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2020 in politics and government

Events pertaining to world affairs in 2020, national politics, public policy, government, world economics, and international business, that took place in various nations, regions, organizations, around the world in 2020. Events January January 1 All works published in 1924, except for some sound recordings, are now in the public domain in the United States. This is the first release of material to the public domain since 1978. Crowds of protesters breach the US embassy compound in Baghdad, Iraq, and then withdrew after US Marines fired tear gas. The unrest occurred in response to US airstrikes on pro-Iranian militias in Iraq. Recreational marijuana becomes legal in Illinois, United States. State laws on bail, the gig economy, minimum wages, data privacy, and red flag gun control take effect in several U.S. states, that includes California, New York, Colorado, Nevada, and Hawaii. Several new federal regulations take effect in the US as of this date, including new regulations on retirement funds, minimum wage rules, and overtime rules. January 2 The government of New South Wales, Australia, declares a State of emergency to take effect January 3 as bushfires rage, threatening human lives and property as well as wiping out as many as 500 million animals. 750 US troops prepare to be deployed to Iraq to defend US Embassy in Baghdad. Turkey reports a new refugee influx and possible crisis, as 250,000 Syrians flee Syria for Turkey, due to Syrian government attacks on rebel groups around Idlib. Zoran Zaev, the prime minister of North Macedonia, resigns. Oliver Spasovski is interim prime minister until a new government can be organized after the April 12 election. A female-majority Cabinet is sworn in for the first time in Austria. It is also the first time The Greens – The Green Alternative forms part of the ruling coalition, in alliance with the conservative Austrian People's Party. January 3 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis: President Donald Trump approves the targeted killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi paramilitary leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis in Baghdad, Iraq. Fears of a conflict between Iran and the U.S. results in World War III trending on Twitter. Spain's electoral commission prohibits Catalan president Quim Torra from serving in the regional parliament. January 4 – An airstrike against the military academy south of Tripoli, Libya, kills 16 and wounds 37. January 5 – Former Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic defeats President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović with 53% of the vote in the 2020 Croatian Presidential Election. January 6 Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison acknowledges that climate change plays a role in Australia's bushfires, in a reversal of his previous stance. US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announces she will introduce a resolution to limit President Trump's ability to take actions against Iran. At a meeting of the Lima Group, Argentina and Mexico abstain from supporting Juan Guaidó as president of the General Assembly of Venezuela. January 7 – Pedro Sánchez takes office as President of the Government of Spain on a vote of 167 in favor, 165 against, and 18 abstentions. January 8 Two U.S. military bases in Iraq are hit with a dozen missiles fired by Iran; no casualties or serious damage reported. U.S. President Donald Trump says Iran "appears to be standing down" after the killing of Qasem Soleimani but announces new sanctions against Iran. As many as 25 Crore (250 million) people join a general strike in India in response to Bharat Bandh labor reforms. January 9 – The International Olympic Committee bans political gestures by athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics. January 10 On January 11, 2020, Russia announced that a ceasefire had been agreed to in the area of Idlib and Northwest Syria, between Russia, Syria, Syrian rebels and Turkey. This was due to requests by Turkey for a ceasefire, in order to stop the flood of Syrian refugees into Turkey. However, some regional news outlets reported that Syria launched further attacks near Idlib, in Maarat al-Numan district and the villages of Maar Shoreen, Talmenes, and Maar Shamshah, even after the ceasefire had officially begun. January 11 Taiwanese general election: Progressive Tsai Ing-Wen is reelected with 7.8 million votes (90% of the votes counted). Legislators in Northern Ireland form a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017. Iran takes responsibility for "unintentionally" shooting down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 that killed 176 people on January 8. