 Joel Bergman, architect (born 1936) Tom Ganley, businessman and politician (born 1942) Gregory P. Schmidt, politician (born 1947) August 25 James Cronin, physicist (born 1931) Warren Hinckle, political journalist (born 1938) Marvin Kaplan, actor and voice artist (born 1927) Rudy Van Gelder, recording engineer (born 1924) August 26 Steve Korcheck, baseball player (born 1932) E. Parry Thomas, banker, racehorse owner, and philanthropist (born 1921) August 27Bill Lenkaitis, football player (born 1946) August 28 Mr. Fuji, professional wrestler and manager (born 1937) Joe R. Hicks, political commentator and activist (born 1941) Nate Hirsch, sportscaster (born 1947) August 29 Dee Dowis, football player (born 1968) Gene Wilder, actor, screenwriter, film director, and author (born 1933) August 30 Dan Dryden, politician (born 1944) Hoot Hester, fiddle player (born 1951) David Lavery, academic (born 1949) Doris McLemore, educator; last fluent speaker of the Wichita language (born 1927) Joe Sutter, aeronautical engineer (born 1921) August 31 – Nathan Lyons, photographer (born 1930) September September 1 Thomas G. Doran, Roman Catholic prelate (born 1936) Fred Hellerman, folk musician (born 1927) Kacey Jones, singer-songwriter and humorist (born 1950) Jon Polito, actor and voice artist (born 1950) September 2 Blackie Gejeian, race car driver and auto customizer (born 1926) Jerry Heller, music manager (born 1940) Don Minnick, baseball player (born 1931) Margrit Mondavi, Swiss-born businesswoman (born 1925) September 3 John W. Drummond, politician (born 1919) Albert Hofstede, politician (born 1940) Leslie H. Martinson, film and television director (born 1915) September 4Clarence D. Rappleyea Jr., lawyer and politician (born 1933) September 5 Duane Graveline, physician and astronaut (born 1931) Hugh O'Brian, actor (born 1925) Rudolph T. Randa, federal judge (born 1940) Phyllis Schlafly, constitutional lawyer, conservative activist, and author (born 1924) September 6 Cary Blanchard, football player (born 1968) John Royston Coleman, labor economist and university president (born 1921) Darren Seals, civil rights activist (born 1987) Robert Timberg, journalist and author (born 1940) September 7 Bobby Chacon, boxer (born 1951) Clifford Curry, R&B singer (born 1936) Norbert Schemansky, weightlifter (born 1924) September 8 Greta Zimmer Friedman, dental assistant, subject of V-J Day in Times Square (born 1924) The Lady Chablis, drag queen (born 1957) September 9 Chad Brown, football official (born 1948) Bill Nojay, politician (born 1956) Ben Press, tennis player, coach, and writer (born 1924) James Stacy, actor (born 1936) September 10 Robert Eugene Allen, businessman (born 1935) Chris Stone, businessman (born 1935) Frank Masley, Olympic luger (born 1960) September 11 Alexis Arquette, actress (born 1969) Lawrence D. Cohen, attorney, politician, and judge (born 1933) September 12 Edmund D. Edelman, politician (born 1930) Peter Pettalia, politician (born 1955) Stanley Sheinbaum, academic and activist (born 1920) September 13 Jack Hofsiss, theatre, film, and television director (born 1950) Judith Jacobs, politician (born 1939) Mike Roberts, sportscaster (born 1933) Joe Zaleski, football player and coach (born 1927) September 14 Don Buchla, musical instrument designer (born 1937) Kim McGuire, actress and lawyer (born 1955) Dean White, businessman (born 1923) September 15Rose Mofford, politician (born 1922) September 16 Edward Albee, playwright (born 1928) Don Bass, wrestler (born 1946) Marvin Mottet, Roman Catholic priest (born 1930) Joe Seng, politician (born 1946) September 17Charmian Carr, actress and singer (born 1942) September 18 Robert W. Cone, U.S. Army general (born 1957) John Craighead, conservationist and naturalist (born 1916) C. Martin Croker, animator and voice actor (born 1962) David Kyle, science fiction writer (born 1919) Tom Mintier, television correspondent Joan Patricia Murphy, politician Rose Pak, political activist (born 1948) September 19 Bobby Breen, Canadian-born actor and singer (born 1927) Mike Fellows, politician Bill Glassford, football player and coach (born 1914) Zerka T. Moreno, Dutch-born psychotherapist (born 1917) September 20 Bill Barrett, politician; member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2001) (born 1929) Richie Dunn, ice hockey player (born 1957) Jack Garman, computer engineer and NASA executive (born 1944) Curtis Hanson, film producer, director, and screenwriter (born 1945) Dennis M. Jones, businessman (born 1938) Terry Kohler, businessman and philanthropist (born 1934) Victor Scheinman, roboticist and inventor (born 1942) September 21 Shawty Lo, rapper (born 1976) John D. Loudermilk, singer and songwriter (born 1934) September 22 Walter Bush, ice hockey executive (born 1929) Leonard I. Garth, federal judge (born 1921) Ed Temple, track and field coach (born 1927) September 24 Bill Nunn, actor (born 1953) Buckwheat Zydeco, zydeco musician (born 1947) September 25 David Budbill, poet and playwright (born 1940) José Fernández, Cuban-born baseball player (born 1992) Kashif, musician, record producer, and humanitarian (born 1959) Arnold Palmer, golfer (born 1929) Jean Shepard, country singer and songwriter (born 1933) Robert Weinberg, author (born 1946) September 26 Taz Anderson, football player (born 1938) Joe Clay, rockabilly musician (born 1938) Jack Cotton, basketball player (born 1924) Jack Kirrane, ice hockey player (born 1928) Herschell Gordon Lewis, film producer, director, and screenwriter (born 1929) September 27 Randy Duncan, football player (born 1937) Charles Schultze, economist (born 1924) September 28 Gary Glasberg, television writer and producer (born 1966) Malcolm M. Lucas, 26th Chief Justice of California (born 1927) Gloria Naylor, novelist (born 1950) Agnes Nixon, television writer and producer (born 1922) Timothy Pesci, politician (born 1944) September 29 Hidden Lake, racehorse (born 1993) Shirley Jaffe, painter and sculptor (born 1923) Joseph Verner Reed Jr., banker and diplomat (born 1937) Mark Ricks, politician; 40th Lieutenant Governor of Idaho (born 1924) Ralph V. Whitworth, businessman (born 1955) September 30 George Barris, photographer (born 1922) Charles Brading, pharmacist and politician (born 1935) Oscar Brand, Canadian-born folk musician (born 1920) Frederic C. Hamilton, oilman and philanthropist (born 1927) Jim Zapp, baseball player (born 1924) October October 1 Bobby Burnett, football player (born 1943) Roger Theder, football player and coach (born 1939) Lowell Thomas Jr., British-born film producer and politician (born 1923) October 2 Walter Darby Bannard, painter (born 1934) Gordon Davidson, stage and film director (born 1933) Gary Reed, comics writer and publisher (born 1956) October 4 Kenneth Angell, Roman Catholic prelate (born 1930) Ivan C. Lafayette, politician (born 1930) Ned Randolph, politician (born 1942) Donald H. White, composer (born 1921) October 5 Dick Haugland, biochemist and philanthropist (born 1943) Cameron Moore, basketball player (born 1990) Josh Samman, mixed martial artist (born 1988) Brock Yates, journalist and author (born 1933) October 6 Hans W. Becherer, business executive (born 1935) George Pernicano, businessman and NFL owner (born 1917) October 7Bill Warren, film historian and critic (born 1943) October 8 Peter Allen, radio broadcaster (born 1920) Don Ciccone, singer and songwriter (born 1946) Gary Dubin, actor (born 1959) Jacob Neusner, Jewish scholar and theologian (born 1932) October 9 Santo DiPietro, businessman and politician (born 1934) Donn Fendler, wilderness survivor, author, and public speaker (born 1926) Aaron Pryor, boxer (born 1955) Kenneth P. Thompson, lawyer and politician (born 1966) October 10 Tony Adamowicz, racing driver (born 1941) Leo Beranek, acoustic engineer and academic (born 1914) Lorenzo Freeman, football player (born 1964) John Vaughn, Franciscan Catholic leader (born 1928) October 11 David Antin, poet (born 1932) Tom Barnes, journalist (born 1946) Patricia Barry, actress (born 1922) October 12 Thomas Mikal Ford, actor (born 1964) Jack Greenberg, civil rights lawyer and legal scholar (born 1924) Rick Gudex, businessman and politician (born 1968) Dylan Rieder, skateboarder and model (born 1988) Fulton Walker, football player (born 1958) October 13 Richard A. Pittman, U.S. Marine and Medal of Honor winner (born 1945) Louis Stettner, photographer (born 1922) October 14 Lucy Baxley, politician; 28th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama (born 1937) Edward Gorman, author (born 1941) Thom Jones, author (born 1945) October 15 Dennis Byrd, football player (born 1966) Quentin Groves, football player (born 1984) Bruce Marshall, ice hockey coach (born 1962) October 16 Clyde C. Holloway, politician and businessman (born 1943) Ted V. Mikels, film producer, director, and screenwriter (born 1929) Joseph A. Suozzi, Italian-born attorney and judge (born 1921) October 17 Eddie Applegate, actor (born 1935) Edgar Munhall, art historian and curator (born 1933) Irwin Smigel, dentist and entrepreneur (born 1924) Morris Stroud, football player (born 1946) October 18 Anthony Addabbo, actor (born 1960) David Bunnell, businessman, writer, and publisher (born 1947) October 19 Tommy Bartlett, basketball and tennis player and coach (born 1928) Phil Chess, Polish-born record producer and music executive (born 1921) October 20 William G. Bowen, academic and university president (born 1933) Gail Cogdill, football player (born 1937) Michael Massee, actor (born 1952) Simone Schaller, Olympic hurdler (b, 1912) October 21 Dan Johnston, lawyer and politician Kevin Meaney, comedian and actor (born 1956) October 22 Gavin MacFadyen, journalist and documentary filmmaker (born 1940) Monarchos, racehorse and stallion (born 1998) Sheri S. Tepper, author (born 1929) Bob Vanatta, basketball coach (born 1918) October 23 Jack Chick, cartoonist, publisher, and Christian fundamentalist (born 1924) Tom Hayden, writer, activist, and politician (born 1939) Bob Saunders, politician (born 1929) October 24 Bobby Vee, pop singer and actor (born 1943) Charles Wolf Jr., economist (born 1924) October 25 Kevin Curran, television writer (born 1957) Mel Haber, hotelier, restaurateur, and philanthropist (born 1935) Bob Hoover, U.S. Air Force pilot (born 1922) Burnet R. Maybank Jr., lawyer and politician (born 1924) October 26 Donald C. Pogue, federal judge (born 1947) Vic Rapp, football coach (born 1929) October 27 Jim Eddy, football coach (born 1936) Susan Lindquist, biologist (born 1949) David Tyack, historian (born 1930) John Zacherle, television and radio personality and voice actor (born 1918) October 28Angeline Kopka, businesswoman and politician (born 1916) October 29 Robert Belfanti, politician (born 1948) Norman Brokaw, talent agent (born 1927) E. Lee Hennessee, hedge fund manager John Hicks, football player (born 1951) Paul Luebke, politician (born 1946) John D. Roberts, chemist (born 1918) Barry Stout, politician (born 1936) October 30 James Galanos, fashion designer (born 1924) Tammy Grimes, actress and singer (born 1934) Betty Ann Kennedy, contract bridge player (born 1930) Gil Krueger, football coach (born 1929) Don Marshall, actor (born 1936) Curly Putman, songwriter (born 1930) October 31 Natalie Babbitt, children's author and illustrator (born 1932) Andy Hill, politician (born 1962) Gene La Rocque, U.S. Navy admiral (born 1918) Klaus Schulten, German-born biophysicist (born 1947) November November 1 Don Kates, lawyer and criminologist (born 1941) Stanford Lipsey, newspaper publisher (born 1927) John Orsino, baseball player (born 1938) November 2 Max Alexander, comedian and actor (born 1953) Bob Cranshaw, jazz bassist (born 1932) Jud Kinberg, film producer and screenwriter (born 1925) Dolores Klosowski, baseball player (born 1923) A. Thomas Kraabel, classical scholar (born 1934) Jan Slepian, children's author and poet (born 1921) November 3 Kay Starr, singer (born 1922) Rick Steiner, theatrical producer (born 1946) November 4 Eddie Carnett, baseball player (born 1916) DeVan Dallas, politician (born 1926) Allen Eller, soccer player (born 1976) Eddie Harsch, Canadian-born rock musician (born 1957) November 5 Ralph Cicerone, atmospheric scientist (born 1943) W. Eugene Hansen, religious leader (born 1928) Arnold Mesches, visual artist (born 1923) November 7 Phil Georgeff, horse racing announcer (born 1931) Julie Gregg, actress (born 1937) Janet Reno, lawyer; U.S. Attorney General (1993–2001) (born 1938) November 8 Yaffa Eliach, Polish-born historian and Holocaust survivor (born 1937) Junius Foy Guin Jr., federal judge (born 1924) Bill Lapham, football player (born 1934) November 9 Greg Ballard, basketball player and assistant coach (born 1955) Al Caiola, guitarist and composer (born 1920) Russ Nixon, baseball player (born 1935) November 10 David Adamany, political scientist and academic administrator (born 1936) Bill Stanfill, football player (born 1947) November 11 Victor Bailey, bassist (born 1960) Greg Horton, football player (born 1951) Claire Labine, television writer and producer (born 1934) Aileen Mehle, gossip columnist (born 1918) Robert Vaughn, actor (born 1932) November 12 Jerry Dumas, cartoonist (born 1930) Howard Ruff, economist and investment writer (born 1930) Lupita Tovar, Mexican-American actress (born 1910) November 13 Lary Kuharich, football coach (born 1945) Billy Miller, music archivist (born 1954) Leon Russell, musician and songwriter (born 1942) November 14 Diana Balmori, landscape designer (born 1932) Houston Conwill, sculptor (born 1947) Holly Dunn, country music singer and songwriter (born 1957) Bob Gain, football player (born 1929) Roger Hobbs, novelist (born 1988) Gwen Ifill, journalist, television newscaster, and author (born 1955) Mahpiya Ska, albino buffalo (born 1996) David Mancuso, club DJ (born 1944) Gardnar Mulloy, tennis player (born 1913) November 15 Bob Addis, baseball player (born 1925) Mose Allison, jazz pianist, vocalist, and composer (born 1927) Dwayne Andreas, businessman and political donor (born 1918) Cliff Barrows, gospel singer and music director (born 1923) Jules Eskin, cellist (born 1931) Lisa Lynn Masters, actress (born 1964) Milt Okun, record producer, arranger. conductor, and singer (born 1923) Clift Tsuji, politician (born 1941) November 16 Jay Wright Forrester, computer engineer (born 1918) Melvin Laird, politician; U.S. Secretary of Defense (1969–1973) (born 1922) Daniel Leab, German-born historian (born 1936) Larry Tucker, politician (born 1935) Mentor Williams, songwriter and record producer (born 1946) November 17 Ruth Gruber, photojournalist and humanitarian (born 1911) Whitney Smith, vexillologist and flag designer (born 1940) November 18 Denton Cooley, heart surgeon (born 1920) Sharon Jones, soul and funk singer (born 1956) Yevgeni Lazarev, Russian-born actor (born 1937) November 19 Monk Bonasorte, football player (born 1957) John C. Carpenter, rancher and politician (born 1930) Irving A. Fradkin, optometrist and philanthropist (born 1921) Ida Levin, violinist (born 1963) Paul Sylbert, production designer (born 1928) November 20 Gene Guarilia, basketball player (born 1937) Janellen Huttenlocher, psychologist (born 1932) Hod O'Brien, jazz pianist (born 1936) November 21Edward L. Kimball, legal scholar (born 1930) November 23 Peggy Kirk Bell, golfer (born 1921) Ralph Branca, baseball player (born 1926) Joe Esposito, author and publisher (born 1938) Jerry Tucker, child actor (born 1925) November 24 Al Brodax, film and television producer (born 1926) Bob Chase, radio sports announcer (born 1926) John Ebersole, educator and author (born 1944) Dave Ferriss, baseball player (born 1921) Larry W. Fullerton, inventor Florence Henderson, actress and singer (born 1934) William Mandel, journalist and activist (born 1917) November 25 Colonel Abrams, musician, dancer, and actor (born 1949) Erich Bloch, German-born electrical engineer (born 1925) Ron Glass, actor (born 1945) Dwan Hurt, basketball coach (born 1963) Jake Krull, politician (born 1938) Pauline Oliveros, composer and accordionist (born 1932) Richard Dean Rogers, federal judge (born 1921) November 26 Harry Flournoy, basketball player (born 1943) James E. McClellan, veterinarian and politician (born 1926) Russell Oberlin, countertenor (born 1928) Debra Saunders-White, educator (born 1957) Fritz Weaver, actor (born 1925) November 27 Dick Logan, football player (born 1930) Tony Martell, music industry executive and philanthropist (born 1926) Bruce Mazlish, historian (born 1923) November 28 William Christenberry, photographer, painter, and sculptor (born 1936) Grant Tinker, television executive (born 1926) Keo Woolford, actor (born 1967) November 29 Bill Bartmann, businessman (born 1948) James Danieley, educator (born 1924) Hardy Myers, lawyer and politician (born 1939) November 30 Alice Drummond, actress (born 1928) Royce Womble, football player (b, 1931) December December 1 Don Calfa, actor (born 1939) Elisabeth Carron, operatic soprano (born 1922) Joe McKnight, football player (born 1988) December 2 Lyle Bouck, U.S. Army officer (born 1923) H. Keith H. Brodie, psychiatrist and educator (born 1939) Billy Chapin, child actor (born 1943) Mark Gray, country singer (born 1952) Sammy Lee, Olympic diver (born 1920) Bosco Tjan, psychologist and neuroscientist (born 1966) December 3 Newman Darby, inventor (born 1928) Herbert Hardesty, jazz musician (born 1925) Nancy Mairs, author (born 1943) December 4 Leonard T. Connors, politician (born 1929) Jack Rudin, real estate developer (born 1924) Margaret Whitton, actress (born 1950) December 5 Big Syke, rapper (born 1968) Larry Roberts, football player (born 1963) Rashaan Salaam, football player (born 1974) Rodney Smith, photographer (born 1947) December 6 – Dave Edwards, football player (born 1939) December 7 Mike Kelly, politician (born 1942) Elliott Schwartz, composer (born 1936) December 8 Putsy Caballero, baseball player (born 1927) John Glenn, aviator, astronaut, and U.S. Senator (born 1921) Joseph Mascolo, actor (born 1929) Thomas C. Oden, theologian (born 1931) December 9 Edwin Benson, last native speaker of the Mandan language (born 1931) Nola Ochs, centenarian (born 1911) Jens Risom, Danish-born furniture designer (born 1916) December 10 Ken Hechler, politician (born 1914) Eric Hilton, hotelier and philanthropist (born 1933) Miles Lord, federal judge (born 1919) December 11 Sark Arslanian, football coach (born 1924) Harry Jones, football player (born 1945) Bob Krasnow, music industry executive (born 1935) December 12 Barrelhouse Chuck, blues musician (born 1958) Myron H. Bright, federal judge (born 1919) Donald L. Corbin, judge and politician (born 1938) Jimbo Elrod, football player (born 1954) Shirley Hazzard, Australian-born author (born 1931) Jim Lowe, singer and songwriter (born 1923) Konrad Reuland, football player (born 1987) Esther Wilkins, dentist (born 1916) December 13 Lawrence Colburn, U.S. Army soldier (born 1949) Roy Harrover, architect (born 1928) Ralph Raico, historian (born 1936) Thomas Schelling, economist (born 1921) Alan Thicke, Canadian actor, songwriter, comedian, game and talk show host (b. 1947) December 14 Bernard Fox, Welsh-born actor (born 1927) Garrett K. Gomez, jockey (born 1972) Karel Husa, Czech-born composer and conductor (born 1921) December 15 Chuck Allen, football player (born 1939) Howard Bingham, photographer (born 1939) Fran Jeffries, actress and singer (born 1937) Craig Sager, sportscaster (born 1951) December 17 Benjamin A. Gilman, politician (born 1922) William T. "Bill" Hanna, politician (born 1930) Louis Harris, journalist, author, and opinion polling entrepreneur (born 1921) Henry Heimlich, thoracic surgeon (born 1920) William H. Hudnut III, politician (born 1932) December 18 Brendan J. Dugan, banker and college administrator (born 1947) Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress and socialite (born 1917) Sonny Moran, basketball coach (born 1926) December 19 Phil Gagliano, baseball player (born 1941) Dick Latessa, actor (born 1929) December 20 Lawrence Borst, veterinarian and politician (born 1927) Robert Eddins, football player (born 1988) Toby Hemenway, educator and author (born 1952) December 21 Sidney Drell, physicist (born 1926) Weston Noble, music conductor and educator (born 1922) December 22 Andre Martel, businessman and politician (born 1946) Kenneth Snelson, sculptor and photographer (born 1927) Lillian Walker, politician (born 1923) December 23 Joyce Appleby, historian (born 1929) Willa Kim, costume designer (born 1917) Jim Lehew, baseball player (born 1937) December 24 John Barfield, baseball player (born 1964) Joseph Fitzmyer, Roman Catholic priest and biblical scholar (born 1920) Edwin Reinecke, politician (born 1924) Bronson Thayer, banker (born 1939) December 25 Alphonse Mouzon, jazz drummer (born 1948) Vera Rubin, astronomer (born 1928) December 26 John J. Benoit, law enforcement officer and politician (born 1951) Duck Edwing, cartoonist (born 1934) Frances Gabe, inventor and centenarian (b. 1915) Ricky Harris, comedian, actor, and film producer (born 1965) George S. Irving, actor (born 1922) Seth J. McKee, U.S. Air Force general (born 1916) December 27 Chrissy Adams, attorney (born 1967) Bruce DeHaven, football coach (born 1948) Carrie Fisher, actress and writer (born 1956) George A. Russell, university president (born 1921) Barbara Tarbuck, actress (born 1942) December 28 Bruce D. Porter, Mormon missionary and elder (born 1952) Debbie Reynolds, actress, singer and dancer (born 1932) Bernard Zaslav, classical violist (born 1926) December 29 Chris Cannizzaro, baseball player (born 1938) Laurie Carlos, playwright, theatre director, and performance artist (born 1949) Keion Carpenter, football player (born 1977) Arthur H. Cash, historian and biographer (born 1922) LaVell Edwards, football coach (born 1930) Balozi Harvey, community activist (born 1940) December 30 Cara Rafaela, thoroughbred racehorse (born 1993) Sutter Brown, Pembroke Welsh corgi (born 2003) Rich Conaty, radio personality (born 1954) Glen L. Rudd, Mormon missionary and elder (born 1918) Huston Smith, religious scholar and philosopher (born 1919) Matt Snorton, football player (born 1942) Tyrus Wong, Chinese-born artist (born 1910) December 31 William Christopher, actor (born 1932) David Meltzer, poet and musician (born 1937) See also 2016 in American music 2016 in American soccer 2016 in American television List of American films of 2016 Timeline of United States history (2010–present) References External links 2010s in the United States Years of the 21st century in the United States United States United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jessica%20Jones%20characters

List of Jessica Jones characters

Jessica Jones is an American streaming television series created for Netflix by Melissa Rosenberg, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise, and is the second in a series of shows that will lead up to a Defenders crossover miniseries. The series stars Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, with Rachael Taylor, Eka Darville, and Carrie-Anne Moss also starring. They were joined by Mike Colter, Wil Traval, Erin Moriarty, and David Tennant for the first season, J.R. Ramirez, Terry Chen, Leah Gibson and Janet McTeer for the second season, and Benjamin Walker, Sarita Choudhury, Jeremy Bobb and Tiffany Mack for the third season. In addition to original characters, several characters from other Marvel Cinematic Universe television series and/or based on various Marvel properties also appear throughout the series. Overview Main characters Jessica Jones Jessica Jones (portrayed by Krysten Ritter) is a former superhero with the abilities of superhuman strength and flight, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who opens her own detective agency, Alias Investigations. By November 2014, Ritter, Alexandra Daddario, Teresa Palmer, Jessica De Gouw and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones, with Ritter having been auditioning since October and on the top of executive producer and showrunner Melissa Rosenberg's list for playing Jones, even when Rosenberg was earlier developing the series for ABC. The next month, Ritter was cast in the role. Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates, with both auditioning opposite Mike Colter to test chemistry. Ritter stated that she read through Alias in preparation for the role and expressed delight in working with Rosenberg. On adapting the character from the comics, Jeph Loeb stated, "Jessica Jones [i]s based on a much more adult comic. The source material came that way. She has real problems with a number of things that she abuses! And we’re not shying away from that. There’s no tidying her up." Ritter called playing the character the "biggest acting challenge" in her career and praised the character development. She explained that when she was playing the character, she took "a lot from the comics because she’s so well-drawn. We have some lines that are pulled from the comics, but then the script—she’s as developed for television as she is in the comics". Ritter put on of muscle for the role and trained for two months before filming began. Elizabeth Cappuccino portrayed a young Jessica. Series costume designer Stephanie Maslansky was assisted on the first episode by Jenn Rogien, who crafted Jessica Jones' leather jacket, faded jeans, and boots costume. On Jessica's costume, Maslansky said she "considers her clothing to be an armor and a shield and something that helps her maintain a distance from other people and privacy. It keeps her from having to deal with the rest of humanity in a certain sort of way." At least 10 versions of Jessica's jacket were made, which started as an Acne Studios leather motorcycle jacket that had any "bells and whistles and any additional superfluous design details" removed, while 20 pairs of jeans were used, with both being aged and distressed. Ritter described the character by saying that "she goes about things in a very odd way, she’s very rough around the edges, and dry and sarcastic and a total asshole sometimes. But I think at her core she’s a good person." Comparing the character to Matt Murdock in Marvel's Daredevil, Rosenberg said, "They’re very different kinds of characters. Jessica is about paying rent and getting the next client. She’s dealing with a fairly dark past. She’s trying to get through the day. She’s not really trying to save the city. She’s trying to save her apartment. At her core, she does share something with Matt Murdock, and he’s a little more aware of it, that she wants to do something good. She wants to contribute to the world. But, there are a lot of personality issues for her that can get in the way. ... Matt Murdock has been studying martial arts. He has extraordinary fighting skills. Jessica Jones is a brawler. She gets drunk, she gets pissed off and boom, you’re down. She doesn’t wear a costume. She doesn’t have a mask. She’s just who she is. She’s an extremely blunt, direct person, and that applies to the action, as well." Ritter was nominated for the 6th Critics' Choice Television Awards' Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Jones. Luke Cage Luke Cage (portrayed by Mike Colter) is a man with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin, with a mysterious past that Jones encounters in the course of an investigation and who changes her life immensely. In November 2014, Lance Gross, Colter, and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage, which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Marvel's Luke Cage. Colter was confirmed in the role the next month, having signed on for the series, and others, without reading any scripts, and being drawn to the series because of its opportunity to have character exploration, which he felt was lacking in the MCU films. He put on of muscle for the role. Rosenberg noted that because Cage has his own series to explore who he is, she represents him as "a man of few words" rather than trying to say anything about who he is in particular. Colter was pleased and surprised that the audience "got" the character, as Luke "was a man of few words and a lot of subtext," which "was refreshing because we were going for this character in a way that said little but spoke volumes because of their past history together. I felt people got the subtleties." When Loeb described the character to Colter, he said "that Luke doesn't have to try hard at anything. It just happens." This helped Colter form the character, along with using his opposite personal experience of having to work hard for everything. Colter also credited Rosenberg and S. J. Clarkson with helping him "get on the right track" with the character in the early episodes. Maslansky felt that Cage was also someone "who wears his clothing like an armor," with his wardrobe consisting of T-shirts, jeans, leather jackets or an army jacket. Colter described the character as "a neighborhood hero, very much linked to New York and Jessica Jones. [He] is a darker, grittier, more tangible character than Iron Man or Thor. He likes to keep things close to his chest, operate on the hush-hush. He has these abilities but he’s not sure how and when to use them." Loeb said the character "is important to the show, and he is certainly important to the story of Jessica Jones and who she is. It would not be Jessica Jones unless you at least understood how Luke affected her life and where she is." He also added that the series sees Luke Cage "not quite in the middle, but in the early part of the middle" of his story, and that Luke Cage allows Marvel to "tell a great deal of story that happens before, and a great deal of story that happens afterwards." Trish Walker / Hellcat Patricia "Trish" Walker (portrayed by Rachael Taylor) is a former model and child star known as "Patsy" who is Jones' adoptive sister and best friend and now works as a radio host. Trish is depicted as the main antagonist of the third season of Jessica Jones as the vigilante serial killer "Hellcat". Taylor was cast in January 2015. The role of Jones' best friend was intended for the character of Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC, but was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and that Danvers would appear in her own film. Rosenberg ultimately found this to be "much more appropriate...it was better that [Jessica's] best friend was not someone with powers. It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her." Speaking about the character, Loeb said, "what’s most important is the relationship between her and Jessica, and how these two women who are, in some ways, sisters, in terms of their friendship, could be that different, and yet believe in the same kinds of things. That question of, what is it to be a hero and the responsibilities that you have when you have abilities, is something that brings them together, but also continually pushes them apart. I think we’re very lucky to have Melissa as a writer because she really grasps the insight of what it is to have a friendship with a woman, and the way that two women can actually be competitive and friendly, and love each other and hate each other, and have a history with each other." Taylor added that Jessica "was the first person to not care about the exterior parts of Patsy Walker or Trish Walker. She was the first person to see her for who she really was". Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish. To prepare for the role, Taylor "looked into a bunch of child stars" and determined "that the main source of [their] damage comes from feeling that they’re loved for what they do and not who they are. The maternal/paternal or familial love or any kind of love is dependent on them being successful, making money, being sparkly, being famous, whatever the thing is." On the multiple alias Trish wields in the series, Taylor said, "Trish has a number of them. I think there is a part of her that is alpha that actually, if she had the kind of abilities that Jessica had, she would probably be President of the United States in that world or the equivalent. She would take it as far as she could because she has that in her." Will Simpson Will Simpson (portrayed by Wil Traval) is an NYPD sergeant who is very serious about his job. He was later killed by Alisa Jones. Traval joined the cast in February 2015. He felt that Simpson sees everything in "black and white" and that "justice can be served easily," an opposite to Jessica, who "deals in a world of gray" that causes the two to have friction between them. Traval described the character as "reinvented" and "reshaped" for the series from the one in the comics, where the character is known as Frank Simpson, as the comic character was "a little bit too hard to handle. [H]e was just a psychotic crazy guy." Hope Shlottman Hope Shlottman (portrayed by Erin Moriarty) is a student-athlete attending New York University who is a client of Alias Investigations, upon her parents hiring Jessica to find their missing daughter. Later made to murder her parents by Kilgrave, proving her innocence becomes Jessica's objective for much of the first season; during this time, Hope discovers that she was impregnated by Kilgrave during her time as his slave, whereupon she has the fetus aborted. Exhausted by the ordeal and feeling that Jessica's drive to help her has caused more lives to be destroyed by Kilgrave, she takes her own life willingly to ensure that Jessica has nothing standing in her way of stopping Kilgrave permanently. Moriarty joined the cast in February 2015. She called her character a "polar opposite" to Jessica Jones, describing Hope as "an all-American girl, [innocent and] really earnest". Over the course of the series, the two form a bond, with Jessica becoming protective of Hope, due to a shared experience they have with Kilgrave. Malcolm Ducasse Malcolm Ducasse (portrayed by Eka Darville) is Jones' neighbor who struggles with drug addiction, resulting in his personal journey intertwining with hers. Darville joined the cast in February 2015. He stated that Malcolm was a new character for the series, though inspired by "seed characters" from the comics. He also felt playing the character with the drug addiction "was pretty intense and dark" and that Malcolm's relationship with Jessica "is like a flip-flop between victim and savior... much more [sibling-like] than anything else." Jeri Hogarth Jeryn "Jeri" Hogarth (portrayed by Carrie-Anne Moss) is an attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones, who hires Jones for cases. Moss was announced as cast in early February 2015, with her character revealed in October to be a gender-swapped (changed from male to female) version of the comics character Jeryn Hogarth. The character was also made a lesbian. Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts, having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg. Moss described the character by saying that "she’s fierce, she’s strong, she’s powerful, and she likes that power." She worked "a few days every episode", which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series, while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment, which she noted was how real-life is. Moss reprised her role in the second season of Daredevil and in Iron Fist. Comparing those experiences to her much larger role on Jessica Jones, Moss said, "You want to come in and have something powerful. For Jessica Jones, that's where I get to have that experience. With the other shows, I'm having fun." Kevin Thompson / Kilgrave Kevin "Kilgrave" Thompson (portrayed by David Tennant) is a mysterious man from Jones's past, who can control minds, and whose reappearance shakes up her life. He was born with a neural disease and was experimented on as a young child, which resulted in him acquiring an airborne virus that gave him his powers, and later changed his name to 'Kilgrave'. Rosenberg stated that Tennant was the choice for the character when the series was originally developed for ABC, but he was unavailable at that time, so the production made sure to "jump on him" when the series moved to Netflix. To pitch Tennant on this version of the series, Rosenberg and Loeb spoke with him, gave him the scripts for the first two episode (which Kilgrave does not appear in much), and drafts of some scenes from later in the series including of the flashback where Kilgrave and Jones first meet. Tennant was cast in January 2015. Maslansky, who originally was planning to custom-make Kilgrave's wardrobe, used many suits created by designer Paul Smith from the previous fashion season for him, as Smith "was about purple." On his outfits, Maslansky added the designers "wanted to find a place where we could utilize clothing in shades of purple, but not go so over the top that it would look silly and that he would stop feeling ominous or menacing." James Freedson-Jackson portrayed a young Kilgrave. Tennant stated that "Kilgrave is the classic character who is abused and therefore perpetuates abuse. It was just a terrible, horrible cycle." Loeb called Kilgrave "a terrible man who doesn’t see himself as terrible" and compared him to Vincent D'Onofrio's Wilson Fisk in Daredevil, saying "there are going to be times [watching Daredevil] when you’re uncomfortable because you’re not quite rooting for Matt, you’re kind of rooting for Wilson, and it’s the same kind of thing you’re going to find in Jessica. There’s going to be moments where some of the things that she does is pretty questionable. And some of the things that, when you learn about Kilgrave’s character and the way that David Tennant plays that character, it’s really extraordinary." Tennant noted that at first the idea of mind control seems "quite a rather splashy, kind of comic book idea" but that in reality "the idea that everyone should bend to your every whim and that no one should ever contradict you, that you can have whatever you want whenever you wanted it....it’s rather aspirational and rather desirable at first glance, but the fact of it is then rather horrifying, because you could never have a genuine human relationship with anyone...that starts touching on what kind of personality that would create, what kind of person that would make you, how that would pollute your worldview." Oscar Arocho Oscar Arocho (portrayed by J. R. Ramirez) is the new building superintendent in Jones' building, and a single father whose son becomes enamored with Jones and her powers. Ramirez was cast in March 2017, which was revealed that July after the airing of his character's death on Power. Pryce Cheng Pryce Cheng (portrayed by Terry Chen) is a rival private investigator. Inez Green Inez Green (portrayed by Leah Gibson) is a "street-wise" nurse. Gibson was cast as Inez by July 2017. Alisa Jones Alisa Jones (portrayed by Miriam Shor in season one, Janet McTeer in season two) is Jessica's mother who was seemingly killed in a car crash when she was young. It was later revealed that Karl Malus of IGH saved her life and has been going around targeting anyone involved with IGH. Alisa was later killed by Trish while she was on the ferris wheel with Jessica. Detective Costa gave Jessica the credit of putting her mother out of her misery. Erik Gelden Erik Gelden (portrayed by Benjamin Walker) is a gambler with empathic super abilities. He blackmailed other individuals with his powers until he crossed paths with Gregory Salinger. Erik becomes Jessica's newest love interest and ally. Kith Lyonne Kith Lyonne (portrayed by Sarita Choudhury) is the wife of law professor Peter Lyonne and the former flame of Jeri Hogarth. Gregory Sallinger Gregory Sallinger (portrayed by Jeremy Bobb) is a psychotic killer with high intelligence and an unusual obsession with wanting to kill Jessica and other powered beings. Zaya Okonjo Zaya Okonjo (portrayed by Tiffany Mack) is an employee of Hogarth's and Malcolm's new girlfriend. Recurring characters Introduced in season one Pam Pam (portrayed by ) is Jeri Hogarth's assistant and lover. Abromeit worked with her manager, who is gay, to portray Pam as a lesbian, and created her own backstory for the character. This included childhood trauma and Pam's realization during college that she is attracted to women. Wendy Ross-Hogarth Wendy Ross-Hogarth (portrayed by Robin Weigert) is a doctor and Jeri Hogarth's wife, whom Hogarth is divorcing. Nicole Nicole (portrayed by Nichole Yannetty) is an intern on Trish Walker's talk show. Ruben Ruben (portrayed by Kieran Mulcare) is Jones' upstairs neighbor and the twin brother of Robyn. He is later mind-controlled to kill himself by Kilgrave. Oscar Clemons Oscar Clemons (portrayed by Clarke Peters) is an NYPD detective at the 15th Precinct. He is later killed by Will Simpson to keep him from getting the police involved in the search for Kilgrave. Robyn Robyn (portrayed by Colby Minifie) is Jones' upstairs neighbor and the twin sister of Ruben. Clair Clair (portrayed by Danielle Ferland) is a cellist and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones. Emma Emma (portrayed by Gillian Glasco) is an actress and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones. Jackson Jackson (portrayed by Ryan Farrell) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones. Donald Donald (portrayed by Paul Pryce) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones. Louise Thompson Louise Thompson (portrayed by Lisa Emery) is a scientist and Kilgrave's mother. She is later forced to commit suicide by Kilgrave. Dorothy Walker Dorothy Walker (portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay) is Trish Walker's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica's foster mother when she was young. She was later killed by Gregory Sallinger. Albert Thompson Albert Thompson (portrayed by Michael Siberry) is a scientist and Kilgrave's father. After Albert tried to amplify his son's powers, Jessica later found him dead. Introduced in season two Griffin Sinclair Griffin Sinclair (portrayed by Hal Ozsan) is Trish's new boyfriend and a news anchor. Steven Benowitz Steven Benowitz (portrayed by Maury Ginsberg) is one of the lead attorneys of Hogarth Chao & Benowitz. Char Char (portrayed by Rachel McKeon) is the professional, trusted assistant of Jeryn Hogarth at Hogarth & Associates. Vido Arocho Vido Arocho (portrayed by Kevin Chacon) is the son of Oscar Arocho who befriends Jessica. Eddy Costa Eddy Costa (portrayed by John Ventimiglia) is a detective investigating the deaths of anyone involved with IGH who has crossed paths with Jessica Jones. Ruth Sunday Ruth Sunday (portrayed by Lisa Tharps) is Eddie Costa's detective partner. She was killed when Alisa fell out of the window with her. Karl Malus Karl Malus (portrayed by Callum Keith Rennie) is a scientist who is one of the leaders of IGH. He was the one who saved the lives of Jessica Jones and Alisa Jones following a car accident and later gave powers to Trish. He committed suicide by blowing up his lab. Shane Ryback Shane Ryback (portrayed by Eden Marryshow) is a con artist working with Inez Green. Introduced in season three Gillian Gillian (portrayed by Aneesh Sheth) is Jessica's newest assistant who is sarcastic and friendly. She is transgender. Grace Grace (portrayed by Jessica Francis Dukes) is Trish's co-host on Style with Trish. Brianna Gelden Brianna "Berry" Gelden (portrayed by Jamie Neumann) is the sister to Erik Gelden and a prostitute. Guest characters The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars that appear in lesser roles or make significant cameo appearances. The characters are listed, in order of appearance on the show, by the other MCU media or season in which they first appeared. Introduced in other TV series Brett Mahoney (portrayed by Royce Johnson; first appears in season one): A sergeant in the NYPD's 15th Precinct. Claire Temple (portrayed by Rosario Dawson; first appears in season one): A nurse in Hell's Kitchen. Franklin "Foggy" Nelson (portrayed by Elden Henson; first appears in season two): A lawyer at Hogarth, Chao & Benowitz. Turk Barrett (portrayed by Rob Morgan; first appears in season two): A common thug who specializes in guns. Thembi Wallace (portrayed by Tijuana Ricks; first appears in season two): A news reporter. Introduced in season one Roy Healy (portrayed by Joseph Ragno): A bartender working for Cage. Reva Connors (portrayed by Parisa Fitz-Henley): Cage's wife, who was killed by Jones under Kilgrave's control. (portrayed by James Colby): Jessica's father who was killed in a car crash when she was young. Phillip Jones (portrayed by Billy McFadden): Jessica's younger brother who was killed in a car crash when she was young. Based on the comic character "Phillip Campbell" who first appeared in Alias #22 (July 2003). Len Sirkes (portrayed by Brett Azar): A loan shark who Jessica and Cage encounter during a case. Based on the comic character "Lone Shark" who appeared in Marvel Assistant-Sized Spectacular #2 (June 2009). Miklos Kozlov (portrayed by Thomas Kopache): A doctor and member of IGH who ran the program that gave Simpson his experimental pills. Maury Tuttlebaum (portrayed by Daniel Marcus): A morgue attendant at Riverbank Medical Center. Samantha Reyes (portrayed by Michelle Hurd): A district attorney. Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on-set photograph, the same one seen in Daredevil. In Iron Fist, Lee's character is identified as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush. Introduced in season two Linda Chao (portrayed by Angel Desai): Hogarth and Benowitz's partner at Hogarth, Chao & Benowitz. Zakarian (portrayed by Jacqueline Antaramian): Hogarth's doctor. Robert Coleman / Whizzer (portrayed by Jay Klaitz): A subject of IGH who possesses super speed. Ian (portrayed by Anthony Grasso): The head of Walker's radio station. Maximillian "Max" Tatum (portrayed by James McCaffrey): A film director with a terrible past with Walker. Maynard Tiboldt (portrayed by Ben Van Bergen): A hypnotherapist hired by Trish to evaluate Jessica. Sonia Arocho (portrayed by Victoria Cartagena): Oscar's ex-wife who resorts to kidnapping their son Vido. (portrayed by Mat Vairo): A former bartender who briefly dates Jessica, but is killed by her mother. Ronald Garcia (portrayed by Alfredo Narciso): The head of the ZCN Broadcasting Center. Dale Holiday (portrayed by Brian Hutchinson): A sadistic prison guard and serial killer. Torres (portrayed by Myrna Cabello): A doctor that cares for Walker. Lee once again makes a cameo appearance through an on-set photograph, on an advertisement for the law firm Forbush and Associates. Introduced in season three Cassie Yasdan (portrayed by Rileigh Skye McDonald): A young girl who was taken to Mexico by her father. Jessica returned Cassie to her mother. Mitch Yasdan (portrayed by Greg Abbey): A man who took his daughter Cassie from her mother after not getting custody of her causing an amber alert. Cody Willamet (portrayed by Dante Costabile): A sports figure and client of Hogarth's who keeps getting out of trouble. Andrew Brandt (portrayed by Matt Weiss): A minor criminal sought after by Trish and Jessica. Adrian (portrayed by Blake Morris): Trish's personal trainer. Peter Lyonne (portrayed by John Benjamin Hickey): Kith Lyonne's law professor husband who is in an open relationship. He committed suicide in his bathtub while uploading a video that gave a bad name to Hogarth & Associates. Sal Blaskowski (portrayed by Barbara Tirrell): A female bookie that Erik owed money to. She was accidentally wounded by a disguised Trish. Dwayne Blaskowski (portrayed by Airon Armstrong): Sal's son and enforcer. Gor (portrayed by Ivica Marc): Brianna Gelden's pimp. Laurent Lyonne (portrayed by Michael Hsu Rosen): Peter and Kith Lyonne's elder son. Caspar Marx (portrayed by Curran Connor): A chef and one of Salinger's victims who survived his time with him. Ronnie Velasco (portrayed by Mary McCann): The police chief of Wappinger Falls who causes trouble for Jessica. When Jessica tipped over the Silva's gazebo and started punching the ground, Ronnie tried to stop her only for Trish to hold her back by threatening to upload her interference. When Jessica was done, Ronnie witnessed the unearthing of a body bag containing Nathan Silva's corpse. Ana Silva (portrayed by Mateo Gomez): The mother of Nathan Silva who resides in Wappinger Falls who was reluctant to tell Jessica about Gregory Sallinger's friendship her son. When Jessica unearthed the corpse of Nathan from underneath the Silva family's gazebo, Ana was devastated by her son's death. Manuel Silva (portrayed by Leticia Castillo): The father of Nathan Silva who resides in Wappinger Falls who informed Jessica about Gregory Sallinger's friendship his son. When Jessica unearthed the corpse of Nathan from underneath the Silva family's gazebo, Manuela was shocked that his son was killed and buried in his backyard. Russell Costa (portrayed by Paco Lozano): Eddy Costa's husband. Joby (portrayed by Scott Stangland): A decoy hired by Sallinger. Mona Lee (portrayed by Ellen Mah): A worker at GT Agrochemical that was Sallinger's possible target. Officer Carl Nussbaumer (portrayed by Larry Mitchell): A corrupt police officer who Erik Gelden threatened to expose. Detective Imada (portrayed by Tina Chilip): A detective who suspects that Jones murdered Nussbaumer. Detective Defford (portrayed by Anthoula Katsimatides): A detective who suspects that Jones murdered Nussbaumer. Jace Montero (portrayed by Chaske Spencer): A property developer who committed arson around the city. See also Daredevil cast and characters Luke Cage cast and characters Iron Fist cast and characters The Defenders cast and characters References Season 1 External links Full cast and crew of Jessica Jones at IMDb Characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of action television characters Marvel Cinematic Universe character lists Superhero television characters

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20New%20Year%20Honours

2016 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 2016 were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours are awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January. The official lists of the 2016 New Year Honours for civilians and military were announced on 31 December. The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate. United Kingdom Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of the United Kingdom with honours within her own gift and with the advice of the Government for other honours. 1,196 people were awarded honours. The majority of the recipients (1,044) received OBE (243), MBE (472) or British Empire Medal (329) awards. 578 of the honorees are women, representing 48% of the total. 5.7% of the recipients are ethnic minorities. The youngest recipient is 13-year-old Jonjo Heuerman, who was awarded the British Empire Medal for raising more than £235,000 (~USD$350k) for cancer research. Member of the Order of Merit (OM) The Right Honourable The Lord Darzi of Denham , for medicine Dame Ann Dowling , for engineering Sir James Dyson , for design Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) Sir Roy Strong – For services to Culture. Knight Bachelor Henry Bellingham , Member of Parliament for North West Norfolk. For political and parliamentary service. Matthew Bourne , Choreographer. For services to Dance. Colin Callender , Television, film and theatre producer. For services to the British creative industries, promoting British film, theatre and television in international markets. Dr. David John Collins , Further Education Commissioner. For services to Further Education. Clive Cowdery, Philanthropist and Founder, Resolution Foundation. For services to Children and Social Mobility. Lynton Crosby , Lately Campaign Director, Conservative Party. For political service. Prof. Paul James Curran, Vice-Chancellor, City University London. For services to Higher Education. The Right Honourable Ed Davey. For political and public service. Jon Day , Lately Chair, Joint Intelligence Committee, Cabinet Office. For public service. William Robert Fittall. For services to the Church of England. The Honourable Judge Nicholas James Forwood , Judge of the General Court, Court of Justice of the European Union. For services to European justice Paul Edward Grice, Clerk and Chief Executive, Scottish Parliament. For services to the Scottish Parliament and voluntary service to Higher Education and the community in Scotland. Dr Michael Graham Jacobs, Clinical Lead in Infectious Diseases, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Harpal Kumar, Chief Executive, Cancer Research UK. For services to Cancer Research. Steve Lancashire, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, REAch2 and Executive Headteacher, Hillyfield Primary Academy, London Borough of Waltham Forest. For services to Education. Martyn Lewis . For services to the Voluntary and Charitable Sectors particularly the Hospice Movement. Prof. David MacKay, Regius Professor of Engineering, Cambridge University Engineering Department. For services to Scientific Advice in Government and Science Outreach. Tony McCoy . For services to Horse Racing. Harvey McGrath. For services to Economic Growth and Public Life. David Ronald Norgrove, Chair, Low Pay Commission and Chair, Family Justice Board. For services to the Low Paid and the Family Justice System. Jack Petchey . For services to Young People in East London and Essex through the Jack Petchey Foundation. Norman Kelvin Stoller . For philanthropic service. Robert Talma Stheeman , Chief Executive Officer, Debt Management Office. For services to UK Government Debt Management. Michael Uren . For philanthropic service. Alan Yarrow, lately Lord Mayor of London. For services to International Business, Inclusion and the City of London. Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) Military Royal Navy Admiral Sir George Zambellas – First Sea Lord Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Pulford – Chief of the Air Staff Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB / DCB) Military Army Lt Gen James Rupert Everard – Late The Queen's Royal Lancers. Civilian Robert Devereux – Permanent Secretary of the Department for Work and Pensions and lately of the Department for Transport; for services to Transport and welfare and for voluntary service in Kilburn, London. Lin Homer – Lately Chief Executive, HM Revenue and Customs; for public service, particularly to Public Finance. Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Royal Navy Rear Admiral James Anthony Morse – Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Capability) and Controller of the Navy Army Lt Gen Timothy Paul Evans – Late The Light Infantry. Maj Gen Jeremy Francis Rowan – Late Royal Army Medical Corps. Royal Air Force Air Vice-Marshal Timothy Lawrence John Bishop – Air Officer Commanding 38 Group Air Vice-Marshal Martin Adrian Clark – Director (Technical) Military Aviation Authority Civilian Susan Jane Baldwin – Director, Academies and Maintained Schools Group, Department for Education. For services to Education. Professor Paul Anthony Cosford – Director for Health Protection and Medical Director, Public Health England. For services to Public Health. Stephen Gooding – Lately Director-General, Roads, Traffic and Local Group, Department for Transport. For public service to Transport. Dr. Ruth Hussey – chief medical officer for Wales and Medical Director, NHS Wales. For services to Healthcare. Prof. Nick Jennings – Chief Scientific Adviser for National Security and Regius Professor, University of Southampton. For services to Computer Science and National Security Science. Dr. Carl Niel Kempson – Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to British foreign policy Clare Moriarty – Lately Director-General, Rail Executive, Department for Transport. For services to Transport. Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight / Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Sir Simon Fraser – Former Permanent Under Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to the FCO and the pursuit of British foreign policy interests Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG / DCMG) Malcolm Evans – Chair, United Nations Subcommittee for the Prevention of Torture. For services to torture prevention and religious freedom Judith Macgregor – High Commissioner, Pretoria, South Africa. For services to British diplomacy Ivan Rogers – Permanent Representative to the European Union. For services to British European and International Policy Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Dr. John Freeman – HM Ambassador, Buenos Aires, Argentina. For services to the promotion and defence of British interests in Argentina Denis Keefe – HM Ambassador, Belgrade, Serbia. For services to British foreign policy John James Rankin – Former High Commissioner, Colombo, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. For services to British foreign policy Paul John Ritchie – Director, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For services to enhancing Diplomacy and National Security Caroline Elizabeth Wilson – Consul General, Hong Kong and Macao. For services to British foreign policy Royal Victorian Order Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) Brian Leslie Davies, , formerly Official Secretary to the Governor of New South Wales, Australia. Alexander Matheson, , Lord-Lieutenant of the Western Isles. Jeremy Patrick Bagwell Purefoy, , Assistant Secretary (Insignia), Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. Jean Douglas Tulloch, Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries. Gerrard Tyrrell, , Solicitor, Harbottle and Lewis. Professor Howard John Williamson, , formerly Trustee, The Duke of Edinburgh’s Award Scheme. Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) Christopher John Adcock – chief financial officer, Duchy of Lancaster. Lucinda Katharine Elizabeth Baker – Deputy Private Secretary to The Duchess of Gloucester. Sophia Louisa Densham – Assistant Private Secretary to the Duchess of Cornwall. Allison Sharaon Patricia Derrett – Assistant Archivist, Royal Archives. Dr. Timothy Hugh David Evans – Apothecary to The Queen and to the Royal Households. Commodore John Rowland Hance – formerly Gentleman Usher to The Queen. Major General Alasdair Ian Gordon Kennedy – formerly Gentleman Usher to The Queen. David Kim Parry – Director, Outward Bound Trust. David Paul Pogson – Senior Communications Officer, Royal Household. Sarah Squire – Head of HR Services, Royal Household. Dr. Richard Charles David Staughton – Consultant Dermatologist. Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) Harry Ian Collins – For services to the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award. Alan William Goodship – Kennel Man, Sandringham Estate. Ruth Marguerite Hackney – formerly Personal Assistant to the Deputy Ranger, Windsor Great Park. Lorraine Denise King – Deputy Clerk to the Lieutenancy of Essex. Simon David Metcalf – Armourer, Royal Collection. Barry John Mitford – The Queen's Page. Martin Paul Oates – Senior Carriage Restorer, Royal Mews. Stewart Charles Reginald Parvin – Dressmaker to The Queen. Tracy Richardson – Enterprise Executive, The Prince's Trust. Ian David Arthur Russell – Registrar and Seneschal of the Cinque Ports. Paul Anthony Lynden Singer – Director of Operations, Government House, Canberra. Sergeant Andrew David Thomas – Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection. Margaret Rose Walker – Housekeeper, Birkhall. Brian Redvers Watts – Volunteer, The Prince's Trust. Royal Victorian Medal (RVM) Gold Medal David Berwick – Valet to The Duke of Edinburgh. Cecil John Nelson – formerly Coaching Instructor, Royal Mews. Silver Medal Ian Leslie Bullock – Fire and Security Officer, Palace of Holyroodhouse. Dugald Cameron – Storeman, Aberdovey Centre, Outward Bound Trust. Constable Gary Robert Copeland – Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection. Joanne Dermott – Assistant Dresser to The Queen. Keven Rodger Dunger – Senior Stud Hand, Royal Studs. Peter John Gillan – Visitor Services Assistant, Balmoral Castle. Clive John Lockyer – Senior Gardener, Government House, Perth. Daren James Palmer – Gardener, Sandringham Estate. Neil Leslie Turner – Senior Attendant, Windsor Castle. Constable James Michael Williams – Metropolitan Police. For services to Royalty Protection. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Military Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart William Peach – Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Professor Lesley Jean Fallowfield, Director, Sussex Health Outcomes Research and Education in Cancer, University of Sussex. For services to Psycho-Oncology. Judith Elizabeth Hackitt, , Chair, Health and Safety Executive. For services to Engineering and Health and Safety. Susan Jowett, Chief Executive, The Spencer Academies Trust and Executive Principal, George Spencer Academy, Nottinghamshire. For services to Education. Professor Georgina Mary Mace, , Professor of Biodiversity and Ecosystems and Director, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London. For services to Science. Natalie Sara Massenet, , Internet Entrepreneur and Founder, Net-a-Porter Group. For services to the Fashion and Retail Industries. Carolyn Julia McCall, , Chief Executive Officer, easyJet. For services to the Aviation Industry. Professor Henrietta Louise Moore, , Director, Institute for Global Prosperity, and Chair, Culture, Philosophy and Design, University College London. For services to Social Sciences. Jane Elizabeth Ailwen (Sian) Phillips, , Actress. For services to Drama. Heather Victoria Rabbatts, . For public service and services to Football and Equality. Glenys Jean Stacey (Mrs Kyle), Chief Regulator and Chief Executive, Ofqual (Office for Qualifications and Examinations Regulation). For services to Education. Professor Margaret McRae Whitehead, Head, Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool. For services to Public Health. Barbara Windsor, . For services to charity and Entertainment. The Right Honourable Rosalie (Rosie) Winterton, , Member of Parliament for Doncaster Central and Opposition Chief Whip. For political and parliamentary service. Professor Til Hilary Margaret Wykes, Vice-Dean of Psychology and Systems Sciences and Professor of Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, King's College London. For services to Clinical Psychology. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Air Marshal Sir Simon John Bollom – Chief of Materiel – Air at the Defence Equipment and Support Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Royal Navy Rear Admiral Malcolm Charles Cree – Chief of Staff (Integrated Change Programme) Rear Admiral Thomas Michael Karsten – UK National Hydrographer Rear Admiral Benjamin John Key – Flag Officer Sea Training and Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Training) Army Colonel Tom Yori Griffiths – Late Army Air Corps Brigadier Mark Charles van der Lande – Late the Life Guards. Colonel Malcolm Paul Llewellyn – Late Royal Corps of Signals. Brigadier Gary Stephen Morris – Late Adjutant General's Corps (Educational and Training Services Branch) Royal Air Force Air Commodore Jonathan Nigel Ager – Commanding Officer, Air Mobility Force Air Commodore David Joseph Waddington – Force Commander, Tornado and Air Commodore, F35B Lightning Group Captain Paul Joseph Warwick – Chief British military support to the National Ebola Response Centre situation room, in Freetown, Sierra Leone Civilian Peta Joyce Ash, Chief Executive Officer, Southampton Voluntary Services. For services to the Voluntary Sector. Richard James Atkins, Principal, Exeter College and President, Association of Colleges. for services to Further Education. His Honour Michael Findlay Baker , lately Resident Judge, Crown Court, St. Albans and Deputy Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice and to the community in Hertfordshire Professor Phyllida Barlow, Sculptor. For services to Art. Rhona Julia Barnfield, Chief Executive Officer, the Howard Partnership Trust and Executive Head, Howard of Effingham School, Thomas Knyvett College and Oxted School, Surrey. For services to Education. John Baxter, lately Group Head of Engineering, BP International plc. For services to Engineering, Education and the Energy Sector. Graham John Beale, Chief Executive Officer, Nationwide Building Society. For services to the Financial Services Sector. Robert Fredrick Behrens, Chief Executive and Independent Adjudicator, Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education. For services to Higher Education. Professor Vivienne Jane Bennett, Chief Nurse, Public Health England. For services to Nursing. Guy Gibson Beringer, Non-Executive Chairman, UK Export Finance. For services to Export Finance and Pro Bono Work in the Legal Sector. Conrad Bird, Director, GREAT Britain Campaign. For services to UK Government Communications and Trade. Sharon Tracey Blackburn, Policy and Communications Director, National Care Forum. For services to Nursing and the Not-ForProfit Care Sector. Roy Terence Blatchford, Director, National Education Trust. For services to Education. Professor Paul Joseph Boyle, lately Chief Executive, Economic and Social Research Council and President and Vice Chancellor, University of Leicester. For services to Social Science. Dr Timothy John Gilby Brooks, Head, Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England. For services to Public Health. Dorothy Marie Brown, Director for Personal Tax Operations, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers. Professor Christopher John Kent Bulstrode, Emeritus Professor, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford and Volunteer, Doctors of the World. For services to Humanitarian Medicine. Professor Wendy Joan Carlin, Professor of Economics, University College London and Member, Expert Advisory Panel, Office for Budget Responsibility. For services to Economics and Public Finance. Professor Barry Carpenter , International Professor of Learning Disabilities. For services to Special Educational Needs. Professor Steven Kenneth Chapman, lately Principal and Vice- Chancellor, Heriot-Watt University. For services to Higher Education. Zameer Mohammed Choudrey. For services to the UK Wholesale Industry and charity in the UK and Abroad. Professor David Alastair Standish Compston, Professor of Neurology, University of Cambridge. For services to Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Dr Vivienne Cox. For services to the UK Economy and Sustainability. Professor John Coyne, lately Vice-Chancellor, University of Derby. For services to Higher Education. Professor Charles Frank Craddock, Professor of Haemato- Oncology, University of Birmingham and Consultant Haematologist, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham. for services to Medicine and Medical Research. Professor Melanie Jane Davies, Professor of Diabetes Medicine, University of Leicester and Honorary Consultant, University Hospitals of Leicester. For services to Diabetes Research. Samir Desai, Peer to Peer and Financial Inclusion Innovator. For services to Financial Services. Air Commodore Martin Terry Doel , Chief Executive, Association of Colleges. For services to Further Education. Ian Gareth Dormer, lately National Chairman, Institute of Directors. For services to Business particularly in the North East. Rowan Malcolm Douglas, Chief Executive Officer, Capital Science and Policy Practice, Willis Group. For services to the Economy through Risk, Insurance and Sustainable Growth. Simon Charles Dow, Group Chief Executive, the Guinness Partnership. For services to Housing and Homeless People. Timothy James Dutton , Barrister, Recorder and Deputy High Court Judge. For services to the UK Legal System. Catherine Patricia Dyer, Crown Agent and Chief Executive, Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. For services to Law and Order in Scotland. Dr Ian Webber Evett, Consultant Forensic Scientist. For services to Forensic Science. Paul David Charles Farmer, Chief Executive, Mind. For services to Mental Health. Paul Maurice Fuller , Chief Fire Officer, Bedfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service. Professor Nigel Paul Gibbens, Chief Veterinary Officer, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to the Veterinary Profession and Animal Welfare. Jacqueline Gold, Chief Executive, Ann Summers and Knickerbox. For services to Entrepreneurship, Women in Business and Social Enterprise. Dr Caroline Harper , Chief Executive Officer, Sightsavers. For services to Visually Impaired People Abroad. Councillor Simon Antony Henig, Leader, Durham County Council. For political and public service. Dr Barry Keith Humphreys, lately Chairman, British Air Transport Association. For services to Aviation and charity. David Neil Jameson, Executive Director, Citizens UK. For services to Community Organising and Social Justice. Timothy Lloyd Jones, lately Chief Executive Officer, National Employment Savings Trust. For services to the Pensions Industry and Pension Provision. David Joseph, Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Universal Music UK and Ireland. For services to the UK Music Industry. Sandra Jane Keene, Director of Adult Social Services and President, Leeds City Council and ADASS. For services to Social Care. Professor Deirdre Anne Kelly, Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist, Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Children and Young People with Liver Disease. Julia Killick, Governor. H.M. Prison Holloway. For services to HM Prison Service. David Christopher Lane, lately Vice-President, Professional Association for Childcare and Early Years. For services to Childcare and Social Work. Professor David Michael Lane, Professor of Autonomous Systems Engineering, Heriot Watt University and Founding Director, Edinburgh Centre for Robotics. For services to Engineering. Gerald Lavery, lately Senior Finance Director, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to the Agri-Food Industry in Northern Ireland. Denis Law. For services to Football and charity. Francis Henry Lee. For services to Football and charity. Dr Tracy Elisabeth Long, Founder, Boardroom Review Ltd. For services to Public and Private Sector Governance. Professor Karen Anne Luker, lately Dean, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester. For services to Nursing and Midwifery. Radu Lupu – Pianist. For services to Music. Professor Catherine Elizabeth MacPhee, Professor of Biological Physics, University of Edinburgh. For services to Women in Physics. Professor Peter John Matthews , Chair, Natural Resources Wales. For services to Environmental Management. Professor Linda Margaret McDowell, Professor of Human Geography, University of Oxford. For services to Geography and Higher Education. Gillian McGregor, Deputy Director, Immigration Enforcement for Scotland and Northern Ireland, Home Office. For services to Immigration Management and Counter Terrorism. Mark McInnes, Director, Scottish Conservatives. For political service. Professor David Kenneth Miles, lately Member, Monetary Policy Committee. For services to Monetary Policy. Andrew Noel Moffat, Chief Executive, Port of Tyne. For services to the North East England Economy and UK Ports. Susan Jane Moore, Director, DWP Corporate Change, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Public Administration. Peter Julian Robin Morgan, Screenwriter and Playwright. For services to Drama. Professor Peter Gordon Morris, Professor of Physics and Head of Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham. For services to Science and Medicine. Professor Karen Ann Mumford (Mrs Smith). For services to Economics and Labour Market Diversity. Councillor Susan Christine Murphy, Deputy Leader, Manchester City Council. For political and public service. Maxwell George Murray, lately Senior Civil Servant, Department of Justice. For services to the Northern Ireland Prison Service. Professor Paul O'Brien , Professor of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, University of Manchester. For services to Science and Engineering. Neil O'Connor, Director, Fire, Resilience and Emergencies, Department for Communities and Local Government. For services to Fire Safety and Flood Resilience. Jean Davies Oglesby. For services to Philanthropy in the North West. Bobby Paton, Managing Director, Accenture (North East). For services to the Promotion of IT Skills and Apprenticeships. Carolyn Mary (Lyndy) Payne (Mrs. Clifford). For services the Advertising and Marketing Communications Industry. Sarah Payne, Director, National Offender Management Service, Wales, Ministry of Justice. For services to Prisons, Probation and the community in Wales. Annamarie Phelps, Chairman, British Rowing. For services to Rowing. Anthony Charles Preston, Founder, Pets at Home. For services to UK Business, Entrepreneurship and philanthropic service to charity. Professor Susan Ann Price, lately Vice-Chancellor, Leeds Beckett University. For services to Higher Education. Charles David Randell, External Member, Prudential Regulation Authority and Non-Executive Director, DECC. For services to Financial Stability and Climate Change Policy. Dr Raminder Singh Ranger , Chairman, Sun Mark Ltd. For services to Business and Community Cohesion. Andrew Scallan, Director of Electoral Administration, Electoral Commission. For services to Electoral Democracy. Professor Julia Teresa Selwyn, Professor and Director, The Hadley Centre for Adoption and Foster Care Studies, Bristol University. For services to Adoption and Children's Social Care. (Lucy) Nicola Shaw, Chief Executive Officer, HighSpeed 1, and lately Non-Executive Director, Aer Lingus plc. For services to Transport. Jill Ann, Lady Shaw Ruddock. For philanthropic services to Older People. Yasmin Sheikh , Co-founder, British Community Honours Awards. For services to Women and Social Integration. William Matthew Timothy Stephen Sieghart. For services to Public Libraries. Dr Nina Maria Skorupska, Chief Executive, Renewable Energy Association and Non-Executive Director, WISE Campaign. For services to Renewables and Equality in the Energy Industry. Adrian Smith, Deputy Director, National Offender Management Service, East of England. For services to HM Prison Service. Andrew John Smith , Chief Executive, Hampshire County Council. For services to Local Government. Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton , Actress. For services to Drama. Christopher Berkeley Stephens, Chairman, Judicial Appointments Commission. For services to the Judiciary. James Stewart, Treasurer, Scottish Conservatives. For political service. Dr Geraldine Mary Strathdee , National Clinical Director for Mental Health, NHS England. For services to Mental Health John Surtees . For services to Motorsport. Marion Margaret (Margie) Taylor, Chief Dental Officer for Scotland. For services to Dental Health in Scotland. Dr Maurice Vincent Taylor, Chief Executive, Chardon Trading. For services to Business and to charity. Caroline Helen Theobald (Mrs. Morse), Founder and Managing Director, Bridge Club Ltd. For services to Business and Entrepreneurship. Hugh Osborn Thornbery – Chief Executive, Adoption UK. For services to Children and Families. Angela Mary Fone (Jill) Tookey , Founder and Artistic Director, National Youth Ballet of Great Britain. For services to Dance and Young People. Simon Richard Trace, Chief Executive Officer, Practical Action. For services to International Development. Professor David Tregar Ulph , Professor of Economics and Director, Scottish Institute for Research in Economics, University of St. Andrews. For services to Economics and Social Sciences. Beryl Frances Vertue , Producer and Chair, Hartswood Films. For services to Television Drama. Edward Victor, Founder, Ed Victor Literary Agency. For services to the Publishing Industry. Professor Joanna Marguerite Wardlaw . Professor of Applied Neuroimaging and Honorary Consultant Neuroradiologist, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian. For services to Neuroimaging and Clinical Science. Professor Andrew Brian Wathey, Vice-Chancellor, Northumbria University. For services to Higher Education. Simon Weston . For charitable services. Professor Keith Malcolm Willett, National Director for Acute Care, NHS England and Professor of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University of Oxford. For services to the NHS. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Military Royal Navy/Royal Marines Brig David Mark Mortimer Evans. Lt Col Gary Edward Green. Cdr Lee Charles Hardy. Capt Michael John Hawthorne. Cdr (Acting Capt) Daniel Gordon Howard. Capt Richard Gordon Ingram. Cdr Ross Spooner. Army Col David Desmond Casey. Late Corps of Royal Engineers Col Kristien Irwin Chafer. Late Army Air Corps Acting Col John Richard Collinge, ADC. Late Royal Regiment of Artillery. Col Martyn William Forgrave, . Late The Mercian Regiment. Acting Col Ashley Raymond Fulford. Army Cadet Force Lt Col Michael Alexander Evanson-Goddard. The Royal Logistic Corps Lt Col Gavin Paul Hatcher. Corps of Royal Engineers Maj Albert Thomas Keeling, . Royal Army Medical Corps. Lt Col Colette Kathleen MacDonald. Adjutant General's Corps (Educational and Training Services Branch) Lt Col Michael William Shervington. The Parachute Regiment Lt Col Dean Alexander Stevens. The Royal Logistic Corps Col Ian Tinsley. Late Royal Regiment of Artillery Royal Air Force Wing Commander Daniel Beard Group Captain Philip Charles Berkeley Harding Group Captain Jeremy Dalton Holmes Wing Commander Paul Antony Kendall Wing Commander Andrew James Knight Wing Commander Rachel Louise Pudney Air Commodore Lincoln Scott Taylor Civilian Eugenie Rosemary Adams, Headteacher, Baskerville Special and Residential School, Birmingham. For services to Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Sinclair Aitken. For services to Culture and to the community in Dundee. Damon Albarn, Singer-Songwriter, Composer, Musician and Producer. For services to Music. Fiona Margaret Alfred, Executive Director, Association of Women in Property. For services to Women in the Property and Construction Industry. Murdo Allan, Director of Health, Safety, Sustainability and Technical Training, UK Power Networks. For services to Skills in the Energy Industry. Alison Allden, lately Chief Executive, Higher Education Statistics Agency Limited. For services to Higher Education. Edgar Robin Allies, Co-Founder, Allies and Morrison. For services to Architecture. Geoffrey Wilfred Allister, Executive Director, Highway Term Maintenance Association. For services to Highway Engineering in Northern Ireland. Giles Edward Charles Andrews, Peer to Peer and Financial Inclusion Innovator. For services to Financial Services. Amanda Helen Ariss, lately Chief Executive, Diversity and Equality Forum. For services to Equality. Stephen John Ashby, lately Policy Adviser, International Plant Health, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For services to Protecting Plant Health Roger Frederick Atkinson, Assistant Director, Counter-Avoidance, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers. John Ayres, Principal, Eden Multi-Academy Trust, Middlesex. For services to Education. Clive Blackmore Barda, Photographer. For services to Photography. Susan Barker, , Sports Commentator. For services to Broadcasting and charity. Maree Lisette Barnett, Head of Emerging Infections, Department of Health. For services to Public Health. Dr William Barton, Chief Executive Officer, WillB Consulting. For services to Innovation and Manufacturing. David Derek Bartram, Assistant Headteacher, Lampton School, Hounslow, London. For services to Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Pamela Jane Baxter, Deputy Director, National Portrait Gallery. For services to the Arts. Juliana Beattie, Founder, The Art Room. For services to Education. Steuart John Rudolf Bedford, Conductor. For services to Music. Professor Jill Belch, Professor of Vascular Medicine, University of Dundee. For services to Medicine. William Sloan Bell, Head of Child Protection, Save the Children UK. For Humanitarian services to Children. Lester Benjamin, Deputy Director of Operations, Palace of Westminster. For parliamentary service. Ellen Frances Bennett, Senior Research and Teaching Fellow, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford. For services to Social Science. Judith Anne Bennett, lately Director, National Governors’ Association and Vice-Chair of Governors, Chalgrove Community Primary School, Oxfordshire. For services to Education. Neil Richard Bentley, Head of Specialist Microbiology Technical Services, Public Health England. For services to Public Health. Evelynne Ann Berger, Primary Director, Harris Federation and Lead Adviser, London Challenge, Department for Education, H.M. Inspector of Schools. For services to Education. Lorraine Bewes, Chief Financial Officer, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust. For services to NHS Financial Management. Diane Margaret Birch, H.M. Inspector, Immigration Enforcement, Home Office. For services to the Care and Assistance of Homeless Foreign and European Economic Area Nationals. Dr Susan Elizabeth Black, Honorary Senior Research Associate in Computer Science, University College London. For services to Technology. Nigel Blackler, Head of Strategy, Enterprise and Environment, Cornwall Council. For services to Transport in Cornwall. Clare Emma Blampied, Managing Director, Sacla UK Ltd. For services to the Food Industry. Amanda Boyle, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Bloom VC. For services to Business. Simon Anthony Lee Brett, Author. For services to Literature. Martin Russell Bromiley, Founder, Clinical Human Factors Group. For services to Patient Safety. Christine Joyce Bromley, lately Senior Information Systems Service Delivery Manager, Land Registry. For services to Public Service IT and to charity. Lynn Brown, Executive Director, Financial Services, Glasgow City Council. For services to Local Government and charity. John Cameron, Head of Helplines, Child Protection Operations, NSPCC Helpline. For services to Child Protection. Alistair Colvin Campbell, Director, Bellair (Scotland) Ltd. For services to the Economy and Town Centre Regeneration. Dr Nicholas Capstick, Chief Executive Officer, White Horse Federation. For services to Education. Hannah Ellis Carmichael. Trustee, Depaul UK. For services to Homeless and Vulnerable Young People. Dr Robert Leslie Caul. For services to Education and Sport in Northern Ireland. Lynn Anne Chesterman. Trustee and Chief Executive, Grandparents Plus. For services to Children and Families. Lynn Churchman, Founding Trustee, National Numeracy. For services to Maths and Numeracy Education. David Clarke, lately Treasurer, Police and Crime Commissioners for Warwickshire and West Mercia. For services to Policing Finance. Neil Henry Clephan, Headteacher, Roundhay School, Leeds. For services to Education. Elaine Mary Colquhoun, Executive Principal, Academy Trust, Walthamstow, London. For services to Education. Anne Marie Connolly, Chair, Northern Ireland Policing Board. For services to Policing and Education in Northern Ireland. Sally Elizabeth Cooke. For services to Further Education, Accessibility and Inclusion. Dr Adrienne Cooper, Strategic Director, Adult Social Services, Housing and Health, Sutton Borough Council. For services to Adult Social Services. Andrew James Corcoran, lately Senior Executive Of cer, Ministry of Defence. For services in Support of Military Operations. Professor David Anthony Cowan, Professor of Pharmaceutical Toxicology and Director, Drug Control Centre, King’s College London. For services to Anti-Doping Science. Mark Edwin Crabtree, Grade 7, Ministry of Defence. For services to the Defence Asset Management Programme. Terence Martin Cross, Chairman, Delta Print and Packaging. For services to the Economy and voluntary service to the community in Northern Ireland. Timothy Cullen, Head, Local Growth Communication and Engagement, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. For services to the Life Sciences Sector. Rachael Helen Cummings, Senior Humanitarian Health Adviser, Save the Children UK. For services to Emergency Health Crises Abroad. Professor Margaret Jane Dallman, Associate Provost (Academic Partnerships), Imperial College London. For services to Bioscience. James Trevor Dannatt. For services to Architecture and Architectural Education. Malgwyn Davies. Chair, St David’s Hospice Care, Newport. For voluntary service to Palliative Care and for services to the community in South East Wales and Powys. Edward Philip Julian Davis, Adviser, Department for International Development. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Charles Ian Paul Denyer, , Deputy Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, Crown Office, Ministry of Justice. For services to Constitutional and Ceremonial Administration. Simon Devonshire, Entrepreneur. For services to Enterprise, Enterprise Promotion and Humanitarian Issues. Helen Dickinson. Chief Executive, British Retail Consortium. For services to the Retail Industry. Professor William Donachie. For services to Animal and Veterinary Biosciences. Benjamin Donaldson, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence. Terence Thomas Robin Douglas, Chair of Trustees, The Who Cares? Trust, London. For services to Children and Young People. James Dunbar, Founder and Chief Executive, New Start Highland. For services to Economic and Community Development in the Highlands and Islands. Tania Eagle, Programme Director, Association of Police and Crime Commissioners, London. For services to Policing. Leslie Charles East, lately Chief Executive, Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. For services to Musicians and Music Education. Celia Ann Malcolm Edey, Non-Executive Director, University Campus Suffolk. For services to Higher Education and the community in Essex and Suffolk. Shaun Edgerley, Adviser, CHASE Operations Team. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Professor William John Edmunds, Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. For services to Infectious Disease Control particularly the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Stephen Paul Edwards, Senior Project Manager, Manchester, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For services to Public Sector Change Programmes. Idrissa Akuna Elba, Actor. For services to Drama. David Philip Ereira, Chairman, Insolvency Service and Vice Chairman of Trustees, Marie Curie. For services to the Insolvency Regime and to Charity. Councillor Tudor Evans, Leader, Plymouth City Council. For political service and services to Local Government. Dr Josephine Farrar, Chief Executive, Bath and North East Somerset Council. For services to Local Government. Councillor Peter Fleming, Leader, Sevenoaks District Council and lately Chairman, Improvement and Innovation Board, Local Government Association. For services to Local Government. (Betty) Ann Flintham, Magistrate and lately Deputy Chief Executive, Magistrates’ Association. For services to the Administration of Justice. Katherine Foster, Senior Humanitarian Adviser, Department for International Development. For services in to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Alan William Frame, Head of Customer Management, H.M. Passport Office. For services to Public Administration. Christopher Clive Froome, Professional Road Racing Cyclist. For services to Cycling. Georgette Fulton. For services to Care of Police Survivors, St Andrew's First Aid and the community in New Cumnock, Ayrshire. Alan Gemmell – Director of the British Council in Israel for services to Arts and Science Dr John Calum MacDonald Gillies, lately Chairman, Royal College of General Practitioners Scotland. For services to General Practice. Dr Christine Alexandra Goodall, Senior Clinical Lecturer, University of Glasgow and Co-founder, Medics Against Violence. For services to Violence Prevention and Victims of Crime. Sarah Louisa Goodall, Deputy Director, National Crime Agency. For services to Law Enforcement. Benjamin Charles Goss, Chairman, Give Them a Sporting Chance and Founder, The Chaffinch Trust. For services to People with Disabilities and Disadvantaged People in the UK and Abroad. Nicola Ann Gott, Founder and Director, SHE’S GOTT IT. For services to Women into Business and Female Entrepreneurship in the North East. Stephen Groves, National Head of Preparedness, Resilience and Response, NHS England. For services to Public Health. Piers Inigo Haggard. For services to Film, Television and Theatre. Andrew Haines, Chief Executive, Civil Aviation Authority. For services to Transport. Dr Jennifer Margaret Harries, Director, South of England, Public Health England. For services to Public Health. Jeffrey Martin Hart, lately Head, Dangerous Goods Division, Department for Transport. For services to Transport. Dr Roger John Head. For services to charity and to the community in Gloucestershire. Ann Hebden, lately Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence. Karen Henning, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence. Catherine Mary Hill, Deputy Principal, Blackpool and The Fylde College. For services to Further Education. Robert Holt. For services to Disabled and Disadvantaged People in the UK and Abroad. Professor Maurice Howard, Professor of Art History, University of Sussex. For services to Higher Education and Architectural Heritage. Robert Ellis Howden, President, British Cycling. For services to Cycling. Professor Amanda Caroline Howe, Professor of Primary Care, University of East Anglia and President-Elect, World Organisation of Family Doctors (WONCA). For services to Primary Care. Gay Huey Evans, Financial Services and Regulatory Expert. For services to Financial Services and Diversity. Grace Jackson, Sierra Leone Programme Manager, Department for International Development. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Pauline Andrea Jarvis, CCTV Evidence Investigator, Nottinghamshire Police. For services to Policing and Major Crime Investigations. Councillor Peter Charles John, Leader, Southwark Council. For political service and services to Local Government. Dr Helen Mary Jones, Headteacher, Beacon Hill School and Business and Enterprise College, Tyne and Wear. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Wayne Jones, Chief Executive Officer, MAN PrimeServ Diesel. For services to the North West and Supporting Young People. David Robert Jordan, lately Executive Director of Operations, Environment Agency. For services to the Environment and International Environmental Protection. Ruth Kaufman. For services to Operational Research. Rosaleen Clare Kerslake, Chief Executive, The Prince’s Regeneration Trust. For services to British Heritage. Edmund King, President, the Automobile Association. For services to Road Safety. Carolyn Kirby, President, Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales and Chairman, Cancer Information Support Services, South West Wales. For services to Justice and Cancer Care. Judith Kirkland, Chief Executive Officer, Business Enterprise Support Ltd. For services to Business and Enterprise in Staffordshire. Dr Emrys Kirkman, Principal Scientist, Physiology, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For services in Support of Military Medical Treatment. Bernadette Knill, lately Headteacher, Priory Woods Special School, Middlesbrough. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs. Richard Ladd-Jones, Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. For services in support of Defence Policy and Operations. Daljit Lally, Deputy Chief Executive, Northumberland County Council and Joint Executive Director, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Integrated Care. Clive Lawton. For services to the Jewish Community particularly through Limmud UK. Marion Naomi Little, Campaign Specialist, Conservative Party. For political service. Paulette Long. For services to the Music Industry. Trevor Anthony Long, lately Chief Enforcement Officer, Northern Ireland Courts and Tribunals Service, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Law Enforcement and voluntary service to Young People. Jennifer Jane Lonsdale, Director, Environmental Investigation Agency. For services to the Environment particularly Whales and Dolphins Protection. Professor Nancy Adaline Loucks, Chief Executive, Families Outside and Visiting Professor, University of Strathclyde Centre. For Law, Crime and Justice for services to Education and Human Rights. Norman MacDonald, , lately Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence. Roderick MacDonald. For services to Consultancy and Engineering. Dr Daniel Stuart Martin, Critical Care Director, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Maureen Martin, Headteacher, Coloma Convent Girls’ School, Croydon. For services to Education. Malcolm Martineau, Pianist. For services to Music and Young Singers. Gerard Anthony Mason, Chief Executive Officer, Morson Group. For services to Engineering and Design. Philip Steven Mason, Senior Anti-Corruption Adviser, Department for International Development. For services to International Anti-Corruption Policy. Michael John May, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Blue Sky Development and Regeneration. For services to Ex-Offenders. Professor Irene (Helen) McAara-McWilliam, Head, School of Design and Director, Design Innovation, Glasgow School of Art .For services to Art and Design. Brian McCarthy, Strategic Relationship Manager, Innovate UK. For services to Business and Innovation. William Bruce McLernon. For services to Social Care and Local Government particularly in Carmarthenshire. Gerard Arthur Damien McQuillan, , lately Senior Adviser, Acquisitions, Exports, Loans and Collections, Acceptance in Lieu Scheme, Arts Council England. For services to Public Arts Collections. Professor Susan McVie, , Professor of Quantitative Criminology, University of Edinburgh and Director, Applied Quantitative Methods Network in Scotland. For services to Social Sciences. Peter Mileham, . For services to the community in Lancashire. Michelle Mitchell, Chief Executive, Multiple Sclerosis Society, For services to Older People and the Voluntary Sector Pauline Monaghan, Chief Executive, the Rise Trust, Chippenham. For services to Children and Families. John Thomas (Sean) Moore, Co-ordinator, UK Fire Service Urban Search and Rescue. For services to Search and Rescue in the UK and Abroad. Malcolm Morley, Chief Executive, Harlow Council. For services to Local Government. Graham Morrison – for services to Architecture. Dr Norman Cecil Morrow, Co-Founder, Allies and Morrison. For services to the Pharmaceutical Profession in Northern Ireland. Dr Patricia Jane Mucavele, Head of Nutrition, Children’s Food Trust Charity. For services to Children and Families and to charity. Jonathan Andrew Macfie Muirhead, , Chairman, Scottish Leather Group. For services to the Leather Industry. Kevin Leslie Murphy, lately Chair, Excel London. For services to Business Tourism. Christopher Lennox Napier, Chair, Hampshire Branch, Campaign to Protect Rural England. For services to the Environment and the Rural Community in Southern England. Rajender Nayyar, Policy Adviser, London, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For services to Tax Policy. William James Nesbitt. For services to Drama and to the community in Northern Ireland. Terry Michael Neville, Chief Operating Officer, University of Northampton. For services to Higher Education. Professor Helen Margaret Odell-Miller, Professor of Music Therapy and Director, Music Therapy Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University. For services to Music Therapy. Keith Alistair Oliver, lately Head of Maritime Operations, Maritime and Coastguard Agency. For services to Maritime Safety. Anne O'Reilly, lately Manager, Women’s Aid Federation Northern Ireland. For services to Older People and the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland. Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan, Professional Snooker Player. For services to Snooker. Marc Russell Owen, Director, Border Force, Heathrow. For services to Border Security and Immigration Policy Development. Paul William Owen, lately Chief Executive, British Canoe Union. For services to Canoeing. David Oyelowo, Actor. For services to Drama. Helen Samantha Parrett, Principal, Bromley College of Further and Higher Education. For services to Further Education. Kala Patel, Managing Director, Kiddycare Limited (Nurseries). For services to the Childcare Business. Dr Martin Julian Pearce, Fellow, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. For services in Support of Military Operations. Sally Peck. For services to the community through Education and Sport in Bedford and the Eastern Region. Daniel Peltz. For philanthropic and charitable services. Lynne Alison Pepper, Headteacher, Herringthorpe Infants School, Rotherham, and Enterprise Champion. For services to Education. Professor Alison Jean Petch, lately Director, Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Sciences. For services to Social Services in Scotland. Susan Patricia Pettigrew, Director, St. Michael’s Fellowship, London. For services to Children and Families. Ian William Pigott, Farmer and Founder, Open Farm Sunday and Chairman, Farming and Countryside Education. For services to Agricultural and Countryside Education. Carolyn Mary Elizabeth Pike, Director of Legal Services, University of Birmingham. For services to Higher Education and Legal Services. Dr Spencer Simpson Pitfield, Volunteer, Conservative Party. For political service. John William Raine, Head, Port Loko District Ebola Response Centre, Sierra Leone. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Prathibha Ramsingh, District Operations Manager, Work Services Directorate, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Jobseekers and Employer Engagement in London. Janet Rees, Co-Founder, Foster Care Associates and Non-Executive Director, Core Assets Group. For services to Children and Families. Helen Richards, District Adviser, CHASE Operations Team, Kambia District Ebola Response Centre, Sierra Leone. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Colonel Timothy Stewart Richmond, . For services to Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Associations and the community in Nottinghamshire. Councillor John Robert Riddle, Chairman, Northumberland National Park. For services to the community, Environment, and Business in Northumberland. Susan Margaret Riley, District Manager, Merseyside Jobcentre Plus. For public service. Dr Gillian Margaret Ring, Grade 6, Ministry of Defence. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Professor Ronald James Ritchie, Chair of Board, Cabot Learning Federation Academies Trust and lately Pro Vice-Chancellor, University of the West of England. For services to Education. Paul David Roberts, Chief Executive, LGBT Consortium. For services to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Communities. Gillian Robinson, Executive Headteacher, Castle Hill School, Huddersfield. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Michael George Robson, District Adviser, CHASE Operations Team, Port Loko, Sierra Leone. For services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa. Peter Michael Rogers, , Director of Operations and Quality, 4Children, and for services to Scouting. For services to Children and Families and voluntary service to Young People. Jeanette Rosa Rosenberg, Head, Sensitive Casework Team, Export Control Organisation and Chair, Disability Advisory Group, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. For services to the Civil Service Disability Network. The Reverend Professor Kenneth Rankin Ross, Chair, Scotland Malawi Partnership. For services to the community in Malawi and to Scottish-Malawi Relations. Jacqueline Mary Rowell, Network Manager, Universal Credit Operations Directorate, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to Public Administration. Robin Rowland, Chief Executive, YO! Sushi. For services to the Restaurant and Hospitality Industry. Professor Nichola Jane Katharine Rumsey, Professor of Appearance Psychology, University of the West of England. For services to People Affected by an Altered Appearance. Catherine Mary Sabin, President, Lawn Tennis Association. For services to Tennis. Sandra Samuels, Councillor, Wolverhampton City Council. For political service and services to Local Government. Jane Thursa Sanderson, Chief Executive, Drake Music Scotland. For services to Music Education and People with Disabilities. Susannah Claire Schofield. For services to Small Businesses, Young People and Women in Business. Professor William Scott, lately Chief Pharmaceutical Officer, Scottish Government. For services to Healthcare. Sally Ann Sealey, Grade 7, Integration and Faith Directorate, Department for Communities and Local Government. For services to Interfaith Relations and Holocaust Remembrance. Philip David Shadbolt, Managing Director, Zeta Specialist Lighting Ltd. For services to Business and Innovation. Dr Oliver John Shanley, Executive Director, Quality and Safety, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Mental Health and Disabilities Nursing. Dr Emily Fleur Shuckburgh. For services to Science and Public Communication of Science. Professor David Sigsworth, lately Chairman, Scottish Environment Protection Agency. For services to the Environment and Sustainable Futures. Gurmukh Singh, Patron, Khalsa Aid. For services to Community Cohesion and charity. Danielle Skelley, Director, Asset Management, Transport for London. For services to Transport in the UK. Paul Anthony Smith. For charitable services. Professor Stephen William Smye, Theme Lead, National Institute for Health Research, Clinical Research Network. For services to Healthcare Research. Colonel Carron Edward Mordaunt Snagge, Chief Executive, Reserve Forces and Cadets Association, Yorkshire and the Humber. For services to the Reserves and Cadets. Lesley Spuhler, Chief Executive, Foundation of Light. For services to Education and Improving Lives in the North East. Jessica Macdonald Steele, Director, Jericho Road Solutions. For services to Community Assets in the UK. Giselle Elizabeth Stewart. For services to the Computer Games Industry in the North East. Sarah Lesley Stewart, Chief Executive, NewcastleGateshead Initiative. For services to the Economy in the North East. Annabel Margaret, Lady Stilgoe, . For charitable services. Patricia Helen Ann Straughen. For services to charity and Cancer Care in the North East of Scotland. Heather Patricia Strawbridge, Chair, South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Health and Care. Professor John Phillip Sumpter, Professor of Ecotoxicology and Head, Institute for the Environment, Brunel University. For services to the Science of Ecotoxicology in the Aquatic Environment. Professor Kathleen Elizabeth Tanner, Professor of Biomedical Materials, University of Glasgow. For services to Biomedical Engineering. Paul Tennant, Chief Executive Officer, Orbit. For services to Housing. Ian Thornley, Non-Executive Director, Remploy Ltd. For services to Disabled People. Charles Basil Tilley, Chief Executive Officer, Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. For services to the Economy. Dr Nicholas Roden Todd, Inspector, Education and Training Inspectorate, Department of Education, Northern Ireland Executive. For services to Education in Northern Ireland. Jane Tomkinson, Chief Executive, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to NHS Financial Management. Councillor Katharine Tracey, Cabinet Member for Education and Children’s Services, Wandsworth Borough Council. For services to Local Government. Dr Alan Turnbull, , Senior Fellow, Electrochemistry and Corrosion, National Physical Laboratory. For services to Science and Industry. Professor Meena Upadhyaya. For services to Medical Genetics and the Welsh Asian community. Joanna Van Heyningen. For services to Architecture and the Built Environment. John Christian Varley, . Estate Director, Clinton Devon Estates. For services to Agriculture, the Environment and the Rural Community. Cedric Philip Wake, Chief Executive, Nautical Institute. For services to the Maritime Industry. Councillor Keith Ivor Wakefield, lately Leader, Leeds City Council. For political service and services to Local Government. Professor Annalu Waller, Chair, Human Communication Technologies, University of Dundee. For services to people with Complex Communication Needs. Richard John Ward, Head of Offender Learning, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. For services to Adult Education. Andrew Ronald Watson, Detective Sergeant, Thames Valley Police. For services to Policing and Counter Terrorism. Richard Wentworth Watson, Founder and Director, Energise Sussex Coast. For services to the community in Sussex. Councillor John Keith Weighell]], lately Leader, North Yorkshire County Council. For services to Local Government. Michael Arthur Welch, Founder, Blackcircles.com. For services to Business and voluntary service to Adoption and Fostering. Christine Ann Wellington, , former Triathlete, and Ironman World Champion. For services to Sport and charity. Angela White, Chief Executive, Sefton Council for Voluntary Service. For services to Community Action. Professor Paul Ellis White, , lately Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Sheffield. For services to Higher Education. Michael John Whitehouse, Chief Operating Officer, National Audit Office. For services to Public Sector Audit. Gary John Wilder, Executive Headteacher, Furze Warren Hard Federation, Romford. For services to Education. Antonia Katharine Williams, lately Deputy Head, Policy Unit, Prime Minister’s Office. For public service. Gareth James Williams. For public and voluntary service in Wales. Peter Bryan Gurmin Williams. For services to Poverty Reduction particularly through the Trust for London. Venessa Willms, Director of Primary Education, ARK Schools. For services to Education. Dr Alan Roy Willson, lately Director, the 1000 Lives Improvement Service, Public Health Wales. For services to the Quality and Safety of Healthcare in Wales. Denise Wilson, Chief Executive Officer, Lord Davies’ Steering Group. For services to Women and Equality. Godfrey James Worsdale, lately Director and Chief Executive, Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. For services to Visual Arts in the North East. Janetta Wray (Janetta Hunter), Director, Housing Rights Service. For services to the community in Northern Ireland. Anita Zabludowicz, Philanthropist. For services to the Arts. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Military Royal Navy/Royal Marines WO Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Tactical) Mark Alan Barker. Lt Cdr Martin John Collis. Lt Cdr Martin John Ford Lt Cdr (Acting Cdr) Christopher Stephen Franks. Lt Col (now Col) Graeme William Fraser. WO Class 1 Joseph John Gillespie. Lt Cdr David James Joyce. WO Class 1 Logistics (Catering Services) Trevor Llewellyn. Cdr Alan James MacKie RNR Combined Cadet Force Lt Cdr Paul Allan Thomson. Lt Cdr Samantha Truelove. WO Class 1 Engineering Technician (Marine Engineering) Thomas Ward. CPO Medical Assistant Marc Alan Wilkins. Army Maj Lucy Theresa Anderson. The Royal Logistic Corps. Maj Christopher Richard Ankers. Corps of Royal Engineers. Maj Peter William Stanhope Baines. The Rifles. Maj Sarah Ann Ballantyne. Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police). WO Class 1 Gary Binks. The Royal Logistic Corps Army Reserve. Maj Mark William Brett. Royal Regiment of Artillery. Capt Wayne Keith Burnard. Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Capt Andrew Butcher. Grenadier Guards. Capt Graeme Campbell. Royal Corps of Signals. Maj Benedict Edward Casson. The Rifles. Maj Roy John Conyer. Royal Logistic Corps. Capt Roderick Duncan Cowan. Royal Corps of Signals Army Reserve. Maj Verity Jayne Crompton. Royal Logistic Corps. Maj Robert Peter Cutler. The Rifles. Maj Karl Dawson. Welsh Guards. Colour Sgt Robert Edward Delamar. The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. Maj David James Dray. Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police). WO Class 2 Michelle Howe-Ellis. The Royal Logistic Corps. Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class Reverend James Francis. Royal Army Chaplains' Department. Maj Robert Bruce Frost. Corps of Royal Engineers. Colour Sgt Colin George Graham. The Royal Regiment of Scotland Army Reserve. Maj Alan Trigg Grant. The Royal Regiment of Scotland. Acting Capt Susan Elizabeth Karran. Army Cadet Force. Capt Francisco Savvaki Kyriakou. Adjutant General's Corps (Royal Military Police) Army Reserve. Maj Owain David Luke. The Royal Welsh. Maj Sean David Matten. Corps of Royal Engineers. Cpl Carl Martin McAvoy. The Rifles. Lt Col Neil Patrick Morgan. Corps of Army Music. Maj Phillip Charles Moxey. The Royal Anglian Regiment. Capt Naveed Muhammad. Royal Corps of Signals Army Reserve. Maj Jonathan Roger Oates. Royal Regiment of Artillery. WO Class 2 Hitesh Oza. The Royal Yeomanry Army Reserve. Maj Timothy William Joe Pittaway. Army Air Corps. Lt Col Kieron Michael Potts. The Royal Regiment of Scotland. Capt Stephen Anthony Robinson. The Royal Logistic Corps Army Reserve. Maj John Grant Sheerin . The Parachute Regiment. Maj Mark Steven Spencer. Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Maj John Duncan Sullivan. The Parachute Regiment. Maj Anna Claire Swales. The Royal Logistic Corps. WO Class 1 Simon Shane Sykes. Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Maj Adrian Richard Thompson. The Mercian Regiment. Maj Alasdair Edmond John Wills. General List Army Reserve. Maj Andrew Albert Wood. The Rifles. Royal Air Force Squadron Leader Timothy Peter Carter Squadron Leader Duncan John Clarke Warrant Officer Mark Christopher Cunningham Squadron Leader Paul Barry Davis Flight Lieutenant Thomas Edward Dunlop Squadron Leader Timothy James Robert Ellis Warrant Officer Elisha Marie Evans Sergeant Adam John Foster Squadron Leader Martin Rhoderick Humphrey Squadron Leader Alexandra Louise Hyatt Warrant Officer Clive Alan Martland Squadron Leader Sarah Louise Maskell Master Aircrew David Ian Neale Civilian Stephen Thomas Richard Absalom – for services to the community and to the Environment in Neath Port Talbot. David William Acheson – for services to the Families of Police Officers and to charity. Peter Robin Adams – for voluntary services to the Conservation of Flora and Fauna in South West Essex and East London. Fayyaz Ahmed – for services to Interfaith and Community Cohesion in Preston. Zlakha Ahmed – for services to Women's Rights and Community Cohesion in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. Christopher Phillip Aitken – for services to Defence. Rula Al-Adasani – for charitable services. Barbara Mary Anderson – for services to Education. Yvonne Janet Anderson – for services to the Special Olympics. Catherine Arlidge – for services to Music Education. Julie Catherine Armstrong – for services to Defence. Jacqueline Arnold – for services to the Economy in Cumbria. Kim Arrowsmith – for services to Children and Families. Ian Michael Ashbolt – for services to the community in Cheshire and Staffordshire. (Ahmed Jamal) Nasir Awan – for services to Business and International Trade. Hedy-Joy Babani – for charitable services to Disabled and Disadvantaged Children. Christine Judith Bailey – for services to the community in Cheshire. John Leonard Hawthorne Bailey – for services to the community in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. Marc Bailey – for services to Business and International Trade. James Milne Banks – for services to Bagpiping and voluntary service in Scotland. Patricia Margaret Blackett Barber – for services to Armed Forces Heritage. Beverley Barclay – for services to Nursing, particularly Young Adults with Life-Limiting Conditions. Jonathan Haveloch Barden – for Humanitarian services to the Ebola Crisis Response in West Africa particularly through UK-Med. Jacqueline Anne Barnett – for services to Children and Families. John Barrowman – for services to the Manufacturing Industry. David Anthony John Bartlett – for services to Children and Young People in the North East. Maralyn Barton-Kronman – for services to the Performing Arts. Robert Charles Bass – for services to Education. Linda Ann Bateman – for public service and services to the Supportive Treatment of Migrants in the UK. George Robert Batts – for voluntary service to Veterans. Carolyn Baxendale – for services to Music and the community in Bolton. Helen Baynham – for services to Pre-school Education. Ian Alexander Moore Beattie – for services to charity and to the community in Bristol. Ian Hugh Beggs – for services to Rugby. Felicity Belfield – for services to Supporting Musicians and Dancers. Clifford Alan Bennett – for services to Children and Families. Jacqueline Bennett – for services to Children and Families. Margherita Joan Biller – for services to Mathematics in Further Education. Mervyn John Bishop – for services to Victim Support and to Young People in East and North Yorkshire. David Anthony Blackiston – for services to Major Incident Administration. Colin Blair – for services to Higher Education and the community in Huddersfield. Dr Nisreen Hanna Booya – for services to Healthcare particularly Mental Health. Patrick Borer – for services to Architecture. Anthony Robert William Bostock – for services to Angling and the Environment in the River Severn Catchment Area. Ailsa Margaret Bosworth – for services to People with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Carol Mary Bottomley – for services to Education and voluntary service to Sport in Darlington. Robert Edward Brain – for charitable services to the community in Nelson, Caerphilly. Terence Donald Bravin – for voluntary and charitable services to Young People in South West Wales. Dolores Bray-Ash – for services to Children and Families. Rebecca Bright – for services to App Development for People with Communication Difficulties. Damian John Broughton – for services to Small Businesses and Sole Traders and to the community in Lancashire. Helen Broughton – for services to Small Businesses and Sole Traders and to the community in Lancashire. Susan Mary Broughton – for services to Children with Special Educational Needs. Marion Denise Brown – for services to the community in Hertfordshire. Sandra Ann Brown – for services to Culture and the community in Bridport, Dorset. Timothy John Brown – for services to Business and Apprenticeships and charitable services in Southern England. Jeffrey Brownhut – for services to the Leisure and Tourism Industry in Northern Ireland. Roger David Bucknall – for services to Guitar Making, Music and Heritage Crafts. David Barlow Buik – for services to Financial Services. Barry Bullas – for services to Public Administration and charity. Anthony Frederick Burgess – for services to Higher Education Governance and Fundraising. Janet Burns – for services for the Promotion of Dignity in Care for All. Jane Lee Burt – for voluntary service to Carers and Criminal Justice. Sinead Butters – for services to Housing. Rita Byrne – for services to Education. Jo-Ann Clare Cahill – for services to Young People in Swansea. John Joseph Callaghan – for services to Partnership Working in Healthcare. James Ebenezer Callander – for voluntary service to Athletics. Mary Elizabeth Cameron – for services to the community in Northern Ireland. Patricia Agnes Campfield – for charitable services to the community in Southend-on-Sea. Professor Robert Carachi – for services to Medicine. Dr Reginald Carr – for services to the community in Blyth, Northumberland. Anthony Emoabino Chaba – for services to Minority Ethnic Communities in Manchester. Ray Chapman – for services to Maritime Safety. Stuart Chapman – for services to Tenants in Walsall, West Midlands. Colonel Michael Stewart Cheetham – for services to the community in Derbyshire. Paul Anthony Chubb – for services to Career Education and Guidance. Aftab Ahmed Chughtai – for services to Business and Community Relations in Birmingham. Dorothy Mary Clark – for services to the community in Greatham Village, Co. Durham. Trevor Martin Clarke – for services to Disabled and Disadvantaged People through Outdoor Education. Ian Christopher Clayton – for services to Education. John Clemson – for services to Music in Birmingham. Jane Collier – for voluntary service to First Aid through St John Ambulance. Anne Conlon – for services to Musical Education and Conservation in the UK and Abroad. Delinda Virgina Conlon – for services to Science and Science Education in North East England. Gregory Martin Cook – for political service. Kevin Andrew Courtie – for services to Preventing Tax Evasion and to the Scottish Fishing Industry. David Matthew Cowell – for services to Vocational Education. Ronald Morton Crank – for services to the Business Community in London and the South East. Kathleen Elizabeth Crawford – for services to Education. Roy Croasdaile – for services to Law and Order in London. Lady Rose Maureen Crossman – for voluntary service to Maritime Safety. Mark Cueto – for services to Rugby Union. Angus Howard Cundey – for services to the Bespoke Tailoring Trade and Tailors Charities. Dr Colin Currie – for services to the Management of Hip Fractures in Older People. Richard Malcolm Dale – for services to the Maritime Industry. David John Davies – for voluntary service to Reserve Forces and Cadets in Yorkshire and the Humber. Lawrence Frederick Davies – for services to the Automotive Industry and to the community in Bedfordshire. Philippa Davies – for services to Nursing. Jane Sarah Prosser Davies-Slowik – for services to Improving Oral Health of Disadvantaged People Stacey Serene Davis – for services to Law and Order particularly Equality and Diversity. Stella Barbara Dean – for voluntary services to the Fishing Community in Hampshire, Dorset and the Isle of Wight. Kathleen Carroll Derbyshire – for services to the community in Preston, Lancashire. Edwin John Derriman – for services to Marine Conservation Avril Mary Devaney – for services to Nursing of People with Mental Health Problems. Mary Christine Devine – for voluntary services to the community in Castlemilk, Glasgow. Maurice John Devine – for services to the Nursing Profession and the Field of Learning Disabilities. Hilary Dobbie – for services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Maurice Bruce Dodd – for voluntary service to the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service in the North East of Scotland. Roger Jolyon David Dodgson – for services to Music and to the Rural Community in Cumbria. Claire Doherty – for services to the Arts in South West England. Brian James Doick – for services to the Park Home Industry. Henry Donn – for services to the community in Manchester. Shirley Nadine Dooley – for services to the Immigration System. Francis Joseph Doran – for services to the community in Liverpool. John Forrest Youden Duffy – for services to charity and the community in Southport, Merseyside. Janice Carol Eaglesham – for services to Disability Sport. Sallie Jane Eastick – for services to Families with Children with Severe and Life Limiting Disabilities. Brian Robert Edwards – for services to Local Government. Edwina Mary Edwards – for services to the community in Derbyshire. Michael Bernard Elkerton – for services to People with Disabilities and to charity in North West England. Reverend Paul Anthony Epton – for services to the community and Building Regeneration in Birkenhead, Merseyside. Ian Eva – for services to Vocational Education. Anne-Marie Evans – for services to Botanical Art and Education. Stephen Mark Evans – for services to First Response and voluntary service to Young People. Peter Gregory Eversden – for services to community engagement in planning for London Cmde William David Murray Fairbairn – for services to Young People. Jeremy Paul Farrell – for services to Education. Roger Arnold Fennemore – for services to Sport. Christopher Mark Fenwick – for political service. Julie Flaherty – for services to Paediatric Nursing in Greater Manchester. Roger William Flitcroft – for services to Scouting, the Samaritans and the Freemasons. Ann Marie Forbes – for services to Education in the UK and Uganda. Ian Forbes – for voluntary service to the RUCGC Foundation. Professor Alfred Paul Forster – for services to Patients with Prostate Cancer. John Fothergill – for services to Immigration and Border Management. (Cyril) Jeffrey Fox – for services to the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and charitable service. Carl Frampton – for services to Boxing. Vivian June Isoult French – for services to Literature, Literacy, Illustration and the Arts. Elizabeth Susan Friend – for public service and for voluntary service to the community in Sheffield. Dr Rachel Jane Furley – for services to Sick and Disabled Children in the UK and Belarus. The Honourable Heather Margaret Anne Galloway Galbraith – for services to Equestrianism in Ayrshire. Pamela Bruce Gallant – for services to People with Special Needs in Aberdeen particularly through Sport. Shaun Gettings – for services to Prisoners. Lawrence Gibbons – for services to Law Enforcement particularly Tackling the Illegal Drugs Trade. Kathleen Philomena Gilbert – for services to Children and Families. Philip John Gilbert – for services to Children and Families. Deborah Glover – for services to Nursing and Nursing Journalism. Rita Ann Gooch – for services to Law Enforcement. Keith Edward Goodger – for services to The Air Training Corps and to the community in Hampton, Middlesex. Rosalind Diane Elizabeth Gordon – for services to Public Administration. Linda June Gorn – for services to the Economy in Banffshire. Donald Edward Graham – for services to Vocational Training for Young Adults with Learning Disabilities. Jeremy Clayton Grammer – for voluntary service to Teignmouth Harbour Users. Barbara Ann Gray – for voluntary service to the community in Oxfordshire through the Women's Institute. Barbara Caroline Green – for services to the Development of Energy Policy and voluntary service to the community in London. Barbara Kathleen Green – for services to Special Education. Karen Lynn Green – for services to Young People in Wirral and West Cheshire. Lady Milena Grenfell-Baines – for services to Music. Richard Paul Griffin – for services to Health and Care. Philippa Claire Griffith – for voluntary and public service to the community in Shrewsbury and Shropshire. Joanne Lesley Griffiths – for services to Young People and the community in St Helens, Merseyside. Nigel James Grimshaw – for services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Richard John Groom – for services to the community particularly Disabled Young People. Agnes Grunwald-Spier – for services to the Jewish Community and Holocaust Awareness. Colin Trevor Gurnett – for voluntary service to the community in Kent. Andrew Graham Guy – for services to the Hospitality Industry and charity. Maria Teresa Hackett – for services to Skills Development in South West Northern Ireland. Joan Patricia Anne Hailes – for services to Journalism, Broadcasting and to the community in Northern Ireland. Linette Denise Haines – for services to Defence. Malcolm Copley Hall – for services to Business. Paul Yeomans Hamey – for services to the Regulation of Pesticides. Andrew Scott Hamilton – for services to Economic Regeneration and Community Empowerment. Maxine Hammond – for services to Service Personnel and their Families. Keith Michael Hampson – for services to Young People in Manchester through Scouting. Frederick John Hanson – for services to Children and Families. Marie Hanson – for services to Young People and to Survivors of Abused women in Wandsworth. Violet Shirley Hanson – for services to Children and Families. Wilma Carol Grant Harper – for public and voluntary services to the Forestry Sector. Clare Elizabeth Harrigan – for services to Further Education and the Construction Industry. Trudi (Gertrude Elizabeth Cairns) Harris – for services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Roy Harrison – for voluntary service to Cricket in Northern Ireland. (Peter) Duncan Haworth – for services to Education. John Charles Hayes – for services to the community in Bishopthorpe Road, York. Ayesha Hazarika – for political service. Dr Charles Thomas Heatley – for services to Primary Healthcare. Penelope Ann Hedley Lewis – for voluntary service to the British Red Cross. Bradley Hemmings – for services to Culture and Disability Arts particularly in London. Margaret Ann Hickish – for services to People with Disabilities. Stephen Neil Hodgkinson – for services to the community in Congleton, Cheshire. Claire Hodgson – for services to Inclusion and Integration in the Arts and Cultural Sectors. David Peter Hong – for services to Optometry particularly voluntary service to Optometry Abroad. Elaine Hopkins – for services to Defence. Patrick Barron Hopkirk – for services to Motoring and Young People. Brian Michael Hosier – for services to the Scout Association and the community in London. Stephanie Jayne "Steph" Houghton – for services to Football. Linda Houston – for public and voluntary service to Education. Christopher Howard – for services to Special Educational Needs. Martin Philip Howarth – for services to Children and Education. Sydney John Howarth – for services to the community in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham. John Howe – for services to Diabetes UK and the community in Trafford, Manchester. Jane Carol Howorth – for services to Battery Hen Welfare. Anthony Joseph Hubbard – for services to Heritage and the community in Woodbridge, Suffolk. David Hughes – for services to charity. Nigel Auriol Hughes – for services to the Business Community in London. Stephen Paul Humble – for services to Education. John Hutchison – for services to People with Learning Disabilities. Christopher Hutton – for services to Education. Alina Ibragimova – for services to Music. Gail Inglis – for services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Cumbria. Lucille Ingman – for services to the community and to charity in Leeswood, Flintshire. Doreen Anne Irving – for parliamentary services. Sonia Jacob – for services to the Magistry and the Voluntary Sector in West Sussex. Rosalie Mary James – for services to Agriculture in Wales. Elizabeth Claire Jamieson – for services to Students with Dyslexia and Dyspraxia in UK Higher Education. Jeanette De Beir Jarratt – for services to the community in Birmingham, West Midlands. Oluwayemisi Olivia Jenkins – for services to Border Security and Wellbeing in the Workplace. Martin Dudley Johnson – for services to Local Government. Susan Johnson – for services to Supporting Patients with Cancer. Professor Michael Andrew Henry Johnston – for services to the Dairy Industry in Northern Ireland. Elizabeth Tina Jones – for services to Childcare and Early Learning in Denbighshire. Enid Stella Jones – for services to the community in Dorchester, Dorset. Gaynor Jones – for voluntary service to Golf and the Development of Women's Golf in Wales. Lyndon Richard Jones – for political service. Bryony Jordan – for services to Occupational Therapy for Children with Disabilities. John Michael Joseph – for services to Disadvantaged Young People and to People with Disabilities in the Jewish Community. Michael Josephson – for charitable services to Children. Michael Anthony Breitheamh Judge – for services to charity, Coventry University and the community in Dunchurch, Warwickshire. Gurmeet Kalsi – for parliamentary services and voluntary services to the Sikh Community in Surrey. Arnold Mark Kaplan – for charitable services particularly through the Gentlemen's Night Out. Priscilla Anne Kealy – for services to the community in Ripon, North Yorkshire. Janet Ashley Kelly – for services to Maritime Safety. Professor Roger John Kemp – for services to Engineering. Miranda Kirschel – for services to Equal Opportunities in the Nuclear Industry. Stephen Alex Knox – for services to Prisoners. Adrian Michael Koe – for voluntary service to Young People through the Downside Fisher Youth Club, Bermondsey, London. Eva Margaret Lambert – for services to Sport, Education and Health in the community in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Councillor David Anthony Lancaster – for services to the community in Salford and charitable services to Elderly People through the Salfordian Hotel Trust. Rosemary Lancaster – for charitable services through the Lancaster Foundation. John Victor Laverick – for voluntary service to Waterways Management and Restoration. Tony Kwok Fai Law – for services to the Chinese Community in Southend. Martin Lawrence – for voluntary service to Crime Prevention in Northamptonshire. Janet Margaret Leach – for services to Children with Special Educational Needs. Patricia Leadbeater – for voluntary service to First Aid through St John Ambulance in the West Midlands. Philip Anthony Leason – for services to Royal Mail and to the community in Stone, Staffordshire. Brian Russell Lee – for services to Football. Elizabeth Lees – for services to Nursing. David Lenagan – for services to Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service and the Children's Burns Foundation. Alice Lester – for services to Planning. Professor David Levin – for services to Hospitality and Youth Training. Alison Lewy – for services to the Fashion Industry. Susan Patricia Liburd – for services to Business, Charities and Voluntary Organisations. John Alan Little – for voluntary and charitable services Abroad. John William Lockwood – for services to Agriculture in Lincolnshire. Laura Margaret Logan Wood – for services to the community in Chelmsford, Essex. Gina Maria Long – for charitable services in East Anglia. Eddie Peter Lynch – for services to Vulnerable and Disabled People through Bromley Mencap. Thomas Anthony Lynch – for services to Border Security and to charity. Rowena Orr Macaulay – for services to Higher Education. Janice Irene Rosabelle MacBeath – for services to Education and the community in Dores, Inverness-shire. Elizabeth Ruth Maclay – for services to People with Disabilities, Children and the community in Hampshire. Marion Catherine MacLeod – for services to Healthcare. Kenneth Ian MacNab – for services to the Fishing Industry in Scotland. Georgina Claire Maitland – for services to Medical Emergencies. Helen Marriage – for services to the Arts and Outdoor Performance. Austen Neil Marsh – for services to Border Security. Sandra Marston – for services to the community in Tameside, Greater Manchester. Matthew Thomas Martin – for services to the Charitable Sector and the community in Norfolk. Christopher George Matthews-Maxwell TD – for services to the Voluntary Sector. Wendy Penelope Maxwell – for services to Carers. Ruth Elizabeth Mays – for services to People with Visual Impairments and to Education in Leicestershire. Michael Andrew McCarthy – for services to Music in Wales. Councillor Patrick McCarthy – for services to Local Government and Community Cohesion in Belfast. Cyd McCarthy-Akrill – for services to People with Learning Disabilities and Complex Needs in Hull and Yorkshire. Jane McClelland – for services to Taxpayers and voluntary service to Cancer Awareness. Carmel Bridget McConnell – for services to School Food. Christine Ann McCoy – for services to Social Equality. Diane McCrea – for services to the Water Industry and its Customers. Isabella Kean McCue – for services to the Arts and Disadvantaged People in Scotland. Anita Christina Teresa McGowan – for services to Further Education and to the community in Sutton and Croydon. Judith Barbara McGregor – for services to Health Education in the NHS. Vivienne McGuire – for services to Anatomy Bequeathal. Anne McIlveen – for services to the community in Glasgow. Colin McKeown – for services to Drama Production and the community in Liverpool. Heather Lyn McKissack – for services to Education. Dianne McMillan – for services to Swimming and Disability Awareness. Edwin James Bratten McMurran – for services to Education in Northern Ireland. Peter McQuade – for services to Charity and Sports Fundraising. Rekha Mehr – for services to Entrepreneurship and Enterprise. Dr Jayshree Mehta – for services to the community and Community Cohesion in Peterborough. Alison Mihail – for services to Young People. Stephen James Miller – for services to Sport. Ian Mirfin – for services to Disability Sport. Cedric Moon – for services to Equality and voluntary service to the Deaf Community in South Wales. Audrey May Moore – for public and voluntary services to the Royal Marines. Sandra Ann Morgan – for services to the community in Worplesdon, Surrey. Cargin Nevil Moss – for services to Taekwondo, community and charity. Rev'd Canon Brian Mountford – for services to Ecclesiastical Heritage. Douglas Moutrie – for services to People with Disabilities in Kent. Nathan Wayne Munson – for services to Counter-Terrorism. Anthony Harkness Murray – for services to the community in Wooler and the County of Northumberland. Christopher John Murray – for services to Skills in the Energy and Utility Sector and to charity. Lorraine Murray – for services to Industry and the community in Ayrshire. Saravanamuttu Mylvaganam – for public service and services to the Tamil community in the UK and Sri Lanka. Satpal Singh Nahl – for services to Taxpayers and Public Administration. Yasmin Mohammed Farooq Nathani – for services to the Empowerment of Women in Leicester. John Nelson – for services to the community in Belper, Derbyshire. Joseph Martin Neville – for services to Competitive Shooting. Tracey Neville – for services to Netball. Carol Nice – for services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Blanche Nicolson – for services to People with Learning Difficulties and their Families. Roger Hugh Nield – for services to Neighbourhood Policing particularly through Social Media. Rosanna Mary Noad – for services to Child Protection. Jacqueline Anne Oatley – for services to Broadcasting and Diversity in Sport. Asha Odedra – for services to Law and Order. Peter James Ogden – for services to Public Administration and voluntary service to Young People and charity. Christina Ruth O'Keeffe – for services to the community in Lewes, East Sussex. Annie Brenda Ollivierre-Smith – for services to Cardiac Nursing. Kathleen Rose O'Rourke – for services to Further Education. Paulette Jean Osborne – for services to Education. Judith Ower – for services to Entrepreneurship. Professor Allan Anthony Pacey – for services to Reproductive Medicine. Justin James Packshaw – for services to Expeditions, Youth Development and charity. Janice Anne Pallas – for charitable services to Children and Families. Lt Cdr Geoffrey David Palmer (RTD) – for voluntary service to Young People through the Sea Cadet Corps. Karnail Singh Pannu – for services to the community in Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire. Benjamin Anthony Parker – for voluntary service to the community in Salisbury, Wiltshire. Douglas Alan Parker – for services to the community in Congleton, Cheshire. John Parle – for services to Education and to the community in Widnes, Cheshire. Janet Elizabeth Parsons – for services to Disabled and Disadvantaged People in Bristol, South Gloucestershire and North Somerset. Juliette Paton – for services to charity in Aberdeenshire. Kristine Farquhar Pawson – for voluntary and charitable service in Aberdeenshire. June Yvonne Pearson – for services to the community in Devon and Wiltshire. David Peck – for services to Education. Maureen Phillips Perera – for services to Disabled Children in Sri Lanka. Carol Maria Phillips – for services to Industry in Northern Ireland. Paula Phillips – for services to Mental Health Nursing. Richard Escricke Phillips – for services to Music and the Arts. Gillian Patricia Platt – for services to Floral Art and the community in Bolton. Steven Pleasant – for services to the Welfare and Housing of Asylum Seekers and Refugees. Susan Pollack – for services to Holocaust Education. Robert John Pooley – for services to Business and to Aviation. Clifford Joseph "Goldie" Price – for services to Music and Young People. Diane Marie Price – for services to Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities and their Families in Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire. Terence Priest – for services to Laboratory Animal Care and Welfare. David William Prout – for services to Community Mental Health Nursing. Michael Pusey – for services to Youth Sport in South London. Jaz Rabadia – for services to Sustainability in the Energy Management Sector and Diversity in the STEM Sectors. Michael Patrick Rafferty – for services to Music in Wales. Susan Caroline Raftree – for services to Military Heritage and Commemoration. Afsheen Kabir Rashid – for services to Renewable Energy Projects in Deprived London Communities. Edith Nellie Ethel Ray – for services to Education. Shaun Rayner – for services to the Administration of Justice and the community in Essex. Asad Razzaq – for services to Young People and the community in Harehills, Leeds. Abdullah Rehman – for services to the community in Balsall Heath, Birmingham. William David Reilly – for services to Education. Martin John Rigley – for services to Business and Innovation. Caroline Elizabeth Roberts – for political service. Bryan Walter Robinson – for services to the community in Donington, Lincolnshire. Katrina Robinson – for services to Social Housing. Linda June Robinson – for services to Children and Families. Daniel James Roddy – for services to Business and the community in Derry, Londonderry. Brian John Rolfe – for services to the community in Lawford and Tendring, Essex. Eric Rooney – for services to Dentistry. Peter Anthony Rose – for services to Musical Education and Conservation in the UK and Abroad. Philip James Round – for services to Apprenticeships and Skills. Lindsey Jane Rousseau – for services to Special Educational Needs. Oonagh Rowden – for services to Benefit Claimants and services to the community and charity in Downpatrick, County Down. Julia Aline Samuel – for services to Bereaved Children. Paula Kathleen Sansom – for Humanitarian services to Emergency Healthcare Abroad. John McCree Scott JP – for services to the Administration of Justice and to the Railway Community. Michael Seabourne – for voluntary service to Armed Forces Personnel and their Families. John Wilson Senior – for services to the community in Scarborough and to the Armed Forces through Heroes Welcome. Anne Seymour – for services to Asylum Seekers and Refugees in South Tyneside. David Manuel Shalit – for services to the City of London Corporation and voluntary service to Older People in London. Elizabeth Shapland – for voluntary service to Bereaved Offenders and their Families. Darren John Share – for services to the Environment in Birmingham. Mukesh Sharma – for services to the Travel Trade in Northern Ireland. Malcolm Ernest Sharp – for services to Town and Country Planning in England. Kathleen Shayler – for services to Children and Families. Roy Shayler – for services to Children and Families. Jane Short – for services to the Art and Craft of Enamelling. Tim Sigsworth – for services to Homeless Young Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People. Anne Patricia Simpson – for services to the Treatment of Postnatal Depression in the Highlands. Zara Smart – for services to Public Administration. Enza Smith – for services to Children and Families. Michael Anthony Smith – for services to the Reduction of Knife and Gun Crime. Dr Philip Henry Smith – for services to Business and to the community in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. Helen Rosemary Smyth – for services to Education. Sheila Somerville – for services to Patients and their Families in Edinburgh. Margaret Diane Southworth – for services to Education. Samuel David Sowden – for services to Young People through Scouting in West Yorkshire. Kenrick Parker Grant Spencer – for services to the community in Burnley, Lancashire. Richard Spindler – for services to Maritime Safety. Maureen Spowart Davies – for voluntary service to People with Mental Health Challenges. Elizabeth Hansford Spreadbury – for services to the community particularly Survivors of Abuse. Maureen Stephen – for services to Business and the community in Aberdeenshire. Peter John Stephens – for services to Business and the community in Nottingham. Alexander James Stewart – for voluntary service in Perth and Kinross. David Charles Stewart – for services to the Scotch Whisky Industry. Carol Ann Stonham – for services to Nursing. David Anthony Street – for services to Community-based Democracy in Wales. Gordon Herbert Stubberfield – for services to Education. Peter Sunderland – for voluntary service to the Yorkshire Air Ambulance and the community in West Yorkshire. Clare Frances Sutcliffe – for services to Technology Education. Graham Kent Sutton – for services to Education in Northern Ireland. Christine Jane Swan – for services to Education and Interfaith Relations in Oadby, Leicestershire. Samantha Jane Swinglehurst – for services to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Leslie Alexander Tait – for services to Sea Fishing. Jean Taylor – for services to Higher Education and Economic Development in Cornwall. Louise Anne Catherine Third – for services to Enterprise and charity. Barrie Terence Thomas – for services to Education and to the community in Bingham, Nottinghamshire. Patrice Thomas – for services to Children and Families. Dr Lesley Thompson – for services to Research. Sheila Jacqueline Mary Thompson – for voluntary service to Botanical Research. Ella Daphne Tilley – for services to the Food Industry particularly Welsh Lamb. Catherine Mary Tindall – for services to Children in Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Sidny Botevyle Tingley – for services to Community Music Theatre particularly through Act One Scene One. Heather Tobin – for services to Public Protection in the West Midlands. Jennefer Tobin – for services to the Care of Wounded Soldiers. Richard Graham Tovey – for services to Education. Gilbert Joseph Tunney – for services to the Motor Industry and the community in Trillick, County Tyrone and Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. William John Turner – for services to Higher Education. Gregory James Valerio – for services to the UK and Fairtrade Gold Sectors in Colombia and East Africa. Sally Anne Varah – for voluntary service to the community in Surrey. Dr Suresh Chandra Vasishtha – for services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge. Valerie Villa – for services to the community in Chelmsford, Essex. Philip Vincent-Barwood – for services to the Environment and the community in Hyndburn, Lancashire. Dr Ian Stuart Viney – for services to Research Funding and Evaluation. Erika Walker – for voluntary services to the community and Social Enterprises in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire. Thomas Walsh – for services to the community in Wigan, Greater Manchester. Joelle Warren – for services to Business. Diane Elaine Watt – for services to the Childrenﾒs Hearings System in Scotland. Lucy Alexandra Watts – for services to Young People with Disabilities. Yvonne Mary Weatherhead – for services to Education. Dr Sharon Helen Webb – for services to Heritage and Archaeology in Scotland. Ronald Denholm Webster – for services to Tennis in Scotland. Dr Adrian Robert Weston – for services to the community and charity in Leicestershire. Sara Catherine Wheeler – for services to Government Administration and voluntary service to the community in South Westminster. Graeme Kendal Whippy – for services to People with Dementia and Disabilities. (Jonathan) Paul White – for charitable services especially to the Willow Foundation. Marion White – for services to charity in Scotland. Anne Whitworth – for services to Hockey in the North East. John Geoffrey Whyman – for services to the Sick and Terminally Ill through Art Therapy. Helen Macpherson Young Wilcox – for services to Social Care. Jeremy John Edwin Wilding – for services to Music through the Three Choirs Festival in Herefordshire. Carol Dorothy Wiles – for services to the community in Harleston, South Norfolk. Dr Anthony Ffoulkes Williams – for services to Nutrition in Infants and Children. Christopher Williams – for services to Special Educational Needs. Emlyn Tysill Williams – for public and political service in Barry, Glamorgan. Fara Williams – for services to Women's Football and charity. Owain Tudor Williams – for public and voluntary service to Community Cohesion in Wales. Hillary Frances Willmer – for voluntary service to Disadvantaged Communities in West Yorkshire. Adrian Wills – for services to the community in Leicester. Anne Catherine Wilson – for services to Engineering in Yorkshire. Jeanette Ross Wilson – for services to the Holiday Parks Industry. Pauline Marie Wilson – for services to Education. Robert Allan David Wilson – for services to the Music Industry and charity. Stephen Richard Mallett Wilson DL Suffolk – for charitable and voluntary service to the community in Suffolk. Paul Winter – for services to Skills and Employment of Young People. Philip Rowland Wolfe – for services to Renewable Energy and the Energy Sector. Professor Kim Wolff – for public service to Road Safety. Howard Antony Wood – for services to Education. Joseph Wood – for voluntary service to the British Red Cross. Frederick Wood-Brignall – for services to the community in Lydd and Romney Marsh, Kent. Jill Woodhouse – for services to Children. Emma Jane Lewis Woods – for services to Rural Business and Skills in North Yorkshire. Nigel Leonard Woolner – for services to the Arts and Education. John Fraser Worthington – for services to Urban Regeneration and voluntary service to Transport. Jean Elizabeth Yates – for political service and service to the community in Lancashire. Laura Naomi Young – for services to Chronically Ill Children in Scotland. The Reverend Terence John Young – for services to the community in Darwen, Lancashire. British Empire Medal (BEM) Sandra Elizabeth Adams – for services to the Girl Guides. Sylvia Phyllis Ainsworth – President, Plymouth and District Federation of Ex-Services Associations. For services to the Plymouth Festival of Remembrance. Dorothy Helen Alexander – for services to the community in Bourne, Lincolnshire. Aatin Ashok Anadkat – Managing Director, Hotel Maiyango, Leicester. For services to Entrepreneurship in Leicestershire. Charles Frederick Andrews – for voluntary service to the Poppy Appeal in London. Leroy Christopher Kenneth Angel – Rugby Volunteer. For services to Rugby. Isabella Apsley – for services to St John Ambulance and the Red Cross in Northern Ireland. Joseph Peter Austin – for services to the community in Northern Ireland. Trevor John Avery – for services to Heritage in the Lake District. Roger James Godfray Bacon – Chairman, SSAFA Bereaved Families Support Group. For voluntary service to Service Families. Sarah Elizabeth Airey Bain – President, Black Down and Hindhead Supporters Group, National Trust. For services to Conservation in Surrey and West Sussex. Kenneth Ball – Station Manager, Consett Fire Station, County Durham and Darlington Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue and the community in County Durham. Samantha Barlow – Founder, Fitmums and Friends. For services to Fitness in East Yorkshire. Valerie Ann Barr – Secretary, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ulster. For services to Higher Education and to the community in Northern Ireland. Michael Beard – Water Polo Coach and Chair, Solihull Swimming Club. For voluntary service to Swimming and Water Polo. Harold Atkinson Beckinsale – for voluntary service to Education in Northern Ireland. Stuart Geoffrey Bell – for services to the community in Lincolnshire. Harriet Katherine Bennett – for services to Music and the community in Felixstowe. Alexander William Bertram – Rehabilitation Instructor, Carstairs Hospital. For services to Psychiatric Care. Christine Mcdiarmid Black – Badminton Development Officer, East Lothian Council. For services to Badminton in Scotland. Sharon Lesley Blackman – Head Coach, Chichester Fencing Club. For services to Fencing. Valerie Blake – for services to the Arrow Riding Centre for the Disabled in Dartford, Kent. Valerie Ann Bolt – for services to charity and the community in Cholsey, Oxfordshire. Danny Bonwitt – for services to voluntary organisations in the UK. John Jarvis Bosley – for charitable and community service in Warminster, Wiltshire particularly through the Royal British Legion. Adrian George Botham – Chairman, Pantonic All Stars Steel Orchestra and Community Volunteer. For services to Education. Veronica Box – for services to the community in Burntwood, Staffordshire. Mary Elizabeth Maureen Brewer – Volunteer, Neighbourhood Watch. For services to Crime Prevention in West Yorkshire. Councillor Roger Keith Trillo Bright – for voluntary service to the community in Knighton and District Powys. Henrietta Fraser Brown – for voluntary service in Ross-shire particularly through The Queen Mother's Clothing Guild. Jean Brown – for services to the community in Belfast. Patricia Margaret Brown – for services to community through the Linskill Centre, Tyne and Wear and the Scouting Movement. Paul Anthony Brown – lately Police Constable, South Yorkshire Police. For services to Law and Order and the community in South Yorkshire. David Ian Buchanan – Secretary, Oban Saints Amateur Football Club. For voluntary service to Football. Janet Bucknell – lately School Support Worker, Lonsdale School, Stevenage. For services to Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Joan Margaret Buller – for services to the community in Staplehurst, Kent. Mary Burch – for voluntary service in Dunbartonshire. June Mary Elizabeth Burke – for voluntary service through the Tenovus Cancer Charity, Cardiff. Rosemary Ann Burns – for services to Local Government and to the community in Sussex. Anne Connor Butterworth – for services to the community in St Leonards, Hertfordshire and to the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Trust. Ailsa Elizabeth Button – Founder, The Gemmery Mother and Toddler Group, Walton on Thames, Surrey. For services to Children and Families. Bridget Kathleen Carey Cameron – for services to Young People and Families of Offenders in the West Midlands. Anne Elizabeth Campbell – for services to the Multiple Sclerosis Society in the Scottish Borders. Patricia Anne Campbell – Civic Officer, Banbury Town Council. For services to Local Government. Michael Andrew Carey – for voluntary service to the community in Silsden, West Yorkshire. Lady Margaret Ann Carter – for services to the community in Stock, Essex. Peter John George Chambers – for voluntary service to Music in Coventry. Helena Charles – for voluntary service to the community in Blaengarw, Bridgend. Maurice Charlesworth – Senior Volunteer, Age UK Lambeth. For services to Older People in Lambeth, London. Paul Chidgey – Chair of Governors, The Barlow Roman Catholic High School and Specialist Science College, Manchester. For services to Education. Wendy Angharad Churchouse – Arrhythmia Nurse, Morriston Hospital, Swansea. For services to Cardiac Patients in South West Wales. Gerard Paul Cleary – Administrative Officer, Personal Tax Operations, East Kilbride, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For services to Taxpayers and voluntary services to Thalidomide Awareness. Gaynor Ellen Mary Clegg – Senior Lunchtime Supervisor, Ravensthorpe Church of England (Controlled) Junior School, Dewsbury. For services to Education. Janet Colquhoun – Crossing Patrol Warden, Dunrobin Primary School, Airdrie. For services to Education. (Valerie) Joy Cook – for voluntary service to the community in Borth, Ceredigion. Elizabeth Sally Coot – for services to Fundraising and to the community in Constantine, Cornwall. Rosemary Corbett Thomas – District Cub Scout Leader, Llangollen, Wrexham. For services to the Scout Movement in Llangollen District, Wrexham. Dr Elisabeth Marjorie Cotton – for services to the community in Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Sheila Frances Coulson – for services to the community in Hackness, North Yorkshire. Agnes Forsyth Robb Craig – Chair, Save the Children, Wigtownshire. For voluntary and charitable services. Ruth Craig – for voluntary and charitable services to the community in Ballygowan, County Down. Robert Crangle – for services to Young People in Northern Ireland through the Boys' Brigade. Ronald Crangle – for services to Young People in Northern Ireland through the Boys' Brigade. Maisie Crawford – for services to the community in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Alan Crocker – Founder, Derry Hill United Football Club. For services to Football in Wiltshire. William Crowe – for services to the community and Children's Charities in Dumbarton, Strathclyde. (Elizabeth) Ann Cumming – for charitable services through the Calvert Trust, Exmoor. Elizabeth Maud Cunningham – Member, North West Mountain Rescue Team. For voluntary service to the community in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Heather Constance Cunningham – for services to the Arts and the community in the East Neuk of Fife. Neil Alexander Currie – Physical Education Instructor, H.M. Prison Barlinnie. For public and charitable services. Mary Elizabeth Cutler – for charitable services to Grove House Hospice, St Albans, Hertfordshire. Suzanne Jane Dando Reynolds – for services to charity. Dr Darren Frazer Daniels – Chief Executive, The UK Sepsis Trust. For services to Improving Services for Sepsis Sufferers. Janice Catherine Davidson – Personal Assistant to Chief Operating Officer, Translink. For services to Public Transport in Northern Ireland. Helen Josephine Davies – for services to Animal Welfare in Northern Ireland through the Rainbow Centre, Eglinton, Londonderry. Leonard John Robert Davies – for services to Rugby Union in the North West. Patricia Margery Davies – for services to the community in Llangynidr, Brecon, Powys. Richard Anthony Davies – Coroner’s Officer, Western District of Somerset. For services to the Bereaved. Susan Mary Deborah Davies – for services to the community in Barton in Fabis, Nottinghamshire. Dennis Joseph Davison – for services to Second World War Commemoration and Memorialisation. Margaret Dawson – for services to the Hambleton District Show and to charity. Anthony James Day – for services to the community in Norton St Philip, Somerset. Nick William Charles Dermott – for services to Heritage and Conservation in Thanet. Maureen Elizabeth Dobbie – for services to the community in Teesdale, County Durham. Terence Gabriel Doherty – for services to Community Safety and Public Protection in Northern Ireland. Pauline Anne Donaldson – Treasurer, Tyne and Wear ME/CFS Support Group. For services to People with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and their Carers. Maureen Lilian Dougall – for services to the community in Brundall, Norfolk. Mary Dovey – Volunteer, Hughenden Manor. For services to Heritage in Buckinghamshire. Patricia Joan Easthope – for voluntary services to the community in Royston, Hertfordshire. Lilly Ebert – for services to Holocaust Education and Awareness. Fay Mary Edwards – Chair, Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation. For services to the community in Kensington and Chelsea, London. Derek Samuel Walter Elliott – for services to the community in Devizes, Wiltshire. Sylvia Margaret Emmott – for public and political service. Dean Vincent Evans – for services to the community in Blackwater, Cornwall. Philip Everett – for services to The New Appeals Organisation, Nottingham. Christine Ann Eyre – for services to the community in Sutton, Macclesfield. Ruth Mary Fagan – Policy Adviser, Cycling Policy, Department for Transport. For services to Transport and to charity. John Thomas Fall – for services to the community in Kirklington, North Yorkshire. Chaim Ferster – for services to Holocaust Education. Peter Fish – for services to the Elderly in Hollingworth, and Hyde, Cheshire and Glossop, Derbyshire Ann Foat – Chair, Ash Heritage Group. For services to the community in Ash, Kent. Angela Margaret Forder-Stent – for services to the community in Twyford, Hampshire. Helen Fowler – Volunteer Reading Assistant, St. George’s Infant School and Woodside Junior School, Amersham. For services to Children and Reading. Helen Mary Francis – for charitable services in Trefonen, Shropshire. The Reverend Kwaku Frimpong-Manson – for services to the community in Tottenham, London. Glenda Frost – for services to the community in Willand and Cullompton, Devon. Fiona Fry – Lead Specialist Nurse in Hepatology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing. Michael Stuart Galloway-Allbut – Governor and lately Chair of Governors, Catherine Infant School, Leicester. For services to Education. John Gardner – for services to the community in High Bradfield and Low Bradfield, South Yorkshire. Elizabeth Heather Gibbons – for services to Riding for the Disabled in South West Cornwall. David Roy Gifford – for services to the community in King's Lynn, Norfolk. Sheila Glass – for services to the community in Ramsbury and Axford, Wiltshire. Patricia Mary Glazebrook – Vice President, Sick Children’s Trust. For services to Sick Children and their Families in Cambridge. James Sydney Goodman – for services to Music through the Britannia Band and Londonderry Musical Society, Londonderry. Maureen Gould – Chair of Governors, Oak View School, Loughton. For services to Education. Peter Cyril Goulding – Clerk, Carlton-in-Lindrick Parish Council. For services to the community in Nottinghamshire. Alison Ruth Grant – Chair, Hillingdon Slipstreamers Cycling Club. For services to Cycling. Henry Sinclair Gray – Chair, Wick Heritage Society. For voluntary service in Wick, Caithness. Jean Greatorex – for services to the community in Ashbourne, Derbyshire. Jody Louisa Green – Mentor, Community Led Initiatives, Manchester. For services to the Resettlement of Ex-Offenders. Margaret Anderson Green – for services to the community in Oldmeldrum, Aberdeenshire particularly through Bourtie Rural Women's Institute. Pauline Griffiths – Curator, Narberth Museum. For services to Heritage and the community in Pembrokeshire. Samantha Groom – lately Festivals and Events Manager, Visit Cornwall. For services to Tourism in Falmouth and Cornwall. Alexander John Gunn – for services to Heritage and the community in Caithness. Pamela Patricia Ann Gunn – for services to First Aid through St John Ambulance Service, Enniskillen Division. Richard Hadden – Beadle, St Michael’s Church, Inveresk. For services to the community in East Lothian. Alan Stuart Hague – Leader, 16th Morcambe and Heysham Scout Group. For services to Young People through Scouting in Lancashire. Gail Hall – Leader, 16th Morcambe and Heysham Scout Group. For services to Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. David Melvyn Hando – for services to the community in Newport and to Newport County Association Football Club. Joan Harding – for services to the community in Beighton, Sheffield. Alan Clive Hargreaves – Technical Services and Facilities Manager, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London. For services to Engineering Research. Reginald Keith Hart – for services to the community in Lympsham, Somerset. Kay Harvey – for voluntary and charitable services to Children, Young People and Families in Badersfield, Norfolk. Michael Lawrence Harwood – for services to the community in Warwick. Kenneth Hayes – for services to Elderly and Vulnerable People in Hartlepool. John Boyd Henderson – for services to the community in Severn Stoke, Worcestershire. John Joe Heuerman – Ambassador, Bobby Moore Fund. For services to Cancer Research. Ann Catherine Inglis Hickman – for services to the community in Retford, Nottinghamshire and to the Royal British Legion. Philip Highley – for services to the community in Kenilworth, Warwickshire. Keelie Jayne Hill – Teaching Assistant, Sherbourne Fields School, Coventry and Sherbourne Stars Coach. For services to Children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. Cllr William Hill – for services to the community and charity in Horden, County Durham. John Edwin Hilsum – for voluntary service to Cricket and the community in the Isle of Wight. Donald Hollands – for services to the community in Wimpole, Cambridgeshire. Shirley Holt – School Volunteer, Chorley New Road Primary School, Horwich, Bolton and Community Volunteer. For services to Education. Pamela Susan Hopkins – for charitable and voluntary services to the community in Llanhilleth, Blaenau Gwent. Clive Hubery – Chair of Governors, The Oaks Secondary School, Spennymoor, Co Durham. For services to Education. Anthony Hudson – for services to the communities in Monk Fryston and Hillam, North Yorkshire. Jacqueline Humphries – for services to the community in the West Midlands. Julia Margaret Hurrell – Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence and to charity. Canon Keith Cyril Ineson – Agricultural Chaplain and Coordinator, Cheshire Farm Community Network. For services to the Farming Community in Cheshire. Anthony Paul Ingle – for voluntary and charitable services to the community in Cambridgeshire through Church Music. Alderman Elizabeth Ingram – Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council. For services to Local Government and the community. Anthony Mark Ives – for services to Youth Clubs and the community in Dorset. Lynda Jeffrey – Founder, Stenton Singers Choir. For services to Music and charity in Stenton, East Lothian. George Andrew Johnston – for services to the community in Portadown, Northern Ireland. Amanda Jolliffe – Badger Set Leader, Griffithstown, Gwent. For voluntary service to First Aid through St John Ambulance. Cy Jones – for services to the community in Ludlow, Shropshire. Georgina Jones – lately Church Organist, St. Gwyddelan’s Church, Dolwyddelan. For voluntary service to the Church and the community in Dolwyddelan, Conwy. Rita Janet Jones – Secretary, The Trees Estate Residents’ Association. For services to the community in Stretford, Greater Manchester. Vanessa Ann Jones – Chair, Bredhurst Parish Council, and Chair, Bredhurst Woodland Action Group. For services to Woodland Management and the community in Kent. Jack Kagan – for services to Holocaust Education and Awareness. Agatha Kalisperas – for services to the Greek community in London. Elizabeth Kilpatrick – for voluntary service to First Aid and the community in Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Richard Henry King – Retained Watch Manager, Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Fire and Rescue and to Emergency Medical Care. Sybil King – for services to the community in Thaxted, Essex. Pamela Kirkbride – for services to the community in Coniston, Cumbria. Isobel Kirkwood – Volunteer, Erskine Homes. For services to Veterans in Scotland. Fred Knoller – for services to Holocaust Education and Awareness. The Reverend Robert Alan Knox – for services to the Royal British Legion and the community in Londonderry. Anne Whitworth Lampson – for services to Young People through the Girl Guides, and to the community in Meare, Somerset. Michael George Laskey – for services to Contemporary Poetry. Gillian Mary Laws – for services to the community in Exmouth, Devon. Margaret Susan Leckey – for services to Children through Fostering and the Kiddy Winks Mums and Toddlers Group, County Down. Michael Jason Lee – Volunteer, Kennet and Avon Canal Trust. For services to the Restoration of the Kennet and Avon Canal. Penry Alan Lewis – for services to Conservation and Angling in Mid Wales. Christian Evelyn Lindsay – for services to the community in East Linton, East Lothian. Anthony Clive Linger – for services to the community in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands. Marion Lockhart – Honorary Industrial Secretary, Glendale Show. For services to the Glendale Show and the community in Wooler, Northumberland. Marie Teresa Lomas – Teaching Assistant, William Hulme’s Grammar School, Manchester. For services to Education and to the community in Greater Manchester. Glenys Lord – Domestic Services Manager, University of Cumbria. For services to Higher Education. Samuel Thomas Loughrey – for services to Golf in Northern Ireland. Amelia Elaine Luffrum – for services to Homeless and Deprived People in South Tyneside. Dr Ashley Stuart Lupin – for Humanitarian services to Medical Training in Uganda. Rebecca Lyne – Voluntary Co-ordinator, The Bank. For services to the community in Eye, Suffolk. Elizabeth Janet Campbell Lyttle – for services to the community in Portaferry, County Down. Ruaraidh Peter Macdonagh – for services to Healthcare particularly voluntary service to Healthcare Provision in Zanzibar. Calina Graham Macdonald – for services to Business and Horticulture in Skye and Lochalsh. Andrew David Ross Mackenzie – for services to the community in Dornoch, Sutherland. John Ronald Macleod – for voluntary service to Dingwall Museum and the community in Ross-shire. Pamela Jane Cherie Martin – for services to the community in Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire. Susan Martin – for services to Young People in Northern Ireland through the Girls' Brigade. David Edward Mason – for services to charity and the community in Sutton, Surrey. Mary Susan Matthews – for services to Young People through the Girls' Brigade in Hextable, Kent. Maureen Frances Matthews – for services to the community in Winscombe, Somerset and charitable services to the Children's Society. Margaret Maureen Mcadam – for services to Portadown Ladies' Choir and to Girl Guiding in County Armagh. Sean Mccarthy – for voluntary service to the Poppy Appeal in London. Angus Campbell Mcconnell – for voluntary service to Sport in Scotland. Mary Jane Mcfarland – for voluntary service to South West Acute Hospital and the community in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. Anthony Joseph Mcgeehan JP – for services to the community in Greenisland, County Antrim. Liam Mchugh – for services to the Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Samuel Mcilwrath – for services to the community in Comber, Northern Ireland. Graham Mcinnes – for services to Church Music and the Wellingborough Talking Newspaper. Mary Mckinney – for services to the community in the City and County of Londonderry. Helen Clare Meehan – lately Specialist Palliative Care Nurse, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Palliative Care. Maureen Frances Jane Meehan – for voluntary service to Crime Prevention in Birmingham. Sarfraz Alam Mian – Chief Executive Officer, Neue Schule Limited. For services to UK Trade. Christopher Miles – for services to the community in Packington, Leicestershire. Dorothy Mitchinson – for services to community through the Linskill Community Centre, Tyne and Wear. Kenneth Charles Monk – for services to the community in Ardingly, West Sussex. Margaret Jean Morgan – lately Co-Chair, The Ascot, Sunninghill and Sunningdale Neighbourhood Plan Delivery Group Committee. For services to the community in Berkshire. Karin Morris – for voluntary service to Tenovus Cancer Charity and to the community in Cardiff. Marny Mowatt – lately Secretary, Orkney Agricultural Society. For services to the Orkney County Show. Robert Charles Henry Mudway – for services to the community in Brocton, Staffordshire. William Theodore Cecil Mullen – for services to the Lough Neagh Rescue Service. Sarah Jane Munro – for services to Business and the community in Macclesfield particularly through the Treacle Market. Paul Anthony Myers – Mayor, Midsomer Norton. For services to the community. Sybil Janet Naylor – for services to the community in Dronfield, Derbyshire. Elizabeth Sharon Mary Neely – for services to People with Dementia and their Families through the Alzheimer's Society. Minnie Florence Newcombe – for services to the community in Barton Turf and Neatishead, Norfolk. Marilyn Winifred Nolan – for voluntary service to the community in Newhaven, East Sussex. Ian Robert Northcott – lately Police Constable, West Midlands Police. For services to the community particularly Homeless People in the West Midlands. Ronke Oke – for services to Business and charity Jean Margaret Olney – for services to the community in Mayfield, East Sussex. Brian Thomas O'Neill – Co-Chairman, 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery Past and Present Members Association. For voluntary service to Ex-Service Personnel. Mary Theresa O'Neill – for charitable services in Glasgow. Rudolf Oppenheimer – for services to Holocaust Education and Awareness. Harold Sidney Osborne – for services to the community in Crowle, North Lincolnshire. Keith Lionel Ottywill – School Volunteer, Centre Academy East Anglia, Ipswich. For services to Education. Noushabeh Pakpour-Samari – for services to the Ladies' Creative Centre and the community in Ealing, London. Dennis William Parker – for services to the community in Uttoxeter and Denstone, Staffordshire. Harry Aubrey Parkes – Designer and Campaigner, Bevin Boys Memorial. For services to the Bevin Boys Commemoration. Mary Freeman Parry – Rrustee, Wrexham Care Association. For services to Elderly People in Wrexham. David Charles Payne – for services to Education and Scouting in Pinner, Middlesex. Alison Jane Peak – for services to the community in Gloucester, Gloucestershire. Ernest Albert Pearce – for charitable services through the Lions Club in Stowmarket and District and to the community in Bacton, Suffolk. Rosemary Peaty – for services to the community in Blakeney, Gloucestershire. Gillian Penwell – for services to Elderly and Bereaved People in Weymouth, Dorset. Ivor Perl – for services to Holocaust Education. Jane Pettigrew – for services to Tea Production and History. Colin William Picken – lately County Poppy Appeal Co-ordinator, Derbyshire. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion. David Robert Pike – Firefighter, Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service. For services to the Fire and Rescue Service and the community in Greater Manchester. Robert Godfrey Pither – for services to the community in Pontesbury and the Shrewsbury Macular Support Group, Shropshire. Rev'd Canon David Michael Power – St. Cuthbert’s Church. For services to the community in Portsmouth. Basil Edward Priest – for voluntary service to Holme Towers Marie Curie Hospice, Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan. Deborah Ruth Quinn – for services to Business and the community in Macclesfield particularly through the Treacle Market. Sajid Rashid – for services to the community and charitable fundraising in Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Gurdev Singh Rayat – for services to the community in Greenwich, London. Violet Elizabeth Razzell – for services to Healthcare and the community in Perry, Cambridgeshire. Colin Charles Rea – for services to Young People through the Scout Association. Brian Keith Reader – lately Surrey Area Footpath Secretary, The Ramblers. For services to promoting the Rights of Way Network in Surrey. Habib Rehman – for services to Business and Community Relations in Birmingham. Pearly May Reid – for services to the community in West Bromwich, West Midlands. Freda Alice Ridgway – for services to the community in Prees and Fauls, Shropshire. Graham Riley – for services to the community in Shropshire. Norman James Rimmer – Director of Music, Holy Trinity Church, Llandudno. For services to Music and the community in North Wales. Alan James Roberts – for services to the community in Manchester. Dilys Elizabeth Roberts – for services to the Girl Guides and the community in Rhyl, Denbighshire. Joseph William Roberts – for services to the community in Chesterfield. Thomas Delwyn Roberts – for voluntary service to the community in Llangollen, Wrexham. Kirsty Robson – for services to Taxpayers and charitable services to Cancer Research and Awareness. Alan Henry George Rowe – for services to the community in Cobham, Kent through the Parish Council. Justin Rowe – for services to the community and to charity in Malton, North Yorkshire. John Wooldridge Rowland – for services to the community in Bassingham, Lincolnshire. Valerie Rowland – for services to the community in Borossa Common, Surrey. (Rene) Rywka Salt – for services to Holocaust Survivors, Education and Awareness. Malcolm Victor Scothern – Chairman, East Midlands Branch, Queen’s Royal Lancers Regimental Association. For voluntary service to Ex-Service Personnel. William Scott – Founder and Artistic Director, Miracle Theatre Company. For services to the Arts in Cornwall. Elizabeth Joan Sexton – Chairman, League of Friends of Chippenham Hospital. For services to the community in Chippenham, Wiltshire. Carol Daphne Seymour – for voluntary service to Art and People with Disabilities in Stirlingshire. Marilyn Rosemary Sharp – for services to the community in Ivybridge, Devon. Zygmunt Shipper – for services to Holocaust Education and Awareness. Jacqueline Simpson – for services to Older People in Lincoln. Pauline Anne Simpson – Secretary, National FEPOW Fellowship Welfare Remembrance Association. For voluntary service to the Former Far East Prisoners of War Community. Neil Owen Skelton – for services to the Preservation and Conservation of Imber Church, Wiltshire. Brenda Margaret Slade – for services to Westminster Abbey and the Creation and Preservation of Ceremonial Garments. (Ward Westley) Gary Smart – Owner, Harbour Park. For services to the Tourism and Leisure Park Industry. Linda Margaret Smith – Parish and District Councillor, Chalfont St. Peter. For services to Local Government and the community in Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire. Nicholas Andrew Smith – Woodland Officer, Forestry Commission. For services to the Forestry and Environmental Sectors in Herefordshire and to Ornithology. Sharon Winifred Smith – for services to History and the community in Uffington, Oxfordshire. Gordon James Speer – for services to Peace-Building and Community Cohesion in Castlederg, County Tyrone. Jean Spence – for services to Education and the community in Rishton, Lancashire. Elizabeth Anne Spruce – for services to Young People and the community in Alva, Clackmannanshire. Marian Jane Stapley – Volunteer, The Chernobyl Children’s Lifeline. For services to charity. Dorothy Hana Start – for services to the community in Friern Barnet, Hertfordshire and to charity. (Norman) Alan Stennett – Broadcaster. For services to the Farming Industry and Broadcasting in Lincolnshire. Elizabeth Esther Steven – for services to the community in Loughborough, Leicestershire and charitable service to Disadvantaged People in Nepal. Thomas Mccaig Stevenson – Project Manager, Mull of Galloway Trail. For voluntary services to Walkers in the West of Scotland. Brian James Stone – for service to community in Northampton. Jessie Roy Stuart – for services to Scottish Country Dancing and Old Time Dancing. Wendy Ann Taaffe – for services to the community in Wirral particularly through Guiding. (Patricia) Brenda Taylor – Founder, Brenda Taylor School of Dance. For services to Dance. Susan Nicola Templeman – for services to Heritage. Mary Diana Ethel Thornley – for services to Equestrianism. Lisa Wendy Towers – Senior Executive Officer, Home Office and Co-Founder, Break the Stigma. For services to Mental Health Awareness. Kathleen Sylvia Tracey – for services to Charitable Fundraising in County Armagh. George Troup – Chairman, TS Queen Elizabeth. For services to the Sea Cadets and the community in Clydebank, Dunbartonshire. Hazel Elise Turay – for services to the community in Tulse Hill, London. Peter Twyman – Music Teacher, Lipson Co-Operative Academy, Plymouth, Devon. For services to Young People and Music. Erica Joyce Ellen Tye – for services to the community in Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex. Richard John Charles Tyler – Lead Service Manager, Event First Aid and Emergency Response. For services to the British Red Cross in Kent and Sussex. Leslie Underdown – for services to the community in Cropredy, Oxfordshire. Elizabeth Versi – Grade 6, Home Office and Co-Founder, Break the Stigma. For services to Mental Health Awareness. Craig Gordon Vidler – for services to charities. Kathryn Ruth Vowden – lately Nurse Consultant, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Nursing. Natalie Frances Wade – Founder and Director, Small Green Shoots. For services to the Creative Industries. Canon Alfred Derrick Walkden – for services to the community in Preston, Lancashire. Elizabeth Walker – Volunteer, ChildLine Glasgow. For services to Children and Young People. Ann Walsh – for charitable services particularly through Cancer Research UK. George Walsh – Volunteer, ChildLine Glasgow. For services to the community in Belfast. Bryan Ellis Wardley – Treasurer, St. Margaret’s Institute. For services to the community in Oxford. John Ernest Warren – for services to the Art of Wood Carving. Ian Washburn – Drum Major, Devon and Somerset Ceremonial Unit, Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Services. For voluntary services to Music and Firefighters' Welfare. Christopher West – Manager and Chair, Disability Network Advisory Group, National Crime Agency. For services to Equality and Diversity Issues. Sandra Anne White – for services to Elderly People in Shirehampton, Bristol. David Anthony Whiteley – Coxswain, Hoylake Lifeboat, RNLI. For services to Maritime Safety. Mark Sheldon Whitfield – for voluntary service to People and Animals Abroad. Sheila Helen Mary Whitty – Board Member, Circle Housing. For services to the community in Surrey. Dr Adrian Charles Whitwood – Departmental Computing Officer and X-Ray Crystallographer, University of York. For services to Scientific Research and to St John Ambulance in Selby. Linda Whitworth – for services to the community in Blackpool, Lancashire. The Reverend Heather Susan Widdows – Vicar, St. Maelrubha’s Episcopal Church, Poolewe. For services to the community in Gairloch, Ross-shire. Barbara Jean Wilkins – Owner, Jack and Jill Pre-school, Essex. For services to Children and Families. Lynn Willmott – Volunteering Development Manager, Mottisfont Abbey. For voluntary services to Heritage in Hampshire. Ronald Wiltshire – for services to charitable Fundraising. Frances Mary Winterflood – for voluntary service to Young People in Lancashire through the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme. Deborah Wolfe – Data Protection Manager, Police Service of Northern Ireland. For services to Policing and the community in Northern Ireland. Raymond Derek Wood – for services to the community in the London Borough of Redbridge. Hazel Dawn Woodbridge – for services to Carriage Driving in Wiltshire. Robin Basil Woodd – for services to the community in Hemel Hempstead particularly through the Samaritans and St. Mary's Church. Alison Wrigley – Director, Just So Singers Choir, Surrey. For services to Education. Diplomatic Service And Overseas List Allan Joseph Alman – Performing Arts Promoter and Benefactor, Gibraltar. For services to music and to the community in Gibraltar. Alice Ballard – Volunteer Prison Visitor, Taipei. For services to British and foreign prisoners in Taiwan. Roger John Barlow – Chairman, Royal British Legion, Chile. For services to the British community and veterans in Chile. Robin Terry Brown – Chairman, Telecoms Eastern European Challenge. For services to improving the lives of children in vulnerable communities in Moldova. Hamish Roy Douglas – Chairman, Anglo-Bavarian Club. For services to British commercial interests in Germany. Bridget Galsworthy Estavillo – Writer and Historian. For services to the heritage of the Cornish community in Mexico. Alan Frank Harrisson – Volunteer Caseworker, Royal British Legion. For services to the Royal British Legion in the Republic of Ireland. Sarah Bronwen Jones – Founder and director, Children of Fire. For services to young survivors of burn injuries in Africa. Christine Ogle Hall Marigonda – Secretary, Circolo Italo-Britannico, Venice. For services to the British-Italian community in Venice, Italy. Barbara Ann Patterson – Community and Charity volunteer. For services to the British community, the elderly and ex-servicemen and women in Spain. Anthony William (Tony) Porter – chief executive officer, Oasis Cars. For services to the British community in Qatar. David Graham Thomas – President, Safe Communities, Portugal. For services to crime prevention and awareness within the British and international community in Portugal. Russell Adrian Vickers – Residence Manager, British Embassy, Baghdad. For services to British/Iraqi relations. Rachel Mary Williamson – District Nursing Sister, Falkland Islands. For services to the community in the Falkland Islands. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) England and Wales Simon Robert Bailey. Chief constable, Norfolk constabulary. Simon Byrne. Chief constable, Cheshire constabulary. Steven Craddock. Former detective sergeant, West Midlands police. Ian Christopher Dyson. Assistant commissioner, City of London police. Alan Humphries. Former neighbourhood inspector, Greater Manchester police. Neil Hibberd. Detective sergeant, Metropolitan police. Martin Jelley. Chief Constable, Warwickshire police. Claire Michelle Johnston. Chief superintendent, Metropolitan police. Sarah King. Sergeant, Metropolitan police. Timothy Madgwick. Deputy chief constable, North Yorkshire police. Paul Clifford Morrison. Formerly chief superintendent, Sussex and Surrey police. Keith Niven. Detective chief superintendent, Metropolitan police. Zuleika Payne. Constable, South Yorkshire police. Olivia Clare Pinkney. Deputy chief constable, Sussex police. Gareth Pritchard. Deputy chief constable, North Wales police. Andrew Rhodes. Deputy chief constable, Lancashire constabulary. Darren Tuthill. Constable, Metropolitan police. Martin Smith-Wightman. Constable, Metropolitan police. Scotland Eleanor Mitchell. Chief superintendent, Police Scotland. Andrew Morris. Chief superintendent, Police Scotland. Louise Raphael. Detective superintendent, Police Scotland. Northern Ireland Alan Alfred Dickson. Temporary detective chief inspector, PSNI. Eric Raymond Murray. Chief superintendent, PSNI. Philip Heatley Shepherd. Inspector, PSNI. Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM) England and Wales David Stanley Brown. Director of operations prevention and response, London Fire Brigade Thomas Capeling. Chief fire officer, Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service. Simon Gerald Routh-Jones. Chief fire officer, Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service David Roger Walton. Assistant chief fire officer, West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. Scotland Peter Murray. Assistant chief officer, Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. Sarah O'Donnell. Director of finance and contractual Services, Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. Jersey Mark Charles James. Chief fire officer, states of Jersey Fire and Rescue Service. Queen's Ambulance Service Medal (QAM) England and Wales Colin Robert Jeffery. Head of operations, Hywel Dda area, Welsh Ambulance Service. Stephen Payne. Former paramedic, South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS foundation trust. David Whitmore. Senior clinical adviser, London Ambulance Service NHS trust. Scotland Paul Bassett. General manager, Scottish Ambulance Service. Northern Ireland Thomas McGarey. Risk manager, Northern Ireland Ambulance Service. Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM) WO Class 2 Stephen John Davies. Royal Marines reserve Staff Sgt Alison Lesley Cartwright. The Royal Logistic Corps army reserve. Maj Simon Mervyn Cassells. The Royal Irish Regiment army reserve. Maj Michael Dean Deck. The Royal Logistic Corps army reserve. Capt William MacIsaac. General List army reserve. Sqn Ldr Francis Shannon. Royal Air Force reserve. Associate Royal Red Cross (ARRC) Lt Cdr Suzanne Lorraine Gardner-Clark, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. Squadron Leader Therese Anne Bridgit Kelly-Raper, Royal Air Force Overseas Territories Police Medal Malcolm Figueras. Sergeant, Royal Gibraltar Police. William Pulham. Constable, Royal Gibraltar Police. Crown Dependencies The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Guernsey Howard Edward Roberts – for services to The Crown. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Isle of Man John Richard Aspden – for services to Financial Supervision. John Hugh Davidson – for services to Charities and to the Manx community. David Allan Vick – for services to Insurance and Pensions. Jersey Philip Austin – for services to the community as the Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Island Games 2015. Clive Jones – for services to Jersey Heritage. British Empire Medal (BEM) Isle of Man Dorothea Lilian Gell – for services to the Manx community and to Charities. Guernsey Richard Stephen Le Page – for services to the sport of Target Shooting in Guernsey. Katharine Ann Russell – for services to heritage and culture in Alderney and Normandy. Jersey Angela Francey – for services to the reconciliation of the community of Jersey and of Bad Wurzach. Jean McLaughlin – for services to the recognition of Evacuees during the Occupation. Antigua and Barbuda Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Antigua and Barbuda, on advice of her ministers in Antigua and Barbuda. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Agnes Meeker – for services to St. John's Hospice and to the National Archives and Museum of Antigua and Barbuda. Bahamas Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of The Bahamas, on advice of the Bahamian Government. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) Edward Charles Carter – for services to broadcasting and the media. Franklyn Roosevelt Wilson – for services to business and philanthropy. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Dr. Leonard A. Johnson – for services to the church. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Dame of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Justice Anita Mildred Allen – for services to the Bahamas Court of Appeal and Judiciary. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Cleophas R.E. Adderley – for services to music. James Catalyn – for services to culture and acting. The Reverend Dr. Philip Arthur Rahming – for civic service and services to religion. Telator Cumi Strachan – for services to crafts and entrepreneurism. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Thomas A. Basden – for services to business and commerce. Joshua Emerald Culmer – for services to civic affairs and community development. Romeo Farrington – for services to business and to tourism. Dennis Hall – for services to the community. George Gilbert E. Pinder – for services to commerce and fishing. The Reverend Dr. Marina Princess Sands – for services to the community and to religion. Ansil Saunders – for services to the historic and cultural development of the island of Bimini. British Empire Medal (BEM) Hilton Alexander Bowleg – for services to the community. Carmetta Burns – for community development and social services. Doris Farah – for community development and social services. Everette Ferguson – for services to sport. The Reverend Revy Francis – for services to the community through religion and civic service. Curtis Dazel Hanna – for services to business and commerce. Sister Agatha Hunt – for services to religion and to education. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Hulan Hanna – for services to the Royal Bahamas Police Force. Steven Seymour – for services to the Royal Bahamas police Force. Barbados Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Barbados, on advice of the Barbadian Government. Knight Bachelor Paul Bernard Altman – for services to the preservation of historic building and real estate development. Belize Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Belize, on advice of the Belizean Government. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Michael Harwell Manfield Bowen – for services to business and industry. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Dilcia Christina Feinstein – for services to business and the community. Eleanor Rubina Herrera Hulse – for services to education. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Emelda Leticia August – for services to nursing. Janet Patricia Gibson – for services to environmental protection. Dr Aaron Paul Lewis – for services to science. Juan Cansillo Nunez – for services to education and to sport. Sarita Elena Westby – for services to education and to the community. Grenada Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Grenada, on advice of the Grenadian Government. Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight / Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG / DCMG) Justice Lyle Kevin St. Paul – for public service and services to the Judiciary The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Dr. Chamarthy Subbarao – for services to the Medical Profession. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Willan Dewsbury – for services to culture. Anna Margaret Wilson – for services to education and to the community. British Empire Medal (BEM) Civil Division Luret Clarkson – for services to nursing and to trade unionism. Jean Lambert – for services to nursing. New Zealand Saint Christopher and Nevis Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis, on advice of the Kittian and Nevisian Government. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Bishop Kelvin C. Jones – for services to the community in the field of religion. Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Clarita Violetta Richards – for services to education, music and public administration. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Ruperta Patricia Richards-Leader – for her contribution to the Health Care service. Keith Scarborough – for cultural and community service. Solomon Islands Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of the Solomon Islands, on advice of the Solomon Islands Government. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Robinson S. Fugui – for services to Government in the areas of Environmental Health and Community Development. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Angeline Merle Aqorau – for services to the community and to the women of Solomon Islands. Alick Butula – for services to commerce and to Community Development. Chief Alfred Hairiu – for services to teaching, the Church, politics and to Community Development. British Empire Medal (BEM) Civil Division David Manea – for services to teaching and to Community Development. Allen Christian Tarai – for services to teaching and to Community Development. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) Deputy Commissioner Juanita Matanga – for services to the Police and to Community Development. Tuvalu Below are the individuals appointed by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of Tuvalu, on advice of the Tuvalu Government. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) The Honourable Namoliki Sualiki Neemia – for public and community service. Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Rev. Elder Suamalie Naisali Tafaki Iosefa Naisali – for public and community service. Piita Polapola – for public and community service. Susana Semu Taafaki – for public and community service. British Empire Medal (BEM) Civil Division Andrew Paialii Ionatana – for public and community service. Matanile Iosefa – for public and community service. Roger Moresi – for public and community service. References External links Full list of UK Honours from The London Gazette (PDF) 2016 awards New Year Honours 2016 awards in the United Kingdom 2016 in Barbados 2016 in the Isle of Man 2016 in Belize 2016 in Grenada 2016 in the Bahamas 2016 in the Solomon Islands 2016 in Saint Kitts and Nevis 2016 in Antigua and Barbuda 2016 in Tuvalu