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau demands "transparency and justice for the families and loved ones of the victims." British police say it was an "error of judgment" to label 'Extinction Rebellion' a terrorist group. January 12 13,000 participate in a "Run Against Dictatorship" in Bangkok, demanding that Thai prime minister Prayut Chan-o-cha step down. A nuclear alert about Pickering Nuclear Generating Station was erroneously sent to millions in Ontario, Canada. Same-sex couples can legally register for marriage in Northern Ireland. January 14 Alejandro Giammattei is inaugurated as President of Guatemala. Japanese Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso is under fire for describing Japan as a single race and single language country, ignoring 200,000 indigenous Ainu people and 760,000 ethnic Koreans. New Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei takes office after a five-hour delay due to protests. Outgoing president Morales is pelted with eggs. January 15 The Prime Minister of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev announces that the entire Russian government will resign. This occurred due to a proposal from Putin for new laws and reforms that would vastly increase his power. U.S. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi names the seven managers of the impeachment team and the House votes to send its impeachment resolutions to the Senate for a trial of President Donald Trump. Filipe Nyusi is sworn in for another term as president of Mozambique while the opposition boycotts the ceremony amidst charges of electoral fraud. Turkey lifts its ban on Wikipedia, due to a ruling by the Turkish High Constitutional Court. January 16 Pope Francis names Italian lawyer Francesca Di Giovanni as the under-secretary in the Section for Relations with States, the arm of the Catholic church that handles the foreign relations of the Holy See. She is the first woman appointed to a post at that level. The impeachment of Donald John Trump formally moves into its trial phase in the United States Senate. Guatemala breaks off diplomatic relations with Venezuela Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin is appointed as Prime Minister of Russia. He previously served as Director of the Federal Tax Service from 2010 to 2020. He was nominated for Prime Minister of the Russian Federation by President Vladimir Putin. Hearings on his appointment were held in the State Duma on January 16, and he was confirmed to the office that day. January 18 French police called for backup as protesters tried to storm a theater where President Emmanuel Macron and his wife were watching The Fly. Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urges leaders of the European Union to support the government of Libya in peace talks in Berlin. Libyan opposition leader General Khalifa Haftar seeks support in Greece. Violence escalates in Beirut, Lebanon, with 377 protesters and 142 members of security forces injured during nine hours of clashes; 43 people were arrested and later released. January 20 – Norway's ruling coalition falls apart after repatriation of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) bride. January 22 – Katerina Sakellaropoulou is elected the first female president of Greece. January 23 – U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, 58, says Greta Thunberg, 17, should study economics if she wants to talk about climate change. Mnunchin has a bachelor's degree in economics. January 26 – 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election. No party wins a majority, but centrists dominate. January 27 Manzoor Pashteen, a leading activist against corruption in the Pakistani military, is arrested. January 31 – The United Nations Security Council approves an extension of an arms embargo against the Central African Republic only until July 31, 2020. February February 1 – Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas threatens to cut security ties to the United States and Israel. February 3 The Supreme Court nullifies the results of the 2019 Malawian general election due to widespread irregularities. President Peter Mutharika will stay in power until new elections on July 2, 2020. "Technical irregularities" delay the vote counting of the Iowa Democratic caucuses, the first step in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries in the United States. February 5 Thomas Kemmerich of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) is elected governor of Thuringia, Germany, with support from the AfD party. This is the first time in modern history that a state governor has been elected with the support of the far-right AfD. The US Senate voted on whether or not to convict the president on the charges and evidence as they were presented and debated upon. The senators voted 52 to 48 to find President Trump not guilty on the charge of abuse of power (all 45 Democrats, independent senators Bernie Sanders and Angus King, and Republican senator Romney voted guilty). They voted 53 to 47, in a party line vote, to find him not guilty on the charge of obstruction of Congress February 9 Sudanese leader Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan meets with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel. Former deputy Prime Minister Mubarak al-Fadil al-Mahdi of Sudan states that it would be good to normalize relations with Israel. February 11 Palestinians withdraw their request for the UN Security Council to discuss the proposed peace plan offered by the Trump Administration of the United States. President Trump submits a new federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year. It would increase defense spending and cut social programs. 