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20January%202016

Deaths in January 2016

The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2016. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. January 2016 1 Natasha Aguilar, 45, Costa Rican swimmer, silver and bronze medalist at the 1987 Pan American Games, complications from a stroke. George Alexandru, 58, Romanian theater and film actor, complications from an abdominal infection. Fazu Aliyeva, 83, Russian Avar poet and journalist, heart failure. Lennie Bluett, 96, American actor (Gone with the Wind, Mighty Joe Young, A Star is Born). Dale Bumpers, 90, American politician, Governor of Arkansas (1971–1975), Senator from Arkansas (1975–1999). Antonio Carrizo, 89, Argentine broadcaster. Delia Córdova, 62, Peruvian Olympic volleyball player. Jacques Deny, 99, French mathematician. Brian Johns, 79, Australian company director, managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1995–2000), cancer. Gilbert Kaplan, 74, American conductor and businessman, cancer. Helmut Koester, 89, German-born American history professor. Tony Lane, 71, American art director (Rolling Stone), brain cancer. Mark B, 45, British hip-hop record producer. Gilberto Mendes, 93, Brazilian composer. John Coleman Moore, 92, American mathematician. Homa Nategh, 80, Iranian educator and historian. Mike Oxley, 71, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from (1981–2007), lung cancer. Ian Pieris, 82, Sri Lankan cricketer (Cambridge University Cricket Club). Jim Ross, 89, Scottish-born Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers). Anil Salgaocar, 75, Indian executive and politician. Fred Wiedersporn, 84, German Olympic gymnast. Vilmos Zsigmond, 85, Hungarian-American cinematographer (Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Deer Hunter, The Black Dahlia), Oscar winner (1978). 2 Faris al-Zahrani, 38, Saudi al-Qaeda member, execution by beheading. Mieke Andela-Baur, 92, Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives. Marcel Barbeau, 90, Canadian painter and sculptor. Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, 91, Indian politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (1996–2012), complications from a stroke. Vicente Camacho, 86, Northern Mariana Islands businessman and politician, member of the Marianas Political Status Commission. Michel Delpech, 69, French singer-songwriter and actor, throat cancer. Leonard Evans, 86, Canadian politician, complications from a heart attack. Tim Francis, 87, New Zealand diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1988–1991), Administrator of Tokelau (1984–1988), cancer. Brad Fuller, 62, American video game composer (Marble Madness, Tetris, Blasteroids), Director of Engineering for Atari (1993–1996), pancreatic cancer. Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska, 93, Polish actress. Matt Hobden, 22, English cricketer (Sussex), fall. Shigeji Kaneko, 84, Japanese boxer, OPBF featherweight champion (1953 - 1958), pneumonia. Matthiew Klinck, 37, Canadian film director and producer (Hank and Mike), stabbed. Thomas Johnstone McWiggan, 97, British aviation engineer. Gisela Mota Ocampo, 33, Mexican politician, Mayor of Temixco (2016), member of the Chamber of Deputies (2012–2015), shot. Nimr al-Nimr, 56, Saudi Shia religious leader, execution by beheading. John Reid, 87, Australian Anglican prelate, Bishop of South Sydney (1972–1993). Rino Salviati, 93, Italian singer, guitarist and actor. Stanley Siegel, 79, American talk show host, pneumonia. Fateh Singh, 51, Indian sports shooter and army officer, shot. Mirko Vujačić, 91, Montenegrin Olympic athlete. Frances Cress Welsing, 80, American psychiatrist and author, complications from a stroke. Leonard White, 99, British television producer (The Avengers, Armchair Theatre) and actor. Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu, 87, Turkish military officer, Secretary-General of the National Security Council (1988–1990), kidney failure. 3 Klaas Bakker, 89, Dutch footballer (Ajax). Robert H. B. Baldwin, 95, American businessman (Morgan Stanley), pneumonia. Leonard Berkowitz, 89, American social psychologist. Paul Bley, 83, Canadian jazz pianist. Gary Flakne, 81, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1963–1973). Amby Fogarty, 82, Irish footballer (Sunderland, Hartlepool, Cork Celtic) and manager (Cork Hibernians, Galway Rovers). C. B. Forgotston, 70, American lawyer and political blogger, suicide by gunshot. Cristina Grado, 76, Italian actress and voice actress. Demmus Hentze, 92, Faroese politician, Finance Minister (1975–1981). John McDade Howell, 93, American academic and university chancellor (East Carolina University). Shankar Prasad Jaiswal, 83, Indian politician. Alberto Iniesta Jiménez, 92, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Madrid (1972–1998). Raymond W. Lessard, 85, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Savannah (1973–1995). Gomer Lloyd, 68, British Olympic bobsledder. Raghu Nandan Mandal, 63, Indian politician. Andy Maurer, 67, American football player (Atlanta Falcons, Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos), cancer. Peter Naur, 87, Danish computer science pioneer, Turing Award winner. Georg Nees, 89, German academic and artist. Bill Plager, 70, Canadian ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues). Peter Powell, 83, English kite maker, stroke. Tommy Sale, 97, English rugby league player (Leigh, Widnes). Igor Sergun, 58, Russian military officer, Director of the GRU (since 2011). Ted Stanley, 84, American philanthropist and businessman (Danbury Mint). 4 Tom Allin, 28, English cricketer (Warwickshire), suicide by jumping. Frank Armitage, 91, Australian-born American painter and animator (Mary Poppins, Lady and the Tramp, The Jungle Book). Jan Aronsson, 84, Swedish footballer (Degerfors IF). Robert Balser, 88, American animator (Yellow Submarine, Heavy Metal, The Jackson 5ive), respiratory failure. Fernando Barrachina, 68, Spanish footballer (Valencia CF). Stephen W. Bosworth, 76, American diplomat, Ambassador to South Korea (1997–2001), prostate cancer. Colin Butler, 102, British entomologist. Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds, 73, Latvian computer scientist and mathematician, heart attack. Michel Galabru, 93, French actor (The Judge and the Assassin, La Cage aux Folles, Belle Époque). Long John Hunter, 84, American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. S. H. Kapadia, 68, Indian judge, Chief Justice (2010–2012). Jorge Lepra, 73, Uruguayan diplomat and politician, heart failure. Maja Maranow, 54, German actress (Beloved Sisters), breast cancer. Achim Mentzel, 69, German musician and television presenter. Red Parker, 84, American football coach (The Citadel, Clemson, Ole Miss). Donald J. Parsons, 93, American Episcopal prelate, Bishop of Quincy (1973–1988). Marjorie Pizer, 95, Australian poet. Joseph Ritz, 86, American author and playwright. John Roberts, 69, Welsh footballer (Arsenal, Birmingham, Wrexham). Andres Rodriguez, 31, Venezuelan equestrian competitor, silver medalist at the 2015 Pan American Games, traffic collision. Leo Rucka, 84, American football player (San Francisco 49ers). Gavriel Salomon, 77, Israeli educational psychologist. Alexander O. Shirley, 88, British Virgin Islands civil servant and cricketer, Accountant General (1967–1987), namesake of the A. O. Shirley Recreation Ground. Antonio Soto Díaz, 66, Puerto Rican politician, member of the Puerto Rico Senate (2009–2011), heart attack. Robert Stigwood, 81, Australian band manager (Bee Gees) and film producer (Grease, Saturday Night Fever). Edhi Sunarso, 83, Indonesian sculptor (Selamat Datang Monument), heart failure. André Turcat, 94, French aviator. 5 Mamdouh Abdel-Alim, 59, Egyptian actor, heart attack. Bob Armstrong, 82, American basketball player (Philadelphia Warriors). María Lorenza Barreneche, 89, Argentine socialite, First Lady (1983–1989). Pierre Boulez, 90, French composer and conductor. Nicholas Caldwell, 71, American R&B singer (The Whispers), congestive heart failure. Agapito Robleda Castro, 83, Honduran politician. Patrick Crofton, 80, Canadian politician. Christine Lawrence Finney, 47, American painter and animator (Aladdin, The Lion King, Lilo & Stitch). John Freebairn, 85, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly for Light (1962–1970). Percy Freeman, 70, English footballer (Lincoln City, West Bromwich Albion, Reading). Albert Gubay, 87, British businessman (Kwik Save). Rudolf Haag, 93, German theoretical physicist. Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov, 89, Russian computer scientist. Jean-Paul L'Allier, 77, Canadian politician, member of the National Assembly of Quebec (1970–1976), Mayor of Quebec City (1989–2005). George MacIntyre, 76, American football player and coach (Vanderbilt). Tancrède Melet, 32, French tightrope walker and base jumper, fall. Gerry O'Malley, 87, Irish Gaelic footballer (Roscommon). Uche Okeke, 82, Nigerian artist. Antônio Pompêo, 62, Brazilian actor. Michael Purcell, 70, Australian rugby union player. Jay Ritchie, 79, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Atlanta Braves, Cincinnati Reds). Anatoly Roshchin, 83, Russian heavyweight wrestler, Olympic champion (1972). Elizabeth Swados, 64, American composer and writer (Runaways), complications from surgery. Keith Thiele, 94, New Zealand WW2 pilot. Alex Timpson, 69, British children's rights activist. Hanna-Marie Weydahl, 93, Norwegian pianist. 6 Robert D. Acland, 74, American surgeon (Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy). Maliheh Afnan, 81, Palestinian-born artist. Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, 87, Cuban trumpeter, prostate cancer. Ladislav Bačík, 82, Czech Olympic swimmer. Douglas Greer, 94, American actor (Our Gang). Pat Harrington Jr., 86, American actor (One Day at a Time, Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels, The Inspector), complications from a brain haemorrhage. Florence King, 80, American writer. Serena Sinclair Lesley, 89, American journalist. Christy O'Connor Jnr, 67, Irish golfer. Silvana Pampanini, 90, Italian actress (The Road a Year Long, The City Stands Trial, A Husband for Anna). Ioannis Petridis, 84, Greek politician, MP for Pieria (1985–1989). Sol Polansky, 89, American diplomat, Ambassador to Bulgaria (1987–1990). Qian Min, 100, Chinese politician. Marion Studholme, 88, English soprano and music teacher. Nivaria Tejera, 86, Cuban poet and novelist, pancreatic cancer. Labhshankar Thakar, 80, Indian author. Robert D. Timm, 94, American politician. Yves Vincent, 94, French actor. Zbigniew Zychowicz, 62, Polish politician, Marshal of West Pomeranian Voivodeship (1999–2000). 7 Oscar Ray Bolin, 53, American serial killer, execution by lethal injection. Brahim Chergui, 94, Algerian militant. Patrick Connolly, 88–89, Irish lawyer, Attorney General (1982). André Courrèges, 92, French fashion designer. Robert M. Cundick, 89, American organist and composer. Paddy Doherty, 89, Northern Irish civil rights activist. Michael J. Egan, 89, American politician. Bill Foster, 86, American college basketball coach (Rutgers, Utah, Duke, South Carolina). Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe, 93, Mexican trade union leader and politician. Robert Goossens, 88, French jeweller. Alwin Albert Hafner, 85, Malagasy Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Morombe (1989–2000). Alan Haven, 80, English jazz organist. John Johnson, 68, American basketball player (Cleveland Cavaliers, Houston Rockets, Seattle SuperSonics), NBA Champion (1979). Kitty Kallen, 94, American singer ("Little Things Mean a Lot"). Judith Kaye, 77, American lawyer, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1993–2008), cancer. István Komáromi, 72, Hungarian politician, MP (1994–1998). Richard Libertini, 82, American actor (Fletch, All of Me, Popeye), cancer. Cristian Moisescu, 68, Romanian politician, Mayor of Arad (1992–1996). William H. O'Dell, 77, American politician, member of the South Carolina Senate (since 1989). Houshang Ostovar, 88, Iranian composer. Jit Samaroo, 65, Trinidadian Steelpan musician and arranger. Ashraf Pahlavi, 96, Persian princess, President of the Women's Organization of Iran (1967–1979). Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, 79, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (2002–2005, since 2015), Minister of Home Affairs (1989–1990), multiple organ failure. Troy Shondell, 76, American singer, complications from Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Sergey Shustikov, 45, Russian football player (Torpedo Moscow) and manager (Solyaris Moscow). Sergei Simonov, 23, Russian ice hockey player (HC Lipetsk), complications after spleen surgery. Anton Srholec, 86, Slovak writer and priest, lung cancer. Anna Synodinou, 88, Greek politician and actress (The 300 Spartans). János György Szilágyi, 97, Hungarian historian. Yeow Chai Thiam, 62, Malaysian politician, cancer. Jesús María Ramón Valdés, 77, Mexican politician. Sir Christopher Wallace, 73, British army lieutenant general, Commandant Royal College of Defence Studies (2001–2005), amyloidosis. Hansrudi Wäscher, 87, German comics artist. Valerio Zanone, 79, Italian politician, Secretary of Italian Liberal Party (1976–1985) and Mayor of Turin (1990–1991). 8 Hamdy Ahmed, 82, Egyptian actor (Al-Kahira 30, Al-Ard, Al Asfour). Horst Boog, 88, German historian. Otis Clay, 73, American R&B and soul singer ("Tryin' to Live My Life Without You", "The Only Way Is Up"), heart attack. Maria Teresa de Filippis, 89, Italian racing driver, first woman to race in Formula One (Maserati, Behra-Porsche). Oscar Fritschi, 76, Swiss politician. Ida Gaskin, 96, Welsh-born New Zealand teacher and quiz show contestant. Alessandro Ghinami, 92, Italian politician, President of Sardinia (1979–1980). M. O. Joseph, 86, Indian film producer. Medea Jugeli, 90, Georgian gymnast, Olympic champion (1952). Gunaram Khanikar, 66, Indian herbalist. Diana Mitchell, 83, Zimbabwean political activist and writer. German Moreno, 82, Philippine television host (That's Entertainment, Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman, GMA Supershow) and actor, cardiac arrest. Royal Parker, 86, American television personality, heart failure. Paddy Reid, 91, Irish rugby union and league player. Red Simpson, 81, American country singer-songwriter ("I'm a Truck"), complications from a heart attack. Brett Smiley, 60, American singer-songwriter. Piet Steenkamp, 90, Dutch politician, President of the Senate (1983–1991). Risto Syrjänen, 90, Finnish Olympic hurdler. Carlos Milcíades Villalba Aquino, 91, Paraguayan Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of San Juan Bautista de las Misiones (1978–1999). 9 Barbara Allyne Bennet, 76, American actress (Mac and Me, The Office). Myra Carter, 86, American actress (Three Tall Women, 8mm), pneumonia. Merab Chigoev, 65, South Ossetian politician, Prime Minister (1998–2001), traffic collision. Lawrence H. Cohn, 78, American surgeon, stroke. Cielito del Mundo, 80, Filipino singer, actress and politician, heart attack. Henri Delerue, 76, French Olympic racewalker. Hamada Emam, 68, Egyptian footballer (Zamalek SC). Peter Gavin Hall, 64, Australian statistician, leukemia. John Harvard, 77, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (2004–2009). Gareth Hoskins, 48, Scottish architect, complications of a heart attack. Johnny Jordan, 94, English footballer (Tonbridge). Mike McGinnity, 74, English football chairman (Coventry City). Robert Naegele, 90, German actor (The NeverEnding Story II, The Old Fox, Waller's Last Trip). Umberto Raho, 93, Italian actor (The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Last Man on Earth, Superfantagenio). Lance Rautzhan, 63, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Brewers), cancer. José María Rivas, 57, Salvadoran footballer (national team), leukemia. Gianni Rondolino, 83, Italian film critic and historian, founder of the Turin Film Festival. Paul-Marie François Rousset, 94, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint-Étienne (1971–1987). Angus Scrimm, 89, American actor (Phantasm, Alias, John Dies at the End). Beau St. Clair, 63, American film producer (The Thomas Crown Affair, The November Man, Laws of Attraction), ovarian cancer. St Jovite, 26, American-bred Irish-trained racehorse, winner of the 1992 Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. Ed Stewart, 74, British TV and radio broadcaster (Top of the Pops, Crackerjack), stroke. Vicente Troudart, 64, Panamanian baseball umpire. Peggy Willis-Aarnio, 67, American ballet choreographer. Zelimkhan Yaqub, 65, Azerbaijani poet. 10 Abbas Bahri, 61, Tunisian mathematician and professor (Rutgers University). Wim Bleijenberg, 85, Dutch footballer (Ajax, national team). David Bowie, 69, English singer-songwriter, musician ("Heroes", "Space Oddity") and actor (Labyrinth), liver cancer. Bård Breivik, 67, Norwegian sculptor, cancer. Alton Brown, 90, American baseball player (Washington Senators). Ann Z. Caracristi, 94, American cryptographer, Deputy Director of the NSA (1980–1982), complications from dementia. Charles Congden Carpenter, 94, American naturalist. Teofil Codreanu, 74, Romanian footballer (Rapid București). Jeanne Córdova, 67, German-born American LGBT activist, brain cancer. Carolyn Denning, 88, American pediatrician, stroke. Michael Galeota, 31, American actor (The Jersey, Bailey Kipper's P.O.V.), heart disease and hypertension. Hernán Gamboa, 69, Venezuelan musician (Serenata Guayanesa), cancer. Ulrich Hahnen, 63, German politician, Deputy of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (since 2010), cancer. Ralph Hauenstein, 103, American philanthropist and businessman. Thomas Alexander Hickman, 90, Canadian judge and politician. Francis Thomas Hurley, 88, American Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Anchorage (1976–2001), Bishop of Juneau (1971–1976). George Jonas, 80, Hungarian-born Canadian writer (Vengeance), Parkinson's disease. Kalevi Lehtovirta, 87, Finnish Olympic footballer (1952). Anthony Mellows, 79, British barrister and academic, Lord Prior of the Order of St John (2008–2014). Connie Mhone, 47, Malawian netball player and coach. Bob Oatley, 87, Australian yachtsman (Wild Oats XI) and winemaker (Rosemount). Arthur S. Obermayer, 84, American entrepreneur and philanthropist, cancer. Dick Spady, 92, American businessman (Dick's Drive-In). John Stokes, 70, British Army soldier and mountaineer. The Wolfman, 80, Hungarian-born Canadian professional wrestler (WWWF). Cornelis Zitman, 89, Dutch-born Venezuelan sculptor. Yusuf Zuayyin, 84, Syrian politician, Prime Minister (1965, 1966–1968). 11 Budi Anduk, 47, Indonesian actor (Opera Van Java) and comedian, pneumonia. Reginaldo Araújo, 38, Brazilian footballer, heart attack. Elizabeth Aston, 67, English author, pancreatic cancer. Sylvan Barnet, 89, American literary critic, cancer. Robert Coates, 87, Canadian politician, MP (1957–1988). Sir Kenneth Corfield, 91, British camera engineer, inventor of the Corfield Periflex. John Easter, 70, English squash player and cricketer, World Championship silver medallist (1973). Berge Furre, 78, Norwegian politician and historian. Monte Irvin, 96, American Hall of Fame baseball player (Newark Eagles, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs), winner of the 1954 World Series. Yevgeny Kotlov, 66, Russian Soviet ice hockey player (Dynamo Moscow). Albert Onyembo Lomandjo, 84, Congolese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Kindu (1966–1978). Stanley Mann, 87, Canadian screenwriter (The Collector, Conan the Destroyer, Firestarter). John B. Mansbridge, 98, American art director (Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Tron, The Apple Dumpling Gang). David Margulies, 78, American actor (Ghostbusters, The Sopranos, Conversations with My Father). Chuck Pitcock, 57, American football player (Tampa Bay Bandits). János Radványi, 93, Hungarian-born American political scientist and diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (1962–1967). Don Strauch, 89, American politician, Mayor of Mesa, Arizona (1980–1984), member of the Arizona House of Representatives (1987–1988), complications from a fall. Gunnel Vallquist, 97, Swedish writer and translator (In Search of Lost Time). 12 Gian Bazzi, 84, Swiss Olympic ice hockey player (1952). Robert Black, 68, Scottish serial killer and kidnapper, heart attack. James L. Browning, Jr., 83, American prosecutor, fall. Ivan Bukavshin, 20, Russian chess Grandmaster, stroke. Rose Chibambo, 86, Malawian politician, Deputy Minister for Hospitals, Prisons and Social Welfare (1963–1964), heart attack. Marian Czapla, 69, Polish painter. Gastón Guzmán, 83, Mexican mycologist and anthropologist, heart attack. Brian Johnson, 59, Australian rugby league player and coach (St. George, Warrington), Alzheimer's disease. Ruth Leuwerik, 91, German film actress (The Trapp Family). Witold Mańczak, 91, Polish linguist. Tommy Mulgrew, 86, British footballer (Southampton). Meg Mundy, 101, American actress (Fatal Attraction, All My Children, Ordinary People). William Needles, 97, American-Canadian actor. Erik Olsson, 85, Swedish Olympic wrestler. Milorad Rajović, 61, Serbian footballer. Dave Sime, 79, American sprinter and ophthalmologist, Olympic silver medalist (1960), cancer. Andrew Smith, 25, American basketball player (Butler Bulldogs, Neptūnas), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. John Stevens, 86, British journalist. Melania Ursu, 75, Romanian stage and film actress (Flames over Treasures). Carolyn D. Wright, 67, American poet, thrombosis. 13 Luis Arroyo, 88, Puerto Rican baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees), winner of the 1961 World Series, cancer. Brian Bedford, 80, British actor (Robin Hood, Nixon, Much Ado About Nothing), cancer. William Craig, 97, American philosopher. Giorgio Gomelsky, 81, Georgian-born Swiss filmmaker (La Collectionneuse), impresario, band manager (The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds), songwriter and record producer. Bern Herbolsheimer, 67, American composer, cancer. J. F. R. Jacob, 92, Indian military officer, pneumonia. Sir Albert McQuarrie, 98, Scottish politician, MP for East Aberdeenshire (1979–1983) and Banff and Buchan (1983–1987). Dick Megugorac, 87, American land speed racer and customizer. Conrad Phillips, 90, British television and film actor (The Adventures of William Tell). Lawrence Phillips, 40, American football player (University of Nebraska, St. Louis Rams) and convicted felon, suicide. Vladimir Pribylovsky, 59, Russian human rights activist and journalist. Addepalli Ramamohana Rao, 80, Indian Telugu poet. Mike Salmon, 82, British racing driver. Jim Simpson, 88, American sportscaster (NBC Sports). Zaharije Trnavčević, 90, Serbian politician, Acting President of the National Assembly (2012). G. A. Vadivelu, 90, Indian independence activist and politician. Lois Weisberg, 90, American civil servant and socialite. Tera Wray, 33, American pornographic actress, suicide. 14 René Angélil, 73, Canadian entertainment manager (Celine Dion), throat cancer. George Carroll, 94, American lawyer and politician, Mayor of Richmond, California (1964–1965). Franco Citti, 80, Italian actor (The Godfather, Accattone, The Decameron). Calvin Greenaway, 67, Antigua and Barbuda Olympic athlete. Laurence Guest, 80, British Olympic rower. Jim Hannah, 71, American attorney, Chief Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court (2005–2015). Al Hart, 88, American radio host (KCBS, KNBR, WOBT). Glyn W. Humphreys, 61, British neuropsychologist. Anna Lærkesen, 73, Danish ballerina. Franco Oppo, 80, Italian composer. P. M. K. Raghunath, 65, Indian cricketer. Alan Rickman, 69, English actor (Harry Potter, Die Hard, Love Actually), BAFTA winner (1992), pancreatic cancer. Shaolin, 44, Brazilian humorist, heart attack. Robert Banks Stewart, 84, Scottish television writer (Doctor Who, Bergerac, Shoestring), cancer. Shigeaki Uchino, 84, Japanese Olympian Sergio Vacchi, 90, Italian painter. Rajesh Vivek, 66, Indian actor (Lagaan), heart attack. Ellen Meiksins Wood, 73, American historian, cancer. Leonid Zhabotinsky, 77, Ukrainian Soviet weightlifter, Olympic champion (1964, 1968). 15 Tunku Alif Hussein Saifuddin Al-Amin, 31, Malaysian royal. Francisco X. Alarcón, 61, American poet, cancer. Peter Atteslander, 89, Swiss sociologist. James Birren, 97, American gerontologist. Daniel Bohan, 74, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Regina (since 2005), cancer. Robert Darène, 102, French actor (The Cage). Robin Fletcher, 93, British academic administrator and field hockey player, Olympic bronze medallist (1952). Anil Ganguly, 82, Indian film director (Kora Kagaz, Tapasya). Marie L. Garibaldi, 81, American judge, first woman to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court. Dan Haggerty, 74, American actor (The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams), spinal cancer. Pete Huttlinger, 54, American guitarist (John Denver, LeAnn Rimes), stroke. Avrom Isaacs, 89, Canadian art dealer. Ken Judge, 58, Australian football player (East Fremantle, Hawthorn, Brisbane Bears) and coach (Hawthorn, West Coast Eagles), cancer. Andrzej Kotkowski, 75, Polish film director (Olympics 40). Peter Kraus, 83, German Olympic athlete. Marvin Lipofsky, 77, American glass artist, complications of diabetes. P. J. Mara, 73, Irish public affairs consultant, Senator (1977–1981, 1982–1983). Rex Morgan, 67, American basketball player (Boston Celtics), throat cancer. John J. Pruis, 92, American educator, President of Ball State University (1968–1978). Alexandre Reza, 93, Russian-born French jeweler. Oleksandr Shevchenko, 78, Ukrainian scientist, jurist and politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada (2012–2014). Grzegorz Strouhal, 73, Polish Olympic sport shooter. Manuel Velázquez, 72, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga), winner of the 1965–66 European Cup. Aristide von Bienefeldt, 56, Dutch writer. Buzzy Wilkinson, 83, American basketball player (Virginia Cavaliers). 16 Joannis Avramidis, 93, Georgian-born Austrian sculptor. Joan Balzar, 87, Canadian artist. Charles L. Bestor, 91, American composer and academic. Theodor Danetti, 89, Romanian stage and film actor. Ananda Chandra Dutta, 92, Indian botanist. Thor Furulund, 72, Norwegian painter. Hubert Giraud, 94, French songwriter. Bob Harkey, 85, American racecar driver (USAC). Joe Hergert, 79, American football player (Buffalo Bills). Georgie Lamon, 81, Swiss politician, shot. Gary Loizzo, 70, American singer (The American Breed), pancreatic cancer. Ted Marchibroda, 84, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Chicago Cardinals) and coach (Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Ravens). Rudy Migay, 87, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs). John Mills, 85, Canadian writer. Carmelau Monestime, 86, Haitian-born American activist and radio broadcaster, pioneer of Haitian Creole radio in South Florida. Hans-Joachim Reich, 85, German Olympic swimmer. Jean-Noël Rey, 66, Swiss businessman, CEO of Swiss Post, shot. Lloyd Rudolph, 88, American political scientist. Mervyn Sandri, 83, New Zealand cricketer. Leonidas B. Young, II, 62, American politician, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia (1994–1996). 17 Reza Ahadi, 53, Iranian football player and coach. Peggy Anderson, 77, American author and journalist (The Philadelphia Inquirer). Blowfly, 76, American musician and producer, liver cancer. Mondli Cele, 26, South African footballer, traffic collision. Olamide David, 14, Nigerian actor, abdominal injury. Melvin Day, 92, New Zealand artist. Jo de Winter, 94, American actress (Gloria, Dirty Harry, Bird). Geethapriya, 83, Indian director (Mannina Maga). Mic Gillette, 64, American brass player (Tower of Power), heart attack. Dale Griffin, 67, British drummer (Mott the Hoople), Alzheimer's disease. Gulch, 31, American thoroughbred racehorse, euthanised due to complications from cancer. Gottfried Honegger, 98, Swiss artist and graphic designer. Carina Jaarnek, 53, Swedish singer and Dansband artist, cerebral haemorrhage. Stephen Levine, 78, American poet. Jules Le Lievre, 82, New Zealand rugby union player (Canterbury, national team). Sherron Mills, 44, American basketball player (BCM Gravelines), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ion Panțuru, 81, Romanian bobsledder, Olympic bronze medalist (1968). Delphine Parrott, 87, British immunologist. Billy Quinn, 80, Irish hurler. V. Rama Rao, 80, Indian politician, Governor of Sikkim (2002–2007). Josef Rösch, 90, Czech-born American radiologist. Angus Ross, 59, Scottish darts player, pancreatic cancer. Ramblin' Lou Schriver, 86, American country musician and radio broadcaster (WXRL), heart disease. Francis B. Schulte, 89, American Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of New Orleans (1988–2001). Mike Sharpe, 64, Canadian professional wrestler (WWF). John Taihuttu, 61, Dutch footballer (VVV, Fortuna Sittard). Sudhindra Thirtha, 89, Indian Hindu religious leader. Jenő Váncsa, 87, Hungarian politician, Minister of Agriculture and Food (1980–1989). 18 Leila Alaoui, 33, French-born Moroccan artist and photographer, heart attack. António de Almeida Santos, 89, Portuguese lawyer and politician, President of Assembly of the Republic (1995–2002). Johnny Bach, 91, American basketball player (Boston Celtics) and coach (Fordham University, Penn State, Chicago Bulls). Terence Cook, 88, Welsh rugby union and rugby league footballer. Manpreet Akhtar, 51, Indian Punjabi and folk singer. Pierre DesRuisseaux, 70, Canadian poet. Glenn Frey, 67, American songwriter, musician (Eagles) and actor (Jerry Maguire), complications following intestinal surgery. Karsten Isachsen, 71, Norwegian priest, author and public speaker. Andy Dog Johnson, 57, British artist, designer of many The The record sleeves, brain tumour. Lars Roar Langslet, 79, Norwegian politician, Minister of Culture and Science (1982–1986). Oleksiy Logvynenko, 69, Ukrainian translator (The Catcher in the Rye). Loredana, 91, Italian actress (Immigrants, The King's Jester, La Fornarina). Mike MacDowel, 83, British racing driver (Cooper), cancer. Pablo Manavello, 65, Italian-born Venezuelan musician. William Morgan, 85, American architect. Else Marie Pade, 91, Danish composer. Asha Patil, 79, Indian actress. Thrisadee Sahawong, 35, Thai actor. Bharat Shah, 70, Indian cricketer. T. S. Sinnathuray, 85, Singaporean Supreme Court judge, pneumonia. Antonella Steni, 89, Italian actress (The Tiger and the Pussycat, Kaputt Mundi, Nel sole). Joe Sweeney, 82, Australian Olympic wrestler. Michel Tournier, 91, French writer (Friday, or, The Other Island, The Erl-King). Nicolaus Zwetnow, 86, Norwegian sport shooter. 19 William G. Bowdler, 91, American diplomat, Ambassador to South Africa (1975–1978). Robert M. Carter, 73, British-born Australian marine geologist and climate change denier, complications from a heart attack. Antonia Churchill, 96, American Olympic sailor (1936). John Corcoran, 56, Irish sports administrator. Jean-Philippe Douin, 75, French military officer, Chief of the Defence Staff (1995–1998). Joachim Fernandez, 43, Senegalese footballer. M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana, 68, Sri Lankan politician, Minister of Lands (since 2015). Yasutaro Koide, 112, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest living man, heart failure and pneumonia. Claude Lefebvre, 86, Canadian politician, Mayor of Laval, Quebec (1981–1989). Laurence Lerner, 90, South African-born British literary critic. Richard Levins, 85, American mathematical ecologist and population geneticist. Forrest McDonald, 89, American historian and constitutional scholar. Sylvia McLaughlin, 99, American environmentalist, co-founder of Save the Bay. Micole Mercurio, 77, American actress (Flashdance, What Lies Beneath, The Client). Lou Michaels, 80, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Colts), pancreatic cancer. Max Nijman, 74, Surinamese singer. Samuel Odulana Odungade I, 101, Nigerian royal, Olubadan of Ibadan (since 2007). Ettore Scola, 84, Italian film director and screenwriter (We All Loved Each Other So Much, A Special Day, Le Bal), heart attack. Sheila Sim, Lady Attenborough, 93, English actress (A Canterbury Tale, Pandora and the Flying Dutchman, West of Zanzibar), dementia. William Y. Smith, 90, American air force general, heart failure. Frank Sullivan, 85, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, Minnesota Twins), pneumonia. Eugen Vollmar, 87, Swiss Olympic rower. 20 Herbert L. Abrams, 95, American physician. Lee Abramson, 45, American composer and musician. Arch, 21, American Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the Super Derby (1998) and Fayette Stakes (1998), heart attack. Bud Beardmore, 76, American lacrosse coach (Maryland), Parkinson's disease. Constance Beresford-Howe, 93, Canadian novelist. Subrata Bose, 83, Indian politician, cardiac arrest. Mykolas Burokevičius, 88, Lithuanian politician, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Chang Yung-fa, 88, Taiwanese businessman (Evergreen Group). Edmonde Charles-Roux, 95, French writer. Stuart Cowden, 90, English footballer (Stoke City). Bairbre Dowling, 62, Irish actress (Zardoz, The Dead, War of the Buttons). Ronald Greenwald, 82, American rabbi. David G. Hartwell, 74, American editor, publisher and critic, injuries from a fall. Hung-ta Chang, 102, Chinese botanist. Brian Key, 68, British politician, MEP for Yorkshire South (1979–1984). Kingmambo, 25, American-bred French thoroughbred racehorse, euthanized. (death announced on this date) Valerie Pearl, 89, British historian. Eva Schorr, 88, German painter and composer. George Weidenfeld, Baron Weidenfeld, 96, Austrian-born British publisher, philanthropist, and newspaper columnist. Edward Yourdon, 72, American computer scientist. 21 Ron Collins, 59, Canadian curler. Mauro Gianneschi, 84, Italian cyclist. Andrew J. Hinshaw, 92, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 39th and 40th congressional districts (1973–1977). Bill Johnson, 55, American alpine skier, Olympic champion (1984). Bogusław Kaczyński, 73, Polish classical music journalist, stroke. Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda, 75, Congolese politician. Richard Klinkhamer, 78, Dutch writer. Derrick Todd Lee, 47, American convicted serial killer, heart disease. Cabot Lyford, 90, American sculptor, pulmonary distress. Harrison McIntosh, 101, American ceramicist. Jerker Porath, 94, Swedish biochemist. Stephanie Rader, 100, American spy. Garnet Richardson, 82, Canadian curler, world champion (1959, 1960, 1962, 1963). Mrinalini Sarabhai, 97, Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. Robert Sassone, 37, French road racing cyclist, suicide. Val Sears, 88, Canadian journalist (Toronto Star). Francis Seow, 87, Singapore-born American writer and political refugee, pneumonia. Michael Sheringham, 67, English literary academic. Ron Southern, 85, Canadian businessman (ATCO). Robert Tuggle, 82, American writer and archivist. Gerald Williams, 86, Welsh tennis commentator. 22 Tom Aidala, 82, American architect. Khandaker Nurul Alam, Bangladeshi singer and composer. Victor Arbez, 81, French Olympic skier. Homayoun Behzadi, 73, Iranian football player (Shahin, Paykan, national team) and coach (Persepolis), Asian Champion (1968, 1972). Eugene Borowitz, 91, American rabbi and philosopher. Fred Bruney, 84, American football player (Boston Patriots). Tommy Bryceland, 76, Scottish footballer (St Mirren, Norwich, Oldham). Pete Carmichael, 74, American football coach (Jacksonville Jaguars). Ryuichi Doi, 76, Japanese politician. John Dowie, 60, Scottish footballer (Fulham, Celtic). John Farris, 75, American author. Kamer Genç, 75, Turkish politician, member of the Grand National Assembly (1987–2015), cancer. Shankar Ghosh, 80, Indian tabla player, pneumonia. Bill Groom, 81, Canadian curler. Waymond C. Huggins, 88, American politician. Juan Manuel Ley, 82, Mexican businessman (Casa Ley). Constantin Mihail, 70, Romanian track and field coach. Ian Murray, 83, Scottish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Argyll and the Isles (1999–2008). Abolhassan Najafi, 86, Iranian writer and translator. Denise Newman, 91, British Olympic diver (1948). Mikhail Odnoralov, 71, Russian-born American painter. Cecil Parkinson, Baron Parkinson, 84, British politician, cabinet minister, cancer. Robert Pickus, 92, American activist. Lois Ramsey, 93, Australian actress (The Box, Prisoner). Miloslav Ransdorf, 62, Czech politician, MEP (since 2004). Raymond Rock, 93, Canadian politician. Sarah, 15, American zoo cheetah. Anthony Simmons, 93, British screenwriter and film director (The Optimists of Nine Elms, Black Joy). Storm Flag Flying, 16, American thoroughbred racehorse, foaling complications. Rik Wilson, 53, American ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues). Tahsin Yücel, 83, Turkish writer. 23 Nikolay Abramov, 54, Russian Vepsian writer and translator. Bob Arnott, 93, Australian Olympic alpine skier (1952). Lela Autio, 88, American painter. Jimmy Bain, 68, Scottish bassist (Rainbow, Dio), lung cancer. Jack Bannister, 85, English cricket player (Warwickshire) and commentator. Barry Brickell, 80, New Zealand ceramic artist. *Cadalack Ron, 34, American rapper. Pablo Contessi, Paraguayan doctor and politician, Governor of Presidente Hayes Department (since 2013), traffic collision. Antony Emerson, 52, Australian tennis player, cancer. Espectrito, 49, Mexican professional wrestler (WWF, AAA). Josip Friščić, 66, Croatian politician, Vice President of Parliament (2008–2011). Sofía Gandarias, 58, Spanish painter. Archie Gouldie, 79, Canadian professional wrestler, complications from hip surgery. Jennifer Guinness, 78, Irish socialite and kidnapping victim, cancer. Grahame Hodgson, 79, Welsh rugby union player (national team). Žuži Jelinek, 96, Croatian fashion stylist, designer and writer. A. C. Jose, 78, Indian politician, Speaker of Kerala Legislature (1982), member of Parliament (1996–1997, 1998–2004). Marie Mahoney, 91, American baseball player (AAGBPL). R. Clayton McWhorter, 82, American businessman and philanthropist. Hugh Mortimer, 66, British diplomat. Elisabeta Polihroniade, 80, Romanian chess Woman Grandmaster (1982) and International Arbiter. Bernard Quennehen, 85, French racing cyclist. Bill Roberts, 90, American basketball player (Chicago Stags, Boston Celtics, St. Louis Bombers). Francisco Rubio Llorente, 85, Spanish jurist, President of the Spanish Council of State (2004–2012). George Sefcik, 76, American football coach (Cincinnati Bengals, New York Giants, Atlanta Falcons). Koichi Sekimoto, 37, Japanese footballer (Sagan Tosu). Dmitry Shirkov, 88, Russian theoretical physicist. Bobby Wanzer, 94, American Hall of Fame basketball player and coach (Rochester/Cincinnati Royals), NBA Champion (1951). Walt Williams, 72, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees), heart attack. 24 Gian Carlo Abelli, 74, Italian politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies. Fredrik Barth, 87, Norwegian social anthropologist. Neville Black, 90, New Zealand rugby union (Auckland, national team) and rugby league (Wigan, Keighley) player. Yvonne Chouteau, 86, American ballerina. David Finkelstein, 86, American physicist. Forouzan, 78, Iranian actress. Malcolm Grear, 84, American graphic designer. John Jay Hooker, 85, American politician. Christine Jackson, 53, British-born Australian cellist, complications from a brain aneurysm. Constantijn Kortmann, 71, Dutch legal scholar. Clyde Mashore, 70, American baseball player (Montreal Expos). Donald Milne, 81, American politician, member of the Vermont House of Representatives (1967), cancer. Marvin Minsky, 88, American cognitive scientist and pioneer in artificial intelligence, cerebral hemorrhage. Wim Mook, 83, Dutch physicist. Alejandro Muñoz-Alonso, 82, Spanish politician, member of the Congress of Deputies (1989–2000) and Senate (2000–2015). Zarkus Poussa, 40, Finnish drummer (RinneRadio) and songwriter. Teófilo Rodríguez, 44, Venezuelan criminal, shot. Lois Snowe-Mello, 67, American politician, member of Maine House of Representatives (1996–2004) and Senate (2004–2012). Schalk van der Merwe, 54, South African tennis player. Eric Webster, 84, English football player (Manchester City) and manager (Stockport County). Henry Worsley, 55, British adventurer, multiple organ failure. 25 Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad, 60, Indian politician, member of Parliament (2004–2009), brain tumour. David Chatters, 69, Canadian politician, pancreatic cancer. Thornton Dial, 87, American artist. Denise Duval, 94, French soprano. Kalpana, 50, Indian actress (Thanichalla Njan), heart attack. Howard Koslow, 91, American illustrator. Robert Lorick, American lyricist and voice actor. (death announced on this date) Mike Minor, 75, American actor (Petticoat Junction, All My Children, The Beverly Hillbillies), cancer. Padmarani, 79, Indian actress. Concepcion Picciotto, 80, Spanish-born American peace activist. Leif Solberg, 101, Norwegian composer and organist. Ron Stillwell, 76, American baseball player (Washington Senators), cancer. Paul Terasaki, 86, American scientist and philanthropist. 26 Sunday Adewusi, 79, Nigerian policeman, Inspector-general of police (1981–1983). Zaw Zaw Aung, 79, Burmese author and public intellectual. Black, 53, British singer-songwriter ("Wonderful Life"), head injuries sustained in a traffic collision. Bernard Cookson, 79, British cartoonist. Vasilya Fattakhova, 36, Russian Tatar singer, complications of childbirth. LaVoy Finicum, 54, American cattle rancher and militant (Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Occupation), shot. Barney Hall, 83, American sports commentator (Motor Racing Network), complications from surgery. Gil Kahele, 73, American politician, member of the Hawaii Senate (since 2011). Ted Karras Sr., 81, American football player (Chicago Bears), NFL champion (1963). Tommy Kelly, 90, American actor (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus), heart failure. Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, 95, Pakistani politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1982–1991, 1996–1997), Ambassador to the United States (1973–1979). Martin Lavut, 81, Canadian film maker (Remembering Arthur). Margaret Pardee, 95, American violinist and teacher. Ray Pointer, 79, English footballer (Burnley, Coventry, Portsmouth). Bryce Rohde, 92, Australian jazz pianist, composer. T.J. Tindall, 65, American guitarist (MFSB). Jerzy Tomaszewski, 92, Polish photographer. Takeo Uesugi, 75, Japanese landscape architect. László Versényi, 84, Hungarian theatre and voice actor. Abe Vigoda, 94, American actor (The Godfather, Barney Miller, Joe Versus the Volcano). Barrington Watson, 85, Jamaican painter. Oscar Wiggli, 88, Swiss composer and sculptor. Larry Woods, 76, Canadian Olympic sailor. 27 Peter Baker, 84, English footballer (Tottenham Hotspur). Barbara Berger, 85, American baseball player (AAGPBL). John Brudenall, 77, Australian librarian. Antonio Castellanos Mata, 68, Spanish physicist. Mary Lou Crocker, 71, American professional golfer. Georgy Firtich, 77, Russian composer and pianist. Artur Fischer, 96, German inventor. James Garrett Freeman, 35, American criminal, execution by lethal injection. Augusto Giomo, 75, Italian Olympic basketball player (1960, 1964). John Howe, 85, South African-born British air vice marshal. Carlos Loyzaga, 85, Filipino Olympic basketball player (1952, 1956), bronze medalist at the 1954 FIBA World Championship. William E. Martin, 70, American musician, songwriter, screenwriter and voice actor. Jack Reed, 91, American businessman and politician. Shirley Tonkin, 94, New Zealand paediatrician and sudden infant death syndrome researcher. DeWitt Williams, 96, American politician. Ihor Zaytsev, 81, Russian-born Ukrainian Soviet footballer (national team). 28 Signe Toly Anderson, 74, American singer (Jefferson Airplane). Maheswar Baug, 85, Indian politician and independence activist. Yisroel Belsky, 77, American rabbi. Franklin Gene Bissell, 89, American football player and coach (Kansas Wesleyan Coyotes). Buddy Cianci, 74, American politician and radio host, Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island (1975–1984, 1991–2002). Robert Courtney, 56, New Zealand Paralympic champion sprinter (1984). Aleš Debeljak, 54, Slovenian writer, struck by vehicle. James deSouza, 90, Pakistani Roman Catholic priest. Emile Destombes, 80, French-born Cambodian Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar Apostolic of Phnom Penh (2001–2010). Trude Dothan, 93, Israeli archaeologist. Paul Kantner, 74, American musician (Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship) and songwriter ("Wooden Ships"), multiple organ failure. Jim Morris, 80, American bodybuilder. Tommy O'Hara, 62, Scottish footballer (Queen of the South, Washington Diplomats, Motherwell). Nigel Peel, 48, English cricketer (Cheshire), brain tumour. Peter Robinson, 57, New Zealand musician (The Tin Syndrome). Axel Schandorff, 90, Danish track cyclist, Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Nadine Senior, 76, English dance teacher. Dave Thomson, 77, Scottish footballer (Dunfermline Athletic, Queen of the South). Bob Tizard, 91, New Zealand politician, Deputy Prime Minister (1974–1975). Ladislav Totkovič, 53, Slovak football player (Inter Bratislava) and manager. Richard P. Von Herzen, 85, American earth scientist. 29 Karen Johnson Boyd, 91, American heiress and philanthropist. Jean-Marie Doré, 77, Guinean politician, Prime Minister (2010). Billy Faier, 85, American banjo player. Sam Hulbert, 79, American academic. Nayani Krishnakumari, 85, Indian writer and folklorist. Albert Low, 87, British author. Linus Maurer, 90, American cartoonist, inspiration for the name Linus Van Pelt. Aurèle Nicolet, 90, Swiss flautist. Cayetano Paderanga Jr., 67, Filipino economist, Director-General of NEDA (2010–2012), complications after heart surgery. Ruth Rehmann, 93, German writer. Jacques Rivette, 87, French film director (La Belle Noiseuse, Celine and Julie Go Boating, Out 1) and critic (Cahiers du cinéma), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Philip J. Rock, 78, American politician, President of the Illinois Senate (1979–1993). John Roper, Baron Roper, 80, British politician. Benjamin F. Shobe, 95, American civil rights attorney and judge. Donald I. Williamson, 94, British biologist. 30 Roberto Albanese, 65, Italian politician. Girolamo Arnaldi, 86, Italian historian. Tony Blaz, 57, Guamanian politician and civil servant, member of the Legislature of Guam, pneumonia. Tias Eckhoff, 89, Norwegian industrial designer. Asuquo Ekpe, Nigerian international footballer. Feyrouz, 72, Egyptian actress. Frank Finlay, 89, English actor (Othello, The Pianist, Bouquet of Barbed Wire), heart failure. Francisco Flores Pérez, 56, Salvadoran politician, President (1999–2004), cerebral hemorrhage. Betty Francis, 84, American baseball player (AAGBPL). T. N. Gopakumar, 58, Indian journalist, cancer. K. V. Krishna Rao, 92, Indian general. Don Marks, 62, Canadian writer and indigenous rights advocate, liver disease. Noelle Middleton, 89, Irish actress. Maikhail Miller, 23, American football player (Murray State, Ole Miss), traffic collision. Kollam G. K. Pillai, 91, Indian actor. Georgia Davis Powers, 92, American civil rights activist and politician, first female and African-American member of the Kentucky State Senate (1968–1989). Bill Reinhard, 93, American football player (Los Angeles Dons). Peter Quinn, 90, Irish Gaelic footballer (Mayo). Ken Sailors, 95, American basketball player (University of Wyoming, Providence Steamrollers), complications from heart attack. Mohammad Salimi, 78, Iranian general, Commander-in-Chief of the Army (2000–2005). Dov Yermiya, 101, Israeli army officer and author. 31 Jalal Aliyev, 87, Azerbaijani politician. Gillian Avery, 89, British children's novelist and historian. Mere Broughton, 79, New Zealand Māori language activist and unionist. Miron Chichișan, 70, Romanian politician, Mayor of Zalău (1992–1996). Lance Cox, 82, Australian football player (Richmond). Elizabeth Eisenstein, 92, American historian. Tom Hancock, 67, American politician. David Lake, 86, Indian-born Australian science fiction writer. Artie L. Metcalf, 86, American biologist. Bob Pelkington, 74, American basketball player (Xavier University). Pat Piper, 81, American politician. Betty Rosenquest Pratt, 90, American tennis player. Wolfgang Rademann, 81, German television producer and journalist. Donald Van Norman Roberts, 87, American civil engineer. Randhir Singh, 94, Indian political scientist. Benoît Violier, 44, French-Swiss chef, suicide by gunshot. Sir Terry Wogan, 77, Irish-British broadcaster (BBC), cancer. Hubert Yockey, 99, American physicist and information theorist. Yuan Geng, 98, Chinese politician and business executive. References 2016-01 01

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella%20%28film%29

Cruella (film)

Cruella is a 2021 American crime comedy film based on the character Cruella de Vil from Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians. The film was directed by Craig Gillespie with a screenplay by Dana Fox and Tony McNamara, from a story by Aline Brosh McKenna, Kelly Marcel, and Steve Zissis. It is the third live-action adaptation in the 101 Dalmatians franchise and serves as a reboot and an origin story for the title character. Emma Stone stars as the title character, with Emma Thompson, Joel Fry, Paul Walter Hauser, Emily Beecham, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, and Mark Strong in supporting roles. Set in London during the punk rock movement of the 1970s, the film revolves around Estella Miller, an aspiring fashion designer, as she explores the path that will lead her to become a notorious up-and-coming fashion designer known as Cruella de Vil. In 2013 Walt Disney Pictures announced the film's development with Andrew Gunn as a producer. Stone was cast in 2016 and also serves as an executive producer on the film alongside Glenn Close, who portrayed Cruella in the previous live-action adaptations, 101 Dalmatians (1996) and 102 Dalmatians (2000). Principal photography took place in England between August and November 2019. Cruella premiered in Los Angeles on May 18, 2021, the first major red carpet event since the COVID-19 pandemic began, and was released in the United States theatrically and simultaneously available on Disney+ with its Premier Access feature on May 28. The film received generally positive reviews with critics praising the performances (particularly Stone, Thompson, and Hauser), Gillespie's direction, visual style, costume design, production values, and soundtrack, but criticism for its screenplay. It grossed over $233 million worldwide. The film earned nominations for its costume design, makeup and hairstyling at the 94th Academy Awards, 27th Critics' Choice Awards and 75th British Academy Film Awards, while Stone was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical at the 79th Golden Globe Awards. A sequel is in development, with Stone set to reprise her titular role. Plot Estella is a creative child with a talent for fashion and a nefarious streak. Estella's mother, Catherine, decides to pull her from school to keep her record clean and move to London. On the way there, she stops at an upper-class party to ask for financial assistance. Despite being told to stay in the car, Estella sneaks into the party and unintentionally attracts the attention of the host's three ferocious Dalmatians. They chase her outside and push Catherine off a cliffside balcony to her death. Orphaned and blaming herself for Catherine's death, Estella runs away to London and befriends street urchins Jasper and Horace. Jasper decides to take her in as a "distraction", but Estella ultimately bonds with them. Ten years later, Estella practices thievery and does grifts with Jasper and Horace, honing her fashion skills by designing their disguises, alongside their dogs, Buddy and Wink. For her birthday, Jasper and Horace get her an entry-level job at the Liberty department store. However, Estella is made a janitor and denied the chance to use her talents. When Estella drunkenly redecorates a window display, the Baroness von Hellman—a renowned but authoritarian haute couture designer—is impressed with Estella's work and offers her a coveted job at the Baroness's fashion house. Estella eagerly accepts and gains the Baroness's confidence. Although proud that her designs are put on display, she eventually notices her boss wearing a necklace that once belonged to Catherine. When the Baroness claims that an employee had previously stolen it, Estella asks Jasper and Horace to help her retrieve the necklace during the Baroness's upcoming Black and White Ball. To conceal her identity at the Ball, Estella creates an alter-ego for herself named "Cruella" and wears one of the Baroness's old designs purchased from a vintage clothing store owner named Artie. Cruella steals the spotlight at the ball, buying Jasper and Horace enough time to break into the Baroness's high-security vault, only to realize that the Baroness is already wearing the necklace. Jasper, straying from the original plan, disguises himself as a waiter and releases rats into the party. As panic ensues, Estella manages to swipe the necklace. Noticing her necklace has been stolen, the Baroness summons her Dalmatians with a dog whistle, causing Estella to realize that the Baroness is ultimately responsible for Catherine's death. In the ensuing chaos, one of the Baroness's Dalmatians swallows the necklace. Seeking revenge, and to retrieve the necklace, Estella orders Jasper and Horace to kidnap the Baroness's Dalmatians. Cruella upstages the Baroness by appearing at events and gatherings in extravagant fashions, gaining notoriety via Estella's childhood friend and columnist Anita Darling. Cruella's haughty and arrogant behavior increasingly discomforts Jasper, as well as the Baroness. Estella designs the signature piece for the Baroness's spring collection show and stages a robbery in the fashion house, which pushes the Baroness to lock up all the dresses in a vault. On the night of the spring collection show, the Baroness opens the vault to find that thousands of moths have hatched from the very beads that were sewn into the signature piece that Estella made, causing everyone to panic and for the Baroness to realize that she is Cruella. The audience for the spring show all run outside, where Cruella is staging her own show in Regent's Park, wearing a faux Dalmatian-fur coat to further taunt the Baroness. When Estella arrives home, she finds Jasper and Horace tied to a chair, as she sees the Baroness holding a lighter, who plans to kill her in a fire and have Jasper and Horace arrested for her murder. The boys are hauled away to be sent to prison, and as Estella is trapped in the warehouse, she is saved by John and removed from the flames. Hours later, Estella wakes up in John's home, who then reveals to her that the heirloom necklace unlocks a box containing her birth records. She learns that the Baroness is her biological mother; at her birth, the Baroness ordered John to have the infant Estella murdered so she could focus solely on her career and keep her late husband's inheritance. John instead gave the baby to Catherine, one of the Baroness's maids, who raised Estella in secret. Cruella breaks Jasper and Horace out of prison and reveals the truth, recruiting them, Artie, and John for her final scheme. The quintet sneaks into the Baroness's charity gala, where Estella meets her on the cliffside balcony, revealing she is the Baroness's daughter. The Baroness feigns embracing Estella before pushing her over the balcony; she then realizes that her guests have been led outside by Jasper, Horace, Artie, & John and witnessed the act. Estella survives with a hidden parachute and, with Estella legally dead, adopts her Cruella persona for good. The Baroness is arrested as Cruella shows up to taunt her. After this, The Baroness swears that one day, she will get her revenge on Cruella De Vil. Before her "death", Estella passed her inheritance to Cruella. Later on, Cruella inherits Hellman Hall, renaming it Hell Hall and moving in with the rest of the quintet. In a mid-credits scene, Cruella has boxes delivered to the doorsteps of Anita and Roger, the Baroness's former lawyer, containing Dalmatian puppies named Perdita and Pongo, respectively. They both accept the puppies, and Roger begins writing a song about Cruella on his piano. Cast Emma Stone as Estella / Cruella: An ambitious grifter and aspiring fashion designer, who will go on to become a notorious and dangerous obsessed criminal. Billie Gadsdon as 5-year-old Estella Tipper Seifert-Cleveland as 12-year-old Estella Emma Thompson as The Baroness: The narcissistic, authoritarian and selfish head of a prestigious London fashion house and a renowned haute couture designer, who is Estella's new boss and eventual rival. She plays a key role in Estella's transformation. Joel Fry as Jasper: A thief who grew up with Estella after her adoptive mother's death. To play Jasper, Fry didn't look back at the character's depiction in the original animated film or the 1996 live-action remake, only copying his physical mannerisms. Ziggy Gardner as young Jasper Paul Walter Hauser as Horace: A thief who grew up with Estella after her adoptive mother's death and Jasper's brother. Hauser drew inspiration for the role from the performance of Bob Hoskins as Mr. Smee in Hook. Joseph MacDonald as young Horace Emily Beecham as Catherine: Estella's adoptive mother, an impoverished laundrywoman and former maid at Hellman Hall. Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Anita Darling: Estella's childhood classmate, who works as a gossip columnist. Anita is later gifted a female Dalmatian puppy named Perdita by Cruella. Florisa Kamara as young Anita Mark Strong as John: The Baroness's valet and loyal confidante who aids her in her schemes. He later saves Cruella's life in a warehouse fire and helps her get a piece of revenge. John McCrea portrays Artie, a member of Cruella's entourage and owner of a vintage fashion shop. He was the first original character in a live-action Disney film to be openly gay and the character is inspired by David Bowie and Marc Bolan. Additionally, Kayvan Novak portrays Roger Dearly, a lawyer working for the Baroness, who becomes a songwriter after he is fired, and is subsequently gifted a male Dalmatian puppy named Pongo by Cruella; Jamie Demetriou portrays Gerald, a clerk at Liberty who is Estella's initial boss; Andrew Leung portrays Jeffrey, the Baroness's assistant; Leo Bill portrays the headmaster at Estella's school; Paul Bazely portrays the police commissioner Weston; Ed Birch portrays the Baroness's head of security; Paul Chowdhry portrays a Kabab Shop Owner, while Abraham Popoola portrays his co-worker George; and Tom Turner appears as the Baron von Hellman, the Baroness's late husband and Cruella's biological father. Production Development and casting A live-action Cruella de Vil film, based upon the character in Disney's 101 Dalmatians franchise, was announced in 2013. Andrew Gunn was hired to produce the film, with Glenn Close (who previously played the character in the 1996 live-action adaptation 101 Dalmatians and its sequel 102 Dalmatians) serving as executive producer and Kelly Marcel revising the script originally written by Aline Brosh McKenna. In January 2016, Emma Stone was cast in the titular role of Cruella de Vil. Costume designer Jenny Beavan later stated that her role on the film was to help Stone appear as a younger 1970s portrayal of Close's 1990s role in 101 Dalmatians, possibly confirming the shared continuity between the films, though the characters of Roger and Anita appear as the same age as Cruella and portrayed as different races with different occupations in this film. However, Stone was not allowed to portray Cruella smoking as she had previously been since Disney had banned characters being shown smoking in its films since 2007. In August 2016, Jez Butterworth was hired to rewrite the previous draft of the screenplay. In November 2016, it was reported that Disney had hired Alex Timbers to direct the live-action adaptation, with Marc Platt joining the film as a producer. However, in December 2018, it was revealed that Timbers had left the film due to scheduling conflicts and Craig Gillespie would instead direct the film. In May 2019, Emma Thompson joined the cast as the Baroness, described as "an antagonist to Cruella who's thought to be pivotal in her transformation to the villain we know today.” Nicole Kidman was considered to be the top choice and Charlize Theron, Julianne Moore, and Demi Moore were also in consideration for the role, while Dev Patel was considered for the role of Roger Dearly. The same month, Tony McNamara and Dana Fox were hired to write the recent version of the screenplay. Joel Fry and Paul Walter Hauser were added in the following months as Jasper and Horace. Filming In August 2019, during the D23 Expo, it was revealed that principal photography for Cruella had already begun. The first official image from the film featuring Stone as Cruella de Vil with three adult dalmatians on a leash, Hauser as Horace and Fry as Jasper was also unveiled during the event. In September 2019, Mark Strong, Emily Beecham and Kirby Howell-Baptiste were added to the cast. Filming wrapped in November 2019. Music and soundtrack On March 31, 2021, it was announced that Nicholas Britell was hired to compose the film's score. The score album was released on May 21, 2021, by Walt Disney Records. A separate soundtrack album for the film was released on the same day. Both albums feature "Call Me Cruella", an original song performed by Florence and the Machine, which appears in the end credits of the film. Release Theatrical and streaming Cruella was originally scheduled to be theatrically released on December 23, 2020, but it was delayed to May 28, 2021, as filming began. The film received a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association, "for some violence and thematic elements," making it the second live-action remake/spin-off of a Disney animated film to receive the rating, following Mulan. On March 23, 2021, it was announced that the film would be released simultaneously on Disney+ with Premier Access in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on May 18, 2021, the first major red carpet premiere since the pandemic began. Tickets for the theatrical screenings went on sale on May 14, 2021, and it was announced that the film would also be screened in Dolby Cinema in select territories. It was first screened for critics the same day. Marketing A prequel novel titled Cruella: Hello, Cruel Heart was published by Disney Publishing Worldwide on April 6, 2021. Written by Maureen Johnson, the novel is set before the events of the movie, in 1967. It followed sixteen-year-old Estella and her encounter with Magda and Richard Moresby-Plum, two wealthy siblings who introduced her to the world of the rich and famous. A tie-in novelization of the film by Elizabeth Rudnick was published by Disney on April 13, 2021. A book titled Cruella's Sketchbook was also released on the same day. A manga adaptation of the movie by Hachi Ishie, titled Cruella: Black, White and Red was released by Viz Media on August 17, 2021. On May 28, 2021, MAC Cosmetics launched a make-up collection inspired by the film. On May 28, 2021, Disney+, in partnership with Social Tailors and Jeferson Araujo released an AR Effect for Cruella, where users could share stories on Instagram of themselves with makeup and visuals inspired by the new movie of the Disney character. Home media Cruella was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Digital on June 25, 2021, and Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on September 21, 2021. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the film was released on home video on August 16 and 18, respectively. On August 27, the film was made available for streaming to all customers on Disney+. Reception PVOD viewership According to Samba TV, the film was watched by about 686,000 American households in its debut weekend (39% behind Mulans 1.12 million), resulting in around $20.57 million in revenue for Disney. The company also reported 83,000 UK households watched the film (resulting in $2.35 million), 15,000 in Germany, and 9,000 in Australia. In its first 30 days, the film was watched in an estimated 1.8 million U.S. households, generating a total of $54 million. In January 2022, tech firm Akami reported that Cruella was the seventh most pirated film of 2021. Box office , Cruella has grossed $86.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $147.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $233.4 million. In the United States and Canada, Cruella was released alongside A Quiet Place Part II, and was projected to gross $17–23 million from 3,892 theaters in its opening weekend, and around $30 million over the four-day Memorial Day frame. The film made $7.7 million in its first day, including $1.4 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $21.5 million and a total of $26.5 million over the four days, finishing second at the box office. 61% of the tracked audience was female, with 43% being under 25 years old. In its sophomore weekend the film grossed $11 million, finishing third behind The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It and A Quiet Place Part II. The film then fell to 5th place in its third weekend, grossing $6.7 million. Deadline Hollywood wrote that despite having a running total of $71 million through five weeks, sources believed that the "Disney+ Premier PVOD tier is impacting the pic's overall revenue, not just at the box office, but in the movie's downstream ancillary revenues." The film made $26.5 million in its domestic opening and earned $16.1 million in 29 other countries, for a global debut of $43 million. In China, Cruella debuted with a less-than-expected $1.7 million opening, finishing behind holdover F9 which earned $8.9 million. Critical response On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 74% of 400 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Cruella can't quite answer the question of why its title character needed an origin story, but this dazzling visual feast is awfully fun to watch whenever its leading ladies lock horns." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 56 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 84% of audience members gave it a positive score, with 63% saying they would definitely recommend it. Writing for Variety, Peter Debruge said: "The director, who brought a wicked edge to pop-culture redux I, Tonya a few years back, has rescued Cruella from the predictability of the earlier 101 Dalmatians remakes and created a stylish new franchise of its own in which a one-time villain has been reborn as the unlikeliest of role models." A. O. Scott of The New York Times called the film "refreshing" within the Disney live-action efforts, while complimenting the film's visual style and storytelling in a Dickensian tale, as well as favorably referring the film as a PG-13 revenge take to Joker. Peter Travers, reviewing the film for ABC News, wrote: "If looks really were everything, Cruella would be flying high on the dazzling costumes that two-time Oscar winner Jenny Beavan has designed for and with two Oscar-winning Emmas–Stone and Thompson–are dressed to wow and deliver much to enjoy in this beautifully crafted fluffball and hits its stride when the two Emmas go on the diva warpath—all in the name of female empowerment." Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times remarked the movie as "dazzling fun" and lauded the performances of Stone and Thompson, of which he described the rivalry of the performances as "hard to resist on-screen", and hailed Beavan's costume design on the film as one of her best works since Mad Max: Fury Road, while drawing parallels of the film's moral ambiguities and Stone's portrayal of the titular character to her previous performance as Abigail Hill in The Favourite. Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote: "Placing these characters in the '60s and '70s allows director Craig Gillespie and screenwriters Dana Fox and Tony McNamara to place the characters into an exciting moment of fashion history... Costumer Jenny Beavan, art director Martin Foley, and production designer Fiona Crombie, and their respective departments, all seem to be enjoying and making the most of the film's period demands." In addition, Duralde also lauded the performances of Stone, Hauser, and Thompson, drawing comparisons of the characterizations of the latter's portrayal of the Baroness to Miranda Priestly in The Devil Wears Prada and Reynolds Woodcock in Phantom Thread. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film four out of five stars, describing it as "entertaining" and an "outrageous punk", as well as praising the performances and dynamic between Stone and Thompson. Furthermore, Bradshaw also complimented the tone of the film's soundtrack to Michael Jackson and similarly praised the film's mid-70s costume and production designs of Beavan and Crombie as "top-notch". Chicago Sun-Timess Richard Roeper rated the film with 3/4 stars, and highlighted Gillespie's direction for being "clever" and "devilishly offbeat" while praising the performances of Stone and Thompson as "appropriately over-the-top and wildly entertaining", drawing its comparisons to The Devil Wears Prada and also commended the costumes, makeup, and the production values of which he referred to as "spectacular", "dazzling" and a "visual feast", comparing its style to Phantom Thread and noting the similarities of the vibe and tone of the film's soundtrack to Goodfellas, Kingsman: The Secret Service, and Baby Driver. The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin scored the film four out of five, similarly praised the film, of which he described it as a "rollicking tale" and an "acid-tipped wackiness", and lauded the film for its different approach in the Disney live-action adaptations as well as the previous 101 Dalmatians versions and its interpretation of the iconic central character in an new context. He also similarly praised the performances (particularly Stone and Thompson) as well as the supporting cast, of which he referred it as "zany", while specifically remarking of Stone's performance of Cruella De Vil as "sharp-angled, hyper-expressive" and of Thompson's portrayal of the Baroness as "stalks the fine line between threatening and ludicrous with stiletto-heel precision". In addition, Collin also praised the film's visual style and Beavan's costume design as "eyeball-popping" and "a garden-hose-blast to the eyeballs of pure sartorial flair and exuberance". K. Austin Collins of Rolling Stone rated the film with three out of five stars, praising Stone's success in embodying the titular character, and describing her performance as "vampy, stylish, and cruel" while comparing the film's style of storytelling to I, Tonya, of which he noted a similar internalized victim-like story perspective of Tonya Harding to Cruella de Vil and even pointed out on the similar "plausibly two-sided" depiction of Stone's Cruella to Andrea "Andy" Sachs from The Devil Wears Prada, but with a twisted spin. He also commended the supporting performances, particularly Thompson and Hauser, referring the film as "a battle of wits and knits", "entertaining", and "fun". Jamie Jirak from ComicBook.com called the film as "raising the bar when it comes to their [Disney's] live-action catalog", praising the art department, the performances and nostalgic elements. Debopriyaa Dutta from Screen Rant opined that the film told a "masterfully nuanced origin" and praised the performances of Stone and Hauser. The Hollywood Outsider'''s Morgan Lanier described the film as “taking place in the 70’s with a lot of camp to lighten the mood”, praising Stone for giving Cruella “a twist of vulnerability” and giving the longstanding Disney villain a “fun glimmer”. Lanier also praised Thompson’s performance saying “Thompson gives the baroness the ability to chill a room”. Lanier concluded that the movie was “joyous, campy, great costumes, […] amplified by a killer soundtrack”. Kate Erbland of IndieWire gave the film a "B-", and labelling the film as "exciting" and "fun" and a "colorful, loud, and unexpected look" on the origin story of Cruella De Vil while Erbland singled out the praises on the casting and the performances of Stone, Thompson, Fry, Hauser, and the costumes, but found fault at the film's runtime of which she referred it as "bloated".The Washington Posts Ann Hornaday described the film as "tedious, transgressive, chaotic and inert". While praising the performances of Stone, Thompson, Fry, and Hauser, as well as the costumes; she criticized the film, writing, and the runtime of which she found it as "overstuffed", "overlong", and "miserably misanthropic". Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle thought the film was misbegotten and felt that it favors more on style over substance. Though he praised Thompson's performance, the costume design and the soundtrack, he chided the film's writing as "lazy" and "careless". Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2/4 stars, and said: "There's no denying that Cruella is stylish and kinetic, with a nasty edge that's unusual for a recent Disney live-action feature. But it's also exhausting, disorganized, and frustratingly inert, considering how hard it works to assure you that it's thrilling and cheeky." Jacobins Eileen Jones labelled the film as a "dopey, uninspired, and tedious mess", specifically criticizing the script as "basically rotten" and describing the transformation of Cruella's character as "the complete mangling of one of the greatest Disney villains of all time." Jones took issue with the absence of the "implied critique [...] of Cruella's wealthy entitlement and mad consumer obsession" as shown in 101 Dalmatians, and the attempt to make a "legendary dalmatian-skinning villain" into a "scrappy, likable hero." Jones complimented the film's costume design, specifically emphasizing the "trash gown" shown at the Baroness fashion show, and describing it as "sufficiently cool that costume designer Jenny Beavan may win another Oscar." Accolades Sequel In May 2021, both Stone and Thompson stated that they would like to do a second Cruella film as both a sequel and prequel in the style of The Godfather Part II''. In June 2021, Disney announced that a sequel is officially in the early stages of development, with Gillespie and McNamara expected to return as director and writer, respectively. In August 2021, Stone closed a deal to reprise her role in the sequel. References External links 101 Dalmatians films 2021 films 2020s crime comedy films 2021 LGBT-related films 2021 crime films 2021 comedy films American crime comedy films American films American films about revenge American LGBT-related films Cross-dressing in American films English-language films Films about dogs Films about fashion Films about fashion designers Film censorship in the United Kingdom Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films directed by Craig Gillespie Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films scored by Nicholas Britell Films set in London Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films with Disney+ Premier Access Films with screenplays by Kelly Marcel Live-action films based on Disney's animated films Punk films Reboot films Walt Disney Pictures films

49138321

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherif%20%28TV%20series%29

Cherif (TV series)

Cherif is a French police television series produced by Lionel Olenga, Laurent Scalese and Stéphane Drouet, broadcast since October 25, 2013 on France 2. In 2019, the series was canceled as the main actor (Abdelhafid - Kader) decided to quit. Plot Captain Kader Cherif is a brilliant and unconventional policeman in the Lyon-France police station. With his strange ways he always cracks the mystery set upon him, and doesn’t leave work much, since he lives across the street from the station. But things change when his new partner, Adeline Briard, shows up. She likes to work by the book and doesn’t like Cherif’s work ethics and ways. Would things work out between the duo? The series falls into everyday situations in Kader’s life and a mystery that he solves with his brilliant detective skills and mastermind thiking. And while Adeline is working with what she sees and with what she has on hand, Cherif thinks outside the box, uses his own methods, and manages to solve the case. Cast Abdelhafid Metalsi as Kader Chérif (48 Episodes) Greg Germain as Jean-Paul Doucet (48 Episodes) François Bureloup as Joël Baudemont (47 Episodes) Vincent Primault as Philippe Dejax (47 Episodes) Carole Bianic as Adeline Briard (44 Episodes) Élodie Hesme as Deborah Atlan (40 Episodes) Mélèze Bouzid as Sarah Chérif (34 Episodes) Clémence Thioly as Stéphanie Giraud (18 Episodes) Frédéric Gorny as Pierre Clément (17 Episodes) James Gonin as Gabriel (13 Episodes) Tassadit Mandi as Salima Cherif (13 Episodes) Arnaud Binard as Pascal Garnier (10 Episodes) Guest Sonia Rolland as Ludivine Delaunay (Season 1, Episode 3) Valérie Karsenti as Anne Delvos (Season 1, Episode 5) Philippe Duquesne as M. Médéros (Season 1, Episode 6) Nadège Beausson-Diagne as Nathalie Roussel (Season 2, Episode 2) Joseph Malerba as Colonel Decroix (Season 2, Episode 4) Arthur Jugnot as Cédric Leroy (Season 2, Episode 7) Elise Larnicol as Eliane Camara (Season 2, Episode 7) Patrick Descamps as Edouard Vasseur (Season 3, Episode 1) Delphine Chanéac as Elodie Mansard (Season 3, Episode 4) Jean Dell as Léonard Wermeer (Season 3, Episode 9) Bruno Lochet as Bertrand Monnier (Season 3, Episode 9 & 10) Guilaine Londez as Hélène Sinclair (Season 4, Episode 4) Antonio Fargas as Huggy Bear (Season 5, Episode 7) Production Development In 2010, France 2 called for proposals for a new television series. Lionel Olenga, co-producer along with Laurent Scalese and Stephane Drouet, aimed to create a cop show that was more entertaining. Having worked for the customs for 13 years, he used to listen to TV series music during stakeouts. Cherif does so as well. In early 2015, the channel renewed the series for a third season due to positive feedback from the second season. Adbdelhafid Metalsi (Kader Cherif) confirmed that on January 30, 2015 that the third season was in the process of being written. Shooting Contrary to the series' usual production methods, it was shot twice, once from October 15 to December 7, 2012 (episodes 1 to 4) and then from February 11 to April 5, 2013 (episodes 5 to 8). References 2013 French television series debuts 2010s French television series French police procedural television series

49158108

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche%20%28comics%29

Comanche (comics)

Comanche is a fictional villain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is frequently seen with his partner in crime Shades. Comanche appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe series Luke Cage, played by Thomas Q. Jones. Publication history Comanche first appeared in Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1 (June 1972), created by Archie Goodwin and George Tuska. Fictional character biography Born as Darius Jones, Comanche was a young street thug growing up in Harlem where he became a skilled archer and marksman. Comanche was recruited into a gang called the Rivals, which also consisted of Carl Lucas, Willis Stryker, and Shades. As a member of the Rivals, Shades engaged in a fight with a rival gang called the Diablos and many other gangs while also committing petty crimes and working for crime lord Sonny Caputo. Shades and Comanche were later arrested by the police and sentenced to Seagate Prison, where they were tortured by the ruthless prison guard Albert "Billy Bob" Rackham. After many years of abuse from Albert Rackham, Shades and Comanche escaped from Seagate Prison sometime after Rackham was fired. Shades and Comanche decided that it was the opportunity to get revenge on their former tormentor. Shades and Comanche tried to get Luke Cage to help them in their plot only to learn that he has gone straight. Shades and Comanche returned and became hoodlums-for-hire where they clashed with Luke Cage and his new partner Iron Fist. Even though they had a past association with Luke Cage, Shades and Comanche indicated that they would kill him if they are ordered to. Sometime later, Shades and Comanche were hired by Ward Meachum where he gave Shades a visor that shoots energy blasts and gave Comanche some Trick Arrows. The two of them knocked out Ward Meachum where they have the bystanders tell Luke Cage that they have a score to settle when Ward Meachum regains consciousness. Luke Cage and Iron Fist tracked Shades and Comanche to the George Washington Bridge where they learned about their employer. Luke Cage and Iron Fist managed to defeat the two of them as the police arrive. When the police fail to remove Shades' visor, he used one more blast to knock Luke Cage and Iron Fist off the George Washington Bridge. Shades and Comanche were later sprung from prison. The two of them tried to hold off Luke Cage when he attacked the Meachum building only to be defeated when Luke Cage knocked a pillar on them. Shades was among the several gunmen that were employed by Viktor Smerdilovisc. He and the others came in conflict with the Marvel Knights. Shades was taken down by Cloak and Dagger. During the Shadowland storyline, Shades and Comanche have gone their separate ways upon Shades going straight. Comanche joined up with Nightshade's Flashmob (which also consisted of Chemistro III, Cheshire Cat, Dontrell Hamilton, Mr. Fish II, and Spear) where they fought Victor Alvarez (the son of Shades) only to be defeated by him with the help of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. After the group was remanded to Ryker's Island, Nightshade's solicitor Big Ben Donovan was able to get Dontrell Hamilton, Mr. Fish, and Spear out while Comanche, Chemistro, and Cheshire Cat had to remain due to them having warrants and/or parole violations. Powers and abilities Comanche is an expert hand-to-hand combatant. He is also a skilled archer and marksman, where he even used trick arrows. In other media Darius "Comanche" Jones is a supporting antagonist in Luke Cage, portrayed by Thomas Q. Jones. He has been best friends with Shades since they were kids. Comanche's sole appearance in the first season is in flashbacks, when he and Shades are inmates at Seagate Prison who serve as Albert Rackham's enforcers, and are responsible for giving Luke his powers after they are ordered to beat him to within an inch of his life for threatening to snitch on Rackham. Comanche has a larger presence in the second season, when he is released from prison and returns to Harlem. He is reunited with Shades and becomes his right-hand man. He constantly is at odds with Shades over his loyalty to Mariah Dillard, to the point that he begins secretly leaking information to Captain Thomas Ridenhour, Misty Knight's new boss. It is also established that Shades and Comanche were involved in a same-sex relationship while they were in Seagate, something which Shades seems indifferent to, but is very personal for Comanche. When Shades finds out about Comanche's meetings with Ridenhour, Comanche shoots and kills Ridenhour to try and preserve his cover. Shades doesn't fall for his lies, and shoots him with Ridenhour's gun, intending to make it look like Comanche and Ridenhour had a mutual kill. However, he is unable to let Comanche die alone and in pain, so Shades shoots him once again with Ridenhour's gun at close range to grant him a swift death. Shades is shaken by the incident, recounting Comanche's dying words the next day while burning his clothes, and offers his personal condolences to Comanche's mother, Janis. When Shades turns himself in and strikes a deal with Misty, he confesses to Comanche's murder, to which Janis spits in his face. At the end of the season, Shades is arrested by Misty and Bailey for Comanche's murder after his immunity deal is voided by Mariah's death in jail. References External links Comanche at Marvel Wiki Comanche at Comic Vine Marvel Comics supervillains Comics characters introduced in 1972 Fictional gangsters Marvel Comics male supervillains Marvel Comics television characters Fictional archers Fictional henchmen Fictional African-American people Fictional characters from New York City Fictional LGBT characters in television Characters created by Archie Goodwin (comics) Characters created by George Tuska