2020 Azerbaijani parliamentary election The ruling party takes about 65 of 125 seats. 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election's results announced with Aam Aadmi Party securing 62 of 70 seats. February 14 German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier criticizes the United States for rejecting "even the idea of an international community." He also criticized Russia and China. The U.S. issues a travel ban against Sri Lanka general Shavendra Silva for human rights violations. Benjamin Griveaux, 42, French President Macron's preferred candidate for mayor of Paris, withdraws his candidacy after a sex video is leaked. February 15 Thousands protest in eastern Germany against the role Christian Democrats and the Free Democratic Party in supporting a far-right political party in Thuringia. U.S. Defense Secretary Mark Esper says that a "reduction in violence" deal reached with the Taliban in Afghanistan "looks very promising." The agreement is expected to be formally announced on February 16 and to go into effect on February 17. Venezuela carries out military exercises and drills amidst growing tensions with the United States. Opposition leader Juan Guaidó returns after a three-week tour that included a visit with the U.S. president. Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg supports increased taxes in Europe for Silicon Valley tech giants. February 16 A Saudi jet crashes in Al Jawf Region after being shot down by Houthi rebels. 31 civilians are killed and 12 injured in a retaliatory strike in Yemen. 2020 Guinean legislative election. Tesla is ordered to stop work on a factory in Germany due to environmental concerns. North Macedonia's parliament is dissolved ahead of the April election. Software problems force the suspension of the 2020 Dominican Republic municipal elections. Ivanka Trump praises Saudi Arabia and other Mideast countries for the advances they have made on women's rights. French Health Minister Agnès Buzyn announces her candidacy for mayor of Paris, after Benjamin Griveaux drops out. Strikes among seasonal ski resort workers break out against unemployment reforms at 50 locations in France, from the Alps to the Pyrenees. February 17 – 3,000 interns in the public service sector of Spain protest against the lack of a permanent contract. 21.6% of Spanish government employees are considered "temporary." February 18 – Incumbent Ashraf Ghani is declared the winner of the 2019 Afghan presidential election with 50.64% of the votes. February 19 – President Trump replaces acting director of national intelligence Joseph Maguire with the inexperienced ambassador to Germany Richard Grenell after Maguire's office tells the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence that Russia intends to interfere in the 2020 United States elections. February 20 A terrorist attack by a right-wing extremist Hanau, Hesse, Germany, leaves eleven dead including the suspect. Israel asks that the Carnaval parade in Aalst, Belgium be canceled because of anti-Semitism. The U.S. sanctions five Iranian clerics after they blocked 7,000 candidates in the upcoming parliamentary elections. February 21 – 2020 Iranian legislative election. February 22 – 2020 Togolese presidential election. Incumbent President Faure Gnassingbe wins reelection with 72% of the vote. February 23 – Police in Haiti violently protest against money being spent on a carnaval celebrations instead of their salaries. February 24 – Seven people, including a police officer, are killed in protests against new immigration laws in New Delhi, India before a visit by U.S. President Donald Trump. February 29 Egypt says it will use "all means" to defend its interests in a dispute with Ethiopia and Sudan over a dam on the Nile River. The United States and the Taliban sign an agreement that may lead to the end of the war in Afghanistan. Eight members of Hezbollah are killed by Turkish troops in Syria. Last week, 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in the fighting. 10,000 to 22,000 people march in Moscow in memory of slain dissident Boris Nemtsov. March March 1 – The Prime-Minister-designate of Iraq, Mohammed Allawi withdrew from his run for the post, accusing political parties of obstructing him, creating a domestic crisis and also a possible power vacuum. This decision occurred hours after the Iraqi parliament declined for the second time in a week to approve his cabinet. March 2 The U.N. envoy to Libya, Ghassan Salame, 69, steps down because of health concerns. Peace efforts seem further off than ever. 2020 Israeli legislative election. Russian President Vladimir Putin submits changes to enshrine God and heterosexuality in the constitution. March 6 – Thousands march in Brussels for the European Climate Strike as the warmest winter on record comes to a close. March 7 – The Saudi government arrests three members of the royal family in a move to consolidate Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's power. March 8 – Women's marches Pakistan – Aurat March ("Women's March") in Pakistan. Mexico – 100,000 women march in Mexico City, Monterrey, and other cities in Mexico. Chile – Between 190,000 and 300,000 people march in Santiago, Chile and 800,000 across the country. Other countries – Three masked men attack demonstrators in Kyrgyzstan. Hundreds protest in the Philippines. Marches in several countries are canceled or have lower attendance than in 2019 due to COVID-19. March 9 – Women strike across the country, demanding an end to violence against women in Mexico. The Chamber of Deputies and banks are forced to close. March 11 – Lawmakers in Russia approve legal changes that will allow President Vladimir Putin to remain in office until 2036. The changes still have to be approved the Constitutional Court and in a nation-wide referendum scheduled for April. March 15 Voters in France participate in local elections despite concerns about the coronavirus pandemic. A second round will be held on March 22. Blue and White Party leader Benny Gantz is asked by Israel's president to form a government. Pro-government protesters march across Brazil, ignoring social distancing recommendations. Saudi authorities detain 298 government employees, including members of the military, accusing them of abuse of power, bribery, money laundering, and corruption. 379 million riyals ($101 million) are involved. Anti-immigrant protests turn violent in Chios and Lesbos, Greece. King Felipe VI of Spain renounces the inheritance from his father, King Emerit Juan Carlos I, who is accused of receiving €88 million ($100 million) in Saudi Arabian kickbacks. King Felipe will also take away Juan Carlos's pension. March 16 – Governments across Latin America impose strict measures to control the coronavirus. Peru puts military personnel on the streets, blocking major roads and suspending freedom of assembly. Costa Rica closes its borders. Colombia closes its maritime, river, and land borders but shares information with Venezuela, where there are 33 cases of coronavirus. In Chile, at least six passengers from the cruise ship are treated in hospitals in Patagonia after they tested positive for coronavirus. Paraguay restricts crowds and enforces an 8 p.m. curfew. President Lenin Moreno of Ecuador plans to begin a curfew on March 17. Panama reports 69 cases of coronavirus. March 16 China and the United States accuse one another of fear-mongering about the coronavirus. U.S. President Donald Trump calls COVID-19 "the Chinese virus" and Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian suggested in a tweet that patient zero came from the U.S., not Wuhan. French President Emmanuel Macron announces the banning of social gatherings and the postponement of the second round of the 2020 French municipal elections. March 17 Heavy fighting kills 38 in central Yemen. The Niger Armed Forces say they have killed 50 members of Boko Haram in Toumour. March 20 India hangs four men convicted of a violent gang rape in 2012. Luis Almagro is reelected Secretary-General of the Organization of American States (OAS). The United States continues its high-pressure sanctions against Iran despite the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran; the sanctions do not prohibit humanitarian aid. March 21 – North Korea test-fires two ballistic missiles into the Sea of Japan. March 24 – A diplomatic dispute between China and Brazil ends when the former offers to help Brazil cope with the coronavirus pandemic. Brazil reports 1,891 cases and 34 deaths; São Paulo is on lockdown. March 25 – The Group of Seven cannot agree on a joint statement about the coronavirus pandemic because the United States Secretary of State insists on referring to it as the “Wuhan virus”. At a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, France proposes "general and immediate cessation of hostilities in all countries," including a 30-day pause in conflicts, to allow coronavirus-related supplies to flow. The United States insists that the resolution include a reference to the Wuhan, China, origin of the coronavirus. Russia insists that ambassadors vote in person. March 27 Prime Minister Boris Johnson