49222623

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Supergirl%20characters

List of Supergirl characters

Supergirl is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Ali Adler, and Andrew Kreisberg based on the characters created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in the "Superman" franchise and Al Plastino and Otto Binder's character Supergirl. The series stars Melissa Benoist in the titular role of Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl, as well as Mehcad Brooks, Chyler Leigh, Jeremy Jordan, David Harewood, and Calista Flockhart, with Katie McGrath, Chris Wood, Floriana Lima, Odette Annable, Jesse Rath, Sam Witwer, Nicole Maines, April Parker Jones, Azie Tesfai, Andrea Brooks, Julie Gonzalo, Staz Nair, LaMonica Garrett, and Peta Sergeant joining in later seasons. In addition to original characters, several other characters from DC Comics universe also appear throughout the series. For its first season, Supergirl aired on CBS, before moving to The CW for its second season. The series follows Kryptonian refugee and Superman's biological cousin Kara Zor-El (Benoist), who, after hiding her powers on Earth for more than a decade, becomes National City's superhero as Supergirl, battles against extraterrestrial and otherworldly threats, criminal masterminds, being targeted by her cousin's rogues gallery, and encountering an emerging community of metahumans within her adoptive world and individuals from parallel universes. Supergirl also deals with Earth's populace's fears and hostility against extraterrestrials and other beings with superpowers, leading her into conflicts with industrialist Maxwell Lord (Peter Facinelli), Lucy Lane's (Jenna Dewan) father General Sam Lane (Glenn Morshower), and Project Cadmus. She is assisted by a few close friends and family who guard her secrets—most notably her cousin's longtime friend James Olsen (Brooks), her adopted sister Alex Danvers (Leigh), and the Martian survivor J'onn J'onzz (Harewood). The following is a list of characters who have appeared in the television series. Many are named after (or based on) DC Comics characters. Overview Legend = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (4+ episodes) = Guest cast (1–3 episodes) Main characters Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl (portrayed by Melissa Benoist as an adult, Malina Weissman and Izabela Vidovic as a child) is a 24-year-old Kryptonian living in National City, who must embrace her powers after previously hiding them. When her pod crashed on Earth at a young age, she was found by her cousin Superman and was taken to live with his friend Jeremiah Danvers. She assists her adoptive sister, Alex Danvers, as part of the Department of Extranormal Operations (or D.E.O. for short). She discovers the truth that Jeremiah Danvers also worked for the DEO, so they would not take Kara. Alex's co-workers at the D.E.O. help Kara to perfect her powers. Kara has a day job, working as Cat Grant's assistant at CatCo. Kara learns of the existence of metahumans and the multiverse when she befriends Barry Allen, aka the Flash, a superhero from a parallel Earth (Earth-1). Benoist expressed her excitement over portraying the character, and being able to "(tell) a story about a human being really realizing their potential and their strength". Claire Holt and Gemma Atkinson were considered for the role. In season two, Kara deals with feuds between Earth's native populace and the extraterrestrial community, and struggles with romantic feelings for Daxamite prince Mon-El. She learns that Superman was formerly a member of the D.E.O., making her his successor within the organization. She becomes very close with Lex Luthor's paternal half-sister Lena, and is targeted by Luthor's mother, Lilian, leader of Project Cadmus, an organization now dedicated to the exploitation and destruction of all aliens. Kara's adversaries include Mon-El's mother, Rhea, who wants to retrieve her son, the prince of Daxam, and invade Earth. Kara also becomes a visiting superhero to Earth-1 and a recurring ally of its heroes, including Barry's best friend, Oliver Queen, the vigilante archer Green Arrow. In season three, Kara deals with the threat of Selena and the Worldkillers, including a new character, Samantha "Sam" Arias/Reign, another refugee from Krypton who is at first unaware of her origins and of her evil persona. Eventually Sam and Reign are physically separated, and Sam killed Reign at the cost of her own life and others’. Kara travels back in time to save Sam and prevent the sacrifice of Mon-El and of Kara's mother, Alura, who has survived Krypton. Kara takes the Harun-El (Black Kryptonite) with Sam and Reign into the Fountain of Lilith, taking down Reign. Unbeknownst to her, another Kara appears in the border of Siberia. In season four, Kara deals with a new wave of anti-alien sentiment from the public, both as Supergirl and as a CatCo reporter. The hostility is secretly orchestrated by Lex Luthor. When it comes to the fight at Shelly Island, Supergirl fights against Lex Luthor using a special lead suit. Red Daughter sacrifices her life to give Supergirl the opportunity to defeat Lex Luthor. In season five, Kara finds that CatCo is bought out by Andrea Rojas and she also contends with Leviathan. During the "Arrowverse", Supergirl, Superman, and Lois Lane work with their Earth-1 allies in their attempt to save the people of Earth-38 and becomes one of the Paragons at the cost of Oliver Queen. When Anti-Monitor destroys most of the Multiverse, Kara and the rest of the Paragons fight Anti-Monitor and the Shadow Demons. Oliver's second sacrifice as Spectre resulted in the creation of Earth-Prime where she finds that Lex Luthor was never a bad guy and LuthorCorp owns the D.E.O. After finding that her Earth merged with Flash's Earth and Black Lightning's unnamed Earth, Supergirl and her allies fight the Anti-Monitor again. Afterwards, Supergirl contends with the plots of Lex Luthor and Leviathan. In season six, Kara is sent to the Phantom Zone during the fight against Lex Luthor. She reunites with her father Zor-El and meets a 5th Dimension Imp named Nyxlygsptlnz as she works to get out. Kara and Zor-El were later rescued by the Super Friends using a sun bomb. By the end of season six following Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz getting dragged into the Phantom Zone, Kara finds out that Cat knows of her secret identity and is convinced to reveal it upon accepting the position of editor-in-chief at CatCo. Overgirl During the "Crisis on Earth-X" crossover, Benoist also portrays Overgirl, her character's fascistic parallel-universe counterpart from the Nazi-ruled world, Earth-X. Other performers include her stunt double Jennifer Clarke. Overgirl is also referred to by Harry Wells and Cisco Ramon as Supergirl-X and Kara-X. The Earth-X Kara Zor-El is married to the Führer of Earth-X, Oliver Queen's doppelgänger, Dark Arrow. After Overgirl's heart is damaged, her husband tries and fails to seize Kara's heart to replace it. Overgirl dies, going supernova and exploding in space. Red Daughter In season four, Kara deals with a new wave of anti-alien sentiment from the public, both as Supergirl and as a CatCo reporter. The hostility is secretly orchestrated by Lex Luthor. Kara's Harun-El-replicated clone, Red Daughter (also portrayed by Benoist), is in the nation Kasnia, where she is being tested and trained by its military forces. It is revealed later that this is part of Luthor's latest scheme to defeat both Supergirl and Superman. Red Daughter has no memories or knowledge of her origins, and she sees Luthor as a mentor. She speaks Russian fluently. Kara's clone is eventually betrayed and presumably killed by Luthor after she has completed her part of his plan. When it comes to the fight at Shelly Island, Supergirl fights against Lex Luthor using a special lead suit. Red Daughter sacrifices her life to give Supergirl the opportunity to defeat Lex Luthor. James Olsen / Guardian James Olsen (portrayed by Mehcad Brooks; seasons 1–5, guest: season 6) is a former Daily Planet photographer who moved to National City and became the new art director for his former colleague, Cat Grant's media company, CatCo Worldwide Media. He is a potential love interest for Kara. Among his reasons for moving across the country include his breakup with his fiancée Lucy Lane (with whom he has since reconciled), and keeping an eye on the newly revealed Supergirl for Superman, who considers him a close friend. While working at the Daily Planet, James received the Pulitzer Prize for taking the first photograph of Superman. In season two, though initially attracted to each other, James and Kara decided that they are incompatible as a couple but remain friends. With Winn's help, James becomes Guardian. He was also named acting CEO of CatCo after Cat Grant took a sabbatical from the company. In season three, James and Lena Luthor begin a relationship. By the end of season three, James reveals himself to the public as the Guardian. In season four, James works to help Supergirl when it comes to deal with the Children of Liberty. After CatCo prints a story about the alien march, James is shot by an unseen sniper. It was discovered that the sniper was a thought-to-be-dead Otis who survived the Hellgrammite attack. After being injected with a Harun-El serum, while dealing with a traumatic stress, James begins to developing metahuman abilities similar to Kryptonians'. During the fight against Agent Liberty at Shelly Island, James and Agent Liberty remove the Harun-El serum from each other. In season five, James is replaced by Andrea Rojas as editor-in-chief of CatCo and quits after refusing to support her sensationalist plans. He later leaves National City and returns to his hometown Calvinville to take over its newspaper. In season six, James returns as Guardian to help the Super Friends fight Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz. He was also present at Kelly and Alex's wedding. Brooks briefly portrays a parallel universe version of his character from Earth-X, where he was a member of an underground resistance against the New Reich, the Freedom Fighters. This James Olsen / Guardian is killed by Dark Arrow after a fight. In the season four crossover Elseworlds, Brooks portrays the Earth-1 version of Olsen, who works as a bodyguard for Cisco Ramon. Alex Danvers-Olsen Alexandra "Alex" Danvers (portrayed by Chyler Leigh as an adult, Jordan Mazarati and Olivia Nikkanen as a child with the latter also portraying her VR counterpart) is Kara's adoptive sister. A brilliant scientist with a past as a party girl, she was hired by Hank Henshaw at the D.E.O. after being arrested for drunk driving, in an effort to turn her life around and see potential in her. As Henshaw's protégée, Alex was personally trained by him in extensive combat, strategic tactics, and investigation after joining the DEO, eventually becoming his right-hand agent in the field. An exceptionally skilled combatant, marksman, tactician, and detective since, Alex tasks herself in providing rigorous training to Kara in order to decrease her reliance on her powers. Initially, like Kara, she becomes suspicious of the DEO and thus her own role upon learning of their father having worked there in order to protect Kara, but Alex ultimately learns that Henshaw is the Martian survivor J'onn J'onzz in shape-shifted disguise, whom her father (who she thought is dead) had rescued before his and the real Henshaw's deaths. After she is arrested and placed in custody for having known about J'onn, she and J'onn escape upon learning that her father is alive at Project Cadmus. She and J'onn are eventually pardoned by the President after they helped save the world from Non's attack with Kara and subsequently rejoin the DEO. Alex also obtains a kryptonite-powered exoskeleton from Non when she was under his mind control to fight Kara, which artificially enhances her strength and endurance when wearing it. She keeps the suit (however using another power source alternative Omegahedron) for later missions. In season two, Alex realizes her homosexuality and pursues a relationship with National City PD's detective, Maggie Sawyer. She also confides in Sawyer her secret that she is a DEO agent and occasionally works together. In season three, though Alex and Maggie were engaged to be married, but later they break it off after realizing their incompatibility as a couple, primarily based on Alex's desire to have kids, while Maggie had no yearning to do so. Alex meets Samantha Arias and her daughter Ruby, and envious of Samantha of her motherhood and adores Ruby. She befriends Samantha so that she can be close to Ruby, and hopes one day that she will have her own daughter like Samantha's. Alex had a one-night stand and develops a friendship with Sara Lance, a vigilante associate of Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and leader of the time-traveling superhero team, the Legends, from Earth-1; her encounter with Sara allows Alex to begin moving on from Maggie. She also befriends Barry Allen and Oliver when she arrives to attend the former's wedding with Kara. She joins Earth-1 heroes and Kara to stop Earth-X invaders' scheme against the multiverse, and partnered with Sara when Kara was preoccupied with her villainous parallel universe doppelgänger Overgirl. Her scientific background is also invaluable in helping fellow scientists Harry Wells, Caitlin Snow, Martin Stein, Felicity Smoak, and Barry on Earth-1. Alex learns from Overgirl that she may have her own counterpart on Earth-X when she reveals to Alex that her adoptive sister tried to kill her once, hinting that Overgirl's sister may not aligned herself with the New Reich. Nearing the end of the season, in addition to her exoskeleton, Winn made a prototypical D.E.O. protective suit for Alex, which is filled with advanced gadgetry for her needs in the field. In one episode, Alex made a reference that she worked in a hospital in Seattle before becoming a federal agent (a nod to Leigh's previous role as Dr. Lexie Grey in Grey's Anatomy). In a flashback, it is revealed that ten years previously, Alex first became close to Kara after investigating a murder mystery of their friend from high school together. By the end of season three, Alex becomes the new director of DEO. In season four, Alex struggles with her new role as director, and her organization deals with a new wave of anti-extraterrestrial bigotry within the country. During the crossover, "Elseworlds", Kara meets Alex's Earth-1 counterpart, who is intrigued of learning the details of her Earth-38 self's life from Kara. In order to protect Kara from Haley, Alex has J'onn wipe her memory of her knowing that her sister is Supergirl. Though she later regains her memory of this after seeing Supergirl being beaten up by Red Daughter. After Supergirl is resuscitated by the sunlight, Alex gets a call from Colonel Haley about the true purpose of the Claymore satellite. Alex later assists James in fighting Agent Liberty on Shelly Island where she managed to get the Harun-El serum out of James and Agent Liberty. In season five, Alex assists in the investigation of Leviathan. Following the Crisis which led to the creation of Earth-Prime, Alex is now the director of the DEO. which is now owned by LuthorCorp. She was surprised at that when Martian Manhunter restored her memories. Owing to Brainiac 5 working to help Lex Luthor when it comes to Leviathan, Alex resigns from the D.E.O. enabling Lex to swear in Brainiac 5 as the new Director of the D.E.O. When her father passed away, Alex was reluctant to attend his funeral and used the Obsidian lens to do a Supergirl fantasy that started to affect her alongside the others that indulge in it. With help from Andrea Rojas, Kelly was able to get Alex out using a VR version of her younger self. Afterwards, Alex went to Midvale to attend her father's funeral. When it comes to fighting Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela, Alex started wearing a new suit provided to her by Martian Manhunter to help fight Leviathan. In season six, Alex assists in the fight of Lex Luthor. While advised by Lena to inform Kelly about Supergirl's identity, Alex is persuaded by Martian Manhunter to take on the Sentinel alias. By the end of season six, Alex gets married to Kelly and they adopted a young alien orphan girl called Esme. Winn Schott Winslow "Winn" Schott Jr. (portrayed by Jeremy Jordan; main: seasons 1–3, guest: season 5–6) is a tech expert who works alongside Kara at CatCo and serves as one of her allies, helping her develop her costume and aiding her in her adventures as Supergirl. Winn has an unrequited crush on Kara and is rivals with James for her affection, and he later pursued a relationship with Cat's new assistant Siobhan Smythe until she turns into Supergirl's supernatural metahuman archenemy Silver Banshee. In the series, he is the son of Toyman. In season two, he has left CatCo for a full-time position at the DEO recruited by Alex Danvers and J'onn J'onzz. He and James also become best friends. Winn is responsible for helping James to become the Guardian while he is called the man in the van by James. In addition to remain improving Kara's costume and offers her tech support, Winn also makes his own modifications with her interdimensional extrapolator, a device she received from Earth-1's metahuman inventor Cisco Ramon. In season three, Winn helps in the fight against the Worldkillers. By the end of season three, Winn is invited to join the Legion of Super-Heroes as he invented the sub-atomic shield and its development saves countless people in the future. Together with Mon-El, he travels into future for saving it, starting his own journey as a hero. Jeremy Jordan returns to the series in its fifth season. He returns to the present in pursuit of his doppelganger who has done things that caused the real Winn to be wanted for terrorism. Winn does give advice to Nia about certain things while referencing her descendant. Supergirl and the DEO were able to thwart the attempt of the lives of Andrea Rojas and those present at her presentation, but Toyman perishes. This changes Winn's future where he no longer a wanted man. When his alternate counterpart's mind is uploaded into the D.E.O.'s computers, Winn enters the computers and reluctantly gets the aid of the digital conscious of his father. Winn was able to stop the hack as Toyman and the alternate Toyman are deleted. At one point, Winn mentioned that he was called Computer Lad by a member of the Legion of Super Heroes. As he plans to return to the future, Winn plans to become a different Toyman. In season six, Toyman appears to help fight Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz. He later appears at Alex and Kelly's wedding where he hints to J'onn that he and Miss Martian will have a son while also mentioning to Kara and Jimmy that Mister Mxyzptlk owes Alex and Kelly a wish. During the "Crisis on Earth-X" crossover, an Earth-X version of Winn is introduced that is also portrayed by Jordan. General Winn Schott is the leader of the Freedom Fighters working against the New Reich on his world and thus is Dark Arrow's chief adversary. He is even able to obtain some of Dark Arrow's arsenal (later stolen by Leo Snart for Dark Arrow's Earth-1 doppelgänger Green Arrow) as trophies throughout their fights, therefore implies that Schott is a formidable adversary to the New Reich. Jordan also portrays a version of Winn from an unnamed reality. He took on the mantle of Toyman following the death of his father and shares his vendetta on Chester Dunholz as well as the Rojas family. It is because of Toyman's actions that cause Winn to be wanted for terrorism in the future. Toyman was freed from a prison transport by Brainiac 5 on Lex Luthor's behalf. In his plot, he planned to dispose of Andrea Rojas that involved robotic white tigers. While Supergirl and the DEO fought the robotic white tigers, Winn confronted Toyman. Toyman perished after activating the dead man switch to a bomb he made, but Supergirl was able to save everyone from the explosion. It turns out that he used the Obsidian Tech lenses to upload himself into the D.E.O.'s computer at the last minute in order to get on to the Internet. With help from the digital copy of his dad's conscious, Winn enters the codes while Toyman subdues his son's alternate counterpart. Once Winn finishes entering the codes, both digital consciouses are deleted. J'onn J'onzz / Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz (portrayed by David Harewood) is the head of the DEO who takes Hank Henshaw's likeness after Henshaw is killed in Peru while hunting J'onn. J'onn takes Henshaw's likeness in order to reform the DEO from within as well as a promise to Jeremiah Danvers to watch over Alex and Kara, who each subsequently trust him as a mentor after learning of his true identity. Prior to his escape from the holocaust on Mars, J'onn was a law enforcement officer to his people. In addition to his powers, J'onn learned various skills and knowledge after living on Earth over decades including martial arts, strategy, investigation tactics, in addition telepathically learned some of Henshaw's memories and knowledge, making him a formidable opponent when in human form without the need of his extraterrestrial abilities and more than capable to run the DEO in Henshaw's place. He takes Alex in as his protégée and forges her as a strong DEO agent, eventually she becomes his right-hand operative. In the episode "Falling", J'onn reveals to the whole world his true identity in order to stop Kara, who is affected by Red Kryptonite, from killing Alex. He is then arrested by the DEO agents who are at the scene, only to escape with Alex upon learning that Jeremiah has survived the attack and that he is being held at Project Cadmus, a facility that experiments with aliens and where he was going to be taken. In season two, J'onn begins a romantic relationship with a benevolent member of the White Martian race, M'gann M'orzz. In season three, it is revealed that J'onn's father is alive and they struggle to reconcile of their relationship. His spaceship is disguised as a 1952 vintage Chevrolet Deluxe convertible, in which J'onn, Kara, and Alex love to drive for pleasure. By the end of season three, after he succeeds the memory and knowledge from his father, J'onn leaves the DEO. In season four, J'onn helps run a support group for aliens trying to integrate into Earth society. He also begins a career as a private investigator. He eschews combat, preferring to provide guidance and mentorship. He warns Kara of a rising wave of anti-alien bigotry. In addition, he starts to go after Manchester Black. During the fight at Shelly Island where they were imprisoned, J'onn and Dreamer use their abilities to overload the core of the satellite before it can be fired on Argo where Superman is. In season five, J'onn assisted in the investigation of Leviathan and deals with his brother Malefic. After reconciling with Malefic and sending him to meet with M'gann, J'onn is approached by the Monitor who stated that he passed this test to prepare himself for the upcoming Crisis. Following the Crisis which led to the formation of Earth-Prime, J'onn worked to restore the memories of their allies as well as assisted in fighting the Anti-Monitor. J'onn later provided Alex with a special suit to help in the fight against Leviathan. In season six, J'onn assists in the fight against Lex Luthor while joining M'gann to use a Martian ritual to destroy the satellites. While Malefic is unable to help locate the part of the Phantom Zone that Lex Luthor sent her to, J'onn informs Alex that M'gann is enlisting someone who can help and tells the story of Norr Cott who operated as the Sentinel. He then advises Alex to take on the Sentinel alias. Following the defeat of Lex and Nyxlygsptlnz, J'onn officiates Alex and Kelly's wedding. Toyman does drop a hint to him that he and M'gann will have a son. The evolution of Henshaw was discussed during the filming of the pilot, with the executive producers jokingly saying that Harewood would be a good actor to play the Martian Manhunter in a potential television series, to which DC Comics' Geoff Johns asked why it could not be done in Supergirl. Harewood reflected that he had a difficult time "find[ing] an angle to play Hank Henshaw" in the pilot, and became excited when he was told about the change for his character's backstory. Hank Henshaw / Cyborg Superman Harewood also recurs as the real Hank Henshaw, a former CIA agent and ex-head of the D.E.O. who is ruthless and obsessed with hunting down aliens he believed to be dangerous. He died after he stabbed Jeremiah Danvers in Peru while hunting the alien J'onn J'onzz. Hank was subsequently found and revived by Project Cadmus, who enhanced him to become the Cyborg Superman. In season five, a virtual reality version of Hank Henshaw stole a warhead in a plot to regain the D.E.O. After capturing Kara, he is defeated by Alex as Supergirl. Cat Grant Cat Grant (portrayed by Calista Flockhart; main season 1; recurring season 2; guest seasons 3–4 & 6, Eliza Helm as a younger Cat in season six) is the founder and CEO of CatCo Worldwide Media, who feels, since she "branded" Kara as "Supergirl", that she has proprietary custody over the new hero. She was the personal assistant to Perry White prior to being a gossip columnist at the Daily Planet. Cat investigates and reveals that Supergirl is Superman's cousin, which then causes her to become a target for some of Superman's enemies. She also serves as a mentor to Kara, dispensing advice about being a woman in a man's world. In the episode "Hostile Takeover", she begins to suspect that Kara is Supergirl, while the second-season finale reveals she knew Kara was Supergirl all along. Flockhart became a recurring actress for season two, due to the series' production shift to Vancouver and her desire to take on projects near her Los Angeles home. To accommodate this, Cat decides to take a leave of absence from CatCo, leaving James in charge during the second episode of season two. She returns in the final two episodes to help protect National City from the Daxamite invasion. Flockhart remained a recurring guest star for season three. In the first episode of season three, it is revealed that Cat has become Olivia Marsdin's Press Secretary. In season five, a possible reality shown to Supergirl by Mxyzptlk revealed that Cat was among Kara's loved ones who were killed by the Children of Liberty when Kara was provoked to reveal her identity after the Children of Liberty abducted Lena Luthor and Thomas Coville. In season six, a younger Cat Grant, going by "CJ Grant" as Perry White called her, comes to Midvale to look for the source of Midvale's luck in order to outdo Lois Lane's story and runs into a younger Alex posing as Eliza Danvers. After attempts to get close to Supergirl that led to her encounter with Naxim Tork, Dreamer in her Brenda alias persuades her to branch off from the Daily Bugle. Cat is later called up by Perry and informs him of her resignation while telling her to call her Cat Grant. Following the defeat of Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz, Cat calls up Kara offering her the position of editor-in-chief after buying CatCo back from Andrea Rojas. She also figured out that Kara is Supergirl and persuades her to come forward with revealed it to the world. Mon-El Mon-El (portrayed by Chris Wood; main seasons 2–3; guest season 5-6) is a survivor and prince of a royal family from the planet Daxam who seeks to become a superhero on Earth. Owing to Daxamites being an offshoot of Kryptonians, Mon-El has similar powers to Superman and Supergirl. Mon-El crash lands on Earth in an escape pod at the end of season one. His carefree and somewhat laid-back nature leads to friction with Kara as she mentors him in the ways of being a hero. Mon-El eventually falls in love with Kara and they become a couple. After Kara triggers a weapon that laces the atmosphere with lead dust in order to stop Rhea's Daxamite army, Mon-El is forced to leave Earth. In season three, it is revealed that Mon-El's pod was sucked into a wormhole and he time-traveled to the 31st century. He was in the future for seven years, where L-Corp administered a serum that gives him immunity to lead poisoning. Despite his love for Kara, Mon-El ultimately marries Imra Ardeen before he returns to the 21st century with her and other passengers for an unknown mission. He and Imra eventually split by the end of Season 3. He is also revealed to be the founder of the superhero team, the Legion. In between seasons three and four, Mon-El and the other Legionnaires returned to the 31st century, though Brainy stayed behind. In season five, Mon-El is shown in some possible realities that Mxyzptlk shows Kara. The first one has him and Lena falling in battle against Reign. Another reality where Supergirl and Lena didn't meet as Mon-El as part of a resistance against Lena and her Hope-Bots. In season six, Mon-El is among those that help the Super Friends fight Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz. Afterwards, Mon-El tells Supergirl that he won't be returning to her time again. Maggie Sawyer Maggie Sawyer (portrayed by Floriana Lima; main season 2; recurring season 3) is a detective for the National City Police Department who takes a special interest in the cases involving aliens, metahumans, and other extraordinary occurrences. She uses her own experience as a lesbian to help guide Alex as the latter struggles to understand her own sexuality, and the two eventually begin a romantic relationship. However, in season three because Maggie does not want to have children, Alex breaks up with her, with Maggie telling Alex that she'll be a great mom when the time comes. Lima became a recurring actress for season three. She noted the role was only intended to last for one season. Lena Luthor Lena Kieran Luthor (portrayed by Katie McGrath; main seasons 3–6; recurring season 2, Lucy Loken as a teenager) is the CEO of L-Corp (formerly known as Luthor Corp) and the younger paternal half-sister of Lex Luthor. She arrives in National City after Lex has been incarcerated, hoping to rebrand Luthor Corp as a force for good. As the daughter of Lionel Luthor, to whom she is close, Lena tries to redeem her family name after Lex's crimes have tarnished it and to break from her half-brother and step-mother's legacy. Initially, she believed that she was the adopted daughter of the Lionel and Lillian Luthor, but Lena learns that she is actually Lionel's illegitimate child from his extramarital affair. Lena meets Kara after Kara is assigned to interview Lena about L-Corp. Shortly after, the two develop a strong relationship. Later in the season she is taken advantage of by Rhea, under guise of fixing the portal to get her home, but instead brought all the Daxamites to Earth. She is almost married off to Mon-El before the wedding is interrupted and they escape where she then aids her mother and Winn in driving away the Daxamites. Camille Marty portrays a young Lena. McGrath was promoted to series regular for season three. In season three, she buys CatCo Media to prevent Morgan Edge from taking it over and decides to run CatCo personally, temporarily handing over control of L-Corp to Sam Arias. Unlike her half-brother, Lena is able to develop a formula to create synthetic Kryptonites. Like Cat Grant, she knows Kara is Supergirl, but has been in complete denial. By the end of season 3, Lena synthesizes the Kryptonian mineral Harun-El in her laboratory since it is a form of Black Kryptonite, and starts the phase 2 of her experiment. In season four, Lena helped to make a special suit for Supergirl when the air was saturated with Kryptonite. Lex later invites Lena and Lillian to the White House to watch the destruction of Argo. After an incident at Shelly Island causes Lex to leave, Lena and Lillian fight their way past Lex's henchmen. After Lex teleports to safety upon his armor being destroyed, he arrives in a room where Lena removes the Harun-El from him. Before succumbing to his wounds, Lex spitefully reveals to Lena that Kara is Supergirl; leaving her bitter and heartbroken. In season five, this perceived betrayal has led Lena to go down a dark path; similar to Lex and Lillian respectively. She buys out CatCo's building so that her old friend Andrea Rojas can run CatCo and keep an eye on Kara while running some simulations with her A.I. Hope. In addition, she also blackbags Eve, Using a miniature device on Eve's head, Lena maps out Eve's brain. Andrea visits Lena voicing her knowledge about Lena's misuse of her products and states that she is cut off. If she ever does anything against her, Andrea will see to it that the next story will expose Lena's experiments. Afterwards, Lena moves on to Plan B where she reveals that she mapped out the loyalty parts of Eve's brain where she uploads Hope into it enabling Hope to control Eve's body. After being visited by Andrea, Lena provides the diversion for Supergirl so that Acrata can spring Rip Roar out of D.E.O. custody. Once that was done, Andrea gave Lena the medallion. Then she has her computers research Eve's brain for any information about Leviathan. After Lex was revived, he said that he would help Monitor in exchange for a favor that involved Lena. When the Crisis began, Lena was persuaded by Alex to help work on a transporter to transport everyone from Earth-38 to Earth-1, resulting in Lena saving billions of lives. Following the Crisis which led to the formation of Earth-Prime, Lena still had her memories as part of Lex's deal with the Monitor and that she and Lex are now co-CEO's of LuthorCorp. In addition, Lena finds that Lillian is the head of the Luthor Foundation. Lena reluctantly had to cooperate with her two family members as Lex used a truth-enforcing organism on himself. Following the Non Nocere experiment failing on the inmates, Lena learned from Lex that her project would fail anyway and he had only assisted her to see her realise that she was wrong. Rejecting her brother's offer to join his own plans of conquest, and horrified to realise that she had become the same kind of villain as her brother, Lena returned to Kara to warn her about Lex's plans. Lena makes an Anti-Kryptonite suit that wasn't on Earth-Prime so that Supergirl can fight Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela who are empowered by Kryptonite while also rescuing William Dey from Eve. When Supergirl enters virtual reality to put an end to the Unity Festival plot, Lena had to protect her physical body when Acrata is dispatched. Lena was able to talk her down. Afterwards, Supergirl and Lena plan to go after Lex. In season six, Lena helps to thwart the plans of Lex and Lillian. When Lex was incarcerated at the National City Prison and being visited by Lillian, Lena appears and uses the Myriad to erase their memories of Supergirl's identity and then gives Myriad back to Alex. Owing to Lex having Otis sabotage the new children's hospital wing and considering that killing him won't solve anything, Lena informs Lex that she is leaving LuthorCorp. She joins the Tower, using her scientific and technological expertise to help J'onn J'onzz, Alex, and the other Super Friends. She learns that her birth mother was a practitioner of magic, and that she possesses the same ability. As a scientist, she is reluctant to accept this, but she ultimately embraces magic in order to fight Nyxly, a fifth-dimensional imp; fifth-dimensional energy is the same thing as magic. A dying Lillian tells Lena that she knew about her birth mother's magic, and steered Lena towards science because of it; Lillian urges Lena to choose her own path, free from anyone's expectations. After Nyxly's defeat, Lena establishes the Lena Luthor Foundation. Samantha Arias / Reign Samantha "Sam" Arias/Reign (portrayed by Odette Annable; main season 3; guest season 5) is an unknowing Kryptonian survivor sent to Earth by a party of Kryptonian priestesses as an infant prior to its destruction. Sam was adopted by Patricia Arias. Although she grew up without knowledge of her origins, she is sensing that there is something unusual within herself and fears it. Samantha is also a single mother who struggles to raise her daughter Ruby, having distanced herself from her adoptive mother when she became pregnant with her daughter as a teenager. At one point, Sam demonstrated superhuman strength that let her lift a fallen tower off of her daughter Ruby during a terrorist attack; but she believes her strength in the moment was merely derived from epinephrine (adrenaline) and the heightened emotion of distress, and she loses the extra strength immediately after. She works with Lena Luthor, and is promoted to be the acting CEO of L-Corp after Lena Luthor buys CatCo, and later becomes its CFO. She and her daughter also later befriend Alex and Kara Danvers. Throughout the season, Sam forms close friendships with Lena, Alex, and Kara. She finds out from her adoptive mother that she arrived on Earth in a space pod and thus she is an extraterrestrial in origin. Under the pod's key's guidance, Sam travels to a desert that leads to a hidden Kryptonian fortress, where a hologram in the form of one of the dark priestesses, Selena, informs Sam of her heritage and that she is engineered as a "Worldkiller," a living biological weapon of enhanced Kryptonian physiology who was sent to rule Earth; her pregnancy kept her from coming into her powers. Sam was not willing to accept this, but her full powers manifested, awakening her dormant alternative personality Reign. By the end of the season, it is revealed that Selena is Reign's birth mother, therefore is Sam's as well. After returning home, Sam remains a devoted mother to Ruby with no memories of her actions as Reign, while her Kryptonian alter-ego becomes a black-clad, masked vigilante who indiscriminately kills those she sees as evildoers. However, Reign and two other Worldkillers are each designed to have dissociative identity to keep their existences hidden, yet Sam is stronger than Reign in willpower and control because of her devotion to Ruby, keeping Reign from fully takes over. During her first encounter with Kara's alter-ego Supergirl, Reign battles and defeats her, leaving the superheroine in a coma for days. After Supergirl emerges from her coma, Reign is at odds with her, the DEO, and the Legion. Reign learned that are more Worldkillers on Earth and seeks to find them. She manages to get Purity on her side when she surrenders to Reign. Following the deaths of Purity and Pestilence, Reign absorbed their abilities and got away. Reign later targets Ruby to eliminate Sam's will for control, causing Supergirl and Alex Danvers to work in protecting her. Thanks to some Kryptonite, Supergirl, Mon-El, and Kara were able to incapacitate her enough to render her unconscious as they work to find a way to get rid of the Reign side of her. Later, using a mineral from Krypton called the Harun-El, which is a form of Black Kryptonite, they are able to split Sam from Reign. Sam joins the fight against Reign and the dark priestesses after endowing powers that match Reign's. In one timeline, Sam kills Reign, but at the cost of her own life and her allies, but Supergirl travels back in time, and changes the outcome of Reign's defeat and averted the deaths. In the reset timeline, though still defeating Reign by herself, because of another exposure to the Harun-El during the fight, Sam is rid of the Kryptonian side from her, therefore having no powers once more and a chance to again living a normal life with her daughter. In season four's premiere, it is mentioned that Sam and Ruby have relocated to Metropolis, where Sam is heading L-Corp's northeast sector. In season five, Mxyzptlk showed Kara some possible realities that Reign is in. The first one showed that Reign killed Lena Luthor and Mon-El before being taken down by Supergirl. A reality in which Supergirl and Lena didn't meet showed that Reign became one of Lena's enforcers. Querl Dox / Brainiac 5 Querl Dox/Brainiac 5 (portrayed by Jesse Rath; main seasons 4–6; recurring season 3) a Coluan hero from the 31st century who arrives in National City to help Supergirl battle Reign. Rath was promoted to series regular for season four. In season five, Brainiac 5 helped to investigate Leviathan. Following the Crisis, Brainiac 5 encountered different doppelgangers of himself including a dead eyepatch-wearing Brainiac 5, an evil Brainiac 5 who bottled his Earth during the Crisis, a ponytail-sporting Brainiac 5 (all three were also portrayed by Jesse Rath), and a female Brainiac 5 (voiced by Meaghan Rath) who is the director of her DEO. The evil Brainiac 5 plans to open the bittle, with the help of the witches, and release his world in Al's Bar, not caring that this would destroy Earth-Prime. Brainy Prime removes his three personality inhibitors, assuming his true Couluan colors and powers. He promises the anguished Brainiac 5 that he will search for a safe way to open it someday. The three Kryptonian witches agree and join the evil Brainiac in his bottled world. The two remaining Brainiac 5 doppelgangers choose to give up their corporal forms and exist inside the Big Brain, the “Coluan knowledge aggregate.” Before she leaves, the female Brainy warns Brainy Prime that he must give up everything and everyone and appear to work with Lex Luthor in order to stop the threat of Leviathan. After breaking up with Nia, Brainiac 5 visits Lex Luthor about Leviathan. He does state of a possible doppelganger sighting as he is shown a picture of Winn Schott. He frees the alternate Winn and brings him to Lex. Outside of Winn, Alex finds out about Brainy working with Lex to uncover Leviathan and what his female counterpart said. When Alex resigns, Brainy becomes the new Director of the D.E.O. His work with Lex also strained his relationship with Dreamer. During the fight against Leviathan, Brainiac 5 enters their ship. Guided by the female Brainiac 5, he activates the code that disables Leviathan as he bottles up Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela. Owing to being weakened by the ship's defenses, Brainiac 5 has the bottle taken from him by Lex Luthor as Dreamer heads off to find Brainiac 5. In season six, Brainiac 5 is saved by Dreamer and explains to her why he had to push her away. It took Martian nanites to help Brainiac 5 recover. Near the end of the season, Brainiac 5 is expected to return to his time and merge with the Big Brain. He was unable to go through with it due to his love for Nia. Ben Lockwood / Agent Liberty Benjamin "Ben" Lockwood/Agent Liberty (portrayed by Sam Witwer; main season 4; guest season 5) is a former college professor who became an anti-aliens extremist after suffering a series of misfortunes, including the loss of his business, home, and father over the course several alien attacks. With the aid of Mercy and Otis Graves, secretly along with Lex Luthor from prison, Ben becomes a self-proclaimed "Agent of Liberty" and founds a human supremacist group called the Children of Liberty to rid Earth of all alien life, including Supergirl. After winning a debate against Kara Danvers on national television, Ben is given his very own weekly show named "The Lockdown" whilst secretly operating as the masked Agent Liberty. Ben and his organization go on to kill numerous aliens in National City, including Manchester Black's fiancée, Fiona Byrne. Ben subsequently comes to blows with a revenge-driven Manchester, who kidnaps Ben's wife, Lydia, and reveals her husband's alter-ego. Supergirl ultimately intervenes and apprehends them both. Ben is publicly exposed as the Children of Liberty's leader and taken into police custody. However, a large crowd of his supporters, including Lydia, protest Ben's imprisonment. Ben later enlists his son, George, to get involved with the Children of Liberty on his behalf. He is eventually pardoned by President Baker under the cause that the Children of Liberty's terrorism does not apply to humans, despite the Alien Amnesty Act. Baker later invites Ben to the White House, where he makes him the Director of Alien Affairs. With his new authority, Ben grows more dangerous in his agenda, including beating his underlings into submission. He begins using the president's martial law to round up all alien residents in the United States, intending on committing genocide. After Lydia is murdered in retaliation for his actions, Ben injects himself with Lena Luthor's experimental Harun-El serum and gains superhuman powers to avenge the death of his wife. However, his vendetta strains his relationship with George, who becomes disillusioned with his father. Ben later learns from Otis about Lex's plot to redeem himself by using and betraying the Children of Liberty and Kaznian invaders, causing Ben to kill Otis. Starting to fall ill from the experimental serum and no longer having any reason to his goals, Ben attempts to take revenge on Lex for manipulating him but is ultimately stopped by Kara, Alex Danvers and James Olsen. After a grueling battle, Ben and James simultaneously de-power one another. After Lex's plot is exposed, Baker is impeached and arrested while Ben is then imprisoned for his crimes of domestic terrorism. Ben watches from prison as his son begins speaking out for the cooperation of humans and aliens alike. In season five, Mxyzptlk showed Kara a possible reality where she revealed her secret to Lena from the start. Here, Ben started hating Supergirl after his family died in a misguided attempt to get her to save them. Ben and Otis abducted Lena and Thomas Coville in order to coerce Supergirl to reveal her identity. This works and Supergirl saves Lena and Thomas, though at the cost of the Children of Liberty targeting her loved ones. Nia Nal / Dreamer Nia Nal (portrayed by Nicole Maines; seasons 4–6) is a transgender woman working at CatCo under Kara Danvers. She was a political speechwriter in Washington, D.C. where she worked for Cat Grant, the White House Press Secretary, under the administration of President Olivia Marsdin. She was sent to National City to be taken under the wing of Kara Danvers / Supergirl to learn the ways of reporting and superheroism. Lauren Haley Lauren Haley (portrayed by April Parker Jones; season 4) is a United States Marine Corps colonel brought in by President Baker to supervise Danvers. After Supergirl and Brainiac 5 defeated Agent Liberty and Manchester Black, Haley works to find out who Supergirl is. When she finds out that Supergirl is Kara Danvers, Martian Manhunter uses his abilities to erase her memory of this discovery. Haley soon starts to doubt President Baker's motives like when a satellite to be used against the aliens nearly crashes which she had no knowledge to when confronted by Alex, making Benjamin Lockwood the Director of Alien Affairs, and declaring Supergirl public enemy #1 after Red Daughter posed as Supergirl and attacked the White House. When Agent Liberty wanted Haley to summon Supergirl so that the government agents could use their weapons on her, Haley hit the signal watch to summon her. Though Haley secretly hit it twice causing Supergirl not to show up. Haley later contacts Alex to let her know what the Claymore satellite is really being used for. After Lex is killed, Baker is impeached, and Agent Liberty is arrested, Haley is shown to have become the interim Secretary of Alien Affairs. Kelly Danvers-Olsen Kelly Danvers-Olsen (portrayed by Azie Tesfai; seasons 5–6, recurring season 4) is James Olsen's sister. She became part of the main cast for the fifth season. After Jimmy leaves CatCo, Kelly goes to work for Obsidian Tech and helps with the development of the Obsidian Platinum lenses. In season six, Kelly finds Andrea in sadness as her father blames her for what happened with the Unity Festival. Afterwards, Lena advises Alex to inform her on Supergirl's identity. Following the defeat of Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz, Alex and Kelly get married. Eve Teschmacher Eve Teschmacher (portrayed by Andrea Brooks; main season 5; recurring seasons 2–4; guest season 6) is Cat Grant's and later James' new assistant. When Lena Luthor starts clinical trials at L-Corp and later for the D.E.O. to produce superhuman abilities in humans, Eve joins Lena as her assistant. She is named after a supporting character in the Superman Franchise who worked with Lex Luthor. She is later discovered to be a mole sent by Lex Luthor. After Lex Luthor is killed, a disguised Eve tries to flee. She is intercepted at the bus stop by an elderly female representative of Leviathan who apparently forced her to work with Lex Luthor. In season five, Eve returns to National City under Leviathan's orders and is blackbagged by Lena. Using a miniature device on Eve's head, Lena maps out Eve's brain. After Andrea cut her off, Lena moves on to Plan B where she reveals that she mapped out the loyalty parts of Eve's brain where she uploads Hope into it enabling Hope to control Eve's body. After the attempt to use a weapon satellite, Hope in Eve's body takes the blame and is arrested by the FBI. Sometime after the Crisis where Earth-Prime is formed, Eve is shown as an employee at Obsidian Tech. She is asked by Andrea to look into the bug patches in the Obsidian Lenses. In flashbacks, Eve was coerced into working for Leviathan as their assassin after her father was killed. Lex found her on one of her assignments and persuaded her to work as her inside person while providing protection for her mother and planning to give the information of the person who killed her father. Some of the events she helped Lex with was the actions caused by Amy Sapphire and Richard Bates. Eve was then tricked into killing Jeremiah Danvers who Lex claimed was the one who killed her father. Following Supergirl stopping the Sun-Eater and Lex killing Margot to rescue those trapped in virtual reality, Lex revealed his lie about Jeremiah killing her father and has the footage of it as a way to keep her loyalty and to keep her from being at the other end of Supergirl's eye beams. When Eve states to Lex that he is worse than Leviathan, Lex states that he is better than Leviathan. When Kelly and William brought up Eve to Andrea, she stated that Eve had a clean slate. William secretly followed Eve only to end up black-bagged. He is interrogated by Eve. Even though she shoots him in the shoulder, Eve is subdued by Lena while Supergirl cauterizes the wound. Supergirl learns of Lex's manipulation of Eve. After the Unity Festival plot was thwarted, Supergirl went to go pick up Eve's mother. In season six, Eve and her mother felt the effects of the broadcast caused by Lex Luthor's plot. Her testimony at Lex's trial was discarded due to her having loved him at the time. Mar Novu / Monitor Mar Novu / The Monitor (portrayed by LaMonica Garrett; main season 5; guest season 4) is a Multiversal being who tests different Earths in the multiverse in preparation for an impending "crisis", providing the Book of Destiny to John Deegan, releasing J'onn J'onzz's brother on Earth-38, and retrieving the corpse of Lex Luthor. Andrea Rojas / Acrata Andrea Rojas (portrayed by Julie Gonzalo as an adult, Alexa Najera as a teenager; seasons 5–6) is the CEO of Obsidian Tech, an old friend of Lena Luthor, a former girlfriend of Russell Rogers, and the new editor-in-chief of Catco Worldwide Media who Kara Danvers and James Olsen dislike. At a young age, Andrea's father Bernardo was having trouble at Obsidian Tech and she enlists Lena to help search the local ruins for the Acrata medallion. When Andrea finds it, she is approached by a male elderly representative of Leviathan who has her take the medallion so that Leviathan can use her services. When the female elderly representative Margot first appears to her, Andrea is told how to activate its abilities as she is sent to kill Governor Harper. Then Andrea persuades Margot to make use of Russel Rogers. While running Cat Co., Andrea is being investigated by William Dey and his London Times colleagues, suspecting that she is head of an organized crime group. It is revealed that she has connections with Leviathan when Margot visited her stating that Rip Roar is in D.E.O. custody. After the first attempt failed while also revealing to the viewers that she was the one who killed Caroline O'Connor, she turned to Lena for help. Lena provided a diversion for Supergirl so that Acrata can make off with Rip Roar. Acrata raids D.E.O. HQ with the help of two Aurafacian-possessed humans. She is successful in this mission while the two Aurafacian-possessed humans were detained. After giving Lena the medallion, she witnesses Rip Roar getting sniped at the airport. The male elderly representative states that Leviathan still needs her services while Rip Roar has served his purpose. When Andrea states that Lena has the medallion, the male elderly representative states that her powers actually came from the darkness within her. Rama Khan later uses her in a plot to create a supervolcano in National City. This plot was thwarted by Supergirl and Martian Manhunter. Acrata teleports Rama Khan back to Leviathan's headquarters and flees. Following the Crisis where Earth-Prime is formed, Andrea is talking about Obsidian Tech's lenses when Gamemnae appears in her Gemma Cooper alias. Andrea shows her the lenses as she makes some suggestions about them. During a test on Obsidian Platinum, it failed when Andrea found it simulating an allergy to lobster. Gemma later visits her and advises her to have Obsidian Tech collaborate with LuthorCorp to get passed the errors. Andrea never became an assassin for Leviathan on Earth-Prime, though she still has the Acrata medallion which was seen after Supergirl thwarted Amy Sapphire's revenge on her for firing her virtual reality-addicted husband. When Alex got trapped in virtual reality, Andrea had to walk Kelly through getting Alex out. Afterwards, Andrea spoke to her employee Eve Teschmacher into looking into the bug patches. When Kelly and William visited Andrea about Eve, Andrea states that Eve had a clean slate. She also informs Kelly that if she approaches her without evidence of Obsidian's tampering, she will fire her. When Supergirl enters the Unity Festival, Lex advises Gemma to send one of their assassins to attack Supergirl's physical body. Gemma goes to Andrea and reveals that she is part of Leviathan and was the one who rescued her from the cave. She has an assignment for Andrea in exchange that nothing bad happens to Obsidian Tech and her father. Becoming Acrata, she tracks down Supergirl's body and prepares to use the Kryptonite on her. Acrata is talked down by Lena. In season six, Kelly finds a saddened Andrea who states that her father has blamed her for what happened during the Unity Festival. Becoming Acrata, Andrea secretly visits Bernardo's home and buys her share of CatCo from him. Andrea announces this to the CatCo staff while also mentioning the news of Lex Luthor's arrest. When she as Acrata obtained Lex's journal about his love for Nyxlygsptlnz, she published it in William's name, which led to him getting shot and killed by Lex in revenge. After speaking with Lena on if she was a monster, Acrata later assists the Super Friends in fighting Lex and Nyxlygsptlnz. Afterwards, Andrea establishes a journalism award and a foundation named after William. Cat Grant later bought back CatCo from her. William Dey William Dey (portrayed by Staz Nair; seasons 5–6) is the new star reporter at Catco Worldwide Media. He secretly remains under the London Times newspapers' employ and undercover to investigates Andrea Rojas, suspecting that she is a criminal. When the lenses from Obsidian Tech came out, William only confronted a simulation of Andrea while covering up what he was using the lenses for to the real Andrea. William was later shocked when his old college friend Russell Rogers was turned into Rip Roar. Following the Crisis where Earth-Prime is formed, a new William Dey attended the Man of Tomorrow event that the Luthor family was hosting. In a private talk with Kara, William claimed that Russell was killed when the Luthor family took over Russell's company. During his investigation, William arrived at a warehouse and was unable to find any proof of Lex's latest plot due to Margot Morrison using a cloaking wall to hide herself and those who got trapped in virtual reality. He was present when Supergirl and Martian Manhunter arrived at the location where they found that Lex had saved everyone there and killed Margot. William and Kelly later spoke to Andrea about Eve only to be told that Eve has a clean slate. William later secretly followed Eve only to end up black-bagged. Eve learns that William was investigating her connection to Lex. She manages to shoot him before getting subdued by Lena. Supergirl cauterizes the wound and has him taken to the hospital. In season six, William is recuperating with his right arm in a sling at the time when Andrea mentions that she bought her share of CatCo from her father. He later tails the Superfriends to raise CatCo's readers. Then he enters an unspecified partnership with Otis Graves. Near the end of the season, Andrea breaks into Lex's mansion, steals his personal journals and publishes a revealing article on them under William's name in order to increase CatCo's viewership. This leads to William calling her out and dressing her down for her unethical actions and seeming care for no one but herself and her own interests. Later, William is fatally shot by Lex in the Superfriends HQ as revenge for the article, but manages to send a last video to Andrea regarding Lex's true nature before succumbing to his wounds. The Superfriends later hold a funeral for him and Andrea makes amends for his death by setting up a journalism award and a foundation in his honor. Nyxly Nyxlygsptlnz, nicknamed Nyxly (portrayed by Peta Sergeant; season 6), is a 5th Dimension Imp whom Kara meets in the Phantom Zone. She saves her from Scar by claiming that the Phantoms and the White Martians are coming their way. While mentioning her history with Mister Mxyzptlk, Nyxly states that she was a princess who was banished to the Phantom Zone by her father King Brpxz who also killed her brother Bryxly. While having a bracelet that negates her abilities, Nyxly managed to sneak a 5th Dimensional Orb with her. To help Kara rescue Zor-El, Nyxly breaks her bracelets at the cost of her 5th Dimensional Orb. With her powers regained, Nyxly heals Kara's leg and helps to rescue Zor-El. When a mirror that would serve as one of the exits to the Phantom Zone is found, Kara discovered that Nyxly has her own plans with the mirror where she plans to go to Earth in order to get back to the 5th Dimension and get revenge on her father. During the struggle, Kara accidentally sets off the self-destruct sequence and sacrifices the mirror to keep Nyxly from going through. Nyxly survived the building's explosion and secretly stows away on top of the Tower following Supergirl and Zor-El's rescue. After allowing Nia's mother to be revived for a day, Nyxly ran into the hunter Mitch and collaborated with him in a plot to trap Supergirl by having Dr. Desmond Raab build a cryo-bomb. When it was destroyed by Supergirl, it was revealed to have helped Nyxly regain her powers. Using her powers, Nyxly incapacitates Supergirl's legs in ice and destroys the Ormfell Building. With Supergirl vulnerable to magic, she calls for Mxyzptlk. Nyxly does different attacks to draw out Mxyzptlk until he surrenders to her. Nyxly then uses an orb to absorb Mxyzptlk where she uses the orb to find the totems she needs. After obtaining some of the Totems and being aided by an A.I. modeled after her that was placed in a Lexosuit she received, she is then visited by Lex Luthor who gave her the Lexosuit with the A.I. made from a future Nyxly. Lex aids her in hunting for the remaining totems. Though this becomes stained due to Lillian and their competition once the AllStone is put together and split into three pieces. When Lex Luthor opens a portal to the Phantom Zone to summon the Phantoms, Lex and Nyxly are dragged in by the Phantoms due to their hubris. Recurring characters This is a list of recurring actors and the characters they portrayed in multiple episodes, which were significant roles. The characters are listed by the order in which they first appeared. Introduced in season one Zor-El Zor-El (portrayed by Robert Gant in season one and two, Jason Behr in season six) is Kara's biological father who sacrificed himself to see that Argo City was unharmed by Krypton's destruction. In season six sometime after the Crisis, it was revealed that Zor-El survived the destruction of Krypton by sending himself into the Phantom Zone. He reunited with Kara and kept her safe from the Phantom Zone Phantoms as they work to find a way out of the Phantom Zone. When hitching a ride on a Phantom with Kara, Zor-El is kidnapped by Scar and his men where they plan to feed him to the creature in Shadow Lake. He is saved by Supergirl and Nyxly. When the Super Friends use a sun bomb to help save Supergirl, she flies Zor-El to the Tower as it leaves the Phantom Zone. When on Earth, he starts to develop his Kryptonian abilities and poses as Kara's uncle Archie from Midway City. Zor-El takes note of the garbage in the ocean and compares it with how Krypton's oceans were destroyed before Krypton's destruction. He modifies a Kelex from the Fortress of Solitude to help clean up the oceans by turning the garbage into energy that it can absorb. Something goes wrong and Zor-El helped to create a virus to shut it down before it can explode. Zor-El later states to Kara that it's time for him to reunite with Alura as Brainiac 5 prepares to take him to Argo City. Eliza Danvers Eliza Danvers (portrayed by Helen Slater) is a scientist and Kara's foster mother, who is more protective of Kara than she is of her biological daughter Alex. She is the one to tell Kara and Alex about her husband working with the DEO in order to protect Kara and warns them about Hank as he is not to be trusted because of his involvement in Jeremiah's death. After the revelation that J'onn J'onzz has secretly taken over leadership of the DEO in Henshaw's place, Eliza occasionally offers her scientific expertise for the organization when needed. In season five sometime after the Crisis, Eliza contacted Kara and Alex that Jeremiah has passed away. She later presided over his funeral. In season six, Eliza helps out in the fight against the fight against Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz where she shot three owl manifestations that targeted Dreamer. Afterwards, she attended Alex and Kelly's wedding. Slater previously portrayed Supergirl in the 1984 film and Lara-El in the television series Smallville. Jeremiah Danvers Jeremiah Danvers (portrayed by Dean Cain) is a scientist, an old friend of Superman, and Alex's biological father and Kara's foster father, who offered his services to the D.E.O. by working with Hank in order to protect Kara ever since she was given to him by Superman. Ten years earlier and under mysterious circumstances, he and Hank went to South America to capture J'onn J'onzz, with whom Jeremiah became friends after the alien saved him. When Hank caught up and saw them shake hands, he tried to kill J'onn, leading to a fight between Jeremiah and Hank while trying to keep Hank from killing J'onzz; Hank then stabbed Jeremiah, who later killed him in self-defense, collapsed on the ground, and was left for dead. He asked J'onzz to watch over his daughters. In the present, J'onn learns that Jeremiah not only survived the attack, but is also alive and being held at Project Cadmus. In season two, Jeremiah is rescued and attempts to reintegrate into his family and the D.E.O., but eventually betrays them to Cadmus. It is revealed that he made an uneasy alliance with Lillian Luthor in order to protect Alex and Kara from her, and that he has been cybernetically enhanced like Hank Henshaw. He later turns against Cadmus. In season five sometime after the Crisis, Eliza mentions to Kara and Alex that Jeremiah has died of cardiac arrest while helping aliens in South America. After some reluctancies, Alex was finally able to attend his funeral in Midvale. It was revealed that Lex Luthor tricked Eve Teschmacher into killing him by lying that Jeremiah was the Leviathan agent who killed her father. Lex retained footage of the murder to ensure Eve's loyalty to him and keep her from going to Supergirl for help. Cain previously portrayed Superman in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. Vasquez Vasquez (portrayed by Briana Venskus) is a DEO agent who often works closely with Hank (J'onn), Alex, and Kara/Supergirl and is responsible for coordinating/relaying information on alien attacks or other incidents. Alura Zor-El Alura Zor-El (portrayed by Laura Benanti in season one and two, Erica Durance in season three and five) is Kara's biological mother who is the twin sister of Astra In-Ze. Alura's guidance (both in flashbacks, and as a Kryptonian Artificial Intelligence which acts as Kara's holographic virtual "mother", whose advice Kara can access in the present day) proves invaluable in Kara's journey. Owing to a fail-safe that Zor-El built around Argo City to protect it from Krypton's explosion, Alura is still alive and is part of Argo City's High Council. She dies in the Crisis when an antimatter wave evaporates Argo City and is restored when Earth-Prime is formed. In season six, Zor-El was freed from the Phantom Zone as he plans to reunite with Alura. Brainiac 5 arranges for him to be taken to Argo City so that Alura can know that her husband is still alive. It was announced that Erica Durance would take over for Benanti as Alura for the third season, due to Benanti's other commitments. Durance previously portrayed Lois Lane on Smallville. Astra In-Ze Astra In-Ze (portrayed by Laura Benanti) is the aunt of Kara and the twin sister of Alura, who is one of the main antagonists of season one's arc, alongside her husband Non. She plots to rule the Earth and targets Kara for revenge upon Alura, who was the judge who sentenced her to imprisonment at Fort Rozz, though she claims that she wanted to save Krypton and Earth. Attempting to kill J'onn J'onzz in the episode "For the Girl Who Has Everything", Astra is killed by Alex; thus, Non, her husband, seeks revenge on Kara. It is later revealed that Astra and Non created Myriad, a mind control program that is designed for the purpose of saving environment but can also be used to enslave people, and hence, is the main reason they are sentenced to Fort Rozz for life. Maxwell Lord Maxwell Lord (portrayed by Peter Facinelli) is a tech mogul who is fascinated by Supergirl. Lord deduces that Supergirl has a secret identity and is determined to learn it at any cost, becoming her enemy in the process, eventually using Supergirl's connections to Alex and eavesdropping on the latter. After unleashing Bizarro on Supergirl, Maxwell is arrested by Alex and held by the DEO. The DEO eventually releases him, but warns him never to tell anyone the truth about Supergirl or the DEO; otherwise, they will release enough evidence of his crimes to send him to jail. Maxwell later helps Supergirl in stopping Non's attacks, but he later obtains a supply of Kryptonian power source Omegahedron from Sam Lane. Kelex The Kelex (voiced by an uncredited actor in early seasons, Mark Sussman in season six) are a group of Kryptonian robots that work as assistants to the Kryptonians. In season six, one Kelex at the Fortress of Solitude was modified by Zor-El to convert all the trash in the ocean into energy to absorb. Zor-El named it Oscar after a garbage can-dwelling creature. Something goes wrong causing it to merge with the garbage and turn into a giant junk monster. It had to take a virus to weaken it. After Brainiac 5 removed the Kelex, Supergirl disposed of the body by throwing it into the sun. Brainiac 5 then returned the Kelex to the Fortress of Solitude. Barry Allen / Flash Barry Allen / Flash (portrayed by Grant Gustin) is a crime scene investigator from Central City on Earth-1 who becomes a superhero speedster after being hit by dark-matter infused lightning. Barry accidentally arrives in Supergirl's reality after crossing a dimensional barrier while testing a tachyon accelerator with S.T.A.R. Labs, befriends Kara and Winn, and reveals the existences of the multiverse and metahumans to the former and her allies. The Flash helps Supergirl battle against Livewire and the Silver Banshee in addition to offering her advice and support and providing means for Supergirl's Earth's inhabitants to combat their world's surfacing metahuman threats, and eventually returns to his world with Supergirl's help. In season two, Barry and his fellow heroes from his Earth recruit Kara to their universe to help fight against the Dominators, an armada of alien invaders who attack their world due to their fear of superpowered beings. The DEO eventually establishes an alliance with Earth-1's S.T.A.R. Labs after an encounter with the Music Meister. Kara and the DEO have since accessing S.T.A.R. Labs' technology and occasionally teams with Earth-1's heroes on missions. Gustin was the third Glee alum to appear on the show, after Benoist and Jenner, with Criss going on to be the fourth. Gustin reprises his role from The Flash. Non Non (portrayed by Chris Vance) is a former scientist in league with the House of El and a brutal Kryptonian military officer who is sinister, powerful, and angry – the antithesis of all things Supergirl stands for and becomes her greatest threat. Non is one of the main antagonists of season one's arc, along with his wife Astra In-Ze. He is Astra's husband – and hence Kara's uncle – and second-in-command. Non seeks revenge on Kara for Astra's death. However, despite his marriage to Astra, Non is not a faithful husband; he had an affair with Indigo at some point prior to being sentenced to the Phantom Zone. Lucy Lane Lucy Lane (portrayed by Jenna Dewan) is the younger sister of Lois Lane and James' ex-fiancée. In addition to her duties as trial counsel (prosecutor) for the Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army (where she held the rank of major), Lucy is a legal attaché on her father's staff, though she resigns her commission in order to remain in National City. She later accepts a job as general counsel for CatCo. In the same episode, it is mentioned that she graduated from the United States Military Academy and earned her J.D./M.B.A. from Harvard Law School. After breaking up with James again, Lucy leaves CatCo and returns to the military. She works with Colonel Jim Harper on the investigation into J'onn J'onzz. However, when Kara reveals to her that she is Supergirl, she helps rescue Hank and Alex, and is later named acting director of the D.E.O. By the end of season one, Lucy officially becomes a co-director with J'onn J'onzz after he returns to the D.E.O. Leslie Willis / Livewire Leslie Willis is an abrasive, and funny shock-jock who works for CatCo and becomes as dangerous and shocking as her words following an accident in which Supergirl rescues her from a potential helicopter crash during a lightning storm. The rescue backfires when Supergirl gets struck by lightning while pulling Leslie out of the helicopter—electrocuting them both and giving Leslie electrical powers. She is captured and given over to the DEO. However, she is later broken out of prison by Siobhan Smythe/Silver Banshee, who wants to team up with her to get revenge on Cat. Along with her new partner, she is defeated by Supergirl again, this time with the help of The Flash and the citizens of National City, and is placed in police custody after The Flash adds new features to the National City Police Department on countering and imprisoning metahuman criminals. In season two, she is taken from prison in an attempt to harvest her power; she is saved by Supergirl, who allows her to escape under a temporary truce. She dies during a fight with Reign. Sam Lane Sam Lane (portrayed by Glenn Morshower) is a powerful military general and overprotective father to both Lucy and Lois whose arrival in National City stirs up trouble for Supergirl when he enlists her in a dangerous government initiative. Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman Superman (portrayed by an uncredited Kevin Caliber in season one, Tyler Hoechlin from season two onward) is a superhero from the planet Krypton who defends Metropolis. He was only shown briefly during season one having found Kara and gave her to his old friend Jeremiah Danvers to raise her. Superman only communicated via chat messaging. Daniel DiMaggio appears as an alternate, teenage version of the character in a dream sequence. Near the end of season one, Superman proves vulnerable to Myriad's mind control, as Maxwell Lord put it "watched Sesame Street and went to preschool; nurture over nature". This leaves him unconscious in the D.E.O. until the last episode, where he wonders if the headache he is having is what a hangover is like. He comes to National City at the beginning of season two to help Kara out in dealing with Project Cadmus and Metallo before leaving to return to Metropolis, vowing to return if Kara needs it. At the end of season two, Rhea uses silver Kryptonite to compel him to fight Kara, who is forced to knock him out. After he recovers from the Kryptonite, he helps Kara repel Rhea's invasion fleet. In season four after meeting Barry Allen and Oliver Queen in the "Elseworlds" crossover event- during which he assists in destroying the rogue A.M.A.Z.O. robot and defeating Dr. John Deegan after Deegan tries to turn himself into a black-suited Superman to be a "hero" – Clark reveals that he and Lois are relocating to Argo City after learning that Lois is pregnant to ensure her safety during the pregnancy, Clark assuring Kara that he has faith that she can cope with her current challenges on Earth despite the rising anti-alien sentiment. Clark later proposes to Lois while on the way to Argo City. Lex later planned to use Claymore on Argo in order to destroy Superman only for Martian Manhunter and Dreamer to overload its core. In season five, Superman and Lois Lane helped in the Crisis. When Earth-Prime is formed, Superman helped in the final battle against Anti-Monitor. In addition, he now has two children. His most recent appearance is in his own spin-off series, Superman & Lois (2021). Siobhan Smythe / Silver Banshee Siobhan Smythe (portrayed by Italia Ricci) is a new hire at CatCo Worldwide Media who clashes with Kara and later Supergirl. She briefly becomes Cat's top assistant, and has her sights set on becoming a media mogul in her own right. She has already attracted the attention of Winn, while discovering that her father had been involved in an affair upon learning he was a member of an Ashley Madison-esque website that is exposed by Indigo. When she sees a video of Supergirl (under the influence of Red Kryptonite) letting an alien get away, she tries to pitch it to Cat, and then tries to sell it to Cat's former employer, Daily Planet. When Cat finds this out, she fires Siobhan for her disloyalty. After another attempt to gain revenge on Kara fizzles, she discovers that she has the power to sonic scream. Upon learning that the women of her family are taken over by a banshee's spirit whenever they are wronged, Siobhan decides to get even with Cat and Kara by teaming up with Livewire; in the process, she embraces her curse for the powers it provides and becomes Silver Banshee. In addition to her hypersonic ability, the Silver Banshee's strength and endurance are on par with Supergirl's after her powers increased and is implied that she would have other abilities. Despite hating Kara, Siobhan chooses not to kill her, knowing that she would break her curse and lose her powers if she does until someone wronged her once more. Ironically, not knowing that Supergirl is Kara, and if the Silver Banshee kills the superhero, she would become a regular human again. She is later defeated by Supergirl and the Flash, along with Livewire, and both she and her partner are imprisoned in metahuman cells provided by the Flash. Indigo Indigo (portrayed by Laura Vandervoort) is a living computer, formerly known as Brainiac 8, sentenced to Fort Rozz for turning against the people of Krypton, but now unstoppable on Earth. It is revealed that she was the one who hijacked Kara's pod and connected both the pod and Fort Rozz that brought them to Earth, and also that she despises Astra. After Kara and Winn defeat her and she disintegrates, Non recreates Indigo in order to do his bidding. Indigo is permanently destroyed by J'onn J'onzz during Non's attempt to conquer Earth. Vandervoort previously portrayed Supergirl in the series Smallville. Introduced in season two Lex Luthor Lex Luthor (portrayed by Jon Cryer as an adult, Aidan Fink as a boy) is Lillian's son and Lena's half-brother. He later serves as a main antagonist of season four's arc. Years ago, Lex created a red sky over Metropolis to take down Superman but was caught and sent to prison. In the present, it is revealed that Lex secretly watches and orchestrates a series of events including Ben Lockwood's leadership to Children of Liberty and Red Daughter's alignment with the rogue nation Kasnia. He is later freed from prison due to a disease. Lena decides to help Lex by working on a cure. Lena exposes Lex of cutting off the backup power which he agrees to he did and that he sent a thought-to-be-dead Otis to shoot James so that Lena would have no choice but to test the cure (a Harun-El serum) on him. It is also revealed that Eve was working with Lex and Otis. Lex puts Lena to sleep leaving Eve to look after her. Lex escapes with Otis, but is stopped by Supergirl. Lex later develops metahuman abilities similar to Kryptonians' in strength and invulnerability after his Harun-El injection. After teleporting to safety when his armor was destroyed by Supergirl on Shelly Island, Lex is hit with the Harun-El antidote and is met by Lena. Before dying of an open wound, Lex spitefully reveals to Lena that Kara is Supergirl and that Alex and those who worked with her kept the information from her. Lex's corpse is later retrieved by the Monitor. In season five, Lex has been revived so he can help the Monitor avert an impending Crisis. Lex agrees, in exchange for the Monitor's help with a favor involving Lena. After helping to avert said Crisis and assisting in rebooting the multiverse, Lex regained control of LuthorCorp, became the head of the DEO (now a subsidiary of his company), as well as a hero in the eyes of most of the newly created Earth-Prime's people. The deal he made with the Monitor was that Lena would maintain her memories and be his Co-CEO. In addition, Lillian is now the head of the Luthor Foundation. To win Lena over, Lex used a truth-inducing organism on his arm. At a Man of Tomorrow event held by the Luthor family, William Dey privately talked to Kara voicing his suspicion that they did away with Russell Rogers when they bought out his company. Brainiac 5 later visited him about Leviathan as he shows him a picture of a possible doppelganger that resembles Winn. Lex Luthor visits Gamemnae in her alias of Gemma Cooper and persuades her to arrange a collaboration between LuthorCorp and Obsidian Tech. After Brainiac 5 becomes the new Director of the D.E.O. following Alex's resignation, he gives Lex the information he needs from the alternate Toyman's A.I. hacking. Lex then tracks down Gemma Cooper and offers a partnership between LuthorCorp and Obsidian Tech. From day one of Earth-Prime, Lex had manipulated Eve Teschmacher into being his inside person in Leviathan where he had her orchestrate the events caused by Amy Sapphire and Richard Bates as well as tricking her into killing Jeremiah Danvers. While Supergirl was preventing a Sun-Eater released by a Morae on Leviathan's side from eating the Sun, Lex went to the scene of where those who were trapped in virtual reality were being held and freed them while killing Margot. Gamemnae confronted Lex about his actions and he states that she should focus her anger towards their mutual enemy Supergirl. Later that night, Lex revealed to Eve that the people he had protecting her mother will dispose of her should she go against him. He also has the footage of Eve killing Jeremiah which he advises her not be on the other side of Supergirl's eye beams. When Eve states that he is worse than Leviathan, Lex states that he is better than Leviathan. After a talk with his mother, Lex uses Lena's transportation watch to head to the Fortress of Solitude. Lex visited Lena at Stryker's Island where her Non Nocere project malfunctioned. After the incident was thwarted, Lex noted that her project would fail anyway causing Lena to see that Kara was right about him. After getting a call from Gamemnae that Rama Khan succeeded in his mission to obtain the Kryptonite from the D.E.O., Lex informs Brainy that they now have access to Leviathan's ship. When he enters the ship, Lex is given a special pin by Gemma to keep him safe from the ship's defenses. The two of them begin their plot involving the Unity Festival. When Supergirl enters it, Lex advises Gemma to send one of Leviathan's assassins after Supergirl's physical body in order to appease whoever she answers to. After Brainiac 5 enters the code that leads to him bottling Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela, Gemma briefly shuts down causing Lex to go after Brainiac 5. He finds a weakened Brainiac 5 on Leviathan's ship and claims the bottle containing Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela. After getting away, he gives the bottle to Lillian to begin their next plot. In season six, Lex Luthor goes a head with his next phase of his plan by having Lillian copying the powers of the Leviathan members into him and beginning a broadcast that would harm those that don't have Obsidian Platinum lenses. During the fight at the Fortress of Solitude, Lex Luthor was hit by a fragment from Jarhanpur yet managed to use the Phantom Zone Projector to send Supergirl into the Phantom Zone. While incarcerated at National City Prison, Lex was visited by Lillian who stated that she told him so. Lena then arrives and uses the Myriad to erase their memories of Supergirl's identity from their minds. After being found not guilty due to him discrediting most of the witnesses for the prosecution, Lex and Lena fight for control of LuthorCorp. Owing to Lex having Otis sabotage the new children's wing at the hospital and noting that killing him won't change anything, Lena told Lex that she is leaving LuthorCorp. Lex Luthor later visited the future where he befriended and fell in love with a future Nyxlygsptlnz. She preserved the future Nyxly in A.I. form and placed it in a Lexosuit that he sent to the present Nyxly. After the Nyxly A.I. helped Nyxly obtain the Dream Totem, Lex appeared to her and assisted in obtaining the remaining Totems. Though this became strained due to Lillian. When Lex Luthor opens a portal to the Phantom Zone to summon some Phantoms to attack the Super Friends, they instead drag Lex and Nyxly into the Phantom Zone upon detecting his hubris. Cryer previously portrayed Lex's nephew Lenny in Superman IV: The Quest for Peace. Lillian Luthor Lillian Luthor (portrayed by Brenda Strong) is the leader of Project Cadmus, Lex Luthor's mother, and Lena Luthor's step-mother, and is the primary antagonist of season two's arc. She and her team were the ones responsible for turning John Corben and Hank Henshaw into Metallo and Cyborg Superman respectively. After Metallo had an encounter with Supergirl and Superman, Project Cadmus eventually reveals that it has gone rogue, and is waging war against all alien life on Earth. Lillian is arrested after a failed attempt to wipe out all aliens in National City with a Kryptonian bioweapon but is later freed by Metallo. Lillian is estranged from Lena since her husband favors her over their son, and blamed Lena's mother for the deterioration of her relationship with Lionel. During the Daxamite invasion, she briefly allies with Kara in order to rescue Mon-El and Lena from Rhea, and helps Lena and Winn prepare a weapon that will disperse lead in Earth's atmosphere to drive away the Daxamites. In season three episode, "For Good", Lillian later targets Morgan Edge after he poisoned Lena which leads to both of them being defeated by Supergirl and Jimmy Olsen and arrested by the authorities. In season four, Lena has her mother placed on work release when it came to developing the antidote for the Harun-El. Lillian and Lena are later invited to the White House by Lex to watch the Claymore satellite destroy Argo. In season five where the aftermath of the Crisis has created Earth-Prime, Lena finds that her mother is now the head of the Luthor Foundation. Lex later talks to Lillian about his plans involving Leviathan. After swiping the bottle containing Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela from a weakened Brainiac 5, Lex meets up with Lilian and gives her the bottle so that they can begin his next plot. In season six, Lillian copied the abilities of the Leviathan operatives into Lex and claimed that his plan won't work. She and Otis later ambushed Alex and Dreamer during Lex's broadcast and fled when the satellites were destroyed. Lillian visited Lex in prison and gave him her "I told you so" comment. Lena then appears and uses Myriad to erase their memories of Supergirl's identity. During the final battle against Lex and Nyxly, Lillian is fatally wounded by Nyxly. Before dying in Lena's care, Lillian admitted that she knew about Lena's mother. Snapper Carr Snapper Carr (portrayed by Ian Gomez) is a newsman hired by Cat Grant to be the editor-in-chief of CatCo Magazine. A hard-nosed old-school newspaper reporter/editor, Carr is initially hostile to Kara when Cat assigns her to become a reporter under him, and also towards Olsen when James takes over Cat's job. Olivia Marsdin Olivia Marsdin (portrayed by Lynda Carter) was the President of the United States. It is revealed that she is a Durlan, after she signs a bill granting amnesty for aliens living incognito in the U.S., prior to which she survives two assassination attempts. A benevolent alien refugee who escaped her home planet Durla as a child after an invasion, Olivia seeks to protect both other refugees and people of America from alien attacks and other threats due to her experience, and therefore she hates invaders. In season four, Mercy and Otis Graves publicly expose Olivia as an alien which causes her to resign. This enables Vice-president Baker to be sworn in as the new President of the United States. Carter previously portrayed the eponymous character of the 1970s Wonder Woman television series. M'gann M'orzz / Miss Martian M'gann M'orzz (portrayed by Sharon Leal) is a guilt-ridden White Martian who disguises herself as a Green Martian, forsaking her race's heritage. She tends bar at an underground bar for aliens in National City. M'gann gradually earns J'onn J'onzz's trust and friendship after he discovers her true identity, and learns that she is benign and an outcast from her own people. When J’onn discovers this he places M’gann in a cell where she later has a physic attack. J’onn saves her by mentally connecting. In the next episode M’gann meets her former mate, and assists J’onn and the DEO in capturing him. Despite she and J'onn realizing they have romantic feelings for each other, M'gann chooses to return to Mars to search for other White Martians who are also against their race's savage legacy in hopes of ending it. M'gann later return to Earth in the season 2 finale with other benevolent White Martians to help J'onn repel the Daximite invasion. She reveals to J'onn that there is a secret party within the White Martians' society who seeks to overthrow tyranny. It is also when she and J’onn first kiss. In season three episode three M’gann calls J’onn to Mars to help her and other White Martians save his father. In season five after reconciling with Malefic, J'onn recommended that he'd hook up with M'gann to arrange for a peace treaty between the Green Martians and the White Martians. When a Morae on Leviathan's side releases a Sun-Eater from the Fortress of Solitude, M'gann shows up where she informs Supergirl and her allies about Malefic's technology detecting it. She then helps J'onn and Supergirl throw a capsule into the Sun-Eater's core in order to shrink it back to its harmless state. She even helped in the fight against Rama Khan at the D.E.O. headquarters. M'gann later helps J'onn, Alex, and Dreamer in fighting Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela. In season six, M'gann assisted in destroying the satellites used in Lex's broadcast and then assisted in the fight against Lex Luthor. When he was defeated, she and J'onn took Lex Luthor to the authorities. Then M'gann went to go look for someone who can help locate the area of the Phantom Zone where Supergirl was sent to. M'gann was later wounded by a Phantom as J'onn uses a piece of her soul he has in him to prevent her from changing into a Phantom. During the wedding of Alex and Kelly, Toyman hinted to J'onn that he and M'gann will have a son. Lyra Strayd Lyra Strayd (portrayed by Tamzin Merchant) is an alien from the planet Starhaven who takes a romantic interest in Winn. Demos Demos (portrayed by Curtis Lum) is a member of the D.E.O. He later sacrifices his life in an attempt to keep Selena's followers from getting the corpses of Purity and Pestilence. Rhea Rhea (portrayed by Teri Hatcher) is the Queen of Daxam and Mon-El's mother. She and Lar Gand journey to Earth in search of Mon-El. She is utterly determined to take Mon-El back to Daxam with her. She tricks Lena Luthor into helping her build a transporter to bring a Daxamite fleet to conquer Earth. Rhea fights Kara in a one-on-one duel for the fate of Earth, but refuses to halt the invasion despite losing, and is killed when Kara activates a weapon that laces Earth's atmosphere with lead dust. Prior to her death, Mon-El reveals to his mother that he knows that she killed his father all along due to his awareness of her immorality. Thus, he will grieve over his father but not her. Hatcher previously portrayed Lois Lane in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and played as Ella Lane in Smallville. Lar Gand Lar Gand (portrayed by Kevin Sorbo) is the King of Daxam and Mon-El's father. He and Rhea journey to Earth in search of Mon-El. After he agrees to let his son remain on Earth, he is killed by Rhea, who views his decision as a betrayal. Despite Rhea lying to her son that Lar killed himself, Mon-El knows that his father was not suicidal and realizes that his mother murdered him. Introduced in season three Ruby Arias Ruby Arias (portrayed by Emma Tremblay) is Samantha's daughter who is a smart, independently minded child fascinated by Supergirl. In season four, it is revealed that Ruby and her mother relocated to Metropolis. Morgan Edge Morgan Edge (portrayed by Adrian Pasdar) is an amoral real estate developer who is at odds with Kara and Lena. Edge has led a successful restoration of National City following the Daxamite invasion. He also wants to tear down the city's waterfront slum and replace it with high rise buildings, and he secretly employs the tech-mercenary Bloodsport to destroy the area with a cloaked submarine. The attack is stopped by Supergirl, although there is no evidence proving Edge's involvement. Edge also tries to buy Catco out from under Cat Grant (who has become White House Press Secretary) to silence his critics. However, Lena Luthor buys the company before Edge does. Later on, a company of his poisons kids in swimming pools making the doctors think it is lead poisoning. Edge says it is a result of Lena's solution to get rid of the Daximites. After an attempt on Lena's life and killing his accomplice, Morgan Edge used a loophole upon his confrontation by Supergirl stating that the man he killed had used him to frame Lena Luthor and she did National City a favor. Morgan Edge and Lena Luthor still have tension against each other. Lilian Luthor targets Morgan Edge for poisoning Lena. While Supergirl defeats Lilian (who was wearing a version of her son's Lexosuit in battle), Winn Schott Jr. and Jimmy Olsen defeat Morgan Edge. As both Lilian and Morgan are arrested by the authorities, Morgan shouts that they have nothing on him. Edge appears in the series' spin-off Superman & Lois with the role recast to Adam Rayner and having a different occupation, is also British, and depicted as Superman's Kryptonian half-brother Tal-Rho. M'yrnn J'onzz M'yrnn J'onzz (portrayed by Carl Lumbly) is J'onn J'onzz's father and another Green Martian survivor who is a pacifist religious leader on Mars. He comes to Earth to live with J'onn, and begins to suffer from a form of dementia which causes him to lose control of his mental powers. He dies and passes on his wisdom to J'onn. From time to time, he appears in J'onn's visions to offer guidance and support like in season five where J'onn asked him about Malefic and what to do about him. Lumbly has previously voiced J'onn J'onzz in various animated works. Thomas Coville Thomas Coville (portrayed by Chad Lowe) is the leader of a religious group that worships Supergirl. Coville later had the religious group worship the Worldkillers. He is later killed by Selena after he served his purpose. In season five, Mxyzptlk showed Kara a possible reality where Kara revealed her secret to Lena from the start. This resulted in Agent Liberty and Otis abducting Thomas and Lena in order to provoke Supergirl to reveal her true identity. Supergirl does so and rescues Thoms and Lena at the cost of the Children of Liberty targeting her loved ones. Imra Ardeen / Saturn Girl Imra Ardeen (portrayed by Amy Jackson) is a hero born on Saturn's moon Titan who has telekinetic abilities. She is Mon-El's wife and Kara's romantic rival. Julia Freeman / Purity Julia Freeman / Purity (portrayed by Krys Marshall) is a musician residing near National City who, like Reign and Pestilence, is a Worldkiller. She and Pestilence later take each other out in a mutual kill and have their powers absorbed by Reign. Grace Parker / Pestilence Grace Parker / Pestilence (portrayed by Angela Zhou) is a doctor in National City who, like Reign and Purty, is a Worldkiller. However, unlike them, Parker is sociopathic and embraces her Worldkiller alter-ego, therefore her personas accept each other as one. She and Purity later take each other out in a mutual kill and have their powers absorbed by Reign. Selena Selena (portrayed by Anjali Jay) is an evil Kryptonian priestess and one of the main antagonists of season three's arc (alongside with her creation Reign), who originally appears as a holographic mentor to the Worldkillers and a member of the Worldkiller Coven. Her coven is responsible for creating Reign and other Worldkillers and she personally refers to her as her daughter, therefore revealing that Selena is Reign's biological mother. It is later revealed she survived Krypton's destruction and is a member of Argo City's High Council. Selena schemes to perform a ritual that will terraform Earth into a Krypton-like planet upon studying the prophecy from the Book of Rao. Selena and her sisters come on Earth to resurrect Reign so they can terraform Earth, but they were stopped after killing Reign from Supergirl and Samantha Arias and were taken to Argo City for trial. In season five, a doppelganger of Selena and her followers appeared in Al's Bar alongside their Brainiac 5. To free their bottled Earth, the evil Brainiac 5 and Selena worked to free it not knowing that it would destroy the planet. This plan was thwarted by Supergirl, Dreamer, and Brainiac 5 enabling the doppelgangers to return to their bottled Earth. In seasons six, a hologram of Selena helped out the Super Friends when looking for one of the Totems. She also figured out that Lena's mother was a witch. Introduced in season four Al Crane Al Crane (portrayed by Keith Dallas) is the owner of Al's Dive Bar. In season five, Al's Dive Bar is affected when inhabitants from a bottled Earth start appearing their including Al's counterpart. The doppelgangers were returned to their Earth. Al later enlisted Alex and J'onn to find his brother Trevor who has not returned from the hotel where he was doing Obsidian Tech's virtual experience in Virtual Vegas. In season six, Al allows Kelly to hold a bachlorette party for her and Alex. Following the defeat of Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz, he was later present at their wedding. Mercy Graves Mercy Graves (portrayed by Rhona Mitra) is a former Project Cadmus agent alongside her brother Otis Graves. Similar to her Superman: The Animated Series counterpart, Mercy was also head of security for what was then known as Luthor-Corp under Lex Luthor's reign; she resigned from her post due to her boss's obsession with Superman, feeling he wasn't seeing the bigger picture. When Lillian Luthor was arrested, she and Otis began working with Agent Liberty and the Children of Liberty. Both of them were seemingly killed by a Hellgrammite. While Mercy remains dead, Otis reappears in the employ of Lex Luthor. Otis Graves Otis Graves (portrayed by Robert Baker) is the brother of Mercy Graves who is loosely based on Otis from the 1978 film. Unlike his more professional sister, Otis has a more childish, sadistic streak as demonstrated when he tortures Dr. Rohan Vose for fun, to Mercy's disapproval. When Lillian Luthor is arrested, he and Mercy begin working with Agent Liberty and the Children of Liberty. Both of them are killed by a Hellgrammite. Otis turns up alive, having been resurrected by Eve Teschmacher. When Supergirl and Lena Luthor find information in Lex Luthor's cell, Otis is told to go into a location and stand there as Otis explodes. Lex then has Otis put back together. Ben later visits Otis where he unknowingly tells him of Lex Luthor's plot to look like he reformed. This causes Ben to kill Otis. In season five, Mxyzptlk shows Kara a possible reality where she reveals her identity to Lena from the start. This leads to Otis and Agent Liberty abducting Lena Luthor and Thomas Coville in order to coerce Supergirl into revealing her identity. In season six sometime after the Crisis, Otis turns up alive and is seen assisting Lillian in attacking Alex and Brainiac 5. When Lex Luthor's broadcast was thwarted upon the satellites being destroyed, Otis and Lillian got away. Lex later sent Otis to sabotage the new wing at the children's hospital that Lena established. He even orchestrated Otis to meet with William Dey. Reiff Reiff (portrayed by Donna Benedicto) is a D.E.O. agent. Raymond Jensen / Parasite Raymond Jensen (portrayed by Anthony Konechny) is a D.E.O. agent that sided with the Children of Liberty. Following the deaths of Mercy and Otis, Agent Liberty subjected Jensen to an experiment that involved placing an Angon alien parasite inside him. When he absorbs the lifeforce of anyone, they become withered. In the case of aliens, he can absorb their abilities. Mackenzie Mackenzie (portrayed by Jaymee Mak) is a reporter for CatCo Worldwide Media. Phillip Baker Phillip "Phil" Baker (portrayed by Bruce Boxleitner) started out as the Vice President of the United States under president Olivia Marsdin. After Marsdin resigns upon the Children of Liberty exposing her as a Durlan, Baker is sworn in as the new president of the United States. He later appointed Lauren Haley to oversee the DEO. Unlike Olivia, Baker is a selfish man who cares more about his approval ratings than the welfare of his country and morality, although he nonetheless opposes the Children of Liberty. Following the arrests of Agent Liberty and Manchester Black, Baker appeared at D.E.O. headquarters after seeing the news. He ordered Supergirl to reveal her secret identity to regain the trust of a divided and improve his standing, but she refused since it would endanger her loved ones. Baker has Supergirl dismissed from the D.E.O.'s services, hoping she will come around. Baker later makes an example of Menagerie and has her incarcerated. He also pardons Ben Lockwood of his crimes on a technicality to improve his poll ratings, putting him at odds with the D.E.O.. Baker creates a missile launch contingency towards any spaceship that approaches Earth behind the D.E.O.'s back despite Supergirl's objections. Following her fight with the Elite, she confronts Baker about the satellite that nearly crashed, which Supergirl was forced to destroy to save everyone. In retaliation, Baker invites Lockwood to the White House and makes him the Director of Alien Affairs. In light of the alien peace march, Baker and Lockwood are left to hold inquiries about the Alien Amnesty Act's fate. When Baker repeals the bill, Red Daughter disguised as Supergirl attacks the White House. Baker promptly declares Supergirl public enemy #1, making it clear he no longer considers aliens citizens. Baker eventually deputizes the Children of Liberty, giving Lockwood free rein to round up every alien in the country. At some point, Baker installed Kryptonite in his office in order to protect against further attacks from Red Daughter and Supergirl. Kara Danvers later meets with Baker to present evidence that Lex Luthor is conspiring with Kaznia to attack the US. After confirming that no one else knows of her discovery, Baker takes the evidence and has Kara black-bagged. He is then revealed to have been working with Lex Luthor the whole time in exchange for the presidency. After Lex "kills" Red Daughter on TV, Baker claims that Lex has killed Supergirl, who was the mastermind of the Kaznian attack. After Kara writes an exposé unveiling Lex's crimes following the battle at Shelly Island, Baker is impeached by Congress, removed from office, and arrested for his colluding with Lex. Vice-president Plastino is sworn in as the acting president until re-elections can be held again, with his first act being the reinstatement of the Alien Amnesty Act. NOTE: Brent Spiner was originally cast as Baker, but had to step down due to a family emergency. As a result of this, the role was recast to Bruce Boxleitner. Lydia Lockwood Lydia Lockwood (portrayed by Sarah Smyth) is the wife of Ben Lockwood and mother of George Lockwood. Initially opposed to overt prejudice against extraterrestrials, she comes to agree with her husband's anti-alien rhetoric after her father-in-law Peter Lockwood's death. Lydia later learns Ben is "Agent Liberty" following an attack by Manchester Black and becomes a supporter of his, even encouraging George to follow in his father's footsteps. She is killed in the episode "American Dreamer" when an alien invades Ben's home in reprisal for his active participation in alien detentions. George Lockwood George Lockwood (portrayed by Graham Verchere) is the son of Ben and Lydia Lockwood. As a teenager living through chaotic circumstances, George was the first to begin parroting his grandfather's xenophobic rhetoric, which only gets worse with his father's indoctrination. He briefly leads the Children of Liberty as a figurehead while his father is in custody, helping with the initial defeat of Menagerie, before Ben is pardoned and retakes command. After finding out that one of his friends is an alien and witnessing firsthand the Children of Liberty harming innocent alien families, George starts to reconsider helping his father. After Lydia's murder, George realizes his father's hatred of aliens has consumed him and lead to his mother's death, causing their relationship to be strained. Following the arrest of Agent Liberty, George sets out to undo his father's work and appears on TV, asking for humans and aliens to cooperate with each other and fight against people like the Children of Liberty who tried to keep them apart. Manchester Black Manchester Black (portrayed by David Ajala) is a man who fell in love with an Empath from Ikthanol named Fiona Byrne. After she was captured by the Children of Liberty, Manchester worked with Martian Manhunter to find her. When they find a badly-wounded Fiona in Mercy and Otis's van, Manchester had his final moments with a dying Fiona as Martian Manhunter tries to heal her. Following Fiona's death, Manchester went to buy guns in order to get revenge on those responsible for Fiona's death. After a shootout with some Children of Liberty members, Manchester tortures a surviving member on the identity of his superior. The unidentified Children of Liberty member states that he took orders from Caldwell as Manchester shoots the unidentified Children of Liberty member (off-screen). Manchester proceeded to target Caldwell where he massacred him and the Children of Liberty members with him after getting the information about Ben Lockwood. After holding Lydia Lockwood hostage, Manchester faced off against Ben Lockwood until they were stopped by Supergirl and Nia Nal. Afterward, Manchester and Ben were arrested by the police. He was briefly visited by Martian Manhunter in National City Men's Central Jail before witnessing Ben Lockwood being incarcerated. Manchester Black later escapes from prison and forms the Elite with Menagerie, Hat, and an unnamed Morae in his plans to get revenge on Ben Lockwood and the Children of Liberty. Supergirl and Martian Manhunter continue investigating Manchester who confronts the two by using a staff that triggers J'onn's memories to come back. Just before Lena Luthor and Kelly Olsen can use the cure on Jimmy Olsen so that they can see if it can work on a dying Lex Luthor, Manchester causes a power outage across the city. Supergirl and Martian Manhunter confront Manchester again. Martian Manhunter kills Manchester while Kara stops the city from being flooded. Sarah Walker Sarah Walker (portrayed by Françoise Robertson) is the White House Chief of Staff under President Phil Baker. Margot Morrison Margot Morrison (portrayed by Patti Allan) is an elderly member of Leviathan who works in their middle-management division and has interacted with Eve Teschmacher and Andrea Rojas. Margo started collecting the bodies of those who got trapped in virtual reality. While Supergirl was busy dealing with the Sun-Eater that was released by a Morae on Leviathan's side, Lex Luthor went into the building where the bodies were held and killed Margot. The press learned of Lex's heroic action, though Gamemnae was not pleased with what happened to Margot. Malefic J'onzz Malefic J'onzz (portrayed by Phil LaMarr as an adult, Marcello Guedes as a boy, Domonique Robinson as a teenager) is a Green Martian, the son of M'yrnn J'onzz, and the brother of J'onn J'onzz. He was born with the ability to incept thoughts into other minds, leading M'yrnn to place him in solitary confinement to protect others from him. Malefic was brought to Earth from the Phantom Zone by the Monitor and begins his plans to get revenge on J'onn. He starts by freeing Midnight from the Phantom Zone. With help from Obsidian Tech, J'onn figures out that Malefic betrayed the Green Martians to the White Martians and used a death curse on some of them which led to Malefic being banished to the Phantom Zone. J'onn then wiped Malefic's very existence from the collective memory of the Green Martians in order to spare M'yrnn the pain of his failure with Malefic,. Lena later does an experiment on Malefic enabling him to assume a human form more close to his father and brother. Taking the advice of M'yrnn, J'onn confronts Malefic. After a brief mind-meld, the brothers reconcile. Malefic helps the D.E.O. prevent Lena from using Myriad at the time when Supergirl and J'onn were fighting Rama Khan. Once that was done, J'onn provides Malefic with one of his cars so that Malefic can return to Mars and work with Miss Martian to end the war between the Green Martians and the White Martians. Malefic being released from the Phantom Zone was all part of a test by the Monitor which J'onn passed. The technology used by Malefic later detected a Sun-Eater heading to the Sun as Miss Martian arrives to help deal with the Sun-Eater. In season six, J'onn mentioned that he visited Malefic on if he can help locate the area of the Phantom Zone where Lex Luthor sent Supergirl. J'onn mentioned to Alex that he can only remember where Midnight was. Introduced in season five Gamemnae Gamemnae (portrayed by Cara Buono) is a high-ranking Leviathan member with technokinesis, electrokinesis, and the ability to assume a metallic form who came to Earth from Krypton's sister planet Jarhanpur during the age of the dinosaurs. She takes charge of Leviathan's operations following Rama Khan's numerous failures where the Anointed One has ordered her to reassign Rama Khan's position to Tezumak. Following the Crisis where Earth-Prime was formed, Gamemnae visited Andrea at Obsidian Tech posing as board of directors member Gemma Cooper. Upon trying the virtual reality lenses, she does make some ideas on how Andrea can improve them. Lex Luthor tracked her down and persuaded her to allow LuthorCorp to help improve the upcoming Obsidian Platinum project. Won over by Lex's advice, Gemma instructs Andrea to have Obsidian Tech collaborate with LuthorCorp. Gemma later has Margot inform the Anointed One that LuthorCorp is in their clutches just as planned. Lex later visits her during the time when Andrea was being targeted and advises that her people stay out of this. After the threat was stopped, Lex states to Gemma that he would like to meet her people. Gamemnae later confronted Lex about his killing of Margot. Lex states that she should focus her anger on their common enemy Supergirl. Gamemnae later gives Rama Khan a second chance by obtaining a specific item while advising him not to fail. Gamemnae as Gemma later contacts Lex to let him know that Rama Khan obtained the Kryptonite that was in the D.E.O.'s possession and arranges for Lex to meet her people. When Lex is brought upon their ship, Gamemnae gives him a pin to protect him from the ship's defenses. The two of them begin their Unity Festival where she sends Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela to draw out Supergirl. When Supergirl enters the virtual reality, Lex finds her signature in the system and advises Gamemnae to send one of her assassins to take out Supergir's physical body. This causes Gamemnae to reveal her nature to Andrea Rojas as the person who rescued her from the cave and advises her to take out Supergirl to avoid her company collapsing and disappointing her father. After Brainiac 5 enters the code that leads to him bottling Rama Khan, Tezumak, and Sela, Lex finds Gamemnae shutting down as a side effect. She later comes back on while shedding her human disguise. In season six, Gamemnae's cybernetic form returns to her base and fights Supergirl and her allies while Dreamer rescues Brainiac 5. They were able to destroy Gamemnae by uploading the Anti-Life Equation into the nearest console. Rama Khan Rama Khan (portrayed by Mitch Pileggi) is a high-ranking Leviathan member with geokinesis who comes to Earth from Krypton's sister planet, Jarhanpur, during the age of the dinosaurs. He was also responsible for the great flood that resulted in the construction of Noah's Ark, the destruction of Pompeii, the Antioch earthquake, the Yellow River flood, and the Bhola cyclone. After leading Leviathan's forces against Supergirl and failing them in a supervolcano-formation plot that involved Acrata's lifeforce, Gamemnae states that she is taking over the operations and reassigning his position to Tezumak. Rama Khan states that this is not over. Sometime after Earth-Prime was formed, Rama Khan was shown in Leviathan's headquarters under house arrest. Gamemnae frees him in exchange that he obtains a specific item while advising him not to fail. Rama Khan causes an earthquake in Oregon until he is defeated by Supergirl, Dreamer, Martian Manhunter, and Miss Martiah as Brainy shows up with the D.E.O. to detain Rama Khan. While being interrogated, Rama Khan and Brainy exchanged Jarhanpurian language before Rama Khan broke free causing the entire building to be evacuated. As he started to bring down the entire building, Rama Khan was able to make off with the Kryptonite in the D.E.O.'s possession and give it to Gamemnae. He later fights Martian Manhunter, Miss Martian, Alex, and Dreamer alongside Tezumak and Sela. When Brainiac 5 enters a code into the Leviathan ship, the three of them are teleported to the ship and are bottled by Brainiac 5. Introduced in season six Mitch Mitch (portrayed by Matt Baram) is Naxim Tork's assistant who is also from Tork's race. He assisted Tork in looking for aliens to add to Tork's menagerie. Years later, Mitch and Tork were freed by Lex Luthor prior to the D.E.O. headquarters' destruction. After he and Tork went their separate ways, Mitch started using an image inducer to make himself look more human. After capturing Nyxly, Mitch was persuaded by her to help capture Supergirl so that he can restart Tork's menagerie and get back together with him. This leads to them abducting Dr. Desmond Raab who makes a cryo-bomb. Mitch was apprehended by Martian Manhunter and Brainiac 5. After escaping, Mitch tried to get Nyxly to help him restart his menagerie to no avail. After Nyxly was rescued by Mitch at the last minute following her absoring Myxzptlk into a crystal, she caved in to Mitch's offer and states that she will grant him his wish if he can help her find the Totem of Courage. After being saved from his self-destructing ship at the last minute, Mitch later sided with the Super Friends duering the final battle against Lex and Nyxly. Esme Esme (portrayed by Mila Jones) is a Dryalian girl in Ms. Hochschild's foster home who can copy the abilities of any alien. Following the arrest of Ms. Hochschild, Esme told Kelly about her figuring out that she leaked the footage of Ms. Hochschild's poor treatment of Joey and won't tell anybody that it was her. Alex and Kelly later adopt her and work to help her master her abilities. Briefly becoming the host of the Totem of Love, Esme was abducted by Lex and Nyxlygsptlnz so that he can get a trade for the remaining Totems from the Super Friends. The AllStone was formed where Esme unknowingly shatters it during the conflict. Following Lex and Nyxly's defeat, Esme was the flower girl at Alex and Kelly's wedding. Orlando Davis Orlando Davis (portrayed by Jhaleil Swaby) - is a Zeltarian who was incarcerated for petty story robbery when trying to get himself and his brother Joey through hard life. He alongside an unnamed Metalomite, an unnamed Toradine, an unnamed Obscuran, and an unnamed Dynamorph were used by Warden Kote to partake in Intergang's illegal activities that were being covered up as a work release program. Supergirl convinced Ordland and the other prisoners to surrender. He and the other prisoners had their sentence commuted by a judge. Orlando later becomes a councilman and assists the Super Friends in their fight against Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz. Guest stars The following is a supplementary list of guest stars, some recurring, who appear in lesser roles. The characters are listed in the order in which they first appeared. Introduced in season one The Commander (portrayed by Faran Tahir) – An alien military expert who leads the forces aligned against Supergirl. Vartox (portrayed by Owain Yeoman) – An alien convict who has been hiding on Earth for the past twelve years and seeks a battle with Supergirl after she emerges, using the attempted plane crash that Kara aborted in order to draw her out. He commits suicide after Kara defeats him in their rematch before he could destroy National City. Hellgrammite (portrayed by Justice Leak) – An unnamed alien escapee from Fort Rozz who feeds on DDT and is from the same alien race of the same name. He is later killed by Alex. Another Hellgrammite appears in season 4 as an alien controlled by the Children of Liberty who is made to attack a carnival. He is defeated by Supergirl, Alex, and Guardian who free him from his possession. After killing Mercy and Otis Graves as payback and for their anti-alien plans, the Hellgrammite surrenders peacefully. Ben Krull / Reactron (portrayed by Chris Browning) – A former nuclear physicist and an enemy of Superman who decides to get revenge on him by trying to kill Supergirl as payback for his wife's death. Carter Grant (portrayed by Levi Miller) – The son of Cat Grant, he is sensitive and shy and has a crush on Supergirl, which he confesses to Kara when she babysits him. T. O. Morrow (portrayed by Iddo Goldberg) – A brilliant scientist. Morrow later reprograms Red Tornado to kill Kryptonians and both are defeated by Alex and Kara, respectively. Red Tornado (voiced and motion-captured by Iddo Goldberg) – An android designed as the ultimate super-weapon that gains sentience. In season six, Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz use their AllStones to summon a manifestation of Red Tornado. Katherine Grant (portrayed by Joan Juliet Buck) – Cat Grant's mother whom Cat has despised due to her failure to recognize her daughter's success. Even Kara can barely stand to be in Katherine's presence for too long. Jemm (portrayed by Charles Halford) – An alien prisoner who uses the gemstone embedded in his forehead to manipulate people's emotions and behavior. He is a conqueror of 12 planets, for which he was also convicted. Bizarro (portrayed by Hope Lauren) – A mirror image of Supergirl, loosely based on the Bizarro Superman. Lord creates her by infusing a comatose Jane Doe with Kara's DNA and black blood cells, and orders her to destroy Supergirl after learning the latter's true identity. With the exception of fire breath and freeze vision, her powers are identical to those of Supergirl. She is defeated by Kara after the DEO injects her with blue kryptonite and placed back in a comatose state at the DEO headquarters. Regular kryptonite will only strengthen Bizzaro. Winslow Schott Sr. / Toyman (portrayed by Henry Czerny) – A mad criminal genius and Winn's estranged father who weaponizes toys to wreak destruction, as he seeks revenge on his former boss for stealing his ideas, which led Winslow to send a bomb to his workplace at the cost of six lives, excluding his boss, who survived because his secretary opened the package by accident. He wants nothing more than to repair the bond between himself and Winn, but is seen as insane and unlikeable by his own son. Toyman later dies in prison and is succeeded by Jacqueline Nimball. Winn later encounters the digital conscious of his father who begs to his son to let him help. Winn reluctantly allows him to help as Toyman fights the alternate Winn. Once Winn enters the code to stop the hacking, both Toyman's conscious and the alternate Winn's conscious are deleted. Cameron Chase (portrayed by Emma Caulfield) – An FBI agent. Adam Foster (portrayed by Blake Jenner) – Cat Grant's eldest son and thus Carter's half-brother. He serves as Kara's potential love interest and thus another rival for James and Winn. Jenner was the second Glee alum to appear on the show, after Benoist, his then-wife. Gustin and Criss would later be the third and fourth, respectively. Miranda Crane (portrayed by Tawny Cypress) – A senator who uses her anti-alien beliefs to gain votes, but is forced to turn to Supergirl for help when her visit to National City is interrupted by an alien attack. She is kidnapped by a White Martian, who poses as Crane in order to kill the Martian Manhunter until Supergirl helps the latter avert it before it goes further. The real Crane apologizes and vows to help make peace with humans and aliens. Detective Draper / Master Jailer (portrayed by Jeff Branson) – A third-generation guard at Fort Rozz who turns into a vigilante after learning that many of its inmates were loose on Earth. He is bent on chasing down the escapees and bringing them to justice, believing that he is judge, jury, and executioner on Earth, even if the criminals were convicted of lighter crimes. He poses as a National City detective to get information on the escapees' whereabouts. Laura (portrayed by Kitana Turnbull) - A young girl who made her own homemade Supergirl costume where some kids picked on her for it until Supergirl praised her costume. At the time when Supergirl's personality was affected by the Red Kryptonite, Laura tragically threw away her Supergirl costume. James Harper (portrayed by Eddie McClintock) – A colonel for the United States Marine Corps who leads the investigation of Hank Henshaw / J'onn J'onzz's affair alongside Lucy Lane. Maxima (portrayed by Eve Torres Gracie) – Another alien prisoner who is the queen of the planet Almerac and once attempted to make Superman her mate. She attempts to escape with the help of the D.E.O. agents including Lucy Lane (under the influence of Myriad) before Kara manages to stop her. The hosts of The Talk, Sara Gilbert, Julie Chen, Sharon Osbourne, Aisha Tyler, and Sheryl Underwood, cameo as themselves. Introduced in season two John Corben / Metallo (portrayed by Frederick Schmidt) – An international assassin who is transformed into a cyborg by Project Cadmus after he is badly injured trying to kill Lena Luthor. He is later killed after the Kryptonite that was infused into his body turned him into a living bomb. In season six, Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz summon a manfestation of Metallo to fight the Super Friends. Schmidt also voiced Metallo's Earth-X counterpart in "Crisis on Earth-X". A member of the New Reichsmen, Metallo-X was assigned to subdue Supergirl for Dark Arrow and Overgirl. He is later destroyed by the combined effort of Earth-1 and Earth-X's heroes. Gilcrist / Metallo II (portrayed by Rich Ting) – A doctor working at Cadmus who became a second Metallo and ordered to work alongside Corben. Scorcher (portrayed by Nadine Crocker) – A pyrokinetic Infernian who attempts to assassinate President Marsdin. Veronica Sinclair / Roulette (portrayed by Dichen Lachman) – The operator of an underground alien fight club in National City who later becomes a human trafficker for an alien slave trade. Draaga (portrayed by John DeSantis in season two, Glenn Ennis in season three) – An alien combatant in Roulette's underground fight club. After defeating Supergirl in their first encounter, she defeated him in turn during their second encounter after the Kryptonian learned of his weak spot. Rudy Jones / Parasite (portrayed by William Mapother) – A scientist working on solving climate change who was fused with an alien parasite, giving him the ability to absorb powers or a person's life. Jones began killing senators who were stopping attempts at researching climate change while he slowly mutated into a purple creature after absorbing J'onn and Kara's powers. Jones is eventually killed when the latter forces him to absorb a radioactive isotope. In season six, Lex Luthor and Nyxlygsptlnz summon a manifestation of Parasite to fight the Super Friends. Phillip Karnowsky / Barrage (portrayed by Victor Zinck Jr.) – A former Navy SEAL who eventually became a vengeful vigilante after his wife is murdered. Cisco Ramon / Vibe (portrayed by Carlos Valdes) – A member of the Flash's team at S.T.A.R. Labs from Earth-1 as well as a metahuman with the ability to detect anomalies within reality, emit concussive soundwaves, and open breaches between worlds. Cisco is also a genius inventor who made an extrapolator for interdimensional communication and travel for Kara. Valdes reprises his role from The Flash. Izzy Williams (portrayed by Harley Quinn Smith) – A young woman who was kidnapped and transported to the planet Maladoria by Veronica Sinclair as part of a smuggling ring. Lionel Luthor (portrayed by Ian Butcher) – Lillian Luthor's estranged husband as well as Lex and Lena's father who was the previous CEO of LuthorCorp. He passed away at some point. Mister Mxyzptlk (portrayed by Peter Gadiot in season two, Thomas Lennon in season five) – An impish, reality-bending trickster from the 5th Dimension. He attempts to force Kara to marry him, but is banished to the 5th Dimension when she tricks him into spelling his name backwards. Mxyzptlk later visits Kara and Alex at their apartment following Alex's resignation from the D.E.O. Wanting to atone to his past transgressions toward Kara with his previous appearance being a form he took, he shows Kara possible realities where Supergirl revealed her identity to Lena at different points which always ended bad in some way. When it came to a possible reality where Supergirl and Lena never met, it had Lena taking over the remaining half of National City following an attempt on her life caused by Lex and harnessing the energies of the 5th Dimension to power her Hope-Bots which explained why Mxyzptlk was unable to use his powers. It was also mentioned that Hat was an old drinking buddy of his who took his hat. Once Mxyzptlk was able to draw on the 5th Dimension, he undid the reality. In season six, Mxzyptlk was called by Supergirl when the Ormfell Building was destroyed by Nyxlygsptlnz. Mxzyptlk told the Super Friends about Nyxly's history. He later surrendered to Nyxly who absorbed him into a globe to help find the Totems. Lex Luthor later broke the globe which freed Mxy. Following Lex and Nyxly's defeat, Winn mentioned to Kara and J'onn that Mxy will owe Alex and Kelly a wish. Mandrax (portrayed by Paul Lazenby) – An alien art smuggler imprisoned at Fort Rozz. Music Meister (portrayed by Darren Criss) – An extra-dimensional being with the ability to hypnotize people, sending them into a self-created dream world which allows him to siphon their abilities. Criss was the fourth Glee alum to appear on the show, after Benoist, Jenner, and Gustin. Jack Spheer (portrayed by Rahul Kohli) – The CEO of Spheerical and Lena's ex-boyfriend who created a nanotechnogical medical solution called Biomax. Marcus (portrayed by Lonnie Chavis) – A young alien who bonds with James Olsen. General Zod (portrayed by Mark Gibbon) – Superman's most feared enemy. He appears only in Superman's silver kryptonite-induced hallucinations. Though it was mentioned that Superman killed him, he was somehow revived in the 30th Century. Introduced in season three Gayle Marsh / Psi (portrayed by Yael Grobglas) – A metahuman psychic who uses people's minds against them. Oscar Rodas (portrayed by Carlos Bernard) – Maggie Sawyer's estranged father and a police officer. Kenny Li (portrayed by Ivan Mok in season three, Peter Sudarso in season six) - A friend of Kara and Alex Danvers. He was killed upon stumbling upon Sheriff Collins' illegal drug dealing activities. In season six sometime after the Crisis, Kenny was not killed and become Kara's boyfriend in high school. Ronald Collins (portrayed by David Chisum) - A corrupt sheriff of Midvale who was behind the illegal drug deal activities. He killed Kenny Li when he stumbled upon it. Collins was defeated by Kara and was arrested. 11 years later, Collins was released on parole and moved to National City where he became a suspect in the attack on Alex and Ruby Arias. He had no involvement in the attack when he expressed remorse for what he did to Kenny. In season six sometime after the Crisis, Collins did not kill Kenny. Patricia Arias (portrayed by Betty Buckley) – Samantha Arias' adoptive mother, who is estranged from her daughter after she became pregnant with Ruby as a teenager. She was later stabbed by Reign and died from her injuries in DEO custody. Olivia (portrayed by Sofia Vassilieva) – A woman who became a member of Thomas Coville's Cult of Rao. She later came across a Kryptonian artifact that when in her hands would make her a Worldkiller. When it is unable to be removed from Olivia, Supergirl used her heat vision to warm it enough for it to come out of her hand and then used her freezing breath to cool Olivia's hand. Oliver Queen / Green Arrow (portrayed by Stephen Amell) – A former billionaire playboy turned mayor of Star City from Earth-1 who operates as hooded-bow wielding vigilante, Green Arrow. He is a close friend and ally of the Flash who befriends Kara. Amell reprises his role from Arrow. Oliver Queen / Dark Arrow (portrayed by Stephen Amell) – Oliver's Earth-X counterpart, leader of Earth-X's Nazi regime, and Overgirl's husband. Amell also portrays an older version of Oliver Queen from Earth-16. Professor Martin Stein / Firestorm (portrayed by Victor Garber) – A member of the Legends, nuclear physicist, and half of the superhero Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson from Earth-1. Garber reprises his role from Legends of Tomorrow. Joe West (portrayed by Jesse L. Martin) – Iris West's father and member of Earth's Central City Police Department. Martin reprises the role from The Flash. Felicity Smoak / Overwatch (portrayed by Emily Bett Rickards) – An I.T. expert, associate and wife of Oliver Queen from Earth-1. Rickards reprises her role from Arrow. Sara Lance / White Canary (portrayed by Caity Lotz) – A former member of the League of Assassins and leader of the Legends from Earth-1. Lotz reprises her role from Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow. Harrison "Harry" Wells (portrayed by Tom Cavanagh) – A member of Team Flash from Earth-2. Cavanagh reprises his role from The Flash. Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash (also portrayed by Cavanagh) – A rogue time-traveling speedster and Barry Allen's nemesis from Earth-1's distant future. Cavanagh reprises his role from The Flash. Nash Wells / Pariah (also portrayed by Cavanagh) – A multiversal explorer who was tricked into releasing the Anti-Monitor and turned into a "pariah" because of it. Mick Rory / Heat Wave (portrayed by Dominic Purcell) – A member of the Legends and former criminal equipped with a gun that capable of burning almost everything from Earth-1. Purcell reprises his role from The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow. Iris West (portrayed by Candice Patton) – Barry Allen's fiancé and associate from Earth-1. Patton reprises her role from The Flash. Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm (portrayed by Franz Drameh) – A member of the Legends and the other half of the character Firestorm with Martin Stein from Earth-1. Drameh reprises his role from Legends of Tomorrow. Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost (portrayed by Danielle Panabaker) – A S.T.A.R. Labs bio-engineering expert and metahuman with cryokinetic abilities from Earth-1. Panabaker reprises her role from The Flash. Wally West / Kid Flash (portrayed by Keiynan Lonsdale) – Iris' brother with similar abilities as Barry Allen from Earth-1. Lonsdale reprises his role from The Flash. David Singh (portrayed by Patrick Sabongui) – The police captain of Earth-1's Central City Police Department. Sabongui reprises his role from The Flash. Clarissa Stein (portrayed by Isabella Hofmann) – The wife of Martin Stein from Earth-1. Hofmann reprises her role from The Flash Lily Stein (portrayed by Christina Brucato) – The daughter and scientific colleague of Martin Stein as well as a nano-tech specialist from Earth-1. Brucato reprises her role from The Flash. Cecile Horton (portrayed by Danielle Nicolet) – Joe West's girlfriend from Earth-1. Nicolet reprises her role from The Flash. Nora West-Allen (portrayed by Jessica Parker Kennedy) – A mysterious girl with super-speed. She was first seen at the wedding of Barry Allen and Iris West before Dark Arrow's forces crashed it. Nora later appeared in The Flash where she introduces herself as the future version of Barry Allen and Iris West's daughter. Jindah Kol Rozz (portrayed by Sarah Douglas) – A disgraced Kryptonian priestess imprisoned at Fort Rozz who has vital information about the esoteric cult that Reign is from. Douglas portrayed another Kryptonian criminal Ursa in Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980). Mrs. Schott (portrayed by Laurie Metcalf) – Winn's estranged mother and the wife of Toyman. Jacqueline Nimball (portrayed by Brooke Smith) – The protégé and successor of Toyman who is a genderbent version of Jack Nimball. Tanya (portrayed by Nesta Cooper) – A resident of National City who became a member of the Cult of Rao. Jul-Us (portrayed by Tim Russ) – A Kryptonian who survived Krypton's destruction and is a member of Argo City's High Council. Arthur Willis (portrayed by Bradley White) – A man who planned revenge against a firm by selling D.E.O.-based weapons. Thara Ak-Var (portrayed by Esmé Bianco) – A Kryptonian and an old friend of Kara's who lives in Argo City. Val (portrayed by Benjamin Goas) – A Kryptonian who lives in Argo City. Felra (portrayed by Kerry Sandomirsky) – A Kryptonian who lives who Argo City and serves a servant of Selena. Lir-Al (portrayed by Todd Thomson) – A Kryptonian who lives in Argo City. Vita (portrayed by Rosemary Hoschchild) – A Kryptonian dark priestess who serves as a member of Selena's Worldkiller Coven. Hoschchild also portrays her bottled Earth counterpart that worked with the evil Brainiac 5 doppelganger to free their Earth. Hoschchild also portrays her virtual reality counterpart that is the emcee of a bar that Alex's Supergirl form attended. William Katt cameos as the minister who presided over Barry Allen and Iris West's wedding before he was incinerated by Overgirl when Dark Arrow's forces attacked. Introduced in season four Yvette (portrayed by Roxy Wood) – The transgender roommate of Nia. Fiona Byrne (portrayed by Tiya Sircar) – An Empath from the planet Ikthanol who falls in love with Manchester Black. She works as a bartender and alien activist before being captured by the Children of Liberty and stabbed by Agent Liberty. After she is found in a dying state in Mercy's van, Martian Manhunter tries to heal Fiona who has her final moments with Manchester. Her death motivates Manchester to plan revenge on those responsible. Dr. Rohan Vose (portrayed by Vincent Gale) – A well-regarded member of Fiona's alien support group who is attacked and tortured by the Children of Liberty. Peter Lockwood (portrayed by Xander Berkeley) – The alien-hating father of Ben Lockwood, a traditionalist who refuses to consider adapting to a changing world and blames alien refugees for his troubles. He is revealed to have perished during the events of the third-season finale where he chooses to stay in his collapsing steel factory rather than accept things as they were. Peter's attitudes and actions would drive his son to radicalization, despite Ben having been initially more fair-minded. Alana (portrayed by Dominique Lucky Martel) – A girl of an unspecified alien race who is the owner of Spike. Spike – Spike is a Dracokardosian, an alien dragon that has a normal lizard form. When the Children of Liberty attacked the house of Alana, Spike assumed his true form and went on a rampage until Supergirl calmed him down. When the Crisis on Infinite Earths was beginning, this affected Spike who went berserk causing Supergirl to calm him down before he can harm a doomsday protester. Dean Petrocelli (portrayed by Kirby Morrow) – A National City police officer and member of the Children of Liberty. He is killed by Manchester Black. John Deegan (portrayed by Jeremy Davies) – A psychiatrist from Earth-1 Arkham Asylum who is given the Book of Destiny by the Monitor. His second use of the Book of Destiny gives him the appearance of Superman wearing a version of his black suit. After a talk with the Monitor, Green Arrow fires an arrow which negates the Book of Destiny's effects and leaves Deegan disfigured. Deegan is remanded to Arkham Asylum where he becomes a neighbor of Psycho-Pirate. Lois Lane (portrayed by Elizabeth Tulloch) – A reporter at the Daily Planet on Earth-38 and the love interest of Superman. Lois later helped out during the Crisis. Following the Crisis where Earth-Prime is formed, she and Superman now have two children. Kate Kane / Batwoman (portrayed by Ruby Rose) – The cousin of Bruce Wayne on Earth-1 who runs Wayne Enterprises and fights crime after Bruce Wayne disappeared from Gotham City three years ago. John Diggle (portrayed by David Ramsey) – An A.R.G.U.S. agent and close friend of Oliver Queen and Felicity Smoak from Earth-1. In season six, Jimmy Olsen asks John Diggle to help Kelly after Nyxly imploded the Ormfell Building. He helps out Supergirl's group, the victims of the implosion, and gives Kelly the inspiration to improve her work as Guardian. Roger Hayden / Psycho-Pirate (portrayed by Bob Frazer) – An inmate at Arkham Asylum. When John Deegan is incarcerated, Psycho-Pirate is in the cell that is next door to his as he tells Deegan "worlds will live, worlds will die, and the universe will never be the same." Nora Fries (portrayed by Cassandra Jean Amell) – An inmate at Arkham Asylum. Gary Green (portrayed by Adam Tsekhman) - A Time Bureau agent who works alongside of the Legends. In Elseworld, he works as a bartender at a nightclub own by Cisco as a crime-boss. A.M.A.Z.O. – An android created by Ivo Laboratories on behalf of A.R.G.U.S. that can copy the powers of every metahuman and other beings with superhuman abilities it scans. It takes the combination of Superman, Supergirl, and Oliver Queen as Flash to enable Barry Allen as Green Arrow to hit it with a computer virus-loaded arrow. Another A.M.A.Z.O. returns as part of a new reality created by John Deegan. This one is defeated by Brainiac 5. General Alfonso Tan (portrayed by Russell Wong) – A colleague of Lauren Haley's, he assisted her in the indoctrination of a pair of aliens called Morae into becoming weapons for the US government. When the decision is made to terminate them, the Morae kill him. Maeve Nal (portrayed by Hannah James) – Nia Nal's older sister. The two were close growing up, with Maeve being Nia's staunchest supporter in embracing her gender identity, but their relationship is strained when it comes out that Nia inherited the Naltorian powers of their mother's lineage. Maeve, certain for years that she would inherit them, lashes out at her sister, even saying Nia is "not even a real woman" – words she immediately regrets, but does not take back. Isabel Nal (portrayed by Kate Burton) – The mother of Maeve and Nia and wife of Paul, Isabel is a Naltorian who emigrated to Earth years ago where she started her family. Having inherited her Dreamer abilities from her own mother, when her younger daughter Nia unexpected inherits them instead of Maeve, Isabel encourages her to accept her destiny before she succumbs to a deadly spider bite not long after. Jerry (portrayed by Brennan Mejia) – The drug-dealing partner of Kevin whose product is altered by happenstance and is stolen by the Children of Liberty. Kevin Huggins (portrayed by Lukas Gage) – The drug-dealing partner of Jerry whose product is altered by happenstance and is stolen by the Children of Liberty. Paul Nal (portrayed by Garwin Sanford) – The human father of Nia and Maeve, he took the Nal surname when he married their mother Isabel. A kind and gentle man, he loves his wife dearly and trusts her instinctively. Devastated by her sudden death, he nonetheless follows instructions she gives him in a dream to discreetly give Nia her superhero costume without tipping off Maeve. Pam Ferrer / Menagerie (portrayed by Jessica Meraz) – A jewel thief who got bonded to a snakelike alien symbiote, transforming her into the superpowered villain Menagerie. After she killed her partner Chuck and some other people, Menagerie was confronted by Supergirl, Martian Manhunter, Brainiac 5, and Alex Danvers. Their fight attracted the attention of the Children of Liberty. When Menagerie planned to rob the masquerade ball, she encountered Nia Nal as Supergirl and George Lockwood show up. While she did managed to subdue Supergirl, the snake-like alien on Menagerie was beheaded by George Lockwood. President Baker made an example out of Menagerie and had her incarcerated. While in her cell, Menagerie received a pleasing letter from Manchester Black. She later escapes with him and helps to form the Elite. Hat (portrayed by Louis Ozawa Changchien) – An alien whose hat has 5th Dimension properties. He joins up with the Elite to help Manchester Black deal with the anti-alien bigotry of the Children of Liberty and the ineffectiveness of the government and DEO. Mxyzptlk later mentioned in season five that Hat was an old drinking buddy of his who stole his hat. Quentin (portrayed by Jonathan Bennett) – A man who was assigned by President Baker to be Ben Lockwood's bodyguard. Baby Sun-Eater – An infant Sun-Eater that was originally found by Superman in one of his adventures and is kept in a special chamber at the Fortress of Solitude. After Earth-Prime is formed, the same baby Sun-Eater was released from its chamber by a Morae that is loyal to Leviathan after it followed Lena to the Fortress of Solitude. With help from Martian Manhunter and Miss Martian, Supergirl placed a capsule into its core to reduce it to a harmless state. Then Supergirl placed the baby Sun-Eater back into its chamber. Bitsie Teschmacher (portrayed by Jill Morrison) – The cousin of Eve Teschmacher and the mother of two girls. She came down with cancer and resided in a hospice until Eve gave Bitsie Lena Luthor's Harun-El drug, curing her. Steve Lomelli (portrayed by Willie Garson) – An inmate at Stryker's Island who knew Lex Luthor. Introduced in season five Mallory (portrayed by Ellexis Wejr) – A girl who Malefic poses as while he gathered components to make a Phantom Zone projector to release Midnight. Hope (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) – An A.I. that was created by Lena Luthor. After mapping out Eve Teschmacher's brain, Lena uploads Hope into Eve's body. Midnight (portrayed by Jennifer Cheon Garcia) – The physical manifestation of darkness and a murderous villain released from the Phantom Zone. She was freed by Malefic to enact revenge against J'onn J'onzz, who put her there. Pete Andrews (portrayed by Sean Astin) – A man who Malefic poses as to get close to Kelly. Caroline O'Connor (portrayed by Brea St. James) – A special forces commander who gets possessed by spider-like Aurafacian symbiotes which grant her spider-like abilities. After Alex removes the parasites, Caroline is killed by an unknown assailant that later turned out to be Acrata. Breathtaker (portrayed by Luisa D'Oliveira) – An aerokinetic Leviathan assassin who was tasked to kill Elaine Torres only to be thwarted by Supergirl and handed over to the D.E.O. Rip Roar / Russel Rogers (portrayed by Nick Sagar) – An old college friend of William Dey's and former boyfriend of Andrea Rojas. While he was believed to have been killed in an accident, he was secretly transformed into an armored assassin named Rip Roar armed with retractable tentacles after Andrea told Leviathan member Margot that he can be of use to them. He was sent to cause an eruption in the Arctic and flood the world's coastal cities, only to be thwarted by Supergirl and Martian Manhunter. Owing to his armor, the latter couldn't read his mind. News of Rip Roar's apprehension reached Leviathan as Margot assigns Andrea to retrieve him. After Andrea frees him, she attempts to run away with Rip Roar, but he is killed by an unseen Leviathan operative now that he's served his purpose. When Earth-Prime is formed after the Crisis, William states to Kara that he suspects the Luthor family did away with him in order to acquire his company. Bernardo Rojas (portrayed by Steven Bauer) – The father of Andrea Rojas. Male Leviathan Representative (portrayed by Duncan Fraser) – An as-yet-unnamed elderly Leviathan member who persuades Andrea to take the Acrata medallion. He later told her where her abilities came from following Rip Roar's death. Alexander Knox (portrayed by Robert Wuhl) – A reporter from Earth-89. Dick Grayson (portrayed by Burt Ward) – An aged version of Robin from Earth-66 who was walking his dog when the Crissis began. Lyla Michaels / Harbinger (portrayed by Audrey Marie Anderson) – An A.R.G.U.S. director and John Diggle's wife who becomes Harbinger after the Monitor recruits her to help him avert the impending crisis. Anderson reprises the role from Arrow. Ray Palmer / Atom (portrayed by Brandon Routh) – A scientist and inventor capable of shrinking and growing to immense sizes whilst wearing a special suit as well as a member of the Legends. Routh reprises his role from Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow. Mia Smoak (portrayed by Katherine McNamara) – The daughter of Oliver Queen who was brought from the year 2040 by the Monitor. McNamara reprises her role from Arrow. Amy Sapphire (portrayed by Camille Sullivan) – A Chlorophyllian who planned revenge on Andrea Rojas for firing her husband Todd because of his virtual reality addiction and later suicide. She then made an attack on Obsidian Tech's power core before being talked down by Supergirl. It was later revealed that Eve Teschmacher provided the gauntlets to her on Lex Luthor's behalf. Gregory Bauer (portrayed by Pierson Fodé) – An anti-LGBTQ man who attacks transgender people. His activity evoked the wrath of Dreamer. After he was subdued by Dreamer who was persuaded to spare him by Supergirl, Dreamer states that he's going away for a long time and will give him a nightmare if he goes after people like her again. It was later revealed that he was part of an LGBTQ hate group when Brainiac 5 gave the information about them to Detective Rivers. Richard Bates (portrayed by Jesse Moss) – A man from Opal City who tested out the Obsidian Platinum lenses. After an error, Kelly gets him out as he is treated by Margot. Two years later, Richard rose to the ranks of the virtual reality's elite where he started modding an escape room house in Virtual Vegas. This was his way of getting revenge on Trevor Crane for hitting on his wife as Richard trapped in a state where he would constantly explode and reassemble. When knocked out of virtual reality by Alex, Richard is defeated by Martian Manhunter upon his arrival as his virtual reality lenses start to glitch. Richard is then shipped off to the hospital as J'onn and Alex wonder if he can be charged for murder in virtual reality. It was later revealed that he learned of the patch information from a bartender that is in contact with Lex Luthor. Jennifer Bates (portrayed by Anna Van Hooft) – The wife of Richard Bates who lives in Opal City. She told J'onn about her husband and how she met Trevor Khan as J'onn gets the name of the hotel he is at. Trevor Crane (portrayed by Corbin Bleu) – The brother of Al who took part in Obsidian Tech's Virtual Vegas. After saving him from Richard, Alex rescued Trevor from his trap and had J'onn pick him up from the hotel he was staying at. Rivers (portrayed by Doron Bell) – A detective for the National City Police Department who investigates the attacks on transgender women. After Gregory Bauer was handed over to the police, Brainiac 5 met with him and gave him the information on the hate group that Gregory was a part of and the user names of its known members. Bonnie Walker (portrayed by Anne Hollister) – A woman using Obsidian Lenses who Alex as Supergirl met. She used the alias of a treasure hunter named Tillie and is among those who get trapped in virtual reality. Margot later appears with some people to claim her body. Derek (portrayed by John Murphy) – A man using Obsidian Lenses who operates as a musician in virtual reality. His body is among those in the possession of Leviathan. Tezumak - A pyrokinetic member of Leviathan. He assisted Rama Khan and Sela in fighting Martian Manhunter, Miss Martian, Alex, and Dreamer. When Brainiac 5 enters a code into the Leviathan ship, the three of them are teleported to the ship and are bottled by Brainiac 5. Sela (portrayed by Michelle Christa Smith) - An electrokinetic member of Leviathan. She assisted Rama Khan and Tezumak in fighting Martian Manhunter, Miss Martian, Alex, and Dreamer. When Brainiac 5 enters a code into the Leviathan ship, the three of them are teleported to the ship and are bottled by Brainiac 5. Mrs. Teschmacher (portrayed by Lynda Boyd) - The mother of Eve Teschmacher. Kate Micucci cameos as a museum tour guide in "Event Horizon." Wil Wheaton and Griffin Newman both cameo in "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part One" as a doomsday protester and a trivia night host respectively. Alan Ritchson, Curran Walters, and Russell Tovey make uncredited cameos in "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part One" as Hank Hall / Hawk and Jason Todd / Robin of Earth-9, and Ray Terrill / Ray of Earth-X respectively with the former two appearing through archive footage from the "Trigon" episode. Steph Song cameos as a woman also doing the Supergirl experience. Introduced in season six Silas White (portrayed by Claude Knowlton) - A Transilvanian that was the first person to break into the Phantom Zone when his boyfriend Owen was wrongfully convicted there and was traumatized by the Phantom Zone Phantoms. Supergirl's friends find him trying to get blood from the Luthor Foundation Bloodbank and persuade him to help rescue Supergirl. He was later attacked by a Phantom and converted into one by its attack. When the chrysalis used by the Phantom to place the souls it claims into it was destroyed by Alex, Silas and those who were converted with restored to normal. Scar (portrayed by Sandy Robson) - A Kryptonian and Phantom Zone inmate who alongside his fellow inmates plotted to feed Zor-El to a creature that lives in Shadow Lake. With help from Nyxly, Kara rescued her father as Nyxly teleports Scar and his men away. Professor Naxim Tork (portrayed by Chris William Martin) - An alien poacher from an unknown planet who came to Earth riding a Bismolian ship looking for a Kryptonian to add to his menagerie. There was a reference that he had dealt with Superman before and was mentioned in the original history to have been caught by the D.E.O. who found him in Uruguay. At the time when Brainy and Dreamer came to the year 2006 to get the DNA of Kara from the Kryptonite meteor that she stopped, Tork did a runaway truck trick to draw out Kara which fail while his ship also detected the alien species that Brainy and Dreamer are a part of. When the two of them went looking for Tork, he led them into a trap that involved cloaking his ship and using an energy trap. After some incidents that led to the accidental capture of Cat and Kenny, Brainy and Tork fix everything to ensure that Tork is found in Uruguay by the D.E.O. Years later, Tork and Mitch were freed by Lex Luthor prior to the D.E.O. headquarters' destruction and has went his separate way from Mitch. Wyatt Kote (portrayed by Tom Jackson) - The warden of Van Kull Prison who has been using the work release program to cover up the illegal activities he was secretly collaborating with Intergang on. After the prisoners were convinced to surrender by Supergirl, William Dey mentioned in a news report that Kote and those involved were arrested by the police. Joey Davis (portrayed by Aiden Stoxx) - A Zeltarian and the younger brother of Orlando who was placed in a foster care after Orlando was arrested. Upon Kelly hearing about Orlando's condition from Joey, she enlisted Supergirl to help check up on him. Ms. Hochschild (portrayed by Susan Hogan) - The head of a foster home for alien children that Kelly visits. Upon noticing the bad treatment Ms. Hochschild did to a lashing-out Joey on the security footage she salvaged, Kelly leaked the footage to Ms. Hochschild's superiors which led to her getting fired and arrested by the police. Marta (portrayed by Nadia Batista) - An alien girl in Ms. Hochschild's foster home that often causes problems for Esme. Larry Chapman (portrayed by John Gillich) - A prison guard at Van Kull Prison who assisted Warden Kote in Intergang's plot. Jean Rankin (portrayed by Kari Matchett) - A councilwoman who planned to have the Ormfell Building taken down upon selling it to a tech company. After getting caught in the implosion caused by Nyxly which exposed her to 5th Dimensional energies, Rankin pressured a doctor to give her the experimental medicine. As it's side-effect, Rankin tapped into it's energies at the cost of draining energy from it's victims. After Guardian's first scuffle with her, the rest of Supergirl's group were persuaded to put tracking Nyxly on hold in order to handle the situation. Guardian and Supergirl took on Rankin until Brainiac 5 used a siphon device to remove the 5th Dimensional energies and cure the victims. Rankin was mentioned to have been handed over to the police. Dr. Desmond Raab (portrayed by Tom Lim) - An Edifarian engineering expert who Mitch abducted so that he can make a weapon for Mitch and Nyxly to trap Supergirl. This led to him creating a cryo-bomb which was later doctored by Nyxly to help her regain her powers. Elizabeth Walsh (portrayed by Katie McGrath) - The mother of Lena Luthor who was a witch that became one of Lionel Luthor's mistress. She was remembered as being a bad witch when Margaret Bishop was accidentally killed in one of her activities. Margaret Bishop (portrayed by Emmanuelle Vaugier) - A witch who was a friend of Elizabeth Walsh. She was accidentally killed in one of Elizabeth's activities. Peggy Bishop (portrayed by Emmanuelle Vaugier) - The daughter of Margaret Bishop who works as a bartender. She has been bitter over the fact that her mother was killed by Elizabeth. Florence Abbott (portrayed by Colleen Wheeler) - A witch who was a friend of Elizabeth Walsh. After Margaret was accidentally killed, Florence went into hiding in a cave somewhere where she still makes contact with Elizabeth's ghost. Thanks to Andrea, Lena found Florence who revealed to her Elizabeth's past and that Lena has her mother's abilities which haven't been unlocked yet. King Brpxz (portrayed by Adrian Hough) - The King of the 5th Dimension who was nicknamed the Mad King due to him being a paranoid narcissist. He was responsible for sending his daughter Nyxly to the Phantom Zone and killing his son Bryxly. Bryxly (portrayed by Spender John Borgeson) - The brother of Nyxly and son of King Brpxz who was murdered by his own father because the 5th Dimension Imps loved Bryxly more than their king. Totem Oracle (voiced by Andrew Morgado) - A voice that judges anyone wanting to claim the Totems upon quoting "Cgyrzyx". Secretary Brown (portrayed by Crystal Balint) - A secretary that oversees the peace talks between Corto Maltese and Kaznia. See also List of DC Comics characters List of Arrow characters List of The Flash characters List of Legends of Tomorrow characters List of Arrowverse actors References External links Full cast and crew of Supergirl at IMDb Supergirl Supergirl Supergirl Supergirl Superhero television characters

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201942

June 1942

The following events occurred in June 1942: June 1, 1942 (Monday) Adolf Hitler visited Army Group South's headquarters at Poltava to confirm plans for the upcoming summer offensive. Hermann Hoth assumed command of the German 4th Panzer Army while Richard Ruoff took command of the 17th Army. The Australian depot ship Kuttabul was torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese submarine M-24 during the Attack on Sydney Harbour. The Grand Coulee Dam opened on the Columbia River. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, as predecessor of metals and mining manufacturing brand, Vale was founded in Brazil. June 2, 1942 (Tuesday) During the Siege of Sevastopol, the German 11th Army began a massive five-day artillery barrage on the fortress city using 620 guns including the enormous 800mm Schwerer Gustav "Dora" gun. German submarine U-652 was depth charged and damaged in the Gulf of Sollum by Fairey Swordfish aircraft and had to be scuttled. Born: Eduard Malofeyev, footballer and coach, in Kolomna, USSR; Maree Cheatham, American actress, in Oklahoma City Died: Bunny Berigan, 33, American jazz trumpeter and bandleader (hemorrhage) June 3, 1942 (Wednesday) The Battle of Midway began. The Japanese sought to deliver another crushing blow to the U.S. Navy to ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific, but American codebreakers had determined the time and place of the Japanese attack in advance, enabling the U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush. The Battle of Dutch Harbor began at Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears at Dutch Harbor on Amaknak Island, Alaska. The American passenger ship Northwestern was bombed and sunk. The British government announced that it would be taking over the country's coal mines and milk industry. The Australian ore carrier Iron Chieftain was torpedoed and sunk in the Tasman Sea by the Japanese submarine I-24. German submarines U-413 and U-521 were commissioned. British Commandos executed Operation Bristle, an overnight raid on a German radar site at Plage-Ste-Cecile, France. The stage musical By Jupiter by Lorenz Hart and Richard Rodgers and starring Ray Bolger premiered at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway. Born: Curtis Mayfield, soul, R&B and funk singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1999) June 4, 1942 (Thursday) The Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga and Sōryū were crippled in the Battle of Midway and scuttled. The Battle of Dutch Harbor ended in Japanese tactical victory. The Hitler and Mannerheim recording is made when Hitler paid a secret visit to Marshal Mannerheim, ostensibly to congratulate him on his 75th birthday. The recording is the only existing one of Hitler speaking in an ordinary tone of voice. The Australian ore carrier Iron Crown was torpedoed and sunk in Bass Strait by the Japanese submarine I-27. German submarine U-625 was commissioned. The wartime romantic drama film Mrs. Miniver starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon was released. Died: Reinhard Heydrich, 38, German SS-Obergruppenführer (died of wounds sustained in May 27 assassination attempt); Died: (in the Battle of Midway) Robert Boyd Brazier, 25, American aviation radioman (killed in the Battle of Midway); Delbert W. Halsey, 22, American naval officer (killed in the Battle of Midway); Lofton R. Henderson, 39, American marine aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway); Severin Louis Rombach, 27, American naval aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway); Lloyd Thomas, 30, American aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway); Albert William Tweedy, Jr., 22, American Marine Corps aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway); John C. Waldron, 41, American aviator (killed in the Battle of Midway) June 5, 1942 (Friday) Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū was crippled by American dive bombers on 4th June and scuttled on 5th June. The United States declared war on the Axis satellite states of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. During the Battle of Gazala the British Eighth Army began Operation Aberdeen, an attempt to encircle Erwin Rommel's forces occupying the "Cauldron". The Panamanian tanker C.O. Stillman was torpedoed and sunk in the Caribbean Sea by German submarine U-68. The 1942 Birthday Honours of King George VI were published. Born: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, 2nd President of Equatorial Guinea, in Acoacán, Spanish Guinea Died: Virginia Lee Corbin, 31, American actress; Richard E. Fleming, 24, United States Marine and Medal of Honor recipient (killed in the Battle of Midway) Tamon Yamaguchi, 49, Japanese admiral (killed in the Battle of Midway) June 6, 1942 (Saturday) During the Battle of Midway, Japanese cruiser Mikuma was bombed and sunk by Douglas SBD Dauntless aircraft. American destroyer Hammann was torpedoed and sunk by Japanese submarine I-168. The Action of 6 June 1942 was fought off Recife, Brazil. The German commerce raider Stier sank the American Liberty ship Stanvac Calcutta. In the Aleutian Islands Campaign, the Japanese occupation of Attu and Kisa began. Shut Out won the Belmont Stakes. German submarines U-223, U-265 and U-383 were commissioned. Born: Klaus Bednarz, German journalist and writer, in Falkensee (d. 2015) June 7, 1942 (Sunday) The Battle of Midway ended in a decisive American victory, marking a turning point in the Pacific War. The American aircraft carrier USS Yorktown sank the day after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-168 at Midway. The American seaplane tender Gannet was torpedoed and sunk in the Caribbean Sea by German submarine U-159. British Commandos executed Operation Albumen, an overnight raid on German airfields on Axis-occupied Crete. The British managed to destroy 5 aircraft, damage 29 others and set fire to several vehicles and significant quantities of supplies. The Chicago Tribune published a front-page article titled "Navy Had Word of Jap Plan to Strike at Sea", providing clues from which the Japanese might have figured out that the Americans had broken their codes ahead of the Battle of Midway. Navy Secretary Frank Knox demanded that the Tribune be prosecuted, but once the Navy realized that the Japanese did not change their codes after the article appeared, the case was quietly dropped to avoid bringing the enemy's attention to the story. Born: Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan politician, dictator of Libya (official date of birth) (d. 2011) Died: Alan Blumlein, 38, English electronics engineer and inventor (plane crash) June 8, 1942 (Monday) Shelling of Newcastle: Japanese submarine I-21 shelled the Australian city of Newcastle, New South Wales but did little damage. The nine-day long Attack on Sydney Harbour by Japanese submarines ended indecisively. The United States Department of War created the European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA). Douglas MacArthur suggested to Army Chief of Staff George Marshall that an offensive be taken in the Pacific with New Britain, New Ireland and New Guinea as the objective. June 9, 1942 (Tuesday) The Combined Production and Resources Board was set up to allocate the combined economic resources of the United States and Britain. A lavish funeral was held for Reinhard Heydrich in Berlin. He was posthumously awarded the German Order. British aircraft attacked the Italian naval base at Taranto. June 10, 1942 (Wednesday) The Germans crossed the Donets near Izium. Axis forces launched the Kozara Offensive against the Yugoslav Partisans in northwestern Bosnia. The Czech village of Lidice was completely destroyed by German forces in reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. All men older than 15 years were executed. Most children were executed later. The British cargo ship Empire Clough was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean on her maiden voyage by the German submarine U-94. Economist John Maynard Keynes was made a peer. Born: Gordon Burns, journalist and broadcaster, in Belfast, Northern Ireland; Preston Manning, politician, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada June 11, 1942 (Thursday) The Battle of Bir Hakeim ended. German and Italian forces captured Bir Hakeim although most of the defenders had been evacuated. German submarine U-522 was commissioned. Born: Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, activist, in Wiikwemkoong, Ontario, Canada Died: Michael Kitzelmann, 26, German soldier (executed for condemning Nazi atrocities) June 12, 1942 (Friday) Rommel broke out of the Cauldron and trapped British forces between Knightsbridge and El Adem. The Allies launched Operation Harpoon and Operation Vigorous, two simultaneous convoys sent to supply Malta. Operation Pastorius: German submarine U-202 landed four saboteurs on American soil at Amagansett, New York, the first of many intended operations to sabotage economic targets within the United States. The British destroyer Grove was torpedoed and sunk off Egypt by German submarine U-77. Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday. Born: Bert Sakmann, cell physiologist and Nobel laureate, in Stuttgart, Germany After a crow strikes the starboard radial engine, Royal Air Force pilots Group Captain Ken Gatward and navigator Flight Sargeant George Fern, successfully conduct The Beaufighter Raid in Nazi-occupied Paris. June 13, 1942 (Saturday) Black Saturday: After taking heavy losses, British and South African forces began to evacuate the Gazala Line. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9182, creating the Office of Strategic Services and Office of War Information. The Soviet troop transport Gruzyia was bombed and sunk in the Black Sea by the Luftwaffe. German submarine U-157 was depth charged and sunk northeast of Havana, Cuba by the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Thetis. German submarine U-185 was commissioned. Born: Abdulsalami Abubakar, army general and 11th President of Nigeria, in Minna, Niger State June 14, 1942 (Sunday) During the Battle of Gazala the Germans struck north to the Libyan coast in an effort to cut off British forces in the Gazala sector, but General Ritchie effected their withdrawal. During Operation Harpoon the British destroyer HMS Hasty was torpedoed off Sirte by a German motor torpedo boat and so badly damaged that she was scuttled the next day. The British cruiser Liverpool was severely damaged in the Mediterranean by Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers and knocked out of action until July 1943. Mexico and the Philippines signed the Declaration by United Nations. The General Electric Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut finished production on the new M1 rocket launcher, commonly known as the bazooka. June 15, 1942 (Monday) The 21st Panzer Division reached Sidi Rezegh. In the Battle of Gazala, British forces withdrew from Knightsbridge. Exiled Greek King George II addressed the U.S. Congress in Washington. Operation Harpoon ended with only two of the original six merchant ships completing the journey. The British destroyer Bedouin was attacked by Italian cruisers and aircraft and sunk off the island of Pantelleria. The British destroyer Hasty was scuttled near Crete the day after being torpedoed by German E-boat S-55. The British light cruiser Newcastle was torpedoed in the Mediterranean by the German E-boat S-66 and knocked out of the war until March 1943. During Operation Vigorous the Australian destroyer Nestor was bombed and severely damaged off Crete by Regia Aeronautica aircraft and had to be scuttled the next day. Died: Vera Figner, 89, Russian revolutionary June 16, 1942 (Tuesday) Operation Vigorous failed when the Allied convoy found its way to Malta blocked by the Italian fleet and had to return to Alexandria. The British cruiser Hermione was torpedoed and sunk south of Crete by German submarine U-205. South African fighter ace John Frost went missing in action near Bir Hakeim, Egypt. His aircraft and remains were never found. German submarine U-302 was commissioned. The comedic one-act play The Apollo of Bellac by Jean Giraudoux was first performed at the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro. The war film Eagle Squadron starring Robert Stack, Diana Barrymore, John Loder and Nigel Bruce was released. Born: John Rostill, bassist and composer (The Shadows), in Birmingham, England (d. 1973) June 17, 1942 (Wednesday) Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo was slightly wounded when a Korean nationalist shot him in the left arm outside the old war ministry building in Tokyo. Japanese police returned fire and killed the man identified as 31-year old Park Soowon. The incident was not revealed to the public for two months. Axis forces gained control of the coastal road to Bardia, completing the isolation of Tobruk. The British withdrew from Sidi Rezegh, Ed Duda and El Adem. The British destroyer HMS Wild Swan was bombed and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by the Luftwaffe. President Roosevelt signed a bill raising the minimum pay of American servicemen to $50 a month. German submarines U-466 and U-664 were commissioned. This is the cover date of the first issue of Yank, the Army Weekly. Born: Mohamed ElBaradei, Vice President of Egypt, in Cairo Died: Jessie Bond, 89, English singer and actress June 18, 1942 (Thursday) Winston Churchill arrived in Washington, D.C. for talks with President Roosevelt. German forces besieging Sevastopol captured Fortress Maxim Gorky. Axis forces reached Kambut, Libya. South of Jacksonville, Florida, the German submarine U-584 landed four more saboteurs as part of Operation Pastorius. Charles de Gaulle gave a speech at the Royal Albert Hall in London praising the unity of the Resistance movements. German submarines U-357 and U-627 were commissioned. Born: Paul McCartney, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and member of the Beatles, in Liverpool, England; Thabo Mbeki, 2nd President of South Africa, in Mbewuleni, South Africa; Roger Ebert, film critic, journalist and screenwriter, in Urbana, Illinois (d. 2013); Carl Radle, blues and rock bassist, in Tulsa, Oklahoma (d. 1980); Nick Tate, actor, in Sydney, Australia; Hans Vonk, conductor, in Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 2004) Died: Jozef Gabčík, 30, Slovak soldier and one of Reinhard Heydrich's assassins (suicide); Adolf Hühnlein, 60, German soldier and Nazi official; Jan Kubiš, 28, Czech soldier and one of Reinhard Heydrich's assassins (died of wounds sustained in a gun battle); Arthur Pryor, 71, American trombone player and bandleader June 19, 1942 (Friday) The Second Washington Conference began. A light aircraft carrying German major Joachim Reichel crash-landed on the Eastern Front behind Russian lines. Reichel was killed in the crash and documents he was carrying pertaining to the upcoming German offensive fell into Soviet hands. German High Command debated over how much to revise their plans in light of the security breach but as it turned out, Stalin believed the documents were planted by the Germans in order to deceive the Soviets and ordered them to be ignored. Soviet submarine Shch-214 was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea by the Italian motor torpedo boat MAS-571. Died: Alois Eliáš, 51, Czechoslovak general and politician (executed) June 20, 1942 (Saturday) Churchill and Roosevelt decided upon a North Africa campaign. Bombardment of Estevan Point Lighthouse: Japanese submarine I-26 shelled the Estevan Point lighthouse on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, but failed to hit its target. German submarines U-224 and U-446 were commissioned. "Sleepy Lagoon" by Harry James and His Orchestra hit #1 on the Billboard singles charts. The comic book villain Two-Face made his first appearance in Detective Comics issue #66 (cover date August). Born: Brian Wilson, musician, record producer and co-founder of The Beach Boys, in Inglewood, California June 21, 1942 (Sunday) Tobruk fell to Axis forces, completing victory in the Battle of Gazala. The Germans claimed 25,000 prisoners. General Ritchie decided to fall back to Mersa Matruh and ordered XIII Corps to delay the enemy. Bombardment of Fort Stevens: An Imperial Japanese submarine fired on Fort Stevens in Oregon on the west coast of the United States. The beached was torpedoed and destroyed near Cape Bon by British submarine Turbulent. The temperature in Tirat Zvi reached 54 degrees Celsius (129.2 degrees Fahrenheit), for what remains the highest temperature ever recorded in Israel. June 22, 1942 (Monday) Vichy French Prime Minister Pierre Laval made a radio broadcast in which he stated, "I wish for a German victory, because, without it, Bolshevism tomorrow would settle everywhere." This speech shocked many of the French people who were still holding out hope that the Vichy regime was playing a waiting game with the Germans until France could be liberated in an Allied victory. Erwin Rommel was promoted to the rank of field marshal as a reward for his victory in the Battle of Gazala. June 23, 1942 (Tuesday) Hitler wrote to Benito Mussolini with "heartfelt advice" recommending that he postpone Operation Herkules and instead "order the continuation of operations to seek the complete destruction of British forces to the very limits of what your high command and Marshal Rommel think is militarily possible with their existing troops. The goddess of fortune in battle comes to commanders only once, and he who fails to seize the opportunity at such a moment will never be given a second chance." Mussolini complied with Hitler's veiled order and postponed Herkules to September. Albert Speer told Hitler that nuclear science would reap benefits in the distant future, but no superbomb could be produced in time to affect the war. The German military decided to abandon nuclear research as a result. That same day, Werner Heisenberg almost died when his experimental reactor at Leipzig suffered a leak that started a fire. Heisenberg and his assistant Robert Döpel extinguished the fire but noticed the sphere was beginning to swell, and both men ran outside before the reactor exploded and the lab was destroyed. Rumor spread that the scientists had been killed in a uranium bomb explosion, and when word of it reached the scientists working on the Manhattan Project, they assumed that the Germans had achieved a sustained nuclear chain reaction and were considerably further ahead in their research than they actually were. June 24, 1942 (Wednesday) German and Italian forces crossed the border from Libya into Egypt. Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived in London to assume command of ETOUSA. German submarine U-266 was commissioned. Born: Michele Lee, actress, singer and dancer, in Los Angeles, California June 25, 1942 (Thursday) Claude Auchinleck replaced Neil Ritchie as Commander of the British Eighth Army. The Second Washington Conference ended. Admiral Ernest King, after studying MacArthur's plan, rejected it as too ambitious and suggested that the Solomon and Santa Cruz Islands be taken first. The Japanese destroyer Yamakaze was torpedoed and sunk south of Yokosuka by the American submarine USS Nautilus. Tom Driberg attained political office for the first time when he won the Maldon by-election. German submarines U-338, U-523 and U-628 were commissioned. Born: Willis Reed, basketball player, in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana Died: Zénon Bernard, 49, Luxembourgian communist politician June 26, 1942 (Friday) The German 11th Army opened its assault on the inner defenses of Sevastopol. The Grumman F6F Hellcat had its first flight. President Roosevelt signed a new law prohibiting the making of unauthorized photographs or sketches of military property such as bases or ships. Soviet destroyer Bezuprechny was sunk by the Luftwaffe at Sevastopol with the loss of 320 men. Born: J.J. Dillon, professional wrestler and manager, in Trenton, New Jersey; Gilberto Gil, musician, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Died: Gene Stack, 25, American baseball player (pneumonia) June 27, 1942 (Saturday) Fighting resumed on the North African front at Mersa Matruh. Allied convoy PQ 17 left Iceland bound for Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill arrived back in England. A joint Anglo-U.S. statement on the Washington Conference was issued reporting that subjects discussed included war production, shipping and plans to help China. The FBI announced the arrest of eight conspirators who planned to carry out Operation Pastorius. Ramón Castillo became 25th President of Argentina, replacing the ailing Roberto María Ortiz. The British war film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing starring Godfrey Tearle, Eric Portman and Hugh Williams, was released. White Rose, a non-violent, intellectual resistance group, first began its anti-Nazi activities in Munich. June 28, 1942 (Sunday) The Germans began Case Blue on the Eastern Front. The summer offensive opened with the Battle of Voronezh. Australian commandos conducted the Raid on Salamaua in New Guinea. Born: Chris Hani, leader of the South African Communist Party, in Cofimvaba, South Africa (d. 1993); Rupert Sheldrake, biochemist, in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England June 29, 1942 (Monday) Mersa Matruh fell to Axis forces. Benito Mussolini flew to Derna, Libya in anticipation of leading a triumphal entry of Axis forces into Cairo. June 30, 1942 (Tuesday) German submarine U-158 was bombed and sunk west of Bermuda by an American PBM Mariner flying boat. All remaining Jewish schools were closed in Germany. German submarine U-182 was commissioned. Died: William Henry Jackson, 99, American painter, Civil War veteran and photographer References 1942 1942-06 1942-06

49385962

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Miyares

Jason Miyares

Jason Stuart Miyares (born February 11, 1976) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 48th Attorney General of Virginia since January 15, 2022. A Republican, he was elected a member of the Virginia House of Delegates on November 3, 2015, from the 82nd district which encompasses part of Virginia Beach. He was elected Attorney General of Virginia in 2021. Early life and education Miyares was born in Greensboro, North Carolina and attended public schools in Virginia Beach. His mother had fled from Cuba in 1965. Miyares earned a Bachelor of Business Administration from James Madison University and a Juris Doctor from College of William & Mary’s Law School. He later served as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Virginia Beach. Career Miyares worked on George Allen's 2000 Senate campaign. He was later campaign manager and advisor to Republican Scott Rigell in the 2010 and 2012 congressional elections. He was later a partner with the consulting firm Madison Strategies. He also worked at the Virginia Beach law firm Hanger Law until his election to the office of Attorney General. Virginia House of Delegates In 2015, Miyares ran for the Virginia House of Delegates' seat being vacated by Bill DeSteph, who ran successfully for the Virginia State Senate. Unopposed in the June 2015 Republican primary, he defeated Democrat Bill Fleming in the November 2015 general election. He was the first Cuban American elected to the Virginia General Assembly. He was reelected in 2017 and 2019. Miyares voted against the Medicaid expansion bill (HB 5001) in the 2018 legislative session. He endorsed Marco Rubio in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, and was Rubio's Virginia campaign co-chairman. In 2016, amid the Cuban thaw, Miyares criticized Governor Terry McAuliffe's outreach to Cuba. Miyares introduced a non-binding resolution (H.J. 1777) in 2016 condemning the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Miyares opposes abortion, with exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and protecting the life of the mother. He supports the death penalty, and opposed the decision to abolish capital punishment in Virginia in 2021. In 2020, Miyares opposed legislation to increase the minimum wage in Virginia. In August 2020, he offered HB 5037, a bill that would grant immunity, except in cases of willful misconduct or gross negligence, to public officials and businesses who followed public health measures to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. In September 2020, Miyares voted against legislation to authorize local governments to remove Confederate monuments on public property. Virginia attorney general Election In May 2021, Miyares was nominated as the Republican candidate for Virginia Attorney General. He ran against Mark Herring, the incumbent Democratic attorney general, who sought a third term in the November 2021 general election. Miyares was selected at the Virginia Republican Party's "unassembled" convention, in which party delegates cast ranked-choice ballots at polling sites across the state. Miyares defeated three other candidates: Leslie Haley, Chuck Smith, and Jack White. In the final round, Miyares defeated Smith, a hard-right candidate, by a closer-than-expected margin of 52% to 48%. During his campaign against Herring, Miyares emphasized crime issues. He opposed proposals for the elimination of qualified immunity and declined to take a position on what he would do in the controversial police killing of Bijan Ghaisar. In the November 2021 election, Miyares defeated Herring in a tight race, becoming the first Hispanic and Cuban American to be elected Attorney General of Virginia. Tenure Upon taking office, Miyares fired 17 attorneys, and 13 other employees, in the Virginia AG's Office. Those fired included attorneys in the AG's Office of Civil Rights,Patrick Wilson, Partisan debate erupts in Va. Senate over Miyares' firing of 30 in AG's office, Richmond Times-Dispatch (January 18, 2022). as well as lawyers working on housing conditions and human trafficking cases. Miyares also fired the counsel for George Mason University (GMU) and the University of Virginia; the latter was on leave from his UVA position, serving as top investigator for the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack.Justin Jouvenal and Lauren Lumpkin, Va.'s new attorney general fires U-Va. counsel who was on leave working as top investigator for Jan. 6 panel, Washington Post (January 23, 2021). The firings prompted an acrimonious debate in the state Senate. Shortly after taking office, Miyares withdrew the Virginia AG Office's brief to the Supreme Court, submitted under his predecessor, supporting a challenge to Mississippi's abortion ban. In his letter to the Supreme Court reversing Virginia's position, Miyares took the stance that there is no constitutional right to obtain an abortion and that Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey were wrongly decided.Emma North, Attorney General Miyares: Virginia no longer opposes 15-week abortion ban, WRIC (January 24, 2021). Miyares issued an advisory opinion in which he concluded that Virginia's public colleges and universities lacked the power to require students to receive the COVID-19 vaccine before enrolling or taking in-person classes. Such advisory opinions are not binding, although at least two institutions (GMU and Virginia Tech) dropped their vaccine requirement after Miyares issued the opinion. On February 10, 2022, Miyares' deputy attorney general for government operations and transactions resigned when it was reported that she had spread misinformation about the 2020 election and praised the 2021 United States Capitol attack; in her position, she would have overseen matters related to future elections in Virginia. Miyares himself has affirmed that Joe Biden was legitimately elected president and has condemned the attack on the United States Capitol. Electoral history Personal life Miyares and his wife, Paige (Atkinson) Miyares, have three daughters and live in Virginia Beach, Virginia. His father-in-law, John Atkinson, was formerly treasurer of Virginia Beach. References External links |- |- 1976 births 21st-century American politicians American politicians of Cuban descent Hispanic and Latino American politicians James Madison University alumni Living people Members of the Virginia House of Delegates Politicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia Virginia Attorneys General Virginia Republicans William & Mary Law School alumni

49396233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%20Pittsburgh%20Panthers%20football%20team

1930 Pittsburgh Panthers football team

The 1930 Pittsburgh Panthers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pittsburgh as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Jock Sutherland, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record, shut out five of its nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 186 to 69. The team played its home games at Pitt Stadium in Pittsburgh. Schedule Preseason Coach Sutherland needed to replace eleven members of the 1929 squad. Five regulars, Albert DiMeolo, Ray Montgomery, Joe Donchess, Toby Uansa and Tom Parkinson, received All-America honors, while the six substitutes – Markley Barnes, James Rooney, Felix Wilps, Arthur Corson, William Loehr and Charles Edwards – all played substantial minutes during the season. At the annual banquet Sutherland "bemoaned the loss of so many of his 1929 stars, saying that a good team could be formed of the players who graduate next spring." He continued: "Our 1930 schedule is the hardest we have ever tackled. We play four times away from home, something a Pitt team has not done in years. We have six consecutive games with Class A opponents. My prediction is that we will win some games we may be expected to lose and lose some which look like sure victories." He named Edward Baker captain. Walter Kearney was later appointed student manager for the 1930 season. Jock Sutherland's coaching staff had to be restocked for the 1930 season. Charles W. Bowser, assistant coach in charge of the backfield, became head coach at Bowdoin College. Alexander Stevenson, assistant Pitt coach and scout since 1909, contracted pneumonia upon his return from the Rose Bowl and died on February 5. Andy Gustafson, former Pitt fullback, succeeded Charles Bowser as head backfield coach. He had been the head coach at Virginia Tech from 1926-29. 1929 All-Americans Joe Donchess and Ray Montgomery were both hired by the athletic council to assist coach Sutherland for the 1930 season. Montgomery coached the varsity linemen and taught in the physical education department. Donchess was still in medical school and assisted team physician Dr. Shanor with physical conditioning of the players. He also helped coach the ends. Bill Kern, former All-American Pitt tackle, was added to the staff during spring practice. He coached the linemen. The appointment of Ulhardt Hangartner, former Panther guard, completed the coaching staff. He was hired to assist the linemen and be in charge of scouting. On March 15 coach Sutherland welcomed a record turnout for the start of spring practice. He was anxious to get a glimpse of the new material from last year's freshmen team. The spring session consisted of an hour and a half of basic football drills every afternoon for five or six weeks. Daily scrimmages helped to weed out the players with little or no varsity promise. The spring session determined who got invited to Camp Hamilton for the preseason conditioning. The 1930 spring session came to a somber conclusion, as veteran running back Leo Murphy sustained a broken neck while blocking during a scrimmage on April 23. He died 6 days later. Thirty-seven varsity hopefuls were invited to Camp Hamilton on September 1 for the annual preseason conditioning program. Coach Sutherland sent out the invitations with a copy of the rule book and a pair of cleats. His message: "Get the shoes well broken in before you report to camp. Familiarize yourself with the new changes in regards to the rules and study the book so that you are in perfect familiarity with the laws of the game." James Hagan, assistant athletic director, was in charge of the camp. He was ably assisted by student manager Walter Kearney. Trainer Bud Moore, physician Dr. H. A. R. Shanor and equipment manager Percy Brown were all in attendance. After three weeks of training, the team returned to Pittsburgh and practiced on the hill above the stadium in preparation for the home opener against Waynesburg College. Coach Sutherland summarized training camp: "The squad finished at camp in good physical shape but we're a few days late in our schedule as a result of a keen fight for positions, and I will be unable to name a starting lineup for the Waynesburg game for a few days yet." Coaching staff Roster Game summaries Waynesburg After losing to Pitt 53–0 in 1929, Frank N. Wolf and his Waynesburg Yellow Jackets returned to be Pitt's opening game opponent. The Jackets were upset in their opening game by Slippery Rock (6–0). Havey Boyle of the Post-Gazette summarized the absurdity of the matchup: "Sending Waynesburg against Pitt, which operation will occur at the stadium tomorrow, is different from sending a Christian into an arena containing lions as the dinner bell is tapping, but only because the Pitt players do not eat their prey. But Waynesburg has about the same chance as the brave martyrs of old....Waynesburg will gain something besides bruised bodies from the encounter. It tends to harden them and gives them a better outlook when they come across a team in their own class. Pitt, of course, gets the advantage of scrimmage practice without running the usual risks of hurting their own players." The Panthers won the game 52 to 0, with every man on the active roster participating. The Panther offense earned 24 first downs and scored 8 touchdowns. The Pitt defense held Waynesburg to one first down. A brisk wind played havoc with the extra points, as Pitt was able to only convert 4 of 8. Waynesburg finished the season with a 2-7 record. The University of Pittsburgh student magazine The Pitt Panther doubled as the game day program. The Pitt starting lineup for the Waynesburg game was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Hart Morris (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Edward Hirshberg (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Josh Williams (left halfback), Warren Heller (right halfback), and Frank Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Melvin Brown, Art Sekay, Bucky Wagner, Jack Kelly, Ed Schultz, Francis Seigel, Mike Milligan, Walter Babic, Al Ciper, Charles Miller, Paul Collins, Joe Tommins, Rocco Cutri, John Luch, Frank Walton, Joe Tormey, Ray Anderson, Bill Walinchus, Ted Dailey, Paul Reider, Paul Cuba, Bob Morris, Herman Yentch, Zola Alpert and George Shindehutte. at West Virginia The Panther squad's first road trip of the season was to Morgantown, WV for the 26th gridiron meeting with the Mountaineers. West Virginia was led by sixth-year coach Ira Rodgers. The Panthers had not been to Morgantown since the 1917 season when Coach Sutherland played for Pitt and Coach Rogers played for West Virginia. The Mountaineers were 2–0 on the season after beating Duquesne (7–0) and West Virginia Wesleyan (26–0). Pitt led the series 16-8-1. Future Hall-of-Fame coach Ben Schwartzwalder started at center for the Mountaineers. By 1930 the travel options to Morgantown were numerous. The Panther squad rode the train; the 100 piece student band, cheerleaders and mascot rode in buses; and students and fans had the choice of train, bus or car. In front of the largest crowd to ever watch a game on Mountaineer Field (22,000), the Pitt Panthers beat the West Virginia Mountaineers 16 to 0. The Pitt offense turned two long drives into scores. The Panthers marched 85 yards in the first quarter, and 59 yards in the third quarter. Fullback Franklin Hood scored both touchdowns, and Edward Baker added the placements. The Panthers earned a safety when Mountaineer quarterback Jake Sebulsky was tackled in the end zone, after he fumbled James MacMurdo's kickoff into the end zone. The Pitt defense held the Mounties scoreless. West Virginia's offense earned seven first downs, and only entered Pitt territory in the fourth quarter. The Mountaineers earned a first down on the Pitt 24-yard line, but an attempted pass was fumbled and Pitt recovered to stop the drive. The Mountaineers finished the season with a 5–5 record. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against West Virginia was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Hart Morris (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Edward Hirshberg (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), William Walinchus (right halfback) and Franklin Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Francis Seigel, Joseph Tormey, Walter Milligan, Frank Walton, Paul Collins, Bucky Wagner, Melvin Brown, Theodore Dailey, Ray Anderson, Walter Babic, Edward Schultz, Rocco Cutri, Jack Kelly, John Loch, Zola Alpert and Paul Cuba. Pitt tackle Frank Walton broke his shoulder and was expected to be sidelined the remainder of the season. at Western Reserve On October 11, the Panther football team traveled to Cleveland to meet the Red Cats of Western Reserve. This was the first meeting on the gridiron between these two schools. The game was scheduled through the effort of Karl Davis, former Pitt graduate manager of athletics, who now occupied the same position at Western Reserve. The Western Reserve football team was led by fifth-year coach Gordon Locke. The Pitt Panthers won their third straight by running roughshod over the Western Reserve eleven on League Field 52 to 0 in front of 12,000 fans. The Panther offense matched their Waynesburg output with eight touchdowns and four extra points. Pitt quarterback Edward Baker ran the opening kickoff back 97 yards for his first of three touchdowns on the day. Josh Williams contributed two touchdowns, while Paul Reider, Frank Hood and Melvin Brown each tallied one. Baker converted two placements, while Rocco Curti and Melvin Brown converted one each. The Red Cat defense had no answer as the Panthers gained 426 total yards and accumulated 19 first downs. The Western offense managed to gain 98 total yards and earn 3 first downs. The Red Cats finished the season with a 1–7 record. Their lone victory came against their Cleveland neighbor and future partner, the Case School of Applied Science (13–6). Both Edward Hirschberg and James MacMurdo injured their knee in the Mountaineer game and did not play. Coach Sutherland revamped the starting lineup and was able to use all his substitutes for the third straight game. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Western Reserve was Theodore Dailey (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Hart Morris (left guard), Joseph Tormey (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), William Walinchus (right halfback) and Frank Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Josh Williams, Francis Seigel, Rocco Curti, Bucky Wagner, Walter Milligan, Paul Reider, Paul Cuba, Al Ciper, Edward Schultz, Herman Yentch, Melvin Brown, Zola Alpert, John Luch, Walter Babic, Jack Kelly, Robert Morris, Arthur Sekay, Charles Miller and Ray Anderson. at Syracuse Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, NY was the third of the Panthers' five scheduled road games. First year coach Vic Hanson's Syracuse Orangemen were undefeated (3–0) and had out scored their opposition 131 to 0. Syracuse end George A. Ellert received third-team All-American mention from both the International News Service and the Central Press Association. The Panthers led the all-time series 5–2–2, but their record for games played at Syracuse was 2–2–2. The Panthers arrived in Cazenovia, NY on Friday, and had their final workout at the Shore Acres Country Club. Three starters were nursing injuries. Ends Edward Hirschberg and James MacMurdo, plus guard Hart Morris were replaced by Paul Collins, Theodore Daily and Walter Milligan in the starting lineup. On October 18, 1930, the Pitt Panthers disappointed the Syracuse University Homecoming crowd by defeating the Orange, 14–0. The game was a defensive battle with lots of punting to gain field position. The first period ended scoreless. Fullback Frank Hood scored both touchdowns for the Panthers. His first score came in the second quarter. After Syracuse halfback Warren Stevens fumbled an Edward Baker punt, Pitt recovered on the Orange 13-yard line. Four plays later Hood plunged into the end zone from the 1-yard line. Baker added the point after, and Pitt led at halftime, 7 to 0. The third stanza was also scoreless. In the middle of the final period, the Panthers gained possession on the Syracuse 24-yard line. On fourth down Baker completed a 19 yard pass play to Paul Reider for a first down on the 1-yard line. On third down Hood scored. Baker's placement kick was perfect. Pitt remained undefeated and unscored upon – Pitt 14 to Syracuse 0. The Orange finished the season with a 5–2–2 record. The schools would not meet again on the gridiron until the 1955 season. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Syracuse was Theodore Dailey (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Walter Milligan (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Josh Williams (right halfback) and Frank Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were James Clark, Paul Reider, Edward Hirshberg, Joeseph Tormey, William Walinchus, Bucky Wagner, John Luch and Paul Cuba. Notre Dame On October 25, the undefeated Notre Dame Fighting Irish came to Pitt Stadium to take on the undefeated Pitt Panthers. Knute Rockne's Irish were on a twelve game win streak. Rockne brought 38 of his 79 squad members east for the game. Twenty-one of the remaining players went to Madison, WI to play the Wisconsin "B" team. Twenty went to Evanston, IL to play the Northwestern "B" team. Notre Dame led the all-time series 2–0–1, but the teams had not met since the 1912 season. Coach Rockne was an end on the 1912 Irish team that beat the Panthers 3 to 0. The 1930 Irish roster boasted 7 All-Americans – quarterback Frank Carideo and halfback Marchy Schwartz were consensus picks; guard Bertram Metzger was named first team by both the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP); end Tim Conley was named second team by the AP, UP and the Newspaper Editors Association (NEA); tackle Al Culver was named second team by the UP; fullback Joe Savoldi was named second team by the AP; and halfback Marty Brill was named first team by the All-America Board and third team by the UP and NEA. The South Bend Tribune reported: The Irish were: "in 'tip-top' shape... Meanwhile Pitt goes through her final preparations up on the hilltop back of the stadium in a disconsolate, gloomy, but withall [sic] decidedly grim frame of mind. Dr. John Bain (Jock) Sutherland has publicly prophesied that the Panthers are in for a licking, and the series of injuries that struck the Gold and Blue last week-end at Syracuse only added to the depression." The Pitt Athletic Department added 12,000 seats to the stadium and sold 75,000 tickets. 74,233 fans attended the game. "This was by many thousand the biggest throng that ever witnessed an athletic event in Western Pennsylvania." Pittsburgh scalpers printed and sold approximately 25,000 counterfeit pasteboards which caused confusion, chaos and numerous arrests prior to kick-off. Coach Sutherland's prophecy came to fruition as Rockne's Irish trampled the Panthers 35–19. The Irish did all their scoring in the first half - five touchdowns and five extra points. Pitt was unable to get on the scoreboard until six minutes into the fourth quarter, when the Notre Dame second and third stringers were in the lineup. Notre Dame finished the season with a 10–0 record and National Championship recognition. This was the only time Jock Sutherland and Knute Rockne went head-to-head on the gridiron. Harry G. Scott noted in his Jock Sutherland biography: "Jock Sutherland's regret at this loss was offset in large measure by the perseverance and fight that his boys showed that day...After the game he said, 'The boys stuck it out. They fought hard and gave everything they had. They wouldn't give up, and I'm proud of them.' " The Pitt starting lineup was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Walter Milligan (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Josh Williams (right halfback) and Frank Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were James Clark, Paul Reider, Edward Hirshberg, Joseph Tormey, Theodore Dailey, William Walinchus and Walter Babic. at Nebraska On November 1, the Pitt Panthers played their fourth road game of the season against the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Coach Dana Bible's Huskers were 3–1 on the season. The Nebraska line was anchored by 1st team Collier's All-America tackle Hugh Rhea. Fullback Robert Young and end Steve Hokuf joined Rhea on the AP first team All-Big Six Conference Team. Guard Elmer Greenberg and center Lawrence Ely were tabbed second team All-Big Six. The Panthers followed their usual travel itinerary to Lincoln. Their train departed Pittsburgh Wednesday evening, and arrived in Chicago early Thursday. The squad worked out on Stagg Field at the University of Chicago. They reboarded the train in the evening, and arrived in Omaha on Friday morning. The team practiced on the Fort Omaha, U. S. Government military post. Coach Sutherland made one change in the starting lineup - James Clark replaced Frank Hood at fullback. The team spent the night at the Hotel Fontenelle in downtown Omaha. Saturday morning the entourage boarded the train for the 55 mile ride to Lincoln. The intersectional battle between Pitt and Nebraska ended in a 0 to 0 tie. Gregg McBride of The Lincoln Star summarized: "Emblazoned above the varsity dressing room door at Nebraska's Memorial Stadium are these words, 'They Shall Not Score.' Saturday...a fighting band of Cornhusker linemen breathed the breath of life into Nebraska tradition by twice turning back at the goal line a band of determined Panthers....The thrills of an entire football game were crowded into those last 10 minutes of play....The spectacular performance of the Nebraska team which twice held the Panthers for downs within the 4-yard line will be vivid in the memories of the upwards to 30,000 spectators long after the individuals who featured in the sterling performance have been forgotten." The Cornhuskers finished the season with a 4–3–2 record. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Nebraska was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Walter Milligan (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Josh Williams (right halfback) and James Clark (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Melvin Brown, Paul Reider, Edward Hirshberg, William Walinchus, Theodore Dailey and Hart Morris. Carnegie Tech On November 8 the Pittsburgh sports fans were treated to the seventeenth edition of the "City Game". Pitt led the series 12–4, but Tech had won 4 of the previous 7 games. Ninth-year coach Walter Steffen's Tartans were 4–2 on the season. Their victories came over Buffalo, Thiel, Georgia Tech and Western Reserve. They lost to National Champion Notre Dame (21–6), and then were upset by NYU (20–7). With the exception of Paul Reider at right halfback for Josh Williams, Coach Sutherland used the same lineup as the Nebraska game. Carnegie Tech lost both starting tackle Don Fletcher and guard Bernard Buzio to injuries, but starting halfback George Kavel was cleared to play. Both coaches sequestered their squads away from the campus distractions on Thursday night. Pitt was housed at the Chartiers Heights Country Club. Tech rested at the Mountain View Hotel in Greensburg. Meanwhile, back in the city, several hundred Pitt students held a pep rally late on Friday afternoon. Then the Pitt band led a parade down Fifth Avenue. The students had obtained a permit for the parade from the Police Superintendent, but he did not inform his men. The police stopped the throng and demanded to see the permit. Students became rowdy as police on horseback tried to break up the crowd. 37 Pitt students were finally arrested. Early Saturday morning, the police and fire company were called to the Tech campus. The Tech students had started a bonfire using an oil soaked auto piled high with lumber. To the chagrin of the students the firemen arrived and put out the blaze. The Techies set a second car ablaze, and blocked off the street so the firemen could not disturb their celebration. When the police and firemen managed to circumvent the blockade and attempt to douse the second fire, the students were in their dorms. The students proceeded to pelt the responders with milk bottles, boiling water and firecrackers. 39 Carnegie students were arrested. The Pitt Weekly analyzed the weekend chaos: "A definite conclusion from the developments of the pep parade is that in view of the increasing traffic in the downtown street and the likelihood that students will engage in small disorder along the lines of march, and the fact that the Pittsburgh police department is not organized to distinguish between minor disorders of this kind and major disorders requiring riot methods, parades in the downtown section of the city should be discouraged in the future." The Pittsburgh Panthers retained the "City Championship Trophy" with a one-point victory over the Carnegie Tech Tartans - 7 to 6 - in front of over 52,000 fans. Tech earned 16 first downs to the Panthers 6. The Tartans out gained the Panthers 295 yards to 154. The Panther offense sustained a 54 yard drive in the second period, and Frank Hood plunged into the end zone from the 1-yard line to put the Panthers on the board. Eddie Baker was successful on the point after and Pitt led 7 to 0. The Pitt defense was the difference in the game. Late in the first half, after losing a fumble on their 7 yard line, the Panthers stopped a Tech drive on the one-foot line. In the final period Pitt fumbled a snap in punt formation, and Tech recovered on the Panther 14-yard line. Five plays later Tech fullback John Karcis scored. John Dreshar's extra point attempt was blocked by Pitt tackle Charles Tully, and Pitt went home the victor. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Carnegie Tech was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Walter Milligan (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Paul Reider (right halfback), and James Clark (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Edward Hirshberg, Frank Hood, William Walinchus, Joseph Tormey, Hart Morris, Theodore Dailey and Melvin Brown. Prior to the contest "Pitt students paraded on the field with a coffin labeled, 'Here Lies Carnegie Tech.' "Wreck Tech" and 'N.Y.U. Started It, We'll Finish It' were inscribed on the sides of the coffin." The pall bearers pranced in front of the Tech stands. The Techies managed to steal the coffin and promised to return it, if the Panthers won the game. After the game the Pitt students went to retrieve their coffin and a melee ensued. Police appeared and 7 more students were taken to the precinct. at Ohio State Pitt's final road trip of the season was to Columbus, OH to take on the Buckeyes of Ohio State. This marked the first time Pitt invaded Big Ten territory. The Ohioans, under second-year coach Sam Willaman, sported a 3–2–1 record. Wes Fesler, consensus first team All-American end, and Sam T. Selby, third team Central Press Assn. All-American guard, anchored the Buckeye line. The Cincinnati Enquirer reported: "The visitors are strongly favored to win, but by no great margin. Ohio is in good shape physically and mentally. The team is confident after the great way it clicked against Navy. The impetus of that (27–0) scoring spree is expected to carry over into the Pitt game tomorrow." The Panthers arrived in Columbus on Friday evening and were housed at the Columbus Athletic Club. The 120-member Pitt band and several thousand students made the trip to take part in the Ohio State Homecoming festivities. The Post-Gazette noted that this was the fifth Homecoming the Panthers had participated in this season. Coach Sutherland's eleven was in fair shape, and he started the same lineup used in the Carnegie Tech game. The Pitt Panthers initial trip to Western Conference (Big Ten) territory was not a rewarding experience, as the Buckeyes recorded a 16–7 Homecoming victory in front of 48,908 fans. The Buckeyes scored in the first quarter on an 8 play, 61 yard drive, culminating in a 16 yard touchdown pass from All-American Wes Fesler to Lewis Hinchman. Carl Ehrensberger kicked the extra point and Ohio led 7 to 0. Early in the second period Ehrensberger added a 15 yard field goal. Halftime score: Ohio State 10 to Pitt 0. Pitt received the second half kickoff. After gaining a first down, Frank Hood's pass to Paul Reider was intercepted by Martin Varner on the Panther 35-yard line. On second down Fesler completed a 34 yard pass to Robert Grady. Hinchman plunged into the end zone on the next play for his second touchdown of the game. Ralph Daugherty blocked the extra point. The Pitt offense proceeded to sustain an 81 yard drive for their touchdown. Hood scored on a 1 yard run through center. Edward Baker was successful on the point after to make the score Ohio 16 to Pitt 7. The Ohio State offense received the third quarter kick-off, advanced the ball to the Pitt 3-yard line, and lost the ball on downs. Late in the fourth quarter the Panther offense advanced the ball inside the State 5-yard line, but could not score. Ohio State finished the season 5-2-1. Lester Biederman of the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph reported that Jock Sutherland was gracious in defeat when he spoke to Sam Wallaman: "I certainly want to congratulate you. It was a fine ball game and I think the better team won." The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Ohio State was James MacMurdo (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Walter Milligan (left guard), Ralph Daugherty (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Paul Collins (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Paul Reider (right halfback) and James Clark (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Frank Hood, Theodore Dailey, Francis Seigel, Frank Walton, Edward Hirshberg, Melvin Brown and Joseph Tormey. Penn State On Thanksgiving Day, the Panthers welcomed first year coach Bob Higgins and his Nittany Lions for their 33rd meeting on the gridiron. Pitt led the series 18–12–2. The Pittsburgh Press noted that the Lions, with their 3–3–2 record, were "desperately eager to score a win over Pitt, whom they have not beaten since 1919, when coach Higgins was a member of the team." Coach Sutherland had never lost to Penn State as a player or coach, but this season he had to contend with a plethora of personnel issues. First string ends James MacMurdo and Paul Collins were suspended from the team for academic reasons; Starting guard Walter Milligan was injured against Ohio State and could not play; Starting center Ralph Daugherty skipped classes and practice for a week due to personal issues; and former starting halfback, Josh Williams, was ill. The Post-Gazette commented: "For years Pitt has entered the annual game an overwhelming favorite but because of injuries, illness and ineligibility the Panther presents a slightly patched up front for the battle with the traditional rivals from State College." The Panthers kept their coach's unblemished record against Penn State intact as they beat the Nittany Lions 19–12 on the frigid turf of Pitt Stadium. In the second period, Pitt halfback Warren Heller broke loose on a 30 yard dash for his first touchdown. Edward Baker missed the conversion attempt, and Pitt led 6 to 0 at halftime. State tied the game early in the third quarter on a 3 yard plunge by George Lasich. Frank Diedrich missed the point after and the score was tied 6 to 6. J. Cooper French intercepted a Pitt pass and the State offense advanced the ball to the Pitt 25-yard line. Diedrich was wide left on a field goal attempt. Pitt took over on their 20-yard line. On first down Warren Heller raced 80 yards for his second touchdown. Baker was good on the conversion and Pitt led 13–6 at the end of three quarters. Early in the last quarter the Pitt offense sustained a 72 yard drive. The drive ended with a 9 yard scoring toss from Josh Williams to Baker. Baker missed the point after and Pitt led 19–6. Late in the quarter, Penn State end Earl Edwards blocked a Harry Wagner punt, caught the ball midair and rambled 26 yards for the last touchdown of the game. Joseph Miller missed the extra point. The Lions then recovered an onside kick, but could not advance the ball and Pitt won for the 9th year in a row. The Nittany Lions finished the season with a 3-4-2 record. The Pitt starting lineup for the game against Penn State was Theodore Dailey (left end), Jesse Quatse (left tackle), Hart Morris (left guard), Joseph Tormey (center), Ernest Lewis (right guard), Charles Tully (right tackle), Edward Hirshberg (right end), Edward Baker (quarterback), Warren Heller (left halfback), Paul Reider (right halfback) and Frank Hood (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Ralph Daugherty, Walter Babic, Josh Williams, William Walinchus Harry Wagner, James Clark and Edward Schultz. Individual scoring summary Postseason On December 15 at a private team banquet, coach Sutherland named end Edward Hirshberg captain for the 1931 Pitt football season and Charles D. Wettach, chairman of the athletic council, awarded letters for the 1930 season. The lettermen were Manager Walter Kearney, Captain Edward Baker, James Clark, Theodore Dailey, Ernest Lewis, Edward Hirshberg, Warren Heller, Franklin Hood, Edward Schultz, Paul Reider, Jack Kelly, Harry Wagner, Joseph Tormey, Jess Quatse, Walter Milligan, Ralph Daugherty, Hart Morris, Charles Tully, Harold Williams, William Walinchus and Al Ciper. On February 3, the athletic council appointed Bernard Windt varsity football manager for the 1931 season. He was enrolled in the College, class of 1932. Bernard was an apprentice manager in 1928, an assistant manager in 1929 and the freshman team manager in 1930. All-American Edward Baker, quarterback (3rd team Newspaper Enterprise Association selected as follows: "In the selection of these All-America players, the opinions of more than 100 coaches and football writers have been confidentially consulted.") References Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Panthers football seasons Pittsburgh Panthers football

49489173

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrell%20Mitchell

Latrell Mitchell

Latrell Mitchell (né Goolagong; born 16 June 1997) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL, and has represented both New South Wales in the State of Origin series and Australia at international level as a . He began his career with the Sydney Roosters in the National Rugby League and was a member of the 2018 and 2019 NRL Grand Final championship rosters. Mitchell has also represented the Indigenous All Stars, and played as a during his earlier career. Background Mitchell (né Goolagong) was born in Taree, New South Wales and is of Aboriginal descent from Birrbay and Wiradjuri people. He played junior rugby league for the Taree Red Rovers. Playing career Early career In 2013 and 2014, Mitchell played for the New South Wales under-16s and under-18s teams respectively. Mitchell played for the Roosters' S. G. Ball Cup team during the 2014 season, where he was named as the S. G. Ball Player of the Year, and the man-of-the-match in the S. G. Ball Grand Final. In November 2014, Mitchell was selected for the Australian Schoolboys team for their tour of England and France. He was named as player of the series, having scored 13 tries in 7 games. Mitchell played in the Roosters' NYC team during the 2015 season. On 16 June 2015, he re-signed with the club until the end of the 2019 season. On 8 July 2015, Mitchell played at fullback for the New South Wales under 20s team and scored a try in the 32–16 win at Suncorp Stadium. On 14 September 2015, Mitchell was named on the interchange bench in the 2015 NYC Team of the Year. 2016 Mitchell was named in the Roosters' 2016 NRL Auckland Nines squad. During the tournament, he scored 4 tries in 3 games. Mitchell also played in the Roosters' 2016 World Club Series win against St Helens. In Round 1 of the 2016 NRL season, he made his NRL debut for the Roosters against the South Sydney Rabbitohs. Mitchell played in every game for the Roosters during the season, finishing with 14 tries as the team's leading try scorer and leading point scorer. 2017 In February, Mitchell played as an interchange in the 2017 All Stars match at McDonald Jones Stadium. In the first round of the NRL season, Mitchell scored a hat-trick in the Roosters' 32–18 win over the Gold Coast Titans at Robina Stadium. He helped the Roosters climb up the ladder to 2nd place after 26 rounds scoring plenty of tries. He scored the game-winning try in week 1 of the 2017 finals against the Broncos. In the preliminary final against North Queensland, Mitchell endured a horror night which involved him sending two kick off restarts out on the full which both led to tries for the opposition. The Sydney Roosters lost the match 29–16 in what proved to be one of the upsets of the season. 2018 Mitchell was selected to play for New South Wales in The 2018 State of Origin series by coach Brad Fittler. He scored a try in the first match of the series. Mitchell went on to play in the other 2 games of the series where New South Wales emerged victorious winning their first Origin shield since 2014. In the NRL 2018 finals series, Mitchell was handed a one match suspension after being charged for a crusher tackle on Josh Dugan in the Roosters victory over Cronulla. Mitchell subsequently missed the preliminary final victory over Souths. On 30 September, Mitchell played in the 2018 NRL Grand Final against the Melbourne Storm scoring a try and kicking four goals in the Sydney Roosters 21–6 win. At the National Dreamtime Awards 2018, Mitchell was named Male Sportsperson of the Year. 2019 In February, Mitchell played as a centre in the 2019 All Stars match at AAMI Park and kicked 3 out of 7 goals. In round 6 of the 2019 NRL season, Mitchell scored a try and kicked the winning field goal as the Sydney Roosters defeated Melbourne 21–20 in golden point extra time. In round 8, Mitchell scored a hat-trick and kicked 7 goals as the Sydney Roosters defeated Wests Tigers 42–12 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In Game 1 of the 2019 State of Origin series, Mitchell was sin binned for a professional foul on Matt Gillett in the 58th minute, and dropped for the subsequent games. In round 14 against Canterbury-Bankstown, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 5 goals in a 38–12 victory at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In round 18 against Newcastle, Mitchell scored a try and kicked 8 goals as the Sydney Roosters won the match 48–10 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In Round 20 against the Gold Coast, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 9 goals as the Sydney Roosters won the match 58–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In round 22 against the New Zealand Warriors, Mitchell scored 2 tries and kicked 5 goals. The Sydney Roosters won the match 42–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. On 2 October, Mitchell was named as the Dally M centre of the year at the Dally M Awards ceremony. Mitchell played at centre in the club's 2019 NRL Grand Final victory over the Canberra Raiders at ANZ Stadium. Mitchell was involved in the play that won the match as he threw a flick pass for Daniel Tupou who beat the Canberra defence and then passed back on the inside for James Tedesco to seal the win. On 25 October, Mitchell kicked 4 goals for the Australian side's 26–4 victory over New Zealand in the Oceania Cup. 2020 In January, Mitchell signed with South Sydney on a one-year deal worth $600,000 with the club having the option of committing by 30 April to the 2021 season for a reported $800,000. In February, Mitchell played as fullback in the 2020 All Stars match at Cbus Super Stadium. Mitchell made his debut for South Sydney in round 1 of the 2020 NRL season against Cronulla-Sutherland. However, he was benched by coach Wayne Bennett after 55 minutes of play. In round 5, Mitchell scored his first try for South Sydney as the club defeated the Gold Coast side 32–12 at Bankwest Stadium. In round 15, Mitchell scored two tries and kicked one goal in a 56–16 victory over Manly-Warringah at ANZ Stadium. In round 16, Mitchell was taken from the field with a hamstring injury during Souths 38–0 victory over Parramatta, and was later ruled out for the season. 2021 In January, Mitchell reportedly signed a two-year contract extension worth around $875,000 per season until the end of 2023 with South Sydney. In February, Mitchell played as fullback in the 2021 All Stars match at Queensland Country Bank Stadium and kicked 2 out of 2 goals. In round 5 of the 2021 NRL season, Mitchell scored two tries and kicked a field goal in South Sydney's 35–6 victory over Brisbane. On 20 April, Mitchell was suspended for four weeks after being charged over two incidents during South Sydney's victory over the Wests Tigers in round 6. The incidents involved Mitchell lashing out at Wests player Luke Garner with his boot, and a late hit to the head of David Nofoaluma. Mitchell was also fined $3000 by the NRL and ruled ineligible for a 2021 Dally M Medal due to this suspension. On 30 May, he was selected for Game 1 of the 2021 State of Origin series; Mitchell scored two tries and kicked one goal, seeing New South Wales defeat Queensland 50–6. He also played in the other games of the series, which New South Wales won 2–1. In round 20, Mitchell scored two tries for South Sydney in a 50–14 victory over St. George Illawarra. In round 24, Mitchell's season ended after scoring two tries for South Sydney in a 54–12 victory over the Sydney Roosters. He was also sin binned for an illegal shoulder charge on Roosters player Joseph Manu, who left the field with a fractured cheekbone. Mitchell subsequently took an early plea after being charged with a grade two reckless high tackle charge and was suspended for six matches (675 points). Without his prior offences, Mitchell would have been offered a four-week ban. Consequently, Mitchell missed playing in the 2021 finals series and the 2021 NRL Grand Final against Penrith Panthers. On 1 September 2021, NSW State of Origin coach Brad Fittler warned that Mitchell could "end up shortening his career" if unable to stay out of trouble on the field. Two months later, "Latrell Mitchell took out the True Blue Award, which is judged by the (NSW) coaching staff and goes to a player who displays qualities upon which the team culture is built." 2022 Mitchell was suspended for the last four matches of 2021, and carries forward another two weeks suspension into 2022. This includes representative matches. Personal life Mitchell's registered birth name was Goolagong. His maternal great aunt is Evonne Goolagong Cawley. However, during his early teens, Latrell and his brothers changed to their father's surname. Latrell's older brother, Shaquai, also played in the Sydney Roosters under-20s. There are 116 nations listed as the birthplace of NRL players. Although players are not obliged to do so, prior to Game 1 of the 2019 State of Origin series, Mitchell announced that he would not sing the Australian National Anthem because it did not represent Aboriginal Australians. On 27 April 2020, Mitchell was fined $1000 by the NRL and placed under investigation after he broke strict lockdown protocols with fellow NRL player Josh Addo-Carr by going on a weekend camping trip during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addo-Carr was also investigated for use of a firearm. On 28 April, Mitchell was fined an additional $50,000 by the NRL for breaching strict self isolation protocols and for bringing the game into disrepute. On 9 November, Taree Local Court sentenced Mitchell to a 12-month conditional release order after he pleaded guilty to giving a firearm to a person not authorised by a licence or permit. In August 2021, after Mitchell pleaded guilty and was suspended from the NRL for six matches, Mitchell's uncle Maurice Goolagong claimed that Mitchell "is struggling in the aftermath as his partner has been receiving death threats". A few days later, when a reporter asked how Mitchell was going, South Sydney head coach Wayne Bennett responded: "He’s very well, thanks. I’m sure he’d appreciate you asking that." Bennett also confirmed that Mitchell was still physically with the team in the Queensland COVID bubble, particularly playing the role of the opposition as they do different training drills. The youth responsible for directing threats via social media was given a police caution. In September, the NRL confirmed a clause in its judiciary code that rules Mitchell ineligible to play in the Indigenous All-Stars annual representative exhibition match scheduled for early 2022. Mitchell and his long-term partner Brielle Mercy have two children. References External links NRL profile 1997 births Living people Australia national rugby league team players Australian rugby league players Indigenous All Stars players Indigenous Australian rugby league players New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players Rugby league centres Rugby league fullbacks Rugby league players from Taree Rugby league wingers South Sydney Rabbitohs players Sydney Roosters players Wiradjuri

49529184

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Frank%20Pojman

Death of Frank Pojman

Frank Pojman was arrested by two Cleveland Police patrolmen on May 7, 1934 for alleged intoxication. It was later discovered that en route to the police station, he was assaulted by the patrolmen, even suffering a fractured skull, and later died from his injuries. Background František Pojman was born in Čimelice, Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic) on December 4, 1879 to parents Josef Pojman and Anna Blaha and later emigrated to the United States around 1890. On September 30, 1902, he married Justina Hodan (c. 1881-1951). The couple went on to have nine children: Anna, Marie, Joseph, Frank, Cecilia, Edward (died in childhood), James, Dorothy, and Ruth. Mr. Pojman died on May 8, 1934. Arrest and Death Around 12:15 am on May 7, 1934, Cleveland Police Patrolmen Theodore Hall and William Simander were called to St. Procop's Parish Hall for a minor traffic accident. According to witnesses, bystander Frank Pojman, who was attending a church social, approached the patrolmen to ask "What's going on here?" to which one responded "None of your business" and then shoved Pojman. After giving a "sharp answer" to the patrolmen, Pojman was arrested. On the way back to the Ninth Street Precinct, the wagon stopped twice, during which the patrolmen assaulted Pojman. He was taken to City Hospital, arriving around 12:30 am, where Dr. William Cardozo examined him and found that Pojman had a bloody nose, his right eye was black, and there was a wound on the back of his head. After treatment, Pojman was taken to the precinct and held overnight. When released the next morning, he was confused and wandered around the neighborhood, even trying to gain entrance into someone's home. Thinking that he was intoxicated, police officials re-arrested Pojman. After being returned to the precinct station, he again was taken to the hospital, and then returned to the police station where he was later found unconscious in his cell. Before he arrived for a third time to City Hospital, he was dead. In the autopsy, it was discovered that Pojman had died from a fractured skull. Community Response and Protest Since Pojman was of Czechoslovakian descent, 2000 members of the Czechoslovakian community were especially outraged by his death. They gathered at a mass meeting at the Sokol Hall and even sent Mayor Harry L. Davis demands, stating that: Those responsible for the death be punished speedily The police department be thoroughly cleansed Third-degree methods be abolished Humane treatment be accorded all prisoners No whitewashing of the case be allowed Joseph Martinek, the editor of the American Labor News (a Czech-language socialist weekly), was the meeting's principal speaker and was quoted as saying, "the time has come when Cleveland must put an end to police brutality." Moreover, he added, "Our police are extremely gentle with gangsters, racketeers and robbers. But the same police who are mild with real criminals too often are brutal to minor offenders. Frank Pojman was murdered by members of the Cleveland Police Department. It was one of the most hideous crimes in the history of Cleveland. We can't bring Frank Pojman back to life, but we can see that this case is the last one of its kind." Aftermath Patrolmen Hall and Simander initially claimed that Pojman had incurred all injuries after falling onto the floor of the patrol wagon. Therefore, the police department's own report cleared police of any responsibility in the death of Pojman. After receiving said report, Safety Director Martin Lavelle asked for a grand jury investigation to further determine the facts of the case. Warrants for the arrest of Hall and Simander were quickly issued after seven witnesses came forward to testify that the patrol wagon had made two stops en route to City Hospital and that those witnesses could hear cries of "Help, help" from within the wagon. After being arrested, the two patrolmen were suspended by Police Chief George J. Matowitz on the charges of (1) neglect of duty, (2) the making of a false official report, and (3) unnecessary and unwarranted violence toward a prisoner. Dr. A.J. Pearse performed an autopsy and found that Pojman had died of a fractured skull and reported many bruises on the body and the absence of alcohol in the stomach. Hall and Simander then admitted that they had falsified the initial police report when they wrote that "no untoward incident had occurred in the wagon. On June 19, 1934, Hall and Simander were convicted of assault and battery by a jury. The law provided a maximum penalty of six months in the workhouse and no more than a $200 fine. They received the full sentence. After much deliberation, the city of Cleveland awarded widow Justina Pojman $6,500 on January 11, 1937. References 1934 deaths 1934 in Ohio 1930s in Cleveland May 1934 events Deaths from head injury Law enforcement in Ohio Cleveland Division of Police Police brutality in the United States

49618979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene%20Carruthers

Charlene Carruthers

Charlene Carruthers is a black queer feminist activist and author whose work focuses on leadership development. Carruthers has worked with high-profile activist organizations including Color of Change and Women's Media Center, and she was an integral founding member of Black Youth Project 100. She has served as BYP100's National Director or National Coordinator since the organization's founding in 2013. Activist career Carruthers cites her studies in South Africa at age 18 as her political awakening. Much of her work since has centered on developing broad based political participation and leadership for marginalized communities. She was worked with or sat on the boards of the Arcus Foundation, SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, Wellstone Action, and the NAACP. She has also focused on coalition-building between different marginalized groups, including traveling as part of a delegation of African-American activists to Palestine to create personal and organizational ties between organizers in both countries. In US electoral politics, Carruthers expressed her intent to vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 elections. Black Youth Project 100 In July 2013, Carruthers was one of 100 black millennial activist leaders from across the country assembled by the Black Youth Project in Chicago for a meeting aimed at building networks of organization for black youth activism across the country. On the second day of that meeting news from Florida announced the acquittal of George Zimmerman on an all charges relating to his February 26, 2012 killing of Trayvon Martin. This verdict galvanized Carruthers and the other activists into the formation of the Black Youth Project 100 to organize young black activism in resistance to structural oppressions. Though initially hesitant to assume the role of national coordinator herself, Carruthers ultimately came to realize the rare opportunity afforded by the erupting turmoil. The BYP100 invests heavily in the training of leaders and the teaching of reformers, empowering a generation of black activism. In public actions and in the press Carruthers has emphasized that oppressive structures like race, gender, sexuality, and economic status overlap with one another in such a way that prohibits the resistance to any one structure at a time. Rather, they demand united action by marginalized action to overturn the whole system together. BYP100's initiatives embody this outlook of intersecting oppressions by targeting issues that tie into multiple systemic oppressions. For instance the publication "Agenda to Keep us Safe" identifies economic justice and the development of local economic power as essential tools to achieve gender and racial justice. Carruthers has been a particularly vocal critic of how the prison-industrial complex and the school-to-prison pipeline play a huge role in shaping the experiences of oppression for people and communities of color, transgender & non-binary people, and the poor. Police brutality Carruthers is an outspoken critic of unchecked police brutality, inadequate government responsiveness to major brutality cases, and the American criminal justice system's fundamental motivations and mechanisms. In August 2014, she went to Ferguson, Missouri to train and organize black youth response as the city reeled from the shooting of 18-year-old Mike Brown at the hands of Darren Wilson. Chicago Police Department As a native of Chicago's South Side, Carruthers has been a frequent critic of the Chicago Police Department, organizing demonstrations over the fatal shooting of 22-year-old Rekia Boyd. Carruthers also responded to the killing of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald, condemning the city's handling of the event, especially the involvement of the mayor's office in the year long coverup of the footage. She demanded the resignation of Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Cook County State Attorney Anita Alvarez. Published works References External links The Black Youth Project 100 Sistersong 1985 births Living people African-American feminists George Warren Brown School of Social Work alumni African-American activists LGBT African Americans People from Chicago Illinois Wesleyan University alumni LGBT people from Illinois American feminists Queer women Queer writers

49720563

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20Me%2C%20Kill%20Me

Kiss Me, Kill Me

Kiss Me, Kill Me is a 2015 American neo-noir mystery thriller film directed by Casper Andreas and written by David Michael Barrett, who both produced under their banner, Spellbound Productions. The film follows Dusty (Van Hansis) who, while confronting his unfaithful boyfriend, blacks out. When he comes to, his boyfriend Stephen (Gale Harold) has been murdered, and Dusty is the prime suspect. Kiss Me, Kill Me had its world premiere on September 18, 2015, at Reeling: The Chicago LGBTQ+ International Film Festival, which featured the film as its Spotlight Selection. Plot Stephen Redding is a successful reality television producer with a big house in the hills and a trophy boyfriend, Dusty Young. But at Stephen's birthday party, Dusty discovers he has been having an affair with another man, Craigery. Humiliated, Dusty leaves the party, walks down to a convenience store. Stephen follows; trying to explain the affair is over, but out of nowhere—Dusty sees a flash—and blacks out. When he comes to, Dusty learns Stephen was murdered and he's the prime suspect. LAPD Detectives Annette Riley and Noah Santos question him. But Dusty cannot remember what happened. However, West Hollywood is filled with suspects: an unstable lawyer, a couples’ therapist, a jealous ex, a sketchy best friend, a resentful lesbian couple, and a drag queen hypnotist. With the police closing in, he must remember what happened, put the pieces of the puzzle together, regardless where the truth leads, even if it means he did kill Stephen. Cast Van Hansis as Dusty Gale Harold as Stephen (credited as Gale M. Harold III) Brianna Brown as Amanda Yolonda Ross as Det. Riley Craig Robert Young as Jeffrey Jai Rodriguez as Det. Santos Matthew Ludwinski as Craigery Kit Williamson as Travis (also co-producer) D.J. "Shangela" Pierce as Jasmine Jackie Monahan as Danielle Allison Lane as Lori (also co-producer) Michael Maize as Albert Jonathan Lisecki as Kevin Deborah S. Craig as Donna Casper Andreas as Dr. Winters Katie Walder as Susan Lynwood Casting Producers Casper Andreas and David Michael Barrett cast the film with actors well known to LGBT audiences. Gale Harold, who plays Stephen, was the star of the Showtime series Queer as Folk. This film marks the first time he has played a gay character since the series concluded. Van Hansis, four-time Emmy Award nominee from As the World Turns and star of Logo's series EastSiders, is the film's leading man, Dusty. Many cast members in Kiss Me, Kill Me also appear in Eastsiders, including Brianna Brown (from Devious Maids), Jai Rodriguez (Emmy Award-winning star of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy), Jonathan Lisecki (writer-director-actor of Gayby) and Kit Williamson, a co-producer on the film, who created Eastsiders. Drag queen Shangela (D.J. Pierce), known for RuPaul's Drag Race, plays hypnotist Jasmine. Both Matthew Ludwinski and Allison Lane previously worked with Andreas, appearing in his film Going Down in LA-LA Land, and Deborah S. Craig appeared in Barrett's film Bad Actress. Notable cameos in the film include Katie Walder as television news reporter Susan Lynwood, and YouTube stars Will Shepherd and R.J. Aguiar who appear in the funeral scene. Pop singer SIRPAUL is featured in the nightclub scene singing his single "Kiss Me, Kill Me", and Andreas plays Dr. Winters. Production Initial funding for Kiss Me, Kill Me came through a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter, managed by producers Casper Andreas and David Michael Barrett. The successful campaign ran from October 6 to November 5, 2014, with 909 backers from all over the world. In the campaign, Andreas and Barrett explain the necessity for crowdsourcing as a viable means for producing LGBT content. They also credit their love of Alfred Hitchcock- and Agatha Christie-style murder mysteries as the inspiration for this film. Production began on January 7, 2015, for a 17-day shoot, predominantly in West Hollywood, California, where the film is set. The picture was shot on the Epic Red Dragon Camera by cinematographer, Rainer Lipski, edited by Andrew Gust, and original soundtrack was composed by Jonathan Dinerstein. Fredrik Malmberg, best known for producing the Conan the Barbarian reboot, is the film's executive producer. The Saul Bass-inspired animated opening titles sequence was created by graphic artist Scott McPherson. The film's taglines are "West Hollywood Is Murder" and "Coming Soon... with a BANG!" Filming locations Notable filming locations: Pink Dot, Here Lounge, West Hollywood, Andaz Hotel, West Hollywood, Odd Fellows Cemetery, Central City Stages, and other locations around Los Angeles. Awards Audience Choice Award, 2015, QCinema Fort Worth's Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival Best Ensemble, 2015, QCinema Fort Worth's Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival Best Feature Film, 2016 QFest New Jersey LGBT Film & Digital Media Festival, Asbury Park, New Jersey Best Feature Film, 2016 FilmOut San Diego Best Ensemble, 2016 FilmOut San Diego Best Actor (Van Hansis), 2016 FilmOut San Diego Best Screenplay (David Michael Barrett), 2016 FilmOut San Diego Best Cinematography (Rainer Lipski), 2016 FilmOut San Diego Best Music/Soundtrack (Jonathan Dinerstein), 2016 FilmOut San Diego Distribution Kiss Me, Kill Me was released on DVD and Video on Demand through Embrem Entertainment on December 7, 2016. It is available to buy or stream on Amazon.com, iTunes, Vimeo, Google Play and other platforms. References External links Kiss Me, Kill Me crowdsourcing campaign on Kickstarter 2015 films 2015 crime thriller films 2015 independent films 2015 LGBT-related films 2015 psychological thriller films 2010s English-language films 2010s erotic thriller films 2010s mystery thriller films 2010s romantic thriller films American crime thriller films American erotic romance films American erotic thriller films American films American independent films American LGBT-related films American mystery thriller films American neo-noir films American psychological thriller films American romantic thriller films Erotic mystery films Films set in Los Angeles County, California Films shot in Los Angeles Gay-related films Kickstarter-funded films Lesbian-related films LGBT-related thriller films

49762251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Engagement%20and%20Development

Muslim Engagement and Development

Muslim engagement and development (MEND) (formerly iENGAGE) is a UK NGO. It focuses on media monitoring, advocacy in Westminster and improving the media/political literacy of British Muslims. The aim of the organisation is to tackle Islamophobia and to encourage political, civic and social engagement within British Muslim communities. Background MEND was founded by Sufyan Ismail and established in 2014, building on previous work by iENGAGE. Media monitoring MEND monitors daily media coverage pertaining to British Muslims and provides commentary on stories where it believes Islamophobic narratives are present. MEND is a recognised as a 'representative body' for British Muslims with the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). Political advocacy Over the years, MEND has extensively featured at fringe events in mainstream political party conferences. In 2014, prior to the upcoming general election, MEND's panel at the Conservative Party Conference featured the party's election strategist Lynton Crosby and Peter Oborne. MEND's panel at the Labour Party conference the same year featured Owen Jones and Keith Vaz, amongst others. At the 2017 party conferences, MEND ran a fringe event at the Labour Party conference focussing on the empowerment of Muslim women with speakers including the politicians Diane Abbott, Kate Green, Rushanara Ali, and Naz Shah. At the 2017 Conservative Party conference, MEND ran a fringe event with speakers Nazir Afzal and Peter Oborne on the topic of the Conservative Party's relationship with Muslim communities. In November 2017, MEND launched its annual Islamophobia Awareness Month (IAM) in Parliament. IAM is an inter-community campaign which runs throughout November each year in partnership with Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC), local councils, journalists and local media, councillors and local MPs, mosques, universities, schools, community organisations and others, in order to highlight the positive contributions of British Muslims and raise awareness of Islamophobia. At the parliamentary launch in 2017, the event was chaired by Stephen Kinnock, while speakers included Labour's Jeremy Corbyn, Wes Streeting, Naz Shah, Afzal Khan, Kate Green and the Liberal Democrat Lord Brian Paddick, as well as representatives from the NUS, Byline Media, Spinwatch and Hacked Off. Other speakers included the barrister Hashi Mohammed, as the representative to Max Hill QC, Independent Reviewer of Terrorism, Dr Rimla Akhtar, Chair of the Muslim Women's Sports Foundation, and the Reverend Steven Saxby. The organisation has also produced dozens of briefing papers on concerns for British Muslims, including hate crime, press regulation, Stop and Search, Schedule 7, police and crime commissioners, halal slaughter, counter terror law, and more. In its approach to both general and local elections, MEND produces manifestos to advise candidates on the issues that are of interest to Muslims within their constituencies. In addition to this, MEND also provides summaries of major party manifestos in order to help British Muslims to understand the main issues that may concern them and opposing parties' positions on them. MEND's director of engagement Azad Ali has stated that the jihadist 2017 Westminster attack, in which Khalid Masood killed five people, was "not terrorism". Advocacy MEND operates an extensive grassroots community engagement programme whereby is seeks to improve the media and political literacy of British Muslims. Its objective is achieved via national awareness seminars on Islamophobia coupled with masterclasses on media and political engagement. MEND has local working groups nationally in cities and towns across the United Kingdom who work with their local Muslim and non-Muslim communities to tackle Islamophobia. In 2014, with only the Met Police in London recording Islamophobic hate crime as a separately category of crime, MEND started working with UK constabularies to encourage them to record Islamophobia as a separate category of crime, similar to the treatment offered to racist and anti-Semitic hate crimes. By 2015, MEND had successfully ensured one-quarter of forces would be recording Islamophobic hate crime as a separate category of crime. In late 2015, the UK Government, building on MEND's work, announced that all UK forces will be required to record Islamophobic hate crimes in a separate category. The change comes into force on 1 April 2016. MEND is opposed to governmental anti-extremism programmes: MEND and Shakeel Begg stated its opposition to the appointment of British Muslim human rights activist Sara Khan as the anti-extremism coordinator, as she supports the government's Prevent anti-extremism programme. MEND has attacked Fiyaz Mughal, the founder of Faith Matters, as being islamophobic. 2015 general election Leading up to the 2015 general election, Andrew Gilligan in The Daily Telegraph claimed that MEND saw itself as kingmaker in the upcoming election. MEND disputed the allegation and said that Andrew Gilligan had selectively quoted the comments made in reference to the importance of Muslims voting in the general election. Accolades In 2014, MEND (formerly iENGAGE)'s work was commended as "best practice" in "Human Rights Promotion and Protection" in a World Economic Forum report entitled Why Care about Faith?. The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights rated MEND the “best example for civil society organisations”. The EU Parliament Magazine stated that “The EU could learn a lot from MEND’s work on counter-radicalisation through engagement”. Controversy A 2017 report by Henry Jackson Society (HJS) alleged the group had legitimised the killing of British troops and promoted conspiracy theories. Shortly after the HJS report was published, the chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims plus three other MPs pulled out of a House of Commons event with MEND. Another MP, Wes Streeting, did not pull out, highlighting the group's explicit opposition to antisemitism and homophobia. MEND responded to allegations of extremism with a rebuttal stating they are not 'anti-Government' or 'Extremists', they do not support or sympathise with terrorism, and they are not antisemitic. MEND responded to allegations of homophobia by stating that their 2015 and 2017 Manifestos both explicitly called for better legal protections against homophobic hate crime. The organisation stated that they unequivocally attest that hatred on the basis of religious, sexual, ethnic or gendered identity is categorically unacceptable and should be resisted wherever it is found. They also pointed to their work in developing a series of educational resources and training programs to aid in the teaching of Islamophobia, antisemitism and all forms of hatred. In 2018, MEND were involved in controversial lobbying around education on homosexuality in Birmingham schools. See also Muslim Council of Britain Civil Service Islamic Society Islamic Forum of Europe Muslim Safety Forum References Islamic organisations based in the United Kingdom Organizations established in 2014 Islamic political organizations

49774924

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20January%201999

Deaths in January 1999

The following is a list of notable deaths in January 1999. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. January 1999 1 Vítor Baptista, 50, Portuguese footballer. Rafael Iglesias, 74, Argentine heavyweight boxer. Paul McBrayer, 89, American college basketball coach and player, pancreatic cancer. Henry Tiller, 84, Norwegian boxer. Les Yewdale, 70, Australian politician. 2 Sebastian Haffner, 91, German journalist and author. Rolf Liebermann, 88, Swiss composer and music administrator. Joan Long, 73, Australian producer and writer. Amin al-Majaj, 77, Palestinian politician, Mayor of Jerusalem (1994–1998). Shepard Menken, 77, American voice actor. Trevor J. Rees, 85, American football player and coach. Jean-René Saulière, 87, French anarcho-pacifist and freethought writer, euthanasia. Sir William Stuttaford, 70, British stockbroker and Conservative Party activist. George Tobin, 77, American football player. Francis West, 89, English bishop in the Church of England. Louis Jolyon West, 74, American psychiatrist, cancer. 3 Elsa Burnett, 96, Swedish actress. Chuck Parsons, 74, American sports car racing driver. Stanley Proffitt, 88, English cricketer. Jerry Quarry, 53, American heavyweight boxer, pneumonia. Jack C. K. Teng, 86, Chinese educator, writer and politician. Gorō Yamaguchi, 65, Japanese shakuhachi player. 4 Maqsood Ahmed, 73, Pakistani cricketer. Iron Eyes Cody, 94, American actor. Fredrik Mellbye, 81, Norwegian physician. Charles Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland, 79, British peer and landowner. Kisshomaru Ueshiba, 77, Japanese master of aikido, respiratory failure. José Vela Zanetti, 85, Spanish painter and muralist. Florendo M. Visitacion, 88, Filipino-born American martial arts instructor. 5 Charles Francis Adams IV, 88, American electronics industrialist. Michael Hirschfeld, 54, New Zealand businessman and politician, diabetes complications. John Martin, 55, British diplomat, British High Commissioner to Malawi (1993–1998). Jarmila Nygrýnová, 45, Czech long jumper. Ralph Pasquariello, 72, American football player. Clare Potter, 95, American fashion designer. Basuki Resobowo, 82–83, Indonesian painter. Frederick Wolf, 76, American bishop in the Episcopal Church. Paul Zoll, 87, American cardiologist. 6 David W. Dennis, 86, American politician, Representative from Indiana (1969–1975). Jim Dunn, 67, American baseball player. Joseph Malta, 80, American hangman during the Nuremberg executions. Ntsu Mokhehle, 80, Lesotho politician, Prime Minister (1993–1994, 1994–1998). Henrietta Moraes, 67, British artists' model and memoirist. Hélène Ouvrard, 60, Canadian French writer. Michel Petrucciani, 36, French jazz pianist. Antonio Pierfederici, 79, Italian actor. Lajos Tichy, 63, Hungarian footballer. 7 James Hammerstein, 67, American theatre director and producer, heart failure. Fred Hopkins, 51, American jazz double bassist. Viktor Sobolev, 83, Soviet/Russian scientist. 8 James William Baskin, 79, Canadian politician and businessman. Lyusyena Ovchinnikova, 67, Soviet-born Russian film actress. John W. Roberts, 78, American General in the United States Air Force. Peter Seeberg, 73, Danish modernist novelist and playwright. Dobie Gillis Williams, 38, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection. 9 Frank M. Allen, 75, American politician. Rick Bennewitz, 62, American television director, heart failure. Cleveland Cram, 81, American historian and intelligence official in the Central Intelligence Agency. Carl Elliott, 85, American politician, Representative from Alabama (1949–1963, 1963–1965). Mel Pearson, 60, Canadian ice hockey player. Jim Peters, 80, English long-distance runner. Saul Rae, 84, Canadian diplomat. Mien Ruys, 94, Dutch landscape and garden architect. Benjamin Saltman, 71, American poet. 10 Walter Edward Harris, 94, Canadian politician and lawyer. W. Page Keeton, 89, American educator. Frank Parker, 95, American singer and actor. Anatoli Prudnikov, 71, Russian mathematician. Primož Ramovš, 77, Slovenian composer and librarian. Gavin Relly, 72, South African businessman, Chairman of Anglo American. Sir Edward Williams, 77, Australian judge on the Supreme Court of Queensland. C. K. Yang, 88–89, Chinese-born American sociologist. Juliusz Żuławski, 88, Polish poet, literary critic and translator. 11 Fabrizio De André, 58, Italian singer-songwriter, lung cancer. Robert Douglas, 89, American film actor, television director and producer. Jim Dyck, 76, American baseball player. John McGrew, 88, American animator, painter and musician. Naomi Mitchison, 101, Scottish novelist and poet. Brian Moore, 77, Northern Irish-born Canadian screenwriter and novelist, pulmonary fibrosis. Josefina Pla, 95, Spanish poet, playwright and art critic. K. A. Rahman, 59, Indian political activist. Bobby Specht, 77, American figure skater. François Spoerry, 86, French architect and urban planner. William George Tuck, 98, English watercolour artist. 12 Leo Cherne, 86, American economist and public servant. Betty Lou Gerson, 84, American actress, stroke. Sir Donald Hall, 68, British air marshal. Jack McCafferty, 84, Australian businessman and politician, Mayor of Toowoomba (1958–1967), cancer. Gerda Ring, 107, Norwegian stage actress and producer. Maria Sander, 74, German sprinter. William H. Whyte, 81, American urbanist, organizational analyst and journalist. Doug Wickenheiser, 37, Canadian ice hockey player, cancer. 13 Sir Arthur Hawkins, 85, British electrical engineer. Buzz Kulik, 76, American film director and producer. William Legge, 85, Canadian Anglican bishop. Karl Lieffen, 72, German film actor. David Logan, 42, American football player. Kelvin Malone, 38, American spree killer, execution by lethal injection. John Frederick Nims, 85, American poet and academic. Mildred Schwab, 82, American politician and attorney, Portland City Commissioner (1972–1987). (body discovered on this date) Lawrence Harold Welsh, 63, American bishop in the Roman Catholic Church. 14 Robin Bailey, 79, English actor, respiratory failure. Eden Gray, 97, American actress and writer. Jerzy Grotowski, 65, Polish theatre director and theorist, leukaemia. Brett King, 78, American actor, leukaemia. Muslimgauze, (Bryn Jones), 37, British electronic musician, fungal infection. Fred Myrow, 59, American composer, heart failure. Sabina Olmos, 85, Argentine film actress. Barat Shakinskaya, 84, Soviet-born Azerbaijani actress. Lincoln Thompson, 49, Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter, cancer. 15 John Bloom, 54, American actor, heart failure. Betty Box, 83, British film producer, cancer. Lars Glasser, 73, Swedish sprint canoeist. Robert Lowry, Baron Lowry, 79, Irish judge and life peer, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland (1971–1988). Orville D. Merillat, 82, American businessman and philanthropist. Monroe Karmin, 69, American journalist and Pulitzer Prize winner. Suren Nazaryan, 69, Armenian sculptor. Marion Ryan, 67, English pop singer. John Baker Saunders, 44, American musician (Mad Season), heroin overdose. Mi. Pa. Somasundaram, 77, Indian Tamil journalist, poet and writer. 16 Jim McClelland, 83, Australian jurist and politician, Senator for New South Wales (1971–1978). Dadie Rylands, 96, British literary scholar and theatre director. William Taylor, 90, British Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II, George Cross recipient. George Crichton Wells, 84, English dermatologist. 17 Nicholas J. Corea, 55, American author, television writer, director and producer, cancer. Alister Hopkinson, 57, New Zealand rugby union player. Theodore Major, 90, English artist. Samantha Reid, 15, American manslaughter victim. Claire Schillace, 76, American AAGPBL baseball player, blood clot. 18 Zahoor ul Akhlaq, 57, Pakistani artist, murdered. Horace Cumner, 80, Welsh footballer. Frances Gershwin, 92, American singer and violinist. Lucille Kallen, 76, American screenwriter and playwright. Pat Morton, 88, Australian businessman and politician, Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales (1955–1959). Brad Newman, 60, English singer-songwriter and pianist. Katrina Price, 23, American basketball player, suicide. Henri Romagnesi, 86, French mycologist. Günter Strack, 69, German television actor, heart failure. Virginia Verrill, 82, American big band singer. 19 Ivan Francescato, 31, Italian rugby union player, heart failure. Jacques Lecoq, 77, French actor and mime, cerebral haemorrhage. Edith E. Sproul, 91, American pathologist. Roger Sylvester, 30, British man who died in police custody, heart failure. Gordon Zubrod, 84, American oncologist. 20 Martyn Finlay, 87, New Zealand lawyer and politician. John Golding, 67, British trade unionist and politician, Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme (1969–1986), complications following surgery. Eugene S. Pulliam, 84, American publisher. Maria Sokil, 96, Ukrainian opera singer. Frances Lander Spain, 95, American children's librarian. 21 Charles Brown, 76, American blues singer and pianist, heart failure. Berkeley L. Bunker, 92, American politician, Senator (1940–1942) from Nevada and Representative (1945–1947). Leslie French, 94, British actor. Paul Metcalf, 81, American writer. Frank Morton, 92–93, British chemical engineer. Lloyd M. Mustin, 87, American Vice Admiral in the United States Navy during World War II, complications following a stroke. Margaret Wentworth Owings, 85, American environmentalist. Mickey Sanzotta, 77, American football player. Cecil Smith, 94, American polo player. Susan Strasberg, 60, American actress, breast cancer. Cameron Bethel Ware, 85, Canadian Major General in the Canadian Forces during World War II. 22 Paul Cammermans, 77, Belgian film director. Piero Gadda Conti, 96, Italian novelist and film critic. George Mosse, 80, German writer and historian. Graciela Quan, c. 79, Guatemalan lawyer and women's rights activist. Maxwell Rosenlicht, 74, American mathematician. Sherrick, 41, American soul singer. Steven Sykes, 84, British artist. 23 Joe D'Amato, 62, Italian film director, heart failure. Jaroslav Foglar, 91, Czech author. Terence Lewin, Baron Lewin, 78, British Royal Navy officer, First Sea Lord (1977–1979). Thomas C. Mann, 86, American diplomat, United States Ambassador to El Salvador (1955–1957) and Mexico (1961–1963). Paul McKee, 75, American football player. John Osteen, 77, American Christian leader, founder of Lakewood Church, heart failure. Suceso Portales, 94, Spanish anarcho-feminist writer. Jay Pritzker, 76, American entrepreneur. Frederick Sommer, 93, Italian-born American artist. Graham Staines, 58, Australian Christian missionary, murdered. 24 Frederic E. Davison, 81, United States Army Major General. Werner Jacobs, 89, German film director. Shizue Natsukawa, 89, Japanese actress. Roger Rondeaux, 78, French cyclo-cross racer. 25 Sarah Louise Delany, 109, American author and civil rights activist. Philip Mason, 92, English civil servant and author. Ben Nijboer, 93, Dutch physicist and professor. Henri Rochereau, 90, French politician, European Commissioner for Overseas Development. Robert Shaw, 82, American conductor, stroke. George Gilbert Swell, 75, Indian politician. Tom Pomposello, 49, American roots musician, road accident. Herman Wedemeyer, 74, American actor, football player and politician, heart failure. 26 Jeanne-Marie Darré, 93, French classical pianist. August Everding, 70, German opera director. Settimio Ferrazzetta, 74, Italian-born Bissauan Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bissau (since 1977). D. C. Kizhakemuri, 85, Indian writer, publisher and activist. Matilde Landeta, 88, Mexican filmmaker and screenwriter. Larry Loughlin, 57, American baseball player. Charles Luckman, 89, American businessman and architect. Ruby Mercer, 92, American-born Canadian writer, broadcaster and soprano. Christian Overgaard Nielsen, 80, Danish zoologist and ecologist. 27 Ben Margolis, 88, American attorney, heart failure. Satya Saha, 64, Bangladeshi composer. Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, 88, Spanish writer. Jerzy Turowicz, 86, Polish Catholic journalist and editor, heart failure. 28 Radúz Činčera, 75, Czech screenwriter and director. Valery Gavrilin, 59, Soviet-born Russian composer. Roger-Jean Le Nizerhy, 82, French cyclist. Leonard C. Lewin, 82, American author. McAllister Lonnon, 82, English rower. Markey Robinson, 80, Irish painter and sculptor. Rouiched, 77, Algerian comic actor. Torgny T:son Segerstedt, 90, Swedish philosopher and sociologist. František Vláčil, 74, Czech film director and painter. 29 Vladimir Kirillin, 86, Soviet physicist. Lili St. Cyr, 80, American burlesque stripteaser. Benjamin Smoke, 39, American poet and singer-songwriter, liver failure caused by Hepatitis C. Eeva-Kaarina Volanen, 78, Finnish actor. 30 Mills E. Godwin Jr., 84, American politician, Governor of Virginia (1966–1970, 1974–1978), pneumonia. Huntz Hall, 78, American actor, heart failure. Ed Herlihy, 89, American newsreel narrator. Mick McGahey, 73, Scottish trade unionist and political activist, Chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain (1974–1978). Mirra Komarovsky, 93, American sociologist. Frank Pokorny, 75, American politician, Member of the Ohio House of Representatives (1957–1960, 1963–1968), stroke. Svetlana Savyolova, 57, Soviet-born Russian actress. Dolf van der Linden, 83, Dutch conductor of popular music. 31 Giant Baba, 61, Japanese wrestler. Bill Luders, 89, American naval architect. John Mayhew, 89, English cricketer. Charles M. Murphy, 85, American football, basketball and baseball player and coach. Satchi Ponnambalam, 64, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and judge. Fanély Revoil, 92, French opera singer. Gabriel Ruiz, 90, Mexican songwriter. Ilmari Tapiovaara, 84, Finnish furniture designer. Norm Zauchin, 69, American baseball player. References 1999-01 01

49782681

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYP100

BYP100

Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100) is an African American youth organization in the United States. Its activities include community organizing, voter mobilization, and other social justice campaigns focused on black, feminist, and queer issues. The national director is D'Atra "Dee Dee" Jackson. BYP100 was founded in 2013, and was motivated by the response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in his trial for the killing of Trayvon Martin. Founding members include Charlene Carruthers. As of 2019, the group has chapters in Chicago, New York City, the District of Columbia, New Orleans, Detroit, Atlanta, Milwaukee, Durham, and Jackson. History The group's origins begin with the Black Youth Project, a project set up by black activist and feminist Cathy Cohen, a political scientist at the University of Chicago. Cohen created an online hub to study African American millennials with the goal of empowering them. In 2013, Cohen met Charlene Carruthers, then a youth activist in Chicago, and the group was created that summer. Views and membership BYP100's membership is limited to those between 18 and 35. In Chicago, many are students, while "others are artists, poets, service workers, media makers, and musicians." Many of the organization's leaders and members are queer women. The organization's national co-director in 2019 described its focus on black, feminist, and queer issues as “radically inclusive and vigilant about bringing folks from the margins to the center.” A profile in Chicago Magazine described the group as "decidedly radical," noting "In the short term, they want an elected group to replace the appointed Chicago Police Board, but in the long term, they advocate the outright abolition of the police department and the prison system. Among their other goals: reparations, universal childcare, a higher minimum wage, the decriminalization of marijuana, and the repeal of other laws that disproportionately land black youths in the criminal justice system." Cohen, writing an op-ed in the Washington Post with political theorist Danielle Allen, described the group's goals as organizing "against state violence directed at black youth." Cohen and Allen write: Activities In September 2014, BYP100 released Agenda to Keep Us Safe, a policy document called for the "demilitarization" of law enforcement, the creation of civilian review boards to address accusations of police misconduct, an end to the War on Drugs, requirements for police to wear body cameras, and the increase in the enforcement of existing civil rights laws. In December 2014, BYP100 members were among the organizers of a series of traffic disruption protests in Washington, D.C., in support of protesters in Ferguson, Missouri. They worked closely with Chicago Black Lives Matter to defeat the reelection bid of Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez, of whose response to the shooting of Laquan McDonald they disapproved. In April 2015, BYP100 activists criticized D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser for detailing 34 Metropolitan Police Department officers to Maryland to assist in responding to civil disturbances in Baltimore in accordance with the Emergency Management Assistance Compact. The group called upon Bowser to recall the officers. On Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January 2016, the organization launched their Black economic justice policy platform, the Agenda to Build Black Futures with a series of actions and events around the country under the banner of the hashtag #reclaimMLK. The group described the campaign as inspired by King's Poor People's Campaign. Influence BYP100 receives funding from the MacArthur Foundation, Rudolf Steiner Foundation, and Borealis Philanthropy. It has overlapping membership with the Chicago-based black activist nonprofit Assata's Daughters, who credit BYP100 for "establishing the legitimacy of black only spaces." Prominent members Nnennaya Amuchie Charlene Carruthers Malcolm London Asha Rosa Ransby-Sporn References Black Lives Matter Race and society African-American organizations