tests positive for COVID-19, and will self-isolate in 10 Downing Street. Health Secretary for the United Kingdom, Matt Hancock tests positive for COVID-19 and reports that he is working from home and self-isolating. Seven ships from the Russian Navy are monitored by the British Royal Navy in the English Channel and the North Sea. Saudi Arabia says it intercepted two ballistic missiles in an attack that Yemen's Houthi launched towards Riyadh and areas near the Yemeni border. The attacks came days after Yemen's warring parties welcomed a U.N. call for a truce to fight the COVID-19 outbreak. Monuments across the world turn off their lights at 8:30 p.m. in honor of Earth Hour. March 30 – The National Liberation Army (ELN) rebels in Colombia have declared a unilateral ceasefire for a month starting April 1. There are 700 infections and 10 deaths related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. April April 4 Vietnam protests after a Chinese maritime surveillance vessel rammed a fishing boat near the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea (East Sea). Sir Keir Starmer is confirmed as the new leader of the Labour Party, succeeding Jeremy Corbyn. April 5 Queen Elizabeth II makes a rare broadcast to the UK and the wider Commonwealth, something she has done on only four previous occasions. In the address she thanks people for following the government's social distancing rules and pays tribute to key workers, and says the UK "will succeed" in its fight against coronavirus but may have "more still to endure". Prime Minister Boris Johnson is admitted to hospital for tests after testing positive for coronavirus ten days earlier. April 6 – Prime Minister Boris Johnson is taken into intensive care after being admitted to hospital for coronavirus the day before. It is announced that First Secretary of State Dominic Raab will deputise for him. April 9 – Prime Minister Boris Johnson is moved out of intensive care, but remains in hospital. April 12 Bangladhesh executes Abdul Majed for the murder of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founder of the country. 2020 North Macedonian parliamentary election. Three civilians are killed in India after fighting between India and Pakistan along the border of Kashmir. COVID-19 pandemic – Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan turns down an offer from Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu to resign after a stay-at-home order led to panic buying. Prime Minister Boris Johnson is discharged from hospital after being treated for coronavirus and will continue his recovery at Chequers. April 15 – 2020 South Korean legislative election is held despite the pandemic. President Moon Jae-in's Democratic Party wins 163 of 300 seats in parliament. Its satellite party, the Platform Party, is expected to win 17 seats for a combined total of 180. The main conservative party of the United Future Party and its satellite party, the Future Korea Party, are expected to take 103 seats. April 18 – Denmark and Poland announce they will not give stimulus money to businesses registered in tax havens. April 19 – Vietnam protests China's establishment of administrative units in the South China Sea. Malaysia also contests China's more aggressive moves. April 20 Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud) and Benny Gantz (Blue and White) agree to the formation of a national emergency government in Israel. For the second time in four days, a Russian Sukhoi Su-35 intercepts a U.S. Navy aircraft in the eastern Mediterranean. A similar incident happened on June 8. April 22 United Nations secretary-general António Guterres says the impact of COVID-19 is "immediate and dreadful" but there is "another, even deeper emergency: the planet's unfolding environmental crisis." After U.S. President Trump threatened to shoot Iranian patrol boats that get close to U.S. ships in the Persian Gulf, Tehran says it will destroy "any American terrorist force" if its security is threatened. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps launches its first satellite. April 24 COVID-19 pandemic: France and Holland pledge almost $10 billion to bail out their national airlines (€7 billion for Air France between €2 and €4 billion for KLM). China closes its border with Myanmar after fighting in Jiegao, Yunnan. Artillery fire and bullets destroy a gas station in China, but there are no reports of injuries in either country. April 26 The Southern Transitional Council (SCT) in Yemen declares self-governance. The government said local and security authorities in the provinces of Hadramawt, Abyan, Shabwa, al-Mahra, and the island of Socotra dismissed the move as a “clear and definite coup." Saudi Arabia abolishes capital punishment for minors, except for terrorism cases. Floggings are also banned. Referendum on new constitution in Chile. April 27 – Boris Johnson returns to work after three weeks of illness. In his first speech outside 10 Downing Street since recovering from coronavirus, he urges the public not to lose patience with the lockdown, warning that the UK is at the moment of "maximum risk". April 28 A bombing believed to have been carried out by Kurdish fighters in Turkish-controlled Afrin, Syria kills at least 20 civilians. Libyan General Khalifa Haftar is accused of carrying out a coup d'état as he puts the eastern part of the country under direct military rule. Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro appoints key allies to head the Justice Ministry and Federal Police after the Supreme Federal Court authorized an investigation into allegations that Bolsonaro had tried to interfere illegally with the police agency. May May 1 North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un inaugurates a fertilizer factory, dispelling rumors of his death after twenty days when he was not seen in public. Fifty-seven people are arrested in a May Day demonstration in Santiago de Chile. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, gatherings of more than fifty people are prohibited. Police say one arrested man was supposed to be in quarantine until May 9. Canada bans 1,500 kinds of assault weapons. May 6 – Congressman Ken Buck (R-CO) is caught on tape allegedly pressuring a district GOP party chair to sign a false affidavit certifying the results of that district assembly's vote on the nomination of candidates for a Republican primary to replace its term-limited state senator. May 10 – 2020 Polish presidential election. The president is expected to win in a landslide as the opposition calls for postponement. It was announced on May 6 that the election will be postponed indefinitely. May 12 – A bomb explosion attributed to the Islamic State of Afghanistan kills 24 at a funeral in Nangarhar Province, eastern Afghanistan. Unknown attackers killed 24 and injured 16 others, including new-born babies, mothers, and nurses at a maternity hospital in Kabul. May 16 Thousands in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, many wearing masks, demonstrate against a Roam Catholic Mass for Croatia's Nazi-allied soldiers and civilians killed by partisan forces at the end of World War II. Protests against Stay-at-home orders result in arrests in Warsaw and London. Satellite pictures show 200 buildings burning in a village in Let Kar, Myanmar. Villagers say the fires were set by government soldiers, but the government says guerrillas from the Arakan Army are responsible. May 17 – Dominican Republic presidential election May 20 – 2020 Burundian presidential election Evariste Ndayishimiye, 52, wins with 69% of the vote and will not face a second-round of voting. President Pierre Nkurunziza will step down and be granted the title ″Supreme Guide.″ May 22 – May 2020 New Zealand National Party leadership election. Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye won. May 24 – China clamps down on dissidents in Hong Kong; authorities warn that U.S. backing of dissidents could set off a new Cold War. May 26 – The U.S. (AFRICOM) says Russia has sent fighter jets to Tripoli to support the mercenaries trying to topple the government of Libya. Russia says this is ″disinformation.″ May 31 Opposition leader Mikola Statkevich is arrested in a protest in Minsk, Belarus. 50 opposition activists have been arrested in the last few days, including blogger Sergei Tikhanovsky, who was arrested in Grodno. People in cities around the world including London, Berlin, and Rio march against police brutality and the murder of George Floyd. May – COVID-19 pandemic: Online criticism of Italy's handling of the pandemic is censored by World Health Organization (WHO) officials. Similar criticism of other large donars, including China and the United Kingdom, is similarly muted. June June 1 Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announces a "new normal" of partial reopening with a road trip to Cancun and the inauguration of the Mayan Train. Mexico has nearly 100,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and nearly 10,000 deaths. Nationwide protests continue in the United States a week after the murder of George Floyd at the hands of four police officers. June 1 to 5 – Protests against the murder of George Floyd and other instances of police brutality extend to hundreds of cities across at least 40 countries. June 6 – Han Kuo-yu, mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, is recalled in a special election. June 11 – President Donald Trump authorizes economic and travel restrictions on International Criminal Court (ICCt) employees who investigate war crimes committed by Americans in the War in Afghanistan. Prime Minister Imad Khamis was dismissed by President Bashar al-Assad, amid anti-government protests over deteriorating economic conditions. June 15 Twenty-two Indian soldiers die in a border clash with Chinese troops in