49801965

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%20New%20Year%20Honours

1918 New Year Honours

The 1918 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were published in The London Gazette and The Times in January, February and March 1918. Unlike the 1917 New Year Honours, the 1918 honours included a long list of new knights bachelor and baronets, but again the list was dominated by rewards for war efforts. As The Times reported: "The New Year Honours represent largely the circumstances of war, and, perhaps, as usual, they also reflect human nature in an obvious form. The list is one of the rare opportunities for the public to scan the names of soldiers who have distinguished themselves in service." The recipients of the Order of the British Empire were not classified as being within Military or Civilian divisions until following the war. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate. United Kingdom and British Empire Viscount Lord Marmaduke Furness, by the name, style, and title of Viscount Furness, of Grantley, in the West Riding of the county of York. Chairman of Messrs.Furness Withy, and Co., who have rendered valuable services to the State with reference to shipping and have rendered possible immense economies. Interested in other shipping, shipbuilding, steel and iron, and colliery undertakings, and director of several important industrial concerns. Obtained an appointment in the Remount Dept. with the rank of captain in 1915. Maintains a hospital of 250 beds for officers. Baron The Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick Cawley by the name, style and title of Baron Cawley, of Prestwich, in the county Palatine of Lancaster. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and MP for Prestwich Division of Lancashire since 1895, Chairman of the Liberal War Committee and a member of the Dardanelles Commission. Sir John Brownlee Lonsdale by the name, style and title of Baron Armaghdale, of Armagh, in the County of Armagh. MP for Mid Armagh since 1900. Honorary Sec. to the Irish Unionist Party. Has many business interests in the north, being a director of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Bank and vice-chairman of the Manchester Ship Canal Warehousing Company. High Sheriff of County Armagh in 1895. Almeric Hugh Paget, by the name, style and title of Baron Queenborough, of Queenborough, in the County of Kent. At the outbreak of war founded the Almeric Paget Military Hospital Massage Corps. Elected MP for Cambridge in January 1910, and retained his seat until a few months ago, when he resigned to create a vacancy for Sir Eric Geddes, on his appointment as First Lord of the Admiralty. Sir James Woodhouse by the name, style and title of Baron Terrington, of Hudderefield, in the County of York. Has been a Railway Commissioner since 1906, and was previously for 11 years Liberal member for Huddersfield. Was Mayor of Hull in 1891. Knighted in 1895. Privy Councillor The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council: Lord Hugh Cecil Sir Henry Craik Sir Gordon Hewart Maj. Sir Henry Norman Tom Richards Lord Edmund Talbot Baronetcies The Hon. Justice Dunbar Plunket Barton Retiring Judge, Chancery Division, Ireland. Sat as MP for Mid Annagh from 1891 to 1900. Solicitor-General for Ireland. Alec Black. Supported local charities and efforts to encourage food production; has assisted the Government in the promotion of the fishing industry. Edward Tootal Broadhurst, Chairman of Tootal Broadhurst, LCC. (Ltd.), cotton spinners, manufacturers, and merchants, Manchester, which firm has allocated large sums for research and education. Leader in all local war movements. James Craig Lt.-Col. Craig represented East Down as a Unionist since 1906. He served in the South African War and was Q.M. General, 36th Ulster Division, from 1915 to 1916. Thomas Cope, Chairman of Leicestershire County Council since 1908. An original member of the local Territorial Force Association, and a leading Unionist The Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Dalziel MP for Kirkcaldy Burghs since 1892. Managing director of Reynolds's Newspaper. Alfred Herbert Dixon, Chairman of the Cotton Control Board. Chairman and managing director of the Fine Cotton Spinners and Doublers' Association (Limited), and a director of other companies. His services have always been freely placed at the disposal of the Board of Trade on matters connected with the cotton industry. The Rt. Hon. Ellis Jones Ellis-Griffith MP for Anglesey since 1895. Was Under-Sec. to the Home Office from 1912 to 1915, before which he was chairman of the Welsh Liberal Party in the House of Commons. Sir Joseph Lawrence. Chairman of Linotype and Machinery (Limited) and of International Linotype (Limited). One of the pioneers of the Manchester Ship Canal; Sheriff of the City of London, 1900–1. Unionist MP for Monmouth Boroughs, 1901–6. John Leigh. A leading figure in the Lancashire cotton trade. Has been a generous supporter of war efforts and last year gave a memorial hospital at Altrincham to the British Red Cross Society for the use of 100 wounded officers and donated 50,000 to the Minister of Pensions to provide institutional treatment for disabled soldiers. Frederick William Lewis. Deputy-chairman of Furness Withy, and Co., Chairman of many other shipping companies, and director of 20 shipping, shipbuilding, and insurance companies. Sir Francis Lowe Unionist member for the Edgbaston Division of Birmingham since 1898. Sir George Riddell Director of the News of the World, George Newnes, Ltd. and other publishing firms. Knighted in 1909. As vice-chairman of the Newspaper Conference, Newspaper Proprietors' Association and Newspaper Society he has rendered important services in focusing correspondence between the Government and the Press. Sir James Ritchie, Lord Mayor of London. (His name already appeared in some works of reference as a baronet, and his inclusion in the present honours list is intended to regularize an informality in the previous title.) The Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick Edwin Smith Attorney-General since 1915. Elected MP for Walton Division of Liverpool, 1906; took silk and became a bencher of Gray's Inn, 1908. Col. Alexander Sprot Commanded Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) in the South African War, having previously served in the Afghan War, 1879–80. Also mentioned in dispatches during the present war. Contested East Fife twice in 1910 as a Unionist. John Stewart-Clark Director of Clark and Co. (Limited) and of the Scottish Provident Institution. Member of the Royal Company of Archers. Chairman of the local War Pensions Committee and of the local Red Cross Society in Linlithgowshire. Thomas Edward Watson Has been three times President of the Cardiff Chamber of Commerce. President of the South Wales District Committee for home supplies of coal and coke, and of the Committee for war supplies of coal to France. Herbert James Whiteley Unionist member for Mid-Worcestershire since 1916, and for Ashton-under-Lyne 1895–1906. Ex-Mayor of Blackburn and High Sheriff of Worcestershire, 1913–14. John Wood Unionist MP for Stalybridge since 1910. High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1900. Strong supporter of the Unionist cause in North Derbyshire. Knight Bachelor Robert N. Anderson, Mayor of Derry and a member of the Irish Convention William Nicholas Atkinson, lately Divisional Inspector of Mines. A leading mining engineer who has contributed largely to a knowledge of the dangers of coal dust in mines. Joint author of a well-known book on explosions in coal mines. Dr. Barclay Josiah Baron Twice Lord Mayor of Bristol and an energetic promoter of the War Loan. James Bird, Clerk of the London County Council James Boyton Unionist MP for East Marylebone since 1910. Member of the London County Council, 1907–10, and a past president of the Auctioneers' and Estate Agents' Institute Edmond Browne, standing counsel to a number of trade unions who has rendered important services in regard to the Insurance Acts. Robert Bruce, Editor of The Glasgow Herald, London and Parliamentary correspondent James Campbell, Chairman of the North of Scotland College of Agriculture and a governor of the Technical College, Aberdeen. Member of the General Committee of the Church of Scotland. Emsley Carr, Editor and part proprietor of the News of the World and vice-chairman of The Western Mail. William Henry Clemmey, Mayor of Bootle. David S. Davies, formerly High Sheriff of Denbighshire; Chairman of the County Appeal Tribunal and Pensions Committee. Treasurer of the King Edward VII Welsh National Memorial Association. Arthur Fell MP for Great Yarmouth. Author of pamphlets on fiscal question. Chairman of House of Commons Channel Tunnel Committee. John Galsworthy, novelist and playwright of much distinction. Since the war, he has written in the public service on behalf of various patriotic and humanitarian objects. (Declined knighthood.) S. Archibald Garland, Mayor of Chichester 1912–18. Charles Henry Gibbs, Mayor of Lambeth in 1907-08 and 1914–16. Leader of the Unionist Party in Lambeth since 1900. Ernest W. Glover, worked at the Ministry of Shipping since its formation, having previously been a member of the Admiralty Transport Advisory Committee. William Henry Hadow Principal of Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Member of the Council of the Royal College of Music. Edited, and wrote one volume of the Oxford History of Music. Member of the Commission on Welsh Education. Anthony Hope Hawkins, novelist and playwright, known as "Anthony Hope" to his readers Thomas Jeeves Horder Has made valuable contributions to science in bacteriology. John Morris-Jones Professor of Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. A member of the Carnarvonshire Education Committee and the Anglesey County Council Has written extensively on Welsh language and literature. William F. Jury, Organized a supply of cinema films of the war on the Western front and did work for the last War Loan and in organizing war charities. John Scott Keltie Well-known geographer. President of the Geographical Section of the British Association; awarded the Cullun Gold Medal of the American Geographical Society and the gold medals of the Paris and Royal Scottish Geographical Societies. Received the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1917). John Lavery Member of the Royal Scottish Academy. the Royal Hibernian Academy, the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Chevalier of the Crown of Italy and of Leopold of Belgium. His works appear in the National Galleries of Dublin, Rome, Berlin, and Brussels, and in the Corporation Galleries of Glasgow, Manchester, and Bradford. John Lithiby Legal Adviser to the Local Government Board. A member of the South-Eastern Circuit. Sidney James Low Lecturer on Imperial and Colonial History, University of London. A well-known author and journalist; editor of the St. James's Gazette, 1888–1897, and for some time literary editor of The Standard. Has done much important work as special correspondent at home and abroad. George Lunn, Lord Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne. Has given valuable help in the organization of labour for the manufacture of munitions and the promotion of the War Loan at Newcastle. Edwin Landseer Lutyens Architect and artist. Member of committee appointed to advise the Government of India on the site of Delhi in 1912. James William McCraith, Manager for 40 years of the Nottingham Savings Bank and since 1904 leader of the Unionist Party in Nottingham. G. Charles Mandleberg, Chairman and managing director of J. Mandleberg and Co. Ltd., Manchester, and chairman of the Salford War Savings Committee and Food Economy Committee. Thomas Rogerson Marsden, Managing director of Platt Brothers, Oldham, a firm which has had many war contracts. Henry Milner-White A prominent citizen of Southampton and Treasurer of University College there. Alpheus Cleophas Morton Architect and surveyor educated in Canada. MP for Sutherlandshire since 1906. Has been a member of the Corporation of the City of London since 1882 Edward M. Mountain, Chairman of the Eagle Star and British Dominion Company. Has been of service to the Government in connection with War Loans and Insurance. David Murray President of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. Herbert Nield Recorder of York. MP for the Ealing Division, Deputy Chairman of Middlesex magistrates; Chairman of Middlesex Appeal Tribunal James George Owen, Mayor of Exeter for the fourth successive year. Has taken an active part in local war work, and is chairman of many committees. Has given a fleet of ambulances to Devon battalions in France and Salonika John Phillips Professor Emeritus of Obstetric Medicine, King's College, London, and Consulting Obstetric Physician, King's College Hospital Edmund Bampfylde Phipps Principal Assistant Sec. of the Elementary Education Branch of the Board of Education, and late General Sec. to the Ministry of Munitions Philip Edward Pilditch, Head of the firm of Pilditch, Chadwick, and Co., architects. Member of the London County Council since 1907, and vice-chairman, 1913–14. Chairman of the Parliamentary and Local Government Committees Thomas Putnam, Managing director of the Darlington Forge Company. Founder and chairman of Darlington Sailors and Soldiers' Welfare Bureau. A leader of the local Unionist Party Stephen B. Quinn Mayor of Limerick Patrick Rose-Innes Recorder of Sandwich and Rampate since 1905. Comm. of Assize, S.E. Circuit, 1914–15 William Watson Rutherford Unionist MP for West Derby Division of Liverpool since 1903. Head of the firm of Rutherfords of Liverpool and London. Elected to the Liverpool City Council in 1895. Lord Mayor of Liverpool, 1902-3 William Henry Seager, Vice-Chairman of the Cardiff and Bristol Channel Shipowners' Association. Governor of King Edward VII and other hospitals, and chairman of the Cardiff Association for the Blind Robert Russell Simpson, of Edinburgh, for over 40 years deputy-clerk of the Free and United Free Church, Scotland. One of the founders of tho Edinburgh Industrial Brigade for working lads. Writer to the Signet. George Frederick Sleight, of Grimsby. One of tho largest trawler owners in the world; he has rendered valuable national services in the promotion of the fish supply. Arthur Spurgeon Managing director of Messrs. Cassell and Co., publishers, and chairman of the Croydon magistrates; special Parliamentary representative of the National Press Agency in London Lt.-Col. Harold Jalland Stiles, RAMC. Surgeon to the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Sick Children and to the Chalners Hospital, Edinburgh Edmund Stonehouse, three-time Mayor of Wakefield. Has done much valuable work locally on various committees Henry Tozer, Alderman of the City of Westminster. One of the leaders of the variety theatre industry. Chairman of the Unionist Party in the Strand Division. Leslie Ward, "Spy" of Vanity Fair from 1873–1909. A member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters Howard Kingsley Wood, Member for Woolwich of the London County Council; a prominent Wesleyan; Deputy-Chairman of the London Pension Authority, and chairman of the London Insurance Committee Alfred William Yeo MP for Poplar since 1914. Has represented Limehouse on the L.C.C. for seven years. British India Arthur Robert Anderson Edward Fairless Barber, Additional Member of the Council of the Governor of Madras for making Laws and Regulations Thomas William Birkett, of Bombay Col. Harry Albert Lawless Hepper, Major, Royal Engineers, retired. Thomas Frederick Dawson-Miller Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature at Patna Binod Chunder Mitter, Barrister-at-Law, lately Officiating Advocate General, Bengal, and a Member of the Council of the Governor for making Laws and Regulations Henry Adolphus Byden Rattigan, Chief Judge of Chief Court, Punjab Colonies, Protectorates, etc. Maj. Andrew Macphail, Canadian Army Medical Corps (Overseas Forces), Professor of the History of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal Maj.-Gen. Donald Alexander Macdonald Q.M.-General, Canadian Militia Admiral Charles Edmund Kingsmill (Retired), Director of Naval Service in the Dominion of Canada William James Gage, of Toronto The Hon. Charles Gregory Wade Agent-General in London for the State of New South Wales Frederick William Young Agent General in London for the State of South Australia The Hon. Simon Fraser, formerly a Member of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia The Hon. William Fraser, Minister of Public Works of the Dominion of New Zealand John Robert Sinclair, representative of New Zealand on the Royal Commission on the Natural Resources, Trade and Legislation of certain portions of His Majesty's Dominions The Hon. John Carnegie Dove-Wilson Judge President, Natal Provincial Division, Supreme Court of South Africa Maj. William Northrup McMillan, 25th (Service) Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers Bartle Henry Temple Frere, the Chief Justice of Gibraltar Victoria Cross (VC) Maj. John Sherwood-Kelly Norfolk Reg., comd. A Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. Capt. George Randolph Pearkes Canadian Mounted Rifles. Capt. John Fox Russell late RAMC, attd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers. Lt. Robert Gee Royal Fusiliers. Lt. Christopher Patrick John O'Kelly Canadian Inf.. 2nd Lt. (acting Lt.-Col.) Philip Eric Bent late Leicestershire Reg.. 2nd Lt. (acting Capt.) Arthur Moore Lascelles, Durham Light Inf.. Sgt. John MacAulay Scots Guards (Stirling). Sgt. George Harry Mullin Inf.. Sgt. Charles Edward Spackman, Border Reg. (Fulham). Cpl. Colin Barron, Canadian Inf.. L. Cpl. Robert McBeath, Seaforth Highlanders (Kinlochbervie, Lairg, Sutherland). Pte. George William Clare, late Lancers (Plumstead). Pte. Thomas William Holmes, Canadian Mounted Rifles. Pte. Cecil John Kinross, Canadian Inf.. Pte. Henry James Nicholas, New Zealand Inf.. Pte. James Peter Robertson, late Canadian Inf.. Lance Dafadar Gobind Singh, Indian Cav.. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) Military Division Army Gen. Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer Indian Army Gen. Sir Robert Irvin Scallon Honorary Knight Grand Cross Hon. Lt.-Gen. His Highness Maharaja Bahadur, Sir Pertab Singh of Jodhpur, in recognition of the services rendered by the native States of India during the War Knight Cmdr. of the Order of the Bath (KCB) Military Division Royal Navy Vice-Admiral Sir Cecil Fiennes Thursby Rear-Admiral Alexander Ludovic Duff Col. David Mercer Royal Marine Light Inf. Army Maj.-Gen. James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane Maj.-Gen. Alexander Hamilton Gordon Maj.-Gen. Herbert Edward Watts Lt.-Gen. George Francis Milne Maj.-Gen. Edmund Guy Tulloch Bainbridge Maj.-Gen. Hugh Montague Trenchard Maj.-Gen. William Hickie Maj.-Gen. Sydney Turing Barlow Lawford Maj.-Gen. The Hon. William Lambton Maj.-Gen. George Montague Harper Lt.-Gen. Frederick Rudolph Lambart, Earl of Cavan Maj.-Gen. Arthur Edward Aveling Holland Maj.-Gen. Harold Bridgwood Walker Maj.-Gen. Charles Patrick Amyatt Hull Maj.-Gen. Victor Arthur Couper Lt.-Gen. Henry Merrick Lawson Surg.-Gen. Sir David Bruce late Army Medical Service Maj.-Gen. Edward Stanislaus Bulfin Col., Yorkshire Reg., for valuable services rendered in connection with the Military Operations culminating in the capture of Jerusalem Maj.-Gen. Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode for valuable services rendered in connection with the Military Operations culminating in the capture of Jerusalem Australian Imperial Force Maj.-Gen. John Monash Col. Joseph John Talbot Hobbs Canadian Force Col. Sir Arthur William Currie Col. David Watson Maj.-Gen. Sir Richard Ernest William Turner General Ofc. Commanding Canadian Forces in the United Kingdom New Zealand Force Tmp Maj.-Gen. Sir Andrew Hamilton Russell South African Force Hon. Col. Henry Timson Lukin Honorary Knight Cmdr. Hon. Maj.-Gen. His Highness Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur of Bikaner, in recognition of the services rendered by the native States of India during the War Civil Division Surg-Gen. William Henry Norman Eng. Vice-Admiral George Goodwin Goodwin Surg.-Gen. George Lenthal Cheatle Paymaster-in-Chief John Henry George Chapple Hon. Col. Thomas Ainslie Lunham late Cork Royal Garrison Arty. Militia Alfred Daniel Hall, Sec. to the Board of Agriculture Sir George Newman Principal Medical Ofc. to the Board of Education Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) Military Division Royal Navy Rear-Admiral Thomas Dawson Lees Sheppard Rear-Admiral James Andrew Fergusson Rear-Admiral Allen Thomas Hunt Rear-Admiral Vivian Henry Gerald Bernard Rear-Admiral Edmund Hyde Parker Capt. George Holmes Borrett Capt. George Henry Baird Capt. Edward Reeves Capt. Thomas Drummond Pratt Capt. William Wordsworth Fisher Capt. Robert Nesham Bax Capt. William Henry Dudley Boyle Army Surg.-Gen. Richard Henry Stewart Sawyer late Army Medical Service Maj.-Gen. Reginald Byng Stephens Maj.-Gen. Herbert Crofton Campbell Uniacke Maj.-Gen. Philip Geoffrey Twining Maj.-Gen. William Charles Giffard Heneker Maj.-Gen. Thomas Herbert John Chapman Goodwin Director-General, Army Medical Service Col. and Hon. Brig.-Gen.-General Cecil Vernon Wingfield-Stratford Col. Robert Hammill Firth Army Medical Service Col. Ernest Reuben Charles Butler Col. and Hon. Surg.-Gen. Bruce Morland Skinner Army Medical Service Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Smith late RAMC Col. William John Chesshyre Butler Col. Richard Orlando Kellett Col. Thomas Wyatt Hale Army Ordnance Depot Col. Herbert de Touffreville Phillips Surg.-Gen. Henry Neville Thompson Army Medical Service Col. Colquhoun Scott Dodgson Col. Edwin Henry de Vere Atkinson Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. James Wilfred Stirling Royal Arty. Col. Percy Agnew Bainbridge Army Ordnance Depot Col. Anthony John Luther, Army Medical Service Col. James Matthew Forrest Shine, Army Medical Service Col. James Barnett Wilson Army Medical Service Col. Foster Reuss Newland Army Medical Service Col. Hugh Champneys Thurston Army Medical Service Col. Hugh Gilbert Casson Col. Cecil Lothian Nicholson Col. The Hon. Charles Strathavon Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby Reserve of Ofc.s Hon. Col. Charles Loftus Bates Yeomanry Tmp Col. Alfred Herbert Tubby Army Medical Service Tmp Col. Sidney Maynard Smith Army Medical Service Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Cecil Edward Pereira Coldstream Guards Maj. and Bt. Col. Seymour Hulbert Sheppard Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Ponsonby Coldstream Guards Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edward Douglas, Lord Loch Grenadier Guards Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hamilton Lyster Reed Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edward Henry Willis Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert James Bridgford Shropshire Light Inf. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. The Hon. John Francis Gathorne-Hardy Grenadier Guards Maj. and Bt. Col. Arthur Crawford Daly, West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Col. James Ronald Edmondstone Charles Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alexander Ernest Wardrop Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Col. Warren Hastings Anderson, Cheshire Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Ernest John Perkins, Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Cuthbert Poole Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Col. Thomas Herbert Shoubridge Northumberland Fusiliers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Campbell Cameron Highlanders Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Cyril Maxwell Ross-Johnson Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Guy Rotton Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Edward Spencer Hoare Nairne Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt.-Col. Percy Orr Hazelton Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hugo Douglas de Pree Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Henry Hugh Tudor Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Hugh Maude de Fellenberg Montgomery, Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Col. Nelson Graham Anderson Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Jasper Farmar Worcestershire Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Harry Dudley Ossulston Ward Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. George Sidney Clive Grenadier Guards Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Ben Atkinson Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Percy Pollexfen de Blaquiere Radcliffe Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alexander Anderson McHardy Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Julian McCarty Steele Coldstream Guards Maj. and Bt. Col. Samuel Herbert Wilson Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles William Gwynn Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Col. Cyril John Deverell, West Yorkshire Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Louis James Lipsett Royal Irish Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Neville John Gordon Cameron Cameron Highlanders Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert Clement Gore Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Col. Bartholomew George Price Royal Fusiliers Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. Charles Joseph Trimble Reserve Lt.-Col. Arthur Russell Aldridge RAMC Lt.-Col. Wilfred Spedding Swabey Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Edward Charles Massy Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Percy Douglas Hamilton Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Charles William Compton Somerset Light Inf. Tmp Lt.-Col. Alexander Gibb, Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hugh Jamieson Elles Royal Engineers, and Tank Corps Maj. Stanley Fielder Mott, King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. James Gilbert Shaw Mellor Tmp Brig.-Gen.-General Raymond de Candolle, Special List Col. Alexander Dunstan Sharp RAMC Lt.-Col. Thomas Finlayson Dewar, RAMC Surg.-Gen. Francis John Jencken Army Medical Services Col. Stewart Dalrymple Cleeve, late Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur James Kelly, late Royal Engineers Col. Bridges George Lewis Col. Reynell Hamilton Bayley Taylor, Army Ordnance Depot Col. Frederick Charles Lloyd Col. Richard William Breeks Col. George Francis Henry le Breton-Simmons Col. Geoffrey Dominic Close, Royal Engineers Col. Dudley Howard Ridout Col. William Coates RAMC Col. Arthur Cecil Currie Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Meade James Crosbie-Dennis, Royal Arty. Col. Claude John Perceval Royal Arty. Col. George Fraser Phillips Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. William Charles Wright (retired), Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Col. Robert Hutchison Dragoon Guards Tmp Col. Howard Henry Tooth Army Medical Service Maj. and Bt. Col. Basil Ferguson Burnett-Hitchcock Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Lt.-Col. William George Sackville Benson, Army Pay Dept. Lt.-Col. Achilles Samut Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. Reginald Seward Ruston, Army Pay Dept. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Julian John Leverson late Royal Engineers Tmp Honorary Lt.-Col. George Seaton Buchanan RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harry Osborne Mance Royal Engineers Tmp Lt.-Col. Andrew Balfour RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Markham Carter, Indian Medical Service Col. Knightley Stalker Dunsterville, late Indian Ordnance Dept. Col. Andrew Laurie Macfie, late Liverpool Reg. Col. Patrick William Hendry, late Highland Light Inf. and Volunteer Force Lt.-Col. Ernest William Greg, Cheshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Walter Robert Ludlow late Royal Warwickshire Reg. Col. William Charles Douglas late Royal Highlanders Lt.-Col. George Llewellen Palmer, late Yeomanry Australian Imperial Force Col. Henry Gordon Bennett Col. Charles Henry Brand Col. Thomas William Glasgow Col. James Heane Col. Granville de Laune Ryrie Col. Alfred Sutton Australian Army Medical Corps Canadian Force Col. Frederick Gault Finley, Canadian Army Medical Service Col. Alexander McDougall, Canadian Forestry Corps Lt.-Col. Edward Whipple Bancroft Morrison Canadian Arty. New Zealand Force Col. Charles Mackie Begg New Zealand Medical Corps Indian Army Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Herbert Campbell Holman Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Bernard James Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alfred William Fortescue Knox Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederic George Lucas Gurkhas Maj.-Gen. Henry John Milnes MacAndrew Col. Francis Clifton Muspratt Col. Charles Gordon Prendergast Col. Charles Wyndham Somerset Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Robert Edward Vaughan Civil Division Rear-Admiral The Hon. Edward Stafford Fitzherbert Surg.-Gen. Arthur Edmunds Surg.-Gen. William Wenmoth Pryn Surg.-Gen. James Lawrence Smith Eng. Rear-Admiral William Frederick Pamphlett Eng. Rear-Admiral Edouard Gaudin Capt. Sir Douglas Egremont Robert Brownrigg Col. Commandant Charles Ernest Curtoys, Royal Marine Light Inf. Capt. Stanley Talbot Dean-Pitt Capt. Frank Osborne Creagh-Osborne Deputy Surg.-Gen. Daniel Joseph Patrick McNabb Paymaster-in-Chief James Bramble Col. Charles Grisborne Brittan, Royal Marine Light Inf. Eng. Capt. Robert Bland Dixon Frederick William Kite Maj. Arthur Handley, retired pay, Reserve of Ofc.s Assistant Director of Arty., War Office Charles Henry Wellesley, Baron Nunburnholme HM Lt. for the East Riding of Yorkshire, President, East Riding Territorial Force Association Charles Mackinnon Douglas Chairman, Lanarkshire Territorial Force Association Col. Henry Whistler Smith-Rewse Retired pay, Sec., Devonshire Territorial Force Association Col. Richard Thompson, retired pay, Sec., Cheshire Territorial Force Association Maj. Godfrey Richard Conyngham Stuart Retired pay, Sec., Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Territorial Force Associations Capt. Henry Littleton Wheeler Retired pay, Sec., Staffordshire Territorial Force Association John Anderson, Sec. of the National Health Insurance Commission, England, now Sec. to the Ministry of Shipping Horace Perkins Hamilton, Private Sec. to the Chancellor of the Exchequer Arthur Henry Payne, Comptroller of Companies Dept., Board of Trade Basil Alfred Kemball-Cook, Admiralty Francis Lewis Castle Floud, Assistant Sec. to the Board of Agriculture, now acting as Director of Local Organisation Division of Food Production Dept. Lt.-Col. Walter Edgeworth-Johnstone, Chief Comm., Dublin Metropolitan Police Ewan Francis Macpherson, Legal Member of the Local Government Board for Scotland Arthur Hamilton Norway, Assistant Sec. to the General Post Office William Sanger, Assistant Sec. to The Ministry of Pensions Maurice Lyndham Waller, Prison Comm., Head of Prisoners of War Division Mark Manley Waller, Director of Stores, Admiralty The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India Knight Cmdr. (KCSI) George Rivers Lowndes an Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India His Highness Maharajadhiraja Maharawal Jawahir Singh Bahadur of Jaisalmer, Rajputana Sir Archdale Earle Indian Civil Service, Chief Comm. of Assam Stuart Mitford Fraser Indian Civil Service, Political Dept., Resident at Hyderabad John Stratheden Campbell Indian Civil Service, Junior Member, Board of Revenue, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations Frank George Sly Indian Civil Service, Comm., Central Provinces In recognition of the services rendered by the native States of India during the War His Highness Maharaja Lakendra Govind Singh Bahadur of Datia His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sri Sawai Maharaj Rana Udai Bhan Singh Lokindar Bahadur of Dholpur Companion (CSI) Henry Cecil Ferard Indian Civil Service, Comm. of Allahabad, United Provinces, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations Charles Evelyn Arbuthnot William Oldham, Indian Civil Service, Comm., Patna Division, Bihar and Orissa, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations Evan Maconochie, Indian Civil Service, Agent to the Governor, Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency Francis Coope French, Indian Civil Service, Comm., Dacca Division, Bengal Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles William Grant Richardson, Indian Army, Deputy Q.M.-General in India, lately Deputy Adjutant-General, Army Headquarters Maj. Arthur Prescott Trevor Indian Army, Deputy Political Resident, Persian Gulf Horatio Norman Bolton Indian Civil Service, Political Dept., Deputy Comm., Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province Louis James Kershaw Indian Civil Service (retired), Sec., Revenue and Statistics Dept., India Office The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Lt.-Gen. Sir Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready Adjutant-General to the Forces Lt.-Gen. Sir John Steven Cowans Q.M.-General to the Forces Tmp Surg.-Gen. Sir George Henry Makins The Hon. Sir Francis Hyde Villiers His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of the Belgians Knight Cmdr. of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) Vice-Admiral Frederick Charles Tudor Tudor Rear-Admiral Edward Francis Benedict Charlton Rear-Admiral Sir Osmond de Beauvoir Brock Rear-Admiral Richard Fortescue Phillimore Maj.-Gen. Charles Tyrwhitt Dawkins Maj.-Gen. Sir George Frederick Gorringe late Royal Engineers Col. Robert Whyte Melville Jackson Army Ordnance Depot Col. and Hon. Maj.-Gen. Harold Daniel Edmund Parsons Army Ordnance Depot Surg.-Gen. William Grant Macpherson Army Medical Service Maj.-Gen. William Henry Rycroft Col. and Hon. Brig.-Gen.-General Francis Sudlow Garratt Gen. Sir Henry Seymour Rawlinson Lt.-Gen. Sir Charles Fergusson Lt.-Gen. Sir Ronald Charles Maxwell late Royal Engineers Lt.-Gen. Sir Launcelot Edward Kiggell Lt.-Gen. Sir Henry Sinclair Horne Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles St. Leger Barter Maj.-Gen. John Adye Maj.-Gen. Sir Edward Ritchie Coryton Graham Cheshire Reg. Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson Maj.-Gen. Sir Richard Cyril Byrne Haking Maj.-Gen. Harvey Frederic Mercer Maj.-Gen. Frederic Manley Glubb Maj.-Gen. Charles James Briggs Maj.-Gen. Sir George Henry Fowke Maj.-Gen. Sir John Joseph Asser Maj.-Gen. Richard Harte Keatinge Butler Maj.-Gen. Richard Henry Ewart Maj.-Gen. James Frederick Noel Birch Maj.-Gen. John Sharman Fowler Tmp Maj.-Gen. Philip Arthur Manley Nash Col. and Hon. Surg.-Gen. James Murray Irwin late Army Medical Service Col. and Hon. Surg.-Gen. James Maher late Army Medical Service Tmp Col. James Purves Stewart Army Medical Service Tmp Col. Thomas Crisp English Army Medical Service Col. George James Butcher Army Ordnance Depot Hon. Maj.-Gen. Fred Smith Royal Army Veterinary Corps Tmp Col. Archibald Edward Garrod Army Medical Service Lt.-Gen. Sir Herbert Eversley Belfield Col., West Riding Reg. Maj.-Gen. The Hon. Cecil Edward Bingham Maj.-Gen. Frederick Barton Maurice Maj.-Gen. The Hon. Francis Richard Bingham Col. and Hon. Surg.-Gen. Michael William Russell late Army Medical Service Tmp Col. Charles Alfred Ballance Army Medical Service Maj.-Gen. Louis Jean Bols For services rendered in connection with the Military Operations culminating in the capture of Jerusalem. Australian Imperial Force Maj.-Gen. The Hon. James Whiteside McCay Australian Imperial Force Colonial List His Honour Frank Stillman Barnard, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia Horace Archer Byatt Civil Administrator, German East Africa Maj.-Gen. Samuel Benfield Steele Canadian Militia Herbert James Read Assistant Under-Sec. of State, Colonial Office The Hon. John Mark Davies, President of the Legislative Council of the State of Victoria Honorary Knight Cmdr. Adly Yeghen Pasha, Minister of Education in the Egyptian Government Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Capt. Henry George Glas Sandeman Capt. James William Combe Capt. George Bingham Powell Capt. Frederic Godfrey Bird Capt. David Murray Anderson Capt. Percy Molyneux Rawson Royds Capt. Charles Samuel Wills Capt. Charles Laverock Lambe Eng. Capt. Archie Russell Emdin Cmdr. Harold Escombe Cmdr. Donald John Munro Cmdr. Fitzmaurice Acton Cmdr. Ferdinand Halford Elderton Cmdr. Archibald Cochrane Fleet-Paymaster Charles Edward Allen Woolley Paymaster Tom Seaman Fleet-Paymaster Charles Henry Rowe Fleet-Paymaster Charles Ernest Batt Fleet-Surgeon Edward Henry Meaden Lt.-Col. Francis Doveton Bridges, Royal Marine Light Inf. Maj. Henry Cleeve Benett, Royal Marine Light Inf. Lt.-Cmdr. David George Hogarth, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Col. Jonas Hamilton du Boulay Travers Col. William Arthur Murray Thompson Col. Cyril Henry Leigh James Col. St. John William Topp Parker Col. Charles Marling Cartwright Indian Army Col. Arthur Herbert Hussey Col. John Gordon Geddes Lt.-Col. and Bt.-Col. Thomas James Atherton Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alexander Vaughan Payne, late Wiltshire Reg. Col. Edward Ranulph Kenyon Col. Walter Charteris Ross Col. Acton Lemuel Schreiber Royal Engineers Col. Disney John Menzies Fasson Royal Arty. Col. George Strachan Cartwright Col. Gardiner Humphreys Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Godfrey Massy Col. Charles Cunliffe-Owen Col. Arundel Martyn, General List Col. Philip Cecil Harcourt Gordon, Army Medical Service Col. Charles Joseph MacDonald Army Medical Service Col. Edward George Browne Army Medical Service Col. Samuel Guise Moores Army Medical Service Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Howard Ensor RAMC Col. Colin Lawrence Macnab Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Charles Stuart Wilson Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Herbert Edward John Brake Royal Arty. Col. Martin Newman Turner Maj. and Bt. Col. Clement Yatman Northumberland Fusiliers Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Pomeroy Holland-Pryor Indian Army Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Sydney Fortescue Metcalfe Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Geoffrey Herbert Anthony White Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Arthur Wharton Peck, Indian Cav. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Walter Mervyn St. George Kirke Royal Arty. Tmp Col. William Pasteur Army Medical Service Maj. and Bt. Col. Gerald Farrell Boyd Royal Irish Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Thomas Stanton Lambert, East Lancashire Reg. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. John Samuel Jocelyn Percy East Lancashire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Col. Percival Otway Hambro, Hussars Lt.-Col. Charles Tilson Hudson, Indian Medical Service Lt.-Col. William Bromley-Davenport Reserve Lt.-Col. Philip John Joseph Radcliffe, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Maurice Spencer, Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. George Ambrose Cardew Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Ernest Carden Freeth Gillespie Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Daniel Davis Shanahan RAMC Lt.-Col. Walter Ernest Onslow Campbell Blunt, Army Pay Dept. Lt.-Col. Henry Jenkins Brock Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Edward John Russell Peel Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Cecil William Davy, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. George Augustus Stewart Cape, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Arthur Cecil Lowe Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Ulric Oliver Thynne Yeomanry Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. William Dutton Burrard, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Edward Henry Charles Patrick Bellingham General List Col. Ernest William Bliss Army Medical Service Col. Alfred Ernest Conquer Keble Army Medical Service Tmp Honorary Lt.-Col. Nathan Raw RAMC Tmp Lt.-Col. Cecil Walter Paget Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Philip Leveson Gower Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Lt.-Col. James Anderson Highland Light Inf. Hon. Lt.-Col. Percy George Davies, Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. Edward William Saurin Brooke Royal Arty. Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Ernest Frederick Orby Gascoigne Grenadier Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Thomas Herbert Francis Price Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Lt.-Col. George Birnie Mackenzie Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Charles Frederick Moores Army Service Corps Col. Charles William Profeit Army Medical Service Col. Robert James Blackham Army Medical Service Lt.-Col. Horace Giesler Lloyd Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Percy Cyriac Burrell Skinner Northamptonshire Reg. Lt.-Col. William Charles Eric Rudkin Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Bertram Hewett Hunter Cooke Rifle Brigade Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Nicholson Broadbent King's Own Scottish Borderers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Richard Careless Sanders Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Robert Gabbett Parker Royal Lancaster Reg. Lt.-Col. Arthur Thackeray Beckwith Hampshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Edward Harding Newman Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Francis Arthur Wynter Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. John Francis Innes Hay Doyle Royal Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Cyril Aubrey Blacklock General List Lt.-Col. Edward Evans Wiltshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Francis Douglas Logan Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Ayscough Armytage King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Vaughan Campbell Coldstream Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Harry Verelst Darell Coldstream Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Stuart William Hughes Rawlins Royal Field Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Michael Browne Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Llewelyn Alberic Emilius Price-Davies King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert Cecil Potter Liverpool Reg. Lt.-Col. Edward Arthur Fagan Indian Army Tmp Lt. Col. John Anselm Samuel Gray Special List Lt.-Col. Manners Ralph Wilmott Nightingale Indian Army Tmp Lt.-Col. Geoffrey Harnett Harrisson Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Walter Bagot Pearson, Lancashire Fusiliers Tmp Lt.-Col. Frank Percy Crozier General List Lt.-Col. Charles William Wilkinson Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Arthur Ellershaw Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Charles Richard Newman Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Seaburne May Royal Fusiliers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Guy Hamilton Boileau Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edmund William Costello Indian Army Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Harvey Kearsley Dragoon Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Lacy Challenor Leicestershire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Francis James Marshall Seaforth Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frank Graham Marsh, Indian Army Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Sir William Algernon Ireland Kay King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick William Lawrence Sheppard Hart Cavendish Lancers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Thomas Wolryche Stansfeld Yorkshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Edward Spencer Brind Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Henry Addison Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Edmund Ironside Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Gordon-Finlayson Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alan Thomas Paley Rifle Brigade Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Keith Dick-Cunyngham Gordon Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Francis Stewart Montague-Bates East Surrey Reg. Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Guy Payan Dawnay late Coldstream Guards Tmp Lt.-Col. Ernest Henry Starling RAMC Tmp Lt.-Col. Leonard Stanley Dudgeon RAMC Lt.-Col. Francis William Gosset Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. John Hamilton Hall Middlesex Reg. Lt.-Col. Herbert Norwood Blakeney Middlesex Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Jervois Turner Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Clifford Rodes Green King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. George Dominic Price, West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles George Lewes Essex Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gerald Edward Bayley York & Lancaster Reg. Lt.-Col. William Kaye Legge Essex Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert Emile Shepherd Prentice Highland Light Inf. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Sir Hereward Wake King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Rodolph Ladeveze Adlercron Cameron Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Howard Foulkes Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Weyland Martin Powell Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Clennell William Collingwood Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Percival Suther Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Wollaston Bartholomew Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil Percival Heywood Coldstream Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Harry Beauchamp Douglas Baird Indian Army Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Tom Ince Webb-Bowen, Bedfordshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Hugh Roger Headlam York & Lancaster Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Norman William Webber Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Walter William Pitt-Taylor Rifle Brigade Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert John Collins Royal Berkshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Ogston Gordon Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gervase Thorpe Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Winston Joseph Dugan Worcestershire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lewis James Comyn Connaught Rangers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Samuel Owen Royal Welsh Fusiliers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Clifton Inglis Stockwell Royal Welsh Fusiliers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Harry Lyon North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Hardwicke Spooner Lancashire Fusiliers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Pelham Burn Gordon Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. John Greer Dill Leinster Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Courtenay Hawtrey Royal Engineers Tmp Lt.-Col. Brodie Haldane Henderson, Royal Engineers Tmp Lt.-Col. Edward Hyde Hamilton Gordon General List Lt.-Col. Arthur Clement Wilkinson Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert Edward Trevor Yorkshire Light Inf. Maj. Francis Jenkins, Coldstream Guards Maj. Percy Gerald Parker Lea Army Service Corps Maj. Henry Warburton Hill Royal Field Arty. Maj. Roger Gordon Thomson Royal Field Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gerald Carew Sladen Rifle Brigade Tmp Lt.-Col. Christopher D'Arcy Bloomfield Saltern Baker-Carr Tank Corps Maj. John Edmund Hugh Balfour late Hussars Maj. Alexander James King late Royal Lancaster Reg. Tmp Major George Simpson Pitcairn, Royal Engineers Maj. Vaughan Randolph Hine-Haycock late Royal Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Rudolph Edmund Aloysius, Viscount Feilding Coldstream Guards Capt. and Bt. Major Cyril Edward Wilson late East Lancashire Reg. Capt. Bryan Charles Fairfax, New Armies Col. The Rt. Hon. John Edward Bernard Seely Yeomanry Lt.-Col. Arthur Saxby Barham, London Reg. Lt.-Col. William Elliott Batt, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Frederick William Duffield Bendall, Middlesex Reg. Lt.-Col. Lionel Leonard Bilton, Worcestershire Reg. Lt.-Col. Hugh Delabere Bousfield West Yorkshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Robert Chapman Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Robert Joyce Clarke Royal Berkshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Charles Clifford, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Hugh Charles Copeman Suffolk Reg. (late Essex Reg.) Lt.-Col. Clarence Isidore Ellis, RAMC Lt.-Col. Archibald Stewart Leslie, Yeomanry Lt.-Col. Frederick William Schofield, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Lt.-Col. John William Slater, Liverpool Reg. Lt.-Col. Francis Henry Douglas Charlton Whitmore Yeomanry Maj.-Gen. Raymond Northland Revell Reade Col. William Pitt Col. Thomas Ryder Main Col. Arthur Henry Bagnold Col. William Hodgson Suart Col. Henry Richard Beadon Donne Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Alfred Keene late Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. William Augustus Edmund St. Clair, late Royal Engineers Col. Frederick Rainsford-Hannay Col. Charles Henry Darling Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Percy Rice Mockler, late Royal Warwickshire Reg. Hon. Col. Sir Herbert Merton Jessel London Reg. and Remount Service Col. and Hon. Brig.-Gen.-General Hugh James Archdale Maj. and Bt. Col. Edward Bell, late Worcestershire Reg. Lt. Joseph Griffiths RAMC Col. Charles Edwin Nuthall Col. Guy William Fitton, Army Pay Dept. Col. George Francis Milner Col. Arnaud Clarke Painter Col. and Hon. Brig.-Gen.-General Frank Grimshaw Lagier Lamotte Col. Louis Peile Carden Col. Arthur Ludovic Molesworth Col. Charles Pye Oliver RAMC Col. and Hon. Brig.-Gen.-General Philip Thomas Buston Col. Edward Bickford Col. Ernest Augustus Tudor Tudor Col. Frederick Charlton Meyrick Late Major, Hussars Col. Harold Stephen Langhorne Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Wilkinson Dent Bird Col. Charles Henderson Melville Army Medical Service Col. Malcolm David Graham Assistant Military Sec., War Office Tmp Honorary Col. Sir John Collie Army Medical Service Lt.-Col. John George Adamson, late King's Own Yorkshire Light Inf. Lt.-Col. John Arthur Coghill Somerville, late Royal Sussex Reg. Lt.-Col. Arthur de Courcy Scanlan, RAMC Lt.-Col. William Denziloe Sanderson North Lancashire Reg. Tmp Honorary Lt.-Col. Harry Richard Kenwood RAMC Tmp Honorary Lt.-Col. John Robertson RAMC Lt.-Col. John Ward Middlesex Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. John Charles Grant Ledingham RAMC Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. Alfred Briffa, King's Own Malta Reg. of Militia Maj. Frederick Knight Essell, late East Kent Reg. Maj. Henry Charles Bulkeley Tmp Lt.-Col. Charles Morley Wenyon RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Andrew Micklem Retired pay Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Monk Gibbon, Royal Irish Fusiliers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Robert May Wetherell, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Henry Godfrey Howorth, Royal Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Arthur Treharne Andrews, Royal Engineers Tmp Lt.-Col. George Basil Price RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Duncan le Geyt Pitcher, Indian Army Lt.-Col. Stanley Clarence Halse, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Dundas Dooner, Army Ordnance Depot Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frederick Walter Radcliffe Dorsetshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Arthur John Bromley Church, Army Pay Dept. Lt.-Col. Hamlet Bush Toller, Army Pay Dept. Lt.-Col. Cecil de Sausmarez Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Henry Stewart Anderson, RAMC Lt.-Col. William Parry, Army Pay Dept. Tmp Lt.-Col. Sir William Henry Houghton-Gastrell Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. William Egerton Edwards, Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Kenneth Marten Body, Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. Frederick Lindsay Lloyd Hon. Lt.-Col. Alfred James Foster, Northumberland Fusiliers, late Royal Garrison Arty., Militia Lt.-Col. Charles Richard Blackstone Owen, Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lewis Frederick Renny Royal Dublin Fusiliers Tmp Lt. Robert Henry More, late Imperial Yeomanry, Assistant Military Sec., War Office Maj. Charles Edward Norton, late Royal Engineers Maj. the Honorauble Alexander Victor Frederick Villiers Russell Grenadier Guards Maj. Lionel George Tempest Stone, Royal Fusiliers Maj. John Sedley Newton de Joux, South Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Francis Vernon Willey, Yeomanry Maj. James George Weir, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major Arthur John Allen-Williams Royal Engineers Capt. Cecil Henry Whittington, Royal Flying Corps Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. Hugh Henry John Williams Drummond, late Yeomanry Lt.-Col. and Hon. Col. Lionel Richard Cavendish Boyle late Honourable Arty. Company Lt.-Col. Stanley Hatch Page, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Osmond Robert McMullen, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. John Fred Keen, Royal Engineers Maj. Thomas Wardrop Griffith RAMC Lt.-Col. William Mitchell Roocroft, RAMC Australian Imperial Force Maj.-Gen. Cyril Brudenell Bingham White Col. George Walter Barber Medical Corps Col. Thomas Albert Blamey Inf. Col. Charles Frederick Cox Commonwealth Military Forces Col. Walter Adams Coxen Commonwealth Military Forces Col. Robert Rupert Major Downes, Medical Corps Col. Walter Ramsay McNicoll Inf. Col. Robert Smith Inf. Lt.-Col. Harold Edward Cohen Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Ernest Arthur Kendall, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Lt.-Col. Raymond Lionel Leane Inf. Lt.-Col. Edward Fowell Martin Inf. Lt.-Col. Athelstan Markham Martyn Engineers Lt.-Col. Charles Gordon Norman Miles Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Alexander Windeyer Ralston Inf. Lt.-Col. William Henry Scott Light Horse Reg. Lt.-Col. George Cattell Somerville Lt.-Col. Walter Howard Tunbridge Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Arthur Thomas White, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Cyril Tracy Griffiths Senior Chaplain James Green Lt.-Col. John Gordon, Army Medical Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Lionel James Hurley, attd. Australian Imperial Force Lt.-Col. George Hodges Knox Lt.-Col. Douglas Murray McWhae, Army Medical Corps Hon. Lt.-Col. James Anderson Murdoch, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Kenneth Smith, Army Medical Corps Canadian Force Lt.-Col. Hugh Marshall Dyer Inf. Lt.-Col. William Antrobus Griesbach Inf. Lt.-Col. Frederic William Hill Inf. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. James Howden MacBrien Dragoons Lt.-Col. Charles Henry MacLaren Arty. Maj. Howard Lionel Bodwell Pioneers Maj. Édouard de Bellefeuille Panet Arty. Col. John Alexander Armstrong Col. Ernest Charles Ashton Col. Kenneth Cameron, Army Medical Corps Col. George Septimus Rennie, Army Medical Corps Col. Wallace Arthur Scott, Army Medical Corps Col. Walter Langmuir Watt, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. James Louis Regan, Royal Army Pay Corps Maj. John Andrew Amyot, Army Medical Corps Maj. Bernard Rickert Hepburn, Forestry Corps Tmp Honorary Major George Anderson Wells, Chaplain Services New Zealand Force Lt.-Col. Norris Stephen Falla New Zealand Field Arty. Lt.-Col. George Thompson Hall, Army Service Corps Maj. Thomas Henry Dawson, Inf. Maj. Thomas Mill Medical Corps Maj. Norton Francis, Motor Service Corps South African Force Col. Stanley Archibald Markham Pritchard, Native Labour Corps Colonial List Philip Arnold Anthony, General Manager of the Federated Malay States Railways Algernon Edward Aspinall, Sec., The West India Committee Lt.-Col. Louis Edward Barnett, New Zealand Medical Corps Harry Fagg Batterbee, of the Colonial Office, Private Sec. to the Sec. of State for the Colonies Rodolphe Boudreau, Clerk of the Privy Council for Canada Peter Joseph McDermott Under-Sec., Chief Sec.'s Dept., State of Queensland Arthur Mews, Deputy Colonial Sec., Newfoundland The Hon. William Bispham Propsting, Attorney-General and Minister for Railways of the State of Tasmania Theodorus Gustaff Truter, Comm. of Police, Union of South Africa Robert Walter, Colonial Sec. of the Colony of British Honduras Jeremiah Wilson, Postmaster-General, Union of South Africa Diplomatic and Overseas Residents John Charles Tudor Vaughan Counsellor at His Majesty's Embassy at Madrid James William Ronald Macleay, Counsellor of Embassy in His Majesty's Diplomatic Service Dayrell Eardley Montague Crackanthorpe, Counsellor to His Majesty's Legation at Athens Edward Henry John Leslie, of the Foreign Office Hugh Gurney First Sec. to His Majesty's Legation at Copenhagen Guy Harold Locock, of the Foreign Office, attached to the Dept. of Commercial Intelligence Honorary Companions His Highness Daudi Chwa, Kabaka of Buganda Louis Antonio Andrade, District Comm. for the Island of Zanzibar The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire Knight Grand Cmdr. (GCIE) His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sawai Tukoji Rao Holkar Bahadur, of Indore, in recognition of the Services rendered by the Native States of India during the War Knight Cmdr. (KCIE) John Barry Wood Indian Civil Service, Political Sec. to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Dept., and an Additional Membei of the Council of the Governor-General for making Laws and Regulations Bertram Sausmarez Carey Burma Commission, Comm., Sagaing, Burma, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations Alfred Hamilton Grant Indian Civil Service, Foreign Sec. to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Dept., and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor-General for making Laws and Regulations His Highness Raja Bir Indra Singh, of Rajgarh. His Highness Raja Sir Bhure Singh of Chamba His Highness Raja Bhim Sen, of Suket Capt. His Highness Rana Ranjit Singh, of Barwani Majaraja Bir Mitradaya Singh Deo, of Sonpur Raja Han Singh, Cmdr.-in-Chief of the Kashmir Army Honorary Knight Cmdr. Abdul Karim Fadthli bin Ah, Sultan of Al Hauta (Lahej) Companion (CIE) Arthur Herbert Ley, Indian Civil Service, Officiating Sec., Commerce and Industry Dept., Government of India Peter Henry Clutterbuck Indian Forest Service, Chief Conservator of Forests, United Provinces, and a Member of the Council of the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations James Donald, Indian Civil Service, Sec. to Government of Bengal, Financial Dept., and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor for making Laws and Regulations William Woodward Hornell, Indian Educational Service, Director of Public Instruction, Bengal, and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor for making Laws and Regulations Harchandrai Vishandas, Pleader, Karachi, President of the Municipal Corporation and an Additional Member of the Council of the Governor of Bombay for making Laws and Regulations Thomas Ryan, Finance Accounts Dept., Sec. to the Indian Munitions Board Arthur William Botham, Indian Civil Service, Second Sec. to the Chief Comm., Assam, and a Member of the Council of the Chief Comm. for making Laws and Regulations Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Henry Francis Cleveland, Indian Medical Service, Deputy Director-General, Indian Medical Service Augustus Henry Deane His Majesty's Consul for Pondicherry and Karikal Lt.-Col. Bawa Jiwan Singh, Indian Medical Service, Inspector-General of Prisons, Bihar and Orissa, and an Additional Member of the Councilof the Lieutenant-Governor for making Laws and Regulations Lt.-Col. William Byan Lane, Indian Medical Service, Inspector-General of Prisons, Central Provinces Harry Nelson Heseltine, Civil Accounts Dept., Accountant-General for Railways, India Alexander Langley, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Comm. of Hoshiarpur, Punjab Lt.-Col. Henry Smith Indian Medical Service, Civil Surgeon, Amritsar, Punjab Lt.-Col. Francis William Hallowes, Supply and Transport Corps, Director of Farms, India Maj. Henry Coddington Brown, Indian Medical Service, Assistant Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli Robert Colquhoun Boyle, Indian Police, Commandant, Frontier Constabulary, North-West Frontier Province Lewis Wynne Hartley, Income-Tax Comm., Bombay Raja Sayyid Abu Jafar, Taluqdar of Pirpur, in the Fyzabad District of Oudh, United Provinces Rai Bahadur Pandit Gopinath, Member of Council, Jaipur State, Rajputana Jhala Sri Mansinghji Suraj Sinhji, Dewan of Dhrangadhra, Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency Khan Bahadur Khan Ahmad Shah, Honorary Sub-Judge and Hon. Magistrate, Jullundur, Punjab Assistant Surgeon Kedar Nath Das Professor of Midwifery, Campbell Medical School, Calcutta Brig.-Gen.-General John Latham Rose, Indian Army, Officiating Inspector-General, Imperial Service Troops Lt.-Col. Roger Lloyd Kennion, Indian Army, Political Dept., Consul at Kermanshah Lt.-Col. Hugh Augustus Keppel Gough, Indian Army, Political Dept., Consul at Shiraz, Persian Gulf Temporary Major John Arnold Wallinger Indian, Police Capt. Edward William Charles Noel, Indian Army, His Britannic Majesty's Vice-Consul, Ahwaz, and Assistant to Political Resident in Persian Gulf His Highness Maharaja Tashi Naingyal, of Sikkim Sao Kawn Kiao Intaleng, Sawbwa of Kengtung Imperial Order of the Crown of India Her Highness Maji Sahiba Girraj Kaur, of Bharatpur The Royal Victorian Order Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) His Highness Maharaja Maharana Sir Fateh Singh Bahadur, of Udaipur The Rt. Hon. James, Viscount Bryce Sir Bertrand Edward Dawson (dated 22 December 1917) Knight Cmdr. of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) Sir Charles Edward Troup Lt.-Col. Hugh Mallinson Rigby RAMC (dated 22 December 1917) Cmdr. of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) Sidney West Harris Matthew Walter Gibson John Leonard Bolden Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th class (MVO) Lt.-Col. Wyndham Raymond Portal (dated 20 December 1917) Staff Surgeon Louis Greis, Royal Navy (dated 22 December 1917) Lt.-Col. John Cyril Giffard Alers Hankey Capt. Augustus Frederick Liddell, late Royal Arty. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Civil Division Her Majesty, Queen Alexandra Margaret, Baroness Ampthill President of the Bedfordshire Branch of the British Red Cross Society; Member of Council, British Red Cross Society; Head of the Voluntary Aid Detachment Dept., Devonshire House Edith Isabel Benyon, President of the Berkshire Branch of the British Red Cross Society; Commandant of Englefield House Hospital, near Reading Aimee Evelyn, Lady Dawson, Joint Honorary Sec., Queen Mary's Needlework Guild Violet Hermione, Duchess of Montrose, President of the Scottish Branch of the British Red Cross Society Mary Elizabeth, Viscountess Northcliffe, Member of the Joint Committee of the British Red Cross-Society and Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Donor and Administrator of Lady Northcliffe's Hospital for Ofc.s Dominion of New Zealand Her Excellency Annette Louise, Countess of Liverpool British India Her Highness Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum of Bhopal, in recognition of Services rendered by the Native States of India during the War. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Civil Division Sir Thomas Dunlop Lord Provost of Glasgow William Henry Ellis, Master Cutler of Sheffield Sir Richard Charles Garton, Founder of the Garton Foundation for Promoting the Study of International Policy and Economics; Honorary Treasurer of the Trust Fund Committee of Queen Mary's Hostel The Rt. Hon. Sir David Harrel Chairman of the Committee on Production Sir Robert Arundell Hudson, Treasurer and Financial Director of the Joint Committee of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in England Col. Sir Arthur Hamilton Lee Director-General of Food Production Sir William Plender Egypt and the Sudan Gen. Sir Francis Reginald Wingate His Majesty's High Comm. for Egypt British India In recognition of Services rendered by the Native States of India during the War — Lt.-Gen. His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sir Pratap Singh Bahadur of Jammu and Kashmir Maj.-Gen. His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sir Sawai Madho Singh Bahadur of Jaipur Lt.-Col. His Highness Maharao Sir Umed Singh Bahadur of Kotah Lt.-Col. His Highness Maharahadhiraja Sri Sir Bhupindar Singh Mahindar Bahadur of Patiala Dame Cmdr. of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) Civil Division The Hon. Eva Isabella Henrietta Anstruther, Organiser of Soldiers Libraries Caroline, Lady Arnott, Vice-President, Soldiers and Sailors Help Society, Dublin Maud Burnett, Town Councillor of Tynemouth Alice Mary Godman Agnes Lowndes, Lady Jekyll, Head of Stores Dept., Order of St. John of Jerusalem Adelaide Livingstone, Sec. of the Government Committee on the Treatment by the Enemy of British Prisoners of War Ethel Locke King, Vice-President of North Surrey Division and Assistant County Director, Surrey, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Flora, Lady Lugard, Joint Founder of the War Refugees Committee, and Founder of the Lady Lugard Hospitality Committee Margaret Ker Pryse-Rice, President, Carmarthenshire Branch of the British Red Cross Society Rosamond Cornelia Gwladys, Viscountess Ridley, Donor and Administrator, Lady Ridley's Hospital for Ofcs Edith Harriet, Lady Sclater, President of Lady Sclater's Work Room and Smokes Fund Olive Crofton, Lady Smith-Dorrien, President of the Hospital Bag Fund Janet Stancomb-Wills May Webster, Chairman of the British Women's Hospitals Committee; Chairman of the Three Arts Women's Employment Fund Commonwealth of Australia Madame Melba, for services in organising patriotic work Newfoundland Margaret Agnes, Lady Davidson, for services in connection with the Women's Patriotic Association Knight Cmdr. of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) Military Division Army Col. James Galloway Army Medical Service, Chief Comm. for Medical Services, Ministry of National Service Brig.-Gen.-General Louis Charles Jackson Late Controller of the Trench Warfare Research Dept., Ministry of Munitions Col. John Seymour Lloyd Director General of Recruiting, Royal Army Service Corps Civil Division Francis Arthur Aglen, Inspector-General of the Chinese Maritime Customs Frank Baillie, Director of National Aeroplane Factory, Toronto Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow John Field Beale, Vice-Chairman, Royal Commission on Wheat Supplies; Chairman of Allied Wheat Executive Col. Sir George Thomas Beatson Chairman, Scottish Branch, British Red Cross Society Walter Becker Andrew Caird, Administrator, New York Headquarters of the British War Mission to the United States of America James Cantlie Member of Council and of Executive Committee, British Red Cross Society Col. Charles Frederick Close Director-General of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom Alfred Thomas Davies Founder and Hon. Director of the British Prisoners of War Book Scheme Joseph Davies, Representative for Wales and Monmouthshire of the Cabinet Committee for Prevention of Unemployment and Distress William Henry Davison Alfred Hull Dennis Assistant Treasury Solicitor The Rt. Hon. Willoughby Hyett Dickinson Chairman of the Soldiers Dependants' Assessment Appeals Committee William Don, Lord Provost of Dundee Arthur John Dorman, Chairman of Messrs. Dorman, Long and Co., of Middlesbrough Bignell George Elliott Herbert Trustram Eve, Chairman of the Forage Committee Walter Morley Fletcher Sec. of the Medical Research Committee Sir William Bower Forwood Lt.-Col. Henry Fowler Chief Mechanical Engineer to the Midland Railway; Superintendent of the Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough Col. Alexander Gibb, Royal Engineers, of the firm of Messrs. Easton, Gibb and Son Kenneth Weldon Goadby Member of the War Office Committee for the Study of Tetanus Arthur Home Goldfinch, Director of Raw Materials, Dept. of the Surveyor-General of Supply, War Office William Athelstane Meredith Goode, Honorary Sec. of the National Committee for Relief in Belgium Alexander Gracie Managing Director of the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Ltd. Sir William Grey-Wilson Chairman of the Central Committee for Patriotic Organisations Connop Guthrie, Representative of the Director of Transports in the United States of America Lt.-Col. Frederick Hall Arthur Ambrose Hall Harris, Acting Director of Overseas Transport to the Canadian Government; Representative of the Director of Transports in Canada Frederick Ness Henderson, Member of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council Philip Gutterez Henriques, Deputy Controller of Munitions Finance Ernest Varvill Hiley, Late Deputy Director of the National Service Dept. Col. Arthur Richard Holbrook Lt.-Col. Robert Stevenson Horne Royal Engineers, Director of Materials and Priority, Controller's Dept., Admiralty George Burton Hunter Chairman of Messrs. Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson & Company, Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne Gustave Jarmay, Managing Director of Messrs. Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd. Edgar Rees Jones Superintendent, Priority Dept., Ministry of Munitions Roderick Jones, Managing Director, Reuter's Telegram Company, Ltd. Charles Halestaff Kenderdine, Honorary Sec. and Treasurer, Queen Mary's Convalescent Auxiliary Hospitals, Roehampton Harry Livesey, Director of Navy Contracts, Admiralty; formerly Deputy Director of Inland Water Transport and Docks, War Office John Mann, Controller of Contracts, Ministry of Munitions Arthur Harold Marshall Chairman of the Central Building Board, of the Parliamentary Munitions Committee, and of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee George Ernest May, Sec. to the Prudential Assurance Company; Manager of the American Dollar Securities Committee Peter Hannay McClelland, Member of Advisory Board, Surveyor General of Supply Dept., War Office James McKechnie, Managing Director of Messrs. Vickers, Ltd., Barrow Col. Andrew Muter John Ogilvie Royal Engineers, Director of Army Signals (Home Defence); Second Sec. to the Post Office Thomas Henry Penson, Chairman of the War Trade Intelligence Dept. Edward Penton, Junior, in charge of Boot Section, Royal Army Clothing Dept. Frederick George Panizzi Preston, Chairman of Messrs. J. Stone & Company, Ltd., Deptford Sir Frederick Alexander Robertson, Chairman of the Central Council of United Alien Relief Societies Robert Robertson Superintending Chemist, Research Dept., Woolwich Arsenal Herbert Babington Rowell, Member of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council Harry Smith, Chairman of the Keighley Board of Management, Ministry of Munitions Charles John Stewart, Public Trustee Thomas James Storey, Member of the Committee and Chairman of the Classification Committed of Lloyd's Register of Shipping Percy Kendall Stothert, Chairman of the West of England Board of Management, Ministry of Munitions The Rt. Hon. Sir Thomas Vezey Strong Chairman, City of London Tribunal Lt.-Col. Campbell Stuart, Vice-Chairman of London Headquarters of British Mission to the United States of America Charles Sykes, Director of Wool Textile Production and Chairman of the Board of Control of the Worsted Woollen Trades William Henry Thompson Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food William Rowan-Thomson, Director of Auxiliary Ships Engines, Controller's Dept., Admiralty Frank Warner, President of the Silk Association Lt.-Col. Alfred Cholmeley Earle Welby, Sec. of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation British India Maj. His Highness Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraja Sumer Singh Bahadur, of Jodhpur Commonwealth of Australia James William Barrett for services in connection with the Australian Branch of the British Red Cross Society in Egypt, etc. Rear-Admiral William Clarkson Royal Australian Navy, for services in connection with the control and reorganisation of coastal shipping Edward Owen Cox, Chairman, Overseas Shipping Committee Lt.-Col. George Steward, for services to the Commonwealth Government Dominion of New Zealand Sir William Lee, Baron Plunket for services in connection with the New Zealand War Contingent Association Egypt and the Sudan Maj. Lee Oliver FitzMaurice Stack Reserve of Ofc.s, Acting Sirdar and Governor-General of the Sudan Newfoundland The Hon. Patrick Thomas McGrath President of the Legislative Council, Food Controller, Sec. of the Patriotic Fund, and Chairman of the Pensions and Disabilities Board Crown Colonies, Protectorates, etc. The Most Reverend Maurus Caruana, Archbishop, Bishop of Malta Sir Everard Ferdinand im Thurn Vice-Chairman, King George and Queen Mary's Club for the Oversea Forces Brig.-Gen.-General Sir William Henry Manning Capt.-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Island of Jamaica Lawrence Aubrey Wallace Administrator of Northern Rhodesia Sir Arthur Henderson Young Governor and Cmdr.-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements Honorary Knight Cmdr. His Highness Ibrahim, Sultan of the State and Territory of Johor Cmdr. of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Military Division Lt.-Col. John Hubback Anderson, Assistant Director of Medical Services, Australian Imperial Force Col. Frederick John Angell, Assistant Director of Ordnance Services, Southern Command Lt.-Col. James Forrest Halkett Carmichael, Assistant Controller, Raw Materials (Non-Ferrous), Ministry of Munitions Maj. Augustus Basil Holt Clerke, Royal Field Arty., Director, Messrs. Hadfields, Ltd., Sheffield Maj. The Hon. Leonard Harrison Cripps, 4th Hussars; Assistant Controller, Stores Dept., Ministry of Munitions Col. Stuart Davidson, Royal Engineers, Chief Technical Examiner for Works Services, War Office Lt.-Col. Robert Maxwell Dennistoun Deputy Judge Advocate General, Canadian Forces Col. Sir William Yorke Foster Late Assistant Adjutant General, Southern Command Col. Joseph Gaskell Vice-Chairman (Acting Chairman), Glamorgan Territorial Force Association Brevet Col. St. John Corbet Gore Lt.-Col. Geoffrey Gladstone Helbert, Staff of High Comm. for South Africa Maj. Thomas Gerard Hetherington, Services in connection with the origination of Tanks Lt.-Col. John Tweedy Lewtas, Comm. for Medical Services, Ministry of National Service Col. James Reynolds McLean, Deputy Director-General of Recruiting Col. Valentine Matthews Inspector of Rest Houses, London District Col. Robert Dawson Rudolf, Consultant in Medicine, Canadian Army Medical Corps Col. The Hon. George John Smith, Assistant Director of Contracts, Admiralty; New Zealand Military Forces Col. Robert Ward Tate, Adjutant-General to the New Zealand Forces Lt.-Col. Francis William Towle, Royal Army Service Corps; Inspector of Q.M. General's Services; Member of the Tobacco and Matches Control Board Col. Gerald Verner White, Director of Timber Operations, Canadian Forestry Corps Lt.-Col. John Williams, Australian Imperial Force; Commanding Anzac Provost Corps For services in connection with the War in France, Egypt and Salonika — Hugh Garvin Goligher, Financial Adviser, British Expeditionary Force Helen Charlotte Isabella Gwynne-Vaughan, Chief Controller, Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps Lt.-Col. Edward William Horne Lt.-Col. Sydney George Partridge, Army Printing and Stationery Services, General Headquarters, France Civil Division John Arthur Aiton, Chairman, Derbyshire Munitions Board of Management Maj. Charles Aldington, Superintendent of the Line, Great Western Railway Ernest Joshua Allen, Director, Railway Materials, Ministry of Munitions Ernest King Allen, Assistant Public Trustee Richard William Allen Director and Manager of Messrs. W. H. Allen, Son & Company, Bedford Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Joint Founder of the Polish Relief Fund for Great Britain Adelaide Mary Anderson, Principal Lady Inspector of Factories William James Anderson, Honorary Treasurer, Scottish Branch, British Red Cross Society Mildred Harriet, Lady Anstruther John Apsey, Manager, Constructive Dept., H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth Cecil Henry Armitage County Director, Derbyshire, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem George Henry Ashdown Deputy Director of Stores, Admiralty Maj. Frank Ashley, British Red Cross Comm., Malta Ellen, Lady Askwith, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. Frederick Joseph Bacon Treasury Valuer and Inspector of Rates Bernal Bagshawe, Chairman, Leeds Forge Company Ltd., Leeds David Bain, Controller of Timber Supplies for Gun Ammunition Filling Dept., Ministry of Munitions Frank Baines Principal Architect, H.M. Office of Works James Alan Noel Barlow, Deputy Controller, Labour Supply Dept., Ministry of Munitions Benjamin Barrios, Oscar Theodore Barrow Assistant Controller of Finance, Ministry of Munitions Col. Thomas Elwood Lindesay Bate Late County Sec., County of London, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem John Harper Bean, Director, Messrs. A. Harper, Sons and Bean Ltd., Dudley Gerald Bellhouse, Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories Blanche Vere, Countess of Bessborough, Honorary Sec., Y.M.C.A. Auxiliary Committee for France Alfred Carleton Blyth, Managing Director, Hayes Filling Factory, Ministry of Munitions Hereward Kenius Brackenbury, Manager of Torpedo Shops, Messrs. Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Company, Ltd. Thomas John Bradley, Principal Clerk, Exchequer and Audit Dept. Benjamin Broadbent Lt.-Col. Alfred Claude Bromhead Arthur David Brooks, Lord Mayor of Birmingham; Chairman of Birmingham Local Tribunal James Brown, Deputy Chairman and Managing Director, Scott's Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Ltd. Francis Morgan Bryant Sec. of H.M. the King's Private Sec.'s Office James Herbert Brydon, Acting County Director, Honorary County Sec. and Treasurer, Cheshire, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Lindsay Budd, Chairman, Virgin Metals Committee, Ministry of Munitions Kathleen Burke Capt. Sydney Bernard Burney, Assistant Director General of Voluntary Organizations Geoffrey Butler, Dept. of Information, Foreign Office Thomas Sivewright Catto, Ministry of Shipping Fernley John Chamberlain, Assistant Sec. and Chief of Staff to the National Council of Young Men's Christian Associations Brig.-Gen.-General Harry Anthony Chandos-Pole-Gell, Chairman, Derbyshire War Agricultural Executive Committee Professor Frederic John Cheshire, Adviser on Scientific Side of Optical Munitions Branch, Ministry of Munitions Clementine Churchill, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. Maynard Willoughby Colchester-Wemyss Acting Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Maj. Charles John Bowen Cooke, Chief Mechanical Engineer, London and North Western Railway Maj. Edwin Charles Cox, Superintendent of the Line, South Eastern and Chatham Railway Maj. Edward Yorke Daniel, Sec. of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Albert Davidson, Managing Director, Messrs. Hattersley and Davidson Ltd., Sheffield Charles Llewelyn Davies, Assistant Paymaster-General Ernest Davies, Deputy Inspector under the Aliens Act Henry William Carless Davis, Deputy Chairman, War Trade Intelligence Dept. John Samuel Champion Davis County Director, Devonshire, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Howard d'Egville, Honorary Sec. of the United Kingdom Branch of the Empire Parliamentary Association; Comm. under the Military Service (Civil Liabilities) Committee Rafael Chioquetti Pedro Costa Edward Evershed Dendy, Chairman, Semi-manufactured Metals Committee, Ministry of Munitions Arthur Lewis Dixon, Assistant Sec., Home Office Capt. The Hon. Charles Joseph Thaddeus Dormer, Royal Navy, Chairman of the Admiralty Licensing Sub-Committee, War Trade Dept. Col. Charles William Ernest Duncombe County Director, West Yorkshire, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Frances Hermia Durham, Chief Woman Inspector at Central Offices of Employment Dept., Ministry of Labour Arthur James Dyke, Assistant Sec., Board of Customs and Excise Agnes Murray Ebden, Deputy President, Hastings Division, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Ethel Edgar, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. George Edwards, Auditor and Controller, Imperial Munitions Board, Canada William James Evans, Principal Clerk, Sec.'s Dept., Admiralty Peter Dewar Ewing, General Manager, Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, Troon John Edward Ferard, Assistant Sec. (Officiating Sec.), Judicial and Public Dept., India Office Capt. Matthew Benjamin Dipnall Ffinch Assistant Chief Constable in Charge of Special Constabulary, Essex William John Fieldhouse Edward FitzGerald, Assistant to Chairman, Imperial Munitions Board, Canada William Joseph Fitzherbert-Brockholes Chairman, Lancashire War Agricultural Executive Committee Lt.-Col. Herbert Lindsay Fitzpatrick, Red Cross Comm., Salonika Horace Shepherd Folker, Head of Equipment Dept., Headquarters Staff, British Red Cross Society, London Maj. John Henry Follows, Acting General Superintendent, Midland Railway Edward Rodolph Forber, Sec., Military Service (Civil Liabilities) Committee George Herbert Fowler, Hydrographic Dept., Admiralty Capt. George Charles Frederick, Royal Navy, Shipping Intelligence Ofc., Liverpool George Samuel Fry, Formerly Accountant-General of the Board of Trade; Member of the Coal Exports Committee Thomas Alexander Fyfe, Sheriff Substitute of Lanarkshire; Chairman, Glasgow Munitions Tribunal Frank Walls Garnett President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Lt.-Col. Frank Garrett Chairman, Messrs. Garrett and Sons, Leiston Heathcote William Garrod, Deputy Controller, Labour Regulation Dept., Ministry of Munitions Laura Gwendolen Gascoigne, Commandant, Lotherton Hall Auxiliary Hospital, Aberford, West Yorkshire Stephen Gaselee, Dept. of Information, Foreign Office Mager Frederic Gauntlett Late Sec., Shipyard Labour Dept., Admiralty loan Gwilym Gibbon, Principal of the Dept. dealing with Military Service Tribunals, Local Government Board Victoria Florence de Burgh Gibbs, Vice-President, Long Ashton Division of Somersetshire, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem David Gilmour, Formerly Resident Engineer, now Member of Board of Management, H.M. Factory, Gretna, Ministry of Munitions Henry Glendinning, Chemical Director, Messrs. Brunner Mond and Co., Limited, Northwich Lewis Gordon, Deputy Controller, Small Arms Ammunition, Ministry of Munitions Col. George Joachim, Viscount Goschen, Director of Labour Division, Food Production Dept. Robert Ernest Graves, Deputy Comm. of Trade Exemptions Dept., Ministry of National Service Maj. William Wylie Grierson, Chief Engineer, Great Western Railway Rosamund, Lady Henry Grosvenor, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. Maj. Anselm Verner Lee Guise, Director of Stores, British Red Cross Society, Boulogne Frances Bett, Lady Hadfield, Donor and Administrator, No. 5 Hospital, Wimereux, France Arthur Edward Hadley, Assistant Controller of Inspection of Munitions, Ministry of Munitions Ernest Varley Haigh, Controller, Trench Warfare Supply Dept., Ministry of Munitions Arthur Henry Hall, Director of Torpedoes and Mines Production, Controller's Dept., Admiralty John Harrison, Chairman of the City of Edinburgh Local Tribunal Ralph Endersby Harwood, Sec. of the War Trade Statistical Dept. William Hawk Chairman, Cornwall War Agricultural Executive Committee Alfred Ernest William Hazel Deputy Controller, Priority Dept., Ministry of Munitions Alexander Pearce Higgins Lecturer on International Law at Cambridge, and President of the Society of Public Teachers of Law Professor William Richard Hodgkinson Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy, Ordnance College, Woolwich Arthur William Holmes, Director of Contracts, Royal Commission on Wheat Supplies Collingwood Hope Chairman, Essex Appeal Tribunal John Wilson Hope, Chairman of the Committee for the Purchase of Army Camp Refuse Leonard Thomas Horne, Assistant Sec., Ministry of Pensions Lancelot Worthy Horne, Superintendent of the Line, London & North Western Railway George Henry Hunt Accountant, Treasury Summers Hunter, Member of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council Cyril William Hurcomb, Deputy Director of Commercial Services, Ministry of Shipping Rear-Admiral Edward Fitzmaurice Inglefield, Royal Navy, Sec. of Lloyd's Register of Shipping Daniel Jackson, Partner and Head of Shipyard, Messrs. Denny Brothers, Dumbarton Lt.-Cmdr. Basil Oliver Jenkins Member in charge of Aviation, British War Mission, United States of America Walter St. David Jenkins, Assistant Director of Contracts, Admiralty Harry Marshall Jonas, Member of Valuation Advisory Committee, Controlled Establishment Branch, Ministry of Munitions Charles Henry Jones, Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen Frederick McCulloch Jowitt Harold Godfrey Judd, Deputy Controller, Contracts Dept., Ministry of Munitions Walter George Kent, of Messrs. George Kent, Ltd., Luton Robert Killin, Superintendent of the Line, Caledonian Railway Alfred Clive Lawrence, Head of the Intelligence Branch of the Procurator-General's Dept. Florence Edith Victoria Leach, Controller of Inspections, Women's Army Auxiliary Corps Rudolf Gustav Karl Lempfert Superintendent of the Forecast Division, Meteorological Office Norman Alexander Leslie, Ministry of Shipping Edgar Stanford London, Deputy Chief Inspector of Taxes, Inland Revenue Arthur Lucas, Deputy Director, Dept. of Import Restrictions, Board of Trade William Joseph Luke, Shipyard Director, Messrs. John Brown & Company, Ltd., Clydebank William Royse Lysaght Technical Adviser, Non-Ferrous Materials Dept., Ministry of Munitions Horacio George Arthur Mackie, His Majesty's Consul-General, Buenos Aires James Borrowman MacLean, Controller, Gun Manufacture, Ministry of Munitions William Turner MacLellan Assistant Controller, Iron and Steel Production, Ministry of Munitions Frederick Larkins MacLeod, Adviser on Foreign Iron Ores, Ministry of Munitions Terence Charles Macnaghten, Principal Clerk, Colonial Office Charles Cornelius Maconochie Sheriff of the Lothians and Peebles; Chairman of the Lothian Appeal Tribunal Edmund John Maginness Manager, Constructive Dept., H.M. Dockyard, Chatham James Rochfort Maguire, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. George Malcolm Alfred Mansfield, Director of Oils and Fats James Marr Member of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council Thomas Rodgerson Marsden, Managing Director, Messrs. Platt Brothers & Company, Oldham Wing-Capt. Edward Alexander Dimsdale Masterman, Royal Naval Air Service Arthur Stanley Mather Chairman, Lancashire (West Derby Hundred) Appeal Tribunal Richard Edward Lloyd Maunsell, Mechanical Engineer, South Eastern and Chatham Railway Oliver Hill McCowen Sec. in Charge of Y.M.C.A. work in France The Hon. Henry Duncan McLaren Director, Area Organisation, Ministry of Munitions William Bentley McMillan Provost of Greenock Harry Bell Measures Director of Barrack Construction, War Office His Honour Judge Francis Hamilton Mellor Chairman, Lancashire (Salford Hundred) Appeal Tribunal Frank Herbert Mitchell, Assistant Director, Official Press Bureau Maj. Robert Mitchell, Director of Training, Ministry of Pensions William Mitchell-Thomson Director of the Restriction of Enemy Supplies Dept. Col. James Alexander Lawrence Montgomery, British Red Cross Comm., East Africa Lt.-Col. Charles Langbridge Morgan, Late Chief Engineer, London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Hopkin Morgan Chairman, Glamorganshire County Council; Mayor of Neath; Chairman, West Glamorganshire Appeal Tribunal Thomas Harry Mottram, Divisional Inspector of Mines; Chairman of Colliery Recruiting Courts, Yorkshire and North Midlands Division William Arthur Mount Civil Member of Claims Commission, War Office Conrad James Naef, Deputy Accountant-General of the Navy Daniel Neylan, Chief Accountant, War Office; late Financial Adviser to the Salonika Expeditionary Force Thomas Norton Chairman, Yorkshire West Riding Appeal Tribunal Arthur Eugene O'Neill, Ministry of Shipping Lt.-Col. Claude Bowes Palmer County Director, Northumberland and Durham, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Maj. Edward Howard Thornbrough Parsons, Chief Constable, Metropolitan Police James Peech, Adviser on Shell Steel, Ministry of Munitions His Honour Judge George Bettesworth Piggott, Chairman of Special Local Tribunal for London and Member of London Appeal Tribunal Henry Howard Piggots, Assistant Sec., Parliamentary and General, Ministry of Munitions Charles Ralph Pinder, Resident Engineer, H.M. Factory, Oldbury; formerly Construction Manager, H.M. Factory, Queensferry, and H.M. Factory, Avonmouth, Ministry of Munitions Henry Pledge, Assistant Director of Naval Construction, Admiralty William Jackson Pope Professor of Chemistry, University of Cambridge; Member of Panel of Board of Invention and Research, Admiralty Helen Matilda, Lady Procter, Chairman, Munition Workers Welfare Committee, Y.W.C.A. James Railton, Partner in the Firm of Messrs. Topham, Jones and Railton Harry Rawson Chairman, City of Edinburgh Territorial Force Association George Grey Rea Member of the President of the Board of Agriculture's Committee Food Production Advisory Lt.-Col. Hugh Reid Member of War Executive and of the Scottish National Red Cross and Ralston Hospital Committee of the Scottish Branch, British Red Cross Society Arthur John Relton, Member of the Aircraft Insurance Committee Brevet Lt.-Col. Thomas Duncan Rhind, Controller of Statistics, Ministry of National Service John Richie Richmond, Managing Director of Messrs. J. M. Weir, Ltd., Cathcart Gervase Henry Roberts, Superintendent, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Woolwich Arsenal John Robertson, Provost of the Burgh of Paisley; Chairman of the local National Service and Food Control Committees; Member of Appeal Tribunal William Robinson, Financial Sec., India Office William Arthur Robinson Assistant Sec., H.M. Office of Works Corisande Evelyn Vere, Baroness Rodney, Y.M.C.A. Worker Archibald John Campbell Ross, Member of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Council John Rowland Late Chief Comm. of National Service, Wales Matthew Adkins Rundell, Government representative on the London group of War Risks Associations; Government representative on the Fishing Vessels War Risks Insurance Association Edward Russell Clarke Expert Adviser to the Naval Staff on Wireless Telegraphy Nils Percy Patrick Sandberg, Director of Inspection of Steel (Land Service), Ministry of Munitions, and Associate Member of Ordnance Committee Charles John Ough Sanders, Superintendent for Wrecks and Loss of Life at Sea; in the Marine Dept., Board of Trade Capt. William Stephen Sanders, Sec. to the British Section of the International Socialist Party William Samuel Sarel, Assistant Accountant-General of the Navy Maj. Finlay Forbes Scott, Superintendent of the Line, London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Col. John Scott-Riddell Red Cross Comm. for North Eastern District of Scotland Albert Senior Principal Partner, Messrs. G., Senior & Sons, Ltd., Sheffield John Davenport Siddeley, Managing Director of the Siddeley-Deasy Co., Ltd. William Anker Simmons Agricultural Adviser, Ministry of Food Arthur William Smallwood Frederick Smith, Assistant Director of Materials and Priority, Controller's Dept., Admiralty, New Zealand Expeditionary Force Launcelot Eustace Smith, Chairman and Managing Director, Messrs. Smith's Dock Company, Ltd., Tyne Branch Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith, Chairman and Test and Experimental Manager of Sopwith Aviation Co., Ltd. William Spens, Foreign Trade Dept. Ernest Edward William Squires, General Manager, Metropolitan Carriage, Wagon & Finance Company, Ltd., Birmingham Josiah Charles Stamp Assistant Sec. to the Board of Inland Revenue Lockhart Stephens County Director, Hampshire British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Frances Louise Stevenson, Private Sec. to the Prime Minister Thomas Henry Craig Stevenson Superintendent of Statistics, General Register Office Mary Margaret Stewart-Mackenzie William Chester Still, Senior Partner of Messrs. W. M. Still and Sons John William Stone, Surveyor of Lands, Director of Works Dept., Admiralty Lucy Granville Streatfeild, Member of Soldiers Dependants Assessment Appeals Committee John Stuart, Managing Director, Messrs. Ross, Ltd., London The Hon. Violet Stuart-Wortley, Ladies Sec. to the Headquarters Committee, Y.M.C.A. The Hon. Reginald Gilbert Murray Talbot, Chairman, London Munitions Tribunal Frank Tatlow, Deputy General Manager, Midland Railway Lt.-Col. Percy Crosland Tempest, Chief Engineer, South Eastern and Chatham Railway Capt. William Hugh Tomasson Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire and Acting Inspector of Constabulary Wynn Harold Tregoning, Ministry of Shipping; a Membef of the Ship Licensing Committee Joseph Harling Turner John James Virgo, National Field Sec. to the Y.M.C.A. Lt.-Col. David Wallace Red Cross Comm. for Eastern District of Scotland Hugh Walpole Evelyn Mayura Walters, Honorary Sec., Kensington Division, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Organiser of the Weir Hospital, Balham Lady Susan Elizabeth Clementine Waring, Donor and Administrator, Auxiliary Hospital for Convalescent Ofc.s, Lennel, Coldstream, Berwick Maj. Henry Angus Watson, General Superintendent, North Eastern Railway Alexander Strahan Watt, Lawrence WeaverDirector of Supplies Division, Food Production Dept. Harry James Webb, Royal Corps of Naval Constructors; Chief Constructor and Superintendent, Dockyard Branch, Controller's Dept., Admiralty Philip George Lancelot Webb, Deputy Controller of Petrol Dept., Board of Trade Wilfred Howard Williams, Director of Inland Transport, Ministry of Munitions Col. Frederic Herbert Williamson, Royal Engineers, Director of Army Postal Service (Home); Principal Clerk, Sec.'s Office, General Post Office John William Willis-Bund Chairman, Worcestershire County Council; Chairman, Worcestershire Appeal Tribunal; Chairman, Worcestershire National Relief Fund Horace John Wilson, Sec. to Committee on Production, Ministry of Labour John James Withers Humbert Wolfe, Controller, Labour Regulation Dept., Ministry of Munitions Edith Amelia, Baroness Wolverton, Ladies Auxiliary Committee (Munitions Section), Y.M.C.A. Professor Thomas Barlow Wood, Drapers Professor of Agriculture in the University of Cambridge; Adviser on Meat Production to the President of the Board of Agriculture, and Chief Executive Ofc., Army Cattle Purchase Scheme Alfred Woodgate, Assistant Sec. to the Ministry of Shipping Raymond Wybrow Woods, Chief Clerk, Treasury Solicitor's Dept. Thomas Worthington, Late Head of the Commercial Intelligence Dept. of the Board of Trade Maj. Lionel Maling Wynch Sec. to Red Cross Comm., France Lt.-Col. Charles John Wyndham, Late County Director, Sussex, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem Harold Edgar Yarrow, Director of Messrs. Yarrow & Company John Horatio Yolland, Chief of Staff of County Director, Kent, British Red Cross and Order of St. John of Jerusalem George Udny Yule, Director of Requirements, Ministry of Food For services in connection with the War in France, Egypt and Salonika — Arthur Beagley Beavis, Financial Adviser, British Salonika Force Rachel, Countess of Dudley, Honorary Superintendent, No. 32 Stationary Hospital, France; Honorary Superintendent, Expeditionary Force, Ofc.s' Clubs and Rest Houses Lady Mabelle Annie Egerton, in charge of Station Coffee Stall, Rouen Robert Godfrey Peckitt, Chief Mechanical Engineer, Egyptian State Railways British India Jeanie, Lady Meston, Head of the branch of the Red Cross in Allahabad Lt.-Col. Frank Popham Young Indian Army, Comm., Rawalpindi Division, Punjab Sir Robert Swan Highet, Agent, East Indian Railway, Calcutta Nawab Sir Faridoon Daula Bahadur Assistant Political Minister to His Highness the Nizam's Government Montagu de Pomeroy Webb Manager, Forbes, Forbes, Campbell and Co., Karachi, Bombay Presidency Commonwealth of Australia Mary Antill, Organiser, War Chest Fund, Sydney Henry Ebenezer Budden, Organiser, Overseas Australian Comforts Funds Guillaume Daniel Delprat, for services in connection with steel supplies, etc. Mary, Lady Hennessy, Organiser, Victorian Branch, Australian Comforts Fund Beatrice Henty, Sec., Australian Comforts Fund, Melbourne Maj. Frank de Villiers Lamb, for services in connection with the Australian Branch of the British Red Cross Society in England and Egypt Clare Lyle Hugh Victor McKay, for services in connection with war industries Orme Masson Eliza Fraser Mitchell, for services in connection with the Australian Branch of the British Red Cross Society in England and Australia Lt.-Col. William James Norman Oldershaw, for services in connection with the Commonwealth Shipping Board Frances Mary Woolcott, Honorary Organiser of the Button Fund William James Young, for services in connection with Shipping Dominion of New Zealand Jacobina Luke Christina Allan Massey Robert Howard Nolan, Honorary Sec., New Zealand Soldiers' Club Theresa Dorothea, Lady Ward Oriana Fanny Wilson Egypt and the Sudan Ernest Macleod Dowson, Director-General of Survey Dept. Cecil Gordon Crawley, in charge of the Government Arsenals Wasey Sterry, Chief Justice in the Sudan George Eustace Burnett-Stuart, Director of Personnel in Ministry of Interior Newfoundland The Hon. James Augustus Clift Acting Minister of Agriculture and Mines, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Patriotic Association, Member of the Recruiting Committee and the Pensions Board Union of South Africa Hester Marion Carter, of the Red Cross and Comforts Committee, Cape Town Ernest Chappell, Chairman of the Johannesburg Branch of the Comforts Committee Douglas Christopherson, Vice-Chairman, Johannesburg Local Committee, Governor-General's Fund, and Chairman of the Disabled Soldiers Board, Johannesburg The Hon. Eleanor Birch Wilson-Fox, Chairman, South African Comforts Committee in London Jessie Dodd, Lady Rose-Innes Thomas Slingsby Nightingale Sec. to the High Comm. in London for the Union of South Africa Evelyn Ashley Wallers, President of the Transvaal Chamber of Mines Crown Colonies, Protectorates, etc. Andrew Agnew, Chairman of River Craft Committee, Member of Food Control and Shipping Committee, and Commandant of the Civil Guard, Straits Settlements Thomas Alexander Vans Best Administering the Government of the Leeward Islands Ethel Dorothy Bowring, for services to the East African Expeditionary Force Francis George Bury, Honorary Treasurer, King George and-Queen Mary's Club for the Oversea Forces Thomas Fraser Burrowes, Comptroller of Customs and Receiver of Enemy Estates, Nigeria William Morris Carter, Chief Justice of His Majesty's High Court of Uganda, and Chairman of the Uganda Supplies Board Elizabeth Lydia Rosabelle, Lady Clifford, for charitable services in the Gold Coast Colony Henry Lawson De Mel, for services to the Government of Ceylon Sir Frederick Evans for services to the Government of Gibraltar Henry Cowper Gollan Attorney-General and Chairman of the Food Committee of the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago Richard Allmond Jeffrey Goode, Sec. to the Administration, Northern Rhodesia Francis.Charles Jenkin, Deputy Superintendent, Special Police Reserve, Hong Kong Reginald Fleming Johnston, District Ofc. and Magistrate, Weihaiwei Joseph Horsford Kemp, Attorney-General of the Colony of Hong Kong Albert Ernest Kitson, Director, Geological Survey Dept., Gold Coast Colony Henry Marks, Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of the Colony of Fiji; for services to various patriotic funds Mary Ethel, Baroness Methuen, for services to the sick and wounded in Malta Alice, Lady Miles, President of the-Red Cross and other funds, Gibraltar Nana Ofori Atta, Paramount Chief of Akin Abuakwa; for services to the Government of the Gold-Coast Colony Alexander Ransford Slater Colonial Sec. of the Gold Coast Colony, for special services in connection with recruiting Hippolyte Louis Wiehe du Coudray Souchon, Representative in London of the Mauritius' Chamber of Agriculture Honorary Cmdrs of the said Most Excellent Order Abubakar Garbai, Shehu of Borno, for services in connection with the Cameroon Campaign Sheikh Ali bin Salim, Assistant Liwali, Mombasa Muhammadu Abba, Emir of Yola, for services in connection with the Cameroon Campaign Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) Royal Red Cross First Class (RRC) Millicent Acton, Matron, Territorial Force Nursing Service (T.F.N.S.) Margaret Anderson, Head Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Edith Elizabeth Appleton, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Bartholomew's Ellen Elizabeth Baldrey, Sister, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service Reserve (Q.A.I.M.N.S.R.) Marian Winfield Bannister, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Frederickke Wilhelmina Christopherson, Assistant Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mary Constance Clark, Superintending Sister, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service (Q.A.R.N.N.S.) Grace Corder, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Helen Cousins, Matron, 10, Palace Green, W. London Elizabeth Joan Cumming, Matron, Army Nursing Service Reserve Nora Dalrymple, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Ethel Sarah Davidson, Matron, Australian Army Nursing Service (A.A.N.S) Annie Blackley Denton, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Helen Dey, Acting Sister, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (Q.A.I.M.N.S.) Clarice Molyneux Dickson, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Maud Alice Dunn, Sister, T.F.N.S. Nora Easby, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Thomas Hospital Lily Agnes Ephgrave, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (retired) Gertrude Annie Flood, Matron, Military Orthopaedic Hospital, Shepherd's Bush Mary. Gladys Connie Foley, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Dorothy Penrose Foster, Sister, T.F.N.S. Myra Goodeve, Matron, Canadian Army Medical Corps Frances Mary Hall, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (retired) Jane Anne Hannah, Sister, T.F.N.S. Elsie Emma Harlow, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Ethel Harwood, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Katie Payne Hodge, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., Australia Minnie Holmes, Sister, T.F.N.S. Ethel Julia Marion Keene, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Estelle Venner Keogh, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., Australia Mary Walker Langlands, Sister, T.F.N.S. Dorothy Ann Laughton, Sister, T.F.N.S. Gertiude Lulham, Sister, T.F.N.S. Margaret Joan Leonara Lyons, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Elizabeth Lusk Macaulay, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Edinburgh Mental Hospital Cordelia MacKay, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Janet McGregor McDonald, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Katherine Violet Saile Merriman, Sister, T.F.N.S. Isabel Muirhead Muir, Sister, T.F.N.S. Gertrude Napper, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Alice Nye, Matron, Nursing Service Ida O'Dwyer, Head Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Mildred Alice Oakley, Sister, Acting Matron, T.F.N.S. Elizabeth Orr, Assistant Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Rachel Patterson, Matron, Nyasaland Nursing Service Kathleen Agnes Prendergast, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Minnie Farquharson Proctor, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Elizabeth Rogers, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Violet Rogers, Sister, T.F.N.S. Alice Rowe, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Amelia Julia, Lady Sargant Commandant and Matron, St. Anselm's Hospital, Walmer Eva Owen Schofield, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary Helen Donaldson Shearer, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Margaret Helen Smyth, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Alice Violet Stewart, Senior Nursing Sister, Nursing Service Louisa Stobo, Head Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Marky Minto Tait, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Glasgow Western Infirmary Jean Urquhart, Matron, Canadian Army Medical Corps Margaret Whitson, Matron, British Red Cross Society Maude Willes Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Eva Florence Wilson, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Nella Myrtle Wilson, Assistant Matron, Canadian Army Medical Corps Adelaide Anne Wood, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Second Class (Associate RRC) Maud Alice Abraham, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Middlesex Hospital Louisa Joyce Acton, Town Hall Hospital, Torquay Helen Addison, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Betty Angel, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Royal Free Hospital Esther Lydia Ashby, Sister, T.F.N.S. Ellen Atkinson, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Alfreeda Jean Attrill, Nursing Sister, Canadian Nursing Service Frances Ethel Bach, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, David Lewis Hospital, Liverpool Annie Baillie, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Geraldine Catherine Ball, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Annie Barns, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Florence Marion Bartleet, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Francis Ethel Barwell, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Henrietta Bauman, Sister, South African Medical Nursing Service Susan Baxter, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Mile End Infirmary Mary du Caurroy, The Duchess of Bedford, Woburn Auxiliary Hospital, Bedford Beatrice Emily Beeson, Special Probationers Nursing Service Louisa Bennett, Sister, British Red Cross Society Marianne Ballingall Bennett, Assistant Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mother Mary Berckmans, Matron, Military Hospital, Waterloo Park, Lancashire Louisa Harriett Berry, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Elizabeth May Best, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps, Nursing Service Florence Ethel Bickmore, Sister, British Red Cross Society Frances May Billington, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., New Zealand Annie Blackburn, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Ada Blackmail, London Hospital Emily Coleclough Blake, Nursing Sister, South African Medical Nursing Service Elsie Blest, Voluntary Aid Detachment Constance Boschoff, Staff Nurse, Clandon Park, Guildford Emily Caroline Clifford Bramwell, Matron, The Red House Auxiliary Hospital, Leatherhead Margaret Allen Brander, Sister, T.F.N.S. May Gertrude Broadbent, Voluntary Aid Detachment Katharine Alice Broade, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (retired) Flora McDonald Browning, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Royal Infirmary, Sunderland Mabel Emma Bruce, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps, Nursing Service Amy Ada Bryant, Matron, Benfleet Hall Auxiliary Hospital, Sutton Mathilde Bull, Sister, T.F.N.S. Marguerite Eveline Bunyard, Voluntary Aid Detachment Ellen Josephine Burke, Staff Nurse, Civil Hospital Reserve, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Georgia Burke-Roche, Sister, Nursing Service Helen Caig, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Queens Hospital, Birmingham Nina Cairns, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Alexine Cameron, Sister, T.F.N.S. Edith Clare Cameron, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) Helen Margaret Cameron, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Eve Mary Campbell, The Hon. Nursing Sister, East Africa Nursing Service Mary Roslyn Carr, Matron, British Red Cross Society Edith Emma Dorothy Carter, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Stella Caulfield, Voluntary Aid Detachment Kathleen Cawler, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Sarah E. Chadwick, Sister, St. Johns Hospital, Southport Lily Langshaw Chapman, Sister, T.F.N.S. Julie Mary Clancy, Staff Nurse, Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Marguerite Gérard-Clément, Sister (late A.N.S.), Military Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Mary Fynes Clinton, Voluntary Aid Detachment Lynda Mary Coates, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital Jessie Alexander Connal, Sister, T.F.N.S. Isabel Connor, Nursing Sister, Australian Army Medical Corps, Nursing Service Ianthe Constantinides, Voluntary Aid Detachment Edith Marie Cooper, Acting Sister. Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Amy Isabel Coward, Sister, T.F.N.S. Margaret Rosetta Cox, Sister, T.F.N.S. Isobella Craig, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Glasgow Royal Infirmary Mary Craig, Staff Nurse, South African Medical Nursing Service Helen Patterson Crawford, Sister, T.F.N.S. Mary Matthewson Crichton, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Manchester Royal Infirmary Annie Crooks, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Jean P. Cullen, Nursing Sister, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service Reserve (Q.A.R.N.N.S.R.) Ethel Mary Cumberledge, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Bartholomew's Agnes Elizabeth Cummings, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Constance Cundell, Voluntary Aid Detachment Mary Curran, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Royal City of Dublin Hospital Elsie Frances Curtis, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Clare Daglish, Voluntary Aid Detachment May Dale, Nursing Sister, East Africa Nursing Service Henrietta Daly, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Marianne Emaline Dann, Matron, Red Cross Hospital, Hillfield, Reigate Christina Anderson Davidson, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Mary Anne Davies, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Isabel May Day, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Alma Margaret Mary Denny, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Christina McI. Dewar, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S.R. Gertrude Marion Doherty, Staff Nurse, Australian Army Nursing Service Edith Victoria Donaldson, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., Australia Helen Louise Drinkwater, Sister, T.F.N.S. Mary Annie Earp, Voluntary Aid Detachment Alice Mary Eastes, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mary Richmond Easton, Matron, Headquarters, London Mary Eksteen, Staff Nurse, South African Medical Nursing Service Christabel Mary Ellis, Voluntary Aid Detachment Mary Emerson, Sister, Hildens Military Hospital, Haslemere Bessie Ernest, Voluntary Aid Detachment Eliza Ann Everett, Nurse, Regents Park Hospital, Southampton Margaret Fanny Fell, Sister, T.F.N.S. Helen Mary Fergusson, Sister, T.F.N.S. Charlotte Fitzmayer, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (T) Nora Fitzpatrick, Nurse (Nursing Services), Dublin May Armstrong Fletcher, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Jean Forbes, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Ella Foskett, Sister, T.F.N.S. Helen Leila Fox, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Winifred Heath Fray, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Jessica Lillington Freshfield, Sister, British Red Cross Society Kleo Friend, Commandant, The Castle Auxiliary Hospital, Ryde, Isle of Wight Mary Furdham, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Jean Fyfe, Asst Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Margaret Mary Galbraith, Asst Matron, Canadian Army Medical Corps, Nursing Service Margaret Gall, Sister, T.F.N.S. Elsie Vera Orby Gascoigne, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Mabel Emily Gascoine, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, West Hertfordshire Hospital Elsie Georgina Gawith, Voluntary Aid Detachment Kathleen Gawler, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Janet Elizabeth Giles, Matron, British Red Cross Society Charlotte Mary Gooding, Sister, Kingston, Surbiton and District Red Cross Hospital, New Maiden Katherine Marsh Gordon, Voluntary Aid Detachment Member Edith Mary Goss, Lady Superintendent, Palace Auxiliary Hospital, Gloucester Jemima Helen Grant, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Dora Granville Grayson, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Dorothy Greig, Special Probationers Nursing Service Mary Ellen Grow, Sister, Oakenshaw Hospital, Surbiton Edith Hadfield, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Hull Royal Infirmary Mary Beatrice Hall, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Jessie Jean Halliday, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Florence Harley, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Eliza Agnes Harrison, Assistant Matron, T.F.N.S. Sybil M. Harry, Sister, Headquarters, London Lizzie Haxell, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Sarah Heaney, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Frances Henderson, Voluntary Aid Detachment Dorothy Henderson, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S. Helen Catherine Henry, Special Probationer Nursing Service Georgina Hester, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, University College Hospital Ruth Hewlett, Voluntary Aid Detachment Margaret Agnes Hilhard, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Guy's Hospital Elizabeth Bridges Hill, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Norah Hill, Voluntary Aid Detachment Gertrude Hind, Sister, T.F.N.S. Ethel Madeline Gertrude Hirst, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S. Jennie Holford, Sister, T.F.N.S. Olive Kathleen Holmes, Nursing Sister, British Red Cross Society Edith Hounslow, Voluntary Aid Detachment Amy Howard, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Nursing Service, Canadian General Hospital, Orpington Edith Hudson, Nursing Member, Canadian Nursing Service Ethel Hutchings, Sister, Nursing Service Florance Hyndman, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, Dublin Georgina Swinton Jacob, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Sybil Ada Catherine Jarvis, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Lilian Maud Jeans, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Charing Cross Hospital Dorothy Jobson, Voluntary Aid Detachment Isobella Kate Jobson, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., Australia Nora Johnson, Voluntary Aid Detachment Sarah Persis Johnson, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Nursing Service Mary Ann Jones, Voluntary Aid Detachment Kate Elizabeth Jones, Matron, Kingston, Surbiton District Red Cross Hospital, New Maiden Nellie Ida Jordan, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Mabel Kaberry, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Alicia Mary Kelly, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Evelyn Stewart Killery, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Charlotte Grace Kirkpatrick, Sister, T.F.N.S. Annie Knox, Sister, T.F.N.S. Jean Knox, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Helen Lamb, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Anne Ardagh Langley, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Harriet Lascell, Matron, Kasr-el-Aine Hospital The Hon. Margaret Cecilia Lawley, Voluntary Aid Detachment The Hon. Ursula Mary Lawley, Voluntary Aid Detachment Lorna Priscilla Leatham, Voluntary Aid Detachment Annie Norrish Lee, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mary Anderson Linton, Staff Nurse, Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Constance Little, Voluntary Aid Detachment Janet McFarlane Livingston, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mary Frances Looney, Staff Nurse, New Zealand Army Medical Corps Nursing Service Daisy Lynch, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Leicester Royal County Hospital Edith Macarthy, Voluntary Aid Detachment Ella Marie Louise MacFadden, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Nellie Mackenzie, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Annie Forguil Macleod, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Jean Mair, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Letitia Mary Manley, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Middlesex Hospital Louise Grace Mannell, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Marion S. Marshall, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S.R. Bertha Martin, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Elizabeth Martin, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Mary Barbara Martin, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Esther Chisholme Masterton, Staff Nurse, Civil Hospital Reserve, Glasgow Royal Infirmary Beatrice Matthews, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Margaret Ballantyre McBride, Sister, T.F.N.S. Madeline McCarthy, Voluntary Aid Detachment Marion McCormick, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Margaret McCort, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Mary Scott McDonald, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Susannah Josephine McGann, Staff Nurse, New Zealand Army Nursing Service Jessie McGillivray, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mary S. McHugh, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Caroline Amelia McIlrath, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Florence McKellar, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Joan Davina Carstairs McPherson, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Margaret Meikle, Matron, Cadland Auxiliary Hospital, New Forest, Hampshire Ebba Wendell de Merrall, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Nursing Service, Canadian General Hospital, Taplow Mary Merrill, Voluntary Aid Detachment Agnes Midgley, Matron, British Red Cross Society Janet Mitchell, Staff Nurse, T.F.N.S. Kate Mildred Moore, Matron, Headquarters, London Grace Morgan, Matron, Arrowe Hall Hospital, Woodchurch, near Birkenhead Gertrude Daisy Morris, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (retired) Martha Reid Morrison, Sister, T.F.N.S. Helena Morrough, Sister, T.F.N.S. Elizabeth Mosey, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Ellen Murray, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Anne Elizabeth Musson, Sister, T.F.N.S. Amy Augusta Neville, Voluntary Aid Detachment Dorothy Jane Louisa Newton, Sister, Australian Army Nursing Service Elizabeth Scott Newton, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Leith General Hospital Eliza Jane Nicol, Sister, T.F.N.S. Helena Nisbett, Voluntary Aid Detachment Millicent Mary Nix, Nurse, The Princess Christian Hospital, Weymouth Adeline Annie Pallot, Nursing Sister, Nyasaland Nursing Service Janet Parry, Sister, T.F.N.S. Violetta Chancha Paschah, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (retired) Marian Paterson, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Bartholomew's Margaret Brand Paterson, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S. Mary Paul, Sister, T.F.N.S. Edith Payne, Voluntary Aid Detachment Geraldine Platt, Voluntary Aid Detachment Sophie Eleanor Pollard, Lady Superintendent, Auxiliary Military Hospital, Thirsk Mary Pool, Sister, T.F.N.S. Edith Mary Porter, Assistant Matron, T.F.N.S. Mary Potts, Acting Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Florence Catharine Puddicombe, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Elsie Evelyn Quilter, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Guy's Hospital Annie Mary Raine, Sister, T.F.N.S. Katharine Rapson, Matron, St. George's Hill Auxiliary Hospital, Surrey Ethel Reade, Sister, South African Medical Nursing Service Anne Victoria Reay, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R., Australia Helena Kate Repton, Matron, British Red Cross Society Maud Reynolds-Knight, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Westminster Hospital Kate Ianthe Richardson, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Guy's Hospital Sarah Jane Robley, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps, Nursing Service Amy Frances Rohde, Voluntary Aid Detachment Mary Francis Ronaldson, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Nottingham General Hospital Mary Ellen Ruck, Sister, T.F.N.S. Margaret Rudland, Sister, British Red Cross Society Dorothea Rudman, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Manchester Royal Infirmary Alice Mary Sampson, Acting Matron, T.F.N.S. Mabel Scholes, Voluntary Aid Detachment Elizabeth Sear, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Margaret Ion Pierson, Special Probationers Nursing Service Jeanie Fitzpatrick (Nursing Services), Dublin Ethel L. Shute (Sister Ignatius), Matron, St. Andrew's Hospital, Dollis Hill, London Lilian Sidebotham, Sister, T.F.N.S. Mary Simon, Matron, Wykeham Abbey Auxiliary Military Hospital, York Angela Ford Sister, Nursing Service Mary Skinner, Voluntary Aid Detachment Dorothy Carmynow Sloggett, Voluntary Aid Detachment Ann Smith, Sister, T.F.N.S. Dora Shanklie Smith, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Ethel Smith, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Mabel Basden Smith, Nursing Sister, Q.A.R.N.N.S. Elizabeth Smith, Sister, Camberley Auxiliary Military Hospital Ethel Margaret Spicer, Acting Sister Civil Hospital Reserve, London Hospital Hilda Frances Starbuck, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Ethel Fowler Stephenson, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Ellenor Stevenson, Matron, Auxiliary Hospital, Henley-in-Arden, Warwick Mary Ramsay Stewart-Richardson, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Annie Maud Stirling, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Emma Jane Stokes, Sister, T.F.N.S. Isabella Lyle Storar, Sister, T.F.N.S. Aileen Yvonne Swann, Voluntary Aid Detachment Dorothy Maud Sweet, Voluntary Aid Detachment Matilda Goodall Tate, Staff Nurse, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Lavinia Taylor, Sister, T.F.N.S. Sophie Isabel Thomson, Sister, T.F.N.S. Jean Todd, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Constance Robina Townend, Assistant Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Lucy Mary Trumble, Staff Nurse, New Zealand Army Nursing Service Sadie Tyler, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Ethel Frances Upton, Nursing Sister, Canadian Army Medical Corps Mabel Vivian, Matron, The Princess Christian Hospital, Weymouth Ellen Constance Wadling, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, St. Thomas's Hospital Agnes Walker, Sister, T.F.N.S. Ann Wilson Wallace, Nursing Sister, South African Medical Nursing Service Dorothy Ward, Sister, T.F.N.S. Phyllis Mary Waterland, Assistant Matron, British Red Cross Society Amy Waterman, Acting Sister, Civil Hospital Reserve, Middlesex Hospital Ethel Frances Watkins, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Agnes Colthart Watson, Sister, T.F.N.S. Helena Hendrina Weise, Sister, South African Medical Nursing Service Jean Wells, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Gertrude Whitehurst, Voluntary Aid Detachment Cicely Wicksteed, Voluntary Aid Detachment Clarice Malvenie Williams, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Margaret Williams, Sister, T.F.N.S. Edith Mary Williams, Matron, Red Cross Hospital, Brecon, South Wales Ida Grace Willis, Assistant Matron, New Zealand Army Nursing Service Annie Paterson Wilson, Acting Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Isabella Wilson, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S.R. Eleanor Miriam Woodhouse, Sister, T.F.N.S. Mary Gertrude Woodrow, Matron, Caenshill Auxiliary Hospital, Weybridge Elizabeth Ann Woodward, Sister, Q.A.I.M.N.S. (T) Violet Isobel Wotton, Voluntary Aid Detachment Elizabeth Young-Scott, Voluntary Aid Detachment Awarded a Bar to the Royal Red Cross (RRC*) Ethel Hope Becher Matron-in-Chief, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Sidney Jane Brown Matron-in-Chief, T.F.N.S. (Retired, Q.A.I.M.N.S.) Jane Hoadley Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Beatrice Isabel Jones Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Emma Maud McCarthy Matron-in-Chief, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Sarah Elizabeth Oram Principal Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Annie Beadsmore Smith Principal Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Mary Wilson Principal Matron, Q.A.I.M.N.S. Medal of the Order of the British Empire For services in connection with the War in which great courage or self-sacrifice has been displayed. Robert Adair. For courage in continuing to work his engine while molten metal was falling round him. Mary Adams. For courage in assisting others, at great personal risk, in a fire. Charles Alford. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Arthur Ernest Allen. For courage in rescuing a fellow-worker at great personal risk. Arthur Joseph Allen. For courage and resource in assisting to extinguish a fire at an explosives factory at great personal risk. James Andrew. For courage in remaining at his work during a fire which resulted in a very serious explosion. John Andrewartha, Fitter, Devonport Dockyard. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a submarine. Edwin Bolwell Andrews. For courage in extinguishing a fire in chemical works under circumstances of grave personal danger. John Edward Andrews. For courage in keeping up steam immediately after an explosion when another explosion seemed imminent. Charles Armes, Cable Foreman, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. F. W. Assirati, Postman. Devotion to duty under specially difficult and dangerous circumstances. Jesse Attrill, Boatswain, For coolness and resource in averting a serious accident to one of H.M. Ships. Ethel Alice Auger. For courage and high example in remaining at her post on a tram, and thus preventing severe casualties to fellow-workers. In doing so she was severely injured. Sidney Aylward. For courage and resource in subduing a fire at imminent personal risk. George Badger. For courage and self-sacrifice in attempting to save life, in spite of severe personal injuries. George William Badsey. For courage in fighting, at very great personal risk, a fire caused by an explosion. John Baillie, Chargeman of Engine Fitter, Northern Base. For courage and perseverance in carrying out work involving much exposure and risk. George Baird. For courage in saving a child from drowning at the works and returning at once to his work. Daniel Ball. For courage in having several times effected temporary repairs to important plant in an explosives factory at considerable risk to his life. George Charles Bannister, For great courage in clearing a man-hole at great personal risk. John Thomas Barber, Carpenter, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Henry Barnard. For courage in fighting a fire at great personal risk while many bags of explosives were being removed. Thomas Henry Bashford, For great courage on two occasions, entering a tank to recover a fellow-workman who was gassed, and entering a tar still heater. Robert Baxter. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow-worker at great personal risk. Beatrice Oxley Beaufort. For courage and high example in continuing to do very dangerous experimental work in spite of injuries received in consequence. Fanny Elizabeth Beaumont, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. John Finnis Beer, Cable Hand. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Thomas Bond Bellis. For courage and resource in assisting, at great personal risk, to extinguish a fire at an explosives factory. Samuel Hall Bennett. For courage in returning to work within an hour of breaking his thumb whilst at work at age 69. Myra Grace Bessent, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Sydney Rome Black, Assistant Draughtsman. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a submarine. James Elias Bloomfield. For courage in extricating living and dead from ruined buildings under circumstances of great danger. Emmanuel Bloxam, For great courage displayed on the occasion of a serious explosion, when he assisted in extinguishing a fire and saved the life of a fellow-worker at very great personal danger. Robert Leach Boal. For courage in keeping down a fire in an explosives factory. Edward Bond. For courage in closing a main valve on a steam boiler at great personal risk of scalding and suffocation. Francis Booker, Leading Man, Works Dept., Portsmouth Dockyard, For perseverance in carrying out certain difficult works in the face of grave risks due to bad weather. John Booth. For courage in extinguishing a fire on two occasions at very great personal risk. Lilian Ada Bostock, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Arthur Bradbury. For courage in dealing with fires in an explosives factory and remaining at work in a poisonous atmosphere in order to ensure the safety of plant. George Arthur Bradbury. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory at great personal risk. Martha Bramhall. For courage in remaining continuously afc a very dangerous task in spite of the occurrence of several explosions. J. H. Brelsford. For courage in assisting, though severely injured, to rescue fellow-workers and to extinguish a fire which resulted in a very serious explosion. Amelia Brisley. For courage and high example in cases of explosion in a factory. Emily Brooke, For great courage shown at an outbreak of fire in an explosives factory. Andrew Brown, For conspicuous courage in stopping a fire and giving the alarm, under circumstances of the gravest personal danger, after he had been injured by the explosion and rendered unconscious. Edwin Brown. For courage in extinguishing a fire after an explosion in which he lost the sight of an eye, and enabling 600 of his fellow-workers to get clear. Ethel Brown. For courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Harry Brown. For courage in working continuously under circumstances of very great danger. Mary Brown. For courage and high example in getting work started again under circumstances of considerable danger. William Bryant. For courage in preventing further serious explosion in a filling factory, at very great personal risk. John Buckley. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. Margaret Winifred Burdett-Coutts. For courage in that, after losing a finger and badly lacerating her hand in a circular saw, she went away quietly to have it treated, in. order not to unnerve her fellow workers. Marion Burrell, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. James Burton, For great courage in rescuing workers from burning explosives shops, at great personal risk. Louisa Busby. For courage in returning to work after an accident resulting in loss of right hand and other injuries. Edith Butler. For courage, resource, and high example. Has saved the lives of at least two workers, and has displayed exceptional skill and courage in several serious accidents. Gertrude Elizabeth Butler. For courage and high example in continuing at her work during a fire, under circumstances of great danger. George Patrick Campbell, Carpenter, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft, in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Richard Cardo. For courage and resource shown on several occasions under circumstances of great personal danger. Louisa Margaret Carlton, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids and bombardment from the sea. Samuel Carter. For courage and resource in saving the life of a chemist and three workers who were overcome by fumes in an explosives factory. Florence Marie Cass, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty while in charge of a telephone exchange during a serious explosion at a neighbouring munition works. Sydney Chambers, For great courage in rescuing workers from burning explosives shops at great personal risk. William Frank Chorley. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Annie Clarke. For courage in keeping workers together under circumstances of great danger. Mabel Eleanor Clarke, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Alexander Clelland. For courage and resource under circumstances of great danger. Gertrude Coles. For courage in returning to work after her hand had been mutilated by an explosion. John Oorder. For courage in fighting a fire caused by an explosion, at very great personal risk. Alexander Cornelius. For courage in having, on two occasions, saved a large amount of raw material in an explosives factory at the risk of his life. Thomas Cosby, Fitter, Devonport Dockyard. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a new submarine. Herbert Luigi Costa. For courage in continuing to work under circumstances of great danger. Mabel Rosa Cox, Chargewoman, Royal Naval Cordite Factory, For devotion to duty and great presence of mind in averting an explosion when in charge of a guncotton press. May Victoria Croucher. For courage and high example on the occasion of a fire at an explosives factory. Thomas Crutchley. For courage in entering a gas main and saving the lives of two workers who were gassed, at very great personal risk. Sophia Cunningham. For courage and high example in continuing her duties immediately after a severe explosion. John Cuskearn. For courage in making a determined attempt to recover a valuable instrument from the cooling pond, in consequence of which he contracted blood poisoning and nearly died. Lucie Jane Dartnell, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. James Davidson, Bricklayer's Labourer. For courage in rescuing a fellow-workman who had been overcome by gas inside a gas apparatus. Ben Davies. For courage and high example in remaining at work for an hour after being painfully burnt on his hands, face and neck, and returning to duty for another five hours immediately after treatment. James Henry Davies, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Showed habitual courage in carrying out repairs to submarine cables in difficult and dangerous waters. Robert John Davies, Electrical Fitter, Devonport Dockyard. For courage and self-sacrifice on the occasion of an explosion on a submarine boat, on which he was at work. Violet Annie Davies. For courage in remaining at her post at the telephone during a severe explosion. Age 15. William Dixon. For courage in rescuing a fellow-worker at great personal risk. Joseph Doran. For courage and resource in preventing a fire in an explosives factory, under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. James Downie, Engine Fitter. For courage and prompt action in helping to extinguish fires which had broken out in the stokeholds of two patrol vessels fitting out. John Duff. For courage in preventing a serious explosion under circumstances of great danger. James Duffy. For courage in attempting to stop a fire in an explosives factory under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. Peter Dunbabin. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. Lucien Duncombe. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Albun Dunn. For courage in saving the life of a fellow worker after an explosion, and giving the alarm, although himself injured by an explosion. Bertha Annie Florence Easter, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Nicholas Edghill. For courage in helping to subdue fire at great personal risk. Mabel Ann Edwards. For courage and high example on the occasion of a fire at an explosives factory. Nora Egan, For great courage shown at an outbreak of fire in an explosives factory. Henry Etheridge, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Frank Cyril Evans, For self-sacrifice in continuing to work, though blind in one eye and the other affected, caused by an accident at work, and in spite of constant pain. Fred Evans. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. James Evans. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. May Evans. For courage in assisting to stop a fire in an explosives factory at considerable danger to her life. Francis Fagan, Special Constable, For rescuing a drowning man from Holyhead Harbour in circumstances of difficulty and danger. Alfred William James Fautley. For courage and resource in stopping a fire in highly inflammable material, at the risk of his life and at the cost of severe injuries. Rosa Frances Finbow. For courage in returning to work after serious injury to her face through an explosion. Jane Fisher. For courage in assisting to stop a fire in an explosives factory at considerable danger to her life. Maude Fisher, For great courage shown at an outbreak of fire in an explosives factory. Michael Fitzpatrick. For courage in attempting to save part of an explosives factory at great risk of his life. Bertha Flintoff, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during an air-raid. James Harold Foster. For courage in helping to extinguish a fire at cost of serious injuries to himself. Bernard John Francis. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow worker. Frank Charles Frazer. For courage in preventing an explosion in a filling factory at great personal risk, though partly blinded and suffering considerable pain from explosion. William Gilchrist, For self-sacrifice and high example in persisting in work which is often dangerous, though suffering from an incurable disease and often suffering great pain. Margaret Annie Louise Godfrey, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during an air-raid. Robert William Godfrey, Diver, Admiralty Salvage Section. For courage and devotion to duty in Gallipoli, diving on many occasions when the beaches were being shelled. William Gommersall, For several acts of great courage and self-sacrifice. Edna Goodenough, For continuing to work after suffering serious injuries through an explosion, resulting in loss of right eye. James Gosling. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. James Grainger. For courage in having, on two occasions, continued at his work in an explosives factory under circumstances of great danger, thereby stopping further damage. Frank Wallis Green. For courage and resource in subduing a fire at imminent personal risk. John Green. For courage and self-sacrifice in dealing with acid and poisonous fumes. Thomas Edwin Ernest Griffiths. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Frederick Thomas Grigsby. For courage and high example in continuing at his duty during a series of severe explosions. Frederick Edward Hall. For courage in carrying out very dangerous experiments in a highly-poisonous atmosphere. James Hamilton. For courage and resource in preventing a fire in an explosives factory under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. Alice Hanson, For great courage shown at an outbreak of fire in an explosives factory. James Harley, Assistant Foreman Ironworker. For courage in entering a confined space in a vessel, which was full of noxious fumes, and plugging holes in the structure. Elsie Lilian Harman, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. John David Harris Doris Hirst, Telephonist. For courage in fighting a fire caused by an explosion, at very great personal risk. Mary Hartley. For courage and high example: in remaining at her engine and controlling it after having been badly wounded by breakage, of the governor and returning to her work a week later. Thomas Havery, Chancery Servant at the British Embassy, Petrograd. Courageous conduct in the discharge of has duties during the revolutionary disturbances in March 1917. E. James Hawkins. For courage in preventing an explosion and fire at great personal risk. William Henry Hayden, For great courage at very great personal risk on the occasion of several fires in a filling factory. Ethel Head. For courage and high example in rescuing fellow workers after an explosion. Alice Ann Healey, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. William Heather, Cable Foreman, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. William Hemmingsley. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow worker. Harry Hepworth, For great courage shown at an outbreak of fire in an explosion factory. Gladys Elizabeth Herrington. For courage in volunteering to undertake dangerous work after a fatal accident. Amos Freke Hesman. For courage in preventing an explosion and fire, at great personal risk. William Hewitt. For courage in saving the life of a fellow worker, who was overcome by poisonous fumes, at great personal risk. Ethel Nora Elizabeth Hickey, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids and on the occasion of a fire. Thomas Hickey, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Has displayed great courage while carrying out telegraph work under dangerous conditions. William Charles Hicks, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Has rendered valuable service since the beginning of the war. Has remained at his post absolutely alone day and night, in spite of danger from submarine or other attacks. Alfred Higgs. For courage and resource in saving the lives of two of his fellow workers, at great personal risk. Frederick Higham, Special Constable. Swam to an airship which had fallen into a river and assisted two of the crew to reach the bank. Edward Hill, Steel Smelter. For courage and endurance on many occasions. Remained at her post until relieved, on the occasion of a very serious explosion at munition works, notwithstanding the fact that the explosions were almost, continuous, and that the police advised the Ofc.s on duty to leave the building. George William Hobbs, Boatswain, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Thomas William Hobbs, Chargeman of Engine Fitters, Devonport Dockyard. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a new submarine. Frank Hodgkinson. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory, at great personal risk. George Hogan. For courage and resource in subduing a fire, at imminent personal risk. Victoria Irene Holdsworth. For courage and resource in preventing serious injuries to a fellow worker. Annie Holly. For courage in continuing at work, though suffering from severe injuries to eye, caused by an explosion. Janet Holmes. For courage and resource on the occasion of an explosion in a filling factory. Mrs Holttum. For courage in assisting to save the lives of fellow workers during a fire which resulted in a serious explosion, though sustaining severe injuries herself. G. Hulley. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire, which resulted in a very serious explosion. William Hulme. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory, at great personal risk. Mabel Hunt, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during an air raid. Walter William Hunt. For courage in saving the life of a fellow worker. William Hunt. For courage and resource on two occasions in preventing serious fires. Age 66. Frederick Innes, For high courage and resource in closing the outlet valve of a collapsed gas-holder, in which the gas was alight. Horace Ivin, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Has done valuable service under dangerous conditions, repairing submarine cables carrying naval and military wires. Florence Jackson. For courage displayed during a time of great danger in a filling factory. William Jackson. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow worker at very great risk to himself. Herbert Janes. For courage in returning to work immediately after his hand had been dressed on account of his losing three fingers in a shearing machine. Jack Lane Jeffery. For courage connected with production and testing of exceptionally dangerous materials. Charles William Johnson. For courage and resource shown on several occasions under circumstances of great personal danger. Charles William James Johnson. For courage in carrying out repairs to plant in explosives factory in the presence of dangerous gases. Ellen Johnson, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Alfred Frank Jones, For great courage and high example shown on the occasion of a severe ex-plosion in an explosives factory. John Richard Jones. For courage and resource in assisting to extinguish a fire at an explosives factory at great personal risk. Maurice Jones, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office. Has carried out two very dangerous missions, successfully passing through hostile lines at great personal risk. Robert Jones. For courage and resource in assisting to extinguish a fire at a filling factory, at imminent risk of serious explosion. Thomas Jones. For courage and high example in doing hard work for long hours in spite of his age (79 years). George Henry Jordan. For courage in fighting a fire caused by an explosion, at very great personal risk. John Kane. For courage in saving the lives of several fellow-workers who were buried in the lining of a furnace which they were repairing. W. A. Keeling. For courage in remaining at his work during a fire which resulted in a very serious explosion. Mary Keenan. For courage and high example on the work after sustaining severe injury to face and eyes, on account of an explosion. Mary Kiaer. For courage and high example on the occasion of a fire at a filling factory. Herbert John King. For courage in extinguishing a fire in an explosives factory at very great risk to his life. Rosa Kate Kipling. For courage in returning to her work after seven and a half months serious illness and several operations caused by an explosion. James Kirby, Ship Fitter, Portsmouth Dockyard, For self-sacrifice in helping to extricate an injured fellow-workman from a place of danger, though he himself was dangerously injured. Walter Reginald Knight. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory and removing explosives from the burning building. John Knox. For courage in saving the lives of several fellow-workers who were buried in the lining of a furnace which they were repairing. Robert Lake, Fitter and Outside Erector. For courage on board a submarine in dangerous circumstances. Patrick Lambe, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Rendered very valuable service in picking up and repairing wires which had been shotdown. Charles Henry Lambert, Master Mariner, Examination Service and Rescue Tugs, Dover Dockyard. For courage and skill displayed in towing cargo and other ships out of a minefield after they had been mined. Albert Frederick Lane. For courage and high example on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Philip C. Langridge, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Michael Lavelle. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. Ada Mary Laws, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to-duty during air-raids. Ethel Mary Leeds, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during, air-raids. Mabel Lethbridge. For courage and high example shown on the occasion of an accident in a filling factory, causing loss of one leg and severe injuries to the other. John James Lewes, Skilled Labourer, Works Dept., Portsmouth Dockyard, For great skill and daring in the performance of difficult and dangerous work in connection with certain works at Portsmouth. Frederick John Lewis, Leading Man (Diver), Chatham Dockyard. For courage, skill and resource exhibited in a marked degree. Alfred Leyland. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying, out dangerous experiments. Albert Lickess, For great courage and high example shown in dealing with a fire at an explosives factory under circumstances of very exceptional danger. Arthur Lipscombe. For courage in stopping a fire in a powder factory under circumstances of exceptional danger to his life. Robert Andrew Lockwood, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Has done exceptional service during rough weather in effecting repairs to submarine cables carrying naval and military wires. Tom Oliver Lodder, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Showed great courage and devotion while in charge of a telegraph station, carrying out his duties under fire. Albert James Lowe. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Alice Ludlow. For courage and high example on the occasion of an explosion and prompt return to work. William Me Alpine. For courage and self-sacrifice in returning to work after losing, three fingers of right, hand owing to an accident and before the wounds were properly healed. Agnes McCann. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow-worker entangled in dangerously running machinery, at great risk to her life. James McDonald. For courage in attempting to save the life of a fellow-worker who was gassed in a gas main by entering it at very great personal risk. James McDonald, Ironwork Erector. For courage in the rescue of fellow workmen who were overcome by gas. George McDougall. For courage in saving the lives of several fellow-workers who were buried in the lining of a furnace which they were repairing. Edward McFarlane. For courage in saving the lives of two of his fellow-workers by entering an ash receiver full of monoxide gas. James McGhie, Under Foreman Joiner, For bravery at the cost of serious personal injury in saving a half-blind labourer from being run over by a locomotive. Michael McGrath. For courage in ascending a furnace under conditions so dangerous that all others had refused to do so. May Louise Mclntyre. For courage and high example on the occasion of an accident at a filling factory. John McMaddocks, For great courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. He brought the drenchers into action, and used his own body to prevent draught fanning the flames in stoves. Male, Albert Herbert. For courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Daisy Marsh. For courage and resource in utilising emergency fire appliances on the occasion of an explosion at an explosives factory. Thomas Martin. For courage displayed on two occasions in dealing with an explosion and a fire at works producing highly inflammable liquids under circumstances of exceptional danger. Mollie Josephine Mason, Munition Worker, Chatham Dockyard. For courage and presence of mind in averting panic among women workers who were occupants of an overturned railway carriage. Robert Massey. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. John Master. For courage in preventing an explosion and fire at great personal risk. Edith Blanche Maw, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. William Alfred Mayall. For courage and high example on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Edward Medine. For courage in saving the lives of several fellow workers who, were buried in the lining of a furnace which they were repairing. Walter Mee. For courage and resource in dealing with a fire at the cost of bodily injury. James Menzies. For courage and high example on the occasion of a serious explosion. William Meredith. For courage in saving the life of a fellow workman who had been rendered unconscious by foul gas. Annie Dyer Merralls, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Robert Miller. For courage in saving the life of a fellow worker who was overcome by poisonous fumes, at great personal risk. Rose Mills. For courage displayed on the occasion of an explosion, at great personal risk. G. Mitchell. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire which resulted in a very serious explosion. George Edgar Mitchell. For courage and high, example on several occasions of explosion and fire in a shell filling; factory. John Joseph Christopher Monks, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. On many occasions continued his work under fire, displaying great zeal and courage Margaret Moody, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. David George Morgan. For courage and high example in picking up and drowning a shell which had become accidentally ignited. William Morgan. For courage and resource in assisting to extinguish a fire at a filling factory, at imminent risk of serious explosion. Nora Morphet. For courage and high example in continuously working long hours in a poisonous atmosphere which habitually affected her health. Frederick Thomas Morris. For courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Maggie Mulholland. For courage and very high example in her behaviour when in charge of a canteen adjoining a store of explosives which was on fire. George Myers. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. Abraham Naar, Sorter. Devotion to duty under specially difficult and dangerous circumstances. Thomas Nadin, Engineer of Yard Craft, Sheexness Dockyard. For courage, self-sacrifice and exceptional skill in the salvage of a merchant ship in a minefield. Arthur John Neal. For courage in a serious accident due to bursting of crucible of melted metal. Though, severely injured; he kept the others calm and had them attended to first, though they were in less danger. Joan Nelson. For courage in continuing to work in an explosives factory, under circumstances of grave danger. George William Newson. For courage in fighting a fire caused by an explosion, at very great personal risk. Violet Newton. For courage in returning to work after a serious accident in which two workers were killed, and she was severely injured. G. R. Norris. For courage in remaining at his wort during a fire which resulted in a very serious explosion, from which he suffered bodily injuries. James Joseph O'Callaghan. For courage in extinguishing a fire on the wooden roof of part of a filling factory, under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. O'Keefe, Percy. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory, and removing explosives from the turning building. Edward Henry Lewis Owen, Cable Hand, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Roland Basset Paine. For courage displayed on the occasion of a severe accident resulting in serious mutilation of his hand. He insisted on returning to his dangerous occupation as soon as bandages were removed. Nellie Ena Ann Palmer, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Charles Parker, Skilled Labourer, Devonport Dockyard, For self-sacrifice and distinguished conduct whilst engaged on salvage operations. William Parker. For courage (1) in helping to extinguish a fire in tar works contiguous to filling factory at great personal risk; (2) in attempting to rescue a surveyor and workman gassed in a sewer, at great risk to his life. George Parkinson. For courage and resource in preventing a serious explosion at an explosives factory. Frederick Payne. For courage in dealing with a fire caused by an explosion, under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. Agnes Pearson, Telephonist. On the occasion of a very serious explosion at munition works she remained at her post until relieved, notwithstanding the fact that the explosions were almost continuous and that the police advised the Ofc.s on duty to leave the building. Georgina Peeters. For courage and resource in saving the life of a fellow-worker by stopping a machine at great risk to herself. Wilfred Edward Pendray. For courage in recovering the plug of a cock under circumstances of grave.danger. Mary Pendreigh. For courage and high example on the occasion of an accident at a filling factory. Frederick William Pepper, For great courage in rescuing workers from burning explosives shops at great personal risk. Robert Charles Percy, Acting Inspector of Shipwrights (formerly Chargeman), Northern Base, For devotion to duty in effecting repairs under dangerous conditions. Agnes Mary Peters, For great courage and high example in continuing to do work of an exceptionally dangerous nature, which finally resulted in an accident, by which she was totally blinded and otherwise injured. Daniel Plume. For courage shown on the occasion of an explosion and at several minor fires, at great personal risk. Walter Plummer, Skilled Labourer, Portsmouth Dockyard. For courage and perseverance in the performance of his duties during an explosion. Walter Poll. For courage and high example in dealing with a serious fire at a gas works. John Thomas Poole, Master of Yard Craft, Chatham Dockyard, For perseverance and conspicuous skill under conditions of extreme difficulty and danger. Henry William John Porter, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Showed courage and devotion to duty during repeated air-raids. On one occasion he set to work on the restoration of naval circuits while explosions were taking place fifty yards away. Ellen Lenora Potter. For courage and resource in extinguishing a fire, at great personal risk. James Pound, For self-sacrifice in working long hours in a highly poisonous atmosphere, where he was several times burnt by acid, and at times almost overcome by fumes. Harry Price. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. William Henry Price. For courage in attempting to stop a fire in an explosives factory under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. He lost four fingers and practically the use of both hands, while his face was permanently disfigured. William Thomas Pugh. For courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Florence Pullen. For courage in continuing to work in spite of serious suffering from an accident caused by an explosion. Ethel Mary Pullinger, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air-raids. Richard Hayward Purser. For courage and self-sacrifice in working long hours in spite of severe physical disabilities brought about by hardships incurred in the retreat from Mons. Robert Rae, Coastwatcher, Machrihanish, Kintyre, For rendering valuable assistance to one of H.M. Ships under conditions of great difficulty. William H. Rawlin. For courage and high example in saving workers and maintaining order on the occasion of an explosion in a filling factory. William Dennis Eeardon, Sorter. Devotion to duty under specially difficult and dangerous circumstances. Albert Edward Reeves. For courage in recovering the plug of a cock under circumstances of grave danger. Donald Renfrew, Chief Draughtsman, Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird, Ltd. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a submarine. Robert Roberts. For courage in saving the life of a fellow worker at a fire in an explosives factory, under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. George Robinson. For courage and self-sacrifice in carrying out dangerous experiments. Maggie Rock. For courage and high example on the occasion of an accident at a filling factory. Charles William Beaver Roll. For courage in attempting to rescue his foreman, by entering an ash receiver full of carbon monoxide gas. James Gordon Ross, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Displayed courage and resource in maintaining telephonic communication during, an air-raid. Alfred Rudge. For courage in extinguishing a fire in an explosives factory at very great risk to his life. Thomas William Rudge, Millwright. For courage and coolness whilst engaged on dangerous work. John Ryan, Mate of Yard draft, Haulbowline Dockyard, For his splendid example of pluck and discipline during, salvage operations. Thomas Ryan. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. Alfred Salenger. For courage and self-sacrifice in volunteering for work on dangerous experiments, in the course of which he lost four fingers. John Frederick Sams. For courage and high example in remaining at his post on a tram, and thus preventing severe casualties to fellow-workers. In doing so he was severely injured. Richard Sanders, Engine Fitter, Devonport Dockyard. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a new submarine. William Saunders. For courage in attempting to save the lives of workers who were gassed in a gas main, at very great personal risk. Edward Scott. For courage in averting a serious accident in a mill, at grave risk to his own life. His arm was badly crushed, and has since had to be amputated. Percy Sears. For courage and his example in preventing a fire in an explosives factory, at grave risk to his life. Charlie Shaw. For courage and resource in dealing with a fire at an explosives factory, at great personal risk. Leonard Short, Engine Fitter, Portsmouth Dockyard. For courage and self-sacrifice during salvage operations. Lawrence Simpson. For courage in extinguishing a fire on two occasions, at very great personal risk. Sydney Simpson, Skilled Workman, General Post Office. Showed great courage as well as resource on the occasion of a very severe explosion at adjoining munition works. He sent away to a safe place the women operators, and himself maintained uninterrupted telephonic communication. William Sinclair. For courage in rescuing a driver who was underneath a railway engine which had begun to move. Harry Skinner. For courage and resource (1) in extinguishing a fire in a filling factory at imminent risk of serious explosion, (2) in rescuing two fellow-workers gassed in a sewer, at very great personal risk. Laurence Skinner. For courage in attempting to stop a fire in an explosives factory under exceptionally dangerous circumstances. Frank Slater, For great courage shown during a fire in an explosives factory. Minnie Sleeford, Assistant Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. Beatrice Evelyn Smith. For courage in returning to her post at the risk of her life in order to avert danger to the works. Francis Emily Esther Smith, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. John Smith. For courage in assisting to extinguish a fire in an explosives factory at great personal risk. Thomas William Fletcher Smith, Tug Master, Dover Dockyard. For courage, initiative and perseverance on salvage operations. James Snape. For courage and high example in quelling fires during an explosion at great personal risk. William Snead. For courage in entering a gas main and saving the lives of two workers who were gassed, at very great personal risk. Sidney Charles Soley. For courage and resource in dealing with a hand grenade about to explode, whereby he saved several lives. Hannah Spash. For courage and high example in continuing her work in a filling factory, after having been on three separate occasions injured by explosions. Edward Spencer. For courage and high example in continuing at work in an explosives factory under circumstances of grave danger. Sidney Arthur Stammers, Cable Hand, General Post Office. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Lily Stanyon. For courage and resource in saving the life of a crane driver at considerable risk to herself. Edith Steed. For courage and high example in volunteering immediately after a fatal accident to undertake the more dangerous work in the Dept. concerned. Florence Eliza Steggel, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. Fanny Eleanor Steward, Assistant Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. John Stewart. For courage in remaining at work and seeing his job through after being severely shaken by an explosion at an explosives factory. George William Stocks, Leading Cable Hand. Employed on cable ships and small craft in connection with war work in dangerous waters. Walter Stokes. For courage in attempting to save the lives of two workers who were gassed in a gas main by entering it at very great personal risk. William Leverington Stokes. For courage in volunteering to extinguish a fire at cost of serious injuries. George Robert Stone, Master of Yard Craft, Sheerness Dockyard. For courage, self-sacrifice and exception, all in skill in the salvage of a merchant ship in a minefield. Maggie Storey. For courage and high example in extinguishing a dangerous fire at an explosives factory under exceptionally risky circumstances. Ernest Stubley. For courage in remaining at his post in circumstances of considerable danger in order to safeguard the works. Robert Studbohne. For courage and resource in preventing a serious explosion at an explosives factory. Gilbert George Sutcliffe, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office. Rendered valuable service in the construction and maintenance of telephones under fire. Herbert Sykes. For courage in testing aircraft in spite of severe accidents. Walter William James Symons, Shipwright Apprentice. For courage and presence of mind in the rescue of a fellow-workman from drowning. Samuel William Tabb, Acting Mate of Yard Craft, Devonport Dockyard. For courage and skill in handling his tug in assisting to rescue a torpedoed merchant ship from a dangerous position in heavy weather. Joseph Edward Talbot. For courage in continuing to work in a poisonous atmosphere, even though suffering seriously from effects. Alfred Tansom, Chargeman of Baggers, Portsmouth Dockyard. For courage and coolness in urgent salvage operations. Frederick Francis Taylor. For courage in fighting a fire at great personal risk while many bags of explosives were being removed. George Terry. For courage in working continuously under circumstances of very great danger. Charles William Thome, Engineer, For perseverance and devotion to duty in trying circumstances, often attended by considerable danger. Samuel George Thorneycroft. For courage on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. Thomas Tickner. For courage and resource in dealing with an outbreak of fire at a filling factory. William John Tidey. For courage in fighting a fire, caused by an explosion, at very great personal risk. Joseph Henry Trask, Special Constable. For courage in rescuing injured men from a burning and collapsed building at great personal risk. Walter Trebble, Skilled Labourer, Works Dept., Portsmouth Dockyard, For great skill and daring in the performance of difficult and dangerous work in connection with certain works at Portsmouth. William Trotman, Engine Fitter, Devonport Dockyard. For courage on the occasion of the trials of a new submarine. Ella Trout, While fishing, accompanied only by a boy of ten, she saw that a steamer had been torpedoed and was sinking. Though fully realising the danger she ran from enemy submarines, she pulled rapidly to the wreck and succeeded in rescuing a drowning sailor. Alfred Clifford George Valentine. For courage and resource in dealing with a shell in which the top ring of the fuse had fired. E. Vass. For courage in stopping a fire in an explosives factory at grave risk to his life. Edith Emily Venus, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. Robert George Vicary. For courage displayed on the occasion of an explosion. He continued to work, though permanently injured by the accident. Mary Walker. For courage in continuing to work in an explosives factory under circumstances of grave danger. Ernest Wall, For two acts: of courage and self-sacrifice in clearing a choked acid main, and on the occasion of a fire in an explosives factory. John M. Wallace, Electrical Fitter. For courage, initiative and devotion to duty in trying circumstances. Lilian Blanche Wallace. For courage displayed during a time of great danger in a filling factory. Amelia Jane Ward, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids and bombardments from the sea. Daniel Vincent Ward, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office. Displayed courage and resource while Controlling Ofc. in a neighbourhood exposed to many bombardments by sea-craft and aeroplanes. George Frederick Ward. For courage in shutting off outlet master valve of a gasholder during a fire caused by explosion, at serious personal risk. Nellie Ward, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. Frances Mary Watson. For courage on the occasion of a serious explosion and assisting a fellow-worker to escape at great personal danger. Frank Watson. For courage in removing a large quantity of high explosives during a fire. John Watson. For courage in attempting to rescue his foreman by entering an ash receiver full of carbon monoxide gas. Ada Watt. For courage in continuing to work in an explosives factory under circumstances of grave danger. Arthur Webber. For courage and resource in giving valuable assistance on the occasion of an explosion at an explosives factory. Dorothy Kate West, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. George Whatton. For courage and resource in subduing a fire at imminent personal risk. Dorothy Florence Whibley, Telephonist. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during an air raid. Robert Leonard White. For courage in remaining at his work after being very seriously injured. Mary Agnes Wilkinson, Telephonist. Rendered invaluable service at a telephone exchange on the occasion of a fire and serious explosion at a munition works close by, proceeding to her post through the danger zone at grave personal risk. William Williams. For courage and resource in extinguishing a fire under circumstances of exceptional danger. James Winter, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office. Rendered special services in repairing wires under very dangerous conditions and was frequently under fire. Gertrude Wood, Supervisor, Telephones. Displayed great courage and devotion to duty during air raids. Alfred Charles Wright, For great courage in rescuing workers from burning explosives shops at great personal risk. William Wyatt, Skilled Labourer (Stoker), Sheerness Dockyard, For his self-sacrifice and devotion to duty in a time of danger. James You'll. For courage in saving the life of a fellow workman who had been rendered unconscious by foul gas. Alfred Charles Wright Young. For great courage in rescuing workers from burning explosives shops at great personal risk. Distinguished Service Order (DSO) Vice-Admiral Evelyn Robert le Marchant Rear-Admiral Reginald Arthur Allenby Rear-Admiral Cyril Everard Tower Rear-Admiral Herbert Arthur Stevenson Fyler Wing Cmdr. Peregrine Forbes Morant Fellowes Engr. Cmdr. Mark Rundle Staff Paymaster Hugh Miller Staff Surgeon Henry Cooper Lt.-Cmdr. Charles Mahon Redhead Royal Naval Reserve Flight Cmdr. Alexander MacDonald Shook Royal Naval Air Service Maj. Henry Shafto Adair, Cheshire Reg. Maj. Henry Rainier Adams, Royal Garrison Arty. Col. John Ainsworth Royal Arty. Forces Rev. Michael Adler, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Nigel Woodford Aitken Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. William Philip Jopp Akerman Royal Field Arty. Capt. Edmund Alderson RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Percy Stuart Allan, Gordon Highlanders Capt. Stanley Guy Allden, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Lewis Arthur Allen, Army Service Corps Maj. Henry Irving Rodney Allfrey Somerset Light Inf. Capt. Arthur Emilius David Anderson King's Own Scottish Borderers Maj. Charles Abbot Anderson, Manchester Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil Ford Anderson, Royal Engineers Tmp Capt. John Anderson, RAMC Capt. Walter Alexander Armitage, York & Lancaster Reg., and Machine Gun Corps Maj. Bening Mourant Arnold, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Francis Anson Arnold-Foster, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Kenneth Hugh Lowden Arnott East Lancashire Reg. Maj. James Arnold Arrowsmith-Brown, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Sydney William Louis Aschwanden, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Frederic St. John Atkinson, Horse, Indian Army Capt. Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher Grenadier Guards Capt. Eric William Fane Aylwin-Foster, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Stafford Charles Babington, Royal Engineers Maj. Edward Alec Horsman Bailey, Royal Field Arty. Rev. Charles Frederick Baines Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Sir Randolf Littlehales Baker Yeomanry Tmp Major Robert Cecil Bamford, West Yorkshire Reg. Capt. Kenneth Barge Cav., Indian Army Lt.-Col. Frederic Edward Lloyd Barker, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Archibald Stonham Barnwell, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Capt. Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward General List Lt.-Col. Netterville Guy Barron, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Harold Percy Waller Barrow RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major Alfred James Napier Bartlett, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Maj. John Channon Bassett, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Harold Henry Bateman Royal Engineers Capt. Austin Graves Bates Royal Field Arty. Maj. Cecil Robert Bates Royal Field Arty. Maj. Lancelot Richmond Beadon, Army Service Corps Maj. Robert Longfield Beasley, Gloucestershire Reg. Capt. Lancelot Edward Becher, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. William Thomas Clifford Beckett, North Lancashire Reg. Tmp Major Charles Thomas Cook Beecroft, Army Service Corps Capt. Hugh Maurice Bellamy Lincolnshire Reg. Tmp Major Robert Benzie, South Wales Borderers Tmp Lt.-Col. Julian Falvey Beyts, Durham Light Inf. Maj. Harold Francis Bidder, Royal Sussex Reg., attd. Machine Gun Corps Capt. and Bt. Major George Travers Biggs, Royal Engineers Capt. David Anderson Bingham, Liverpool Reg. Lt.-Col. Alexander Harry Colvin Birch, Royal Arty. Rev. Richard Bird, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Tmp Capt. Benedict Birkbeck Coldstream Guards Capt. Norman Pellew Birley South Staffordshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Arthur Birtwistle Royal Field Arty. Capt. Charles Gamble Bishop, Royal Engineers Rev. Harry William Blackburne Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Capt. Frederick St. John Blacker, Rifle Brigade 2nd Lt. Richard Graham Blomfield, Guards, and Royal Flying Corps Lt.-Col. Herbert Richard Blore, King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. George Percy Cosmo Blount, Royal Arty. Maj. Andrew George Board, South Wales Borderers and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Edward Leslie Bond, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Francis Henry Borthwick, Royal Welsh Fusiliers Capt. Malcolm Berwick, Dragoons Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Francis Wilford Boteler, Royal Arty. Maj. Raymond Walter Harry Bourchier, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major Aubrey Henry Bowden, Machine Gun Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lionel Boyd Boyd-Moss South Staffordshire Reg. Capt. Charles Roger Cavendish Boyle, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Capt. Francis Lyndon Bradish, RAMC Capt. Frederick Hoysted Bradley RAMC Capt. Samuel Glenholme Lennox Bradley London Reg. Tmp 2nd Lt. Albert Newby Braithwaite General List Tmp Lt.-Col. Francis Powell Braithwaite Royal Engineers Capt. Douglas Stephenson Branson York & Lancaster Reg. Capt. Charles Stuart Brebner RAMC Capt. Geoffrey Sydney Brewis, Welsh Reg. Maj. The Hon. Henry George Orlando Bridgeman Royal Arty. Capt. Havard Noel Bridgwater, Norfolk Reg. Lt.-Col. Edgar William Brighton Bedfordshire Reg. Tmp Major Francis Edward Briscoe, Yorkshire Reg. Tmp Major Dyson Brock-Williams, Welsh Reg. Maj. Nevile Pattullo Brooke, Leinster Reg. Lt.-Col. John Brown, 1/4th Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment. Tmp Major George Edward Allenby Browne Liverpool Reg. Capt. Hugh Swinton Browne, Royal Field Arty. Company Charles William Brownlow, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. William Fox Bruce Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Thomas Bruce, Royal Arty. Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert Bryan Manchester Reg. Maj. Leonard Corfield Bucknall, Yeomanry Tmp Capt. Christopher Victor Bulstrode RAMC Maj. Richard Seymour Bunbury, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Harold Burchall, Royal Flying Corps Spec. Reserve Maj. Hubert George Richard Burges-Short, Somerset Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Arnold Robinson Burrowes Royal Irish Fusiliers Capt. Christopher Bushell, Royal West Surrey Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Bernard Arnold Barrington Butler, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major The Hon. Robert Thomas Rowley Probyn Butler Tank Corps Maj. William Erdeswick Ignatius Butler-Bowdon, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Charles Norman Buzzard, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Capt. Walter Roderick Griffith Bye General List Tmp Lt.-Col. The Hon. Antony Schomberg Byng General List and Royal Flying Corps Tmp Major Alexander Francis Somerville Caldwell, North Lancashire Reg. Maj. Felix Call, Royal Irish Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Ewen Allan Cameron, North Lancashire Reg. Rev. Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Hector Campbell Indian Army Maj. The Hon. Ian Malcolm Campbell, Lovat's Scouts Maj. William Robert Campion Royal Sussex Reg. Lt.-Col. Fernand Gustave Eugene Cannot Army Service Corps Maj. Alan Douglas Garden, Royal Engineers, and Royal Flying Corps Tmp Lt. D'Arcy Vandeleur Garden, Royal Field Arty. Rev. Douglas Falkland Carey Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Capt. John Charles Denton Carlisle London Reg. Tmp Capt. Thomas Hamilton Carlisle, Royal Engineers Capt. Thomas Carnwath RAMC Tmp Major Vincent Henry Cartwright, Royal Marine Arty. Lt.-Col. Trevor Carus-Wilson, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Tmp Major Frank Cassels, Royal Sussex Reg. Capt. Geoffrey Cheetham Royal Engineers Maj. Lawrence Chenevix-Trench, Royal Engineers Maj. William Francis Christian, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Archibald Christie, Royal Arty., and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Henry Robert Stark Christie, Royal Engineers Maj. Herbert Nicholls Clark, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Frederick Arthur Stanley Clarke, London Reg. Tmp Capt. Denzil Harwood Clarke Durham Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Robert Clarke, Army Service Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Reginald Graham Clarke, Royal West Surrey Reg., and Machine Gun Corps Tmp Major Gerald Malcolm Clayton, Liverpool Reg. Maj. Francis Alfred Worship Cobbold, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Herbert Philip Gordon Cochran, Middlesex Reg. Lt.-Col. Edward Webber Warren Cochrane RAMC Maj. Douglas Fanley Colson, Royal Engineers Maj. Richard Coffey, RAMC Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Sacheverell d'Ewes Coke King's Own Scottish Borderers Maj. Alfred Methven Collard, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Capt. Richard Hamilton Collier, Royal Flying Corps Spec. Reserve Maj. Reginald Thomas Collins, RAMC Tmp Major William Alexander Collins, Army Service Corps Capt. Henry Gordon Comber, unattd. List Rev. John Morgan Connor Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Dudley Cookes, Royal Field Arty. Rev. James Ogden Coop Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Frank Sandiford Cooper, Suffolk Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. William Coote-Brown, Royal Sussex Reg. Capt. Edward Roux Littledale Corballis, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Geoffrey Ronald Codrington, Yeomanry Capt. and Bt. Major Gordon Philip Lewes Cosens, Dragoons Maj. Reginald Foulkes Cottrell, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Miles Rafe Ferguson Courage, Royal Arty. Maj. Robert Blaster Cousens, Royal Arty. Maj. Arthur James Cowan, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major William Henry Coysh, Royal Engineers Maj. James Craik, Indian Army Lancers Maj. George Craster, Indian Army Cav. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Julius Craven, Royal Engineers Tmp Major Edward William Crawford, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Capt. William Loftus Crawford, Lancashire Fusiliers Rev. Canon Thomas Emerson Crawhall, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Q.M. and Hon. Major Hugh Cressingham, Bedfordshire Reg. Maj. The Hon. Frederick Heyworth Cripps, Yeomanry Maj. Sir Morgan George Crofton Life Guards Maj. John Frank Crombie, RAMC Maj. Arthur Edwin Cronshaw, Manchester Reg. Maj. Bernard Cruddas, Northumberland Fusiliers Capt. Arthur Ludlam Cruickshank, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major Bertram Stephen Rowsell Cunningham, Army Service Corps Capt. Richard Robinson Curling, Royal Arty. Capt. Hubert Montague Cotton-Curtis, North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Evan Campbell da Costa, East Lancashire Reg. Tmp Major Thomas William Daniel Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Capt. Neville Reay Daniell, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Maj. William Augustus Bampfylde Daniel, Royal Horse Arty. Capt. Markham David, Monmouthshire Reg., Royal Engineers Maj. Thomas Jenkins David, Royal Horse Arty. Maj. Alan Hier Davies, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. John Edward Henry Davies, RAMC Tmp Major Gilbert Davidson, Army Service Corps Capt. Owen Stanley Davies, Royal Engineers 2nd Lt. Thomas Henry Davies Royal Engineers Tmp Major William Hathaway Davis Machine Gun Corps Capt. Hugh Frank Dawes Royal Fusiliers Capt. Harold John Dear, London Reg. Capt. Philip de Fonblanque, Royal Engineers Tmp Major Thomas Lyttleton de Havilland, Royal Scots Fusiliers (Major, South African Def. Force) Maj. John Nathael de la Perrelle Royal Fusiliers Capt. James Finlay Dempster, Manchester Reg. Tmp Capt. Eustace Charles de Neufville, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Henry Denison Denison-Pender Dragoons Lt. Col. Bertie Coore Dent, Leicestershire Reg., Cheshire Reg. Maj. John Neston Diggle, Royal Field Arty. Lt. Francis Ivan Leslie Ditrcaet Durham Light Inf. Maj. Peter Doig, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Harry Cecil Dolphin, Hampshire Reg. Tmp Capt. Frederick Langloh Donkin, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Alan Sydney Whitehom Dore, Worcestershire Reg., and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Francis Holland Dorling, Manchester Reg. Capt. Edward Cecil Doyle, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Capt. and Bt. Major Reginald John Drake, North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Harold Bruce Dresser, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Cecil Francis Drew, Scottish Rifles Maj. George Barry Drew, West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Horace Robert Bawley Drew, Northamptonshire Reg. Lt. William Stuart Gordon Drummond, Army Service Corps Maj. Ralph Duckworth, South Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Robert Maxwell Dudgeon Cameron Highlanders Maj. William Marshall Dugdale, Royal Welsh Fusiliers Capt. Donald Duncan Gloucestershire Reg. Maj. (Temporary Lt. Col.) Horace Adrian Duncan, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Maj. Norman Edwin Dunkerton, RAMC Capt. Thomas Spence Dunn, Royal Army Medical Service Maj. Guy Edward Jervoise Durnford, Royal Engineers Maj. Bernard Alfred Saunders Dyer, Army Service Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Percyvall Hart Dyke, Baluchis, Indian Army Maj. Gerald Lang Dymott, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Bruce Lindsay Eddis, Royal Engineers Capt. Harold Walter Edwards Royal Warwickshire Reg. Tmp Major Richard Prior Ferdinand Edwards, Army Service Corps Capt. William Egan RAMC Capt. Horace Anson Eiloart London Reg. Maj. William Gardiner Eley Capt. Garrard Elgood, Royal West Kent Reg. Capt. Edward Charles Ellice (retired), Grenadier Guards Maj. Edward Halhed Hugh Elliot, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Thomas Renton Elliott, RAMC Capt. Arthur Addison Ellwood Lincolnshire Reg., attd. Machine Gun Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Wilfred Elston Manchester Reg. Maj. Sir Francis Napier Elphinstone-Dalrymple Royal Arty. 2nd Lt. Charles Adrian Ashfoord Elton, Royal Warwickshire Reg. Maj. Robert Emmet, Sr., Yeomanry Lt.-Gol Cuthbert Evans Royal Arty. Capt. William Harry Evans, Royal Engineers Maj. Alfred Howell Evans-Gwynne, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Eliott Nial Evelegh Royal Engineers Capt. Thomas, Swan Eves RAMC Maj. Charles Nicholson. Ewart, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. William Turner Ewing, Royal Scots Tmp Major John Knox Ewart, Army Service Corps Tmp Major Cresswell John Eyres, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Bernard Joseph Fagan, Inf., Indian Army Capt. Harold Arthur Thomas Fairbank RAMC Lt.-Col. Brereton Fairclough South Lancashire Reg. Capt. Arthur Wellesley Falconer RAMC Tmp Lt.-Col. Ronald Dundas Falconar-Stewart, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Capt. Arthur Thomas Falwasser, RAMC Maj. William Alexander Farquhar, Royal Scots Fusiliers Capt. John Arthur Joseph Farrell, Leinster Reg. Maj. Paul John Fearon, Royal West Surrey Reg. Tmp Major Francis Hood Fernie, Tank Corps Maj. Maurice Christian Festing, Royal Marine Light Inf. Capt. Linwood Field Royal Arty. Maj. Harold Stuart Filsell, Royal Warwickshire Reg. Maj. John Alexander Findlay, Highland Light Inf. Maj. Walter Taylor Finlayson, Indian Medical Service Maj. David Leonard Fisher RAMC Maj. James Thackeray Fisher, Royal Engineers Tmp Major Arthur Stanley Fitzgerald, Royal Warwickshire Reg. Capt. Edward Herbert Fitzherbert Army Service Corps Capt. Terrick Charles Fitzhugh Royal Irish Reg. Capt. and Bt. Major Noel Trew Fitzpatrick Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Archibald Nicol Fleming Indian Medical Service Lt.-Col. Frank Fleming, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Percy Beresford Fleming, Army Service Corps Capt. The Hon. Gerald William Frederick Savile Foljambe, late Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Maj. Richard Mildmay Foot Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Lt. Stephen Henry Foot, Royal Engineers Maj. Nowell Barnard de Lancey Forth Manchester Reg. Tmp Capt. William Nelson Foster, Army Service Corps Maj. Cecil Fowler, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major George Fox, General List Rev. Henry Watson Fox, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Capt. The Hon. Alastair Thomas Joseph Fraser, Lovat's Scouts (Cameron Highlanders) Lt. John Alexander Fraser, Dragoon Guards Lt.-Col. Thomas Fraser RAMC Capt. The Hon. William Fraser Gordon Highlanders Tmp Major The Hon. Edward Gerald French, General List Capt. John Roberts Frend, Leinster Reg. Maj. Charles Gibson Fulton, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Willoughby Furnivall, Royal Field Arty. Maj. William Fleetwood Fuller, Yeomanry Capt. Edward Keith Byrne Furze Royal West Surrey Reg. Maj. Edgar David Galbraith, Indian Army Maj. Aylmer George Galloway, Army Service Corps Maj. Robert Leech Galloway, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Charles Edward Galwey, late Royal Irish Reg. Capt. William Boss Gardner RAMC Maj. William Garforth Royal Engineers Maj. John Reginald Garwood, Royal Engineers Maj. Henry Percy Garwood, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Cecil Claud Hugh Orby Gascoigne, Worcestershire Reg. Capt. Eric Gerald Gauntlett RAMC Capt. Cyril Herbert Gay, Royal Arty. 2nd Lt. Frederick George Peter Gedge, Royal Engineers Capt. William Charles Coleman Gell Royal Warwickshire Reg. Capt. Alfred Joseph Gibbs Royal Field Arty. Maj. Hugh Edward Gibbs, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Capt. Alexander John Gibson, RAMC Capt. Harold Gibson, RAMC Tmp Major Joseph Gibson, Army Service Corps Maj. Lewis Gibson, Royal Highlanders Tmp Major Donald Hope Gibsone, Royal Engineers Capt. John Galbraith Gill RAMC Maj. Reynold Alexander Gillam, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. John Gilmour, Jr., Royal Highlanders Tmp Capt. Sydney Elliot Glendenning, Royal Engineers Lt. Kenneth Bruce Godsell Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Alexander Campbell Godwin, Indian Army Cav. Maj. George Edward Goldsmith, Army Service Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. William Richard Goodwin, Royal Irish Rifles Maj. Alexander Robert Gisborne Gordon, Royal Irish Reg. Lt.-Col. George Hamilton Gordon, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Granville Cecil Douglas Gordon, Welsh Guards Maj. Richard Glegg Gordon, Lowland Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. William Gordon, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Lord Esmé Charles Gordon-Lennox Scots Guards Capt. and Bt. Major Eric Gore-Browne, London Reg. Lt.-Col. Michael Derwas Goring-Jones Durham Light Inf. Rev. Thomas Sydney Goudge, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. 2nd Lt. Arthur Ernest Gould Royal Engineers Maj. John Maxwell Gover RAMC Capt. Malise Graham, Lancers Maj. Roland Cecil Douglas Graham, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Hubert Francis Grant-Suttie Royal Arty. Maj. Bernard Granville, Yeomanry Lt.-Col. Henry William Grattan, RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major Stafford Henry Green West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Wilfrith Gerald Key Green, Indian Army Tmp Major Frederick Harry Greenhough, Royal Engineers Maj. William Basil Greenwell, Durham Light Inf. Maj. Charles Francis Hill Greenwood, London Reg. Tmp Major Richard Hugo Gregg Royal Fusiliers Capt. William Thornton Huband Gregg, Royal Irish Fusiliers Capt. George Pascoe Grenfell, Royal Flying Corps Rev. John Wesley Elnox Griffin Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Tmp Lt.-Col. Edward Waldegrave Griffith, Royal Arty. Lt. Edward William Macleay Grigg Grenadier Guards Tmp 2nd Lt. Hugh Noel Grimwade General List Capt. Ewart Scott Grogan, Unattd. List, East African Forces Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert Watkins Grubb, Border Reg. Tmp Major Frederick Henry Wickham Guard, Royal Scots Lt.-Col. Frederick Gordon Guggisberg Royal Engineers Lt. Eric Cecil Guinness, Royal Irish Reg. Maj. Hamilton Bruce Leverson. Gower Gunn Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Arthur Henry Habgood RAMC Lt.-Col. Bernard Haigh, Army Service Corps Wing Cmdr. Frederick Crosby Halahan Royal Naval Air Service Tmp Lt.-Col. Frederick Hall Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Robert Sydney Hamilton Army Ordnance Depot Capt. Denys Huntingford Hammonds Royal Engineers Tmp Major Claude Hancock, Gloucestershire Reg. Maj. John Haig, Yeomanry Maj. Mortimer Pawson Hancock, Royal Fusiliers Tmp Capt. William Charles Hand Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Edward Barnard Hanley, Worcestershire Reg., attd. Tank Corps Capt. Hubert Arthur Oldfield Hanley, Middlesex Reg. Lt.-Col. Cathcart Christian Hannay, Dorsetshire Reg. Capt. Frank Stephen Hanson Royal Warwickshire Reg. Tmp Major Cecil Claud Alexander Hardie, Royal Engineers Tmp Capt. George Richardson Harding, Royal Engineers Capt. Thomas Hubert Harker, King's Royal Rifle Corps Capt. Charles Harry Hart Army Service Corps Tmp Capt. Owen Hart, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Charles Darby Harvey, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Maj. Cosmo George Sinclair Harvey, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Gardiner Hassell Harvey, Army Service Corps Capt. and Hon. Major John Harvey (retired) Capt. Percy Lovell Clare Haslam, Hussars, attd. Tank Corps Maj. Randal Plunkett Taylor Hawksley, Royal Engineers Capt. James George Hay, late Gordon Highlanders Capt. Geoffrey Hayes, Durham Light Inf. Maj. William Burrell Hayley, Royal Horse Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. George William Hayward, Royal Field Arty., Riding Master and Hon. Major (retired) Lt. Eustace Fellowes Sinclair Hawkins, Army Service Corps Maj. Thomas Hazelrigg, Army Service Corps Capt. Cuthbert Morley Headlam, Bedford Yeomanry Maj. Arthur Basset Hearle, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. GeorgeNoah Heath, Cheshire Reg. Capt. Joseph Thomas Heath Royal Engineers Maj. Vincent James Heather, Royal Arty. Capt. Alfred George Hebblethwaite, RAMC Maj. Fercival John Beresford Heelas, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Harry Dal ton Henderson, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Lionel Lees Hepper, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Francis Hessey, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Capt. Charles Caulfield Hewitt Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, and Machine Gun Corps Maj. Gerald Heygate, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Sir Graham Percival Heywood 1st Staffordshire Yeomanry Tmp Lt. Herbert John Hill, Royal Engineers Maj. Rowland Clement Ridley Hill, Royal Engineers Maj. Francis Barrett Hills, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Harry Alexander Hinge RAMC Capt. and Temp Major Charles Faunce Hitchins, Royal West Kent Reg. Col. Reginald Hoare, 4th Hussars Tmp Major Harry Roy Hobson, Army Service Corps Capt. Adam Hodgins, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Lt.-Col. William Holdsworth Holdsworth Hunt, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt. Henry Arthur Hollond, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major Francis John Courtenay Hood, York & Lancaster Reg. Maj. John Charles Hooper, Shropshire Light Inf. Capt. and Bt. Major Robert Victor Galbraith Horn Royal Scots Fusiliers Maj. George John Houghton, RAMC Lt.-Col. John William Hobart, Houghton RAMC Capt. Charles Kenneth Howard-Bury, King's Royal Rifle Corps Spec. Reserve Lt.-Col. Walter Howell Jones, Royal Garrison Arty. Q.M. and Hon. Major James Thomas Harold Hudson, Middlesex Reg. Tmp Capt. Henry Moore Hudspeth Royal Engineers Capt. Basil Hughes RAMC Maj. Edward William Hughes London Reg. Maj. William Hughes London Reg. Maj. Henry Horne Hulton, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Walter Vernon Hume, South Lancashire Reg. Maj. George Noel Humphreys, Army Service Corps Maj. Rochford Noel Hunt RAMC Maj. Reginald Seager Hunt, Dragoon Guards Capt. Cecil Stuart Hunter, Royal Arty. Tmp Major Hugh Blackburn Hunter, Army Service Corps Maj. Henry Noel Alexander Hunter, Royal West Surrey Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Arthur Reginald Hurst, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Ralph Hamer Husey London Reg. Capt. Colin Ross Marshall Hutchison Royal Field Arty. Q.M. and Hon. Major Thomas Charles Ibbs, London Reg. Lt.-Col. Henry Wilson Iles, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Bernhardt Basil von Brumsy im Thurn Hampshire Reg. Maj. Charles Elliott Inglis, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major Richard Inglis, King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. Thomas Stewart Inglis, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Arthur Innes Irons, Middlesex Reg. Capt. Noel Mackintosh Stuart Irwin Essex Reg. Maj. William Rennie Izat, Royal Engineers Capt. Edward Darby Jackson, King's Own Scottish Borderers Tmp Major Frank Whitford Jackson, Army Service Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Herbert William Jackson, Indian Army Maj. Richard Rolt Brash Jackson, Army Service Corps Maj. Arthur Lawrence Baldwin Jacob, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major Archibald Hugh James, Northumberland Fusiliers, West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Ralph Ernest Haweis James North Lancashire Reg. Maj. Cyril Jarrett, Middlesex Reg. Tmp Capt. Arthur Alfred Jayne Royal Engineers Maj. Richard Griffith Bassett Jeffreys, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Maj. Leoline Jenkins Dorset, Royal Garrison Arty. and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Sir Walter Kentish William Jenner late 9th Lancers Lt.-Col. Arthur Stawell Jenour Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Arthur Baynes Johnson, Lincolnshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Allen Victor Johnson, Royal Fusiliers, King's Royal Rifle Corps Tmp Major Benjamin Sandford Johnson, Army Service Corps Maj. Victor Neville Johnson, Gloucestershire Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Frederick Campbell Johnston, Royal Arty. Maj. George Bernard Johnson, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. William Hamilton Hall Johnston Middlesex Reg. Maj. Harry Haweis Joll Royal Arty. Maj. Archibald Nelson Gavin Jones, Indian Army Lt.-Col. John Josselyn, Suffolk Reg. Capt. Edward James Kavanagh RAMC Maj. Thomas Kay RAMC Maj. Gerard Ainslie Kompthorne, RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major Edward Holt Kendrick, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Maj. William Kennedy, East African Veterinary Corps Lt. Albert Edmund Kent Leicestershire Reg. Maj. John Kent, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Herbert Edward Kenyon, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major John Victor Kershaw, East Lancashire Reg. Maj. Sidney Hardinge Kershaw, Northumberland Fusiliers Lt. Francis Percy Kindell Royal Arty. Maj. Charles Harold Kilner, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Robert Edgar Kilvert, Royal Marine Arty. Tmp Capt. Charles Francis King Cheshire Reg. Capt. Frank King, 4th Hussars Tmp Major John Bussell King, Army Service Corps Tmp Major Wentworth Alexander King-Harman (retired) List, late Royal Irish Rifles Maj. Guy Thornhill Kingsford, Royal Engineers Capt. John Lawson Kinnear Liverpool Reg. and Royal Flying Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Lewis Hawker Kirkness, Special List Maj. Harry Fearnley Kirkpatrick, East Kent Reg. Tmp Major Leonard Knapman, Army Service Corps Maj. Charles Leycester Knyvett Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Robert Kyle, Highland Light Inf. Maj. Wilham Frederick Robert Kyngdon, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Roderick Laing Seaforth Highlanders Maj. James Laird, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Ronald Dewe Lake, Northamptonshire Reg. Tmp Major George Moorsom Lagier Lamotte, Royal Engineers Capt. John du Plessis Langrishe RAMC Maj. John Henry Langton, Royal Welsh Fusiliers Maj. Percy Edward Langworthy Parry, London Reg. Maj. Sir Thomas Perceval Larcom Royal Arty. Capt. Stanley Dermott Large RAMC Capt. The Hon. Edward Cecil Lascelles Rifles Brigade Mag Charles Trevor Lawrence, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Geoffrey Lawrence, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Hervey Major Lawrence, Scottish Rifles Capt. Arthur Bertram Layton, South Lancashire Reg. Tmp Major Ralph le Butt, Machine Gun Corps Capt. Victor Carmichael Leckie, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Maj. Guy Lee East Kent Reg. Capt. George Maconchy Lee Royal Fusiliers Maj. Harry Romer Lee, 20th Hussars Maj. Edward Frederick William Lees, Royal Engineers Maj. Alexander Leggat RAMC Capt. Charles Edward Lembcke, Northumberland Fusiliers Maj. Frederick Joseph Lemon, West Yorkshire Reg. Tmp Major Dudley Lewis York & Lancaster Reg. Lt.-Col. Philip Edward Lewis, Royal Arty. Capt. Wilfrid Gordon Lindsell Royal Arty. Capt. Christopher George Ling Royal Engineers Maj. Harold Cronshaw Lings, Manchester Reg. Tmp Lt. The Hon. Charles Christopher Josceline Littleton, Middlesex Reg. Lt. William Howard Livens Royal Engineers Maj. Evan Henry Llewellyn, King's African Rifles Maj. Evan Colclough Lloyd, Royal Irish Reg. Lt. Ormond Maxwell Loggie Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Capt. Kenneth Thurston Lomas, Royal Engineers Maj. Thomas Longbottom, West Yorkshire Reg. Capt. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Alexander Holcombe Longcroft, Welsh Reg. Capt. Henry Kerr Longman late Gordon Highlanders Lt.-Col. William Loring, Royal Garrison Arty. 2nd Lt. Stuart Gilkinson Love Maj. John Gordon Lowndes, late North Lancashire Reg. Capt. Henry Charles Loyd Coldstream Guards Tmp Major Lowes Dalbiac Luard, Army Service Corps Maj. Williams Ludgate, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Capt. and Bt. Major Edgar Rainey Ludlow-Hewitt Royal Irish Rifles Maj. Cecil St. John Lynch, Royal Engineers Capt. Jasper Beverley Lynch, late 12th Cav., Indian Army Local Major Frank Sanderson Lyster, Special List Maj. Archibald Laird MacConnell, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Capt. Harold Symes MacDonald Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major James Leslie Auld Macdonald, Royal Scots Lt.-Col. Reginald James Macdonald, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. John Buchanan MacFarlan, Royal Field Arty. Lt. Fane Andrew James Macfarlane, London Reg. Maj. Walter Macfarlane, Glasgow Yeomanry Capt. Fraoicis Burnett Mackenzie Royal Scots Maj. Pierse Joseph Mackesy Royal Engineers Capt. and Bt. Major William Alexander Onslow Churchill Mackintosh, Royal Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Alexander Hugh MacLean, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Maj. Charles Wilberforce MacLean, Cameron Highlanders Tmp Major Adam Gordon MacLeod, Army Service Corps Capt. Donald Macleod North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Malcolm Neynoe MacLeod Royal Engineers Lt. Mind en Whyte Melville MacLeod, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Patrick Dalmahoy McCandlish, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Maj. William McCall RAMC Maj. Robert Singleton McClintock, Royal Engineers Tmp Capt. Ivor Herbert McClure, Intelligence Corps Lt. Hamilton McCombie Worcestershire Reg. Capt. William McKim Herbert McCullagh RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major James Innis Aikin McDiarmid, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Capt. Gordon Archibald McLarty RAMC Maj. Norman Macdonald McLeod Royal Field Arty. Capt. Hugh McMaster Royal Arty. Capt. Donald Jay McMullen, Royal Engineers Capt. John William McNee RAMC Tmp Capt. George Maitland Edwards, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. George Alexander Malcolm, Reserve, attd. London Reg. Tmp Capt. Stuart Sydney Mallinson Royal Engineers Capt. John Alexander Manifold RAMC Capt. Lionel Manton, Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Arthur Henry Marindin, Royal Highlanders Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil Colvile Marindin, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Bryan Lister Marrmer, Royal Field Arty. Capt. John Francis Harnsor Marsh, Hampshire Reg. Capt. Alfred Russel Marshall Royal Engineers Capt. Charles Frederick Kelk Marshall Royal Field Arty. Hon. Major Henry Alfred Marshall, Army Ordnance Depot Tmp Major Ernest Brasewhite Martin, Royal Engineers Maj. Daniel Johnstone Mason, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Malcolm Forty Mason, Suffolk Reg. Capt. Charles Walter Massy Royal Field Arty. Maj. Reginald Cosway Matthews, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. William Riddell Matthews, RAMC Lt. Hugh Patrick Guarm Maule Honourable Arty. Company Maj. William John Maule, Essex Reg. Lt.-Col. Herbert Blair Mayne, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. John Maxwell Rifle Brigade Lt.-Col. James McCall Maxwell Royal Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Robert David Perceval-Maxwell, Royal Irish Rifles Maj. Sydmey Manvers Woolner Meadows, RAMC Maj. Cyril Frankland Meares, Royal Irish Fusiliers Maj. Teignmouth Philip Melvil, Lancers Tmp Major David Kinloch Michie, Highland Light Inf. Capt. George Waterston Miller, RAMC Maj. Hubert Garrett Blair Miller Royal Scots Fusiliers Rev. William Herbert Latimer Miller Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. John Williamson Milligan, East Africa Supply Corps Capt. George Ernest Millner London Reg. Rev. Eric Milner Milner-White, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Cecil Francis Milsom, Army Service Corps Tmp Col. Thomas Herbert Minshall, General List Maj. Arthur Mitchell, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Archibald Madame Mitchell, Royal Scots Capt. Charles Mitchell, Grenadier Guards Capt. William Gore Sutherland Mitchell Highland Light Inf. Tmp Major Thomas Hassard Montgomery, Army Service Corps Maj. Edward Duke Moore, East Riding Yeomanry Maj. Edward Henry Milner Moore, RAMC Lt.-Col., George Abraham Moore RAMC Maj. Charles Robert Faulconer Morgan, Army Service Corps Maj. Thomas Bettesworth Moriarty, RAMC Lt.-Cmdr. Edward N. Groves Morris, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, attd. Royal Naval Air Service Maj. Jolm Hugh Morris, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. and Bt. Col. Frederick Lansdowne Morrison Highland Light Inf. Tmp Capt. Robert Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott, Royal Marine Arty. Lt.-Col. Sidney Pelham Morter, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major Albert Isaac Mossop, attd. Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Hugh Crawford Moultrie, Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Charles Carter Moxon Yorkshire Light Inf. Tmp Major John Carr Muriel, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Capt. Edward Lionel Mussor Manchester Reg. Maj. Lenox Arthur Dutton, Naper, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Henry Edmund Palmer-Nash, Royal Scots Maj. Roderick Macaulay Bernard Needhan, Suffolk Reg. Capt. Duncan Ferguson Dempsterr Neill, Royal Engineers Capt. Redmond Barry Neill, Royal Irish Fusiliers Lt.-Col. Richard Austin Nevill, Royal Engineers Maj. Gervys Charles Nevile, Royal Field Arty. Maj.-Thomas Clifford Newbold, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Maj. Edward Hills Nicholson, Royal Fusiliers Capt. Hugh Blomfield Nicholson, King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. Cecil Paterson Nickalls, Royal Field Arty. Maj. John, Scott Nimmo, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Maj. Samuel Richard Normand, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Arthur Ernest Norton, West Indian Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. William Kilminster Notley Tmp Major Allan Vaughan Nutt, York & Lancaster Reg. Tmp Major Norman Henry Nutt, Tank Corps Lt.-Col. William Coope Gates, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Henry Rogham O'Brien, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. William Tasker Odam, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major Richard John Lanford O'Donoghue, Army Service Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Robert James Leslie Ogilby, London Reg. Maj. David Ogilvy, Royal Engineers Tmp Major Bernardine O'Gorman, General List Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Gerald Maxwell Orr, Lancers Lt.-Col. Lewis James Osborn, Royal Arty., Royal Field Arty. Capt. George Cecil Rudall Overton, Royal Fusiliers Capt. Lindsay Cunliffe Owen, Royal Engineers Tmp Major Norman Henry Oxenham, Machine Gun Corps Capt. and Bt. Major Bernard Charles Tolver-Paget Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Rev. Reginald Palmer Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Thomas Kenyon Pardoe, Worcestershire Reg. Maj. James Dove Park, Royal Engineers Tmp Capt. Albert Chevallier-Parker, Special List Capt. George Singleton Parkinson, RAMC Maj. Henry Evan Pateshall, Herefordshire Reg. Maj. Sir Everard Philip Digby Pauncefort-Duncombe Buckinghamshire Yeomanry Maj. Denys Whitmore Payne Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Capt. Herbert Gerald Payne, General List Maj. Hugh Drummond Pearson, Royal Engineers Maj. Thomas William Pearson, Royal Field Arty. Lt.-Col. William Carmichael Peebles, Royal Scots Capt. Home Peel London Reg. Local Major Willoughby Ewart Peel, Camel Transport Corps Tmp Capt. Albert James Pelling Royal Engineers Rev. Douglas Raymond Pelly, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Hon. Lt. Bertie Howard Penn, Army Ordnance Depot Lt.-Col. Frederick Septimus Penny RAMC Tmp Major William Petty, Seaforth Highlanders Capt. Ernest Cyril Phelan RAMC Lt.-Col. Henry Ramsay Phipps, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major William John Phythian-Adams Royal Fusiliers Capt. Jocelyn Arthur Adair Pickard, Royal Engineers Maj. Frederick Alfred Pile Royal Arty. Capt. John Ryland Pisent, Royal Engineers Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. William Richard Pinwill, Liverpool Reg. Tmp Major Oswald Bertram Fisher Planck, Army Service Corps Lt. Ian Stanley Ord Playfair Royal Engineers Maj. Thomas Herman Plummer, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt. James Frederick Plunkett Royal Irish Reg. Capt. Alexander Morton Pollard, RAMC Capt. Robert Valentine Pollok, Irish Guards Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cyril Lachlan Porter, East Kent Reg. Capt. James Herbert Porter, North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Edward Charles Pottinger, Royal Arty. Maj. Eden Bernard Powell, Rifles Brig Lt.-Col. Edgar Elkin Powell, RAMC Tmp Major Randolph MacHattie Powell, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Thomas Power, M.L.B. Maj. Henry Royds Pownall Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major Albert Ernest Prescott, Royal Engineers Maj. Classon O'Driscoll Preston, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Walter Clavel Herbert Prichard, Royal Engineers Maj. Peregrine Prince, Shropshire Light Inf. Tmp Major Edward Robert Seymour Prior South Lancashire Reg. Lt. Percy William Prockter, Army Service Corps Maj. Demson Pudsey, Royal Field Arty. Capt. Richard Brownlow Purey-Cust Royal Field Arty. Maj. Alfred Hutton Radice, Gloucestershire Reg., South Wales Borderers Capt. Rowan Scrope Rait Kerr Royal Engineers Capt. Gerard Marland Rambaut, Royal Field Arty. Maj. James Gordon Ramsay, Cameron Highlanders Capt. and Bt. Major Algernon Lee Ransome Dorsetshire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Cecil Godfrey Rawling Somerset Light Inf. Capt. John George Grey Rea, Yeomanry Maj. Robert Clanmalier Reeves, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Charles Savile Reid, Royal Engineers Lt. Henry Thomas Rendell, Army Service Corps Tmp Major John Walter Keyell, Royal Engineers Capt. John Phillip Rhodes, Royal Engineers Maj. Ernest Evelyn Rich, Royal Horse Arty. Tmp Capt. John Frederick Gwyther Richards RAMC Maj. Gerald Arthur Richards Royal Arty. Maj. George Carr Richardson Royal Arty. Lt.-Col. Robert Buchanan Riddell, Royal Garrison Arty. Tmp Major The Hon. Harold Ritchie, Scottish Rifles Lt.-Col. Colin McLeod Robertson, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Frank Mansfield Boileau Robertson, Royal Highlanders Maj. William Cairnes Robertson, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. Robert William Barrington Robertson-Eustace, East African Forces Maj. Annesley Craven Robinson, Army Service Corps Maj. John Armstrong Purefoy Robinson, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Thomas Chambers Robinson, East Lancashire Reg. Maj. Cyril Edmund Alan Spencer Rocke, Irish Guards Maj. Harold Bowyer Roffey, Lancashire Fusiliers Tmp Major Myles Herbert Roffey, Welsh Reg. Maj. Walter Lacy Yea Rogers, Royal Horse Arty. Tmp Major Norman Thomas Rolls, Royal West Surrey Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Claudo Stuart Rome, 11th Hussars Maj. Everard Howe Rooke, Royal Engineers Capt. Edward Ridgill Roper Royal Field Arty. Capt. Robert Knox Ross Royal West Surrey Reg. Maj. William Edward Rothwell, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Maj. Wilfred Barton Rowe, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. Frank George Mathias Rowley Middlesex Reg. Lt. Albert Russell, Royal Engineers Col. Bruce Bremner Russell Maj. Noel Hunsley Campbell Russell, Leinster Reg., and Worcestershire Yeomanry Tmp Major William Malcolm Russell, General List Maj. William Thomas Cutler Rust, Army Service Corps Maj. Hugh Thomas Ryan, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Capt. Julian Neil Oscar Rycroft Royal Highlanders Maj. Harold Francis Salt, Royal Arty. Maj. Edward Vipan Sarson, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Lionel Robert Schuster, Liverpool Reg. Tmp Major Albert Edward Scothern, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Capt. John Davie Scott, Royal Irish Reg. Capt. John Walter Lennox Scott, RAMC Maj. William Scott-Elliot, Army Service Corps Maj. Hugh Forde Searight, 1st Dragoon Guards Tmp Major Frank Searle, Tank Corps Maj. Thomas Byrne Sellar late King's Own Scottish Borderers Capt. Hugh Garden Seth-Smith, Army Service Corps Capt. Reginald Henry Napier-Settle 19th Hussars Maj. Evelyn Francis Edward-Seymour, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Maj. Roger Cecil Seys, Royal Arty. Capt. Arthur Talbot Shakespear Royal Engineers Capt. and Bt. Major George Frederick Cortland Shakespear Indian Army Maj. Charles Schmidt Sharpe, York & Lancaster Reg. Tmp Major William Shaw, Army Service Corps Maj. Henry Francis Shea RAMC Capt. Charles Edward Gowran Shearman Bedfordshire Reg. Tmp Major Robert Austin Shebbeare, Army Service Corps Capt. John Reginald Vivian Sherston Cav. Indian Army Capt. William John Townsend Shorthose, South Staffordshire Reg., and King's African Rifles Maj. Cecil Barrow Simonds, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. William ArthurJohn Simpson Royal Field Arty. Maj. James Robert Simson, Highland Light Inf. Rev. Patrick Sinclair Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Alexander Baird Skinner, Indian Army Cav. Q.M. and Hon. Major Edmund William Skinner, Lincolnshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Edward Wheeler Slayter RAMC Maj. Arthur John Henry Sloggett, Rifle Brigade Capt. Lovell Francis Smeathman Hertfordshire Reg. Capt. Arthur Francis Smith Coldstream Guards Capt. Isham Percy Smith, Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. William Selwyn Smith, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Gerald James Watt Smyth, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Henry Smyth, Cheshire Reg. Lt.-Col. George Abraham Smyth, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Rupert Caesar Smythe, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Lt. William Fulton Somervail Scottish Rifles Capt. Herbert George Sotheby, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Lt.-Col. Charles Louis Spencer, Royal Engineers Capt. Hugh Baird Spens, Scottish Rifles Tmp Capt. Alfred William Speyer, General List, late West Yorkshire Reg. Capt. Sidney Stallard, London Reg. Hon. Capt. Alfred Richard Stamford, Army Ordnance Depot Maj. The Hon. Oliver Hugh Stanley, Royal Arty. Tmp Major William Alan Stanley, Machine Gun Corps Capt. Arthur Christopher Lancelot Stanley-Clarke, Scottish Rifles Maj. William Lockhart St. Clair, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Major William Jones Steele, Royal Engineers Tmp Lt.-Col. Arthur Stephenson Royal Scots Lt.-Col. Henry Kenyon Stephenson Royal Field Arty. Capt. Charles Knowles Steward South Wales Borderers Tmp Major Albert Lewis Stewart, Machine Gun Corps Maj. William Murray Stewart, Cameron Highlanders Capt. and Bt. Major Walter Robert Stewart Rifle Brigade Capt. Alexander Dickson Stirling RAMC Capt. Colin Robert Hoste Stirling Scottish Rifles Maj. Walter Andrew Starling Royal Arty. Maj. William Eustace St. John, Yeomanry Maj. Ashton Alexander St. Hill, West Riding Reg. Capt. Hugh Morton Stobart, Yeomanry Tmp Capt. Adrian Stokes RAMC Cat Henry Howard Stoney, North Staffordshire Reg. Maj. Martyn Rogers Strover, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Edward Lisle Strutt, Royal Scots Maj. Francis Cyril Rupert Studd, East Kent Reg. Tmp Major Montague Alfred Sliney Sturt, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Charles William Swinton, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. William Frederick John Symonds, London Reg. Tmp Major Henry Leslie Aldersey Swann, Army Service Corps Capt. Ernest John Bocart Tagg, Royal Marine Light Inf. Tmp 2nd Lt. Bruce Mitchell Taylor Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. Maj. Charles Lancaster Taylor, South Wales Borderers Maj. Glenleigh John Schill Taylor, Royal Field Arty. Capt. George Pritchard Taylor RAMC Maj. Henry Jeffreys Taylor, Durham Light Inf. Capt. George Harris Teall, Lincolnshire Reg. Capt. and Bt. Major Richard Durand Temple, Worcestershire Reg. Capt. James Hugh Thomas RAMC Lt.-Col. Henry Melville Thomas Royal Arty. Tmp Major Basil Thomas, Gloucestershire Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Albert Charles Thompson, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Tmp Lt. Claude Ernest Thompson South Lancashire Reg. Maj. Cyril Henry Farrer Thompson, London Reg. Maj. James George Coulthered Thompson, Royal Field Arty. Capt. William Irwin Thompson RAMC Capt. George Thomson Yorkshire Light Inf. Maj. George Edward Mervyn Thorneycroft, Royal Arty. Maj. Cudbert John Massey Thornhill, Indian Army Lt.-Col. Arthur Hugh Thorp, Royal Garrison Arty. Lt.-Col. John Claude Thorp, Army Ordnance Depot Lt. Alexander Tillett Devonshire Reg. Maj. Clement Thurstan Tomes Royal Warwickshire Reg. Capt. Julian Latham Tomlin, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. Francis William Towsey West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Edmund Francis Tarlton Traill, Army Service Corps Maj. John Brereton Owst Trimble Yorkshire Reg. Tmp Major Frederick George Trobridge, General List Capt. Gerald Louis Johnson Tuck, Unattd. List, attd. Suffolk Reg. Lt.-Col. Donald Fiddes Tulloch, Royal Arty. Maj. Canning Turner, Leicestershire Reg. Capt. Reginald Aubrey Turner Royal Engineers Tmp Capt. Clifford Charles Horace Twiss, East Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Weratwarth Francis Tyndale RAMC Capt. William Tyrrell RAMC Maj. Thurlo Richardson Ubsdell, late Royal Arty. Maj. John Salusbury Unthank, Durham Light Inf. Lt. James Alastair Berry Urquhart, Royal Garrison Arty. Rev. George Ross Vallings, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Tmp Capt. Sir Harry Calvert Williams Verney General List Maj. Leonard Morris Verney Royal Army Veterinary Corps Q.M. and Hon. Major George Edward Vickers, Manchester Reg. Lt. Oliver G. G. Villiers, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, attd. Royal Naval Air Service Maj. Patrick Villiers-Stuart, Royal Fusiliers Maj. Ernest Blechynden Waggett RAMC Lt.-Col. Arthur Reginald Wainewright, Royal Arty. Maj. Roland Henry Waithman, Royal Sussex Reg. Tmp Capt. George Goold Walker Royal Garrison Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Charles John Wallace Highland Light Inf. Tmp Capt. James Hardress de Warrenne Waller, Royal Engineers Maj. Hubert de Lansey Walters, Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Harold Mathias Arthur Ward Royal Garrison Arty. Maj. Joseph Ward, RAMC Maj. George William Webb Ware RAMC Maj. Henry Archibald Waring, Royal West Kent Reg. Maj. Lionel Edward Warren, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Edward Robert Cabell Warrens, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Philip Huskinson Warwick, Yeomanry Maj. James Way Royal Arty. Tmp Major Harry Reginald Bland Wayman, Northumberland Fusiliers Maj. Adrian Barclay Wayte, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Q.M. and Hon. Major Walter Edward Webb, London Reg. Capt. Ronald Moree Weeks South Lancashire Reg. Maj. Barrington Clement Wells, Essex Reg. Capt. Richard Annesley West, Yeomanry Lt.-Col. Frederick Malcolm Westropp, Royal Engineers Maj. Frederick Whalley RAMC Tmp Major Wynn Powell Wheldon, Royal Welsh Fusiliers Maj. William Stobart Whetherly, Hussars Capt. Arthur Percy Buncombe Whitaker, Army Service Corps Charles Richardson White, Army Medical Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Frank Augustin Kinder, White, Royal Engineers Tmp Lt. Noel Blanco White General List Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. The Hon. Robert White Reserve of Ofc.s Lt.-Col. Edmund l'Estrange Whitehead, Royal Arty. Tmp Major Hector Fraser Whitehead, East Lancashire Reg. Lt.-Col. Edward Nathan Whitley Royal Arty. Maj. Everard le Grice Whitting Royal Arty. Tmp Major Alan Roderick Whittington, Army Service Corps Lt. William Henry Whyte, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Capt. Harold Hartley Wilberforce, Army Service Corps Maj. Edward Harold Wildblood, Leinster Reg. Lt. Cyril Francis Wilkins Royal Irish Rifles Tmp Major Harris Vaughan Wilkinson, Machine Gun Corps Capt. James Lugard Willcocks Royal Highlanders Capt. Henry Beresford Dennitts Willcox Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Maj. George Arthur Seccombe Williams, South Staffordshire Reg. (Spec. Reserve) Maj. Herbert Mamwanng Williams, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Rev. Ronald Charles Lambert Williams, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Lt.-Col. Frederick George Willock, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Albert Edward Jacob Wilson, Somerset Light Inf. Maj. Donald Clitheroe Wilson, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Capt. Douglas Hamilton Wilson, General List Maj. James Herbert Roche Winder RAMC Capt. Gordon Bluett Winch, Royal Field Arty. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Godfrey Harold Fenton Wingate, Royal Scots Tmp Lt.-Col. Ernest Arthur Winter Royal Fusiliers Lt.-Col. William Maunder Withycombe Yorkshire Light Inf. Maj. James Wood, RAMC Capt. Wilfred James Woodcock, Lancashire Fusiliers Capt. William Talbot Woods Manchester Reg. Maj. Robart James Wordsworth, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Maj. Percy Reginald Worrall Devonshire Reg. Maj. Stephen Henry Worrrall, Border Reg. Capt. Andrew Rae Wright RAMC Maj. Hubert Howard Wright, Army Service Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Wallace Duffield Wright Royal West Surrey Reg. Maj. William Oswald Wright, Royal Lancaster Reg. Lt.-Col. Arthur Oliver Bird Wroughton, RAMC Capt. Jasper William George Wyld Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Maj. Guy George Egerton Wylly Indian Army Tmp Major Charles Sandford Wynne-Eyton, General List, and Royal Flying Corps Maj. Cecil McGrigor Yates, Royal Arty. Maj. Robert James Burton Yates, Indian Army Cav. Maj. Richard Lister York, Royal Field Arty. Maj. Arthur Allan Shakespear Younger, Royal Field Arty. 2nd Lt. James Allardyce London Reg. Maj. Arthur Harold Bibby, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Capt. Patrick Dick Booth Royal Field Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Austin Hanbury Brown Royal Engineers Lt. Frederick Arthur Montague Browning, Grenadier Guards Tmp Capt. Ferguson Fitton Carr-Harris RAMC 2nd Lt. Joseph Percy Castle, West Riding Reg. Tmp Major Vernon Douglas Robert Conlan, Army Service Corps Maj. Anthony Courage Hussars Maj. Murray Heathneld Dendy Royal Arty. Lt. Andrew May Duthie, London Reg. Lt. William Maurice Evans, South Wales Borderers Capt. Charles Robert Gerard, Grenadier Guards Capt. Philip Mannock Glasier, London Reg. Lt. Tom Goodall, West Riding Reg. 2nd Lt. Guthrie Hallsmith, Suffolk Reg. Lt. John Steven Hamilton, West Yorkshire Reg. Tmp Lt. John Eliot Hancock, Norfolk Reg. Capt. James Francis Harter Royal Fusiliers Lt. Cyril Walter Holcroft, Worcestershire Reg. Capt. Herbert Selwyn Jackson, West Riding Reg. Tmp 2nd Lt. William George James, Yorkshire Light Inf. 2nd Lt. William Joffe, Yorkshire Light Inf. Capt. Kenneth Alfred Johnston, Hampshire Reg. 2nd Lt. Edward Spurin Knight, London Reg. Tmp Capt. Charles Robert Lucas, Royal Lancaster Reg. Lt. Alfred Cecil Lynn, Yorkshire Light Inf. 2nd Lt. John Francis Maginn, London Reg. Tmp Capt. Francis Morgan Mathias, Welsh Reg. 2nd Lt. James Thomas Byford McCudden General List, and Royal Flying Corps 2nd Lt. Andrew Edward McKeever Royal Flying Corps Tmp Major David Watts Morgan, Labour Corps Capt. and Bt. Major The Hon. Thomas George Breadalbane TVtorgan-Grenville-Gavin Rifle Brigade Lt. Charles Stone Moxon, West Riding Reg. Maj. Sir Christopher William Nixon Royal Arty. 2nd Lt. James Partridge Notman, Seaforth Highlanders 2nd Lt. Gerald O'Brien, Royal Munster Fusiliers Maj. Cecil Henry Pank, Middlesex Reg. 2nd Lt. William Paul West Yorkshire Reg. 2nd Lt. James Peel Royal Fusiliers Maj. Gilbert Sandford Poole, Yeomanry Maj. Rowland Edward Power, East Kent Reg. Tmp Major John Brenchley Rosher Durham Light Inf. Maj. Charles Frank Rundall, Royal Engineers Lt.-Col. George Gray Russell, King Edward's Horse Lt.-Col. Cecil John Herbert Spence-Jones, Yeomanry Maj. Charles Arthur Algernon Stidson RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major John Alexander Stirling Scots Guards Tmp Major Leycester Penrhyn Storr, Liverpool Reg. Lt. Gerald Fitzgerald-Stuart, West Yorkshire Reg. Tmp 2nd Lt. John Edwin Tillotson, West Yorkshire Reg. 2nd Lt. Elliot Clarke Tuckey, Royal Field Arty. Tmp 2nd Lt. William Arthur Upton, Wiltshire Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Herbert Lawton Warden, East Surrey Reg. Lt. Guy Randolph Westmacott, Grenadier Guards Capt. and Bt. Major Bevil Thomson Wilson, Royal Engineers Australian Imperial Force Maj. Alan Sinclair Durvall Barton, Army Medical Corps Maj. Thomas Harold Bird, Light Horse Reg. Lt.-Col. Jaanes Jamison Black, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. William Brazenor, Inf. Maj. William Francis Noel Bridges, Inf. Lt.-Col. Samuel Roy Burston, Army Medical Corps Maj. David Duncan Jade, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Herbert Gordon Carter, Pioneer Battalion Maj. Richard Gardiner Casey Inf. Maj. Clement Lorne Chapman, Army Medical Corps Maj. Alexander Chisholm, Light Horse Reg. Maj. Walter Churchus, Field Arty. Maj. Eric Winfield Connelly, Inf. Tmp Lt.-Col. James Montague Christian Corlette, Engineers Maj. John Joseph Corngan, Inf. Maj. Tannatt William Edgeworth David Engineers Lt.-Col. William Joihn Stevens Davidson, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Michael Henry Downey, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Richard Dowse, Staff Lt.-Col. Edmund Alfred Drake Broekman Inf. Lt.-Col. Bernard Oscar Charles Duggan, Inf. Maj. Percy Malcolm Edwards, Field Arty. Maj. William Gordon Farquhar, Engineers Maj. Hubert Cedric Ford, Inf. Maj. William Reginald Rogers Ffrench Machine Gun Corps Maj. Vivian Harold Gatliff, Field Arty. Maj. Richard Stewart Gee, Field Arty. Capt. Henry James Hill Glover, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Henry Arthur Goddard, Inf. Maj. John Leslie Hardie, General List Maj. James Douglas Henry, Engineers Lt.-Col. Ernest Edward Herrod, Inf. Lt.-Col. William Alexander Henderson, Pioneer Battalion Maj. Max Henry, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Maj. Basil Holmes, Inf. Col. Alexander Jobson, Inf. Maj. Robert Kerr, Provost Company Maj. William Selwyn King, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Giffard Hamilton Macarthur King Field Arty. Maj. Robert Edward Jackson, Inf. Lt.-Col. John Dudley Lavarack, Arty. Maj. Frederick Washington Lawson, Engineers Lt.-Col. Henry Dundas Keith Macartney, Field Arty. Maj. Patrick John McCormack, Field Arty. Maj. Roy Stanley McGregor, Army Medical Corps Maj. Louis Evander McKenzie, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Q.M. and Hon. Major Charles Francis Minagall, Inf. Lt.-Col. John Wesley Mitchell, Inf. Maj. David Henry Moore, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Arthur Henry Moseley, Army Medical Corps Maj. Edric Noel Mulligan, Australian Engineers Lt.-Col. Henry Simpson Newland, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Edward Creer Nome, Inf. Maj. Edwin Andrew Olding, Field Arty. Maj. John Joseph Power, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Edgar Maurice Ralph, General List Lt.-Col. George Arthur Read, Inf. Maj. John Dalyell Richardson, Light Horse Reg. Maj. Harold William Riggall, Field Arty. Maj. Septimus Godorphin Rowe, Field Arty. Maj. Edward Irvine Charles Scott, Pioneer Battalion Maj. Herbert James Shannon, Light Horse Reg. Lt.-Col. Joseph Lexden Shellshear, Field Artv Lt.-Col. James Charles Francis Slane, Inf. Maj. Dudley Wallace Arabin Smith, Light Horse Reg. Maj. William Smith, Provost Corps Lt.-Col. William Stansfield, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. John Mitchell Young Stewart, Army Medical Corps Maj. Harold Bourne Taylor, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Alexander Hopkins Thwaites, Army Medical Service Maj. Claude John Tozer, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Hugh Venables Vernon, Field Arty. Tmp Lt.-Col. Charles Ernest Wassell, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Ernest Morgan Williams, Light Horse Reg. Maj. Henry James Williams, Army Medical Corps Maj. Eric Arundel Wilton, Machine Gun Corps Lt.-Col. Percy William Woods Inf. Lt.-Col. Arthur Raff Woolcock, Inf. Maj. Malwyn Hayley à Beckett, Inf. Lt.-Col. Murray William James Bourchier, Light Horse Reg. Tmp Lt.-Col. Donald Cameron, Light Horse Reg. Capt. George Vernon Davies, Army Medical Corps Capt. Robert Derwent Dixon, Australian Inf. Maj. Cuthbert Murchison Fetherstonhaugh, Light Horse Reg. Maj. Reginald Norris Franklin, Light Horse Reg. Lt.-Col. Robert Oswald Henderson, Inf. Maj. Eric Montague Hyman, Light Horse Reg. Maj. James Lawson, Light Horse Reg. Maj. Leslie Herbert Payne, Inf. Maj. Jeremiah Charles Selmes, Field Arty. Maj. Roy Meldrum Thompson Field Arty. Canadian Force Capt. Samuel Buttrey Birds Inf. Lt.-Col. Allison Hart Borden, Inf. Maj. Alexander Grant, Inf. Maj. John Alexander McEwan, Inf. Lt.-Col. Andrew George Latta McNaughton, Field Arty. Maj. Frederick Jackson Alderson, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Carleton Woodford Allen, Pioneer Battalion Maj. Alexander Alderson Anderson, Engineers Maj. Thomas Victor Anderson, Engineers Maj. Alfred Turner Bazin, Army Medical Corps Maj. Percy George Bell, Army Medical Corps Maj. Charles Corbishley Bennett, Inf. Maj. Robert Bickerdike, Inf. Maj. Alfred Sidney Buttenshaw, Ordnance Company Lt.-Col. Glen Campbell, Pioneer Battalion Lt.-Col. Robert Percy Clark Inf. Lt.-Col. Frederick Fieldhouse Clarke, Railway Troops Maj. George Alton Cline, Engineers Maj. Frederick Thomas Coghlan, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. James Kennedy Cornwall, Railway Troops Maj. Ian Laurie Crawford, Inf. Lt.-Col. James Edgar Davey, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Charles Harold Dickson, Army Medical Corps Maj. Robert Loggie Masterson Donaldson, Ordnance Company Lt.-Col. John Badenoch Donnelly, Forestry Company Lt.-Col. William Henry Pferinger Elkins, Horse Arty. Maj. Thomas Francis Elmitt, Inf. Tmp Major Royal Lindsay Hamilton Ewing Inf. Maj. James Johnston Fraser, Army Medical Corps Maj. Thomas Gibson, Labour Battalion Maj. Edward Crosby Goldie, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. Atholl Edwin Griffin, Railway Troops Tmp Major The Hon. Francis Egerton Grosvenor Inf. Lt.-Col. Edwin Gerald Hanson, Field Arty. Maj. Edward Montgomery Harris, Army Service Corps Lt.-Col. William Henry Harrison, Field Arty. Maj. Harry Cecil Hatch, Inf. Maj. Halfdan Fenton Harboe Hertzberg Engineers Lt.-Col. Chilion Longley Hervey, Railway Troops Lt.-Col. Charles Rapelje Hill, Inf. Maj. Walter Court Hyde, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. George Chalmers Johnston Mounted Rifles Maj. George Knight Killam, Inf. Maj. Charles Ernest King, Inf. Tmp Lt.-Col. Thomas McCrae Leask, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. William Bethune Lindsay Engineers Maj. Edison Franklin Lynn Engineers Maj. William Broder McTaggart, Field Arty. Maj. Donald John Macdonald Cav. Lt.-Col. James Brodie Lauder Macdonald, Railway Troops Maj. Frederick Thomas McKean, Army Service Corps Capt. William Gordon MacKendrick, Engineers Maj. James Frederick McParland, Field Arty. Lt. Charles Kirwan Craufurd Martin, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Lawrence Thomas Martin, Railway Troops Maj. Robert Frank Massie, Field Arty. Lt. Arthur Clinton Maund, Inf. and Royal Flying Corps Lt.-Col. Lionel Herbert Millen, Inf. Lt. Frederick Frank Minchin Inf., attd. Royal Flying Corps Maj. Percival John Montague Inf. Lt.-Col. Walter Hill Moodie, Railway Troops Maj. John Aubrey Morphy, Pioneer Battalion Maj. George Sidney Mothersill, Army Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Thomas Joseph Francis Murphy, Army Medical Corps Tmp Capt. Robert Henry Neeland, Labour Company Maj. Daniel Jerome O'Donahoe, Inf. Capt. Garnet Lehrle Ord, Pioneer Battalion Maj. Richard Francis Parkinson, Inf. Maj. Eric Pepler, Engineers Lt.-Col. Charles Ayre Peters, Army Medical Corps Capt. John Downey Pitman, Ordnance Company Maj. Alan Torrence Powell, Inf. Lt. Kenneth Alan Ramsay, Railway Troops Maj. James Sabiston Rankin, Inf. Maj. Clifford Hamilton Reason, Army Medical Corps Maj. William Roy Reirdon, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Blair Ripley, Railway Troops Maj. Donald Edward Allan Rispin, Inf. Maj. Robert Percy Rogers, Engineers Lt.-Col. James Sclater, Inf. Capt. Morris Alexander Scott, Machine Gun Corps Lt.-Col. Samuel Simpson Sharpe, Inf. Maj. John Ham Sills, Inf. Maj. Henry Denne St. Alban Smith, Engineers Capt. Richard Winslow Stayner Mounted Rifles Maj. Henry Arthur Stewart, Army Service Corps Maj. Cecil Valentine Stockwell, Field Arty. Maj. Joseph Murray Syer, Field Arty. Capt. David Sobey Tamblyn, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Maj. Harold Lyndridge Trotter, Engineers Tmp Col. John Burton White, Forestry Corps Hon. Lt.-Col. Rev. Albert William Woods, Royal Army Chaplains' Dept. Maj. Gordon Harold Aikins, Mounted Rifles Lt. Walter Hartley Burgess, Inf. Lt. John Angus Cameron, Inf. Lt. William Francis Jamieson, Inf. Lt. Hector Kennedy, Inf. Maj. William Thewles Lawless, Inf. Lt. Ronald Frederick Macnaghten, Inf. Capt. Ronald Wilfred Pearson Inf. Maj. Harold Murchinson Savage, Field Arty. Capt. William Keating Walker Machine Gun Corps Maj. William Douglas Wilson, Field Arty. Tmp Capt. Harvey Gordon Young, Canadian Army Medical Corps Tmp Capt. Archibald Stirling Kennedy Anderson RAMC Capt. Rupert Henry Anderson-Morshead, Devonshire Reg. Lt.-Col. Duncan Gus Baillie, Yeomanry Maj. Walter Agar Thomas Barstow Royal Field Arty. Maj. Richard Maul Birkett, Royal Sussex Reg., attd. Royal West Surrey Reg. Tmp Capt. James Thornely Bowman RAMC Capt. Henry Fergusson Brace, Hussars Tmp Capt. John Edouard Marsdeu Bromley, Royal Field Arty. Tmp Capt. John Jackson Cameron, South Staffordshire Reg., attd. Royal Lancaster Reg. Maj. James Francis Fraser-Tytler, Yeomanry, attd. Cameron Highlanders Tmp Capt. Howard Boyd Graham RAMC 2nd Lt. Charles Ernest Henderson, London Reg. Capt. and Bt. Major Henry Francis Leonard Hilton-Green Gloucestershire Reg., attd. A.C. Corps Lt. Percy Frank Knightley, Royal Welsh Fusiliers Capt. Arthur McDougall, Yeomanry Lt. Herbert Dryden Home Yorke Nepean, Indian Army Maj. John Gordon Rees, Yeomanry, attd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers Capt. Robert Thin Craig Robertson RAMC Capt. Richard Adair Rochfort Royal Warwickshire Reg., attd. Royal Berkshire Reg. Capt. Alan Patrick Rodgerson, Indian Army Maj. Leigh Pemberton Stedall, Yeomanry Maj. Gerald Gane Thatcher, Royal Garrison Arty., attd. Royal Field Arty. Capt. and Bt. Major Gerald Lawrence Uniacke, Royal Lancaster Reg. Newfoundland Force Capt. Bertram Butler Newfoundland Reg. New Zealand Force Lt.-Col. Stephen Shepherd Allen, Inf. Maj. Frederick Cameron New Zealand Medical Corps Lt.-Col. Alexander Burnet Charters Inf. Maj. William Oliver Ennis, Pioneers Major David John Gibbs, Engineers Maj. Halbert Cecil Glendining, Field Arty. Maj. Edward James Hulbert, Mounted Rifles Lt.-Col. James Neil McCarroll, Mounted Rifles Maj. John McCare, Inf. Lt.-Col. George Mitchell, Inf. Maj. Donald Sinclair Murchison, Mounted Rifles Maj. Clarence Nathaniel Newman, Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Charles Treweck Hand-Newton New Zealand Medical Corps Maj. Edward Puttick, Rifle Brigade Tmp Major Harry McKellar White Richardson Rifle Brigade Maj. James Macdonald Richmond Field Arty. Lt.-Col. Robert Amos Row, Inf. Maj. James Stafford, New Zealand Veterinary Corps Maj. Alan Duncan Stitt Inf. Maj. Hugh Vickerman, Engineers Lt.-Col. Claude Horace Weston, Inf. South African Force Tmp Major Charles Agnew Anderson, South African Water Supply Corps Tmp Major Thomas William Armitage, South African Service Corps Tmp Major George Edwin Brink, South African Force Maj. Peter Skinner Clarke, South African Medical Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Thomas Harry Blew, Heavy Arty. Lt.-Col. Ewan Christian, Inf. Tmp Lt.-Col. Francis Richard Collins, Engineers Maj. Fred Haselden, Inf. Maj. Theophilus Edward Liefeldt, Native Labour Corps Maj. John James Mulvey, Pioneer Battalion Tmp Capt. Hugh Brindley Owen Uganda Medical Service Brig.-Gen.-General William Ernest Collins Tanner Inf. Maj. David Morris Tomory, South African Medical Corps Capt. Charles Frederick Bernard Viney, Mounted Rifles Lt.-Col. Arthur Blackwood Ward South African Medical Corps Tmp Lt.-Col. Gilbert Neville Williams, South African Forces Awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO*) Cmdr. William Marshall Royal Naval Reserve Maj. William Nathaniel Stuart Alexander Connaught Rangers Capt. and Bt. Major Michael George Henry Barker Lincolnshire Reg. Maj. Thomas Andrew Dunlop Best Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Capt. and Bt. Major John Dopping Boyd Royal West Surrey Reg. Lt. Charles Henry Dowden King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. Archibald Jenner Ellis Border Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Henry Gaspard de Lavalette Ferguson attd. Norfolk Reg. Maj. Marmion Carr Ferrers-Guy Lancashire Fusiliers Maj. Ronald Foster Forbes Highland Light Inf. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Sidney Goodall Francis West Yorkshire Reg. Lt.-Col. John Malise Anne Graham Royal Lancaster Reg. Maj. William Green Royal Highlanders Tmp Capt. James Robertson Campbell Greenlees RAMC Capt. Cecil Champagne Herbert-Stepney King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Charles Graeme Higgins Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Maj. Clifford Hill East African Mounted Rifles Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Sir Thomas Dare Jackson Royal Lancaster Reg. Capt. and Bt. Major Alexander Colin Johnston Worcestershire Reg. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Alexander Fraser Campbell Maclachlan King's Royal Rifle Corps Maj. Samuel McDonald Gordon Highlanders Maj. Reginald George Maturin Royal Field Arty. Maj. Arthur Maxwell London Reg. Maj. Herbert Milward Milward Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. Maj. Noel Ernest Money Shropshire Yeomanry Maj. Hubert Horatio Shirley Morant Durham Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Ronald Ernest Murray British South Africa Police Tmp Major Sholto Stuart Ogilvie Wiltshire Reg. Maj. George Parsons British South Africa Police Tmp Lt.-Col. Warren John Peacocke Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Maj. William Moore Bell Sparkes RAMC Capt. and Bt. Major Gerald Lawrence Uniacke Royal Lancaster Reg., and 2nd Nigeria Reg. Capt. Lancelot Edward Seth Ward late Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. Maj. and Bt. Lt.-Col. Donald Munro Watt Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army Capt. and Bt. Major Bertram Charles Maximilian Western East Lancashire Reg. Maj. Stuart Lumley Whatford Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Thomas Edmund Palmer Wickham Royal Arty. Capt. Frank Worthington RAMC Maj. Kenneth Duncan Royal Field Arty. Maj. George Scott Jackson Northumberland Fusiliers Tmp Surgeon William James McCracken Maj. Horace Somerville Sewell Dragoon Guards Maj. Baptist Johnson Barton Yorkshire Light Inf. Lt.-Col. Guy Archibald Hastings Beatty Indian Cav. Maj. Alfred Morey Boyall West Yorkshire Reg. Maj. Hugh Annesley Gray-Cheape Yeomanry Maj. John Hardress-Lloyd Tank Corps Capt. Charles Hervey Hoare Yeomanry Capt. Edward Darby Jackson King's Own Scottish Borderers Tmp Major Charles Kennett James Border Reg. Maj. George Knowles Indian Cav. Arthur Campden Little Hussars Maj. Arthur Mordaunt Mills Indian Cav. Maj. Arthur Carr Osburn RAMC Lt. James Frederick Plunkett Royal Irish Reg. Capt. Geoffrey Taunton Raikes South Wales Borderers Australian Imperial Force Lt.-Col. William Grant Australian Light Horse Lt.-Col. Thomas John Todd Light Horse Reg. Lt.-Col. Reginald John Albert Travers Inf. Canadian Force Lt.-Col. Denis Colburn Draper Mounted Rifles Battalion Lt.-Col. John Mervyn Prower Inf. Lt.-Col. John Munro Ross Inf. Maj. Lawrence Vincent Moore Cosgrave Canadian Arty. Lt.-Col. William Wasbrough Foster Canadian Inf. Maj. George Waters MacLeod Canadian Inf. Maj. Hugh Wilderspin Niven Canadian Inf. New Zealand Force Lt.-Col. George Augustus King Canterbury Reg. Lt.-Col. Hugh Stewart Canterbury Reg. Lt. Col. James Henry Whyte Wellington Mounted Rifles Awarded a Second Bar to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO**) Tmp Lt.-Cmdr. Arthur Holland Asquith Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Military Cross (MC) Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) C.S. Maj. S. Aberdeen, Durham Light Inf. (Durham) C.S. Maj. D. Adair, East Yorkshire Reg. (Durham) Sgt. A. L. Adams, Royal Engineers (Edinburgh) Sgt. J. H. Adams, Royal Engineers (Brislington) Sgt. J. Adamson, Yorkshire Reg. (East Ramton) Dvr. H. F. Addington, Royal Field Arty. (Church Brampton, Northampton) C.S. Maj. W. H. Albutt, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Sparkbrook) Sgt. F. G. Aldridge, Royal Engineers (Evesham, Worcester) Petty Ofc. J. Allan, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Annitsford) Cpl. A. Allen, Royal Garrison Arty. (Belfast) C.S. Maj. W. T. Alloway, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. (Marlow) Pte. C. Andrews, Royal West Kent Reg. (Poplar, London) Sgt. A. H. Annear, Royal Garrison Arty. (Plymouth, Devon) Sgt. C. F. Ash, Royal Garrison Arty. (Chatham) L. Cpl. H. P. Ashton, Royal Engineers (Moorhurst, Hamps.) Sgt. W. Askew, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Kenilworth) Gnr. C. H. G. Anthony, Royal Field Arty. (Aston, Birmingham) C.Q.M.S. A. J. Appleby, Royal Engineers (Clapton Park) Sgt. W. J. Avis, Machine Gun Corps (Lewes) L. Cpl. J. F. Bagshaw, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Walsall) Cpl. G. Bailey, Royal Field Arty. (Bristol) Sgt. F. J. Baker, Royal Field Arty. (Wdlworth) C.S. Maj. H. T. Baldwin, Hampshire Reg. (Wimbledon, London) Battery Sergeant Major J. H. Barlow, Royal Field Arty. (Woolwich) Battery Sergeant Major J. Barnes, Royal Field Arty. (Ramsey, Huntingdon) Pte. S. Barnes, Manchester Reg. (Oldham) C.S. Maj. J. Barraclough, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Wakefield) Capt. J. C. S. Barron, Royal Engineers (North Shields) Act. C.S. Maj. J. Bartlett, Royal Sussex Reg. (Eastbourne) Sgt. H. Barton, Royal Irish Fusiliers (Jerrettspas, Newry) Cpl. J. S. Bastick, Norfolk Reg. (Bethnal Green, London) Gnr. S. Bate, Royal Field Arty. (Hartlepool) Sgt. J. Bates, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (Liemaskea, County Fermanagh) Bombr. A. H. Baylis, Royal Field Arty. (Worcester) C.S. Maj. J. Beaton, Scottish Rifles (Balmain, N.S.W.) Pte. I. Beaty, Royal Scots (Manchester) Sgt. W. Bee, Manchester Reg. (Harlesden, London) Pte. J. Bell, West Riding Reg. (Greenfield) Act. R.S. Maj. G. F. Bennett, Tank Ops (Leicester) Pte. W. Bennett, Manchester Reg. (Handforth, Cheshire) L. Sgt. M. Berkley, Cheshire Reg. (Hirst Ashington, Northumberland) Sgt. J. Berwick, Border Reg. (Workingdon) L. Sgt. A. Bickerstaffe, South Lancashire Reg. (St. Helens) Cpl. F. Birch, Leicestershire Reg. (Hinckley, Leics.) Gnr. E. Blackwood, Royal Garrison Arty. (Coatbridge) C.Q.M.S. C. J. Bland, Middlesex Reg. (Upper Holloway, London) Battery Sergeant Major A. J. Blowers, Royal Field Arty. (Lowestoft) Battery Sergeant Major J. Blundell, Royal Garrison Arty. (Cork) Bombr. H. Blythe, Royal Field Arty. (Mansfield, Notts) Act. Bombr. S. A. Blythe, Royal Garrison Arty. (Melton, Norfolk) Sgt. H. Bottomley, RAMC (Colchester) Battery Sergeant Major J. T. Boughen, Royal Field Arty. (Netley) Sgt. F. Bowcock, Royal Field Arty. (Leek, Staffs.) 2nd Cpl. F. Bownasa, Royal Engineers (E. Bradford) Sgt. C. H. Boyle, Royal Garrison Arty. (Kingston Hill, Surrey) L. Sgt. G. T. Boynes, North Lancashire Reg. (Preston) Sgt. J. Bracegirdle, Royal Garrison Arty. (Carnarvon) Sgt. S. Bradshaw, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) Cpl. S. G. Brain, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Banbury) C.S. Maj. E. Brake, Somerset Light Inf. (Bath) Gnr. W. Breakey, Tank Corps. (Edinburgh) Sgt. H. G. Bridges, Royal Horse Arty. (St. Leonards-on-Sea) C.S. Maj. E. J. Briffet, Royal Engineers (Bristol) Act. Staff Sergeant A. Briggs, Army Ordnance Corps (Walworth) Sgt. B. Briggs, Labour Corps. (Kennington Park, London) Cpl. F. Briggs, North Lancashire Reg. (Bolton) Cpl. of Horse W. H. E. Briton, Dragoon Guards (Hereford) Cpl. A. T. Brooker, Royal Horse Arty. Battery Sergeant Major F. A. Broomfield, Royal Field Arty. (Stratford, London) C.S. Maj. A. Broomhead, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Derby) C.S. Maj. G. Browell, Northumberland Fusiliers (Newcastle) Sgt. A. (Brown, York & Lancaster Reg. (Thurnscoe, near Barnsley) Sgt. A. Brown, Royal Field Arty. (Padiham, Lancaster) Sgt. J. Brown, Royal Engineers (Mulrkirk) C.S. Maj. G. Brown, Norfolk Reg. (Thixendale, Malton, Yorkshire) Cpl. G. D. Brown, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Newton, Yorkshire) Cpl. W. Brunton, Royal Garrison Arty. (Edinburgh) C.S. Maj. R. H. Bryan, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Coventry) Sgt. F. C. Bryson, Royal Garrison Arty. (Temple Ewell) C.S. Maj. J. F. Buchanan, Gordon Highlanders (Aberdeen) Sgt. E. Bullock, Machine Gun Corps (Broseley) L. Cpl. L. J. Burden, Tank Corps. (Bridgtown) Cpl. A. Burnett, Royal Field Arty. (Preston) C.S. Maj. W. Burndge, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Swansea) Cpl. H. Burrows, Royal Garrison Arty. (North Waisliam) Sgt. W. Burrows, Royal Field Arty. (Forest Gate) Sgt. W. C. Burton, Royal Engineers (Hackney) Cpl. A. C. Caiger, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. (Malvern) Sgt. J. Cairney, Royal Engineers (Glasgow) C.S. Maj. A. W. Calder, Seaforth Highlanders (Carr Bridge) Far. Sergeant W. W. Canham, Royal Field Arty. (Kilkenny) B.Q.M. Sgt. T. W. Carefoot, East Lancashire Reg. (Burnley) Battery Sergeant Major J. Carlyle, Royal Field Arty. (Manchester) Sgt. J. Carmichael, King's Own Scottish Borderers (Chorlton-cum-Hardy) C.Q.M.S. W. H. Carnie, Welsh Reg. (Cardiff) Sgt. J. Cassidy, West Yorkshire Reg. (Lincoln) L. Sgt. L. Chalk, Northamptonshire Reg. (Abbot Langley) Pte. E. Chambers, North Staffordshire Reg. (Cambefley, Surrey) C.S. Maj. J. Chance, Worcestershire Reg. (Ryde, Isle of Wight) C.S. Maj. G. Chandler, Leicestershire Reg. (Cheadle, Staffs.) Sgt. T. Chapman, Lincolnshire Reg. (Hognaby, Spilsby) Battery Sergeant Major G. Chappell, Royal Field Arty. (E. London) Pte. H. Charlton, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Awsworth) Sgt. J. C. Charlton, Yorkshire Reg. (Middlesbrough) C.Q.M.S. J. E. Cherry, East Lancashire Reg. (Colne) L. Cpl. A. Chesters, Royal Lancaster Reg. (E. Lancaster) Sgt. E. Chidgey, Royal Engineers (North Petherton) Far. Q.M.S. W. A. Chmery, Royal Horse Arty. (Frimley, Surrey) B.Q.M. Sgt. W. H. Christy, Manchester Reg. (Wigan) Sgt. W. Chrystall, Royal Field Arty. (Aberdeen) Sgt. W. Churchill, Northumberland Fusiliers (Wallsend) Sgt. W. B. Churchman, Royal Engineers (College Park, London) Act. Cpl. G. Clark, Royal Highlanders (Kirkcaldy) L. Cpl. J. W. Clark, Durham Light Inf. (Easington Colliery) L. Cpl. R. C. Clark, Royal Engineers (Leytonstone) C.S. Maj. A. W. Clarke, Army Cyclist Corps (Basington) Pte. W. L. Claydon, Royal West Surrey Reg. (Colchester) Sgt. W. Clayton, Royal Garrison Arty. (Uxbridge) Cpl. W. E. Clayton, Royal Garrison Arty. (Poplar, London) Reg.al Q.M.S. J. H. Code, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) C.S. Maj. W. Coldwell, Lincolnshire Reg. (Sheffield) Sgt. A. J. Cole, Somerset Light Inf. (Henhin, near Bristol) Sgt. A. Coles, South Wales Borderers (Withington Station, near Hereford) R.S. Maj. J. T. Colver, Yorkshire Reg. (Leicester) Pte. E. A. Comer, Dragoon Guards (Addlebourne) Battery Sergeant Major H. F. Conway, Royal Field Arty. (Uxbridge) C.S. Maj. J. B. Cook, Royal Lancaster Reg. (Walney) Sgt. F. J. Cooper, East Surrey Reg. (Shoeburyness) Sgt. J. Cooper, Gordon Highlanders (Glasgow) Sgt. T. Cooper, Essex Reg. (Swaffam, Buibeck, Camb.) C.S. Maj. E. Copping, Grenadier Guards (Clapham Junction) Cpl. W. Cornell, Royal Field Arty. (Saffron Walden) Sgt. W. H. Couldwell, Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Inf. (Reading) Warrant Ofc. Class 2 W. J. Coward, Gloucestershire Reg. (Stroud, Glouc.) Pte. J. Cowell, Welsh Reg. (Llandudno) B.Q.M. Sgt. A. J. Cowley, Royal Field Arty. (Glanworth, County Cork) Far. Staff Sergeant L. Crabtree, Royal Field Arty. (Exeter) Sgt. J. Croft, Royal Irish Rifles (Dunmurry) B.Q.M. Sgt. W. Crombie, King's Own Scottish Borderers (Carlow) A. Bombardier A. W. Crook, Royal Garrison Arty. (Stamford) Sgt. C. E. Crooks, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Mansfield Woodhouse) Sgt. J. W. Crosby, Royal Garrison Arty. (Wickford, Essex) Royal Marine Arty. Cpl. F. Cross, Royal Marine Arty. Cpl. C. H. Crowlie, Royal Field Arty. (Fulbam, London) C.Q.M.S. G. Crump, Worcestershire Reg. (Worcester) Sgt. W. Cryer, Lancashire Fusiliers (Facit, Lancaster) Sgt. W. Cunniugton, Royal Field Arty. (Huddersfield) C.S. Maj. F. Currey, Durham Light Inf. (Darlington) B.Q.M. Sgt. J. Currie, Royal Garrison Arty. (Barrow-in-Furness) C.S. Maj. G. Cuswoxth, West Yorkshire Reg. (Leeds) Sgt. R. Cuthall, Royal Field Arty. (Arbroath) C.S. Maj. W. F. Dachtier, London Reg. (London) Battery Sergeant Major H. Daft, Royal Garrison Arty. (Clayton) Battery Sergeant Major W. G. Dagg, Royal Field Arty. (Emsworth) Sgt. J. Diare, South Wales Borderers (Llanhilleth, Mon.) Act. R.S. Maj. P. Darroch, Royal Scots (Prestonpans) Sgt. E. N. Davey, Royal Engineers (Wimbledon Park) L. Sergeant H. V. Davey, Army Cyclist Corps (Hamworth) Act. R.S. Maj. J. C. Davidge, Welsh Reg. (Abergavemiy) 2nd Cpl. J. H. Davies, Royal Engineers (Softball) R.S. Maj. W. Davies, South Wales Borderers (Poanswick, Glouc.) Pte. G. Davis, Border Reg. (Bishopstake) Sgt. L. Dawe, Royal Field Arty. (Walthamstow) Sgt. M. Dawes, Royal Field Arty. (Burnley) Gnr. F. G. C. Dawson, Royal Garrison Arty. (Blackheath) Battery Sergeant Major E. Day, Royal Horse Arty. (Great Staughton, near St. Neots) Sgt. F. C. Debenham, Royal Field Arty. (Bergholt, near Colchester) C.S. Maj. C. J. Deeprose, Royal Sussex Reg. (Rye) L. Cpl. A. Devenish, Northumberland Fusiliers (Cornsay, County Durham) C.S. Maj. E. Dickinson, Machine Gun Corps (Grimsby) Sgt. F. Dickinson, Middlesex Reg. (Leith, Scotland) Pte. M. Dixon, Shropshire Light Inf. (Gelli, Rhondda) Cpl. Fitter, W. Dixon, Royal Field Arty. (Leeds) L. Cpl. G. W. H. Dobson, Military Mounted Police (Whiteleafe, Surrey) Sgt. G. Donaldson, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Milford) Sgt. E. J. Donhou, Royal Engineers (Hanwell, London) Sgt. J. Douglas, King's Own Scottish Borderers (Greenlaw) Sgt. H. Driver, West Riding Reg. (Bingley) Sgt. A. W. Duffield, Royal Garrison Arty. (Middlesbrough) Pte. D1 Duncan, Royal Scots Fusiliers (Kilmarnock) Cpl. F. Duncan, Royal Engineers (Tayport, Fife) Battery Sergeant Major S. Eardley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Newcastle, Staffs.) C.S. Maj. M. Earls, Welsh Reg. (Swansea) Battery Sergeant Major F. W. Eastley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Southampton) Cpl. O. J. Edwardes, Royal Engineers (Byfleet) Battery Sergeant Major A. Elliott, Royal Field Arty. (Southampton) L. Cpl. J. W. Elliott, Northumberland Fusiliers (Darlington) Sgt. P. G. Elpiuck, Royal Sussex Reg. (Newick) C.S. Maj. F. Emmott, Machine Gun Corps (Leeds) L. Cpl. W. Etchells, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) Sgt. A.H Evans, Welsh Guards (Marshfield, near Cardiff) Mechanist Sergeant Major G. A. L. Evans, Army Service Corps (East London) Sgt. H. V. Evans, West Yorkshire Reg. (Stoke, Staffs.) Gnr. T. Evans, Royal Horse Arty. (Barnfurlong, near Wigan) Act. Bombr. H. Eyre, Royal Field Arty. (Chesterfield) Sgt. A. Falconer, Machine Gun Company (Walthamstow) Battery Sergeant Major F. Farlie, Royal Horse Arty. (Plumstead) Sgt. P. Fiarrell, Manchester Reg. (Huddersfield) Sgt. G. Feast, South Wales Borderers (Eastney, Portsmouth) Sgt. W. R. Feaver, Middlesex Reg. (Marden, Kent) Spr. W. J. Feman, Royal Engineers (Liverpool) C.S. Maj. A. Ferrier, Royal Highlanders (Perth) Cpl. F. S. Fisher, Royal Field Arty. (Netley, Hamps.) Sgt. J. Fletcher, Royal Garrison Arty. (Oxford) C.S. Maj. R. Fletcher, Northumberland Fusiliers (Walker-on-Tyne) Sgt. J. Flett, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Greenock) Sgt. W. Flynn, Lancashire Fusiliers (Salford) R.S. Maj. J. H. Foley, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Barmingham) Cpl. C. Ford, Scottish Rifles (Hamilton) Act. Cpl. F. Forster, Middlesex Reg. (Heaton Bark, Manchester) Battery Sergeant Major J. W. Foster, Royal Field Arty. (Hull) Sgt. G. Fowler, North Lancashire Reg. (Dartford, Kent) Sgt. W. Fraser, Highland Light Inf. (Glasgow) Pte. E. P. Freeman, Coldstream Guards (Goswell-road, London, EC) Cpl. C. J. French, Royal Flying Corps (Watford, Herts.) L. Cpl. R. H. Froude, Royal Engineers (Curraghmore, County Waterford) Sgt. W. H. Fryer, Machine Gun Corps (Paddington) Sgt. E. W. Fulford, Royal Engineers (Bedford) L. Cpl. E. Gaddes, Lancashire Fusiliers (Longtown) Sgt. J. Galvin, Royal Garrison Arty. (Cork) Sgt. L. Galvin, West Riding Reg. (Marlborough) Cpl. G. C. Gane, Somerset Light Inf. (Shepton Mallet) Cpl. A. Gardner, Royal Scots (Irlam o' th' Heights, Lancaster) Siapr W. T. Garner, Royal Engineers (Blefaohley) Sgt. P. Garrod, Royal Fusiliers (Stevenage) Pte. J. Geoghan, Lancashire Fusiliers (E. West Hartlepool) Sgt. F. Gibbs, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Birmingham) Sgt. C. E. Gillott, Royal Engineers (Sheffield) Sgt. W. Gilmore, Northumberland Fusiliers (Hull) 2nd Cpl. G. A. Glover, Royal Engineers (Paddington) Sgt. F. Godley, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Whitwell, Derby) Battery Sergeant Major P. F. Golding, Royal Garrison Arty. (Kensington) Sgt. A. T. Goodey, South Staffordshire Reg. (Clapham Common, London) Sgt. M. Goodwin, Lancashire Fusiliers (Winton Pairieroft) Sgt. W. J. Goodwin, Rifle Brigade (Brightlingsea) Sgt. E. Gordon, Royal Engineers (S.R) (Newton-le-Willows, Lancaster) Cpl. J. Gorman, Royal Engineers (Liverpool) Sgt. H. Gouldthorpe, Lincolnshire Reg. (Barton-on-Humber) Pte. J. H. Govan, Scots Guards (Prestonkirk, E. Lothian) Dvr. C. S. Gowing, Royal Garrison Arty. (Close, near Bristol) Sgt. W. M. Graham, Royal Garrison Arty. (Peckham) C.S. Maj. G. R. Graves, Machine Gun Company (Ashted, Birmingham) Battery Sergeant Major P. E. Gray, Royal Field Arty. (Leicester) Lance Seaman D. H. Green, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Falkirk) Cpl. G. H. Green, Royal Field Arty. (Tideswell) L. Sgt. E. Grey, Welsh Reg. (Swansea) Sgt. R. A. B. Griffiths, Royal Garrison Arty. (Blackburn) Sgt. S. Grover, Welsh Reg. (Poitslade) C.S. Maj. H. R. Groves, East Lancashire Reg. (Poplar, London) C.Q.M.S. H. Haigh, West Riding Reg. (Greetland, Yorkshire) Pte. H. Haigh, West Riding Reg. (Lindley, Haddersfield) Sadd. Staff Sergeant A. Hall, Royal Field Arty. (Brighton) Sgt. A. E. Hall, Royal Garrison Arty. (Old Walsoken) Sgt. E. Hall, Middlesex Reg. (Preston, Lancaster) C.S. Maj. E. W. Hall, Machine Gun Corps (Norwich) Cpl. L. Hall, West Riding Reg. Stalybridge) Sgt. S. E. Hall, King's Own Scottish Borderers (Cockerham) Ftr Cpl. P. Hampson, Royal Garrison Arty. (Birmingham) C.S. Maj. R. Hanley, Rifle Brigade (Virginia Water) Spr. J. Hannah, Royal Engineers (Clydeburgh) C.Q.M.S. G. Hardie, Royal Engineers (Glasgow) Gnr. C. Harding, Royal Field Arty. (Cardiff) Gnr. E. Hardman, Royal Garrison Arty. (Waterfoot) Sgt. P. Hardy, Royal Engineers (Durham) Cpl. W. H. Harris, Royal Garrison Arty. (Grosvenorroad, London) Spr. R. G. Harrison, Royal Engineers (Notting Hill) Sgt. J. R. Harrop, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Worksop) Battery Sergeant Major J. Hart, Royal Field Arty. (Hebburn) C.Q.M.S. C. Hartley, West Yorkshire Reg. (Keighley) Gnr. M. Hartley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Burnley) Sgt. A. R. Hervey-Bathurst, Royal Flying Corps (London) C.Q.M.S. S. M. Haydon, Royal West Kent Reg. (Sandwich) Sgt. F. J. Haynes, Lancashire Fusiliers (Openshaw, Manchester) Sgt. J. H. Heath, Middlesex Reg. (Hove, Brighton) Battery Sergeant Major W. Heath Royal Garrison Arty. (Woodford, Essex) C.S. Maj. J. Helhwell, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Pontefract) Dvr. H. Henthorne, Royal Field Arty. (Oldham) L. Cpl. W. J. Herring, King's Royal Rifle Corps (King's Cross, London) Sgt. H. E. Hibbard, Honourable Arty. Company (Stoke Newington) Pte. C. H. Hill, East Lancashire Reg. (Barlowford, Nelson) Sgt. W. Hill, North Staffordshire Reg. (Wooton, Staffs.) C.S. Maj. F. Hillier, South Wales Borderers (Newport) Act. Cpl. G. Hnidle (Preston) C.S. Maj. A. G. Hiron, London Reg. (Limehouse, London) Sgt. H. Hirst, West Riding Reg. (Batley) Dvr. A. G. Hobbs, Royal Field Arty. (Birmingham) B.Q.M. Sgt. A. Hodgson, Northumberland Fusiliers (Annfield Plain, County Durham) Sgt. W. W. Hogben, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Portsmouth) Sgt. J. Holbrook, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) Sgt. F. Holliday, Royal Garrison Arty. (Cottingliam) Act. Battery Sergeant Major Major E. Hollidge, Royal Field Arty. (Upper Tooting) Sgt. A. E. Holmes, Royal Irish Rifles (Carrickfergus) L. Cpl. B. Holmes, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Rugby) Sgt. F. G. Holmes, Hussars (Candahar Barracks, Tidworth) C.Q.M.S. F. Holt, Royal Engineers (Wmnick, Northants) Sgt. J. Holton, Royal Irish Fusiliers (Clonaslea, Queens County) Sgt. J. Hook, Durham Light Inf. (Durham) Spr. J. W. Howarth, Royal Engineers (Bolton) Battery Sergeant Major G. Howell, Royal Field Arty. (Blakeley) C.S. Maj. W. Howes, Durham Light Inf. (Stockton, Durham) Dvr. F. T. Howitt, Royal Field Arty. (Aberdeen) Tmp R.S. Maj. R. A. Hoyle, Lancashire Fusiliers (Bury) Pte. A. H. Hudson, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Coventry) C.S. Maj. R. Hudson, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Normanton) Pte. J. Hughes, RAMC (Manchester) Sgt. T. Hughes, Royal Garrison Arty. (Sheerness, Kent) Sgt. J. E. Humphreys, Royal Field Arty. (Tunstall, Staffs.) Act. Sgt. G. W. Hunt, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Nottingham) Battery Sergeant Major J. Hunt, Royal Garrison Arty. (Higher Broughton, Manchester) Spr. J. Hunt, Royal Engineers (High Wycombe) L. Cpl. D. Hunter, Yorkshire Reg. (Bradford) C.S. Maj. B. H. D. Hurst, Royal Engineers (Bath) Sgt. E. Hutchms, Machine Gun Corps (Manchester) Battery Sergeant Major J. C. Ihffe, Royal Garrison Arty. (Wakefield) Act. C.S. Maj. E. Irving, Coldstream Guards (Walworth, London) C.Q.M.S. G. Irving, Border Reg. (Waberthwaite) C.Q.M.S. J. Jacks, Royal Munster Fusiliers (Leeds) Sgt. J. J. Jackson, Yorkshire Reg. (Stockton-on-Tees) C.S. Maj. T. Jackson, Machine Gun Corps (Birmingham) L. Cpl. W. C. Jacobs, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Stow-on-the-Wold) Pte. E. Jaoobson, Monmouthshire Reg. (Bristol) C.S. Maj. G. Jaggs, Essex Reg. (Boxted, near Colchester) C.S. Maj. A. Jenkins, Worcestershire Reg. (Worcester) C.S. Maj. E. H. Johns, Royal Engineers (Norwich) Sgt. E. A. Johnson, Royal Garrison Arty. (Walthamstow) Cpl. F. W. Johnson, Royal Engineers (Mildmay Park, London) Pte. T. Johnson, Rifle Brigade (Stockton) Sgt. S. Johnstone, Scottish Rifles (Whiteinch) Sgt. A. Jones, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Wrexham) Sgt. A. Jones, Machine Gun Corps (Stoke-under-Ham) L. Cpl. . G. Jones, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (Plaistow) L. Cpl. J. Jones, Manchester Reg. (Henfeod, S. Wales) Cpl. J. P. Jones, Royal Garrison Arty. (Birmingham) R.S. Maj. J. R. Jones Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Straff ord) Spr. R. Jones, Royal Engineers (Merioneth) Act. Staff Sergeant S. Jones, Army Ordnance Corps (Birmingham) Cpl. T. Jones, West Yorkshire Reg. (Bradford) Sgt. W. Jones, Machine Gun Corps (Bermondsey, London) Sqn. S. M. H. Jordison (Northampton) C.S. Maj. J. Joshua, Welsh Reg. (Maesteg Sgt. J. W. Judd, Middlesex Reg. (Kingston upon Thames) C.S. Maj. H. Julsing, Northumberland Fusiliers (Newcastle upon Tyne) C.S. Maj. J. Kellock, Highland Light Inf. (Glasgow) Pte. A. Kelly, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) Pte. E. Kelly, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (Fencehouses, Durham) Sgt. J. Kelly, Royal Garrison Arty. (Cork) Sgt. J. S. Kelly, Seaforth Highlanders (Springburn, Glasgow) Sgt. H. Kendal, Royal Engineers (Bradford) Sgt. A. Kendall, Royal Garrison Arty. (Brixton) Battery Sergeant Major C. A. Kendall, Royal Field Arty. (Ilford) Battery Sergeant Major J. Kennelly, Royal Garrison Arty. (Edinburgh) Sgt. H. Kent, Royal Garrison Arty. (Malmesbury, Wiltshire) Pte. A. Kerr, Royal Scots Fusiliers (E. Dumbarton) Dvr. H. Kirby, Royal Field Arty. (Woodville Derby) Cpl. H. S. Kirk, Highland Light Inf. (Whiteinch, Glasgow) Battery Sergeant Major F. A. J. Knight, Royal Field Arty. (Bristol) L. Cpl. J. W. Knight, Royal Engineers (Southampton) Cpl. C. Knowles, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (Victoria Park) L. Cpl. W. Knowlson, West Yorkshire Reg. (Leeds) Q.M.S. W. Lamkin, RAMC (Ventnor, Isle of Wight) Fitter Sergeant T. Lancaster, Royal Field Arty. (Workington, Cumberland) Sgt. J. R. Lang, Shropshire Light Inf. (Edgwareroad, London) C.S. Maj. E. Langley, Lancashire Fusiliers (Chadderton) C.Q.M.S. W. T. Large, Cheshire Reg. (Northwich) C.S. Maj. H. Larkman (Norwich) C.S. Maj. A. Laurence, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (E. Derby) L. Cpl. L. C. G. T. Lawford, Mil. Police (Keyhaven, near Lymington, Hampshire) Spr. R. Lawson, Royal Engineers (Glasgow) R.S. Maj. O. Lead, North Staffordshire Reg. (Wolstanton, Staffs.) Sgt. J. W. Leamon, Hampshire Reg. (Woolwich) Sgt. E. Ledgard, West Yorkshire Reg. (York) Sgt. S. G. Lee, West Riding Reg. (Marsh, Huddersfield) Q.M.S. R. G. Leggett, RAMC (Aldershot) L. Cpl. M. Lennard, Northumberland Fusiliers (Burnhope Co Durham) Pte. W. Lennon, Lancashire Fusiliers (Piestwick) Pte. J. Leverton, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (St. Columb, Cornwall) Pte. J. Lifford, Liverpool Reg. (Fulham) Sgt. E. Lilley, King's Royal Rifle Corps (New Nuttall, Nottinghamshire) Sgt. J. S. Lindsay, Army Cyclist Corps (Auchenairn, Bishopbriggs) Sgt. A. P. Lincoln, Royal Field Arty. (Greater Yarmouth) Pte. W. C. T. Lloyd, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Holywell) R.S. Maj. G. Lockie, South Wales Borderers (Farringdon Rd., London) Sgt. E. E. Loosemore, Royal Engineers (Bournemouth) Sgt. J. F. Love, Royal Field Arty. (Parkstone, Dorset) Cpl. C. E. Lowe, Royal West Surrey Reg. (Barkingside, London) Cpl. A. G. Ludlow, Royal Fusiliers (Tottenham) Bombr. W. G. Mabbutt, Headquarters, Royal Field Arty. (Shipston-on-Stour) Act. Sgt. A. Macaulay, Machine Gun Company (Peith) Pte. C. E. V. Macdonald, Cav. S.R. (Fort Rose, Ross-shire) C.S. Maj. B. Maddock, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Repton, Derby.) Sgt. A. Macdonald, Seaforth Highlanders (Alness) C.S. Maj. W. Hackerell, Royal Engineers (Norwich) Sgt. W. R. MacQueen, Machine Gun Corps (E. London) Sgt. G. W. Marriott, Royal Field Arty. (Homerton, London) Sgt. E. Marritt, East Yorkshire Reg. (Hull) Sgt. H. G. Marsh, Royal West Kent Reg. (Deal) Act. B.Q.M. Sgt. D. Marshall, Royal Field Arty. (Blackpool) Sgt. L. T. Marson, Military Mounted Police (Biggleswade, Bedford) Sgt. J. Martin, Royal Field Arty. (Streatham Hill) C.S. Maj. J. Martin, Lancashire Fusiliers (Manchester) Cpl. T. Martin, Royal Engineers (West Hartlepool) R.S. Maj. B. H. Mathews, Cambridgeshire Reg. (Cambridge) Gnr. T. C. Matthews, Royal Horse Arty. Sgt. J. H. Mason, Royal Garrison Arty. (Birkenhead) Sgt. W. E. Mawbey, Machine Gun Corps (Pimlico, London) Cpl. R. May, Manchester Reg. Fitter Sergeant R. Maynard, Royal Field Arty. (Camborne, Cornwall) C.S. Maj. S. Mayers, Machine Gun Corps (Newport, Isle of Wight) Sgt. P. McAleavey, Royal Field Arty. (Cleator Moor, Whitehaven) Cpl. J. McAllister, Royal Engineers (Stirlingshire) Sgt. D. McAlpine, Highland Light Inf. (Partick/Glasgow) Pte. F. McCann, Royal West Surrey Reg. (Hammersmith) Sgt. J. McCarthy, Leinster Reg. (Cork) Sgt. T. McClure, Royal Garrison Arty. (Thornastown, County Kilkenny) C.S. Maj. A. A. McDonald, Royal Engineers (Highams Park) C.S. Maj. J. McDonald, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Argyllshire) L. Cpl. H. McCann, Royal Engineers (Glasgow) Pte. J. McEwan, Gordon Highlanders (Dumfries) Sgt. D. A. McFarlane, Welsh Reg. (Canada) R.S. Maj. E. McGarry, Lancashire Fusiliers (Oldham) Act. Bdr E. McGinms, Royal Field Arty. (Springburn, Glasgow) Sgt. O. McGuinness, Irish Guards (Edgwareroad, London) Sgt. S. McInnes, Royal Engineers (Thomaby) C.S. Maj. J. McIntosh, Highland Light Inf. (Newton Grange) Sgt. S. McIntyre, Royal Garrison Arty. (Millport) Sgt. W. McKeown, Machine Gun Corps (Glasgow) Sgt. J. McKintosh, Gordon Highlanders (Aberdeen) R.S. Maj. J. McLean, Royal Scots Fusiliers (Aberdeen) Sgt. T. McLeod, Northumberland Fusiliers (Achington) Sgt. E. McNary, Royal Field Arty. (Wexford) Staff Sergeant T. McNicol, RAMC (Derby) Battery Sergeant Major H. Meathrel, Royal Horse Arty. (Devon) Battery Sergeant Major G. Menzies, Royal Garrison Arty. (Dumbarton) B.Q.M. Sgt. F. J. Mersh, Hatnps. R. Anerley, London) Sgt. E. Miles, Royal Engineers (Pontyffym) C.S. Maj. S. Mills, Worcestershire Reg. (Dudley) Sgt. C. R. Milton, Scottish Rifles (Ramsgate) C.S. Maj. R. M. Mitchell, Royal Highlanders (Perth) Sgt. W. Mitchell, Cameron Highlanders (Taynuilt, Argyll) Sgt. F. Moles, Machine Gun Corps (New Southgate, London) Sgt. J. Moody, Machine Gun Corps (Newcastle) Sgt. J. H. Moody, Rifle Brigade (Rochdale) Sgt. J. Mooney, King's Own Scottish Borderers (Johnstone) Sgt. A. T. Moore, Essex Reg. (Leyton) Pte. F. Moore, Royal Dublin Fusiliers Cpl. J. Moran, RAMC (Longsight, Manchester) Cpl. J. F. Morgan, Liverpool Reg. (Liverpool) Sgt. E. Morris, Lancashire Fusiliers (Higher Ince, Wigan) Sgt. S. Morris, Royal Engineers (Stafford) C.S. Maj. G. Moss, Manchester Reg. (Leigh) Sgt. J. E. Moss, Liverpool Reg. (Liverpool) Cpl. W. G. Mould, Lancers (Aberaman) Sgt. W. J. Mulrooney, Royal Engineers (Stoke-on-Trent) Gnr. F. Munday, Royal Garrison Arty. (Woking) Battery Sergeant Major J. Munn, Royal Garrison Arty. (Southend) B.Q.M. Sgt. Major P. S. Munro, Seaforth Highlanders (Edinburgh) C.S. Maj. F. G. Murphy, Lancashire Fusiliers (Bury) C.S. Maj. G. Murphy, Labour Corps (Birmingham) Spr. A. J. Murray, Royal Engineers (Bristol) Sgt. J. L. Murray, Royal Engineers (Chelsea) C.S. Maj. H. J. S. Neate, Royal Engineers (Southsea) Sgt. E. G. Newman, Royal Field Arty. (Boio Green, Kent) C.S. Maj. T. P. Newman, Royal West Surrey Reg. C.S. Maj. M. Newton, Royal Lancaster Reg. (Broughton-in-Furness) C.S. Maj. J. Nicholson, Royal Irish Rifles (Carrickfergus) Sgt. A. Nickson, North Lancashire Reg. (Preston, Lancaster) C.S. Maj. J. Norns, Hampshire Reg. (Martyr Worthy, near Winchester) C.S. Maj. J. O'Brien, Royal Fusiliers (Moirtlake) Pte. J. Odell, Seaforth Highlanders (Amptjnll) C.S. Maj. A. O'Nious, South Lancashire Reg. (Douglas, Isle of Man) Sgt. B. St. C. Owen, Royal Engineers (Bristol) C.S. Maj. G. Owens, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Wrexham) Act. Staff Sergeant H. Owen, Army Ordnance Corps (Bolton) C.S. Maj. C. E. W. Parish, Machine Gun Corps (Brecon) Battery Sergeant Major A. Parker, Royal Field Arty. (Clonmel) C.S. Maj. W. B. Parker, Durham Light Inf. (Bishopwearmouth) Sgt. W. W. Pass, East Kent Reg. (Darlaston, Staffs.) C.S. Maj. J. B. Pearce, Royal Engineers (Ilford) Pte. P. Pearson, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (Dublin) Sgt. E. Pegg, North Staffordshire Reg. (Fenton, Staffs.) C.Q.M.S. L. Pegg, Lancashire Fusiliers (Salford) Pte. H. R. Penan, Machine Gun Corps (Romford, London) Sgt. W. G. Perkins, Royal Field Arty. (Bristol) Tmp Staff Sergeant Major J. Peiks, Army Service Corps (Henley-n-Arden) Cpl. S. Petty, Royal Engineers (Hanogale) Sgt. J. Phillips, Northumberland Fusiliers (Seaton DeLaval) Bombr. P. W. Phillips, Royal Garrison Arty. (Walton, Radnorshire) Cpl. H. O. Pike, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Manchester) Sgt. W. Pilkington, East Lancashire Reg. (Accrington) Sgt. H. Pinder, Royal Engineers (Darwen) C.S. Maj. E. Pink, Essex Reg. (Enfield) C.S. Maj. C. B. Plenderleith, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Birmingham) L. Cpl. P. Pocock, Military Mounted Police (Edenbridge, Kent) B.Q.M. Sgt. J. H. Poste, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Birmingham) Sgt. H. W. Potter, Manchester Reg. (Fliston) L. Sgt. J. TPotter, South Lancashire Reg. (St. Helens) R.S. Maj. W. J. Potter, Manchester Reg. (E. Woolwich) Sgt. A. Price, Royal Garrison Arty. (Caversham, Oxon.) Sgt. J. Price, South Lancashire Reg. (Warrington) Sgt. W. Price, RAMC (Brookend, Glouc.) Cpl. E. Proctor, Liverpool Reg. (Milnthorpe) C.S. Maj. Puchas, South Staffordshire Reg. (Brownhills, near Walsall) C.S. Maj. H. Pugh, Liverpool Reg. (Sandhurst, Cheshire) R.S. Maj. G. Pullan, Northumberland Fusiliers (Farnley) 2nd Cpl. C. Purdy, Royal Engineers (Langley Hill, Derby) Battery Sergeant Major W. J. Pye, Royal Field Arty. (Colchester) Sgt. J. Rands, Royal Field Arty. (Sheffield) Gnr. A. H. Rankin, Royal Garrison Arty. (Thornhill) Sgt. W. Banner, Essex Reg. (Southend) B.Q.M. Sgt. C. Ratcliffe, Royal Field Arty. (Leek, Staffs.) Pte. W. J. Rawlings, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (St. Austell) Cpl. F. Read, Royal Engineers (Chippenham) B.Q.M. Sgt. A. H. Reed, Royal Field Arty. (Lowe-Clapton, London) Sgt. J. Reeves, Royal Garrison Arty. (Brixton, London) Sgt. W. Revell, Leicestershire Reg. (Bavenstone, Leics.) C.S. Maj. W. H. Ricketts, South Wales Borderers (Pontypool) Bin. A. Richards, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Southampton) Sgt. D. Richards, Labour Corps (Egremont) Sgt. W. J. Richards, North Staffordshire Reg. (Rugeley) Sgt. A. Richardson, Coldstream Guards (Birmingham) C.S. Maj. C. W. Richardson, Northumberland Fusiliers (Newcastle) Sgt. G. Richardson, Machine Gun Corps (Ipswich) Sgt. H. Rider, Royal Field Arty. (Sheffield) Sgt. S. L. Ridgway, West Riding Reg. (Hadfield, Glossop) Sgt. G. W. Ridyard, Lancashire Fusiliers (Hightown) Battery Sergeant Major A. Rimmer, Royal Field Arty. (St. Helens) Sgt. A. Roberts, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Sheffield) Sgt. J. Roberts, Monmouthshire Reg. (Talywain, Poratypool, Mon.) C.S. Maj. W. J. Roberts, Manchester Reg. (Manchester) Sgt. D. Robertson, Tank Corps (Aberfeldy) Sgt. W. E. Robertson, Royal Marine Field Arty. (Carlisle) Act. C.S. Maj. F. Robinson Tank Corps (Bridlington) Sgt. T. Robinson, Durham Light Inf. (Durham) Rfn. A. Roe, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Balderton, Newark) 2nd Cpl. J. Rogers, Royal Engineers (Todmorden) Cpl. S. Rogers, Royal Field Arty. (Wealdstone) Sgt. H. Rollinson, South Staffordshire Reg. (Bilston, Staffs.) Sgt. E. A. Rose, Royal Engineers (Thornton Heath) C.S. Maj. R. Rowan, Highland Light Inf. (Glasgow) Cpl. W. Rowe, Mil Mounted Police (Castleford, Yorkshire) Gnr. F. H. Rundle, Royal Garrison Arty. (Plymouth) Sgt. S. Russell, East Yorkshire Reg. (Elloughton, near Brough, Yorkshire) C.Q.M.S. S. Salmon, Monmouthshire Reg. (Hammersmith) Gnr. J. J. Salkeld, Royal Garrison Arty. (Cockermouth) B.Q.M. Sgt. G. Samson, Worcestershire Reg. (Worcester) C.S. Maj. F. Sanditson, Royal Fusiliers (Twickenham) C.S. Maj. A. H. Sands, Royal Marine Light Inf. (Storehouse, Plymouth) Cpl. J. W. Savage, Royal Engineers (Birmingham) Cpl. J. W. Savin, Royal Field Arty. (Sedgley, near Dudley) L. Cpl. J. Scott, Royal Engineers (Liverpool) C.S. Maj. R. Scott, Middlesex Reg. (Stroud Green, London) Sgt. H. Scrimshaw, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Mansfield) C.Q.M.S. M. A. Searle, Highland Light Inf. (Worrnit, Fifeshire) C.S. Maj., S. Searle, South Wales Borderers (Peckham, London) Cpl. E. Seed, Lancashire Fusiliers (Blackburn) Sgt. J. Seton, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Glasgow) Sgt. C. J. Shale, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (Coventry) Cpl. Shoeing-Smith J. Sharp, Royal Field Arty. (Kilmarnock) Sgt. H. Shaw, Royal Engineers (Musselburgh) Fitter J. A. Shearer, Royal Field Arty. (Glasgow) Sgt. F. J. Sheldon, Royal Garrison Arty. (Croydon) Sgt. J. Shimmings, Coldstream Guards (Holsworthy, Devon.) Petty Ofc. H. J. Simon, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Hurst, Bixley) Pte. W. Simpson, Northumberland Fusiliers (West Sleekburn, Bedlington) B.Q.M. Sgt. R. Sinclair, Royal Garrison Arty. (Leith) Cpl. H. Singleton, Royal Horse Arty. (Manchester) Gnr. J. J. R. Singleton, Royal Garrison Arty. (Manchester) Cpl. S. C. Sircombe, Royal Engineers (Bristol) Pte. G. Slater, Dragoon Guards (Wmsford) C.S. Maj. T. W. Slater, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Matlock, Bath) Spr. P. A. Sly, Royal Engineers (Sheale) Sgt. Major H. Smart, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Worcestershire) Cpl. A. G. Smith, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Birmingham) Sgt. A. S. Smith, Royal Field Arty. (Notting Hill Gate) R.S. Maj. G. F. W. Smith, Dragoon Guards (Battersea) Cpl. J. H. Smith, Royal Engineers (Peterborough) Bombr. L. E. Smith, Royal Garrison Arty. (Hanworth) Act. Cpl. R. Smith, Royal Scots (Armadale) C.S. Maj. W. Smith, Gordon Highlanders (Clydebank, Glasgow) Cpl. W. Smith, Royal Engineers (Newport, Mon.) Sgt. J. V. Solari, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg., attd. Machine Gun Corps Sgt. A. Speake, Welsh Reg. (Trealaw) C.S. Maj. C. Spence, West Yorkshire Reg. (Leeds) Cpl. C. Spivey, Yorkshire Reg. (Pocklington) Sgt. E. J. Spriggs, Royal Engineers (Burnham, Somerset) C.S. Maj. S. Sole, Leicestershire Reg. (Leicester) Battery Sergeant Major N. F. Spratley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Paddington, London) Battery Sergeant Major A. Sprott, Royal Field Arty. (Glasgow) Bombr. W. E. Stay, Royal Garrison Arty. (Rugby) Sgt. L. Stewart, Royal Field Arty. (Stony Stratford) Gnr. D. B. Stirling, Machine Gun Corps (Arclgour Wish aw) 2nd Cpl. C. M. Stone, Royal Engineers (Seaford) C.Q.M.S. R. V. Stone, Royal Engineers (Birmingham) C.S. Maj. T. A. Stuart, Lincolnshire Reg. (Ashton-under-Lyne) Cpl. J. Swift, Machine Gun Corps (Wimbledon, Liondon) L. Cpl. H. Sykes, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Batley) C.S. Maj. T. Sykes, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Leeds) Sgt. C. R. Taylor, Royal Garrison Arty. (Highgate Road) C.Q.M.S. T. Templeton, Royal Engineers (Glengarnock, Ayr) C.S. Maj. F. A. Terrill, Royal Engineers (Wealds) Sgt. H. W. Terry, Royal West Kent Reg. (Sevenoaks) C.S. Maj. W. R. Thomas, Scottish Rifles (Battersea) Cpl. H. Thompson, Royal Garrison Arty. (Liverpool) B.Q.M. Sgt.A. C. Thorpe, Royal Field Arty. (Petersfield) Cpl. C. V. Tighe, Middlesex Reg. (Walthamstow, Essex) Sgt. W. Timility, Lancashire Fusiliers (Seedley Manchester) Pte. C. E. Torr, West Yorkshire Reg. (Rotherham) C.S. Maj. J. R. Tose, West Yorkshire Reg. (York) B.Q.M. Sgt. P. W. Tranter, Royal Field Arty. (Carlow) Cpl. A. Travi, Middlesex Reg. (Islington) Sgt. P. W. Treacher, Royal Garrison Arty. (New-Maiden) Pte. T. H. Tregunna, Welsh Reg. (Swansea) Sgt. W. H. Trim, Royal Garrison Arty. (Lambeth) Sgt. W. G. Trindef, Royal Berkshire Reg. (Windsor) Sgt. H. Troke, Royal Engineers (Bournemouth) Sgt. J. W. Trotter, Durham Light Inf. (Durham) Sgt. F. H. TVyman, North Staffordshire Reg. (Abergavenny) R.S. Maj. T. G. Upton, Hussars (Preston, Lancaster) Sgt. A. Utton, East Yorkshire Reg. (Hull) Sgt. G. Veitch, Machine Gun Corps (Edinburgh) Sgt. H. C. Vmer, Somerset Light Inf. (London) Act. Colour Sergeant G. Vyse, East Yorkshire Reg. Cpl. -Sergeant A. Waddell, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Bothkennar, Stirlingshire) Gnr. M. J. Wagner, Royal Field Arty. (Liverpool) C.S. Maj. C. F. Walker, Bedfordshire Reg. (Hitchin) C.S. Maj. J. Wallis, Lincolnshire Reg. (Grimsby) Sgt. G. Walmesley, Machine Gun Corps (Bradford) Sgt. J. Wareing, North Lancashire Reg. (Bolton) Cpl. E. J.Warwick, Royal Engineers (Pontycymmer) Sgt. J. A. Wassell, Royal Engineers (Fareham, Hampshire) Sgt. J. Waters, Northumberland Fusiliers (Gosforth) Pte. G. Watson, Scots Guards (Kirkonhill-by-Montrose) Sgt. W. Watson, Highland Light Inf. (Dundee) Sgt. F. W. Watt, Tank Corps (Aberdeen) L. Cpl. H. Watts, Traffic Control Squadron (Dovercourt, Essex) L. Cpl. P. Wearn, Wiltshire Reg. (Brockenhurst, Hampshire) Cpl. G. Webster, South Lancashire Reg. (St. Helens) Sgt. W. Webster, Royal Engineers (Ashby-de-la-Zouch) C.S. Maj. H. Weedon, Royal Fusiliers (Homerton) Cpl. H. F. Welfare, Northumberland Fusiliers (Newcastle) L. Cpl. W. J. Welham, East Lancashire Reg. (Willesden, London) 2nd Cpl. W. Wells, Royal Engineers (Alford, Surrey) Sgt. A. G. Wenden, Royal Garrison Arty. (Kingston, Portsmouth) Sgt. G. White, Royal Field Arty. (Liverpool) Sgt. H. Whitmore, Royal Garrison Arty. (W. Hampstead) Sgt. H. A. White, Tank Corps (Reading) Sgt. H. Whitfield, Yorkshire Reg. (Sledmere) Air Mechanic Sergeant Major F. Whittaker, Tank Corps (Manchester) Sgt. F. Whittaker, Royal Field Arty. (Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire) Sgt. T. Whitton, Machine Gun Corps (Edinburgh) C.S. Maj. J. Wicken, Royal West Kent Reg. (North Woolwich) Sgt. H. G. Wickington, East Kent Reg. (Haggerston, London) Sgt. P. Wicks, Royal Horse Arty. (Wellhall, London) Cpl. A. Widdowson, Royal Field Arty. (E. Wakefield) Sgt. L. C. Wildig, Royal Field Arty. (Bethnal Green, London) R.S. Maj. A. Wileman, North Lancashire Reg. Sgt. J. Wilkinson, East Lancashire Reg. (Burnley) C.S. Maj. W. S. Wilkinson, West Riding Reg. (Holmfirth, Huddersfield) C.S. Maj. E. G.Williams, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (Brixton) Cpl. F. Williams, North Lancashire Reg. (Horwich) L. Cpl. F. Williams, Royal Engineers (Manchester) L. Sgt. I. Williams, Welsh Reg. (Bridgend) C.Q.M.S. P. Williams, Royal Munster Fusiliers (Abertndwr) Cpl. S. A. Williams, Royal Engineers (Smethwick) Sgt. W. T. Williams, Middlesex Reg. (Hornsey, London) L. Cpl. H. Willicombe, Rifle Brigade (Camberwell) Dvr. A. A. Willis, Royal Garrison Arty. (Apperley, near Tewkesbury) B.Q.M. Sgt. J. Willis, Royal Garrison Arty. (Kensington) Sgt. H. Willmer, Royal Garrison Arty. (Homerton, London) Sgt. W. Willows, West Riding Reg. (Colne) L. Sgt. H. Wilshaw, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Chapel-en-le-Frith) Sgt. A. P. Wilson, Bedfordshire Reg. (Luton) R.S. Maj. J. W. Windmill, Royal Warwickshire Reg. (Brierley Hill) Cpl. H. Withers, Royal Field Arty. (Muswell Hill, London) Sgt. A. Wood, Essex Reg. (Warley) Cpl. H. Wood, Royal Field Arty. C.S. Maj. H. C. Woodger, East Lancashire Reg. (Banning, Kent) Sgt. H. Woodhams, East Kent Reg. (Northampton) Battery Sergeant Major E. Woodruff, Royal Field Arty. (Blackburn) Cpl. F. Woode, Royal Engineers (Maidenhead, Bucks) Battery Sergeant Major J. H. Woods, Royal Field Arty. (Battersea) Sgt. C. E. K. Wordingham, Suffolk Reg. (Railway, Cambs) Fitter Q.M.S. J. W.Worth, Royal Field Arty. (Newcastle upon Tyne) Sgt. F. E. Wright, Royal Engineers (Darlington) Cpl. F. W. Wright, Royal Scots (Edinburgh) Sgt. W. J. Wright, Royal Field Arty. (Pembroke) C.S. Maj. T. G. Yearsley, Monmouthshire Reg. (Aberearn, Mon.) Sgt. W. H. Zanazi, Royal Engineers (Plymouth) Sgt. J. R. Adamson, Yorkshire Reg. (East Rainton) Petty Ofc. J. Allan, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (Annitsford) Act. Bombr. S. A. Blyth, Royal Garrison Arty. (Melton, Norfolk) 2nd Cpl. F. Bownas, Royal Engineers (E. Bradford) L. Cpl. L. J. Burden, Tank Corps (Bridgtown) Sgt. A. Cole, South Wales Borderers (Withington Station, near Hereford) L. Cpl. M. Dixon, Shropshire Light Inf. (Gelli, Rhondda) Battery Sergeant Major F. W. H. Eastley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Southampton) Spr. W. J. Feeman, Royal Engineers (Liverpool) R.S. Maj. A. Ferrier, Royal Highlanders (Perth) Cpl. F. Fisher, Royal Field Arty. (Wetley, Hampshire) Cpl. G. C. Gane, Somerset Light Inf. (Shepton Mallet) Spr. W. I. Garner, Royal Engineers (Bletchley) C.S. Maj. E. Hall, Middlesex Reg. (Preston, Lancaster) L. Cpl. G. Hardie, Royal Engineers (Glasgow) Spr. R. Harrison, Royal Engineers (Notting Hill) Sgt. R. Harrop, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg. (Worksop) Dvr. H. Henthorn, Royal Field Arty. (Oldham) Cpl. G. Hindle, East Lancashire Reg. (Preston) L. Sgt. W. W. Hogben, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Portsmouth) C.S. Maj. E. Irving, Coldstream Guards (Walworth, London) C.Q.M.S. I. Jacks, Royal Munster Fusiliers (Leeds) Act. Cpl. F. G. Jones, Duke of Cornwall's Light Inf. (Plaistow) C.S. Maj. H. Larkman, Essex Reg. (Norwich) Sgt. L. T. Marsom, Military Mounted Police (Biggleswade, Bedford) Sgt. J. McIntosh, Gordon Highlanders (Aberdeen) Sgt. S. S. Morris, Royal Engineers (Stafford) Pte. H. R. Periam, Machine Gun Corps (Romford, London) Sgt. A. Roberts, Yorkshire Light Inf. (Talywain, Pontypool, Mon.) L. Cpl. I. Scott, Royal Engineers (Liverpool) Sgt. J. V. Solari, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Reg., attd. Machine Gun Corps Battery Sergeant Major H. F. Spratley, Royal Garrison Arty. (Paddington, London) R.S. Maj. A. Utton, East Yorkshire Reg. (Hull) Clr.Sergeant G. Vyse, East Yorkshire Reg. C.S. Maj. C. F. Walker, Bedfordshire Reg. (Hitchin) C.Q.M.S. H. G. Wickington, East Kent Reg. (Haggerston, London) Sgt. P. J. Wicks, Royal Horse Arty. (Wellhall, London) L. Cpl. F. E. Wright, Royal Engineers (Darlington) Australian Imperial Force Pte. A. J. Breen, Inf. Tmp Cpl. B. W. Rickwo, Inf. E. H. Wiber, T.M. Brigade Sgt. E. A. W. Adams, Inf. C.S. Maj. A. E. Adams, Inf. Sgt. V. J. Barkell, Inf. Spr. E. L. Barrett, Engineers Pte. T. Bayne, Inf. Pte. H. Beaird, Inf. Sgt. D. F. Berman, Inf. V. Berriman, Arty. Cpl. L. Berry, Inf. Sgt. J. R. Birthisel, Inf. Pte. S. H. Brazil, Inf. Pte. J. A. Breen, Inf. Gnr. D. G. Brough, Field Arty. Sgt. J. R. Butler, Inf. Sgt. R. A. F. Campbell, Inf. C.S. Maj. H. M. Cook, Inf. Cpl. H. F. Eagle, Field Arty. Sgt. A. W. Farmer, Inf. Sgt. R. P. Farris, Inf. Cpl. A. Flavell, Inf. Sgt. S. Fountain, Engineers Sgt. C. E. Free, Inf. R.S. Maj. R. Gray, Inf. Sgt. L. G. Howe, Engineers Sgt. L. G. Jarvis, Inf. Sgt. J. H. Leach, Inf. 2nd Cpl. L. T. J. Marshall, Engineers Sgt. Major A. E. McDonald, Field Arty. Staff Sergeant A. V. D. Moody, Engineers 2nd Cpl. J. L. Mounsey, Eng Sgt. B. F. Murphy, Inf. Sgt. D. T. W. Neville, Inf. L. Cpl. F. J. Perry, Inf. Cpl. J. Printer, Salvage Company Cpl. T. G. Purdue, Gar. Arty. L. Cpl. J. Reilly, Inf. Bombr. W. H. Ramsden, Field Arty. Tmp Cpl. W. B. Rickwood, Inf. Sgt. H. Shatwell, Inf. Pte. T. Smith, Inf. Sgt. G. Taylor, Pioneer Battalion Spr. R. G. Thomas, Engineers Sgt. F. T. Trevaskis, Pioneer Battalion R.S. Maj. A. J. Vallis, Inf. C.Q.M.S. F. Walker, Machine Gun Corps Cpl. C. G. Watson, Inf. L. Sgt. F. A. Wheaton, Inf. Cpl. H. E. Wiber, T. M. Brigade Pte. J. D. Walks, Army Medical Corps C.S. Maj. S. Wilson, Inf. Canadian Force Sgt. P. H. Law, Field Arty. C.S. Maj. H. Adam, Inf. Cpl. J. D. Aird, Mounted Rifles C.S. Maj. C. Baker, Inf. Sgt. W. J. Bassey, Inf. Sgt. H. M. Bennett, Engineers C.S. Maj. R. Blair, Inf. C.S. Maj. F. J. Bonner, Inf. Sgt. E. J. Bridgwater, Engineers Cpl. J. Bullock, Inf. Sgt. J. Burns, Inf. C.S. Maj. H. T. Carter, Inf. Sgt. C. L. Cooling, Engineers Sgt. J. Craig, Engineers R.S. Maj. R. Dalrymple, Inf. Bombr. F. Donald, Gar. Arty. Sgt. T. A. Dunseath, Inf. Act. C.S. Maj. G. W. Durran, Inf. Sgt. E. Ensor, Inf. C.S. Maj. E. Evans, Inf. Battery Sergeant Major S. C. Evans, Arty. Sgt. E. J. Field, Inf. Sgt. A. H. Frame, Field Arty. Sgt. J. Goulding, Railway Troops Pte. J. H. Gulliver, Inf. Sgt. J. M. Hay, Machine Gun Corps Spr. J. W. Holmes, Engineers C.S. Maj. G. L. Howard, Mounted Rifles R.S. Maj. W. T. Johnson, Inf. B.Q.M. Sgt. D. McN. Johnstone, Inf. Sgt. A. J. Kirouac, Inf. Act. Sgt. H. W. Langdon, Inf. Sgt. P. H. Law, Field Arty. Sgt. J. N. Lyons, Gar. Arty. C.S. Maj. A. MacAlay, Inf. Battalion Scout Sergeant J. L. MacCoubrey, Mounted Rifles L. Cpl. J. Mackay, Inf. Battery Sergeant Major A. K. McDonald, Field Arty. Sgt. W. L. McLean, Mounted Rifles Sgt. D. McLellan, Pioneer Battalion L. Cpl. W. J. Mead, Mounted Rifles T. P. Melvin, Field Arty. Sgt. W. A. Millen, Inf. Cpl. H. L. Montgomery, Cyclist Battalion Sgt. T. W. Morgan, Inf. Pte. W. R. Mowll, Inf. C.S. Maj. J. Mutimer, Inf. Sgt. C. H. Olson, Railway Troops C.S. Maj. J. H. Patton, Machine Gun Corps Sgt. W. L. Paul, Inf. Cpl. C. E. Penrod, Field Arty. Sgt. A. Powell, Engineers C.S. Maj. D. M. Robinson, Inf. C.S. Maj. J. Shefly, Inf Sgt. Warrant Ofc. Simpson, Engineers Sgt. W. D. Street, Inf. Pte. R. Taylor, Machine Gun Corps Sgt. Major J. Turner, Army Medical Corps Sgt. J. A. Ware, Gar. Arty. Sgt. J. Watson, Army Medical Corps C.S. Maj. J. H. Wyatt, Inf. Sgt. G. M. Young, Inf. New Zealand Force Pte. N. D. Bowman, Inf. Cpl. W. W. Bullock, Inf. Pte. V. Cruickshank, Inf. L. Sgt. J. Densem, Rifle Brigade Gnr. A. S. Driver, Field Arty. Sgt. F. Greig, Field Arty. R.S. Maj. W. A. Gustafson, Pioneers L. Sgt. S. N. Managh, Rifle Brigade Sgt. J. McCreanor, Inf. Cpl. K. McKenzie, Inf. Sgt. A. W. M. Ohlson, Rifle Brigade Sgt. H. W. Price, Machine Gun Corps L. Cpl. L. R. Ritchie, Inf. Dvr. S. Wade, Field Arty. Newfoundland Contingent C.S. Maj. A. Taylor, Newfoundland Reg. South African Force Bombr. E. C. Tys, Royal Marine Arty. Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) Military Medal (MM) Indian Order of Merit (IOM) Second Class Lance Dafadar Anokh Singh, Cav. Dafadar Puran Singh, Cav. Indian Distinguished Service Medal (IDSM) Dvr. Alia Dad, Royal Horse Arty. Dvr. Lehna Singh, Royal Horse Arty. Sowar Man Singh Cav. Sowar Mool Singh, Cav. Dafadar Bhoor Singh, Cav. Lance Dafadar Ali Hassan, Cav. Dafadar Atta Muhammad Khan, Cav. Act. Lee Dafadar Sobha Singh, Cav. Sowar Rati Ram, Cav. Risaldar Khurshed Muhammad Khan, Cav. Act. Dafadar Parbhu Dayal, Cav. Sowar Jaimal Singh, Cav. Lance Dafadar Niadar Singh, Cav. Jemadar Kale Khan, Cav. Risaldar Tek Singh, Cav. Jemadar Habib Gul, Cav. Jemadar Sardar Khan, Cav. Dafadar Abdul Satar Khan, Cav. Lance Dafadar Nawab All Khan, Cav. Sowar Sarain Singh, Cav. Dafadar Sangar Khan, Cav. Sowar Fauja Singh, Cav. Jemadar Alam Sher, Cav. Jemadar Adalat Khan, Cav. Jemadar Khuda Baksh Khan, Cav. Dafadar Alia Ditta Khan, Cav. Sowar Muhammad Jan, Cav. Act. Lance Dafadar Bur Singh, Cav. Act. Lance Dafadar Musali Khan, Cav. Dafadar Ram Sarup, Cav. Sowar Mir Ronak All, Cav. Sowar Autar Singh, Cav. Ward Ordly Mahmud Ali Khan, Cav. Sowar Asta Buddin, Cav. Ressalder Balwant Singh, Cav. Dafadar Abdur Rahim Khan, Cav. Dafadar Dale Ram, Cav. Dafadar Pirthi Singh, Cav. Jemadar Anno Khan, Cav. Jemadar Taj Muhammad Khan, Cav. Dafadar Sher Bahadur Khan, Cav. Dafadar Jehan Khan, Cav. Lance Dafadar Akram Khan, Cav. Dafadar Khandara Singh, Cav. Dafadar Labh Singh, Cav. Act. Lee. Dafadar Arjan Singh, Cav. Sowar Nand Singh, Cav. Havildar Kala Singh, Royal Garrison Arty., Indian Army Ward Ordly. Umrao Singh, Inf. 1st Grade Hospital Store Keeper Rup Chand Khana, Supply and Transport Corps Sub. Asst Surg Parmanand Misra, Indian Sub. Medical Service 1st Class Sub. Asst Surg George Julian Ferris, Indian Sub. Medical Service 1st Class Sub Asst Surgeon Ram Lai Abrole, Indian Sub. Medical Service Lance Havildar Budhoo, Army Bearer Corps Bearer Binda, Army Bearer Corps King's Police Medal (KPM) England and Wales Police Forces Lt.-Col. The Hon. George Augustus Anson Chief Constable of Staffordshire George Morley, Chief Constable of Hull James Anniwell, Superintendent and Deputy Chief Constable of the Bedfordshire Constabulary Henry Hand, Superintendent and Deputy Chief Constable of the Breconshire Police Superintendent John H. Gillbanks, of the Somersetshire Police Superintendent Patrick Quinn of the Metropolitan Police Force Sgt. Staple, of the Somersetshire Police Force Constable Alfred Bence, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable Herbert Bradbury, of the Lancashire Constabulary Constable Charles Dednum, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable James Hardacre, of the Lancashire Constabulary Constable James Hardy, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable John Nelson Kent, of the Blackpool Police Force Constable Ambrose Jolleys, of the Lancashire Constabulary Constable Matthew Landy, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable George Legrove, of the City of London Police Force Constable Charles Penn, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable Augustus Ralph, of the Metropolitan Police Force Constable Robert George Wilson, of the Metropolitan Police Force Fire Brigades Chief Ofc. Edward James Abbott, of the Barking Fire Brigade Fireman James Joseph Betts, West Ham Fire Brigade Station Ofc. Samuel Scott Betts, West Ham Fire Brigade Fireman Henry Chappie, West Ham Fire Brigade Sub-Ofc. Landias Mathunn, West Ham Fire Brigade First-Class Fireman Ernest Milsted, West Ham Fire Brigade Fireman Frederick Charles Sell, West Ham Fire Brigade Fireman James Henry Rich Yabsley, West Ham Fire Brigade Sub-Ofc. Henry Vickers, West Ham Fire Brigade Scotland Police Forces Constable William Tair Brown, of the Glasgow City Police Force Charles George, Chief Constable of Kincardine Fire Brigades Firemaster William Inkster, of the City of Aberdeen Ireland Police Forces Robert John O'Sullivan, Acting Sergeant of the Royal Irish Constabulary John Fitzhugh Gelston, County Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary Fergus Quinn, Assistant Comm., Dublin Metropolitan Police William P. Bannon, Superintendent of the Dublin Metropolitan Police Sgt. James Gunn, of the Royal Irish Constabulary Constable Michael Barry, of the Royal Irish Constabulary Constable Daniel Brennan, of the Dublin Metropolitan Police Constable Patrick Downing, of the Dublin Metropolitan Police Constable Alexander McDonald, of the Royal Irish Constabulary Awarded a Bar to the King's Police Medal Sgt. John Barton, of the Dublin Metropolitan Police British India Police Forces Walter Henry Wright, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Madras Police Golla Simhachellam, Sub-Inspector of Police, Godavari district, Madras Police Abdul Aziz Sahib, Inspector of Police, Godavari district, Madras Police Nandi Kishora Padhi, Inspector of Police, Vizagapatam district, Madras Police Roy Havelock Haslam, Assistant Superintendent, Agency Police, Kathiawar, Bombay Police Rajabkhan Daudkhan, Fourth Grade Head Constable in the Kaira District Police, Bombay Police Peter Sullivan, Superintendent of the Criminal Investigation Dept., Bombay City Police Abdul Satar Khan walad Sobdar Khan, Inspector of Police, Fourth Grade, Karachi District (acting Third Grade), Bombay Police MalayActing Ganpat, Acting Second Grade Inspector of Police in the Poona District, Bombay Police Khan Saheb Imam Muhammad, a Third Grade Inspector of Police, Criminal Investigation Dept., Bombay Presidency Gerald Sidney Wilson, Deputy Comm. of Police for the part of Bombay Ganu Dhansrng, a Second Grade Head Constable, District East Khandesh (retired) Nalini Nath Mazumdar, Inspector, Calcutta Police, Bengial Police Sashi Bhusan Bhattacharji, Inspector of Police, Bengal Rajemdra Nath Basu, Inspector of Police, Bengal Narendra Nath Mukharji, Sub-Inspector of Police, Bengal Jamir Khan, Constable, Bengal Police Robert Martin Wright, Superintendent of Police, Bengal Amrita Lai Singh, Head Constable, Calcutta Police Azam Khan, Head Constable, Bengal Police Ram Sakal Gosain, Head Constable, Bengal Police Jogendra Chandra Gupta, Sub-Inspector of Police, Intelligence Branch, Criminal Investigation Dept., Bengal Police Ala Ahmad, Constable of the Budaun district, United Provinces Police Bhagwant Singh, Sub-Inspector, Station Ofc. of Islamnagarthana, Budaun District, United Provinces Police Muhammad Khan, Constable of the Kheri district, United Provinces Police George Grosvenor Bruce Iver, Superintendent of Police, Jheilum district, Punjab Police Mohammad Rashid, Head Constable, Ferozepore district, Punjab Police Haider Ali, Sub-Inspector, Ludhiana district, Punjab Police Faiz-ul-Hassan, Sub-Inspector, Punjab Police Mirza Muraj-ud-Din, Inspector, Punjab Police Malcolm James Chisholm, Deputy Inspector-General of Police for Railways and Criminal Investigation, Burma Civil Police Charles Arthur Reynell, District Superintendent of Police Henzada, Burma Civil Police Sita Ram, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Burma Civil Police Maung Kyaung Ba Inspector of Police (retired), Burma Civil Police Pahalman Chettri, 1st Grade Jemadar, Arakan Hill Tracts Military Police Battalion, Burma Military Police Arratoon Catchick, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Officiating District Superintendent of Police, Kathia, Burma Civil Police Henry St. John Morrison, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Bihar and Orissa, Civil Police Swarup Narayan Singh, Jamadar, Military Police Company, Bhagalpur, Bihar and Orissa Military Police Khwaja Muhammad Akram Khan, Deputy Superintendent, Central Provinces Police Singfair Gharti, Subadar Lushai Hills Military Police Battalion, Assam Military Police Khan Sahib Helimulla, Officiating Deputy Superintendent of Police, Sylhet district, Assam Civil Police Jangbir Lama, Subadar, Lakhimpur Military Police Battalion, Assam Military Police Eric Charles Handyside, Superintendent of Police, 4th Grade, North-West Frontier Province Police Zabhir Gul Khan, Inspector, 4th grade, North-West Frontier Province Police Malik Mazaffar Khan, Inspector, 3rd grade, North-West Frontier Province Police Thomas Henry Morony, District Superintendent of Police, 4th grade, Indian Police (Indore State Police) Samuel Thomas Hollins, Superintendent of Police, 5th grade, Inspector-General of Tonk State Police Adalat Khan, Head Constable, Baluchistan Police Ernest Woodburn Trotter, District Superintendent, Burma Civil Police Reginald Charles Whiting, District Superintendent, Burma Civil Police Overseas Dominions Police Forces James Frendo Azopardi Senior Assistant Superintendent of Police, Malta William Kilmuster Notley, Comm. of Police, East Africa Protectorate Lt.-Col. Charles Riddick, Comm. of Police and Prisons, Uganda Protectorate Robert Evans Lett, Staff Instructor, Gold Coast Police Col. William Eden Clark, Inspector-General of Police and Commandant of local forces, British Guiana Imperial Service Medal (ISM) Home Civil Service William Addis, Overseer, London Postal Service Walter Alfred Barnes, First Class Messenger, Treasury Frederick John Bayfield, Detail Plotter, Publication Division, Ordnance Survey, Southampton George Bennett, Postman, Mitcham Alfred Biffen, Overseer, London Postal Service John Blackwood, Postman, Kinross William Thomas Blake, Foreman, Army Ordnance Dept., Woolwich Samuel Francis Boden, Postman, Birmingham Owen Sylvester Bond, Shipwright, Portsmouth Dockyard Frederick William Bucknell, Overseer (Telegraphs), London Postal Service Valentine Pike Burbidge, Assistant Head Postman, London Postal Service Alma Ephraim Austin Burden, Second Class Draughtsman (Overseer), Portsmouth Dockyard James Burke, Preventive Ofc., Liverpool Francis Burns, Postman, Portadown Thomas Butland, Assistant Inspector of Postmen, Torquay John Butler, Leading Man of Wharf, Royal Clarence Yard, Gosport William Woodward Butler, Postman, Ganstead, S.O. Hull Duncan Urquhart Brown, First Engineer (Yardcraft), Portsmouth Dockyard Alfred John Carter, Assistant Inspector of Postmen, Exeter John Caryl, Postman, Cowley SO., Exeter George Chadwick, Assistant London Postal Service Head Postman Benjamin Walter Samuel Chambers, Telegraphist, Central Telegraph Office Richard William Chapman, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Leeds Christopher Byatt Comben, Warder, Portland Prison Ellen Cooke, Matron, Class IV, Shrewsbury Prison Richard John Cooper, Principal Warder, Portland Prison Thomas John Cooper, Patternmaker, Chatham Dockyard James Crone, Chief Worktaker, Central Office, Ministry of Munitions Stephen Richard Davey, Shipwright, Devon-port Dockyard Emily Rosa Davies, Assistant Supervisor, Class II, Central Telegraph Office Ernest John Edward Davis, Postman, Portsmouth John Dixon, Postman, Preston Frederick William Drew, Examiner of Drawings, Control Division, Ordnance Survey, Southampton Joseph Drinkwater, Postman, Gloucester William Berry Dyson, Assistant Inspector of Postmen, Huddersfield James Farrar, Assistant Inspector, Post Office, Blackburn Arthur Fewell, Assistant Inspector, Post Office, Sutton William Gamwell, Postman, Northallerton William Garwood, Stamper, Office of Inspector of Stamping, Inland Revenue James Richard Ernest Gaston, Postman, London Postal Service Giovanni Gatt, Foreman of Stores, Naval Store Dept., Admiralty Andrew Gibson, Postman, Belfast William Grave, Overseer (Postal), Liverpool Richard Horatio Green, Assistant Inspector of Tracing, Accountant-General's Dept., General Post Office George Edward Harris, Postman, Harlow George Harvey, Postman, Gloucester William John Head, Second Class Storerman, Stores Dept., General Post Office James Heard, Shipwright, Chatham Dockyard Thomas Hennessy, Postman, Kildare, Newbridge, Ireland Charles Samuel Hill, Mate in charge of War Dept. Vessels, War Office William Sycamore Hill, Postman, Sutton Jessie Eliza Housden, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Wimborne Joseph Hudson, Postman, Warwick Gabriel Hughes, Inspector of Messengers, Central Telegraph Office Edward Jones, Postman, Liverpool Robert Jones, Shipwright, Pembroke Dockyard Edwin James Lake, Skilled Labourer, Portsmouth Dockyard Robert Lawson, Postman, Glasgow William Thomas Leonard, Postman, Rochdale Mary Elizabeth Liddle, Assistant Supervisor, Post Office, Carlisle George William Lock, Telegraphist, Central Telegraph Office Mary Lomax, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Manchester George William Long, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Boston Henry Lord, Preventive Ofc., Sunderland Edward Lovell, Postman, Eastbourne Andrew Low, Inspector of Storehousemen, Chatham Dockyard Patrick M'Donnell, Postman, Slane, Drogheda James M'Geoch, Inspector, Engineering Dept., General Post Office Daniel M'llgorm, Customs and Excise Ofc., Holyhead, Carnarvon Arthur Samuel Madge, Sorter, London Postal Service William Mash, Rigger (Chargeman), Sheerness Dockyard Walter Mason, Paper-Keeper, Money Order Dept., General Post Office David Millar, Postman, Coatbridge James Nelson, Postman, Crossgar, Belfast William Newburn, Shipwright, Chatham Dockyard William Noot, Shipwright, Pembroke Dockyard William Parsons, Warder, Grade I, Brixton Prison Charles Henry Penrose, Ship Fitter, Devonport Dockyard Harry Perks, Assistant Inspector of Postmen, Buxton Thomas Reekie, Postman, Auchtermuchty, Ladybank Arthur James Richards, Fitter, Chatham Dockyard Ralph Robinson, Overseer, Post Office, Stockton-on-Tees Alfred Robert Rose, Sorter, London Postal Service John Sandham, Postman, Fleetwood Elizabeth Scowcroft, Telegraphist, Central Telegraph Office William Kinnear Shannon, Postman, Dundee Edna Jane Sharpe, Matron, Class I, Leeds Prison William Shearman, Postman, York Margaret Sheret, Counter Clerk and Telegraphist, London Postal Service George Sinclair, Head Office Keeper and House Keeper, Foreign Office Charles Smith, Postman, London Postal Service George Henry Smith, Shipwright, Devonport Dockyard William Stewart, Skilled Labourer, Devonport Dockyard Robert Scott Taylor, Labourer, Leeds Prison Robert Tillett, Shipwright, Portsmouth Dockyard John Thomas Tozer, Skilled Labourer, Devonport Dockyard William Richard Upjohn, Postman, Lyme Regis, S.O. Axminster William Wardrop, Foreman, Engineering Dept., General Post Office Frances Mary Isabella Webber, Assistant Supervisor (Telegraphs), Bath Charles Arthur Wells, Examiner of Tracings, Control Division, Ordnance Survey, Southampton Alfred George White, Sorter, London Postal Service Henry James Whittle, Telegraphist, Central Telegraph Office Edward Whitwell, Postman, Kendal Joseph William Wickenden, Skilled Labourer, Sheerness Dockyard Alfred John Wilkins, Photographic Writer, Publication Division, Ordnance Survey, Southampton Edwin Williams, Ship Fitter, Chargeman, Devonport Dockyard References New Year Honours 1918 awards 1918 in Australia 1918 in Canada 1918 in India 1918 in New Zealand 1918 in the United Kingdom

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Foxx

Kim Foxx

Kimberly M. Foxx (née Anderson; born April 4, 1972) is an American politician, who is currently the State's Attorney (district attorney) for Cook County, Illinois. She manages the second largest prosecutor's office in the United States, consisting of approximately 700 attorneys and 1,100 employees. In 2016, she won the Democratic nomination for State's Attorney against incumbent Anita Alvarez and went on to win the general election. She was re-elected in 2020. Foxx ran for the State's Attorney's office on a platform of criminal justice reform, and has often been termed a "reformist", "reform-minded", or "progressive" prosecutor alongside others such as Larry Krasner, Rachael Rollins, Chesa Boudin, Aramis Ayala, Kimberly Gardner, Diana Becton, and Satana Deberry. She is the second African American, after Cecil A. Partee, to hold this position. Early life and education Foxx was born in Chicago and grew up in the Cabrini-Green Housing Project on the Near North Side. Raised by her mother and grandmother, Foxx graduated from LaSalle Language Academy in Old Town and from Lincoln Park High School in 1990. She earned a bachelor's degree in political science from Southern Illinois University, and a J.D. degree from Southern Illinois University School of Law. She is a member of the board of trustees of Adler University. Early career in law and government After graduating from law school, Foxx worked as an assistant public guardian in the Cook County Public Guardian’s Office for three years. She then worked as Assistant State's Attorney in Cook County for 12 years, joining during Richard A. Devine's tenure as State's Attorney. In this role, she worked on cases of child protection and juvenile offenders. In 2013, she was hired as deputy chief of staff for Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle, focusing on criminal justice issues. She was later promoted to chief of staff for Preckwinkle, and served in that role until 2016. Elections for Cook County State's Attorney 2016 election In September 2015, Foxx announced that she would challenge incumbent Anita Alvarez in the 2016 election for Cook County State's Attorney. She also faced a second challenger, former federal and state prosecutor Donna More. Foxx campaigned on a platform of criminal justice reform, emphasizing policies such as diverting low-level offenders to treatment programs rather than prisons, address wrongful convictions, and dealing more aggressively with police misconduct. During the campaign, Alvarez came under scrutiny for her handling of the murder of Laquan McDonald by Chicago police officers. Foxx criticized Alvarez for her performance on the issues of police accountability and wrongful convictions. On January 14, 2016, the Cook County Democratic Party endorsed Foxx for state's attorney, reversing its decision made in August 2015 to not endorse any candidate. She won the Democratic primary for state's attorney's race on March 15, 2016 with 58% of the vote, and went on to win the November general election with 72% of the vote. 2020 election Foxx announced on November 19, 2019, that she would run for re-election. She faced three competitors in the Democratic Party primary: Bill Conway, Bob Fioretti, and Donna More. Ahead of the primary, Foxx had been endorsed by several progressive organizations, labor unions, and state-wide elected officials. Her campaign's largest donors were Michael Sacks, Fred Eychaner, SEIU, Chicago Federation of Labor, and EMILY's List; a Super-PAC supporting her campaign also received a $2 million donation from George Soros. She won the primary election on March 17, 2020, with 50.19% of the vote. Relative to the 2016 election, she maintained a high level of support in the county's majority-African American neighborhoods and lost some support in white neighborhoods (especially in Chicago's northwest side and in suburban Cook County). In the November 3, 2020 general election, she defeated Republican candidate Pat O'Brien with 54.1% of the vote and was re-elected to a four-year term. Cook County State's Attorney (2016–present) Bail and pretrial detention reforms In March 2017, shortly after taking office, Foxx announced that the State's Attorney's office would no longer pursue keeping certain detainees in jail because they are unable to post the bail amount of $1000. Foxx expressed support for the proposed Bail Reform Act, testifying in favor of it at the Illinois General Assembly despite opposition to the bill from the Illinois State’s Attorneys’ Association. The legislation passed in June 2017 and removed the requirement to post cash bail for those charged with minor crimes. That same month, Foxx's office announced that prosecutors would no longer request pretrial detention for those charged with low-level nonviolent offenses in court. Transparency reforms In March 2018, Foxx's office launched an open data portal and released 6 years of data on felony criminal cases. Since then, case-level data on felony intake, initiation, disposition, and sentencing, along with summary reports and dashboards, have been posted on the State's Attorney office's website. Reduction in incarceration rates A series of reports by The People's Lobby and Reclaim Chicago, progressive organizations who had endorsed Foxx in 2016, found that the number of sentences involving prison time in Cook County dropped 2.5% from 2016 to 2017 and 19% from 2017 to 2018. An October 2019 report by The Marshall Project found that since taking office, Foxx "turned away more than 5,000 cases that would have been pursued by previous State’s Attorney Anita Alvarez, mostly by declining to prosecute low-level shoplifting and drug offenses and by diverting more cases to alternative treatment programs." Foxx has directed her office to not prosecute shoplifting cases under $1,000 as felonies. Gun violence Early in her first term, Foxx established a program called the Gun Crimes Strategies Unit (GCSU), which placed specially trained prosecutors directly in police districts. In 2019, analysis by the University of Chicago Crime Lab found that charges for habitual gun offenders increased in the five districts with the GCSU program. Police misconduct In April 2017, Foxx announced that her office had drafted legislation proposing an amendment to the Special Prosecutor Act, which would give the statewide Office of the State Appellate Prosecutor the jurisdiction to review cases of police shootings where the State's Attorney's office decides not to prosecute. The legislation was passed in May 2017 and signed into law in August 2017. Marijuana legalization In January 2019, Foxx announced her support for the proposed legalization of recreational marijuana use in Illinois, and helped to write the provisions of the law pertaining to past convictions. The law passed in May 2019, and later that year, Foxx's office initiated the expungement of 1,012 low-level nonviolent marijuana convictions as allowed by the new law. Foxx's office stated that it would attempt to use the maximum authority allowed by the law to overturn low-level convictions, and partnered with the nonprofit organization Code for America to develop procedures for the conviction relief process. Foxx has called conviction relief an effort to "right the wrongs of the past" and "a recommitment of our values; that a low-level marijuana conviction does not mean that someone is a threat to public safety." Wrongful convictions In October 2019, as part of her budget proposal to the Cook County Board of Commissioners, Foxx proposed expanding the Conviction Integrity Unit in the State's Attorney's office by adding 10 new units. The proposed expansion was partly in response to developments that would enable the State's Attorney's office to address conviction challenges based on allegations of torture by former Chicago police commander Jon Burge. As of February 2020, the Conviction Integrity Unit has worked with the Exoneration Project to overturn 95 convictions tied to the team of disgraced former Chicago police sergeant Ronald Watts. Riots In 2020, during the George Floyd protests, Foxx issued a department-wide policy to decriminalize protesting, instructing prosecutors to distinguish peaceful protestors from "individuals who intentionally cause harm or damage." The policy adopted a "presumption of dismissal" for certain low-level charges (e.g. disorderly conduct, public demonstration, unlawful gathering, curfew violation) and a "presumption against proceeding unless body-worn camera footage is available and/or where a police officer is the complainant" for more serious charges (e.g. resisting or obstructing arrest, assault, battery, aggravated battery, mob action, obstructing identification) that arose during protests. Foxx's challenger in the 2020 election, Republican candidate Pat O'Brien, criticized this policy and argued that it allowed "crime and looting to intermix with peaceful protests." Jussie Smollett case On February 19, 2019, Foxx announced that she had recused herself from the Jussie Smollett assault hoax investigation. Smollett orchestrated a staged assault and filed a false report with the local police; Foxx's recusal, due to her "familiarity with potential witnesses in the case", prompted criticism from her predecessor Anita Alvarez. Recusing herself would have required Foxx to ask the court to appoint an outside attorney as a special prosecutor. Critics called her method of recusal insufficient, saying that because her office retained authority over the case, she maintained influence over how it was handled. On March 26, 2019, her office dropped all charges against Smollett, which was denounced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Police Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson. The Chicago Police Union pushed for an investigation into Foxx’s decision. Foxx was also criticized by the Illinois Prosecutors Bar Association and the National District Attorneys Association. Chicago's Fraternal Order of Police called for her resignation. Smollett was convicted in December 2021. Personal life Kim Foxx has been married to Kelley Foxx since 2001, they have four daughters. Election results References External links 1972 births African-American people in Illinois politics County officials in Illinois District attorneys in Illinois Illinois Democrats Illinois lawyers Living people Political chiefs of staff Politicians from Chicago Southern Illinois University School of Law alumni Women in Illinois politics 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20April%202016

Deaths in April 2016

The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2016. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. April 2016 1 Karl-Robert Ameln, 96, Swedish sailor (1948 and 1952 Olympics). Aleksander Arkuszyński, 98, Polish brigadier general, WWII veteran. Pratyusha Banerjee, 24, Indian actress, suicide by hanging. Alan Carter, 86, British civil servant, Director of Immigration of Hong Kong (1983–1989). Tom Coughlin, 67, American business executive and convicted fraudster (Walmart). George Curry, 71, American football coach, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mame Younousse Dieng, 76, Senegalese writer. Alberto Fontanesi, 87, Italian footballer. Artur Górski, 46, Polish politician, member of Sejm (since 2005), leukemia. *Kao Ching-yuen, 87, Taiwanese businessman (Uni-President Enterprises Corporation). (death announced on this date) Richard S. Kem, 89, American army Major-General. Emil Keres, 90, Hungarian actor and theatre director. Clarence Makwetu, 88, South African politician. Herbert Theodore Milburn, 84, American judge. John Minney, 76, English cricketer (Cambridge University, Northamptonshire). Wiebe Nijenhuis, 61, Dutch sportsman. Carl Nordling, 85, Swedish physicist. Marjorie Peters, 97, American baseball player (AAGBPL). Fausto Puccini, 83, Italian Olympic equestrian. Patricia Thompson, 89, American philosopher. André Villers, 85, French photographer. Tony Whittaker, 83, British solicitor and politician. Ron Wicks, 76, Canadian NHL ice hockey referee, liver cancer. 2 Gato Barbieri, 83, Argentine jazz saxophonist, pneumonia. Rick Bartow, 69, American artist, heart failure. Moreese Bickham, 98, American convicted murderer and anti-death penalty activist. Sergio Ferrari, 72, Italian footballer. Gallieno Ferri, 87, Italian comic book artist (Zagor, Mister No). Boris Hybner, 74, Czech actor and mime artist. Gareth Jones, 85, British legal academic. Martin Lampkin, 65, English motorcycle trials rider, cancer. Nabil Nosair, 77, Egyptian footballer (Zamalek). Amber Rayne, 31, American pornographic actress, accidental drug overdose. Dennis Riggin, 79, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings). László Sárosi, 84, Hungarian football player and coach. Thomas Zeng Jing-mu, 95, Chinese clandestine Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Yujiang (1988–2012). Soldiers killed in the Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes: Robert Abajyan, 19, Armenian (Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army). Samid Imanov, 34–35, Azerbaijani (Special Forces). Murad Mirzayev, 40, Azerbaijani (Special Forces). Kyaram Sloyan, 19, Armenian (Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army). 3 Abu Firas al-Suri, 65, Syrian al-Nusra Front senior official, air strike. Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus, 78, Colombian criminal, heart attack. John C. Baldwin, 67, American cardiac surgeon, drowned. John Vane, 11th Baron Barnard, 92, British peer. Erik Bauersfeld, 93, American radio dramatist (KPFA) and voice actor (Star Wars, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Crimson Peak). Ward Crutchfield, 87, American politician, member of the Tennessee Senate (1985–2007). Bob Ellis, 73, Australian writer (Newsfront, My First Wife) and journalist, liver cancer. Bas van Erp, 36, Dutch wheelchair tennis player, Paralympic bronze medalist (2004). Leopoldo Flores, 82, Mexican artist. Don Francks, 84, Canadian jazz vocalist and actor (La Femme Nikita, Inspector Gadget, I'm Not There), lung cancer. Robert Guinan, 82, American painter, lymphoma. Lars Gustafsson, 79, Swedish writer and scholar. Rowley Habib, 82, New Zealand writer. Henry Harpending, 72, American anthropologist, stroke. Bill Henderson, 90, American jazz vocalist and actor (Clue, City Slickers, White Men Can't Jump), cancer. Dick Hodgins, Jr., 84, American cartoonist. Ross Honsberger, 87, Canadian mathematician. Stephen Jacobsen, 75, American bioengineer. Alex de Jesús, 33, Puerto Rican professional and Olympic lightweight boxer (2004), shot. Cesare Maldini, 84, Italian football player and manager. Joe Medicine Crow, 102, American Crow historian. Ronald Mulkearns, 85, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Ballarat (1971–1997), colon cancer. Whai Ngata, 74, New Zealand Māori broadcaster, journalist and lexicographer. Noh Jin-kyu, 23, South Korean short track speed skater, world champion (2011, 2012), osteosarcoma. Lola Novaković, 80, Serbian singer. Ian Robinson, 69, Zimbabwean cricket umpire, lung cancer. Jules Schelvis, 95, Dutch historian and Holocaust survivor. Kōji Wada, 42, Japanese singer ("Butter-Fly", "All of My Mind"), nasopharynx cancer. John Waite, 74, English footballer (Grimsby Town). Clarence Clifton Young, 93, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from Nevada's at-large congressional district (1953–1957), Nevada Senate (1966–1980) and Supreme Court (1985–2002). 4 Ranjan Baindoor, 66, Indian cricketer. Jarle Bondevik, 81, Norwegian philologist. Archie Dees, 80, American basketball player (Cincinnati Royals, Detroit Pistons). Eric Dott, 89, owner of Avalon Hill. Georgi Hristakiev, 71, Bulgarian footballer, Olympic silver medalist (1968). Shahidul Islam Khokon, 59, Bangladeshi filmmaker, motor neuron disease. Chus Lampreave, 85, Spanish actress (Belle Époque, Volver). Carlo Mastrangelo, 78, American bassist and doo-wop singer (The Belmonts). Getatchew Mekurya, 81, Ethiopian jazz saxophonist. John Miller, 68, American politician, member of the Virginia Senate (since 2008). Royston Nash, 82, English conductor (D'Oyly Carte Opera Company). George Radosevich, 88, American football player (Baltimore Colts). Mike Sandlock, 100, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers). Abe Segal, 85, South African tennis player, cancer. Song Soo-kwon, 76, South Korean writer. Ken Waterhouse, 86, English footballer (Preston North End, Rotherham United). 5 John Carlson, 82, American sportscaster. Michael Earls-Davis, 95, English cricketer. Zyta Gilowska, 66, Polish politician, Minister of Finance (2006, 2007), Deputy Prime Minister (2006, 2007). Roman Gribbs, 90, American politician, Mayor of Detroit (1970–1974). Leon Haywood, 74, American funk and soul singer. Ed Johnson, 71, American basketball player. Koço Kasapoğlu, 80, Turkish footballer. George Gelaga King, Sierra Leonean judge. Zena Latto, 90, American jazz saxophonist. Kerrie Lester, 62, Australian painter, leukaemia. Elsie Morison, 91, Australian soprano. E. M. Nathanson, 88, American author (The Dirty Dozen), heart failure. Cornel Patrichi, 72, Romanian ballet dancer, choreographer and actor, lung cancer. Mick Sullivan, 82, English rugby league footballer (Wigan), world champion (1954, 1960). Ahmed Refai Taha, 61, Egyptian terrorist, leader of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, air strike. Barbara Turner, 79, American actress (Soldier Blue) and screenwriter (Georgia, Pollock, The Company). Frank Wainright, 48, American football player (Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens), NFL champion (2000). 6 Orison Rudolph Aggrey, 89, American diplomat, Ambassador to the Gambia (1973–1977), Senegal (1973–1977) and Romania (1977–1981). *Joe Freeman Britt, 80, American attorney and death penalty advocate. Dennis Davis, 64, American drummer (David Bowie, Stevie Wonder), cancer. Jaime Pedro Gonçalves, 79, Mozambican Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Beira (1976–2012). Adrian Greenwood, 42, British art dealer and author, stabbed. Merle Haggard, 79, American singer-songwriter ("Okie from Muskogee", "The Fightin' Side of Me", "Carolyn"), Grammy winner (1984, 1998, 1999), complications from pneumonia. Darrell Hogan, 89, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers). Bernd Hoss, 76, German football manager. Garry Jones, 65, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers). Joel Kurtzman, 68, American economist, cancer. Robert MacCrate, 94, American lawyer, President of the American Bar Association (1987–1988). *Ogden Mills Phipps, 75, American horse breeder. Josef Toms, 94, Czech Olympic basketball player. Pablo Lucio Vasquez, 38, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection. Murray Wier, 89, American basketball player (Tri-Cities Blackhawks, Waterloo Hawks). 7 László Bárczay, 80, Hungarian chess Grandmaster (FIDE, ICCF). Freda Briggs, 85, English-born Australian professor and child protection expert, Senior Australian of the Year (2000). A. V. Christie, 53, American poet, breast cancer. Frank E. Denholm, 92, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota's 1st congressional district (1971–1975). Marcel Dubé, 86, Canadian playwright. Hendrikje Fitz, 54, German actress (In aller Freundschaft), cancer. Theodore van Houten, 63, Dutch–British author and journalist. Vladimir Kagan, 88, American furniture designer. Cyril Edel Leonoff, 91, Canadian civil engineer and historian. Carlo Monti, 96, Italian athlete, Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Blackjack Mulligan, 73, American professional wrestler (WWWF, JCP, CWF). Charles Thomas, 87, British archaeologist. Jimmie Van Zant, 59, American singer, songwriter and guitarist, liver cancer. Chuck Waseleski, 61, American baseball statistician (Boston Red Sox). Ruth Westbrook, 85, English cricket player and coach (national team). Sir John Yocklunn, 82, Australian–Papua New Guinean librarian and government advisor. 8 Nicolas Abu Samah, 76–77, Lebanese actor and director. Dick Alban, 87, American football player (Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers). Mircea Albulescu, 81, Romanian actor and writer, heart failure. Harry Apted, 90, Fijian cricketer. Victoria Chitepo, 88, Zimbabwean politician. Anatol Ciobanu, 81, Moldovan linguist, writer and university professor. David Dore, 75, Canadian figure skating competitor, judge and official, President (1980–1984) and Director General (1986–2004) of the CFSA. Phoebus Dhrymes, 82, American economist. Doug France, 62, American football player (Los Angeles Rams). Paul Fung Jr., 93, American cartoonist (Blondie). Mildred Gordon, 92, British politician, MP for Bow and Poplar (1987–1997). William Hamilton, 76, American cartoonist, traffic collision. Jack Hammer, 90, American musician and songwriter ("Great Balls of Fire"). Charles Hirsch, 79, American forensic pathologist. Julien Hoferlin, 49, Belgian tennis coach (national team), cancer. George Ilsley, 88, Australian football player (Carlton). Grace Lotowycz, 99, American botanist. Fred Middleton, 85, English footballer (Lincoln City). Elizabeth Roemer, 87, American astronomer. Erich Rudorffer, 98, German Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. Gene Salvay, 96, American aircraft engineer. Edward J. Steimel, 94, American lobbyist and fundraiser. David Swift, 85, British actor (Drop the Dead Donkey). *Wei Chueh, 88, Taiwanese Buddhist monk, founder of the Chung Tai Shan. 9 Frederic W. Allen, 89, American judge. Arthur Anderson, 93, American actor (Courage the Cowardly Dog, Midnight Cowboy), voice of Lucky Charms leprechaun. Frank Baron, 93, Dominican politician. Duane Clarridge, 83, American spy (CIA, Eclipse Group), complications from esophageal cancer. Tony Conrad, 76, American avant-garde musician, composer, video artist and professor (University at Buffalo), pneumonia. Juris Ekmanis, 74, Latvian academic, President of Latvian Academy of Sciences (2004–2012). Finn Hodt, 96, Norwegian Olympic speed skating competitor (1956) and coach. J. Vinton Lawrence, 76, American CIA paramilitary officer, acute myeloid leukemia. Bea Maddock, 81, Australian artist. Lucas Martínez Lara, 70, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Matehuala (since 2006). Patrick J. O'Donnell, 68, Scottish academic. Martin Roberts, 48, English rugby union player (Gloucester Rugby). Derrick Rochester, 76, Jamaican politician and trade unionist, MP for South East St Elizabeth (1972–1980, 1989–2002), member of the Senate (1980–1983). Will Smith, 34, American football player (New Orleans Saints), Super Bowl champion (2010), shot. 10 Alec Crikis, 71, Australian Olympic sports shooter. John Ferrone, 91, American book editor (The Color Purple), complications from Parkinson's disease. Louis Gladstone, 88, American politician. Nicholas Hood, 92, American politician and civil rights activist, Detroit City Councilman (1965–1993). Irene Maguire, 86, American figure skater, heart failure. Howard Marks, 70, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer and legalisation campaigner, colorectal cancer. Thomas Kwaku Mensah, 81, Ghanaian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Obuasi (1995–2008) and Archbishop of Kumasi (2008–2012). Wayne Southwick, 93, American surgeon and academic. Henryk Średnicki, 61, Polish Olympic boxer (1976, 1980), amateur World Champion (1978). N. H. Wadia, 91, Indian neurologist. 11 Tony Ayers, 82, Australian public servant. Helen Bailey, 51, British author, suffocated. Doug Banks, 57, American radio personality (The Doug Banks Radio Show), diabetes. João Carvalho, 28, Portuguese mixed martial arts fighter, injuries sustained in match. Albert Filozov, 78, Russian actor. Emile Ford, 78, Saint Lucian singer ("What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?") and sound engineer. Hokie Gajan, 56, American football player and broadcaster (New Orleans Saints), liposarcoma. Mohsen Gheytaslou, 25–26, Iranian soldier (65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade). Ruth Gilbert, 99, New Zealand poet. Yura Halim, 92, Bruneian politician, Chief Minister (1967–1972) and lyricist (national anthem). Anne Gould Hauberg, 98, American arts patron, founder of the Pilchuck Glass School. Alan Hurd, 78, English cricketer. Peter J. Jannetta, 84, American neurosurgeon (Allegheny General Hospital). Dame Marion Kettlewell, 102, British naval officer, Director of the Wrens (1966–1970). Huntly D. Millar, 88, Canadian medical technology executive. *Miss Shangay Lily, 53, Spanish drag queen. Édgar Perea, 81, Colombian politician and football commentator. Steve Quinn, 64, British rugby league player (York, Featherstone Rovers). Richard Ransom, 96, American businessman (Hickory Farms). Ed Snider, 83, American sports executive (Comcast Spectacor, Philadelphia Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers), bladder cancer. A. R. Surendran, Sri Lankan lawyer, President's Counsel (2004). Bounama Touré, 63, Senegalese Olympic wrestler. 12 James Bond, 70, Australian navy officer. Aquilino Bonfanti, 73, Italian footballer. Robbie Brennan, 68–69, Irish musician (Skid Row, Auto Da Fé, Grand Slam). Hector A. Cafferata Jr., 86, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient. Paul Carey, 88, American radio broadcaster (Detroit Tigers), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gianroberto Casaleggio, 61, Italian entrepreneur, co-founder of Five Star Movement. Pedro de Felipe, 71, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Espanyol). David Gest, 62, American TV producer (Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special) and reality show contestant (I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!). Gib Guilbeau, 78, American musician (The Flying Burrito Brothers) and composer (Boxcar Bertha). Anne Jackson, 90, American actress (The Shining, Folks!, Dirty Dingus Magee). Bryce Jordan, 91, American academic administrator, President of the Pennsylvania State University (1983–1990). Alexander Kanengoni, 65, Zimbabwean writer, heart failure. Alan Loveday, 88, New Zealand-born British violinist (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Academy of St Martin in the Fields). Balls Mahoney, 44, American professional wrestler (ECW, WWE, SMW), heart attack. André Mayamba Mabuti Kathongo, 85, Congolese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Popokabaka (1979–1993). Tōru Ōhira, 86, Japanese voice actor (Super Sentai, One Piece). Tibor Ordina, 45, Hungarian Olympic track and field athlete (1996), brain cancer. Tomaž Pandur, 53, Slovenian theatre director. Spec Richardson, 93, American baseball executive (Houston Astros). Agha Saleem, 81, Pakistani writer. Sir Arnold Wesker, 83, British playwright. Said Zahari, 88, Singaporean journalist and political prisoner. 13 Srinivas Aravamudan, 54, Indian-born British academic. Márton Balázs, 86, Romanian mathematician. Jackie Carter, 62, American children's author, lymphoma. *Julio García Espinosa, 89, Cuban film director and screenwriter (The Adventures of Juan Quin Quin). Nuri Gezerdaa, 56, Abkhaz politician. Kurtis Haiu, 31, New Zealand rugby union player (Auckland, Blues), bone cancer. Earl B. Hunt, 83, American psychologist. Matthias Joseph Isuja, 86, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Dodoma (1972–2005). Robert W. Lundeen, 94, American executive (Tektronix). Mariano Mores, 98, Argentine tango composer and pianist. Eeti Nieminen, 89, Finnish Olympic Nordic skier (1952). Rex Patterson, 89, Australian politician, MP for Dawson (1966–1975). Jock Scot, 63, Scottish poet and recording artist, cancer. Manouchehr Sotoudeh, 102, Iranian geographer and scholar of Persian literature, lung infection. Jeremy Steig, 73, American jazz flutist. Gareth Thomas, 71, Welsh actor (Blake's 7, Children of the Stones, Star Maidens), heart failure. Gwyn Thomas, 79, Welsh poet and academic, National Poet (2006–2008). Ray Thornton, 87, American attorney and politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas's 4th and 2nd congressional districts (1973–1979, 1991–1997). Nera White, 80, American Hall of Fame basketball player. Bernard B. Wolfe, 101, American politician, member of the Illinois House of Representatives (1965–1974). Pete Yellin, 74, American jazz saxophonist and educator. Sayed Zayan, 72, Egyptian actor. 14 Nguyen Anh 9, 76, Vietnamese songwriter and pianist. Ahmed Brahim, 69, Tunisian politician. David Collischon, 78, British executive (Filofax). Martin Fitzmaurice, 75, English darts personality. Gaetano Gagliano, 98, Canadian entrepreneur. Francesco Guarraci, 61, Italian-born American mobster. Hector Hatch, 80, Fijian boxer (1956 Olympics), politician and civil servant. Fred Hayman, 90, Swiss-born American fashion retailer (Giorgio Beverly Hills) and entrepreneur, helped develop Rodeo Drive. James W. Huston, 62, American author and lawyer. Dan Ireland, 57, Canadian-born American film producer and director (Jolene, The Whole Wide World, Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont). Ilija Ivezić, 89, Croatian film actor (Last of the Renegades, The Golden Years, Marshal Tito's Spirit). Colin Knight, 81, New Zealand educationalist, principal of Christchurch Teachers' College (1986–1995). Liang Sili, 91, Chinese missile control scientist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences), vice-president of the International Astronautical Federation. Sir David MacKay, 48, British author, physicist and professor (University of Cambridge), stomach cancer. Rod Reyes, 80, Filipino broadcast executive and journalist (The Standard), heart failure. Phil Sayer, 62, British voice artist, oesophageal cancer. Malick Sidibé, 80, Malian photographer. Xu Caidong, 97, Chinese metallurgist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences), vice-governor of Guizhou. Ron Theobald, 72, American baseball player (Milwaukee Brewers). Carl M. Vogel, 61, American politician, member of the Missouri Senate (2003–2011), pancreatic cancer. 15 Orville Gilbert Brim, Jr., 93, American social psychologist. Anne Grommerch, 45, French politician, member of the National Assembly (since 2008), Mayor of Thionville (since 2014), breast cancer. Byrle Klinck, 81, Canadian Olympic ice hockey player, bronze medallist (1956). Laura Liu, 49, American state judge, Cook County Circuit Court judge (2010–2014), Illinois Appellate Court judge (since 2014), breast cancer. Frederick Mayer, 94, German-born American spy (OSS). Derek Mayers, 81, English footballer (Preston North End). A. A. Raiba, 94, Indian painter. Harold Shillinglaw, 88, Australian football player and cricketer. Morag Siller, 46, British actress (Emmerdale, Memphis Belle, Casualty), breast cancer. Richard Smith, 84, British painter, heart failure. Lars-Inge Svartenbrandt, 70, Swedish criminal, apartment fire. Louis Van Geyt, 88, Belgian politician, chairman of Communist Party of Belgium (1972–1989). Guy Woolfenden, 78, English composer and conductor. 16 Muhammad Ayyub, 64, Saudi Arabian imam and Islamic scholar. Ron Bonham, 73, American basketball player (Boston Celtics, Indiana Pacers), NBA champion (1965, 1966). Jeanette Bonnier, 82, Swedish media proprietor (Bonnier Group), journalist (Expressen) and author. David R. Brown, 93, American computer scientist. Miloud Chaabi, 86, Moroccan businessman. Rod Daniel, 73, American film director (Teen Wolf, K-9, WKRP in Cincinnati), Parkinson's disease. Donald B. Easum, 92, American diplomat. William M. Gray, 86, American meteorologist. Guan Guangfu, 84, Chinese politician, Communist Party Chief of Hubei. Bernhard Hassenstein, 93, German biologist and behaviorist. Charlie Hodge, 82, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks) and scout. Clarence James, 84, Bermudian politician, Deputy Premier (1983–1989). Maurice Kenny, 86, American poet, heart ailment and kidney failure. Rubén Mendoza Ayala, 55, Mexican politician. Nathanael Orr, 98, Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council (1976–1984). U Pandita, 94, Burmese Buddhist monk and meditation teacher. Louis Pilot, 75, Luxembourgian football player (Fola Esch, Standard Liège, Royal Antwerp) and manager (national team). Ilias Polatidis, 50, Greek politician. Ismael Quintana, 78, Puerto Rican singer and composer. Peter Rock, 70, Austrian-born Chilean rock musician. Helmut Rohde, 90, German politician. Kit West, 79, British special effects artist (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Dragonheart, Enemy at the Gates), Oscar winner (1982). 17 Ken Aldred, 70, Australian politician, MP for Henty (1975–1980), Bruce (1983–1990) and Deakin (1990–1996). Tiga Bayles, 62, Australian radio presenter and indigenous rights activist, cancer. Kong Bunchhoeun, 77, Cambodian author and songwriter, cancer. Bettye Caldwell, 91, American educator (University of Arkansas at Little Rock) and child-development campaigner (NAEYC). Bob Charles, 79, American-born Australian politician, MP for La Trobe (1990–2004). Clifton C. Garvin, 94, American businessman, CEO of Exxon (1975–1986). Luis Horacio Gomez González, 57, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Vicar Apostolic of Puerto Gaitán (2014–2016). Anthony Keane, 87, American Olympic fencer (1968). Toshiro Konishi, 63, Japanese-born Peruvian chef, pioneer of Japanese cuisine in Lima, cancer. Bruce Mansfield, 71, Australian radio and television personality, prostate cancer. Scott Nimerfro, 54, American writer and producer (Hannibal, Once Upon a Time, X-Men), angiosarcoma. Constantine Papastephanou, 92, Syrian Eastern Orthodox prelate, Metropolitan of Baghdad and Kuwait (1969-2014). Doris Roberts, 90, American actress (Everybody Loves Raymond, Remington Steele, Christmas Vacation), stroke. Trần Phước Thọ, 23, Vietnamese footballer (Long An, U23 national team), traffic collision. Nicolas Tikhomiroff, 89, French photographer. Yang Hongxun, 84, Chinese architect, architectural historian, and archaeologist. 18 Brian Asawa, 49, American opera singer, heart failure. Paul Busiek, 93, American politician. Yuri Bychkov, 84, Russian art historian. William Campbell, 75, American business executive (Apple) and college football coach (Columbia University), cancer. Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose, 78, British journalist. Robert Christophe, 78, French Olympic swimmer (1956, 1960, 1964), European champion (1958, 1962). Barry Davies, 71, British soldier and author, heart attack. Rubén Héctor di Monte, 84, Argentinian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mercedes-Luján (2000–2007). Marwan Dudin, 79–80, Jordanian politician, Minister of Agriculture (1980–1984) and Minister of State for the Occupied Territory Affairs (1986–1988). Hugh Faulkner, 83, Canadian politician, MP for Peterborough (1965–1979), complications from surgery. Ben-Zion Gold, 92, Polish-born American rabbi. Cox Habbema, 72, Dutch actress, theater director and manager. Eva Henning, 95, Swedish stage and movie actress. Fritz Herkenrath, 87, German footballer (Rot-Weiss Essen). Karina Huff, 55, British actress (The House of Clocks, Time for Loving, Voices from Beyond) and television personality, breast cancer. Proverb Jacobs, 80, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants). Sir John Leslie, 4th Baronet, 99, Anglo-Irish aristocrat and media personality. Arnulfo Mejía Rojas, 59, Mexican architect and Catholic priest. Johan van Minnen, 83, Dutch journalist and politician, member of the European Parliament (1979–1984). Vladimir Nemukhin, 90, Russian painter (Bulldozer Exhibition). Charles J. Pilliod Jr., 97, American business executive and diplomat, Ambassador to Mexico (1986–1989). Guy Prather, 58, American football player (Green Bay Packers), cancer. Fulvio Roiter, 89, Italian photographer, Prix Nadar winner (1956). Pál Sajgó, 93, Hungarian cross country skier and biathlete. Gert Schramm, 87, German Holocaust survivor. Zoltán Szarka, 73, Hungarian football player and coach, Olympic champion (1968). Tao Siju, 81, Chinese politician, minister of Public Security. 19 Gerasimos Arsenis, 84, Greek politician, Minister for National Defense (1993–1996) and National Education and Religious Affairs (1996–2000). Patricio Aylwin, 97, Chilean politician, President (1990–1994). Estelle Balet, 21, Swiss snowboarder, world champion (2015, 2016), avalanche. Dud Beattie, 81, Australian rugby league footballer and selector (Queensland). Errikos Belies, 66, Greek translator and poet. Dorothy R. Burnley, 89, American politician, member of the North Carolina General Assembly (1980–1984). Eloy Casados, 66, American actor (Ishi: The Last of His Tribe, Walker, Texas Ranger). Russell Dove, 87, Australian Olympic sports shooter (1972). Harry Elderfield, 72, British geochemist and professor (University of Cambridge). Ronit Elkabetz, 51, Israeli actress and film director (Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem), lung cancer. Solveig Ericsson, 84, Swedish Olympic athlete. *Karl-Heinz von Hassel, 77, German actor. Walter Kohn, 93, Austrian-born American theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate (1998), jaw cancer. Lord Tanamo, 81, Jamaican ska and mento musician. Richard Lyons, 57, American musician (Negativland), nodular melanoma. John McConathy, 86, American basketball player (Milwaukee Hawks, Northwestern State). Mehrdad Oladi, 30, Iranian footballer (Malavan), heart attack. Milt Pappas, 76, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs). Billy Redmayne, 25, Manx motorcycle racer, race collision. Igor Volchok, 84, Russian football manager. Pete Zorn, 65, American musician (Steeleye Span, Richard Thompson, The Albion Band), cancer. 20 Solomon Blatt Jr., 94, American federal judge, U.S. District Court for South Carolina (since 1971). Chyna, 46, American professional wrestler (WWF) and actress (1 Night in China, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Cougar Club), mixed drug intoxication. Cynthia Cooke, 96, British nurse, Matron-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service (1973–1976). Velda González, 83, Puerto Rican actress and politician. Guy Hamilton, 93, French-born British film director (James Bond, Battle of Britain, Evil Under the Sun). Avril Henry, 81, British academic, suicide. Dame Leonie Kramer, 91, Australian academic, author and university administrator. Attila Özdemiroğlu, 73, Turkish composer, lung cancer. Solly Pandor, 58, Zambian football manager. Harry Perkowski, 93, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds). Qi Benyu, 85, Chinese politician and propagandist, cancer. Jack Tafari, 69, British activist, liver failure. Giannis Voglis, 78, Greek actor. Dwayne Washington, 52, American basketball player (New Jersey Nets, Miami Heat, Syracuse University), brain cancer. Vern Wilson, 85, American Olympic athlete. Victoria Wood, 62, British comedian and actress (New Faces, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, dinnerladies), cancer. Yu Songlie, 95, Chinese agricultural scientist, educator and academician (Chinese Academy of Engineering). 21 Frederick Bruce-Lyle, 62, Ghanaian-born Saint Vincentian judge in the Caribbean. Valeriu Cotea, 89, Romanian oenologist, member of Romanian Academy, cardiac arrest. Norbert Esnault, 87, French cyclist. Nade Haley, 68, American artist. Levi Karuhanga, 60, Ugandan major general. Per-Simon Kildal, 64, Swedish antenna specialist. Hans Koschnick, 87, German politician and diplomat, Bremen Senate president and mayor (1967–1985), President of the Bundesrat (1970–1971, 1981–1982), MP (1987–1998). Marco Leto, 85, Italian film and television director (Black Holiday, Al piacere di rivederla). Franz Lorette, 80, Belgian Olympic hockey player. Lonnie Mack, 74, American singer-guitarist (The Wham of that Memphis Man). Toshio Mashima, 67, Japanese composer, cancer. D. B. Nihalsinghe, 77, Sri Lankan filmmaker (Welikathara). Utako Okamoto, 98, Japanese medical scientist. Ferenc Paragi, 62, Hungarian Olympic javelin thrower (1976, 1980), world record holder (1980–1983). Prince, 57, American musician, songwriter ("When Doves Cry", "Little Red Corvette", "Purple Rain") and actor, Oscar (1984) and Grammy (1984, 1986, 2004, 2007) winner, accidental overdose of fentanyl. Peter Ruckman, 94, American Independent Baptist pastor. Smoke Glacken, 22, American Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the Hopeful Stakes (1996). Dene Smuts, 66, South African politician, MP (1989–2014). John Walton, Baron Walton of Detchant, 93, British politician, member of the House of Lords (since 1989). 22 David Beresford, 68, British journalist. Yvon Charbonneau, 75, Canadian politician, stroke. Rudolph Chimelli, 87, German journalist and author. Isabelle Dinoire, 49, French mauled woman, first person to undergo a partial face transplant. Rex Fell, 71, New Zealand Thoroughbred breeder. Ojārs Grīnbergs, 73, Latvian singer, lung cancer. Roger Khawam, 94, Egyptian antique dealer and Egyptologist. John Lumsden, 55, Scottish footballer (Stoke City). Ariffin Mohammed, 74, Malaysian cult leader (Sky Kingdom). Robert Price, 83, American attorney and political campaign manager. Jory Prum, 41, American audio engineer and video game developer (Adaptation, The Walking Dead, Brütal Legend), traffic collision. Manfred Rein, 68, Austrian politician (ÖVP). Peter Sellers, 94, New Zealand sports broadcaster. Soran Singh, Pakistani politician, member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly (since 2013), shot. Sir Denys Wilkinson, 93, British nuclear physicist. 23 Ron Brace, 29, American football player (Boston College, New England Patriots), apparent heart attack. Alfons Van den Brande, 88, Belgian cyclist. Carla Braan, 54, Dutch Olympic gymnast. Errol Crossan, 85, Canadian footballer (Norwich City). Attila Ferjáncz, 69, Hungarian racing driver, Hungarian Rally champion (1976–1982, 1985, 1990). Luis González Seara, 79, Spanish politician. Inge King, 100, German-born Australian sculptor. Vjatšeslav Kobrin, 58, Russian guitarist and songwriter. Tom Muecke, 52, American CFL player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Edmonton Eskimos), heart attack. Tony Munro, 52, Australian sports journalist, stroke. Sir Richard Parsons, 88, British diplomat, Ambassador to Hungary, Spain and Sweden. Jacques Perry, 94, French novelist. Maurice Peston, Baron Peston, 85, English economist and politician, member of the House of Lords (since 1987). Miguel Picazo, 89, Spanish film director, screenwriter and actor (La Tía Tula). John Steven Satterthwaite, 87, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lismore (1971–2001). Bill Sevesi, 92, Tongan-born New Zealand musician. Madeleine Sherwood, 93, Canadian actress (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Flying Nun). Banharn Silpa-archa, 83, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996), asthma. Horace Ward, 88, American judge. Paul Hisao Yasuda, 94, Japanese Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Osaka (1978–1997). 24 Zafar Ishaq Ansari, 84, Pakistani Islamic scholar, heart attack. Paul Annear, 68, New Zealand jeweller. Nina Arkhipova, 94, Russian film and stage actress (Burnt by the Sun). Chen Shilu, 95, Chinese flight mechanic, educator and academician (Chinese Academy of Engineering). Manuel de la Torre, 94, Spanish-born American golf player and instructor. Robert Dolan, 87, American marine geologist. Walter Jackson Freeman III, 89, American biologist. Perry O. Hooper Sr., 91, American judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1995–2001). Steve Julian, 57, American radio host (KPCC), brain cancer. Kiviaq, 80, Canadian lawyer, politician, boxer and football player, cancer. Tommy Kono, 85, American weightlifter, Olympic champion (1952, 1956), world champion (1953–1959), complications from liver disease. Thinle Lhondup, 72, Nepalese actor (Himalaya), fall. Benjamin Manglona, 78, Northern Mariana Islands politician, Lieutenant Governor (1990–1994), stroke. Ricardo Torres Origel, 59, Mexican politician. Lizette Parker, 44, American politician, Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey (since 2014), respiratory illness. Billy Paul, 81, American R&B singer ("Me and Mrs. Jones"), pancreatic cancer. George Pieterson, 74, Dutch clarinetist. Terry Redlin, 78, American artist, Alzheimer's disease. Klaus Siebert, 60, German biathlon athlete and coach, world champion (1978, 1979), Olympic silver medalist (1980). Papa Wemba, 66, Congolese singer, seizure. George Alexis Weymouth, 79, American artist and conservationist, heart failure. 25 Dumitru Antonescu, 71, Romanian footballer (Farul Constanța). Remo Belli, 88, American drummer, developed the synthetic drumhead (Remo), complications of pneumonia. Joe Blahak, 65, American football player (Minnesota Vikings). Nicolae Esinencu, 76, Moldovan screenwriter and writer. Göte Gåård, 84, Swedish Olympic sports shooter. Mel George, 80, American professor and twice interim president of the University of Missouri. Martin Gray, 93, Polish Holocaust survivor and writer. Michal Hornstein, 95, Polish-born Canadian executive. Tom Lewis, 94, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (1975–1976). Patrick Fabionn Lopes, 35, Brazilian football player, brain aneurysm. Xulhaz Mannan, 39, Bangladeshi editor, stabbed. *Mei Baojiu, 82, Chinese Peking opera artist, bronchospasm. Poornima Arvind Pakvasa, 102, Indian social worker. Neculai Rățoi, 77, Romanian politician, mayor of Pașcani (1981–2008). John Ridsdel, 68, Canadian journalist (Calgary Herald), businessman (Petro-Canada) and Abu Sayyaf hostage, beheaded. Horst Sachs, 89, German mathematician. Samantha Schubert, 47, Malaysian actress and beauty queen, Miss Malaysia (1991), pancreatic cancer. Rudolf Wessely, 91, Austrian actor. 26 Raymond Casey, 98, British geologist and philatelist. Vincent Darius, 60, Grenadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint George's in Grenada (since 2002), pneumonia. Arne Elsholtz, 71, German voice actor. Mark Farmer, 53, British actor (Grange Hill, Minder, Johnny Jarvis), cancer. Winston Hill, 74, American football player (New York Jets), Super Bowl winner (1968). William H. Jarvis, 85, Canadian politician. Amanullah Khan, 82, Pakistani Kashmir separatism activist (JKLF), COPD. Lucy Kibaki, 82, Kenyan teacher and socialite, First Lady (2002–2013). M. H. Mohamed, 94, Sri Lankan politician. Álvaro Pérez Treviño, 85, Mexican politician. Peter Propping, 73, German geneticist. Ozzie Silna, 83, American basketball owner (Spirits of St. Louis), cancer. Martin Szipál, 91, Hungarian photographer, prostate cancer. Masako Togawa, 85, Japanese feminist, singer, actress and novelist. Dorothy Warburton, 80, Canadian geneticist. James H. Ware, 74, American biostatistician, cancer. Willie L. Williams, 72, American police commissioner (Los Angeles, Philadelphia). Harry Wu, 79, Chinese human rights activist, founder of the Laogai Research Foundation. Vladimir Yulygin, 80, Russian football player and coach. 27 James Arvaluk, 68, Canadian politician. James Carroll, 60, American-born Canadian actor (Wind at My Back, Red Dead Redemption, Death to Smoochy), small cell lung cancer. Harold Cohen, 87, British computer artist (AARON). Angela Flanders, 88, British perfumer. Viktor Gavrikov, 58, Lithuanian-Swiss chess Grandmaster. Herta Groves, 96, Austrian-born British milliner, traffic collision. Philip Kives, 87, Canadian marketing entrepreneur, founder of K-tel. Julio Xavier Labayen, 89, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, territorial prelate of Infanta (1966–2003). Liu Lianman, 82, Chinese mountain climber, made the first ascent of Muztagh Ata. Robert C. Mathis, 88, American air force general. Chris Parkinson, 74, New Zealand broadcaster, co-founder of Radio Hauraki. Ray Salazar, 85, American politician, Mayor of El Paso, Texas (1977–1979). Gabriele Sima, 61, Austrian opera singer. Toms, 87, Indian cartoonist (Boban and Molly). 28 Anderson Agiru, 54, Papua New Guinean politician. Óscar Marcelino Álvarez, 67, Argentine footballer (Panathinaikos). Sir Edward Ashmore, 96, British officer in the Royal Navy, First Sea Lord (1974–1977). Conrad Burns, 81, American politician, Senator from Montana (1989–2007). Enrique Cal Pardo, 93, Spanish priest, teacher and writer. Ed Davender, 49, American basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats). Jenny Diski, 68, English writer (Nothing Natural, Rainforest, London Review of Books), lung cancer. Joe Durham, 84, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Cardinals). Igor Fesunenko, 83, Russian journalist, foreign affairs writer and teacher (MGIMO). Charles Gatewood, 73, American photographer, suicide by jumping. Fredrik Grønningsæter, 92, Norwegian priest, Bishop of Sør-Hålogaland (1982–1992). René Hausman, 80, Belgian comic book writer and illustrator. Barry Howard, 78, English actor (Hi-de-Hi!), blood cancer. Georg Kronawitter, 88, German politician, Mayor of Munich (1972–1978, 1984–1993). Ingram Olkin, 91, American statistics professor, colorectal cancer. David Page, 55, Australian composer, musical director of Bangarra Dance Theatre. Mohamed Roushdi, 94, Egyptian gymnast. Blackie Sherrod, 96, American sportswriter. 29 Tim Bacon, 52, British restaurateur and actor. Alyson Bailes, 67, British diplomat, Ambassador to Finland (2000–2002). Sherry Cassuto, 59, American Olympic rower. *Chen Zhongshi, 73, Chinese writer, oral cancer. Jok Church, 66, American cartoonist (You Can with Beakman and Jax). Renato Corona, 67, Filipino jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2010–2012), complications from a heart attack. Patrick Deuel, 54, American reality TV star. Bob Fitch, 76, American photojournalist. Erediauwa, 92, Nigerian traditional royal, Oba of Benin (since 1979). (death announced on this date) Dmytro Hnatyuk, 91, Ukrainian baritone opera singer. Hilarius Moa Nurak, 73, Indonesian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pangkal-Pinang (since 1987). Dave Robinson, 67, English footballer (Birmingham City, Walsall). (death announced on this date) Jigdal Dagchen Sakya, 86, Tibetan Buddhist teacher. Don White, 89, American stock car racing driver. Wojciech Zagórski, 87, Polish actor. 30 Daniel Aaron, 103, American writer and academic (Harvard University), co-founder of the Library of America. Michael Edward Ash, 88, British brewer. Daniel Berrigan, 94, American Jesuit priest, poet, peace activist and ex-convict (Catonsville Nine). Wayne Crawford, 69, American actor, writer and producer (Valley Girl, Jake Speed). Alphonsus F. D'Souza, 76, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Raiganj (since 1987), heart attack. Franco Di Giacomo, 83, Italian cinematographer. Marisol Escobar, 85, French-born American sculptor. Uwe Friedrichsen, 81, German actor (Faust, Schwarz Rot Gold, Sesamstraße). Guido Gillarduzzi, 76, Italian Olympic speed skater. Fritz Janschka, 97, Austrian-born American artist. Sir Harry Kroto, 76, British chemist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996). Réjean Lafrenière, 80, Canadian politician, member of the Quebec National Assembly (1989–2007). Ellen Niit, 87, Estonian children's writer, poet and translator. Scott Rains, 59, American travel writer, brain tumor. Phil Ryan, 69, Welsh keyboardist (Man). Tracy Scott, 46, American script supervisor (Whiplash, Concussion, Garden State), cancer. Peter Thomas, 91, American narrator (Nova, Forensic Files). Vasily Zvyagintsev, 71, Russian science fiction author. References 2016-04 04

50322814

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Daniel%20Shaver

Shooting of Daniel Shaver

On January 18, 2016, Daniel Leetin Shaver of Granbury, Texas, was fatally shot by police officer Philip Brailsford in the hallway of a La Quinta Inn & Suites hotel in Mesa, Arizona, United States. Police were responding to a report that a rifle had been pointed out of the window of Shaver's hotel room. After the shooting, the rifle, which remained in the room, was determined to be a pellet gun. Following an investigation, Brailsford was charged with second-degree murder and a lesser manslaughter charge and later found not guilty by a jury. Backgrounds Daniel Shaver Daniel Leetin Shaver (December 29, 1989January 18, 2016) grew up in Nashville, Tennessee, and graduated from Hillwood High School in 2007. He lived in Granbury, Texas, with his wife and two daughters. Shaver was employed as a pest control specialist, and was visiting Mesa for a business trip when he was killed. He was 26 years old. Philip Brailsford Philip Mitchell Brailsford, like Daniel Shaver, was 26 years old at the time of the shooting. He had been employed with the Mesa Police Department since 2013. He was “administratively cleared” of wrongdoing in a 2015 incident involving excessive use of force during an arrest of three unarmed teenage suspects. Brailsford's father was a police sergeant who had also worked for the Mesa Police Department. Brailsford graduated from Mesa Desert Ridge High School in 2009, was an LDS missionary in Ecuador, and had signed up with the Arizona National Guard before being hired by Mesa Police. He is married and has a son. Shooting According to a police report, Shaver had been staying at a Mesa La Quinta Inn & Suites on business. He invited two acquaintances, Monique Portillo and Luis Nunez, to his room for drinks. There he showed them a scoped air rifle he was using to exterminate birds inside grocery stores. At one point, the gun was pointed outside his fifth-floor window, prompting a witness to notify the hotel receptionist; the police were immediately called. Nunez left the hotel room shortly before police arrived at about 9:20 p.m. When police arrived at the hotel, they ordered Shaver and Portillo to exit the room. Six officers were in the hotel corridor while Shaver received orders for several minutes. Portillo was taken into custody unharmed. Police Sergeant Charles Langley then ordered Shaver, who was lying prone, to cross his legs. Moments later, he ordered Shaver to push himself "up to a kneeling position". While complying with the order to kneel, Shaver uncrossed his legs and Langley shouted that Shaver needed to keep his legs crossed. Startled, Shaver then put his hands behind his back and was again warned by Langley to keep his hands in the air. Langley yelled at Shaver that if he deviated from police instructions again, they would shoot him. Sergeant Langley told Shaver not to put his hands down for any reason. Shaver said, "Please don't shoot me". Upon being instructed to crawl, Shaver put his hands down and crawled on all fours. While crawling towards the officers, Shaver moved his right hand towards his waistband. Officer Philip Brailsford, who later testified he believed that Shaver was reaching for a weapon, then opened fire with his AR-15 rifle, striking Shaver five times and killing him almost instantly. Shaver was unarmed and may have been attempting to prevent his shorts from slipping down. An autopsy report found that Shaver was intoxicated (with a blood-alcohol level over three times the legal driving limit), which police stated may have contributed to his confused response to their commands. Body camera footage Shaver's widow requested that the Mesa Police Department release bodycam footage of the event. The request for the bodycam footage was initially refused. In a recording released by Shaver's widow, purportedly of a meeting between her and Maricopa County prosecutors, she was told that she could watch the video only if she agreed not to discuss its contents with the press. Prosecutors and defense attorneys in Brailsford's murder trial asked that the bodycam footage be sealed. Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Sam Myers granted the motion to seal the footage. On May 25, 2016, Myers ordered portions of the video released. The released video omitted the shooting itself. The redacted version included footage from Brailsford's body camera up to the time when someone exits Shaver's hotel room and footage from another officer's camera while he escorted a woman from the room. The full unedited body camera footage of the shooting was released by the Mesa Police Department hours after Brailsford was found not guilty of murder and reckless manslaughter. Legal actions Criminal charges against Brailsford In early March 2016, the Maricopa County Attorney's Office announced it would pursue second-degree murder charges against Brailsford in relation to the incident. According to a statement by the county attorney, "after carefully reviewing the relevant facts and circumstances, we have determined that the use of deadly physical force was not justified in this instance." Brailsford pleaded not guilty. Termination from police department Later that month, the Mesa Police Department fired Brailsford, citing several policy violations and unsatisfactory performance. An internal investigation report revealed that Brailsford had violated department weapon policy by engraving his patrol rifle with the phrases "You're fucked" and "Molon labe" (a Greek expression meaning "come and take it"). Brailsford had also previously been investigated for body slamming a teenager during an arrest. In the official police report of the incident, Brailsford defended his actions, saying that by crawling towards the officers, Shaver appeared to be "trying to gain a position of advantage in order to gain a better firing position on us". Shaver had indeed crawled towards the officers after one of them instructed him to. The report stated: "Shaver was co-operative, but sometimes confused by the commands and because of his possible intoxication". Four months after the shooting, Charles Langley, the officer who gave orders to Shaver, retired from the department. By December 2017, Langley had emigrated from the United States to the Philippines. Criminal trial and acquittal Brailsford's trial for second-degree murder was originally scheduled for February 2017. A defense motion challenging the state's probable cause to send the case to trial; appeals to the Arizona Supreme Court over the release of controversially redacted footage from Brailsford's body camera made a February trial unrealistic. On February 10, 2017, Maricopa County Superior Court Judge George Foster rescheduled the trial for October 23, 2017. Brailsford faced up to 25 years in prison if found guilty of second-degree murder. On December 7, 2017, after a six-week trial, a jury acquitted Brailsford of all charges. Also in December 2017, it was revealed that Brailsford had been involved in a prior incident in 2015 regarding an arrest of teenagers in a store. During the arrest, Brailsford was recorded on video throwing a teenager against a shelf, putting the teenager in a headlock, then slamming the teenager onto the ground. At the time, the incident was publicized (but Brailsford was not named) by a witness to the arrest, who alleged excessive force because the teenagers "weren't doing anything". A spokesman for the Mesa Police Department said that the department "looked at" the incident and "administratively cleared" Brailsford, because "police work sometimes isn't pretty". Department of Justice investigation In March 2018, it became known that the United States Department of Justice had reopened the case and was looking into a possible civil rights violation by Brailsford. Bankruptcy and pension In January 2018, Brailsford filed for bankruptcy. According to a pay stub attached to Brailsford's bankruptcy file, he has been working for a steel company in Glendale, Arizona. In August 2018, Brailsford was reinstated by the Mesa Police Department, staying for a further 42 days in what the department described as a "budget position". The department agreed to reimburse Brailsford for medical expenses related to post-traumatic stress disorder suffered due to his shooting of Shaver and the resultant criminal trial. The reinstatement allowed Brailsford to apply for "accidental disability" suffered during the course of work. As a result, Brailsford was unanimously approved to be retired on medical grounds. Brailsford was also given a pension of $2,500 per month. The fact that Brailsford was ultimately medically retired instead of remaining fired was only revealed to the public in July 2019. Lawsuit against Mesa city In 2021, Shaver's parents settled with the city for $1.5 million. Shaver's common-law widow, seeking $75 million, refused to settle and may press for a trial. See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, January 2016 References 2010s trials 2016 controversies in the United States 2016 in Arizona criminal trials that ended in acquittal deaths by firearm in Arizona filmed killings by law enforcement history of Mesa, Arizona January 2016 events in the United States law enforcement controversies in the United States law enforcement in Arizona murder trials people shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States police brutality in the United States trials in the United States

50379012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Police%20Accountability%20Task%20Force

Chicago Police Accountability Task Force

The Chicago Police Accountability Task Force (CPATF) was a task force created to "review the system of accountability, oversight and training that is currently in place for Chicago's police officers" in 2015. It was announced via press release on December 1, 2015, in the wake of the shooting of Laquan McDonald and the protests and political fallout afterward. On April 13, 2016, the task force released its final report, which found "racism and systemic failures in the city's police force, validating complaints made for years by African-American residents." Members The members of the task force included: Lori Lightfoot – president of the Chicago Police Board and Task Force chair Deval Patrick - senior advisor Sergio Acosta – partner at Hinshaw & Culbertson and a former federal prosecutor Joseph M. Ferguson – inspector general of the City of Chicago Hiram Grau – former director of the Illinois State Police and former deputy superintendent of the Chicago Police Department Randolph N. Stone – University of Chicago Law School professor, director of the Criminal and Juvenile Justice Project Clinic and former Cook County public defender Public community forums The task force held four public community forums in February 2016 and one press event in April 2016 and published the meetings on YouTube. Final report The final report used Chicago police data to show that African-Americans were regularly and disproportionately abused and denied rights, which had been reported by many African-American residents of Chicago over many years. Chicago's population is approximately one-third black, Hispanic and white and according to the report, 404 people were shot by the Chicago police between 2008 and 2015 and 74 percent of those were African-American. According to the New York Times, the final report "was blistering, blunt and backed up by devastating statistics." Reactions As a result of the report, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel announced that he would be implementing roughly one-third of the 76 recommendations in the report. Dean Angelo, the president of Chicago's Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 7, declared the accusation of racism in the Chicago Police Department "biased". Lori Lightfoot, who was on the task force, responded to Angelo: "It is hard to fathom that Mr. Angelo maintains his reflexive, uninformed position when it is obviously belied by the facts. Does he really believe that a better trained, better prepared and more professional police force will not inure to the benefit of his members?" References External links Chicago Police Department Task forces 2015 establishments in Illinois Lori Lightfoot

50414473

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rothenberg%20%28activist%29

David Rothenberg (activist)

David Rothenberg is a veteran Broadway producer and prisoners' rights activist. After reading the script for Fortune and Men's Eyes by former prisoner and playwright John Herbert, he was instrumental in producing the play for an off-Broadway production. Later, he was a civilian observer during the Attica Prison riot, which left a deep impression on him and spurred his lifelong activism for prisoner's rights. This inspired him to found the Fortune Society organization, which advocates for prisoner's rights and works with former inmates to aid them in adjusting to life after prison. Rothenberg is an agnostic and lives in the West Village in New York City. Early life Rothenberg was born in Teaneck, New Jersey to parents Leo and Leonore Rothenberg. His parents were both born in New York City. He graduated in 1951 from Teaneck High School. His childhood dream was to pursue sportswriting. His parents were the first Jewish family in northern New Jersey, while one of his grandmothers converted to become a devout Christian Scientist. He attended the University of Denver, where he was part of the Freshman Honor Society. He later became campus president of Students for Democratic Action. His first political hero was Jackie Robinson. Building on his dream to pursue writing, he became the editorial page columnist for the undergraduate newspaper, Clarion. Eventually, Rothenberg became editor in chief in the student academic years '54 and '55, even though a petition was circulated alleging he was a communist, likely as a result of his participation in social and political protests. While at the paper, he exposed the rape of fraternity boys at the university by Francis Van Derbur, the father of former Miss Colorado and Miss America, Marilyn Van Derbur who exposed her father's sexual abuse decades later. This story was suppressed by Francis Van Derbur due to his high standing in the business community and his position on the Alumni Association at the university Broadway career Rothenberg arrived in NYC in 1958 after release from the US Army. He was inspired to pursue acting after seeing Joseph Mankiewicz's dialogue in the movie All About Eve. Initially, he worked with ad agencies and book publishers as a typist to make ends meet while simultaneously sending out introduction letters to theatrical producers, agents, and press agents listed in the Manhattan directory. He also answered ads listed in the New York Times related to show business. Rothenberg was eventually hired by Bob Larken to cover interviews with actors, directors and producers by TV and radio stations. Through his press coverage of the hit musical Jamaica he met Alvin Ailey. Their acquaintance grew into a friendship and through it Rothenberg was invited to various rehearsals that helped him grow his professional network. As a result, he attained a theatrical apprenticeship with the help of Bob Ullman, who sponsored him for it with ATPAM and arranged a summer job for him as a press rep. Rothenberg spent the summer of 1960 at Lakewood Theatre in Skowhega, Maine. The theatre saw the likes of Joan Fontaine, Shirley Booth and Henry Morgan perform there and gave Rothenberg great access and networking opportunities. In 1962, David Rothenberg joined Alex Cohen's office, continuing as a press rep. This position allowed him access to the pantheon of American theatre. Through his work he met and befriended titans of American theatre such as John Gielgud, Richard Burton, Alfred Drake, Charles Boyer, Ralph Richardson, and Elizabeth Taylor. Rothenberg was Taylor's date to the opening of Hamlet on Broadway, for which he did press. His first Broadway production was Beyond The Fringe, which emerged to be one of the biggest hits of the decade. It ran for years and many of the cast went on to have distinguished careers. Notably, the production opened at the Golden Theatre on the first day of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Following his success, Rothenberg began representing plays by Pulitzer Prize winning playwrights Edward Albee, Tennessee Williams and England's Harold Pinter, as well as more than 200 Broadway shows over the course of his career. In 1966 Rothenberg was invited by Jordan Charney and Nancy Cooperstein to workshop Megan Terry's Viet Rock, which gave him the opportunity to participate in escalating antiwar protests. Viet Rock was staged at the Sheridan Square Playhouse. By the time Viet Rock opened in New York, Rothenberg had already begun working with Fortune and Men's Eyes, his second standalone production. His friend and drama critic at the Toronto Star, Nathan Cohen, informed Rothenberg of the play, which needed New York before it could make it in Toronto. After his first reading, he drafted a letter to the playwright, stating, "I felt that I was locked in a room of four cobras." Rothenberg took out a loan to finance the play and it opened in February 1967 at the Actor's Playhouse in Greenwich Village. Four of the young actors in the play were Terry Kiser, Vic Arnold, Bob Christian, and Bill Moore. Holy Face starred as well. As part of his research for the play, Rothenberg visited Rikers Island prison in New York, which was his first trip to such an institution. When inmates were in the dayroom, each of the visitors was placed in a cell and locked for a few minutes. Critical reception was initially mixed with the New York Times critic Dan Sullivan being dismissive and unmoved by it. Dance critic Clive Barnes thought it exciting and three years later raved about the play's revival after becoming a theatre reviewer for the New York Times. Norman Nadel of New York World joined the Telegram and the Sun reviewers in criticizing the play. In contrast, Jerry Tallnem from the New York Post compared it to The Bicycle Thief and Marat/Sade. Michael Smith from the Village Voice raved about it contributing to its 13-month initial run. Eventually, the play was the most successful drama in Canadian history, even playing internationally in more than 40 countries, including Turkey. Fortune Society and activism John Herbert, the author of Fortune and Men's Eyes', had been incarcerated previously after an altercation by some thugs had caused a mass roundup by police. The judge sentenced him to prison due to his epicene appearance. Being deeply moved by the play, his experience at Rikers, and Herbert's plight, Rothenberg channeled his passion for activism into a non-profit advocacy organization called Fortune Society, borrowing from the play's own name. By the time the play premiered in Canada, the Fortune Society had been created. Initially, the organization began as discussion forums at the Actor's Playhouse featuring a diverse set of interlocutors including parole officers, elected officials, and the formerly incarcerated, among others.Rothenberg, page 62 Pat McGarry and Clarence Cooper, author of The Farm, agreed on an organization called the Fortune Society, from the play's title, which had been taken from a Shakespearian sonnet, "When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state". Rothenberg's office on West 46th Street became the de facto headquarters of the organization, and the group began fundraising at Tuesday night discussions. In an effort to raise awareness, four men from the society went on The David Susskind Show. Clarence Cooper, Frank Sandiford, Eddie Morris, and Rob Freeley were panelists on the show, leveraging their social status and celebrity. Susskind informed the audience that the men were all part of a new organization, and urged them to connect with them at the Fortune Society at their office address. The next day 250 former convicts were lined up outside Rothenberg's small theater office, anticipating an organization that could help them with employment and housing. Mel Rivers also came that day to see what the organization was all about, resulting in Rivers, Jackson, McGarry, and Cooper starting as the core of Fortune Society. Rothenberg began arranging for ex-cons coming to the Fortune Society to attend Broadway plays, and conscripted his close friend and colleague Alvin Ailey to join the organization and provide tickets for the formerly incarcerated whom the society was trying to help. Kenny Jackson joked that when somebody gets out of prison in New York, "you get $40, a baloney sandwich, and two tickets to Alvin Ailey".Rothenberg, pages 65–66 Around this time, the Attica Prison riot broke out, and Rothenberg was included on the prisoners' shortlist for civilian observers. This prompted Arthur Eve's office to call on him and recruit him for that role. He was among the three dozen men called in to Attica as observers.Rothenberg, pages 2–3 The group unanimously agreed to send a smaller delegation to represent observers. The delegation included William Kunstler, Tom Wicker of the New York Times, congressman Herman Badillo, and state senator John Dunne, who returned to New York to plead with governor Nelson Rockefeller, only to find he had ordered troops to take over the prison. The takeover was violent, and there were casualties. After the dust settled, four prisoners' bodies remained unclaimed. Fortune Society made arrangements for these men to receive proper funerals.Rothenberg, pages 2–6 The Attica Prison riot raised a lot of awareness about the conditions prisoners faced during their incarceration. These events spurred Rothenberg's many friends and colleagues to work with other theater professionals to host fundraising events. Notables like Arlene Francis, Melba Moore, Zoe Caldwell, and Christopher Reeve supported the organization and fundraised for its cause. Even Attica prison publicized Fortune Society to its prisoner population. Many volunteers offered to help after Attica, providing tutoring and secretarial services. The model tutoring program that still runs today was created at this time, offering classes for illiteracy, GED and college preparation, as well as career services. The society grew in office space and participants with the welcome collaboration of educational institutions During the infancy of AIDS, the society received letters from inmates with tales of men dying of a strange epidemic. Rothenberg sent literature from the Gay Men's Health Crisis to Deputy Commissioner Marty Horn, who said they could not allow literature with the word gay in it. After discussion with Gay Men's Health Crisis, the word was never spelled out and the wardens permitted the brochures to enter. Thus, the Department of Corrections took its first step in recognizing the epidemic's effect on the inmate population. Political aspirations Rothenberg ran for city councilman in 1985 in Manhattan to raise awareness about AIDS, which at the time was seen as a "gay epidemic." He ran as an openly gay candidate, which prompted significant media attention. He was profiled in the Sunday Daily News and in New York magazine.Rothenberg, page 201-204 Dave Fleischer was recruited as his campaign manager and under his direction the campaign raised over $250,000, a record for the city council race. Rothenberg was widely endorsed, including by the Daily News, the Village Voice, and the Amsterdam News'', among others. Rothenberg garnered 46% of the vote, collecting the third largest number of votes of any candidate in the city's 38 council race. Unfortunately, his opponent had the second greatest number of votes, thus winning the race. References Bibliography External links David Rothenberg's Memoir of Broadway Glamour, Social Justice, and Political Passion 2015 Village Award Winner David Rothenberg Theater Legend David Rothenberg Does Some of His Best Work Offstage New York Magazine Profile of David Rothenberg An Afternoon With David Rothenberg: Interview by LGBTQ Center Fortune Society Website New Jersey, Shelter Island Reporter a Historical Dictionary of LG Lib. entry Newark Sun Times North Jersey 1933 births Living people People from Teaneck, New Jersey Teaneck High School alumni University of Denver alumni American theatre managers and producers American civil rights activists

50496569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Alex%20Nieto

Killing of Alex Nieto

</noinclude> Alejandro "Alex" Nieto was a man who was shot and killed by four San Francisco Police Department officers on March 21, 2014, in the Bernal Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Nieto was a bouncer at a local nightclub, and the shooting took place before he was to start work that evening. A gay couple called 911 when they saw him sitting on a bench and saw Nieto's taser. Nieto was wearing a taser, and the police officers alleged that Nieto pointed the taser at them. The responding police officers also said they believed that the taser was a firearm. The San Francisco County District Attorney's Office declined to file criminal charges against the four officers involved in the shooting. Nieto's family filed a federal civil rights lawsuit, alleging wrongful death. In March 2016, a jury cleared the four officers of all charges. Background Nieto, 28, was born on March 3, 1986, in the Bernal Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California, to parents Refugio Nieto and Elvira Nieto (née Rodriguez), Mexican immigrants from the town of Tarimoro, Guanajuato. In 2007, Nieto obtained a California state license to work as a security guard. Nieto graduated from the community college, City College of San Francisco, with a concentration in criminal justice. During this time he held an internship at the City of San Francisco's juvenile probation department. Event Nieto worked as a bouncer at a local nightclub. Around 7:00 pm on the night of March 21, 2014, he was sitting on a bench of the hilltop park called "Bernal Heights Park", eating his dinner, a burrito, before heading for work, he was wearing a red San Francisco 49ers jacket, black 49ers cap, white t-shirt, and black pants. Under his 49ers jacket, he wore a holstered taser that he used for his job as a bouncer. A local resident named Evan Snow was walking his dog near Nieto. Snow's dog Luna was unleashed, barking and chased Nieto up onto a bench trying to get at his food. Nieto and Snow conversed briefly and went their separate ways. Snow allegedly used racial slurs and texted a friend that "in another state like Florida, I would have been justified in shooting Mr. Nieto that night." Tim Isgitt and partner Justin Fritz were walking their dog shortly thereafter. Noting a rattled Nieto who had his hand on a handgun, Fritz called 911, reporting a man with a handgun wearing a red jacket. One witness who did see Nieto shortly after Isgitt and Fritz, longtime Bernal Heights resident Robin Bullard who was walking his own dog in the park, testified that there was nothing alarming about him. "He was just sitting there," Bullard said. Police Lieutenant Jason Sawyer and Officer Richard Schiff responded to the call and confronted Nieto as he was walking on a path in the same park. They testified that he pointed the taser at them when asked to show his hands, prompting them to open fire on Nieto. Officers Roger Morse and Nathan Chew provided backup, and later fired 14 rounds at Nieto, claiming they saw muzzle fire. According to a report by the city's District Attorney George Gascón, the officers fired a total of 59 shots: Schiff went through an entire magazine, shooting 23 bullets at Nieto while Sawyer fired 20 bullets, allegedly in response to Nieto pointing a taser, which they mistook for a pistol. Lawsuit Alex's parents retained the Law Offices of John Burris and filed a federal civil rights claim arguing the police wrongfully shot their son. The trial ended on March 10, 2016, and a jury unanimously cleared the four officers of all charges. It was found that the taser's clock, which showed that the weapon's trigger had been pulled. Nieto's prior issues with mental health were discussed, as toxicology reports found he was not on medication when he was killed. Also discussed were two separate incidents in 2011 when Nieto had contact with law enforcement and resulted in 72-hour mental health holds. The family argued that the police used excessive force and that there was contradictory evidence and details about what happened. Response Nieto's death and the verdict sparked waves of demonstrations and rallies in the Bay Area, protesting against police brutality and excessive use of force against minority groups amidst calls for SFPD Chief Greg Suhr's resignation. In March 2016, on the day before Nieto's trial started, San Francisco public school children staged a walk out from school in protest. The protests and the ensuing debate included calls for policing reforms and the threats faced by Latino communities increasingly displaced by gentrification in the city. After the publication of the verdict, the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California published a piece pointing at racial bias within SFPD and calling for urgent policing reform. On April 21, 2016, five protesters started a 17-day hunger strike in San Francisco's Mission District to demonstrate against recent police killings, including Alex Nieto's death. On May 19, 2016, Police Chief Suhr resigned after an officer-involved killing of a 29-year-old woman. Jessica Williams was shot by San Francisco police in the Bayview-Hunters Point neighborhood during a car chase. See also Frisco Five History of the San Francisco Police Department List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, March 2014 Shooting of Andy Lopez Bernal Heights, San Francisco References External links Justice for Alex Nieto 2010s in San Francisco 2014 in San Francisco 2014 deaths Law enforcement in California Latino people shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Protests in the United States 1986 births San Francisco Police Department

50648105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Not%20Ashamed

I'm Not Ashamed

I'm Not Ashamed is a 2016 American biographical drama film directed by Brian Baugh and based on the journals of Rachel Scott, the first victim of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Columbine, Colorado. Scott, played by Masey McLain, serves as the protagonist of the film; the story of both gunmen, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, is intertwined with hers. The film was distributed by Pure Flix Entertainment. It received negative reviews from critics and audiences, and was also a box office bomb. Plot In Littleton, Colorado, a young Rachel Joy Scott witnesses her father leave her family in the middle of the night. Her mother then struggles financially and encourages her children to pray for financial help. Rachel begins to become more spiritual in embracing her Christian faith. By 1998, Rachel is a sophomore at Columbine High School; she becomes rebellious and begins sneaking out to hang out with her friends, Madison, Gabby, and Celine. During the summer, Rachel's mother sends her to her cousins in Louisiana, where her spirituality grows. The next year, on the first day of school, Rachel witnesses the jocks picking on Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Eric then threatens to harm them. Later that year, Rachel begins to get involved with the head of the drama club, Alex Dickerson, and during a rehearsal, the two kiss. Later on, at a breakthrough meeting, Rachel meets Nathan Ballard, a homeless youth whose mother is a heroin addict. With Rachel's help, Nathan is able to be put up at another kid's house. Nathan is grateful. One day, Rachel's stepfather, Larry, finds a beer bottle from a party in the car, and Rachel loses her right to the car, becoming rebellious again. At the first performance of the school play, Nathan arrives and begins to fight with Alex, embarrassing Rachel. At a party that night, Rachel discovers Alex cheating on her with Madison. She then begins to be bullied more often by others and even considers suicide at one point. However, with Nathan's encouragement, Rachel turns back to her faith and inspires other Christian students to not give up hope, despite being bullied. Meanwhile, Eric and Dylan plan their revenge on the school. One day, Rachel tries to help Celine with family issues but is rebuffed. At prom, she reconciles with Rachel, revealing that she has issues with her mother. Not long after, Alex tries to reconcile with Rachel, but she declines his apology. On April 20, 1999, Rachel reconciles with Madison, and the two make plans to hang out the next day. At lunch, Rachel has an emotional conversation with a fellow student, Dave Rogers, about family issues. Rachel calms him by saying that everything happens for a reason. Just then, Eric and Dylan come out of the parking lot and begin shooting at Rachel and Richard. Richard is knocked unconscious, while Rachel struggles to getaway. Eric and Dylan corner her, and Eric asks her if she still believes in God, and when Rachel tells him that she does, he shoots her. The assailants then storm the school, killing 11 other students and one teacher. Eric and Dylan then take their own lives as police and hostage rescue forces storm the building. In the aftermath, U.S. President Bill Clinton (via archive footage) addresses the nation that the prayers of the American people are with Littleton, but also says that citizens must do more to reach out to our children teach them to express anger and resolve their conflicts with words, not weapons. All of Rachel's friends pay tribute to her after the shooting. At Rachel's funeral, Nathan gives a eulogy, stating that he always loved her. Sometime after, Rachel's mother finds a note on a dresser in their house, that Rachel had written years before. The note states that she will one day "touch millions of people's hearts". Cast Masey McLain as Rachel Joy Scott Nola Fulk as Young Rachel Ben Davies as Nathan Ballard Emma Elle Roberts as Celine David Errigo Jr. as Eric Harris Cory Chapman as Dylan Klebold Jennifer O'Neill as Linda Brown Sadie Robertson as Charity Korie Robertson as Aunt Bea Jaci Velasquez as Mrs. Diaz Victoria Staley as Madison Taylor Kalupa as Gabby Matthew Schuler as K.J. Terri Minton as Beth Nimmo Derick Von Tagen as Craig Scott Anna Grace Stewart as Dana Scott Cameron McKendry as Alex Dickerson Nancy Stafford as Mrs. Talbot Abigail Duhon as Chloe Ashlyn Moore as Bethanee Scott Production The film was based on the book The Journals of Rachel Scott, by Debra Klingsporn, and Beth Nimmo, mother of Rachel Scott, who was one of the executive producers of the film. Benny Proffitt, Christian author, speaker and co-founder of Christian youth group, First Priority, oversaw the creation of the film and helped to ensure the integrity of the story throughout the film's production. Historical accuracy and controversies The actual circumstances surrounding Rachel Scott's final moments are a subject of dispute. No police or FBI reports, nor any eyewitness reports, mentions the killers having said anything to Rachel before her death. Police and FBI investigations also showed the opposite of what the movie depicts; that Rachel was shot from far away by one of the killers, and not in close range. The movie further shows Richard Castaldo, the student shot directly alongside Rachel and who only survived the attack by feigning death, later recalled hearing Rachel weeping as she curled into a ball upon the grass, before hearing a final gunshot as Harris and Klebold approached them. This coincides with how Castaldo described the events. The film was also criticized for suggesting that Klebold and Harris were influenced in their actions because the school taught evolution instead of creation. Release In October 2015, an official trailer for the film that was uploaded to YouTube by Pure Flix was removed, and the Pure Flix channel suspended. As a result, the producers of the film accused YouTube of an anti-Christian bias, and claimed that they were not "provided with any clear explanation or substantiation" of why the trailer was removed, though they speculated that it may have been because of a Change.org petition saying it glorified the shooting. Youtube stated that the trailer was flagged by the community, and noted that due to the volume of reports they receive, they sometimes make the wrong call when such mass-flaggings occur. The film has since been released on DVD, including a German version in 2017 and a French version in 2020. Box office The film opened in 505 theaters on October 21, 2016, and played at 516 theaters in its widest release. Its lifetime box-office take was $2,082,980. Critical reception The film was panned by critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4.15/10. On Metacritic, the film received a score of 31 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian gave the film a rating of two out of five stars, writing: "To use the senseless death of a school shooting victim to promote one's warped political agenda is, to use a trendy term, deplorable", although he praised McLain's portrayal of Rachel Scott, saying she was the film's "saving grace" and "a terrific, warm and engaging performer". Vadim Rizov of The A.V. Club gave the film a grade of "D+", calling it "just another vehicle for a series of scenes in which devout characters remind each other that God has it all under control" and that "the political implications are very unsavory". Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times noted that, while the film placed "a welcome emphasis on accepting people for who they are, [...] the forced ironies of having infamous teen mass-murderers interact with the heroine feels more than a little exploitative." Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed also referred to the film as "exploitative", writing: "I'm sure in reality Rachel Joy Scott was a nice person with good intentions and a fine heart. I just wish we could hear her story without an agenda attached to it." See also Cassie Bernall A Mother's Reckoning Columbine (book) Rachel's Tears (book) Notes References External links 2016 biographical drama films 2016 independent films 2016 films American biographical drama films American films American independent films English-language films Films about bullying Films about Christianity Films about Evangelicalism Films about school violence Films set in 1989 Films set in 1998 Films set in 1999 Films set in Colorado Pure Flix Entertainment films Works about the Columbine High School massacre 2016 drama films

50778662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizwan%20Farook%20and%20Tashfeen%20Malik

Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik

Syed Rizwan Farook (June 14, 1987December 2, 2015) and Tashfeen Malik (July 13, 1986December 2, 2015) were the two perpetrators of a terrorist attack at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California, on December 2, 2015. In the attack, they killed 14 people and injured 22 others. Both died in a shootout by law enforcement later that same day. Backgrounds Rizwan Farook Farook was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was a U.S. citizen. His parents had immigrated from Pakistan. Personal life According to sources, Farook had a "troubled childhood" and grew up in an abusive home in which his father was often violent towards his mother. Farook grew up in Riverside, California, and attended La Sierra High School, graduating in 2004, one year early. He attended California State University, San Bernardino, and received a bachelor's degree in environmental health in either 2009 or 2010. He was a student for one semester in 2014 at California State University, Fullerton in their graduate program for environmental engineering, but never completed the program. Farook had a profile on the dating website iMilap.com, in which he listed backyard target practice as a hobby. A lawyer for Farook's family also said that he would go to firing ranges by himself. Farook worked as a food inspector for the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health for five years before the shooting. From July to December 2010, he was a seasonal employee for the county. He was hired as an environmental health specialist trainee on January 28, 2012, and became a permanent employee on February 8, 2014. Coworkers described Farook as quiet and polite, and said that he held no obvious grudges. Religious views and travels According to family members and coworkers, Farook was a devout Sunni Muslim, and traveled to Saudi Arabia several times, including to complete the hajj in 2013. Farook attended prayers at the Islamic Center of Riverside twice a day, in the mornings and the evenings, according to an interview in The New York Times with Mustafa H. Kuko, the center's director. According to the Times, Farook stood out as especially devout and "kept a bit of a distance" from other congregants. During that time, according to friends, he never discussed politics. Farook abruptly stopped going to the mosque in 2014 following his marriage. The Italian newspaper La Stampa reported that Farook's father said that his son "shared the ideology of Al Baghdadi to create an Islamic state" and that he was fixated with Israel. A spokesperson for the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) later claimed the father did not recall making these statements about his son. Tashfeen Malik Malik was born in Pakistan, but lived most of her life in Saudi Arabia. Her original hometown was Karor Lal Esan, southwest of Islamabad, Pakistan. Her landowning family was described as politically influential in the town. Studies in Multan Malik returned to Pakistan to study pharmacology at Bahauddin Zakariya University in Multan, beginning the program in 2007 and graduating in 2012. Saudi Interior Ministry spokesman Major General Mansour Al-Turki denied reports that Malik grew up in his country, saying that she visited Saudi Arabia only for a few weeks in 2008 and again in 2013. The city of Multan has been linked to jihadist activity. While in Multan, Malik attended the local center of the Al-Huda International Seminary, a women-only religious academy network with seminaries across Pakistan and branches in the U.S. and Canada that was founded in 1994. The school is aligned with the Wahhabi form of Sunni Islam. According to school records, Malik enrolled in an eighteen-month Quranic studies course with Al-Huda on April 17, 2013, and left on May 3, 2014, telling administrators that she was leaving to get married. Malik expressed an interest in completing the course by correspondence, but never did so. According to experts, Al-Huda "draws much of its support from women from educated, relatively affluent backgrounds." Faiza Mushtaq, a Pakistani scholar that studied the organization, said that "these Al-Huda classes are teaching these urban, educated, upper-middle-class women a very conservative interpretation of Islam that makes them very judgmental about others around them." According to the Los Angeles Times, Al-Huda seminaries promote anti-Western views and hard-line practices in a fashion that "could encourage some adherents to lash out against non-believers." The New York Times reported that the institute "teaches a strict literalist interpretation of the Quran, although it does not advocate violent jihad." An Al-Huda administrator from the head office in Islamabad said that terrorism "is against the teachings of Islam" and that the school's curriculum did not endorse violence. Marriage and entry into United States According to one of Farook's coworkers, Malik and her husband married about a month after he traveled to Saudi Arabia in early 2014; the two had met over the Internet. Malik joined Farook in California shortly after their wedding. A U.S. marriage certificate reported their marriage in Riverside on August 16, 2014. At the time of her death, Malik and Farook had a six-month-old daughter. Malik entered the United States on a K-1 (fiancée) visa with a Pakistani passport. According to a State Department spokesman, all applicants for such visas are fully screened. Malik's application for permanent residency (a "green card") was completed by Farook on her behalf in September 2014, and she was granted a conditional green card in July 2015. Obtaining such a green card would have required the couple to prove that the marriage was legitimate. As is standard practice, as part of her visa application with the State Department and application for a green card, Malik submitted her fingerprints and underwent "three extensive national security and criminal background screenings" using Homeland Security and State Department databases. Malik also underwent two in-person interviews, the first with a consular officer in Pakistan and the second with an immigration officer in the U.S. after applying for a green card. No irregularities or signs of suspicion were found in the record of Malik's interview with the Pakistani consular officer. Malik reportedly had become very religious in the years before the attack, wearing both the niqab and burqa while urging others to do so as well. Pakistani media reported that Malik had ties to the radical Red Mosque in Islamabad, but a cleric and a spokesman from the mosque vehemently denied these claims, saying that they had never heard of Malik before the shooting. Malik's estranged relatives say that she had left the moderate Islam of her family and had become radicalized while living in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Interior Ministry spokesman Al-Turki rejected this claim, stating that Saudi officials received no indication that Malik was radicalized while living there. Internet activities On December 16, 2015, FBI Director James Comey said, "We can see from our investigation that in late 2013, before there is a physical meeting of these two people [Farook and Malik] resulting in their engagement and then journey to the United States, they are communicating online, showing signs in that communication of their joint commitment to jihadism and to martyrdom. Those communications are direct, private messages." Early reports had erroneously stated that Malik had openly expressed jihadist beliefs on social media, leading to calls for U.S. immigration officials to routinely review social media as part of background checks, which is not part of the current procedure. Comey subsequently clarified that the remarks were "direct private messages" that were not publicly accessible and that "So far, in this investigation, we have found no evidence of posting on social media." Comey said that the FBI's investigation had revealed that Farook and Malik were "consuming poison on the Internet" and both had become radicalized "before they started courting or dating each other online" and "before the emergence of ISIL." As a result, Comey said that "untangling the motivations of which particular terrorist propaganda motivated in what way remains a challenge in these investigations, and our work is ongoing there." Planning of the attack A Senate Judiciary Committee testimony given on December 9, 2015, FBI Director James B. Comey said that the FBI investigation has shown that Farook and Malik were "homegrown violent extremists" who were "inspired by foreign terrorist organizations." Comey also said that Farook and Malik "were talking to each other about jihad and martyrdom," before their engagement and as early as the end of 2013. They reportedly spent at least a year preparing for the attack, including taking target practice and making plans to take care of their child and Farook's mother. Comey has said that although the investigation has shown that Farook and Malik were radicalized and possibly inspired by foreign terrorist organizations, there is no indication that the couple were directed by such a group or part of a broader cell or network. The FBI has said that there were "telephonic connections" between the couple and other people of interest in FBI probes. Comey said that the case did not follow the typical pattern for mass shootings or terrorist attacks. A senior U.S. law enforcement official said that Farook contacted "persons of interest" who were possibly tied to terrorism, although these contacts were not "substantial." A senior federal official said that Farook had some contact with people from the Nusra Front, the official al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria, and Shabaab of Somalia, but specifics were unclear. Weapons Farook and Malik used two .223-caliber semi-automatic rifles, two 9 mm caliber semi-automatic pistols, and an explosive device in the attack. The rifles used were variants of the AR-15: one was a DPMS Panther Arms A15, the other was a Smith & Wesson M&P15. The two rifles were purchased by Enrique Marquez Jr., a next-door neighbor of Farook's until May 2015 who is related to him by marriage. After their purchases, the rifles were illegally transferred to Farook. The two pistols were legally purchased by Farook from federally licensed firearms dealers in Corona, California, in 2011 and 2012. One of the handguns was a Llama Model XI-B and the other was a Springfield Armory XD Bi-Tone. The couple altered the guns: there was a failed attempt to modify the Smith & Wesson rifle to fire in fully automatic mode, they made a modification that defeated the ban on detachable magazines, and they used a detachable high-capacity magazine. California laws limit magazines to a maximum of ten rounds, and the magazine must be fixed by a recessed button mechanism to the rifle and require a tool such as a bullet, pen, or other implement to remove it, thereby creating a delay in the rate at which spent magazines can be replaced. According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the modifications made the guns illegal assault weapons. The couple also taped magazines together to make switching them out easier. They had a total of 2,363 rounds (1,879 for the rifles and 484 for the handguns) with them at the time of the shootout. The explosive device left at the Inland Regional Center comprised three explosive devices connected to one another. It was contained inside the backpack left by Farook during the departmental event. The devices were described as pipe bombs constructed with Christmas lights and tied together, combined with a remote controlled car that was switched on. The poorly constructed devices failed to explode. The large stockpile of weapons used by Farook and Malik led investigators to believe that they intended to carry out further attacks. An examination of digital equipment recovered from their home suggested that the couple was in the final planning stages of a much larger attack. Shooting range video After law enforcement sources confirmed that Farook spent time on November 2930, 2015, at the Riverside Magnum Shooting Range, about away from the couple's Redlands home, the FBI obtained surveillance video from the range. During these visits, one lasting several hours, Farook shot an AR-15 and a pistol, which he had brought to the range. One of the paper torso silhouette targets used in the video was later recovered from the couple's SUV following their deaths. Bank transaction Two weeks before the shooting, Farook took out a loan of which was deposited in his bank account. The San Francisco-based online lender Prosper Marketplace made the loan to Farook; Prosper evaluates borrowers and the loans are originated by a third-party bank, the Salt Lake City-based WebBank.com. On or about November 20, 2015, Farook withdrew in cash, and later on two transfers were made to what appears to be Farook's mother's bank account. Investigators were exploring the possibility that the was used to reimburse someone for the purchase of the rifles used in the shooting. WebBank said that it was fully cooperating with the investigation. Terrorist attack On the morning of the December 2 attack, Farook and Malik left their six-month-old daughter with Farook's mother at their Redlands home, telling her that they were going to a doctor's appointment. Farook then attended a departmental event at the banquet room of the Inland Regional Center. The event began as a semi-annual all-staff meeting and training event, and was in the process of transitioning into a department holiday party/luncheon when the shooting began. Farook arrived at the departmental event at about 8:30am and left midway through it at around 10:30am, leaving a backpack containing explosives atop a table. Coworkers reported that Farook had been quiet for the duration of the event. He posed for photos with other coworkers. At 10:59am PST, Farook and Malik armed themselves and opened fire on those in attendance. During the attack, they wore ski masks and black tactical gear. The entire shooting took less than four minutes, and Farook and Malik fired between 65 and 75 bullets. The couple departed the scene before police arrived. The explosive devices placed by Farook were later detonated by a bomb squad. The attack was the second-deadliest mass shooting in California after the 1984 San Ysidro McDonald's massacre. It was also the deadliest mass shooting in the U.S. since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting six months later. Malik was one of a small number of female mass shooters in the U.S.; women constituted only 3.75 percent of active shooters in the U.S. from 2000 to 2013. Deaths After the attack, a witness recognized Farook and identified him to police. When officers responded to Farook and Malik's Redlands home, both fled in a sports utility vehicle (SUV), resulting in a police pursuit. At least one fake explosive was thrown at the police during the chase. The chase ended in a suburban neighborhood about away from the scene of the initial attack. There, Farook and Malik exchanged gunfire with officers. The gunfire lasted for around five minutes before both Farook and Malik were killed by police bullets. Farook died from 26 gunshot wounds, sustained mostly in the legs and including one in the chin where the bullet fragmented into his neck. Malik died from fifteen gunshot wounds, thirteen to the body and two to the head. Aftermath After Farook and Malik's corpses were released by law enforcement, local Islamic cemeteries refused to accept the remains. It took a week to find a willing cemetery, and the burial ultimately took place in Rosamond, California. According to two members of the mosque, many of the city's Muslim community refused to attend the funeral on December 15, 2015, which was attended by around ten mourners including relatives of Farook. Farook and Malik's corpses were buried per traditional Muslim rituals at an Islamic cemetery, according to Reuters. In one Arabic-language online radio broadcast, ISIL described Farook and Malik as "supporters" following the attack. During the police investigation into the attack, The New York Times reported that this language indicated "a less direct connection" between the shooters and the terrorist group. In a December 5, 2015, English-language broadcast on its Bayan radio station, ISIL referred to Farook and Malik as "soldiers of the caliphate," which is a phrase ISIL uses to denote members of the terrorist organization. The New York Times reported that it was unclear why the two versions differed. On February 9, 2016, the FBI announced that it was unable to unlock one of the mobile phones they had recovered from Farook and Malik's home because of the phone's advanced security features. The phone was an iPhone 5C owned by the county and issued to Farook during his employment with them. When asked by the FBI to create a new version of the phone's iOS operating system that could be installed and run in the phone's random access memory to disable certain security features, Apple Inc. declined due to its policy to never undermine the security features of its products. The FBI responded by successfully applying to a United States magistrate judge to issue a court order under the All Writs Act of 1789, mandating Apple to create and provide the requested software. Citing security risks posed towards their customers as a result of such software, Apple announced their intent to oppose the order, resulting in a dispute between the company and the FBI. The dispute eventually ended on March 28, 2016, when the U.S. Department of Justice announced that it had unlocked the iPhone. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department released autopsies for the 14 victims on May 27, 2016. In the fall of 2020 in response to a Denver radio program's public records request the department released the autopsies for Farook and Malik. On May 31, 2016, federal prosecutors filed a lawsuit against Farook's family. This lawsuit would allow them to seize both the proceeds of two life insurance policies (and the policies themselves) held by Farook, both of which listed Farook's mother as the beneficiary. One policy worth was taken out by Farook in 2012 when he started working for the county, while the other, worth , was taken out the following year. According to NBC News, "Under federal law, assets derived from terrorism are subject to forfeiture. A federal judge must approve an application before the government can seize the money." In the six-page lawsuit, the life insurance company claimed that Farook's mother was aware of her son's intentions to carry out the attack, and reasoned that she should not be entitled to the benefits as a result. On September 2, 2016, government officials said they wanted to give the money to the victims' families. On March 3, 2020, Farook's mother, Rafia Farook, agreed to plead guilty to a federal criminal charge of intending to impede a federal criminal investigation by shredding a map. On February 11, 2021, she was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison. In October 2020, Sayeed Farook's confidant, Enrique Marquez Jr., received a 20-year federal prison term for helping acquire the semiautomatic rifles. See also List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes) Notes References American mass murderers American Muslims American people of Pakistani descent American people of Punjabi descent Criminal duos Deaths by firearm in California Islamist mass murderers Married couples Pakistani emigrants to the United States Pakistani expatriates in the United States Pakistani mass murderers Pakistani Sunni Muslims People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20Angels

Border Angels

Border Angels (also known as Angeles De La Frontera) is a San Diego-based 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit charitable organization that is focused on migrant rights, immigration reform, and the prevention of immigrant deaths along the border. Border Angels, along with its more than 2000 volunteers serves San Diego County's immigrant population through various migrant outreach programs such as day laborer outreach and legal assistance, and provides life-saving assistance for migrants by placing bottled water in remote mountain and desert border regions of the San Diego and Imperial counties, California. History Border Angels was begun in 1986 by founder and director Enrique Morones (grandson of Luis Negrette Morones), initially to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants living in the canyons of San Diego's North County region. The group's focus later expanded to humanitarian efforts aimed at saving the lives of migrants by depositing bottled water at remote spots in the desert and mountains along the U.S.-Mexico border where migrants are known to travel on foot. Morones has said the "spark" that started the Border Angels work was a trip he took with members of a Catholic Church parish in Carlsbad to canyons in northern San Diego County where children, women and families were living in difficult conditions. (source: Border Angels Annual Awards Dinner Celebration program publication, 11-1-2015). He continued visits bringing water, food and other supplies to the canyon residents. After living in Los Angeles for several years, in 1993 Morones met and discussed his work with Ethel Kennedy, widow of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and a campaigner for human rights, who encouraged him to expand the work and to use the media to draw attention to the struggles of migrants and the need for humanitarian assistance. Since that meeting, Border Angels has grown to provide human services throughout the US-Mexico border region, collaborating with hundreds of universities and human rights groups, as well as partnering with multiple shelters and community organizations on both sides of the US-Mexico border. Morones' inspirational talk with Mrs. Kennedy came during an encounter at a dinner in remembrance of César Chávez, the late labor leader, civil rights activist, and farm worker. "Ethel Kennedy told me, 'You have to let people know so they can help you,' " Morones said. On the occasion of the group's 25th anniversary, Morones elaborated on that meeting with Mrs. Kennedy: "At an event we organized in Los Angeles after the Rodney King disturbances of 1993, Ethel Kennedy, wife of the assassinated politician Robert Kennedy, spoke to me about the importance of the media in raising consciousness, and that's when I decided to become a full-time activist and take on a more visible leadership role.'' Among its other activities, Border Angels supports and maintains a pauper's cemetery in Holtville, California, in the Imperial Valley, where hundreds of migrants who died crossing the border are buried. Many of the graves are without names, marked only with a simple stone or brick. The group places crosses by graves inscribed with words in Spanish that translate as: "Never Forgotten" and "You Are Not Alone". Morones has stated that his Catholic faith, education and upbringing inform, shape and motivate his work. He sometimes wears a shirt bearing the image of Jesus Christ with the words, "Who would Jesus deport?" He told the San Diego Union-Tribune in 2011: "All of my work and life is based on my faith -- that only love overcomes hate and light overcomes darkness,'' Morones said. "My faith in God is the light that guides my life.'' Border Angels helps provide job skills, such as hair, skin and beauty care, to women recently deported from the United States to Mexico. In April 2016, 20 deported women graduated from a hair stylist course supported by Border Angels at the Desayunador Salesiano "Padre Chava" food hall for indigents in Tijuana, B.C., Mexico. In his autobiography, Morones writes that Border Angels "came into existence in 1986, but did not have a name until 2001," when the name was coined by Univision TV host Don Francisco. [Source: ] During an interview with Morones on his TV show Sabado Gigante, Francisco called him a "border angel", which led Morones to adopt the name for his organization. Over the years, Border Angels has provided a public counterpoint to various Minutemen and other border vigilante groups that have protested against immigration along the border and against the hiring of undocumented workers. Morones has accused the Minutemen and other groups of racism. In early 2016, Border Angels was able to help identify and locate the family of a young man who spent 16 years living on life support in nursing care, unconscious and with an unknown identity following a 1999 automobile crash near the border. Morones worked with representatives from the Border Patrol agents' union, state legislators, the University of California, San Diego and the Mexican consulate. As a result of those efforts, the Mexican consulate in San Diego reported that the man's identity was confirmed as a result of a DNA test, and that the family requested his name not be revealed. Morones is the founder of San Diego's House of Mexico, composed of individuals and community partners who seek to foster an awareness, appreciation, and understanding of Mexico by utilizing a goodwill ambassador approach with a message of inclusion. Operation Gatekeeper Operation Gatekeeper was a 1994 federal government crackdown on unauthorized border crossing by migrants. Morones has said the program, which fortified border fences and established militarized areas along some sections of the U.S.-Mexico border, is responsible for hundreds of deaths of migrants who tried to enter the United States through difficult terrain, often perishing in extreme weather conditions. Gatekeeper has forced border crossers to move to more dangerous terrain, resulting in increased deaths. "They are forced to cross in harsher areas," Morones said. "It's inhumane." When Gatekeeper was begun under the Clinton administration, 14 miles of corrugated-steel panels were welded into sections of fence dividing the United States and Mexico between the Pacific Ocean and Otay Mesa, and additional bollard fencing, which consists of thick poles placed inches apart, and a high steel fence. Bright lights were erected and motion-detection sensors were placed in the ground so Border Patrol officers could monitor and detect unauthorized border crossings. The number of Border Patrol agents was increased dramatically between 1994 and 1998. More than 10,000 people are believed to have died trying to cross the border from Mexico into the United States since Gatekeeper began in 1994. 2006 Immigrant Spring and the Marcha Migrante Every year Border Angels holds what it calls Marcha Migrantes, which are caravans of people who travel across the country meeting with local community groups to support them in their struggles and to educate people about migrant deaths, the need for immigration reform and Border Angels' life-saving work. [Source: ] Marcha Migrante I 2006—The journey began Feb 2, 2006, during the 2006 United States immigration reform protests. A caravan of 25 cars first went to Holtville, California, to the cemetery where many who died crossing the border are buried in simple, often unmarked graves. Next, Dolores Huerta, co-founder of the United Farm Workers, arranged a meeting at the Placita Olvera in Los Angeles. Efforts focused on opposition to Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which passed the U.S. House of Representatives in December 2005 and would have made it a federal crime to assist people in the country without documentation. Border Angels and other Latino groups organized massive marches in cities around the country in opposition, and the Catholic Church in Los Angeles issued a statement opposing the bill. It did not pass the U.S. Senate. The group drove on to Washington, D.C., and back to San Diego, holding meetings in 40 cities in 27 days. [Source: ] Marcha Migrante II 2007—The two-week journey began February 2. The caravan traveled along the entire U.S.-Mexico border from San Diego to Brownsville, Texas and back. Marcha Migrante III: Tu voto es tu voz 2008—The journey in February 2008 went to the Canada–United States border, starting at Friendship Park and passing through six western states with the message, "Tu voto es tu voz," or Your vote is your voice. [Source: ] Marcha Migrante IV: We marched, we voted, now it's time to deliver 2009—The group traveled from San Diego to Florida and then to Washington, D.C., where they met with human rights organizations on immigration reform. Marcha Migrante V: American Dream or American Nightmare 2010—The journey began February 2, 2010, in Sasabe, Sonora, Mexico, and continued by caravan through Tucson, Phoenix, and Yuma, as well as Coachella and Calexico. The journey ended in Holtville, California. Marcha Migrante VI: Trail of Tears 2011—The journey began February 2 in Friendship Park with a press conference and vigil, and the next day headed to Tecate, Mexico, for migrant outreach and water drops in the desert on the U.S. side. After a stop in Holtville, California, the group walked 20 miles into Calexico and concluded with a 13-mile walk through the desert. The sixth annual Marcha Migrante was called the "Trail of Tears" because it covered territory where migrants have perished. The march, February 2–7 began at Tijuana's Monumento de la Playa, at the Pacific Ocean, and ended at Mexicali's Hotel Migrante, a shelter for people deported from the U.S. The journey traveled through roads and trails on both sides of the border. Micaela Saucedo, who participated in numerous annual marches, said: "We do this to make people aware that we really need immigration reform in both countries and we don't want more deaths on the border." Marcha Migrante VII: Walking with Cesar 2012—The march began at Cesar Chavez Park in San Diego and was in commemoration of the principles of the legendary farm workers' leader. The activists traveled from Holtville, California, to Yuma, Arizona, Los Angeles, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto and Sacramento. Marcha Migrante X: All Lives Matter 2015—The group began at Friendship Park and then spent the week in Tijuana visiting migrant shelters and non-governmental organizations working with migrants and the deported. 2014 Murietta Immigration Protests and Resettlement of Central American Children Border Angels was active during the 2014 American immigration crisis, which produced a surge in unaccompanied children from Central America seeking entrance to the United States. Border Angels distributed more than 45 tons of donated toys, books, food, and clothing for the migrants, and its volunteers provided a counterpoint to anti-immigration protesters who demonstrated and tried to block the arrival of busloads of migrants arriving for processing in Murietta, California, in Riverside County. On July 4, 2014, Morones and Border Angels volunteers witnessed as anti-immigration protesters assembled at the U.S. Border Patrol station in Murrieta and physically blocked a bus attempting to drop off immigrants from Central America. Members of the Murrieta police force were among those who initially blocked the bus' entry path, and Morones witnessed about 25 anti-immigrant protesters banging their flags against the bus while shouting at the immigrants inside. Morones called the display, "the worst of the American spirit," and added that "most of the country isn't like that." The undocumented immigrants were flown to California from Texas in an attempt to relieve overcrowded conditions in U.S. Customs and Border Protection housing from an influx of unaccompanied minors. The situation was described as a "humanitarian crisis" by the Obama administration. Children's Day (Día del Niño) Between 2012 and 2016 Border Angels has been involved in the annual binational Children's Day event that has involved the opening of the emergency gate on the border at Friendship Park between Border State Park on the United States side and Friendship Park (San Diego–Tijuana) in Playas de Tijuana. Working alongside United States Border Patrol, mixed status families often including children on the US side who hold Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals were given the opportunity to briefly hug their families between both countries for a period of three minutes. 2013 The emergency door was opened for the first time after negotiations between Border Patrol and Enrique Morones. This however caused issues when a young girl crossed the border and jumped into the arms of her father, resulting in the event being postponed in 2014. 2015 The door was once again opened in 2015, where four families were given the opportunity to briefly hug. 2016: Opening the Door of Hope The 2016 event was organised as a joint event between United States Border Patrol Agent Frank Alvarado and Border Angels. After speeches from Enrique Morones, Congressman Juan Vargas and Tijuana Council Member Martha Leticia Castaneda, the Emergency Door was opened for five families to embrace for up to three minutes. Participants included: Timeline 1986: Enrique Morones starts trips to the canyons of Carlsbad with North County church to provide assistance to migrant families who were living there 1996: REENCUENTRO is formed in response to the Rodney King riots to promote the concept that "We are one race, the human race" 1998: First trips to the desert to distribute water begin 2001: During an episode of Sábado Gigante host Don Francisco refers to Enrique as "el angel de la frontera" - Border Angels gains its official name and 501(c)(3) status 2003: Radio talkshow "Morones por la Tarde" is launched to discuss human rights and migrant outreach. Enrique Morones becomes founder and director of the Border Commission 2005: Gente Unida is founded to combat hate groups such as the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps 2006: Immigrant Spring and Marcha Migrante I is launched, with 111 vehicles joining a national caravan to protest Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 and promote humane immigration reform. Over 27 days the caravan visits 40 cities in 20 states and covers over 10,000 miles. 2007: Ten border states join Marcha Migrante II from Friendship Park in San Diego to Hope Park in Brownsville, Texas. Border Angels collects 500 carloads of emergency supplies for victims of the 2007 California wildfires 2008: Marcha Migrante III from Friendship Park in San Diego to the Canada–United States border to promote "Tu voto es tu voz" campaign to get minority communities to register and vote in the elections. 2009: Marcha Migrante IV "We marched, we vote, now it's time to deliver" from Florida to Washington DC, this caravan delivers over 25,000 letters to the White House demanding humane immigration reform. Founder Enrique Morones awarded Mexico National Human Rights Award and Ohtli Award. 2010: Marcha Migrante V: "American Dream or American Nightmare". Marchers cross the desert from Mexico to the United States, continue with vigils to remember Luis Ramirez, Esiquiel Hernandez, Marcelo Lucero, and the hundreds of unidentified, but not forgotten migrants buried at Holtville Cemetery. Fifteen tons of food and supplies are also delivered to Mexicali earthquake victims. 2011: Marcha Migrante VI: "Trail of Tears" from Friendship Park (on the 40th Anniversary) to Calexico. Marchers mirror on Mexican side in solidarity with migrants that cross the border every day. Border Angels celebrate 25 years of Border Angels 2012: Marcha Migrante VII: "Walking with Cesar". Publishing of the first book The Power of One, the Border Angels Story by Ricardo Griswold del Castillo as told by Enrique Morones. Caravan for Marcha Migrante VII with Javier Sicilia. Participation in three feature films: Detained in the Desert by Josefina Lopez; Harvest of Empire by Juan Gonzalez & Wendy Thompson, and Border Run featuring actress, Sharon Stone. 2013: During Children's Day celebrations a father is able to hug his five-year-old daughter in the emergency gate of the border wall at Friendship Park. 2014: Central American children and families arrive in the San Diego area during the 2014 American Immigration Crisis. Their arrival in the Murrieta, California, area prompted anti-immigrant protests. Border Angels provided support to the immigrants, distributed more than 50 tons of donated supplies, and placed hundreds of families and children in housing. (Source: Border Angels annual awards dinner celebration program, 11-7-2-15.) 2016: Third Children's day celebrations where 5 families are able to hug inside of the emergency gate on the Border wall at Friendship Park Outreach Activities Volunteers are active in the community and participate in: Advocacy for humane immigration reform locally, statewide and nationally. Providing outreach and assistance to day laborers in the form of food, water and clothing. Providing free legal assistance to migrants in need. Desert Water Drops Border Angels is best known for engaging in desert water drops, where volunteers venture out into the desert along the US/Mexico border and distribute plastic bottles containing water in areas that are thought to be migrant pathways. These trips are used to educate the public about immigration as well as prevent migrant deaths through dehydration. Day Labor Outreach Border Angels volunteers and activists frequently visit day labor sites around San Diego county such as Home Depot where migrant workers congregate, and distribute food, water, clothing and advice regarding immigration services, legal rights and offer support. Immigration Advice & Advocacy Founder Enrique Morones is a regular guest on TV and radio talk shows to discuss immigration and human rights. Education Border Angels founder Enrique Morones is a frequent speaker at high schools and universities around the United States on issues such as migrant rights, migrant deaths, and immigration reform. He has conducted numerous public debates with immigration critics including talk-show hosts Bill O'Reilly and Lou Dobbs, Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona, and Dan Stein, president of the Federation for American Immigration Reform Washington, D.C., which advocates for reduced levels of immigration. He has appeared as a commentator and interview subject on numerous TV shows including the Today Show, Larry King and Spanish-language media, discussing immigration and migrant issues. In April 2011 he debated Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio. Morones urged humane treatment of immigrants regardless of their documentation and federal policy that would allow many of the undocumented to obtain a path to citizenship or resident status. Arpaio urged enforcement of existing laws. Criticisms Founder Enrique Morones has received several death threats from those who disagree with Border Angels and its stance on undocumented migrants. Critics argue that Border Angels provides assistance to migrants who break U.S. immigration laws. Border Angels, however, provides only life-saving, humanitarian aid and notifies the U.S. Border Patrol before each desert water drop. It maintains a cordial working relationship with Border Patrol officers, as evidenced by the annual Children's Day celebrations and weekly events held in coordination with the Border Patrol at Border Field State Park, which is maintained by Border Patrol. While critics complain of "illegal immigration," Morones maintains current U.S. immigration laws make it impossible for most people from Mexico and Central America to enter the United States with documentation through a port of entry. "The biggest myth out there is that these people should 'get in line' and come here legally," Morones said. "There is no line. These people do not qualify for visas. There is no legal way for these people to come into the country." Morones also notes that rather than being a financial burden, immigrants contribute greatly to the U.S. economy through work and taxes. Morones has spoken of Border Angels' work in numerous debates and appearances on campuses and on television and radio. Dan Stein, president of the Federation for American Immigration Reform Washington, D.C., which advocates for reduced levels of immigration, has called Morones a stubborn extremist. "I do not dislike Morones. I think he is somebody who adds a lot to this issue. He brings force, he brings passion, he brings a strong sense of his own moral virtue," Stein said. But he added: "I see Enrique as more or less a professional advocate who isn't deferential to alternative points of view and doesn't approach the issue with respect for those who might oppose his point of view. ... He makes it clear he is morally superior to those who don't agree with him." Support Border Angels has drawn support from public figures engaged in the immigration debate. Los Angeles City Councilman and former California Assemblyman Gil Cedillo and playwright Josefina López are among those who have voiced strong support. "I have a special connection to the Border Angels, who are helping immigrants. We are in this together and support each other in our efforts," said Cedillo, a Democrat who successfully sponsored legislation permitting undocumented immigrants to apply for college aid and was honored by the group in 2011. In 2006, Cedillo said of Morones and Border Angels: "He's the moral authority of our community. Thousands are dying, and he's the only one who links us all together." David Shirk, director of the Trans-Border Institute at the University of San Diego, said Border Angels is "a pretty consistent voice on the issue of dangers facing migrants coming into the United States as a result of hyper-securitized border policies. I think they play a very critical role in doing things that academics can't and shouldn't do, which is to take strong policy positions and lobby the U.S. government for policy change." Paul F. Chavez, president of the Cesar Chavez Foundation and son of the late farmworkers' leader, said: "Today, courageous members of Border Angeles are honoring the legacy of my father by making a powerful statement against inhumanity and oppression endured on our border by innocent immigrants. [Source: ] See also No More Deaths Humane Borders References Immigrant rights organizations in the United States Mexico–United States border

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20July%202016

Deaths in July 2016

The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2016. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference. July 2016 1 Yves Bonnefoy, 93, French poet. Tom Boulton, 90, English anaesthetist. Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere, 85, Indian writer. Mollie Evans, 94, British antique dealer. Robin Hardy, 86, British film director (The Wicker Man). Sir Malcolm Macnaughton, 91, Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist. Werner Meng, 68, German jurist, cancer. Mary Mostert, 87, American author. Jerzy Patoła, 70, Polish footballer. Imogen Skirving, 78, British hotelier, traffic collision. Frank Tuck, 84, Australian football player (Collingwood). 2 Caroline Aherne, 52, English comedian, actress and writer (The Royle Family, The Mrs Merton Show, The Fast Show), throat cancer. Roscoe Brown, 94, American World War II veteran, member of the Tuskegee Airmen. Kyle Calloway, 29, American football player (Buffalo Bills), struck by train. Chen Jinhua, 87, Chinese politician, Chairman of the State Planning Commission (1993–1998). Cherokee Run, 26, American thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanised. Maciej Szymon Cieśla, 27, Polish graphic designer, cancer. Michael Cimino, 77, American screenwriter and director (The Deer Hunter, Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, Heaven's Gate). Roger Dumas, 84, French comedian and actor (That Man from Rio, Le Concert, The First Day of the Rest of Your Life). Horacio Etchegoyen, 97, Argentine psychoanalyst. Rudolf E. Kálmán, 86, Hungarian-born American electrical engineer (Kalman filter). Clementia Killewald, 62, German Benedictine nun. Euan Lloyd, 92, British film producer (The Wild Geese, The Sea Wolves). Patrick Manning, 69, Trinidadian politician, Prime Minister (1991–1995, 2001–2010), acute myeloid leukemia. Alphie McCourt, 75, Irish-American writer. Mary A. McClure, 77, American politician, small-cell carcinoma. *Carlos Morocho Hernández, 76, Venezuelan WBA and WBC super lightweight champion boxer (1965–1966). Lalit Mohan Nath, 80, Bangladeshi nuclear physicist. Harold "H" Nelson, 88, British cycling coach. Robert Nye, 77, British poet. Michel Rocard, 85, French politician, Prime Minister (1988–1991). Flavio Romero de Velasco, 90, Mexican lawyer and politician, Governor of Jalisco (1977–1983). Irineu Roque Scherer, 65, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Garanhuns (1998–2007) and Joinville (since 2007). Kapil Seth, 36, Indian cricketer, liver failure. Jack C. Taylor, 94, American billionaire businessman, founder of Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Clifford Vaughs, 79, American civil rights activist, filmmaker and motorcycle builder (Easy Rider). Wilfred D. Webb, 95, American politician. Elie Wiesel, 87, Romanian-born American writer (Night), political activist and Holocaust survivor, Nobel Laureate (1986). 3 Arturo, 31, American-born Argentine polar bear. Michael Beaumont, 22nd Seigneur of Sark, 88, British aristocrat, Seigneur of Sark (since 1974). João José Bracony, 97, Brazilian Olympic sailor (1948). Gilbert Bulawan, 29, Filipino basketball player (Blackwater Elite), heart attack. Lou Fontinato, 84, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens). Jimmy Frizzell, 79, Scottish football player and manager. Richard Grayson, 75, American composer and pianist. Tomohiko Kira, 56, Japanese guitarist and composer. John Middleton, 59, British footballer (Derby County, Nottingham Forest). Uma Shankar Mishra, 93, Indian politician. Noel Neill, 95, American actress (Superman). Mauricio Walerstein, 71, Mexican film director (Cuando quiero llorar no lloro, Españolas en París). Markus Werner, 71, Swiss writer (Zündels Abgang). Grant Wilmot, 59, Australian football player, heart attack. 4 Romesh Chandra, 97, Indian activist and news editor (Communist Party of India), President of the World Peace Council (1977–1990). William Hawkins, 76, Canadian musician and poet. Abbas Kiarostami, 76, Iranian film director and screenwriter (Close-Up, Taste of Cherry, Certified Copy), gastrointestinal cancer. Ben Koufie, 84, Ghanaian football player, manager and administrator. Abner Mikva, 90, American politician and judge, member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois's 2nd and 10th congressional districts (1969–1973, 1975–1979), U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1979–1994), complications from bladder cancer. Rondon Pacheco, 96, Brazilian politician, Governor of Minas Gerais (1971–1975), pneumonia. Geoffrey Shovelton, 80, English opera singer and illustrator. Elizabeth Spillius, 92, Canadian psychoanalyst. Steve Tupper, 75, Canadian Olympic sailor (1968). 5 Sayed Hussein Anwari, 60, Afghan politician, MP (since 2005), Governor of Herat Province (2005–2009), cancer. William L. Armstrong, 79, American politician, United States Senator (1979-1991) and member of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado's 5th congressional district (1973–1979), cancer. Hamp Atkinson, 82, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1975-1983). Rosaria Conte, 64, Italian social scientist. Nine Culliford, 86, Belgian cartoonist (The Smurfs). Beatrice de Cardi, 102, British archaeologist, complications from a fall. Alirio Díaz, 92, Venezuelan classical guitarist and composer. Ronald Finley, 75, American Olympic wrestler. Mick Finucane, 93, Irish Gaelic football player (Kerry). John Baillie-Hamilton, 13th Earl of Haddington, 74, British aristocrat. Doug Hargreaves, 84, Canadian football coach. Kari Hautala, 43, Finnish basketball player (Torpan Pojat), heart attack. David Jones, 66, British politician, member of the States of Guernsey (since 2000), cancer. Raymond Lombard, 97, Belgian Olympian. John Madey, 72, American physicist. Zdeněk Neubauer, 74, Czech philosopher and biologist. Gladys Nordenstrom, 92, American composer. Phonsie O'Brien, 86, Irish jockey and racehorse trainer. Rex Pickering, 79, New Zealand rugby union player (Waikato, national team). Cory Taylor, 61, Australian writer, melanoma and brain cancer. Brian White, 59, British politician, MP (1997–2005), oesophageal cancer. Victor P. Whittaker, 97, British biochemist. Valentino Zeichen, 78, Italian poet and author. 6 Bukky Ajayi, 82, Nigerian actress (Mother of George). Marian Bergeson, 90, American politician, member of the California Senate (1984–1995). Larry Bock, 56, American investor, cancer. Michel Coloni, 88, French Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Dijon (1989–2004). Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting, 74, British publisher (Faber). Armando León Bejarano, 100, Mexican politician, Governor of Morelos (1976–1982). Norman MacAuley, 98, Canadian politician. Shaw McCutcheon, 94, American editorial cartoonist. John McMartin, 86, American actor (Sweet Charity, Kinsey, Law & Order), cancer. Duma Mdutyana, 55, South African army officer. Mike Moore, 59, American football player (Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders, Houston Oilers). Turgay Şeren, 84, Turkish footballer (Galatasaray). Umaru Shinkafi, 79, Nigerian politician and intelligence chief. Danny Smythe, 67, American drummer (The Box Tops). 7 Sally Beauman, 71, British writer (Rebecca's Tale, The Landscape of Love), pneumonia. Bruno Bonaldi, 71, Italian ski mountaineer, world champion (1975). Rokusuke Ei, 83, Japanese author and lyricist ("Sukiyaki"). James Gilbert, 93, Scottish television producer (The Two Ronnies, Last of the Summer Wine). Leonard Lee, 77, Canadian businessman (Lee Valley Tools), complications from vascular dementia. Cinna Lomnitz, 90, German-born Chilean-Mexican geophysicist. Tom Marr, 73, American radio host (WCBM), complications from a stroke. Miisa, 46, Finnish Eurodance artist, cancer. John O'Rourke, 71, English footballer (Middlesbrough, Ipswich Town), cancer. Paddy Phelan, 78, English cricketer (Essex). Anita Reeves, 68, Irish actress (Dancing at Lughnasa, Little Gem), cancer. Wolfram Siebeck, 87, German journalist and food critic. Gaurav Tiwari, 31, Indian actor and paranormal investigator, asphyxiation. Bill Williams, 90, Australian football player. 8 Javed Akhtar, 75, Pakistani cricketer and umpire. Sulaiman Damit, 75, Bruneian army general. Frank Dickens, 84, British cartoonist (Bristow). Abdul Sattar Edhi, 88, Pakistani philanthropist, social activist, ascetic and humanitarian, founder of the Edhi Foundation. Vittorio Goretti, 77, Italian astronomer. Hal Hudson, 89, American baseball player (St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox). Harold A. Linstone, 92, German-born American mathematician and futurist. Turk Lown, 92, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds), leukemia. William Lucas, 91, British actor (The Adventures of Black Beauty). Cicely Mayhew, 92, British diplomat. Jackie McInally, 76, Scottish footballer (Kilmarnock, Motherwell, Hamilton Academical). William H. McNeill, 98, Canadian-American historian and author. Robert De Middeleir, 77, Belgian cyclist. Shettima Ali Monguno, 90, Nigerian politician. Katsuhiro Nakagawa, 74, Japanese executive, vice chairman of Toyota (2001-2009). Jeffrey Nape, 51–52, Papua New Guinean politician, acting Governor-General (2004, 2010), organ failure. Steve Owens, 59, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP (1990–1995). Howard Raiffa, 92, American academic. Jacques Rouffio, 87, French film director and screenwriter. Gerald Sherratt, 84, American university administrator, President of Southern Utah University (1982–1997). Vladimir Troyepolsky, 61, Russian television executive. Burhan Wani, 22, Indian Kashmiri militant, shot. Yuzhan, 92, Chinese calligrapher and imperial prince, Prince Gong (1936–1945). 9 Norman Abbott, 93, American television director (Leave It to Beaver, Welcome Back, Kotter, The Jack Benny Program). Ron Allbright, 81, Canadian football player (Calgary Stampeders). Johnny Barnes, 93, Bermudian entertainer. Víctor Barrio, 29, Spanish matador, gored. Lothar Dräger, 89, German comic writer. Hasan Basri Durin, 81, Indonesian politician, Minister of Agrarian Affairs (1998–1999), Governor of West Sumatra (1987–1997), Mayor of Padang (1971–1983). Erny Brenner, 84, Luxembourgian footballer. Judy Canty, 84, Australian Olympic long jumper (1948). Geneviève Castrée, 35, Canadian musician and comic book artist, pancreatic cancer. Mary Fritz, 78, American politician, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1983–1985, 1987–2016). Bill Guilfoile, 84, American public relations executive (Baseball Hall of Fame, New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates). Vaughn Harper, 71, American radio DJ. Kalle Havulinna, 91, Finnish ice hockey player (Ilves). Gladys Hooper, 113, English supercentenarian, nation's oldest living person. Frank Johnson, 84, Australian footballer (Port Melbourne, South Melbourne). Hugo Niebeling, 85, German filmmaker (Alvorada). Maralin Niska, 89, American soprano. Silvano Piovanelli, 92, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Florence (1983–2001). Sydney Schanberg, 82, American journalist (The New York Times), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting (1976). Fritzi Schwingl, 94, Austrian slalom and sprint canoeist, world champion (1949, 1951, 1953), Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Ray Spencer, 82, English footballer (Darlington, Torquay United). Carole Switala, 69, American singer and voice actress (Mister Rogers' Neighborhood). Matt Villines, 39, American director (Saturday Night Live), cancer. 10 Abu Omar al-Shishani, 30, Soviet-born Georgian ISIS militant, airstrike. Robert E. Cooper Sr., 95, American judge, member of the Tennessee Supreme Court (1974–1990) and Court of Appeals (1960–1974). Amal Dutta, 86, Indian football player and manager. John Drysdale, 91, British-born Somaliland diplomat, historian, and writer, founder of the Africa Research Bulletin. Katharina Focke, 93, German politician. Anatoli Isayev, 83, Russian football player and manager, Olympic champion (1956). Fida Hassnain, 93, Indian historian. Alfred G. Knudson, 93, American geneticist. Kem Ley, 45, Cambodian political analyst, shot. Atilla Manizade, 82, Turkish opera singer. Salien Medhi, 87, Indian lawyer and politician. Adrian Monger, 83, Australian rower, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). Mark Ouma, 55, Ugandan sports journalist. James Pazhayattil, 81, Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Irinjalakuda (1978–2010). David Stride, 58, English footballer (Chelsea), heart attack. Harry Wade, 88, Canadian Olympic basketball player (1952). Ye Xuanning, 77, Chinese politician. 11 John Brademas, 89, American politician and educator, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Indiana's 3rd district (1959–1981), President of NYU (1981–1991). Edmond L. Browning, 87, American Episcopal bishop, 24th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (1985–1997). Emma Cohen, 69, Spanish actress (The Glass Ceiling, Voyage to Nowhere, The Grandfather), cancer. Stéphane Dakowski, 95, French footballer Elaine Fantham, 83, British classicist. Corrado Farina, 77, Italian film director, screenwriter and novelist (Baba Yaga). Minerva Herrera, 87, Cuban folk singer, heart attack. Jim Metzen, 72, American politician, member (since 1987) and President (2003–2011) of the Minnesota Senate, and House of Representatives (1975–1987), lung cancer. Robert Mason Pollock, 99, American screenwriter (Dynasty, The Colbys). Sir Frederick Smith, 92, Barbadian barrister and politician, Attorney-General of Barbados (1966–1971). Kurt Svensson, 89, Swedish footballer, World Cup bronze medalist (1950). Jusztin Nándor Takács, 89, Hungarian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Székesfehérvár (1991–2003). Scott Olin Wright, 93, American judge, member of the U.S. District Court for Western Missouri (since 1979). 12 Lorenzo Amurri, 45, Italian author. Joseph Antic, 85, Indian field hockey player, Olympic silver medalist (1960). Galina Chesnokova, 82, Russian Soviet-era volleyball player (national team), European champion (1963). Seamon Glass, 90, American actor (This Is Not a Test, Deliverance, Perry Mason). Goran Hadžić, 57, Serbian politician, President of Krajina (1992–1994), brain cancer. Peter Johnson, 78, Australian rugby union player. Karen Karnes, 90, American ceramist. Kenny Kramm, 55, American pharmacist, founded FLAVORx, sepsis. Alvera Mickelsen, 97, American academic and Christian woman's advocate, co-founder of Christians for Biblical Equality. Agha Nasir, 79, Indian-born Pakistani broadcaster. Kyosen Ōhashi, 82, Japanese television host and politician, acute respiratory failure. Antonín Rükl, 83, Czech astronomer. Paul Wühr, 89, German author (Das falsche Buch). 13 George Allen, 84, English footballer (Birmingham City). Héctor Babenco, 70, Argentine-born Brazilian film director, producer and screenwriter (Kiss of the Spider Woman, Ironweed, Carandiru), heart attack. Marion Campbell, 87, American football player and coach (Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons). Jim Carmichael, 76, American politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives (2001–2008). John Chandler, 92, British sports shooter. Garry N. Drummond, 78, American coal executive, Chairman and CEO of Drummond Company, complications from cancer. Robert Fano, 98, Italian-born American computer scientist. Hollis L. Harris, 84, American airline executive, CEO of Continental Airlines (1990–1991) and Air Canada (1992–1996), President of Delta Air Lines (1987–1990). Claude Le Ber, 85, French racing cyclist. El Lebrijano, 74, Spanish flamenco singer. Hafsa Mossi, 51/52, Burundian politician, Minister of Regional Integration, member of the East African Legislative Assembly (since 2012), shot. William Norris III, 79, American jurist, judge of the Louisiana Court of Appeal for the Second Circuit (1981–2002). Celso Peçanha, 99, Brazilian politician, Governor of Rio de Janeiro (1961–1962). Bernardo Provenzano, 83, Italian criminal, head of the Corleonesi Mafia faction, complications from bladder cancer. Jack Riley, 97, Canadian ice hockey player and executive (Pittsburgh Penguins). Jack Rogers, 82, American Presbyterian minister and theologian. Carolyn See, 82, American author (Golden Days), cancer. Zygmunt Zimowski, 67, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Radom (2002–2009), President of the PCPCHCW (since 2009), pancreatic cancer. 14 Helena Benitez, 102, Filipino politician and educator, Senator (1967–1972). Eric Bergren, 62, American screenwriter (The Elephant Man, Frances), liver cancer. Roger Chanoine, 39, American football player (St. Louis Rams, Cleveland Browns, Jacksonville Jaguars), pancreatic cancer. George Ramsay Cook, 84, Canadian historian, pancreatic cancer. Michael J. Elliott, 65, British journalist and magazine editor (Time, Newsweek, The Economist), cancer. Péter Esterházy, 66, Hungarian author, pancreatic cancer. Neil Ferguson, 70, Australian rules footballer. Lisa Gaye, 81, American actress, singer and dancer (Rock Around the Clock, Drums Across the River). Miguel Gutiérrez, 75, Peruvian writer. Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, 31, Tunisian jihadist, perpetrator of 2016 Nice truck attack, shot. Tor Lian, 71, Norwegian sports official, president of the Norwegian Handball Federation (1985–1999). Atilio López, 91, Paraguayan football player and coach. Troy Mader, 60, American politician, member of the Wyoming House of Representatives (2014–2015), fall from ATV. Sharon Runner, 62, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (2002–2008) and Senate (2011–2012, 2015–2016), complications from respiratory failure. Donald Stewart, 87, Australian judge, chairman of the National Crime Authority. Mike Strahler, 69, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Detroit Tigers). Athanasius Atule Usuh, 67, Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Makurdi (1989–2015). Hallard White, 87, New Zealand rugby union player (Auckland, national team), Alzheimer's disease. 15 Ömer Halisdemir, 42, Turkish Maroon Beret. Qandeel Baloch, 26, Pakistani model and social media celebrity, strangled. Frank Barnett, 82, American politician, Governor of American Samoa (1976–1977). Janez Bernik, 82, Slovenian painter. Karl E. Case, 69, American economist and academic, developed Case–Shiller index model, Parkinson's disease and multiple myeloma. Charles Davis, 83, American jazz saxophonist. Howard Dawson, 93, American judge. Roger Fletcher, 77, British mathematician. (body discovered on this date) Duncan M. Gray Jr., 89, American Episcopalian prelate, Bishop of Mississippi (1974–1993). Liu Yingming, 75, Chinese mathematician, educator and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, leukemia. Danny Nettey, 47, Ghanaian musician and songwriter. Jérôme Owono-Mimboe, 83, Cameroonian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Obala (1987–2009). V. F. Perkins, 79, British film critic, aneurysm. Roland Prince, 69, Antiguan jazz guitarist. Susan Renouf, 74, Australian socialite, ovarian cancer. Billy Marshall Stoneking, 68, Australian poet, playwright, and filmmaker. Sir Charles Soutar, 96, British air marshal. Petru Soltan, 85, Moldovan mathematician and politician, MP (1990–1994). Peregrine Eliot, 10th Earl of St Germans, 75, British aristocrat and festival founder. Charles Utete, 77, Zimbabwean academic, politician and presidential adviser. 16 Bonnie Brown, 77, American country singer (The Browns), lung cancer. Arlene Buszka, 82, American baseball player (AAGPBL). Robert-Ralph Carmichael, 79, Canadian artist and designer (Loonie). Francis M. Gibbons, 95, American biographer and religious leader (LDS Church). Pete Kapusta, 92, Canadian ice hockey player (Providence Reds). M. A. Mannan, 84, Bangladeshi politician and neurologist. Gordon Massa, 80, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs). Robert Burren Morgan, 90, American politician, member of the U.S. Senate for North Carolina (1975–1981), N.C. Senate (1955–1969) and Attorney General (1969–1974). Carlos Nine, 72, Argentine illustrator, comics artist and screenwriter. E. C. Pielou, 92, Canadian statistical ecologist. Philippe Reinhart, 91, French Olympic sailor. Hugo Rietveld, 84, Dutch crystallographer. Zalman Shapiro, 96, American chemist, a developer of the Nautilus nuclear-powered submarine. Oleg Syrokvashko, 54, Belarusian football player and coach (Dinamo Brest). Nate Thurmond, 74, American Hall of Fame basketball player (Golden State Warriors, Chicago Bulls, Cleveland Cavaliers), leukemia. Kasam Bapu Tirmizi, 86, Indian politician, Gujarat MLA for Gandhinagar (1980–1990). Thurston Twigg-Smith, 94, American businessman and philanthropist. Kazimieras Uoka, 65, Lithuanian politician. Alan Vega, 78, American singer and musician (Suicide). Claude Williamson, 89, American jazz pianist. 17 Wendell Anderson, 83, American politician, Governor of Minnesota (1971–1976), Senator for Minnesota (1976–1978), Olympic silver medalist in ice hockey (1956), pneumonia. Achille Casanova, 74, Swiss politician. Aníbal José Chávez Frías, 60, Venezuelan politician, Mayor of Sabaneta (since 2004). Mel Durslag, 95, American sportswriter. Andrzej Grabarczyk, 52, Polish Olympic triple jumper (1988, 1992). Michael Healy, 92, British medical statistician. Sérgio Henrique Ferreira, 82, Brazilian scientist. Kenneth Earl Hurlburt, 88, Canadian politician. Paul Johnson, 81, American ice hockey player, Olympic gold medalist (1960). Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan, 96, South African political activist and author. James E. Nugent, 94, American politician, Texas Railroad Commissioner. Gary S. Paxton, 77, American record producer ("Monster Mash") and singer-songwriter (Skip & Flip), complications from heart surgery and liver disease. Rafael Aguilar Talamantes, 76, Mexican politician. Raymonde Tillon, 100, French politician, MP for Bouches-du-Rhône (1945–1951). Fred Tomlinson, 88, British singer (The Two Ronnies, Monty Python's Flying Circus), composer ("The Lumberjack Song") and critic. 18 Manuel G. Batshaw, 101, Canadian social worker, founder of Batshaw Youth and Family Centres. Mubarak Begum, 80, Indian playback singer. Richard Budge, 69, British businessman, prostate cancer. Antony Copley, 79, British historian. Uri Coronel, 69, Dutch sports director (Ajax Amsterdam). Medi Dinu, 107, Romanian painter. Bloeme Evers-Emden, 90, Dutch teacher, child psychologist and Holocaust survivor. Randolph George, 92, Guyanese Anglican bishop. John Hope, 67, English footballer (Sheffield United). Agata Karczmarek, 52, Polish Olympic gymnast (1980) and long jumper (1988, 1992, 1996). John Kerr, 66, American editor and author (A Most Dangerous Method), lung cancer. James Kriel, 74, South African air force general. Heinz Lucas, 95, German football player and manager. Jack Meadows, 82, British astronomer and information scientist. Nikolaus Messmer, 61, Kazakh-born Kyrgyz Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Administrator of Kyrgyzstan (since 2006). Jeffrey Montgomery, 63, American LGBT rights activist, heart attack. Aldo Monti, 87, Mexican actor. Billy Name, 76, American photographer (Andy Warhol), heart failure. Dolliver Nelson, 84, Grenadian jurist, President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2002–2005). Matilda Rapaport, 30, Swedish alpine free-skier, avalanche. Mladen Stilinović, 69, Croatian artist. Les Stocker, 73, British wildlife expert, founder of Tiggywinkles. Abu Wardah, 39, Indonesian militant leader (Mujahidin Indonesia Timur), shot by police. 19 Bommi Baumann, 68, German author and political activist. Ray Bell, 90, New Zealand rugby union player (Otago, national team). Betsy Bloomingdale, 93, American socialite and philanthropist, complications from a cardiac condition. Chief Zee, 75, American football mascot (Washington Redskins). Dimitri, 80, Swiss clown. Carlos Gorostiza, 96, Argentine playwright, theatre director and novelist. Carmen Hernández, 85, Spanish catechist, co-founder of the Neocatechumenal Way. Nev Hewitt, 95, Australian politician, Queensland MP for Mackenzie (1956–1972) and Auburn (1972–1980). Garry Marshall, 81, American director, producer, writer, and actor (Happy Days, Pretty Woman, Murphy Brown), pneumonia. Tom McCready, 72, Scottish footballer (Wimbledon F.C.). Gordon Mowrer, 80, American politician, Mayor of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (1974–1978, 1987). John Pidgeon, 69, British broadcaster and writer. Anthony D. Smith, 76, British historical sociologist. Tamás Somló, 68, Hungarian musician and singer (Omega, Locomotiv GT), cancer. 20 Dominique Arnaud, 60, French cyclist, cancer. Radu Beligan, 97, Romanian actor, director and essayist. Dick Corballis, 70, New Zealand English literature academic (Massey University). William Gaines, 82, American journalist (Chicago Tribune) and academic (University of Illinois), awarded Pulitzer Prize (1976, 1988), Parkinson's disease. André Isoir, 81, French organist. James Allen Johnson, 92, American army general. Walid Juffali, 61, Saudi billionaire businessman (E. A. Juffali and Brothers) and diplomat, cancer. György Kéri, 66, Hungarian biochemist, Széchenyi Prize winner (2013). Egon Matijevic, 94, Croatian-born American chemist. Ray Moreton, 74, New Zealand rugby union player (Southland, Canterbury, national team). Jim Pressdee, 83, Welsh cricketer (Glamorgan). Mohammed Shahid, 56, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion (1980), liver and kidney disease. Pavel Sheremet, 44, Belarusian journalist, car bombing. Mark Takai, 49, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Hawaii's 1st district (since 2015) and the Hawaii House of Representatives (1994–2015), pancreatic cancer. 21 Adolph Bachmeier, 78, Romanian-born American footballer. Milford Burriss, 79, American politician. Bill Cardille, 87, American television host (Chiller Theater, Night of the Living Dead, Studio Wrestling), cancer. *Chor Yeok Eng, 86, Singaporean politician, MP for Bukit Timah (1966–1984). Tsering Chungtak, 31, Tibetan beauty queen, Miss Tibet 2006, heart attack. Dick Donnelly, 74, Scottish footballer and journalist. Bernard Dufour, 93, French painter. John Garton, 74, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of Plymouth (1996–2005). Roger Godement, 94, French mathematician. Dennis Green, 67, American football coach (Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Northwestern Wildcats), cardiac arrest following a heart attack. Joy Hardon, 94, Australian Olympic fencer (1956). William F. Hickey Jr., 87, American politician, member of the Connecticut Senate (1960–1970), mayor of Stamford (1963). Luc Hoffmann, 93, Swiss ornithologist and conservationist, co-founder of the World Wildlife Fund. Sid Hurst, 97, New Zealand farmer, chairman of Lincoln College Council (1980–1985). Jen Jacobs, 60, Australian cricketer (national team). Meraj Muhammad Khan, 77, Pakistani politician. Amnon Linn, 92, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1967–1969, 1973–1988). Thomas R. McCarthy, 82, American racehorse trainer and owner (General Quarters), melanoma. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, 94, Polish writer and inventor. Des Rea, 72, Northern Irish boxer. Don Soderquist, 82, American executive (Walmart). Lewie Steinberg, 82, American Hall of Fame bassist (Booker T. & the M.G.'s), cancer. Taylor Terrell, 24, American news anchor, accidental fall. Molly Turner, 93, American news anchor (WPLG). 22 Geraldine Branch, 107, American gynecologist. Charles Brantley, 91, American horse breeder. Dave Bald Eagle, 97, American Lakota Chief and actor. Chen Da, 79, Chinese nuclear scientist, educator and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Joe Derrane, 86, American accordion player. Dominic Duval, 71, American free jazz bassist, lymphoma. Franca Faldini, 85, Italian writer and actress (Where Is Freedom?, Poverty and Nobility, Man, Beast and Virtue). Ursula Franklin, 94, German-born Canadian scientist and academic (University of Toronto). Julius Freeman, 89, American fighter pilot (Tuskegee Airmen), recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal, heart attack. Sir David Goodall, 84, British diplomat, High Commissioner to India (1987–1991). Lee Grant, 84, British-born New Zealand actress. Betty Guy, 95, American watercolor artist. Viktor Kryzhanivskyi, 66, Ukrainian painter and artist. Luo Yinguo, 62, Chinese politician, cancer. Thomas de Morawitz, 93, Spanish Olympic skier. Geir Myhre, 62, Norwegian Olympic ice hockey player (1980, 1984) and coach (national team). Evin Nolan, 86, Irish painter. Leyla Sayar, 76, Turkish actress. Norma Levy Shapiro, 87, American judge, member of the U.S. District Court for Eastern Pennsylvania (since 1978). Shawshank tree, , North American white oak featured in The Shawshank Redemption. Zeke Smith, 79, American football player (Auburn Tigers). Thomas Sutherland, 85, Scottish-born American academic and Islamic jihad hostage. Jouko Turkka, 74, Finnish theatre director and writer. Samane Viyaket, 89, Laotian politician. 23 Neelabh Ashk, 70, Indian Hindi poet. Małgorzata Bartyzel, 60, Polish politician, member of the Sejm for Łódź (2005–2007). Bill Cotty, 69, American politician, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1994–2008), lung cancer. Kantilal Desai, 84, Indian cricketer. Geronimo Dyogi, 67, Filipino Olympic judoka (1972). Carl Falck, 109, Norwegian businessman, nation's oldest living man. Thorbjörn Fälldin, 90, Swedish politician, Prime Minister (1976–1978, 1979–1982). Denis Foreman, 83, South African-born English cricketer (Sussex) and footballer (Brighton & Hove Albion). Mari Gilbert, 52, American activist, matricide. Alan Goldberg, 75, Australian jurist, Judge of the Federal Court (1997–2010). Kate Granger, 34, British physician and fundraiser, desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor. Sheilla Lampkin, 70, American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (since 2011), ovarian cancer. Mangala Moonesinghe, 84, Sri Lankan politician and diplomat, High Commissioner to the UK (2000–2002) and India (1995–2000, 2002–2005). Boy-Boy Mosia, 31, South African footballer (Juventus, Chelsea, AmaZulu). Joe Napolitano, 67, American television director (Quantum Leap, The X-Files) and assistant director (The Untouchables, Scarface), cancer. S. H. Raza, 94, Indian artist. Jean Ricardou, 84, French writer. Alina Surmacka Szczesniak, 91, Polish-born American food scientist. Harold Duane Vietor, 85, American judge, member of the US District Court for Southern Iowa (1979–2016), stroke. Peter Wenger, 72, Swiss footballer. 24 Mangal Bagh, 42–43, Pakistani militant leader (Lashkar-e-Islam), drone strike. Tom Clegg, 81, British television and film director. Gordon Dixon, 86, Canadian biochemist. Alastair Duncan, 63, British army officer, Chief of Staff for UNAMSIL (2001), perforated ulcer. Håkon Fimland, 72, Norwegian hurdler and politician. Keith Gemmell, 68, British musician (Audience, Stackridge, Pasadena Roof Orchestra), throat cancer. Abe Goldberg, 87, Polish-born Australian executive. Marto Gracias, 75, Indian footballer (national team, Salgaocar), heart attack. Frank Hodsoll, 78, American art historian, cancer. Ian King, 79, Scottish footballer (Leicester City F.C.). Jan Kmenta, 88, Czech-American econometrician. Bohuslav Kokotek, 67, Czech Lutheran clergyman and politician. Eliza Lawrence, 80, Canadian politician, MLA from the Northwest Territories (1983–1987). Steve Nagy, 97, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Washington Senators). Marni Nixon, 86, American singer (The King and I, West Side Story, My Fair Lady) and actress (The Sound of Music), breast cancer. Horacio Olivo, 83, Puerto Rican actor and singer. Bishnodat Persaud, 82, Guyanese economist. Conrad Prebys, 82, American philanthropist, cancer. Don Roberts, 83, American ice hockey coach (Gustavus Adolphus College), heart disease. Chris Costner Sizemore, 89, American writer, subject of The Three Faces of Eve, heart attack. Parwati Soepangat, 84, Indonesian Buddhist leader. Orest Subtelny, 75, Ukrainian-born Canadian historian. 25 Jerzy Bahr, 72, Polish diplomat, Ambassador to Russia (2006–2010) and Ukraine (1997–2001), Director of the National Security Bureau (2005), cancer. Brenda Banks, 66, American archivist. Allan Barnes, 66, American jazz saxophonist (The Blackbyrds), heart attack. Daphne Ceeney, 82, Australian paraplegic athlete, Paralympic champion (1960, 1964). J. Harwood Cochrane, 103, American transportation executive, founder of Overnite Transportation. Artur Correia, 66, Portuguese footballer (Benfica, Sporting, national team), stroke. Bülent Eken, 92, Turkish football player (Galatasaray) and coach (national team). Pierre Fauchon, 87, French politician, member of the Senate for Loir-et-Cher (1992–2011). Arundhati Ghose, 76, Indian diplomat, ambassador to the UN-Geneva, South Korea and Egypt, cancer. Edward Gopsill, 94, British army officer. Halil İnalcık, 100, Turkish historian, multiple organ failure. Dwight Jones, 64, American basketball player (Atlanta Hawks, Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets), Olympic silver medalist (1972). Eric Kuhne, 64, American-born British architect, heart attack. Sinikka Kukkonen, 68, Finnish orienteer and ski orienteer, world champion (1975). Tim LaHaye, 90, American Christian author (Left Behind), stroke. Mollie Lowery, 70, American advocate for the homeless and mentally ill, cancer. James M. Nederlander, 94, American Broadway theater owner and producer (Nederlander Organization). Slobodan Novak, 91, Croatian writer. Tom Peterson, 86, American retailer and television personality, Parkinson's disease. Franklin Van Antwerpen, 74, American judge, member of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (since 2004). 26 Roy Adler, 85, American mathematician. Anne Balfour-Fraser, 92, British film producer. Charles Bilezikian, 79, American retail executive, co-founder of Christmas Tree Shops, pancreatic cancer. Henry Connor, 93, New Zealand botanist. Denis Dubourdieu, 67, French winemaker, brain cancer. Roger Ekins, 89, British biophysicist. Solomon Feferman, 88, American philosopher and mathematician. John H. Flood, 77, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1981–1991). Jeffrey Grey, 57, Australian military historian. Jacques Hamel, 85, French Roman Catholic priest, stabbed. C.-H. Hermansson, 98, Swedish politician, MP (1963–1985), leader of the Left Party-Communists (1964–1975). David A. Katz, 82, American judge, member of the US District Court for Northern Ohio (since 1994), cancer. Mohamed Khan, 73, British-Egyptian film director (Ayyam El Sadat, Mr Karate, Before the Summer Crowds). Heinz Kiehl, 73, German wrestler, Olympic bronze medalist (1964). Hossein Kohkan, 85, Iranian Kurdish architect and caveman. Horst Kuttelwascher, 78, Austrian Olympic rower. Maggie Macdonald, 63, Scottish Gaelic singer. Per G. Malm, 67, Swedish missionary, general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, cancer. Forrest Mars Jr., 84, American billionaire businessman (Mars, Incorporated), heart attack. JT McNamara, 41, Irish jockey. Miss Cleo (Youree Dell Harris), 53, American television psychic, metastatic colon cancer. Jerry Molyneaux, 60, Irish Gaelic games administrator. Hiroko Nakamura, 72, Japanese classical pianist, colon cancer. Sandy Pearlman, 72, American record producer and band manager (Blue Öyster Cult, The Clash, Black Sabbath), pneumonia as a complication from a stroke. Pia Pera, 60, Italian novelist (Lo's Diary). Sylvia Peters, 90, British continuity announcer and actress (BBC TV). E. Melvin Porter, 86, American politician, member of the Oklahoma Senate (1965–1987). Dave Syrett, 60, English footballer (Swindon, Mansfield, Peterborough), brain tumour. 27 Jean Briggs, 87, American-born Canadian anthropologist, expert in Inuit studies and language. Paco Cano, 103, Spanish photojournalist. LaVon Crosby, 92, American politician, member of the Nebraska Senate (1989–2000). Jack Davis, 91, American cartoonist and illustrator (Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror, Georgia Bulldogs), co-founder of Mad. Jerry Doyle, 60, American talk show host and actor (Babylon 5), founder of EpicTimes. Sue Gibson, 64, American-British cinematographer and second unit director (Resident Evil, The Holiday, Alien vs. Predator). Doug Griffin, 69, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox). Dominik Hrušovský, 90, Slovak Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Bratislava-Trnava (1992–1996) and Apostolic Nuncio to Belarus (1996–2001). Piet de Jong, 101, Dutch politician and naval officer, Minister of Defence (1963–1967), Prime Minister (1967–1971). James Alan McPherson, 72, American writer (Elbow Room), awarded Pulitzer Prize (1978), pneumonia. Máximo Mosquera, 88, Peruvian footballer. Milton Murayama, 93, American Nisei novelist and playwright. Gerard Noel, 89, British author and editor (The Catholic Herald). Einojuhani Rautavaara, 87, Finnish composer, complications following hip surgery. Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao, 88, Indian geneticist and plant breeder. Ford Spinks, 89, American politician. Richard Thompson, 58, American cartoonist (Cul de Sac), Parkinson's disease. Pat Upton, 75, American singer-songwriter (Spiral Starecase). 28 Boualem Bessaïh, 86, Algerian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1988–1989). Bob Brown, 92, American basketball player (Providence Steamrollers, Denver Nuggets). Conrad K. Cyr, 84, American federal judge, member of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1989–1997) and the District Court for the District of Maine (1981–1989). Mahasweta Devi, 90, Indian writer (Hajar Churashir Maa), blood infection and kidney failure. Gnanakoothan, 77, Indian Tamil poet. Norman Guthkelch, 100, British paediatric neurosurgeon. Richard Grant Hiskey, 87, American chemist. Marianne Ihlen, 81, Norwegian muse. Patrick Jourdain, 73, British bridge player and journalist. Vladica Kovačević, 76, Serbian footballer. Lachhu Maharaj, 71, Indian tabla player. Monte Nitzkowski, 86, American water polo coach. Seeking The Gold, 31, American thoroughbred racehorse, euthanized. Sheikh Hussain Zakiri, 76, Indian Muslim scholar. Émile Derlin Zinsou, 98, Beninese politician, President (1968–1969). 29 Antonio Armstrong, 42, American football player (Miami Dolphins, BC Lions), shot. Ken Barrie, 83, British voice actor (Postman Pat) and singer, liver cancer. Doris Benegas, 64, Venezuelan-born Spanish Basque politician, leader of the Castilian Left, abdominal tumor. Keith L. Brown, 91, American businessman and diplomat, Ambassador to Lesotho (1982–1983) and Denmark (1989–1992). Madhusudan Dhaky, 88, Indian architectural historian. Lucille Dumont, 97, Canadian singer. Zelda Fichandler, 91, American stage producer and director (Arena Stage), heart failure. Tommy George, 87, Australian Aboriginal elder. Vivean Gray, 92, British-born Australian actress (Neighbours, The Sullivans, Prisoner). Daasebre Gyamenah, 37, Ghanaian musician. Anne Hepburn, 90, Scottish missionary and teacher. Braj Kachru, 84, Indian linguist. Yowabu Magada Kawaluuko, 86, Ugandan politician. Patrick Lalor, 90, Irish hurler (Laois) and politician, TD (1961–1981), MEP (1979–1994). Danny Nykoluk, 82, Canadian football player (Toronto Argonauts). Burt Talcott, 96, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 12th and 16th congressional districts (1963–1977). 30 William Bell, 70, Canadian writer, cancer. Alan Brice, 78, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). Igor de Rachewiltz, 87, Italian historian of Mongol studies. Gloria DeHaven, 91, American actress (Summer Stock, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, Out to Sea), complications from a stroke. Clive Foxell, 86, English physicist and author. Nigel Gray, 69, British record producer (Outlandos d'Amour). András Hajnal, 85, Hungarian mathematician. Derek Hatfield, 63, Canadian sailor. Ignatius Huang Shou-cheng, 93, Chinese clandestine Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Funing (since 2005). Anna Marchesini, 62, Italian actress, voice actress and comedian, rheumatoid arthritis. Ed Ross, 50, American photographer, motorcycle accident. Dave Schwartz, 63, American meteorologist (The Weather Channel), stomach cancer. Ralph Stewart, 90, American football player and coach. Ritva Vepsä, 75, Finnish actress (Time of Roses), lung cancer. 31 Anwar Ali Cheema, 81, Pakistani politician. Chiyonofuji Mitsugu, 61, Japanese sumo wrestler, pancreatic cancer. Thomas Danson, Jr., 82, American politician. Gwynn ap Gwilym, 66, Welsh author, cancer. Bobbie Heine Miller, 106, South African-born Australian tennis player. Bill Holdsworth, 87, English cricketer (Yorkshire). Fazil Iskander, 87, Soviet and Russian writer. Inez Y. Kaiser, 98, American public relations expert. Mariana Karr, 66, Argentine actress (Alborada, Amorcito corazón, Juro Que Te Amo''). Penny Lang, 74, Canadian folk musician. Destin Onka Malonga, 28, Congolese football player, fall. Peter Martell, 57, Canadian football player. Mike Mohede, 32, Indonesian singer, heart attack. Eric Moon, 93, British-born American librarian. Seymour Papert, 88, South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist and educator. Sylvie Roy, 51, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA for Lotbinière and Arthabaska (since 2003), acute hepatitis. Angelika Schrobsdorff, 88, German writer. Jean-Claude Wicky, 70, Swiss photographer. References 2016-07 07

50998041

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave%20It%20to%20Beavers

Leave It to Beavers

"Leave It to Beavers" is the 19th episode of the supernatural drama television series Grimm of season 1, which premiered on April 27, 2012, on NBC. The episode was written by Nevin Densham, and was directed by Holly Dale. Plot Opening quote: "Wait!" the troll said, jumping in front of him. "This is my toll bridge. You have to pay a penny to go across." Nick (David Giuntoli), with Monroe's (Silas Weir Mitchell) help, begins his training as a Grimm in the use of weapons. Meanwhile, at a bridge under construction, Sal Butrell (David Zayas), a Hässlich, meets with Robert Grosszahn (Traber Burns) for a debt of money. Grosszahn refuses to pay him so Butrell kills him by drowning him with cement. A man, Arnold Rosarot (Kevin Carroll) watches the events and calls the police but Butrell notices him and goes after him. Arnold barely escapes. Arnold flees to John Oblinger's (Kyle Vahan) house. Nick and Hank (Russell Hornsby) investigate the scene and Wu (Reggie Lee) tells them they found his phone and his last appointment was with someone dubbed "S.B.". They interrogate Butrell but he denies his involvement. Nick discovers he's a Hässlich and when they leave, Butrell tells two men that they need reapers to kill Nick as he's a Grimm. Juliette (Bitsie Tulloch) later invites Monroe to dinner after having saved her. In Germany, a man, Yannick (David Loftus) sends two reapers, Junkers (Chino Binamo) and Reaper (Henri Lubatti) to kill Nick despite Renard's (Sasha Roiz) warning. Nick meets with Arnold's friend, Bud (Danny Bruno) to meet with a group of Eisbibers to turn against the Hässlich but they, out of fear, refuse. Butrell is then kidnapped by the reapers who demand to know about Nick. Nick then calls Butrell, demanding him to meet him at the police station for more questioning. Nick and Hank arrest Butrell after Arnold's testimony. The reapers follow Nick and the Eisbibers back to the lodge. Nick lures the reapers and they fight. A reaper accidentally beheads the other reaper, and then Nick kills the second reaper. He then calls Monroe to help dispose of the bodies. Later, Nick arrives home to discover the Eisbibers have sent gifts. The episode ends as Yannick receives a package from Nick: the reapers' heads with a note saying "Next time send your best". Reception Viewers The episode was viewed by 4.33 million people, earning a 1.4/4 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale, ranking second on its timeslot and sixth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind 20/20, Shark Tank, CSI: NY, Blue Bloods, and Undercover Boss. This was a 6% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 4.56 from an 1.4/4 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 1.4 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 4 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Critical reviews "Leave It to Beavers" received positive reviews. The A.V. Club's Kevin McFarland gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "About two thirds of the way through 'Leave It To The Beavers,' one of the beaver Wesen tells Nick that 'bravery isn’t in our nature,' but our hero refuses to believe that ancient standard. He's still relatively new to investigating matters of the Wesen world, and wants to believe in change; that any creature, like Bud, the first beaver he encountered, can muster up enough bravery to stand up to anything, from bridge trolls enforcing archaic tradition to Reapers out collecting heads. Though there is a moral built into that conversation, and the episode at large, it's hard to believe that this show would reach for an episodic moral over darkly lit action sequences, which inevitably pop up in the last ten minutes this week. It's a thrilling conclusion to an episode filled with a lot of talking and stunted inaction. Over the back half of this season, I've gone from wanting this show to succeed while feeling frustrated at how it squanders potential, into largely enjoying everything with a few reservations. That trepidation was more pronounced tonight that it has been the past two weeks, but still, I'm very pleased with the progress." Nick McHatton from TV Fanatic, gave a 4.8 star rating out of 5, stating: "'Leave It To Beavers' is the episode we've all been waiting for. In many ways it is the perfect episode to transition towards the end of the season. So many of its plot culminations are moments we've been rooting for and wanting and waiting to see since the beginning of the series." Shilo Adams from TV Overmind wrote, "The most frustrating episode of television is one that has all the elements to be great yet doesn't quite gel. You see the potential on the screen and keep waiting for that moment when it all clicks, but there's something about it that keeps it from feeling complete. It could be something relatively minor that undoes its quality, like a momentary writing lapse or a misused character, but it tends to come down to execution. Put simply, the episode doesn't get pieced together properly, typically leaving things a bit uneven or lacking compared to what they could have been. After a string of improvement, 'Leave It to Beavers' became that type of episode for Grimm." References External links Grimm (season 1) episodes 2012 American television episodes

51016196

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Philando%20Castile

Killing of Philando Castile

On July 6, 2016, Philando Castile, a 32-year-old African American man, was fatally shot during a traffic stop by police officer Jeronimo Yanez of the St. Anthony police department in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. Castile was driving with his girlfriend, Diamond Reynolds, and her four-year-old daughter when at 9:00p.m. he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer in Falcon Heights, a suburb of Saint Paul, Minnesota. After being asked for his license and registration, Castile told Officer Yanez that he had a firearm (Castile was licensed to carry), to which Yanez replied, "Don't reach for it then". Castile responded "I'm, I, I was reaching for...", to which Yanez replied "Don't pull it out". Castile then replied "I'm not pulling it out", and Reynolds said "He's not...". Yanez again repeated "Don't pull it out". Yanez then proceded to fire seven close-range shots at Castile, hitting him five times. Castile died of his wounds at 9:37p.m. at Hennepin County Medical Center, about 20 minutes after being shot. In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, Reynolds posted a live stream video on Facebook from her and Castile's car. The incident quickly gained international interest. Local and national protests formed, and five months after the incident, Yanez was charged with second-degree manslaughter and two counts of dangerous discharge of a firearm. After five days of deliberation, he was acquitted of all charges in a jury trial on June 16, 2017. After the verdict, Yanez was immediately fired by the City of Saint Anthony. Wrongful death lawsuits against the City brought by Reynolds and Castile's family were settled for a total of $. Persons involved Philando Castile Philando Divall Castile (July 16, 1983 – July 6, 2016) was 32 years old at the time of his death. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Saint Paul Central High School in 2001 and worked for the Saint Paul Public School District from 2002 until his death. Castile began as a nutrition services assistant at Chelsea Heights Elementary School and Arlington High School (now Washington Technology Magnet School). He was promoted to nutrition services supervisor at J. J. Hill Montessori Magnet School, in August 2014. Prior to the shooting, Castile had been stopped by the police at least 49 times in 13 years for minor traffic and equipment violations, the majority of which were dismissed. Jeronimo Yanez Jeronimo Yanez was the officer who shot Castile. The other officer involved in the traffic stop was Joseph Kauser, who was described as Yanez's partner. Both officers had been with the St. Anthony Police Department for four years at the time of the shooting, and were longtime friends who had graduated together from the Minnesota State University, Mankato, police academy in 2010. Yanez, of South St. Paul and of Hispanic descent, was 28 years old at the time of the shooting. The St. Anthony Police Department had 23 officers at the time. Eight officers were funded through policing contracts with the cities of Lauderdale and Falcon Heights. In a press briefing at the scene, St. Anthony's interim police chief Jon Mangseth said that the shooting was the first officer-involved shooting that the department had experienced in at least thirty years. Incident Castile was pulled over as part of a traffic stop by Yanez and Kauser in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, a suburb of Saint Paul. Castile and Reynolds were returning from shopping at a grocery store; earlier that evening, Castile had gone for a haircut, eaten dinner with his sister, and picked up his girlfriend from his apartment in St. Paul. A St. Anthony police officer patrolling Larpenteur Avenue radioed to a nearby squad that he planned to pull over the car and check the IDs of the driver and passenger, saying, "The two occupants just look like people that were involved in a robbery. The driver looks more like one of our suspects, just because of the wide-set nose. I couldn't get a good look at the passenger." At 9:04 p.m. CDT, the officer told a nearby officer that he would wait for him to make the stop. The stop took place on Larpenteur Avenue at Fry Street, just outside the Minnesota state fairgrounds, at about 9:05 p.m. CDT. Riding in a white 1997 Oldsmobile Eighty Eight LS with Castile were his girlfriend Diamond Reynolds and her four-year-old daughter. Castile was the driver, Reynolds was the front-seat passenger, and the child was in the back seat. "According to investigators, Yanez approached the car from the driver's side, while Kauser approached it from the passenger side." The police dashcam video shows that 40 seconds elapsed between when Yanez first started talking to Castile through the car window and when Yanez began shooting at him. According to the dashcam, after Yanez asked for Castile's driver's license and proof of insurance, Castile gave him his proof of insurance card, which Yanez appeared to glance at and tuck in his outer pocket. Castile then calmly informed Yanez, "Sir, I have to tell you that I do have a firearm on me." Quoting the Star Tribune description of the next 13 seconds of the video: Before Castile completed the sentence, Yanez interrupted and calmly replied, "OK," and placed his right hand on the holster of his own holstered weapon. Yanez said, "Okay, don't reach for it, then ... don't pull it out." Castile responded, "I'm not pulling it out," and Reynolds also said, "He's not pulling it out." Yanez repeated, raising his voice, "Don't pull it out!" as he quickly pulled his own gun with his right hand and reached inside the driver's window with his left hand. Reynolds screamed, "No!" Yanez removed his left arm from the car and fired seven shots in the direction of Castile in rapid succession. Reynolds yelled, "You just killed my boyfriend!" Castile moaned and said, "I wasn't reaching for it." Reynolds loudly said, "He wasn't reaching for it." Before she completed her sentence, Yanez again screamed, "Don't pull it out!" Reynolds responded, "He wasn't." Yanez yelled, "Don't move! Fuck!" Of the seven shots fired by Yanez at point blank range, five hit Castile and two of those pierced his heart. Events immediately after the shooting were streamed live in a 10-minute video by Reynolds via Facebook. The recording appears to begin seconds after Castile was shot, just after 9:00 p.m. CDT. The video depicts Castile slumped over, moaning and moving slightly, with a bloodied left arm and side. In the video, Reynolds is speaking with Yanez and explaining what happened. Reynolds stated on the video that Yanez "asked him for license and registration. He told him that it was in his wallet, but he had a pistol on him because he's licensed to carry." Castile did have a license to carry a gun. Reynolds further narrated that the officer said, "Don't move" and as Castile was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times. Reynolds told the officer, "You shot four bullets into him, sir. He was just getting his license and registration, sir." Reynolds also said "Please don't tell me he's dead", while Yanez exclaimed: "I told him not to reach for it! I told him to get his hand open!" At one point in the video footage, an officer orders Reynolds to get on her knees and the sound of Reynolds being handcuffed can be heard. Reynolds' phone falls onto the ground but continues recording, and an officer periodically yells, "Fuck!" Video from the squad car of Joseph Kauser (where Reynolds and her daughter were put after Reynolds was handcuffed), shows Reynolds' daughter telling her, "Mom, please stop cussing and screaming 'cause I don't want you to get shooted". Reynolds was taken into custody, questioned at a police station, and released the following morning around 5:00 a.m. According to police and emergency audio of the aftermath obtained by the Star Tribune, at 9:06 p.m., Kauser called in the shooting, reporting: "Shots fired. Larpenteur and Fry." The dispatcher answered: "Copy. You just heard it?" Yanez then screamed: "Code three!" Many officers then rushed to the scene. One officer reports, "One adult female being taken into custody. Driver at gunpoint. Juvenile female, child, is with [another officer]. We need a couple other squads to block off intersections." Another officer called in, "All officers are good. One suspect that needs medics." The day following the shooting, Reynolds said that police had "treated me like a criminal ... like it was my fault." She also said that officers had failed to check Castile for a pulse or to see if he was breathing for several minutes after the shooting, and instead comforted the officer who had fired the shots. By that afternoon, her video had been viewed nearly 2.5 million times on Facebook. Yanez statements In the dashcam video of the incident, Yanez can be heard being questioned by St. Anthony Police Officer Tressa Sunde within minutes of the shooting, and telling her: [Castile] was sitting in the car, seat belted. I told him, 'Can I see your license?' And then, he told me he had a firearm. I told him not to reach for it and (sigh) when he went down to grab, I told him not to reach for it (clears throat) and then he kept it right there, and I told him to take his hands off of it, and then he (sigh) he had his, his grip a lot wider than a wallet .... And I don't know where the gun was, he didn't tell me where the fucking gun was, and then it was just getting hinky, he gave, he was just staring ahead, and then I was getting fucking nervous, and then I told him, I know I fucking told him to get his fucking hand off his gun.According to the official Minnesota Department of Public Safety's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) transcript of the interview of Yanez and his attorneys Tom Kelly and Robert Fowler, Yanez stated that his justification for the shooting was based on fear for his own life because he believed that Castile's behavior was abusive toward a young girl passenger (Reynolds' daughter) in the car. Yanez said: "I thought, I was gonna die, and I thought if he's, if he has the, the guts and the audacity to smoke marijuana in front of the five-year-old girl and risk her lungs and risk her life by giving her secondhand smoke and the front seat passenger doing the same thing, then what, what care does he give about me?" The victim's previous marijuana use later became a focus of the defense, with a mason jar containing a small amount having been found in the car. According to the local publication City Pages''' description of the BCA conversation, Yanez "could never state definitively ... that he saw a firearm that day". Yanez uses "various terms to suggest the presence of a firearm". Yanez states, "it appeared to me that he was wrapping something around his fingers and almost like if I were to put my hand around my gun. It was dark inside the vehicle ..." At another point "it seemed like he was pulling out a gun and the barrel just kept coming." "I know he had an object and it was dark. And he was pulling it out with his right hand." He added: "It was, to me, it just looked big and apparent that he's gonna shoot you, he's gonna kill you." In his court testimony almost a year later, Yanez was more definitive, testifying "I was able to see the firearm in Mr. Castile's hand, and that's when I engaged him." The gun was found to be in Castile's pocket when paramedics were preparing to load his fatally wounded body into an ambulance. Death and funeral The Hennepin County Medical Examiner's office ruled Castile's death a homicide and said that he had sustained multiple gunshot wounds. The office reported that Castile died at 9:37 p.m. CDT in the emergency department of the Hennepin County Medical Center, about 20 minutes after being shot. On July 14, a funeral service for Castile took place at the Cathedral of Saint Paul, attended by thousands of mourners. Reactions Statements of attorneys for Yanez and Castile family The reasonableness of the initial traffic stop, and the facts of what occurred in the 103 seconds of the stop (between the end of the pre-stop police dispatcher radio and the beginning of Reynolds' recording) were "hotly disputed" almost immediately after the shooting occurred. On July 9, Yanez's attorney, Thomas Kelly of Minneapolis, said his client "reacted to the presence of that gun and the display of that gun" and that the shooting "had nothing to do with race. This had everything to do with the presence of a gun." In the video recorded shortly after the shooting, Reynolds said that the car was pulled over for a broken taillight. Yanez's attorney Kelly stated following the shooting that his client stopped Castile in part because he resembled a suspect in an armed robbery that had taken place nearby four days earlier, and in part because of a broken taillight. A Castile family attorney, Albert Goins, questioned this account, said that if Yanez actually thought Castile was a robbery suspect, the police would have made a "felony traffic stop" (involving "bringing the suspect out at gunpoint while officers are in a position of cover and having them lie on the ground until they can identify who that individual is") rather than an ordinary traffic stop (in which officers stop the car and ask the driver to produce documents). Goins said, "Either [Castile] was a robbery suspect and [Yanez] didn't follow the procedures for a felony stop, or [Castile] was not a robbery suspect and [Yanez] shot a man because he stood at his window getting his information." Kelly confirmed the authenticity of the pre-stop police audio, in which one officer reports that the driver resembled a recent robbery suspect due to his "wide-set nose." Goins said, "I can't imagine that it's reasonable suspicion to make a stop because somebody had a broad nose." The particular robbery to which the officer referred was identified as a July 2 armed robbery at a local convenience store, in which the two suspects were "described as black men with shoulder-length or longer dreadlocks" with no information about estimated height, weight or ages. Yanez was one of the police officers who had responded to the robbery. Subsequent investigations ruled out Castile as being one of the armed robbers. Castile's mother Valerie Castile and her lawyer Glenda Hatchett called for the case to be referred to a special prosecutor and called for the U.S. Department of Justice to conduct a federal investigation. Protests and civil unrest By 12:30 a.m. on July 7, about three hours after the shooting, protesters gathered at the scene, "peaceful but visibly angry". More than 200 people were present. After news of Castile's death spread, crowds of protestors gathered outside the Minnesota Governor's Residence in St. Paul, chanting Castile's name and demanding that then-Governor Mark Dayton make a statement. That night, demonstrations in St. Paul continued, remaining "peaceful but forceful". Nekima Levy-Pounds, president of the Minneapolis chapter of the NAACP, said that her group would request a federal investigation. She also called for an independent body to investigate the shooting, expressing skepticism with the state agency that is leading the investigation of the incident, the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, a division of the Department of Public Safety. NAACP president Cornell William Brooks said, "I'm waiting to hear the human outcry from Second Amendment defenders over [this incident]..." Black Lives Matter activist DeRay Mckesson said, "Philando Castile should be alive today". On July 8, over 1,000 demonstrators shut down Interstate 880 in Oakland, California, for several hours to protest Castile's shooting death and that of Alton Sterling the day before. After two days of peaceful protests and vigils, violence between protesters and police in St. Paul broke out on July 9 and 10. Some 102 people were arrested and 21 officers (15 police officers and six Minnesota State Patrol officers) had been injured, one of them seriously. A group threw rocks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails at police and police used pepper spray and tear gas to disperse the crowd. The protesters caused Interstate 94 in between Minnesota State Highway 280 and downtown St. Paul to be closed. After they were dispersed from the highway, another group of protests took place at Dale and Grand Avenue. The violence was condemned by President Obama, Governor Dayton, St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman, and Police Chief Todd Axtell, who called for calm. After the shooting, a number of activists established an encampment outside of the Governor's Residence. On July 18, demonstrators cleared the encampment and moved off the road after police directed them to move, saying that they could continue to protest "as long as it was done on the sidewalk" and did not impede vehicle or pedestrian traffic. The interactions between police and demonstrators were peaceful, and no arrests were made. On July 19, 21 protesters—mostly members of the St. Paul and Minneapolis teachers' federations—were arrested willingly at a protest in Minneapolis after blocking a street in Minneapolis and refusing orders to disperse. The teachers marched from the Minneapolis Convention Center (where an American Federation of Teachers convention was being held) to the Nicollet Mall area; they were cited for misdemeanor public nuisance and released. Government officials Later in the morning of July 7, Governor Dayton appeared outside his residence and said: Dayton said he had requested an independent U.S. Department of Justice investigation and had spoken to White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough about the matter. Dayton also commented, "Would this have happened if those passengers would have been white? I don't think it would have." He promised to "do everything in my power to help protect the integrity" of the ongoing parallel state investigation "to ensure a proper and just outcome for all involved." U.S. Representative Betty McCollum, Democrat of Minnesota, whose district includes the place where Castile was shot, also called for a Justice Department investigation, and U.S. Senator Al Franken, Democrat of Minnesota, also called for a federal investigation, saying in a statement: "I am horrified that we are forced to confront yet another death of a young African-American man at the hands of law enforcement. And I am heartbroken for Philando's family and loved ones, whose son, brother, boyfriend, and nephew was taken from them last night." Former U.S. Representative Keith Ellison, current A.G. of Minnesota, denounced the "systematic targeting of African Americans and a systematic lack of accountability." Speaking shortly after the shootings of Castile and Alton Sterling, President Barack Obama did not comment on the specific incidents, but called on the U.S. to "do better" and said that controversial incidents arising from the police use of force were "not isolated incidents" but rather were "symptomatic of a broader set of racial disparities that exist in our criminal justice system". Obama expressed "extraordinary appreciation and respect for the vast majority of police officers" and noted the difficult nature of the job. He stated, "When incidents like this occur, there's a big chunk of our citizenry that feels as if, because of the color of their skin, they are not being treated the same, and that hurts, and that should trouble all of us. This is not just a black issue, not just a Hispanic issue. This is an American issue that we all should care about." Obama telephoned Castile's mother to offer his condolences. International response Following the shooting of Castile, Sterling, and police officers in Dallas, the Bahamian government, a Caribbean island nation with an over 90% citizenry of Afro-Bahamian origin, issued a travel advisory to its citizens in the United States, stating "[i]n particular young [Bahamian] males are asked to exercise extreme caution in affected cities in their interactions with the police. Do not be confrontational and cooperate". Travel advisories were also issued by the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, warning for caution in the United States due to ongoing violence and the U.S. "gun culture", and to avoid crowded areas, protests, and demonstrations as "civil disorder can result". National Rifle Association vs. The Second Amendment Foundation The NRA, which lobbies for the rights of gun owners, issued a statement two days after the shooting saying: "The reports from Minnesota are troubling and must be thoroughly investigated. In the meantime, it is important for the NRA not to comment while the investigation is ongoing." By contrast, the NRA issued a statement within hours of the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers; many saw this as a double standard. On July 9, 2017, responding to allegations of racism, NRA spokesperson Dana Loesch said the death of Castile is "absolutely awful". On August 10, 2017, Loesch explained NRA's reluctance to defend Castile by arguing he was not legally carrying his handgun at the time of the shooting due to his marijuana possession. She added that his "Permit should've been out & hands not moving", and that the law enforcement officer should have asked Castile where his firearm was kept. Many NRA members believed that the NRA did not do enough to defend Castile's right to own a gun. The Second Amendment Foundation in contrast immediately issued a strong statement for an independent investigation after the shooting, with founder Alan Gottlieb stating, "Exercising our right to bear arms should not translate to a death sentence over something so trivial as a traffic stop for a broken tail light, and we are going to watch this case with a magnifying glass." Investigation and prosecution Official investigation The day after the fatal shooting, the St. Anthony Police Department identified the officer who fired the fatal shots as Yanez. He and his partner Kauser were placed on paid administrative leave. The Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) was the lead agency in charge of the investigation. Two days following the shooting, Ramsey County Attorney John Choi called for a "prompt and thorough" investigation into the shooting. He said that he had not determined whether he would use a grand jury, but stated that if either a grand jury or prosecutors in his office determined that charges were appropriate, he would "prosecute this case to the fullest extent of the law." The BCA said that squad-car video and "several" other videos had been collected as evidence. St. Anthony police did not wear body cameras. On September 28, 2016, the BCA announced that it had completed its investigation and turned over its findings to Ramsey County Attorney John Choi. Prosecutors in the Ramsey County Attorney's Office would decide whether to file charges in the shooting or bring the case to a grand jury. Charges and prosecution Choi reviewed the evidence with assistance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Attorney's office, a retired deputy chief of police in Irvine, California, and a former federal prosecutor. Seven weeks after receiving the BCA report, Choi announced that Yanez was being charged with second degree manslaughter and two counts of dangerous discharge of a firearm. Choi stated: To justify the use of deadly force, it is not enough, however, for the police officer to merely express a subjective fear of death or great bodily harm. Unreasonable fear cannot justify the use of deadly force. The use of deadly force must be objectively reasonable and necessary, given the totality of the circumstances. Based upon our thorough and exhaustive review of the facts of this case, it is my conclusion that the use of deadly force by Officer Yanez was not justified, and that sufficient facts exist to prove that to be true. Accordingly, we filed a criminal complaint this morning in Ramsey County.In his press conference announcing his decision to prosecute Yanez, Choi noted facts not consistent with a justified fear of Castile, namely that Yanez's partner, Officer Kauser, who was standing at the car's passenger window during the shooting, "did not touch or remove his gun from its holster", and that in his answers to questioning by Saint Anthony Police Officer Tressa Sunde immediately after the shooting, Yanez "stated he did not know where [Castile's] gun was". Choi also noted that: "Philando Castile was not resisting or fleeing." "There was absolutely no criminal intent exhibited by him throughout this encounter." "He was respectful and compliant based upon the instructions and orders he was given." "He volunteered in good faith that he had a firearm – beyond what the law requires." "He emphatically stated that he wasn't pulling it out." "His movement was restricted by his own seat belt." "He was accompanied, in his vehicle, by a woman and a young child." "Philando Castile did not exhibit any intent, nor did he have any reason, to shoot Officer Yanez." "In fact, his dying words were in protest that he wasn't reaching for his gun." According to author and former FBI agent Larry Brubaker, who has written two books on officer-involved shootings, "this is the first time an officer has been charged for a fatal shooting in Minnesota in more than 200 cases that spanned over three decades". Trial and verdict The trial of Yanez began May 30, 2017, under Judge William H. Leary III. Yanez would have faced up to 10 years under Minnesota law if he had been convicted. After five days and more than 25 hours of deliberation, the 12-member jury decided that the state had not met its burden for a conviction. The vote was initially 10–2 in favor of acquitting Yanez; after further deliberation the two remaining jurors were also swayed to acquit. The jury consisted of seven men and five women. Two jurors were black. Following the acquittal, a jury member told the press that the specific wording of the law regarding culpable negligence was the main factor among many leading to the verdict. One juror who later spoke anonymously said: Aftermath of verdict The day the verdict was announced, the city of St. Anthony announced that "the public will be best served if Officer Yanez is no longer a police officer in our city", and that he would not be returning to the police department from leave after the trial. As revealed by the Associated Press a few weeks later, Yanez received $48,500 as part of his separation agreement with the city, in addition to payment for unused compensatory time. Some 2,000 protesters marched in the streets, eventually blocking Interstate 94, where 18 people were arrested, including at least one reporter. Members of the Castile family, who had worked closely with authorities throughout the trial, expressed shock and outrage at the verdict, and a loss of faith in the system. Although they had earlier discussed a federal civil rights lawsuit, on June 26, 2017, the family released a joint statement with the city of St. Anthony announcing a settlement worth $2.995 million. On June 20, 2017, dashcam footage seen by investigators and members of the courtroom during the trial was released to public. On June 21, 2017, Ramsey County released additional evidence, including footage taken inside Yanez's squad car which shows Diamond Reynolds' daughter comforting her mother after the shooting. In mid-2017, the Saint Anthony city council adjusted the city's police contract so that financial liability falls to its served communities, rather than Saint Anthony itself. With this increase in cost, Falcon Heights voted to end the contract and find a new police provider. The Ramsey County Sheriff was to police Falcon Heights in 2018. The 2017 Falcon Heights city council election centered on how the city should be policed. Legacy In honor of Castile, the Philando Castile Memorial Scholarship has been started at St. Paul Central High School. The inaugural $5,000 award was given to Marques Watson in 2017. Castile, a school cafeteria worker, frequently paid for lunches for students who owed money or could not afford to pay. Inspired by this example, the Philando Castile Relief Foundation was created. The charity focuses on paying school lunch debts and addressing gun violence in the Minneapolis area. The charity's money comes in part from a civil settlement between Castile's family and the city of St. Anthony. In April, 2019 the foundation gave $8,000 to wipe out the accumulated lunch debt of all seniors at Robbinsdale Cooper High School in New Hope, Minn. The debt was threatening the ability of students to graduate. The foundation earlier gave $10,000 for school lunches to the J.J. Hill Montessori Magnet School where Philando Castile worked. Valerie Castile spoke at U.S. House Representative Ilhan Omar's press conference on a bill ending the shaming of students who pay meal debt. In 2017 New Zealand-born artist Luke Willis Thompson filmed Reynolds for an artwork titled Autoportrait''. He intended the work as a 'sister-image' to her filmed footage. The work was first presented at Chisenhale Gallery in London in 2017. See also George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Shooting of Breonna Taylor Shooting of Justine Damond Shooting of Walter Scott Shooting of Michael Brown Shooting of Tamir Rice Killing of Eric Garner Murder of Laquan McDonald Murder of George Floyd Killing of Rayshard Brooks Black Lives Matter Weapons effect Notes References External links Complaint Copy of criminal complaint against Jeronimo Yanez from the website of the Ramsey County Attorney File-stamped copy of criminal complaint against Jeronimo Yanez from the website of the St. Paul Pioneer Press Diamond Reynolds' video NPR article containing full embedded Facebook video of immediate aftermath of shooting Transcript of the full video – provided by Minnesota Public Radio Dashcam Video Squad dashcam video – Yanez case Other links President Obama on the fatal shootings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile – video provided by the White House News and Updates from the office of the Ramsey County Attorney Central Honors Philando website, with information about the Philando Castile Memorial Scholarship 2016 controversies in the United States 2016 in Minnesota 2020–2021 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest African-American history of Minnesota African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter Criminal trials that ended in acquittal Deaths by firearm in Minnesota Filmed killings by law enforcement July 2016 events in the United States Law enforcement controversies in the United States Law enforcement in Minnesota Ramsey County, Minnesota History of racism in Minnesota African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20shooting%20of%20Dallas%20police%20officers

2016 shooting of Dallas police officers

On July 7, 2016, Micah Xavier Johnson ambushed a group of police officers in Dallas, Texas, shooting and killing five officers ,and injuring nine others. Two civilians were also wounded. Johnson was an Army Reserve Afghan War veteran and was angry over police shootings of Black men. The shooting happened at the end of a protest against the police killings of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, which had occurred in the preceding days. Following the shooting, Johnson fled inside a building on the campus of El Centro College. Police followed him there, and a standoff ensued. In the early hours of July 8, police killed Johnson with a bomb attached to a remote control bomb disposal robot. It was the first time U.S. law enforcement had used a robot to kill a suspect. The shooting was the deadliest incident for U.S. law enforcement since the September 11, 2001 attacks, surpassing two related March 2009 shootings in Oakland, California, and a November 2009 ambush shooting in Lakewood, Washington, which had each resulted in the death of four police officers and the shooting deaths of both suspects. Background A protest was organized in Dallas by the Next Generation Action Network in response to the killings of two men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, by police officers in Louisiana and Minnesota, respectively, days before. The Dallas protest was one of several held across the United States on the night of July 7. Around 800 protesters were involved, and around 100 police officers were assigned to monitor the event. About 20 to 30 open-carry gun rights activists joined the protest march, some wearing gas masks, bulletproof vests, and fatigues, according to Dallas Police Chief David Brown. Shootings Most of the events happened in the streets and buildings around El Centro College, which forms a city block composed of multiple buildings. The block is bordered by Main Street on the south where the protest march was taking place; Lamar Street to the east from where Johnson initiated the shooting spree; and Elm Street to the north where Johnson eventually entered the college. Main Street shootings Around 8:58 p.m. Johnson parked his SUV sideways on Lamar Street, in front of the east entrance to the college, at Building A, and left the vehicle hazard lights blinking. At the time, the street had been cleared out in anticipation of the protest. Taking cover at street level, he began shooting at groups of police and protesters who were gathered on Main Street. Johnson was believed to have talked to three of the officers he shot before he first opened fire. Three officers were killed in the initial gunfire, while at least three others and a civilian were injured. Eleven officers fired back. During the shooting, officers, unaware where the shots were coming from, scrambled to block intersections and were exposed to gunfire as a result. Immediately afterwards, Johnson made his way north on Lamar Street, encountering Officer Brent Thompson along the way. A civilian recorded video of the encounter from his hotel balcony on Lamar Street. The video showed Johnson, clad in tactical clothing and armed with a rifle, loading his rifle and firing indiscriminately to draw officers near his position. When Thompson approached a corner, Johnson engaged him in a gunfight, forcing Thompson to take cover behind a concrete pillar. Johnson fired towards one side of the pillar, then ran over to the other side of the pillar to flank Thompson and shot him multiple times from behind, killing him. El Centro College shootout Johnson, now injured during the firefight, attempted to enter the Lamar Street entrance of the college by shooting out the glass door but was unable to make his way in. He wounded two campus police officers who were near the doorway inside the building. Corporal Bryan Shaw was shot in the stomach underneath his bulletproof vest, while Officer John Abbott was hit by flying glass in the legs. Johnson then made his way to Elm Street where he shot out another glass door and entered the college unseen; he then made his way to Building B. Hearing the shattering glass, one of the injured campus officers, Corporal Shaw, made his way through the building and discovered a trail of blood leading to a stairwell. Accompanied by another police officer, Shaw entered the stairwell and was met with a hail of gunfire coming from above. Unable to see Johnson, he held his fire and retreated with the other officer. Afterwards, Johnson made his way along a mezzanine between the school's second-floor dining area and third-floor library, but came onto a dead end of windows facing down onto Elm Street. He shot out multiple windows and fired repeatedly at officers on Elm Street. He hit Michael Smith, a police officer standing in front of a 7-Eleven, killing him and shattering the store-front glass. Officers began entering the college, sealing escape routes from the building, and evacuating students and teachers in the building, including those on a floor above Johnson, through a different stairwell. Approaching Johnson on the second floor near the library, officers found him secured behind a corner firing intermittently. He was in an area filled with offices and the school's computer servers, with only two doors leading to where he was positioned, and a hallway about long separating him from SWAT members. At least 200 gunshots were believed to have been fired by Johnson and SWAT officers in that area during the standoff. Standoff and shooter's death The police claim that officers opened negotiations for surrender but Johnson said he would speak to Black police officers only. Johnson stated that he had acted alone and was not part of any group. According to Chief Brown, Johnson appeared delusional during his standoff; "We had negotiated with him for about two hours, and he just basically lied to us, playing games, laughing at us, singing, asking how many did he get and that he wanted to kill some more." Sgt. Larry Gordon indicated in an interview that the shooter "wasn't delusional", "he was very lucid, seemed to be very sane and very in control". By about 2:30 a.m., Chief Brown saw no possibility of negotiating further and made the decision to use a bomb disposal remote control vehicle armed with about of C-4 explosive. The plan was to move the robot to a point against a wall facing Johnson and then detonate the explosives. The device exploded as intended, killing Johnson immediately. The robot, while sustaining damage to its extended arm, was still functional. It was later discovered that Johnson had scrawled the letters "RB" in his own blood while in the college, apparently after being wounded while making his way up a stairwell. The meanings of "RB" and other markings made by Johnson remain unclear, though investigators did attempt to discover the meanings. Chief Brown said that, during negotiations, Johnson declared he had placed explosives in downtown Dallas. However, a subsequent sweep of downtown Dallas had found no explosives. Victims Five officers were killed; nine other officers and two civilians were injured. Most of the victims were shot during the protests, and at least one other during a shootout. The dead comprised four Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers and one Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) officer. Four of the injured officers were from DPD, three were from DART, and two were from El Centro College. Seven of the injured officers were treated at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Two officers underwent surgery. One civilian was shot in the back of the leg, breaking her tibia. The officers killed were identified as: DPD Senior Cpl. Lorne Ahrens, age 48, who had been with the department since 2002 and formerly served with Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department from 1991 to 2002. DPD Officer Michael Krol, 40, who had been with the department since 2003. DPD Sgt. Michael Smith, 55, a former Army Ranger who had been with the department since 1989. DART Officer Brent Thompson, 43, a former enlisted Marine who had been with the department since 2007. Thompson was the first DART officer to be killed in the line of duty since the department's inception in 1989. DPD Officer Patricio "Patrick" Zamarripa, 32, a former Navy sailor and Iraq War veteran who had been with the department since 2010. This was the deadliest single incident for law enforcement officers in the United States since the September 11 attacks, surpassing two 2009 shootings in Lakewood, Washington, and Oakland, California, where four officers each were killed. Perpetrator Early life and education Micah Xavier Johnson was born in Magee, Mississippi and raised in Mesquite, Texas. He once described his childhood as "stressful" during a VA visit on August 15, 2014, but further details were redacted on the visit report. When he was four, his parents divorced. Johnson transferred into John Horn High School when he was 17 and participated in its Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program, according to the Mesquite Independent School District. He struggled academically, graduating in 2009 with a 1.98 grade-point average and a ranking of 430 out of 453 students in his class. In the spring of 2011, he enrolled in four classes at Richland College, but never completed any of them. Investigators believed that Johnson had access to El Centro College through his enrollment at Richland, citing his pre-planned and coordinated movements throughout Building B. Military service Immediately after high school, Johnson enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve and served from March 2009 to April 2015 as a 12W carpentry and masonry specialist. He completed basic training, which required qualification on handling of an M16 rifle or M4 carbine, basic rifles for U.S. military personnel. According to Justin Garner, a high-school friend and classmate who later served alongside Johnson in the same unit, Johnson lacked proficiency in certain required technical skills, such as marksmanship. Johnson was activated at the rank of private first class in September 2013 in support of the War in Afghanistan, where he was deployed from November 2013 to July 2014 with the 420th Engineer Brigade. People who knew Johnson during his time in the Army described him as openly religious and often socializing with white soldiers. A squad leader, who trained Johnson in tactical maneuvers and protection in 2009 and 2010, described him as "klutzy", "goofy sometimes", and "a nice guy", but also quiet and unmotivated. Documents released by the Army on July 29 detailed early signs of disturbing behavior being exhibited by him, but specific details were redacted. They also said that while Johnson was sociable, he was generally described by soldiers as a loner who sometimes ate his lunch in a vehicle alone while the rest of his unit ate outside together. Discharge On May 1, 2014, during his deployment, he was accused of sexual harassment by a female soldier, who sought a protective order against him and said that he needed mental health counseling. The accusation was made after the soldier reported four pairs of women's underwear missing from her laundry bag. A "health and welfare inspection" of soldiers' rooms found one pair in Johnson's quarters, while a soldier discovered the remaining three in Johnson's pocket. Upon being confronted about it, Johnson fled with the undergarments and attempted to dispose of them in a nearby dumpster. He then lied that a female civilian acquaintance gave the underwear to him, but the female soldier confirmed that they were in fact hers. The female soldier told investigators that she and Johnson had been platonic friends for five years, but had stopped talking to each other. She described their relationship as being tumultuous and involving fights and disagreements. She specifically recalled one incident where Johnson punched out a car window over her leaving for college and severed an artery, then forced her to bring him to a hospital for treatment. However, Johnson claimed that he punched out the window when the soldier missed a movie they planned to see together, and added that he had been under stress from his job and turbulent home life at the time. According to the soldier, Johnson asked her for a pair of her underwear before the May 1 incident, but she declined. Also, during a Facebook conversation with her, Johnson mentioned "tying her down and having her face down on the bed" but then claimed the statement was a joke. Though she told him that rape was "never a joke" and to stop contacting her, the soldier did not report him for harassment at the time because she was used to that kind of rhetoric. Though the May 1 incident did not meet the Army's criteria for sexual harassment, investigators found that Johnson's sexually suggestive comments to the female soldier met said criteria. Following the inspection, he was disarmed under the recommendation of his platoon sergeant, who felt he posed a potential threat. Another Army official later described the action as unusual, as Johnson did not appear to be visibly agitated or a threat to himself or others at the time. Johnson was then placed under 24-hour escort, which was reportedly a shameful and ostracizing experience, before being temporarily moved to Bagram Airfield on May 3, but he did not have enough time to pack all of his belongings. While soldiers were emptying Johnson's quarters and packing his belongings for him on May 14, they discovered an unauthorized single M430I High Explosive Dual Purpose 40mm grenade, a .50-caliber round, and another soldier's prescription medication in his sleeping bag. Later, the Army sent Johnson back to the U.S., and according to the military lawyer who represented Johnson at the time, the Army initiated proceedings to give Johnson an "other than honorable" discharge. The lawyer claimed this was "highly unusual" because written reprimands are usually issued before more drastic steps are taken, and also because the decision was allegedly based on a single sexual harassment allegation. The lawyer was evidently unaware of the grenade and other contraband discovered in Johnson's possession shortly before he was repatriated to the United States from Afghanistan as well as other factors in Johnson's possibly redacted record. On the advice of his attorney, Johnson waived his right to a hearing in exchange for a more favorable general discharge under honorable conditions. He was honorably discharged in September 2014, apparently as a result of an Army error. Johnson remained in the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR), meaning he could be recalled into the Army if needed, and was part of the IRR at the time of his death. Johnson received the Afghanistan Campaign Medal with campaign star, Army Achievement Medal, Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, Armed Forces Reserve Medal, and NATO Medal for his tour of duty in Afghanistan. Some of Johnson's fellow soldiers criticized the Army's handling of the case. Motive Chief Brown said that Johnson, who was Black, was upset about recent police shootings of Black men and "stated he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers." A friend and former coworker of Johnson's described him as "always [being] distrustful of the police." Another former coworker said he seemed "very affected" by recent police shootings of Black men. A friend said that Johnson had anger management problems and would repeatedly watch videos of the 1991 beating of Rodney King by police officers. Brown said that Johnson had told police negotiators that he was upset about Black Lives Matter. "Two law enforcement officials told NPR's Dina Temple-Raston that they believe the suspect had been planning an attack for some time and acted on his own. They added that they have not identified a connection between the suspect and any international terrorism or domestic extremist groups". An investigation into his online activities uncovered his interest in Black nationalist groups. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) and news outlets reported that Johnson "liked" the Facebook pages of Black nationalist organizations such as the New Black Panther Party (NBPP), Nation of Islam, and Black Riders Liberation Army, three groups which are listed by the SPLC as hate groups. On Facebook, Johnson posted an angry and "disjointed" post against white people on July 2, several days before the attack. NBPP head Quanell X said after the shooting that Johnson had been a member of the NBPP's Houston chapter for about six months, several years before. Quanell X added that Johnson had been "asked to leave" the group for violating the organization's "chain of command" and espousing dangerous rhetoric, such as asking the NBPP why they had not purchased more weapons and ammunition, and expressing his desire to harm Black church preachers because he believed they were more interested in money than God. Following the shooting, a national NBPP leader distanced the group from Johnson, saying that he "was not a member of" the party. Johnson also "liked" the Facebook page of the African American Defense League, whose leader, Mauricelm-Lei Millere, called for the murders of police officers across the U.S. following the fatal 2014 shooting of Laquan McDonald. In response to the police killing of Alton Sterling, the organization had "posted a message earlier in the week encouraging violence against police". Johnson's Facebook profile photo depicted Johnson raising his arm in a Black Power salute, along with images of a Black Power symbol and a flag associated with the Pan-Africanism movement. These symbols have long represented Black empowerment, but have also been co-opted by reactionary groups with bigoted views. Conversely, people familiar with Johnson during his military service believed he may have been severely stressed with serving in a combat zone. They also said he had little interest in the topics of racial injustice and the killing of Trayvon Martin that occurred at the time. In an interview, Johnson's parents said that he was once extroverted and patriotic, and wanted to become a police officer. Following his discharge from the Army, they described him as disillusioned, reclusive, and resentful of the U.S. government; and believed he had been disappointed by his experience in the military. According to a soldier, Johnson had a small breakdown after he began losing his friends in the Army after details of the sexual harassment accusation were released. Before the shooting According to an employment application made by Johnson seven months before his death, he worked in a Jimmy John's sandwich shop in north Dallas beginning in 2010, and took a position as a quality assurance worker at a Garland, Texas, truck plant in 2012. At the time of his death, Johnson was working as an in-home caregiver for his mentally disabled adult brother. Both men lived with their mother in her home. Johnson had no criminal record in Texas. However, the Mesquite Police Department documented an encounter with him in January 2011. According to the report, Johnson walked into their police station "visibly upset and...bouncing from side to side." He told an officer that a female friend had lied to him and that he had nowhere else to go. He also declined mental health treatment and claimed he was not a threat to himself or others. Johnson was eventually picked up from the station by a friend from his Army Reserve unit. The Veterans Health Administration released documents in August 2016 showing that Johnson had symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following his return from Afghanistan. He was not formally diagnosed with the condition, and doctors concluded that he presented no serious risk to himself or others. Johnson had sought treatment for anxiety, depression, and hallucinations, once telling doctors that he had experienced nightmares after witnessing fellow soldiers dying in explosions. Johnson also said that he would hear voices and mortars exploding; and that after returning to the U.S., he would be paranoid, suffer from lower back pain, and experience panic attacks a few times per week. For the latter condition, he recalled one incident at a Wal-Mart that required a police response. For his conditions, Johnson was prescribed several medications, including a muscle relaxant, an antidepressant, and anti-anxiety and sleep medication. Chief Brown said that while Johnson had been planning the shooting before the deaths of Sterling and Philando Castile, both incidents served as the trigger to commit the shooting and that he saw the Dallas protest as "an opportunity" to attack police officers. Johnson had offered to work security at an anti-Donald Trump rally led by Dallas civil rights activist Reverend Peter Johnson on June 16, but he insisted on bringing a gun, so the reverend declined. According to police and a neighbor, Johnson practiced military exercises in his backyard. In 2014, Johnson received training and instruction at a private self-defense school that teaches tactics such as "shooting on the move" (i.e., quickly firing, then changing position and resuming gunfire). The tactic was designed to keep a gunman's location uncertain and create the impression of multiple shooters. Although the school's website does mention such training as being offered, Justin Everman, the founder of the school, stated that Johnson only took self-defense courses two years ago. Investigators believed that he began amassing his arsenal around the same time, stockpiling guns and gathering chemicals and electronic devices and PVC piping needed to build explosives. Investigation Weapons There were conflicting reports on the type of semi-automatic rifle that Johnson used during the shooting. Clay Jenkins, the Dallas County chief executive and the director of homeland security and emergency management, said Johnson used an SKS. News reports, all citing unnamed officials familiar with the investigation, said Johnson used an Izhmash-Saiga 5.45mm rifle, which is a variation on the AK-47. The New York Daily News did an interview with a man who sold Johnson a semiautomatic AK-47 pattern rifle in November 2014. The man said he sold Johnson the rifle and made the deal in a Target parking lot. When the man asked the ATF if his weapon played a part in the shooting, the ATF agent who responded said, "All we can say is it was recovered. We're just finding out everything we can." In addition to the rifle, Johnson carried at least one handgun with a high-capacity magazine during the attack. CNN, citing an unnamed official, reported that two handguns were recovered, one a Glock 19 Gen4 pistol and the other a Fraser .25-caliber. The FBI reported that Johnson wore ballistic body armor with plates during the shooting. Searches Johnson's family home was searched by authorities the day after the shooting. Bomb-making materials, ballistic vests, two rifles, ammunition, and a "personal journal of combat tactics" containing "instruction on shooting techniques and tactical movements" were recovered from the home by detectives. Chief Brown reported that the journal included "quite a bit of rambling ... that's hard to decipher." Chief Brown said that recovered evidence pointed to Johnson practicing detonations and having enough explosive material to cause "devastating effects" throughout Dallas and the North Texas area. However, the latter claim was contradicted on July 18 by two officials familiar with the investigation, who both said small amounts of Tannerite, a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges, and acetone, an accelerant in explosives, were recovered from the home. Statements were taken from three hundred witnesses and officers during the course of the investigation. Investigators are examining Johnson's laptop, journal, and cell phone, along with 170 hours of body camera footage. However, there were concerns about the resolution quality of some of the 90 cameras installed in downtown Dallas, which could have recorded parts of the shooting essential to the investigation. The cameras were part of a multimillion-dollar downtown surveillance system implemented to reduce crime in the area. The Dallas Police Department planned to release surveillance footage of the shooting on August 29, but held it off, saying the release would interfere with its investigation. Related arrests Officials initially said two or more snipers carried out the shooting, with the confusion later attributed to ricocheting bullets and the echoes of gunshots. They later said that Johnson appears to have been the lone gunman, with all of the gunshots traced back to him. Three other people were taken into custody by police, "but officials have not said what roles they may have played." These three included two people seen carrying camouflage bags and leaving the shooting scene on Lamar Street. They were both stopped and detained after a six-mile chase. The detained persons were all later determined to be fleeing protesters who were either armed or carrying ammunition gear. However, police announced on July 9 that they were continuing to investigate whether Johnson acted alone or conspired with others in planning the shooting. Investigators obtained a search warrant to look for phone numbers connected to Johnson. One of the people taken into custody by police had attended the protest wearing a camouflage T-shirt and openly carrying an unloaded AR-15 rifle. Shortly after the shooting, the Dallas Police Department (DPD) tweeted a photo of the man describing him as one of their suspects and asked the public's help in finding him. The police-released image of the suspect was widely shared on social media and broadcast on national television. The suspect turned himself in and was subsequently released after questioning without charge. Police High commands Due to the criticism against militarization of police, Dallas Police Department's High Command ordered the officers assigned to the protest to not wear military-style bulletproof vests (such as plate carriers) because they did not want the officers to look too "militaristic, aggressive" and instead to wear standard issue kevlar vests, which were not able to protect against the rifle rounds Johnson had. For the same reasons, officers were not able to arm themselves with long guns, such as AR-15s. The President of the Dallas Police Association, Mike Mata, said: "[A] lot of those shots, and a lot of those wounds… were chest shots, lower abdomen wound shots, and those heavy vests would have covered them". Army internal review On July 13, Pentagon officials announced that the U.S. Army had launched an internal review into Johnson's military service. The review was initiated after questions were raised about the appropriateness of his honorable discharge despite the sexual harassment allegations made against him, and the fact that the Army had been highly considering an "other than honorable discharge" for Johnson. During the investigation, the Army uncovered an incomplete amount of information regarding the sexual harassment allegations. The following day, another review was initiated by the Army's Criminal Investigation Command, to determine if a full investigation was made into the allegations. An Army official echoed a statement made by the lawyer who represented Johnson, saying that Johnson's honorable discharge may have been the result of an administrative error. The same official added that nothing had been found in Johnson's record that indicated a willingness to commit murder. On July 29, the Army released a heavily redacted report, which detailed the incident behind Johnson's discharge but did not address why he was discharged honorably. Another investigative report was released on August 17. On September 7, the Army released Johnson's personnel files. Aftermath DART suspended service in downtown Dallas after the shooting, but resumed the next morning with the exception of West End station. The Federal Aviation Administration issued a temporary flight restriction of civilian aircraft for the immediate vicinity in which the shooting occurred, allowing only police aircraft in the airspace. El Centro College canceled all classes on July 8. Police barricaded the perimeter and began canvassing the crime scene. The explosion that killed Johnson also destroyed the school's servers, further delaying reopening. The school partially reopened on July 20, with staff returning that day and students on the following day. Buildings A, B, and C remained closed pending the FBI investigation. A "Reflect and Renew" ceremony dedicated to demonstrating citywide efforts to unify Dallas was held at the college on July 27. Students and staff, along with city and community officials, were in attendance. Chief Brown said that police efforts to identify the gunman were made more difficult by the presence of up to thirty civilians openly carrying rifles during the protest, which is legal in Texas. Brown said, "We're trying as best we can as a law enforcement community to make it work so that citizens can express their Second Amendment rights. But it's increasingly challenging when people have AR-15s slung over their shoulder and they're in a crowd. We don't know who the good guy is versus the bad guy when everyone starts shooting." In an interview after the shooting, Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings said that he supported changing state law to restrict the public carrying of rifles and shotguns so that the police could distinguish between suspects and civilians more easily during crises. Dallas Observer noted several similarities between Johnson and Mark Essex, a discharged U.S. Navy sailor and Black Panther who committed two attacks against white civilians and police officers on December 31, 1972, and January 7, 1973, in New Orleans. The attacks left nine people dead, including five police officers. Lawsuits In November 2016, Enrique Zamarripa, the father of Officer Patrick Zamarripa, one of the murdered police officers, filed a lawsuit against Black Lives Matter and 13 other defendants, including the Nation of Islam, the New Black Panther Party, the Reverend Al Sharpton, and individual activists. The lawsuit seeks $550 million in damages and claims that Johnson was acting as an agent for the defendants and alleged that the defendants incited violence and caused the Dallas shooting as a "direct result". The mother of the officer, Valerie Zamarripa, distanced herself from her ex-husband's lawsuit, saying that it did not reflect her views, or the views of the foundation set up in her son's name. Earlier, in September 2016, a Dallas police officer, Sgt. Demetrick Pennie, represented by lawyer Larry Klayman, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas against 17 people—including Louis Farrakhan, the Nation of Islam, Sharpton, the National Action Network, Black Lives Matter, DeRay Mckesson, Malik Zulu Shabazz, the New Black Panther Party, George Soros, President Barack Obama, Eric Holder, Hillary Clinton, and Jesse Jackson—blaming them for the attack and seeking damages of over $500 million. Klayman has used his nonprofit group Freedom Watch to pursue lawsuits that "further supposed 'far-right' causes" in the past. The lawsuit was seen as "unlikely to be taken too seriously by a judge" and all of Klayman's claims against Mckesson and Black Lives Matter were dismissed or withdrawn. Attorneys for Mckesson have argued that "Klayman should have known his claims were frivolous." In January 2017, Pennie separately sued Twitter, Facebook, and Google in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, claiming that the websites "knowingly and recklessly" allowed terrorist propaganda to be spread on their social networks. Effects on policing As a result of the shooting, local law enforcement officers worked more than $800,000 in overtime to help the Dallas Police Department (DPD). This included $86,000 spent by the Dallas County Sheriff's Office, $88,000 spent by the Arlington Police Department, about $705,250 by DPD, and unknown sums by the Irving Police Department and the Dallas Fire-Rescue Department. Following this shooting and another in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, that killed three police officers and wounded three others, local law enforcement agencies across the U.S. began readjusting response strategies, with more officers being paired up in patrol vehicles. Departments also began to increase security and surveillance at protest events against police. Within twelve days following the shooting, DPD received 467 job applications, representing a 344% increase from the 136 applications received by the department in June. In the months before the shooting, DPD, along with other police departments across the country, had been struggling to recruit new officers. DPD even had to cancel academy classes because there were not enough applicants, and also struggled in retaining officers due to a low salary. On August 25, DPD announced their goal to hire 549 officers by October 2017, though some police and City Council officials called it an unrealistic goal due to the department's strict hiring requirements. Use of a police robot to kill Johnson The killing of Johnson was the first time in United States history a robot was used by police to kill a suspect. The Remotec ANDROS Mark V-A1, a bomb disposal remote control vehicle used by police, was rigged with about of C-4 explosive. The decision to attack Johnson with a robot was made after it was concluded that the heavily armed assailant had secured himself behind a corner at the end of a hallway, with no safe way for police to rush him or reach him with a sniper. There were various reactions to the lethal use of a robot by police. P. W. Singer, a robotics expert at the New America Foundation, said it was the first instance of which he was aware of a robot being used lethally by police. Seth Stoughton, an assistant professor of law at the University of South Carolina, said, "This is sort of a new horizon for police technology. Robots have been around for a while, but using them to deliver lethal force raises some new issues." To this effect, Stoughton said, "I'm not aware of any police department having on hand something that is intended to be used as a weaponized explosive." He believed that the manner in which the police used the robot was justified due to Johnson being an imminent threat to police personnel and civilians, stating, "The circumstances that justify lethal force justify lethal force in essentially every form." Reactions Texas Governor Greg Abbott ordered the director of the Texas Department of Public Safety to offer any assistance to Dallas when requested. He also said, "In times like this we must remember—and emphasize—the importance of uniting as Americans." Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick attributed the violence to individuals on social media, "former Black Lives Matter protesters", and others with anti-police views, later expressing regret for his statement. President Barack Obama called the shooting a "vicious, calculated, despicable attack" and a "tremendous tragedy". He also made immediate calls for gun control. The Fraternal Order of Police, the largest police union in the U.S., called for the shooting to be investigated as a hate crime and criticized President Obama's response, saying that he needed to speak for everyone and not give one speech for police officers and another one for African Americans. Leaders associated with the Black Lives Matter movement, including organizers of the protest rally, condemned the shooting. On July 8, the day after the shooting, a special interfaith vigil attracted hundreds of people to Thanks-Giving Square in Downtown Dallas, where Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings and regional faith leaders led prayers for the officers involved in the shooting and for everyone affected by it. An interfaith memorial to the dead officers was held at Dallas's Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center on July 12. U.S. President Barack Obama and former President George W. Bush, a Texan who previously served as the 46th Governor of Texas, spoke at the ceremony, which was also attended by then-Vice President Joe Biden. Obama praised the Dallas police as heroes and called the killings "an act not just of demented violence but of racial hatred." In the aftermath, Obama urged Americans not to give in to despair, saying, "[W]e are not so divided as we seem." Attorney General Loretta Lynch said that agents from the ATF, FBI, Marshals Service, and other U.S. Department of Justice agencies were on the scene working with state and local agencies. Lynch stated that the proper response to uncertainty and fear "is never violence" but rather is "calm, peaceful, collaborative and determined action." Lynch also said, "To all Americans, I ask you, I implore you, do not let this week precipitate a new normal in this country." After the shootings at Dallas, Louisiana, and Minnesota, the Bahamian government issued a travel advisory telling citizens to use caution when traveling to the U.S. due to racial tensions. They specifically advised that young men use "extreme caution" when interacting with police and to be non-confrontational and cooperative. See also 1985 MOVE bombing 2014 killings of NYPD officers 2015 attack on Dallas police 2016 shootings of Des Moines police officers 2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers 2020 shooting of Los Angeles police officers Gun violence in the United States List of American police officers killed in the line of duty List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes) Notes References 2016 in Texas 2016 mass shootings in the United States 2016 murders in the United States 2010s crimes in Texas 2010s in Dallas African and Black nationalism in the United States American police officers killed in the line of duty Assassinated police officers Attacks in the United States in 2016 Crimes against police officers in the United States 2016 shooting 2016 shooting Deaths by firearm in Texas 2016 shooting Filmed killings July 2016 crimes in the United States Law enforcement in Texas Mass murder in 2016 Mass murder in Texas Mass murder in the United States Mass shootings in Texas Mass shootings in the United States 2016 shooting Racially motivated violence against European Americans Racially motivated violence in the United States Anti-police violence in the United States

51139593

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Elliott%20Williams

Death of Elliott Williams

Elliott Earl Williams (born 1974) was a US Army veteran who died in the Tulsa County, Oklahoma jail on October 27, 2011. The Medical Examiner determined in a 2014 report that Mr. Williams died from "complications of vertebrospinal injuries due to blunt force trauma", starvation, and dehydration. Special Administrator Robbie Emery Burke, representing the Estate of Mr. Williams, filed a lawsuit on April 16, 2012, against Sheriff Stanley Glanz, Correctional Healthcare Management of Oklahoma, Inc., et al. The Claims for Relief pertain to Cruel and Unusual Punishment in Violation of the Eighth Amendment and/or the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution; and Wrongful Death. Jailing On October 21, 2011, Mr. Williams was arrested by Owasso police in the lobby of a Marriott hotel in Owasso, Oklahoma for misdemeanor obstruction of a police officer; he was subsequently transported to Tulsa County jail on October 22, 2011. While Mr. Williams was in his cell, incapacitated, food and water were brought to him, but he was unable to reach them; jail officials taunted him and accused him of faking his injuries. Aftermath In December 2011, Mr. Earl and Mrs. Katha Williams, the parents of the deceased, sued the city of Owasso for records related to the arrest of their son; the suit was predicated on a violation of Oklahoma's Open Records Act. Ms. Elia Lara-Williams, wife of the late Mr. Williams, filed suit against Sheriff Stanley Glanz and the medical staff of the Tulsa County jail. Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation: Suspicious death report The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation conducted an investigation into the death of Mr. Williams from 14 November 2011 through 31 December 2011. The subsequent report summarized the pertinent events as follows: This report was later filed with the court presiding over the Burke v. Glanz case on April 1, 2014. Civil Lawsuit: Burke v. Glanz In July 2016, U.S. District Judge John Dowdell ruled that a federal civil rights lawsuit against former Sheriff Stanley Glanz and Tulsa County officials could proceed. In February 2017, defense attorneys for Sheriff Vic Regalado and Mr. Glanz filed a motion accusing Judge Dowell of failing to disclose a conflict of interest, which Judge Dowell subsequently denied. In March 2017, Judge Dowell ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, requiring Tulsa County and former Sheriff Stanley Glanz to pay $10.2 million and $250,000, respectively, to the Estate of Mr. Elliott Williams. Following challenges by attorneys for Mr. Glanz and Tulsa County, the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld most of Judge Dowell's ruling on August 20, 2019. Expert Reports Psychiatrist Steven Hoge, MD Dr. Hoge, retained by law firm Smolen Smolen & Roytman on behalf of Ms. Burkey, was also asked to review evidential records and to "render an opinion regarding the mental health care of Elliott Earl Williams at the time of his arrest and during his incarceration at the Owasso County Jail and the David L. Moss Criminal Justice Center ..." In his report, Dr. Hoge concludes the following: Medical Examiner Scott A. Allen, MD Dr. Allen, on behalf of Ms. Burke's attorneys, conducted a review of evidential records relating to the medical care of Mr. Williams while in custody of the David L. Moss Criminal Justice Center. Dr. Allen concluded, in part, that Mr. Williams died "not only from lack of medical care, but also from lack of food and water, all while under the care of licensed health professionals." Corporal Billy McKelvey Corporal McKelvey was tasked with determining whether any TSCO employee violated policies, willfully or otherwise, that contributed to the death of Mr. Williams; and, what actions were taken by Correctional Healthcare Companies, Inc employees. In his report, which includes numerous interviews of inmates, detention officers, medical professionals, and others. See also Death of Darren Rainey Death of Sandra Bland Death of Kristiana Coignard References 2011 deaths Deaths in police custody in the United States 1974 births Tulsa County, Oklahoma Penal system in Oklahoma

51198029

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson%20Ranch%20shootout

Stevenson Ranch shootout

On August 31, 2001, a shootout occurred in Stevenson Ranch, an unincorporated community in Santa Clarita Valley, California. It resulted in the immediate deaths of James Allen Beck, a convicted felon; and Hagop "Jake" Kuredjian, a sheriff's deputy. Ten years later, ATF agent Jeff Ryan committed suicide resulting from the traumatic ordeal. Background James Allen Beck (January 12, 1966 – August 31, 2001) attended Palisades High and later the Rio Hondo College police academy. He worked for the Arcadia, California Police Department before being fired during the probationary period. Subsequently, he impersonated law enforcement officers, typically a U.S. marshal. Beck worked at odd jobs. He was convicted in separate instances of burglary, receiving stolen property, and possession of an assault weapon. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) had conducted a search of Beck's residence, at another address, prior to 2001 without any resistance. Beck's mother purchased a home for him in Stevenson Ranch, California. He was known for having a large collection of guns at his home. Neighbors noticed surveillance vans targeting him. One tip resulted in the confrontation. Shootout The (ATF) received information in 2000 that Beck, a felon, was buying large amounts of ammunition for assault weapons. On August 31, 2001, eight ATF agents, two U.S. marshals and three Los Angeles County sheriff's deputies visited Beck's home to serve a search warrant. Beck refused to come out, and started firing upon the officers. Early in the gunfight one of the deputies, Hagop "Jake" Kuredjian, was shot by Beck from a 2nd-floor window, and was killed instantly. A SWAT team responded. During the gunfight, law enforcement officers fired an estimated 555 rounds at Beck and at neighbors' houses. Beck himself is estimated to have shot "hundreds if not thousands" of rounds. He fired on sheriff and news helicopters with large caliber ammunition. Four hours into the standoff, a hot tear-gas canister was shot into Beck's home, probably starting a fire. Firefighters worked to prevent the fire's spread to other homes. Because of the ongoing threat, they did not dare try to put out the fire in Beck's house. Shots continued to be fired by Beck until the roof collapsed. The rubble of Beck's burned-out home was too compromised for coroners to determine the cause of his death. Critics of the ATF's actions, including members of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, said that the bureau had failed to prepare for a violent response and did not properly warn the County Sheriff's Department of the potential risks, including Beck's stockpile of weapons. Legacy Hagop "Jake" Kuredjian Hagop "Jake" Kuredjian (June 5, 1961 – August 31, 2001), born in Aleppo, Syria, to an Armenian family, was a 17-year veteran of the Sheriff's Department. He had received a medal for saving the life of a woman dangling from a cliff in Malibu. The family of slain deputy Kuredjian received a $650,000 settlement from Beck's home-owner's insurance for a wrongful death claim. In Stevenson Ranch a six-acre park has been named "Jake Kuredjian Park". A street in Newhall, Santa Clarita, California was named Deputy Jake Drive after him. The City of Malibu created the "Jake Kuredjian Citizenship Award", given annually to "outstanding individuals who give their time and resources to enhance the quality of recreation programs." Seventeen rosebushes, one for each year of his service, were planted in his memory at the Santa Clarita Valley Sheriff's Station. An 11-year old neighbor and three of his friends collected over $8,000 for the family. Donated money went to open a library in a village in Armenia, and to fund scholarships for students interested in law enforcement. Jeff Ryan Jeffrey P. Ryan, (March 17, 1972 – September 19, 2011), had joined the ATF as an agent just 37 days before the shootout, he formerly served with US Air Force from 1990 to 1994 during both of the Gulf Wars and the Bosnian War and served with U.S. Border Patrol from 1996 to 2001. He was next to Kuredjian when the deputy was shot, and the gunfire forced him to stay beside Kuredjian for ten minutes before they could be moved to safety. Ryan suffered from severe post-traumatic stress disorder as a result. Ten years later, he committed suicide, leaving behind a widow and two children. Neighbors The house adjoining Beck's home was mistakenly targeted by law enforcement officers, resulting in more than 100 rounds being fired into the structure. The residents, a married couple with their newborn infant, took shelter on their bathroom floor during the barrage. Unhurt, they subsequently filed a $500,000 claim against the county, alleging "deliberate indifference" . They settled for $200,000. $32,500 was given to another neighbor who had been trapped in his home during the shootout and whose home was hit by about 30 rounds. References 2001 in California 2001 murders in the United States 2000s crimes in California August 2001 crimes in the United States August 2001 events in the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Deaths by firearm in California Law enforcement operations in the United States Murder in California 2001 shootout

51223834

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Correctional%20Institution

Western Correctional Institution

The Western Correctional Institution is a maximum security state prison for men located in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It opened in 1996 and has an official capacity of 1793. Western Correctional Institution is close to two other correctional facilities: the high-tech "hyper max" North Branch Correctional Institution first opened as an extension of Western which, later was officially separated in 2003, and the Allegany County Detention Center. A third prison, the Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland, is located in the same county. Notable inmates Current Nicholas Waggoner Browning – murdered his parents and two younger brothers in 2008. James Allen Kulbicki – Baltimore City police sergeant found guilty of murdering his mistress and made famous in the 1996 TV movie "Double Jeopardy". Former Joe Metheny – serial killer – died of natural causes in 2017 at Western Correctional Institution. References 1996 establishments in Maryland Buildings and structures in Allegany County, Maryland Cumberland, Maryland Prisons in Maryland

51263996

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lone%20wolf%20terrorist%20attacks

List of lone wolf terrorist attacks

This article lists lone wolf terrorist attacks. Africa, the Middle East and Asia On 15 November 1988, Barend Strydom, a Christian Afrikaner, shot and killed seven people, and wounded 15 more, in and around Strijdom Square, Pretoria, South Africa. He declared that he was the leader of the White Wolves organisation, which proved to be a figment of his imagination. On 24 February 1994, Israeli Baruch Goldstein, a former member of the Jewish Defence League and follower of the Kahanist movement, opened fire inside the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, killing 29 people and injuring at least 100. On 19 March 2005, Egyptian national Omar Ahmad Abdullah Ali detonated a car bomb outside a theatre filled with Westerners in Doha, Qatar, killing a British director and injuring 12 others. Police believe he was acting alone. On 4 August 2005, Israeli Eden Natan-Zada, an alleged Kahanist, killed four Israeli Arabs on a bus and wounded 12 before being killed by other passengers. Natan-Zada was a 19-year-old soldier who had deserted his unit after he refused to remove settlers from the Gaza Strip. Less than two weeks later, on 17 August 2005, Asher Weisgan, a 40-year-old Israeli bus-driver, shot and killed four Palestinians and injured two others in the West Bank settlement of Shiloh. On 4 September 2006, Nabil Ahmad Jaoura, a Jordanian of Palestinian origin, opened fire on tourists at the Roman Amphitheatre in Amman, Jordan. One British tourist died and six others, including five tourists, were injured. Police said he was not connected with any organized group but was angered by Western and Israeli actions in the Middle East. On 6 March 2008, Alaa Abu Dhein opened fire on a Jewish seminary in Jerusalem, killing eight and injuring 11 before he himself was shot dead. His family denied he was a member of any militant group, and described him as intensely religious. On 2 July 2008, Husam Taysir Dwayat attacked several cars with a front-end loader. He killed three Israelis and injured dozens more before being shot to death. He was not a member of any militant group. 22 September 2008: Jerusalem BMW attack in which a Palestinian used a BMW as a murder weapon. On 19 August 2010, an individual Uyghur was suspected in having planted a bicycle bomb in Aksu that killed 7 people. In January 2011, Salman Taseer, the governor of Punjab, Pakistan was assassinated by a lone wolf. 4 August 2014: the Jerusalem tractor attack. On 1 December 2014, Romanian-American Ibolya Ryan was stabbed to death in Abu Dhabi by an attacker apparently targeting a random foreigner. 3 October 2015: a series of knife stabbings around Israel occurred, including the Lions' Gate stabbings, this spate of attacks by lone-wolf Palestinians has sometimes been dubbed the "Knife Intifada." These occurred through the early months of 2016, then became sporadic. Social media incitement is considered as a possible cause for many of these attacks. Europe During late 1991 and early 1992 in Sweden, John Ausonius, a man with right-wing sympathies shot eleven dark-skinned people, killing one. In February 1992, RUC Constable Allen Moore shot three Catholic men dead with a shotgun in the Belfast Sinn Féin head office on Falls Road. Moore committed suicide shortly afterwards before arrest. Between 1993 and 1997 in Austria, Franz Fuchs engaged in a campaign against foreigners, and organizations and individuals he believed to be friendly to foreigners. He killed four people and injured 15, some seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 25 mailbombs in total. In April 1999 in London, David Copeland targeted blacks, Asians and gays with nail bombs, killing three and injuring 129. His aim was to start a race war. He was sentenced to at least 50 years and is now in a secure mental hospital. On 6 May 2002, in the Netherlands, nine days before elections, Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn was murdered by Volkert van der Graaf, who said that he killed the politician for his having exploited Muslims as "scapegoats." On 11 May 2006, the Belgian student Hans Van Themsche shot and killed a Malinese au pair and the 2-year-old child she was caring for, before being caught by police. He told police he targeted people of different skin color. On 22 July 2011, in Norway, Norwegian Anders Behring Breivik killed 77 people in two consecutive attacks. First, he killed eight people with a heavy car-bomb placed in the heart of the Norwegian government headquarters in Oslo. An hour later, he appeared at the summer camp of the Worker's Youth League, the youth organization of the Labour Party, at the island of Utøya, 35 kilometers west of Oslo. He shot for approximately 90 minutes, killing 69 people. Anders Behring Breivik written a manifesto in preparation for the attacks titled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence in which he blamed Islam and "Cultural Marxism" for a supposed "cultural suicide" of Europe Between 2009–2010, Peter Mangs targeted people in Malmö, Sweden that had dark skin which he deemed to be non-Swedish killing 2 and injuring 13 others In 2012, Islamist Mohammed Merah killed seven people in the city of Toulouse, France. He was eventually killed after a 32-hour siege at his flat in the city. On 26 May 2013, in La Défense, a man stabbed soldier Cédric Cordier in the throat. Cordier was hospitalized but officials said his throat wound was not life-threatening. The man, named as Alexandre Dhaussy, was a convert to Islam. On 20 December 2014, in Joué-lès-Tours, France, a Burundi-born French national attacked the local police station with a knife while shouting 'Allahu Akbar'. He managed to injure three police before he was shot dead. On 23 October 2015, Anton Lundin Pettersson attacked a school in Trollhättan, Sweden killed 3 and injured 1 before being killed by police. On 16 June 2016, in Birstall, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, Thomas Mair a neo-Nazi and white nationalist supporter of apartheid murdered Jo Cox a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP). On 14 July 2016, Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel drove a truck into crowds celebrating Bastille Day in Nice, France killing 86 people. On 19 June 2017, Darren Osborne drove his van into Muslims at Finsbury Park Mosque in Finsbury Park, London, United Kingdom killing at least 1 person and injuring nine others. On 18 August 2017, Abderrahman Bouanane stabbed 10 people in the city of Turku, Finland, causing several critical injuries and killing 2 people. On 3 February 2018, Luca Traini a neo-Nazi and former Lega Nord member shot and injured six African migrants in Macerata, Italy. On 12 October 2020, Danijel Bezuk shot and injured a police officer in front of the office of the Prime Minister of Croatia in Zagreb, Croatia. United States 1990–2009 On 25 January 1993 Pakistani national Mir Aimal Kansi shot CIA employees in their cars as they were waiting at a stoplight, killing two and injuring three others. He reportedly got angry watching news reports of attacks on Muslims and stated his motive was that he was "angry with the policy of the U.S. government in the Middle East, particularly toward the Palestinian people". On 10 March 1993, American Michael Frederick Griffin murdered Dr. David Gunn in Pensacola, Florida, shooting him three times in the back. Reportedly he yelled, "Don't kill any more babies", just before the shooting. On 6 August 1993 American Neo Nazi Jonathan Preston Haynes shot and killed Wilmette, Illinois plastic surgeon Dr. Martin Sullivan, claiming that he wanted to warn the world about the coming extinction of Aryans. Haynes also confessed to the unsolved 1987 killing of San Francisco hair-colorist Frank Ringi. On 1 March 1994 on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, Lebanese-born immigrant Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students that was traveling on the bridge, killing one and injuring three others. On 29 July 1994 Dr. John Britton and his bodyguard James Barrett were killed by American anti-abortion extremist Paul Jennings Hill with a shotgun blast to their heads. Mr. Barrett's wife June, a retired nurse, was injured in the attack. Hill was sentenced to death by lethal injection and was executed on 3 September 2003. On 16 September 1994 white supremacist, anti-government extremist, and self-proclaimed assassin for the Citizens for the Kingdom of Christ Timothy Thomas Coombs shot Missouri Highway Patrol Corporal Bobbie J. Harper through the chest in the kitchen of his McDonald County, Missouri home. Colonel Fred Mills, chief of the Missouri Highway Patrol, later said he believed Harper was shot in retaliation for an incident three months earlier, when Harper and other officers arrested Robert N. Joos on charges of "simulating legal process" for serving "people's court" papers. Coombs was never caught. On 30 December 1994 anti-abortion extremist John C. Salvi III carried out fatal shootings at two Planned Parenthood reproductive health clinics in Brookline, Massachusetts, killing two and wounding five. Timothy McVeigh is often given as a classic example of the "lone wolf". McVeigh was convicted and executed for the 19 April 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people and injured hundreds with a truck bomb. Though McVeigh conceived of, planned and carried out the bombing, he did not act totally alone. Terry Nichols was convicted of conspiring with him, though his involvement was limited to helping mix the fertilizer and other bomb ingredients; McVeigh had threatened to harm him and his family if he did not help. Between 1978 and 1995, Theodore Kaczynski, known as the "Unabomber", engaged in a mail bombing campaign that killed three and wounded 23. He threatened to continue the bombings unless his anti-industrial manifesto was published by The New York Times, which acquiesced. On 9 October 1995 an unknown saboteur pulled spikes from the rails and overrode the railroad's safety system near Palo Verde, Arizona, causing the Sunset Limited train to derail, killing Mitchell Bates, a sleeping car attendant, and injuring 78 passengers, 12 of them seriously. Four identical notes signed "Sons of the Gestapo" claiming to be from an anti-government, anti-police terror cell were found at the accident site. No one has been arrested for the crime. Between 1996 and 1998, Eric Rudolph engaged in a series of bombings against civilians in the Southern United States, resulting in the deaths of three people and injuries to at least 150 others. His targets included abortion clinics, gay nightclubs, and the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Some people have called him a Christian Identity adherent, a claim Eric flatly denies in his writings. On 12 April 1996 anti-government white supremacist Larry Shoemake shoots eight African-Americans from an abandoned Jackson, Mississippi restaurant before committing suicide. Between 1996 and December 2001 anti-abortion extremist Clayton Waagner sent envelopes to more than 500 abortion providers containing a white powder and a note which said, "You have been exposed to anthrax. We are going to kill all of you. From the Army of God, Virginia Dare Chapter." For the anthrax letter spree, he received a 53-count indictment, and on 3 December 2003, he was convicted on 51 of the 53 counts, including charges of violating the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, threatening the use of weapons of mass destruction, and mailing threatening communications. He was sentenced to 19 years in a federal prison. On 16 January 1997 anti-abortion extremist Eric Rudolph set two bombs to explode, one an hour after the first, destroying the Sandy Springs Professional Building in Atlanta, containing the Atlanta Northside Family Planning Service. The second blast is apparently designed to injure or kill responders such as firemen, paramedics, and others responding to the first blast. Seven people are injured in the blasts. On 19 August 1997, self-declared sovereign citizen Carl Drega opened fire on two New Hampshire state troopers following a traffic stop, killing both of them. Drega then stole one of the officers' Police Car, drove to the office of Colebrook, New Hampshire District Court judge Vickie Bunnell, shooting her in the back when she tried to flee, then shot & killed Dennis Joos, editor of the local Colebrook News and Sentinel, as he attempted to disarm Drega after Bunnell fell. Drega then returned to his property and set his house on fire, and wounded three other law enforcement officers before being shot to death in a firefight with police. On 23 February 1997, Ali Hassan Abu Kamal opened fire in the observation deck of the Empire State Building, killing one and wounding six others before committing suicide. On 26 March 1997 Michigan Militia activist Brendon Blasz is arrested for plotting to bomb the federal building in Battle Creek, Michigan, the IRS building in Portage, Michigan, a Kalamazoo television station, and federal armories. On 23 April 1997 Neo-Nazi National Alliance member Todd Vanbiber is arrested with a dozen or so pipe bombs after accidentally setting off one he was building. The bombs were part of a series of bank robberies Vanbiber was carrying out to help fund the National Alliance. During the weekend of 2–4 July 1998, white supremacist, and member of the white separatist organization now known as the Creativity Movement, Benjamin Nathaniel Smith embarked upon a three-day, two-state shooting spree, targeting racial and religious minorities across Illinois and Indiana. Smith also shot at but missed another nine people. On Sunday, 4 July, while fleeing the police in a high-speed chase on a southern Illinois highway, Smith shot himself twice in the head and crashed his automobile into a metal post. He then shot himself again, in the heart, this time fatally. He was later pronounced dead at the hospital. On 23 October 1998 anti-abortion extremist James Charles Kopp assassinated Dr. Barnett Slepian as Dr. Slepian made his son soup in their kitchen after attending his father's funeral. The FBI notes that Dr. Slepian's assassination bears much similarity to shootings in the Rochester, New York area, and three Canadian cities during the fall of 1997, in which abortion doctors were shot in their homes. Kopp has been charged by Canadian authorities in the 1995 shooting of an Ontario, Canada doctor, Hugh Short, one of a string of Remembrance Day Shootings. On 29 October 1998 sovereign citizen Scott Joseph Merrill shot a county road worker in Emery County, Utah in an ambush-style attack. Merrill claimed that he acted on a commandment from God to kill the county road worker, believing this commandment to supersede Utah law. On 29 January 1999, white supremacist Paul Warner Powell killed 16-year-old Stacie Reed because he was angry that she had a black boyfriend. Powell then waited, for Stacie's 14-year-old sister, Kristie Reed, to come home from school. When she did, Powell raped her, slashed her throat, stabbed her, and left her for dead. Kristie survived the attack and was able to testify against Powell. On 3 April 1999 Neo-Nazi skinhead Jessy Joe Roten fired shots into the home of a multi-racial family in St. Petersburg, Florida, killing 6-year-old Ashley Mance and the wounding of her twin sister Aleesha and younger half-sister Jailene Jones. On 15 May 1999, anti-government extremist Kim Michael Cook shot & killed Palmer, Alaska police officer James Rowland Jr. during a welfare check. Authorities believe that Cook killed the officer in ambush because of his hatred of law enforcement. On 10 August 1999, Buford O. Furrow, Jr., a member of the white supremacist group Aryan Nations, attacked a Jewish daycare in Los Angeles, injuring five, and subsequently shot dead a Filipino American mail carrier. On 28 April 2000, white supremacist Richard Scott Baumhammers began a racially motivated crime spree in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania which left five individuals dead and one paralyzed. Baumhammers was pulled over in his Jeep and arrested at 3:30 p.m. EST in the town of Ambridge, Pennsylvania. Baumhammers' spree lasted two hours and ran a 15-mile trail that crossed three townships. On 13 October 2000 Palestinian American Ramses "Ramzi" Uthman set an arson fire in the Temple Beth El in Syracuse, New York, causing extensive damage to the temple building. According to an acquaintance's testimony, after Uthman set fire to the Temple, he yelled "I did this for you, God!" In May 2002, Lucas John Helder placed a series of 18 pipe bombs packed with BBs and nails in mailboxes across the US, rigging to explode as the mailboxes were opened, injuring 6, including 4 mail carriers. Helder sent a manifesto to The Badger Herald of the University of Wisconsin–Madison decrying government control of our daily lives, complaining of the illegality of marijuana, and promoting astral projection as a method to reach a higher level of consciousness. On 4 July 2002, Egyptian-American Hesham Mohamed Hadayet opened fire at an El Al ticket stand at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), killing two. On 3 March 2006, Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar drove a Jeep Cherokee into a crowd of students at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, injuring nine people. Press accounts said that he "matches the modern profile of the unaffiliated, lone-wolf terrorist" On 28 July 2006, Naveed Afzal Haq, saying "I am a Muslim American, angry at Israel", perpetrated the Seattle Jewish Federation shooting in the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle, killing one woman and wounding five others. On 27 July 2008 Jim David Adkisson fired a shotgun at members of the Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church congregation during a youth performance of a musical, killing two people and wounding seven others. After his arrest, Adkisson said that he was motivated by hatred of Democrats, liberals, African Americans and homosexuals. On 31 May 2009, anti-abortion activist Scott Roeder murdered obstetrician George Tiller. On 10 June 2009 White Supremacist, Holocaust denier, and Neo-Nazi James Wenneker von Brunn drove his car to the 14th Street entrance of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., shooting Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns when he opened the door, killing him. Two other Special Police Officers stationed with Officer Johns, Harry Weeks and Jason "Mac" McCuiston, returned fire, wounding von Brunn with a shot to the face. While awaiting trial, von Brunn died on 6 January 2010. 2010 On 18 February 2010, Joseph Andrew Stack III flew a small personal plane into an office complex containing an IRS office in Austin, Texas after posting a manifesto on his website stating his anti-government motives and burning his house. One person other than Stack died; 13 were injured. On 4 March 2010, John Patrick Bedell, a self-proclaimed Libertarian and 9/11 truther, shot and wounded two Pentagon police officers at a security checkpoint in the Pentagon Station of the Washington Metro rapid transit system in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The officers returned fire, striking him in the head. He died a few hours later, on the next day, 5 March 2010. On 10 May 2010, Sandlin Matthew Smith set off a pipe bomb at the rear entrance of the Islamic Center of Northeast Florida. No one is injured in the attack, but authorities found remnants of the pipe bomb at the scene, and shrapnel from the blast was found a hundred yards away. FBI agents later learned Smith was staying in a tent in Glass Mountain State Park in northwest Oklahoma. When approached by federal and state law enforcement officers Smith drew a firearm, and was fatally shot. On 18 July 2010, 45-year-old convicted felon Byron Williams was stopped by a CHP officer for speeding & weaving through traffic on I-580 in Oakland, California. After being approached by the officer, Williams or the officer began firing with a handgun. As additional CHP officers arrived on scene Williams started firing an M1A .308 rifle, and the CHP returned fire, firing a collective 198 rounds from pistols, shotguns, and .223 rifles, hitting Williams multiple times in the arms & legs. Oakland police confirmed at Williams' 20 July arraignment that Williams planned to target the San Francisco offices of the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California and the Tides Foundation. Investigators reported Williams told them he wanted to "start a revolution by traveling to San Francisco and killing people of importance at the Tides Foundation and the ACLU." On 17 August 2010, 29-year-old Patrick Gray Sharp parked his truck and trailer in front of the Texas Department of Public Safety building in McKinney, Texas about 30 miles north of Dallas. Sharp set fire to the truck, which contained spare ammunition, and attempted to set fire to the trailer, which was believed to contain an improvised explosive device. Sharp then opened fire on the building's offices and windows, on employees who were outside, and on first responders with multiple firearms. Responding police returned fire, and when they reached Sharp found him dead of a gunshot. On 1 September 2010, James J. Lee, an Anti-immigrant environmental activist armed with two starter pistols and an explosive device, took three people hostage inside of the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. Mr. Lee was shot & killed by police after a 4-hour standoff. On 2 September 2010 school bus driver and self-proclaimed member of the "American Nationalist Brotherhood" Donny Eugene Mower threw a Molotov Cocktail through the window of the Madera Planned Parenthood Clinic. After being arrested Mower also acknowledged having vandalized a local mosque. On 26 November 2010, Somali-American student Mohamed Osman Mohamud is arrested by the FBI in a sting operation after attempting to set off what he thought was a car bomb at a Christmas tree lighting in Portland, Oregon. He was charged with attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction. On 28 November 2010, 24-year-old Cody Seth Crawford firebombed the Salman Al-Farisi Islamic Center in Corvallis, Oregon in response to Mohamed Osman Mohamud's attempted car bombing of a Portland, Oregon Christmas tree lighting. 2011 On 17 January 2011, a Neo-Nazi and racist with connections to the National Alliance, Kevin William Harpham, placed a radio-controlled pipe bomb on the route of that year's Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The bomb was discovered before it was exploded, the parade was rerouted, and the bomb defused. On 21 July 2011, Sovereign Citizen Joseph M. Tesi was stopped by a Colleyville, Texas Police officer for multiple traffic warrants. Mr. Tesi exited his vehicle with a gun drawn and pointing at the officer, the officer drew his weapon in response, and there was an exchange of gunfire, during which Mr. Tesi was struck in the face and foot. Mr. Tesi, a member of the Moorish National Republic Sovereign Citizen movement, had previously sent letters to the court about his traffic warrants threatening to use "deadly force" if any Police officer attempted to arrest him on his own property. 2012 On 1 April 2012 Francis G. Grady put an incendiary device in a window of the Grand Chute, Wisconsin Planned Parenthood clinic, causing a small fire which damaged the building but injured no one. On 17 June 2012 fugitive tax protester Anson Chi accidentally injured himself while attempting to blow up a Plano, Texas natural gas pipeline. Police officers find an explosive device, bomb making chemicals & equipment, and books on terrorism in his bedroom in his parents house. On 5 August 2012 40-year-old white supremacist and neo-Nazi Wade Michael Page fatally shot six people and wounded four others at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Page took his life by shooting himself in the head after he was shot in the stomach by a responding police officer. 2013 On 15 April 2013, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev set off two pressure cooker bombs at the finish line of the 2013 Boston Marathon, killing three people and wounding over 260 others. On 1 November 2013 Paul Anthony Ciancia, aged 23, is accused of opening fire in Terminal 3 of the Los Angeles International Airport with a .223-caliber Smith & Wesson M&P15 rifle, killing a U.S. Federal Transportation Security Administration officer and injuring several other people. After the shooting ended, Ciancia was found to be carrying a note stating that he "wanted to kill TSA" and describing them as "pigs". The note also mentioned "fiat currency" and "NWO", the latter likely being a reference to the New World Order conspiracy theory. 2014 On 13 April 2014 Frazier Glenn Miller, Jr., former Grand Dragon of the Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, leader of the White Patriot Party, neo-Nazi Odinist, advocate of white nationalism, white separatism, and a proponent of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, opened fire at a Jewish Community Center and at a retirement home in Overland Park, Kansas, killing 3. On 6 June 2014 sovereign citizen Dennis Marx drove up to the Forsyth County, Georgia court house with a rented SUV full of improvised explosives, guns, ammunition, smoke grenades, and supplies, while wearing body armor and more explosive devices, ostensibly to plead guilty to charges of possessing marijuana with the intent to distribute. Mr. Marx was spotted by Forsyth County Sheriff Deputy James Rush while the deputy was performing a routine security sweep outside the court house, exchanged gunfire with Mr. Marx, the sound of which alerted deputies within the court house, 8 of whom opened fire on Mr. Marx, killing him. On 8 June 2014 anti-government conspiracy theorists & former Bundy Ranch protesters Jerad and Amanda Miller shot & killed two Las Vegas police officers at a restaurant before fleeing into a Walmart, where they killed an intervening armed civilian. The couple died after engaging responding officers in a shootout; police shot and killed Jerad, while Amanda committed suicide after being wounded. On 11 August 2014 Sovereign Citizen Douglas Lee LeGuin started a dumpster fire in an upscale Dallas suburb, planning to occupy a house there as his own sovereign nation, opening fire on fire & police first responders before surrendering to SWAT officers. On 23 October 2014 in the 2014 New York City hatchet attack, a radicalized Islamic convert, Zale F. Thompson, charged at 4 NYPD officers with a hatchet. He injured 2 of them, and the two that weren't affected shot him to death. On 28 November 2014 self-proclaimed member of the Phineas Priesthood Larry Steve McQuilliams went into downtown Austin, Texas with firebombs, and improvised explosive devices firing over 100 shots into the Austin Police headquarters, the Federal Courthouse, the Mexican Consulate (which he also attempted to firebomb), and a local bank, before being killed by a mounted Austin Police officer with a 1 handed 312 feet shot through the heart. On December 20, 2014, black Muslim American, Ismaaiyl Abdullah Brinsley shot and killed Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu – two on-duty New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers – in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. The killings were an act of vengeance for the death of Eric Garner and the shooting of Michael Brown, both of which were deaths of black men reported by police as resisting arrest. 2015 On 3 May 2015, two men fired rifles outside an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas. A security officer was injured and the men were killed by police. On 17 June 2015, Dylann Roof murdered 9 blacks at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Roof had written a manifesto The Last Rhodesian citing the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC) and alleged "black-on-white crime" as motivations for the shooting. On 23 July 2015, John Russell Houser attacked a theatre in Lafayette, Louisiana showing the film Trainwreck (starring Amy Schumer) with ended in the deaths of 2 women and 9 others injured as well as Houser himself dead. Houser posted on various online political forums and had written a journal expressing racist, white nationalist, anti-Semitic, misogynistic and homophobic views as well support for Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler, Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and the aforementioned Charleston church shooter Dylan Roof. On 4 November 2015, Faisal Mohammed stabbed and injured four people with a hunting knife on the campus of the University of California, Merced in Merced, California. He was then shot dead by university police. Mohammad's history was put under investigation by federal authorities due to questions raised about possible Islamism inspired lone wolf terrorism. The Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually concluded that Mohammad was inspired to commit the attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. On 2 December 2015, in the 2015 San Bernardino attack, 14 people were killed and 22 injured in an Islamic extremism-inspired mass shooting at San Bernardino, California, United States. A married couple, Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, attacked the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and holiday party. 2016 On 7 January 2016, a self-radicalized, lone wolf gunman targeted and shot a uniformed Philadelphia police officer. On 12 June 2016, in the Orlando nightclub shooting, Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old Muslim American of Afghan descent, opened fire at the Pulse gay nightclub, killing 49 people and wounding 53 others. At the time, it was the deadliest mass shooting in the United States until the 2017 Las Vegas Shooting a year later. He pledged allegiance to ISIL during the attack. On 17–19 September 2016, there were four bombings or bombing attempts in Seaside Park, New Jersey; Manhattan, New York; and Elizabeth, New Jersey. Thirty-one civilians were injured in one of the bombings. Ahmad Khan Rahami was identified as a suspect in all of the incidents and apprehended on 19 September in Linden, New Jersey, after a shootout that injured three police officers. According to authorities, Rahami was not part of a terrorist cell, but was motivated and inspired by the extremist Islamic ideology espoused by al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda chief propagandist Anwar al-Awlaki. On 28 November 2016, in the Ohio State University attack, a car ramming attack and mass stabbing occurred at 9:52a.m. EST at Ohio State University (OSU)'s Watts Hall in Columbus, Ohio. The attacker, Somali refugee Abdul Razak Ali Artan, was shot and killed by the first responding OSU police officer, and 11 people were hospitalized for injuries. According to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. 2017 On 18 April 2017, Kori Ali Muhammad committed a shooting spree in which 4 white men died in Fresno, California. Kori Ali Muhammad was a black nationalist who supported the Moorish Science Temple of America and the Nation of Islam as well as Micah Xavier Johnson who killed 5 police officers in Dallas, Texas. On 14 June 2017, James Thomas Hodgkinson attacked the annual Congressional Baseball Game for Charity in Alexandria, Virginia where he shot and injured U.S. House Majority Whip Steve Scalise, U.S. Capitol police officer Crystal Giner, Congressional aide Zack Barth and lobbyist Matt Mika before he would engage in a shootout with the police and would die afterwards in the hospital. James Thomas Hodgkinson was a supporter of Democratic Party candidate Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election, disliked Donald Trump and deliberately targeted Scalise, Giner, Barth and Mika all of whom were Republican. On 24 September 2017, Emanuel Kidega Samson, a black nationalist, attacked the Burnette Chapel Church of Christ in Antioch, Tennessee, killing Melanie Crow and injuring six others. Samson's motivations for the shooting were in retaliation for the Charleston church shooting. 2018 Between 22 October and 1 November, Cesar Sayoc a registered Republican Party member from Aventura, Florida sent various mail bombs to Democratic Party politicians and liberal media personalities across various cities in the United States (Katonah, New York, Chappaqua, New York, Washington, D.C., New York City, New York, Tribeca, New York, Los Angeles, California, Sacramento, California, Burlingame, California, Wilmington, Delaware, New Castle, Delaware and Atlanta, Georgia) though no one was killed. Cesar Sayoc would eventually be arrested for on 26 October and on 26 March 2019 would plead guilty to all 65 charges including usage of weapons of mass destruction in an attempted domestic terrorist attack. On 27 October, anti-Semitic Gab user Robert Bowers would violently attack Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania resulting in 11 killed and 6 injured (including the perpetrator). Bowers had blamed Jews for a supposed "white genocide" and yelled "All Jews Must Die" during the shooting. Robert Bowers was arrested and is facing 63 federal charges and 36 Pennsylvania state charges. 2019 On 26 March, Holden Matthews, a black metal Varg Vikernes fan and Odinist, burnt and destroyed three black churches in Port Barre, Louisiana and Opelousas, Louisiana St. Mary Baptist Church, Greater Union Baptist Church and Mount Pleasant Baptist Church. On 27 April, John T. Earnest violently attacked the Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California, killing an elderly Jewish woman and injuring three others. Earnest had published an anti-Semitic and racist open letter on 8chan /poi/ in which he blamed Jews for "the meticously planned genocide of the European race" and other ills, and claimed to have been inspired by the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings and the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Earnest attempted to livestream the shooting on Facebook but failed. He also admitted to vandalizing and burning Dar-ul-Arqam Mosque in Escondido, California on 24 March, leaving graffiti that said "For Brenton Tarrant, -t /pol/". Earnest was arrested and faces 109 federal charges. On 4 August, Patrick Crusius committed a domestic terrorist attack/mass shooting at Walmart in El Paso, Texas, killing 23 people and injuring 23 others in the deadliest incident of anti-Hispanic violence. Crusius had announced his terrorist attack on 8chan /pol/ where he published his Collin College notification letter and manifesto, in which he cited a supposed "Hispanic invasion of Texas" and "simply trying to defend my country from cultural and ethnic replacement" as motivations. On December 10, 2019, a shooting was carried out at Kosher grocery store in Jersey City, New Jersey. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants. Additionally, the assailants wounded one customer and two police officers. The shooters were two African-Americans identified as David Nathaniel Anderson and his girlfriend Francine Graham. Anderson made posts on social media that were both anti-police and anti-Semitic. His social media posts used language similar to the black nationalist hate group the Black Hebrew Israelites who claim they are the true descendants of the Israelites and describe the wider Jewish community as “impostors”. Canada On 20 October 2014, in the 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack, the radicalized Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu citizen Abu Ibrahim AlCanadi ran a soldier down and shot another. Couture-Rouleau was, in the aftermath, shot dead by an officer of the Sûreté du Québec. On 22 October 2014, Michael Zehaf-Bibeau opened fire at the National War Memorial. One soldier was shot. The suspect ran to the Parliament of Canada. The suspect was then engaged in a shoot out with security and police forces. On 29 January 2017 in the Quebec City mosque shooting, Alexandre Bissonnette a Political science student at the University of Laval, opened fire in the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City and killed 6 people and injured 19 others. Australia On 15 December 2014, a hostage crisis in the Lindt Café in Martin Place, Sydney ended with three deaths, including the suspect Man Haron Monis. There is doubt as to whether or not Monis fit the definition of a lone wolf terrorist. Queensland University of Technology criminologist Associate Professor Mark Lauchs said it was important the siege wasn't elevated to a "terrorist attack" as such. Associate Professor Lauchs said Monis was simply a deranged person running a hostage situation: "This incident was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack, but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used." The Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said, "[Man Haron Monis] had a long history of violent crime, infatuation with extremism and mental instability. As the siege unfolded yesterday, he sought to cloak his actions with the symbolism of the ISIL death cult." Former counter-terrorism adviser to the White House Richard Clarke said, "I don't think this was a lone wolf terrorist, I don't think this was a terrorist at all, I think this was someone who was committing suicide by police as a lot of people with mental problems do, and now, if they say they're a terrorist, if they say they're somehow associated with ISIS or Al Qaeda, it becomes a major event that shuts down the city and gets international attention. This was a person with a mental problem who tried to gain attention and succeeded, tried to shut down the city and succeeded, merely by putting up a flag that was something like the flag of ISIS." New Zealand On 15 March 2019, Brenton Harrison Tarrant, a self-described "Ethno-nationalist, Eco-fascist" "Kebab removalist" "racist", committed two consecutive terrorist attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, killing 51 people and injuring 49 others. Tarrant had announced the attacks on social media outlets Facebook and Twitter, sharing links to his manifesto The Great Replacement, named after the French far-right white genocide theory of the same name by writer Renaud Camus. He also announced his attacks on 8chan /pol/. Tarrant livestreamed the first 17 minutes of the attacks on Facebook Live. References Lone wolf attacks

51345488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray%20use%20in%20United%20States%20law%20enforcement

Stingray use in United States law enforcement

The use of stingrays by United States law enforcement is an investigative technique used by both federal and local law enforcement in the United States to obtain information from cell phones by mimicking a cell phone tower. The devices which accomplish this are generically known as IMSI-catchers, but are commonly called stingrays, a brand sold by the Harris Corporation. History The United States Federal government has had access to stingray-type technology since at least 1995. The Baltimore Police Department began using the devices in 2007. The New York City Police Department has used the devices since 2008. Initially, the use of stingray phone trackers was a secret, due to a number of non-disclosure agreements between individual police departments and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, the FBI entered into agreements with at least 48 police departments in the United States. In these agreements, the FBI allowed police departments to use the stingrays, while requiring police departments provide no information to either the public or the courts regarding the devices' operation or existence. In December 2012, the Electronic Privacy Information Center released documents which show the United States Department of Justice discussing the use of cell phone tracking equipment, including addressing unlawful interference concerns. More info on stingrays was obtained in March 2013, when the American Civil Liberties Union released documents it obtained via a Freedom of Information Act request. Stingray devices have been used in a variety of criminal investigations, from murder and kidnapping to misdemeanor theft. The way law enforcement use of stingrays has been criticized by a number of civil liberties groups, who have filed lawsuits against current practices. Compared to other large cities, like Boston, New York City and San Diego, Baltimore, Maryland has a much higher use of stingrays. According to a member of the Baltimore Police Department, the agency used stingrays 4,300 times since 2007. Legal issues Federal government The official position of the US Federal government is that the use of stingrays does not require a probable cause warrant, because they claim stingrays are a kind of pen register tap, which does not require a warrant, as decided in Smith v. Maryland. The government notes that they do not intercept the actual conversation, only tracking identity of the phone and its location. The devices do have the technical capability to record the content of calls, so the government requires these content-intercepting functions to be disabled in normal use. In September 2015, the US Justice Department issued new guidelines requiring federal agents to obtain warrants before using stingray devices, except in exigent circumstances. State governments In 2015, the Commonwealth of Virginia passed a law requiring the use of a warrant when using a stingray, and Washington state proposed a similar law. In addition, California, Minnesota and Utah have also passed laws requiring warrants for stingray use. Legal cases In 2011, in the case of Daniel David Rigmaiden in the U.S. District Court of Arizona, the chief of the FBI Tracking Technology Unit wrote an affidavit defending the use of an unspecified pen register device. Information about the model or function was purposefully withheld, citing FBI policy; the letter assured the court that the device was legally compliant. A widely cited story released by the Wall Street Journal described the device as a "stingray", along with basic information about how it worked. Much of the info on stingray devices was provided by Rigmaiden himself, who looked for how authorities had discovered he was committing tax fraud. In January 2016, in the case of United States v. Patrick, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, upheld the warrantless use of a stingray to locate the suspect. On March 30, 2016, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals ruled in Maryland v. Andrews that a warrant is required for using a stingray. This led to the suppression of evidence for alleged attempted murder by Andrews. On April 25, 2016, the Baltimore City Circuit Court suppressed evidence collected using a stingray in the trial of alleged murder suspect Robert Copes. The police had obtained authorization to use a pen register, but the court ruled that it was insufficient and they needed a probable cause warrant. On July 12, 2016, the U.S. District Court of Southern New York ruled in United States v. Lambis that using a stingray constitutes a search that requires a warrant and suppressed the evidence gathered from its use. On August 16, 2016, a complaint was filed to the Federal Communications Commission by the Center for Media Justice, Color of Change, and Open Technology Institute regarding the use of stingrays by the Baltimore Police Department. The complaint alleged that the department had been operating stingrays without proper licensing and asked the FCC to intervene. The complaint further claimed that use of the device, which can disrupt cell networks, disproportionately affected African-American neighborhoods in Baltimore. The stingray had been used by Baltimore police thousands of times during investigations ranging from theft to violent crimes. On August 24, 2017, the U.S. District Court of Northern California ruled in United States v. Ellis that the use of a stingray constituted a search that requires a warrant, but did not suppress the evidence based on exigent circumstances and good faith exception. On September 21, 2017, the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled in Prince Jones v. United States that using a stingray requires a warrant. On November 3, 2017, the New York Supreme Court in Brooklyn ruled in People v. Gordon that using a stingray constitutes a search, thus requiring a warrant separate from a pen register/trap and trace order. On July 18, 2018, the U.S. District Court of Northern California ruled in United States v. Artis that the evidence obtained from a stingray device must be suppressed due to deficiencies in the warrants obtained by the Federal agents. On September 5, 2018, the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal issued two rulings. In the first, Florida v. Sylvestre, it affirmed the lower court's suppression of evidence obtained from the warrantless use of a stingray because it is unconstitutional. In the second case, Ferrari v. Florida, it reversed the lower court's refusal to suppress evidence obtained from warrantless cell-site location information. On October 1, 2020, the Solano County Superior Court tentatively ruled in Oakland Privacy, et. al v. City of Vallejo that the city and its law enforcement could not use stingray or any "cellular communications technology," because it bypassed city government code that requires public discussion, voting, and a city council ordinance or resolution on such technology usage and related privacy policy. The city had allowed its police department to create privacy policy on the use of stingray. See also United States v. Davis (2014) References Law enforcement equipment Law enforcement in the United States

51841197

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Joseph%20Mann

Killing of Joseph Mann

On July 11, 2016, Randy Lozoya and John Tennis, two Sacramento police officers, attempted to run over, and later shot and killed Joseph Mann, a 51-year-old mentally ill and homeless African-American man armed with a knife. Incident Police received 9-1-1 calls about a man standing in the street waving a knife. Dispatchers told police that Mann had a knife and gun, and that he was acting erratically. Mann was carrying a 4-inch knife when police encountered him, but no gun was ever found. Mann did not cooperate with the first officers who arrived at the scene. Mann's family describes him as "doing karate moves and zigzagging back and forth across the street as he tried to walk away from the officers." The initial responding officers ordered Mann to drop his knife, and get on the ground. He did not comply, and instead threw a thermos at the police cruiser, and shouted threats as he walked down Del Paso Boulevard. When Lozoya and Tennis arrived, their cruiser's dash cam audio recorded one of them as saying, "Fuck this guy. I'm going to hit him." The other officer replies, "Okay. Go for it. Go for it." They missed Mann the first time, and attempted again to try to hit him with their cruiser. As they accelerated toward Mann, one officer said, "Watch it! Watch! Watch", as Mann jumped into the median strip to avoid the cruiser. After missing Mann the second time, the other officer said, "We'll get him. We'll get him." They stopped the cruiser, exited it, and chased Mann on foot. The officers fatally shot Mann moments later. Police fired 18 shots, 14 of which hit Mann. The Sacramento Bee suggested that Mann was about 27 feet from the officers when he was shot. Mann died at the scene. Aftermath The shooting led to protests by local religious leaders and Black leaders. Black Lives Matter demanded the release of the dash cam videos, and criticized the police for escalating the situation. The Sacramento Police Department initially did not release the videos, but later released three dash cam videos, a surveillance camera video, and two 9-1-1 call audios after pressure from city officials, including Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson, as well as The Sacramento Bee, obtaining cellphone footage from a citizen showing the shooting of Mann. The audio of the dash cam videos was enhanced by The Sacramento Bee. A toxicology report found that Mann had methamphetamine in his system. Police spokesperson Bryce Heinlein told reporters that using a vehicle as a deadly weapon is something covered in use of force training. According to Heinlein, Lozoya and Tennis were placed on "modified duty". Mann's family has filed both a claim against Sacramento, and also a federal lawsuit. In addition to other shootings by police officers around the country, Mann's shooting prompted the Sacramento City Council to propose a use-of-force policy change which restricts the use of lethal force, and examines the use of police vehicles. On January 27, 2017, the Sacramento County District Attorney cleared the two officers of any legal wrongdoing, concluding that they were justified in shooting Mann, but after an internal investigation by the Sacramento Police Department, neither Tennis nor Lozoya remain on the force. Gallery See also Shooting of Stephon Clark – an African-American man shot by the Sacramento Police Department Gidone Busch – a mentally disturbed man shot by the New York City Police Department List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Police brutality in the United States References 2016 in California Black Lives Matter Deaths by firearm in California Deaths by person in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement in California African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States July 2016 events in the United States Sacramento, California

51848281

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowfall%20%28TV%20series%29

Snowfall (TV series)

Snowfall is an American crime drama television series, created by John Singleton, Eric Amadio, and Dave Andron, that was first broadcast on FX on July 5, 2017. Set in Los Angeles in 1983, the series revolves around the first crack epidemic and its impact on the city. The series follows the stories of several characters whose lives are fated to intersect: 20-year-old drug dealer Franklin Saint, Mexican luchador Gustavo "El Oso" Zapata, CIA operative Teddy McDonald, and a Mexican crime boss's niece, Lucia Villanueva. The series, which was first set up at Showtime in 2014, was picked up by FX for a ten-episode season on September 30, 2016. On August 9, 2017, the network renewed Snowfall for a second season, which premiered on July 19, 2018. On September 19, 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on July 10, 2019. On August 6, 2019, FX renewed the series for a fourth season which was originally scheduled to premiere in 2020, but filming was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The fourth season premiered on February 24, 2021. On March 23, 2021, FX renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on February 23, 2022. Cast Main Damson Idris as Franklin Saint, a 21-year-old drug kingpin and patriarch of The Family, a crew of crack cocaine producers based in Los Angeles Carter Hudson as Theodore "Teddy" McDonald/ Reed Thompson, a CIA operative working undercover for the American government in the war against communism Emily Rios as Lucia Villanueva, the daughter of a Mexican crime boss and heiress to the Villanueva Cartel, a Mexican drug cartel (seasons 1–2) Sergio Peris-Mencheta as Gustavo "El Oso" Zapata, a former Mexican luchador affiliated with the Villaneuva Cartel Michael Hyatt as Cissy Saint, Franklin's mother and a veteran real estate agent Amin Joseph as Jerome Saint, Franklin's uncle and a member of The Family who introduces him to the criminal lifestyle Angela Lewis as Louise "Louie" Saint, Jerome's girlfriend and a member of The Family Juan Javier Cardenas as Alejandro Usteves, a Nicaraguan Contra soldier and pilot who works with Teddy as a CIA asset (season 1) Isaiah John as Leon Simmons, Franklin's best friend and second-in-command of The Family Filipe Valle Costa as Pedro Nava, Lucia's cousin and a member of The Villanueva Cartel (seasons 1–2) Alon Aboutboul as Avi Drexler, an Israeli druglord and arms dealer who used to work with Mossad Malcolm Mays as Kevin Hamilton, Franklin and Leon's best friend and a member of The Family (seasons 1–2) Marcus Henderson as Andre Wright, a sergeant in the LAPD, Melody's father and Franklin's neighbor (season 3; recurring seasons 1–2) Kevin Carroll as Alton Williams, Franklin's estranged father and a former member of the Black Panthers who runs a homeless shelter (season 4; recurring seasons 1–3) Devyn A. Tyler as Veronique, Franklin's girlfriend who works for him as a real estate manager (season 5) Recurring Judith Scott as Claudia Crane, owner of a local nightclub and Louise's lover (seasons 1–3) Reign Edwards as Melody Wright, Franklin's on/ off girlfriend and Andre's daughter (seasons 1–4) Peta Sergeant as Julia, Teddy's ex-wife and a CIA agent (seasons 1–3, 5) Taylor Kowalski as Rob Volpe, Franklin's friend from high school, a crack bagger and a member of The Family (seasons 1–5) Carlos Linares as Mauricio Villanueva, Lucia's father and the patriarch of the Villanueva Cartel (season 1) José Zúñiga as Ramiro Nava, Lucia's uncle and the second-in-command of the Villanueva Cartel (season 1) Tony Sancho as Eduardo "Stomper" Castillo, the leader of Los Monarcas, a Mexican street gang (seasons 1–2) Markice Moore as Ray-Ray, a thief from Compton (seasons 1–2) Craig Tate as Lenny, a thief from Compton and Ray-Ray's friend (season 1) Justine Lupe as Victoria Grelli, a young woman who befriends Teddy whilst looking for her missing sister (season 1) Michael Ray Escamilla as Hernan Zapata, Gustavo's brother who is confined to a wheelchair (seasons 1–4) Wade Allain-Marcus as Diego, co-leader of the Cali Cartel, a Columbian crime syndicate (seasons 1–2, 4) Izzy Diaz as Danilo, Diego's brother and co-leader of the Cali Cartel (seasons 1–2, 4) Adriana Barraza as Mariela Villanueva, Lucia's mother and the matriarch of the Villanueva Cartel (seasons 1, 3) Jonathan Tucker as Matt McDonald, Teddy's older brother, a Vietnam War veteran and a pilot (seasons 2–3) Gail Bean as Wanda Bell, Leon's ex-girlfriend who develops a strong addiction to crack cocaine (season 2–present) DeRay Davis as Peaches, a Vietnam War veteran and a member of The Family (season 2–present) Adriana DeGirolami as Lorena Cardenas/ Soledad Caro, Pedro's fiancé and an undercover DEA agent (seasons 2–3) Marcelo Olivas as Santiago "Conejo" Estrada, a soldado who works with Los Manarcas (season 2) Scott Subiono as Tony Marino, a DEA Agent and Lorena's handler (seasons 2–4) Alanna Ubach as Gabriella Elias, the leader of La Fuerza, a high ranking gang in the Mexican Mafia (season 2) Matthew Alan as Stephen Havemeyer, a CIA handler and Teddy's boss (season 2–present) Jordan Coleman as Thaddeus "Fatback" Barber, Leon's bodyguard and a member of The Family (seasons 3–4) Bentley Green as C.J., an up-and-coming member of The Family (seasons 3–4) Melvin Gregg as Drew "Manboy" Miller, Franklin's associate and the leader of the Compton Crips (seasons 3–4) Calvin Clausell Jr. as Bootsy, the second-in-command of the Compton Crips (seasons 3–4) Christian Tappan as Rigo Vasco, a drug lord associated with the Medellín Cartel, a Colombian crime syndicate (season 3) Jesse Luken as Herb "Nix" Nixon, a rogue corporal in the LAPD and Andre's friend (seasons 3–4) De'Aundre Bonds as Terrence "Skully" Brown, an OG and the Leader of the Inglewood Bloods (seasons 3–present) Corr Kendricks as Cornrows, the second-in-command of the Inglewood Bloods (season 3–present) Suzy Nakamura as Irene Abe, a journalist working for the Los Angeles Herald Examiner who investigates the ongoing drug trade in Los Angeles (season 4) Stephen Ruffin as Wilson, Irene's assistant at the Los Angeles Herald Examiner (season 4) Kwame Patterson as Lurp, a freelancer, Franklin's bodyguard and a member of The Family (season 4) Geffri Maya as Khadija Brown, Skully's wife, the mother of his daughter, Tianna Brown, and the sister of Manboy (season 4) Adrianna Mitchell as Tanosse, Franklin's ex-girlfriend from high school whom he reconnects with (season 4) Antonio Jaramillo as Oscar Fuentes, the corrupt police chief of the Tijuana Police Department (season 4) Jeremiah Birkett as John Baxter, a homeless crack addict and single father at Alton's homeless shelter (season 4) Brent Jennings as Henry Nelson, Irene's ex-husband and a journalist (season 4) Quincy Chad as Deon "Big Deon" Barber, an OG and enforcer for the PJ Watts Crips (season 4–present) Kamron Alexander as Einstein, the brains behind Deon's Crip set (season 4–present) Brandon Jay McLaren as Beau Buckley, a leading detective in the LAPD involved in the C.R.A.S.H. unit (season 5) Episodes Season 1 (2017) Season 2 (2018) Season 3 (2019) Season 4 (2021) Season 5 (2022) Reception Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the series is rated as 87% fresh, though its first season has an approval rating of only 62% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6.19/10. The site's critical consensus for the first season reads, "Snowfall struggles to create a compelling drama from its separate storylines, despite Singleton's accurate recreation of 1983 Los Angeles and a strong lead performance from Damson Idris." On Metacritic, the series has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". A 100% approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7/10 based on 7 reviews. A 100% approval rating for the third season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 9/10 based on 5 reviews. Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx gave a mixed review of the series, criticizing the show's clichéd storytelling and pacing; the latter he observed, "oddly feels sluggish and rushed at the same time, lingering over certain tasks and story beats... but then oddly jumping over story points in a way that had me frequently checking to be sure I hadn't skipped an episode by mistake." He further emphasized: "Snowfalls not a bad drama at this stage, just more generic than it should be, especially on a channel known for making old TV ideas feel brand-new." Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture, however, gave a positive review to Snowfall, praising "the attention it pays to the sights, sounds and textures of people's lives in 1983 Los Angeles, and to fine details of characterization — in other words, the sort of stuff that would never get a dramatic series a green light unless drugs and violence were attached to it." He further stated: "rather than go for a vibe like The Wire or Steven Soderbergh's Traffic, which explored the drug trade with a newspaperman's anthropological detachment, Snowfall aims for a bouncier, more seductive vibe." Seitz also praised the "phenomenal" acting of Idris, Peris-Mencheta, Hudson, and Rios. Ratings Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Broadcast Outside of the United States, Snowfall premiered on BBC Two in the United Kingdom on October 8, 2017. It is also available for view on BBC iPlayer. Notes References External links 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American crime drama television series English-language television shows FX Networks original programming Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic Television series about the Central Intelligence Agency Television series about illegal drug trade Television series about organized crime Television series set in 1983 Television shows about cocaine Television shows set in Los Angeles Works about African-American organized crime Works about Jewish-American organized crime Works about Colombian drug cartels Works about Mexican drug cartels