the Ladakh region. Kyrgyzstan Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev resigns amidst scandal and is replaced with Kubatbek Boronov. June 23 – 2020 Malawian presidential election: Opposition alliance leader Lazarus Chakwera, 65, wins with 58.57% of the vote. June 28 – 2020 Polish presidential election: Populist conservative incumbent, Andrzej Duda will face off against the liberal mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski in a second round. July July 1 – 2020 Russian constitutional referendum: President Vladimir Putin is allowed to extend his presidency to 2036. July 5 – 2020 Croatian parliamentary election The conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) wins 66 of 151 seats in parliament. July 9 Agnès Callamard, an independent U.N. human rights expert, issues a report insisting an American drone strike that killed Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani in January was a “watershed” event in the use of drones and amounted to a violation of international law. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan signs a decree handing over Hagia Sophia to Turkey's Religious Affairs Presidency, changing its status from a museum to a mosque. July 10 2020 Singaporean general election: The ruling People's Action Party (PAP) maintained its power, winning 83 of 93 seats in parliament. The body of Seoul mayor Park Won-soon is found on a mountainside. Park was seen as a reformer but had recently been accused of sexual assault. July 11 Thousands protest the arrest of Khabarovsk Governor Sergei Furgal on murder charges in eastern Russia. Thousands protest against corruption by the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. COVID-19 pandemic Thousands protest Israel's economic response to the pandemic. Thousands of protesters, many masked, march for the fifth night in a row to demand the resignation of Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić. The protests are mostly against the president's handling of the national response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia, where 18,073 cases and 382 deaths have been confirmed. July 12 500,000 voters participate in primary elections for pro-democracy candidates in Hong Kong, in what organizers say is a vote against the national security law. Second round of Polish presidential election. Thousands of protesters march in Kinshasa, Bukavu, and Kananga; Democratic Republic of the Congo, against the selection of a new election chief aligned with former president Joseph Kabila. Five people were killed in similar protests on July 8. August August 5 - Lebanon Government declares a two-week State of Emergency, following the Beirut Explosions. August 6 Canadian military magazine Kanwa Asian Defence publishes photos that show China sending hundreds of Type 05 amphibious fighting vehicles to Taiwan Strait as tensions rise. Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry says that his country and Greece have signed an agreement designating an exclusive economic zone in the eastern Mediterranean between the two countries, effectively nullifying an accord between Turkey and the internationally recognized government of Libya. The Indian Defence Ministry warns that its conflict with China is bound to be long. Protesers in Beirut, Lebanon, ask visiting French President Emmanuel Macron to intervene to help eradicate the corruption that led to the August 4 explosion that killed 157 and injured at least 5,000. August 7 Russia warns that any incoming ballistic missile will be treated as if it were nuclear and would spark a nuclear response. The United States Department of the Treasury sanctions eleven top officials in Hong Kong and China, including chief executive Carrie Lam. The move comes only hours after Donald Trump banned social media platforms TikTok and WeChat. August 8 Police in Beirut, Lebanon, reportedly react to protesters with tear gas and live ammunition after the August 4 explosion, sending 55 people to local hospitals as 117 others are treated at the scene. 15,000 protesters march against corruption in downtown Jerusalem, Israel, demanding the resignation of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. August 9 – 2020 Belarusian presidential election. Violent protests and allegations of electoral fraud break out after incumbent President Alexander Lukashenko claims a landslide victory over former teacher Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. August 10 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election: Preliminary results give 22 seats to Prime Minister Keith Rowley's People's National Movement (PNM) and 19 seats to the opposition United National Congress (UNC). Hong Kong billionaire activist and newspaper publisher Jimmy Lai is arrested under security law. Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his Cabinet resign. August 12 – Mexico arrests Jesús Orta and eighteen other former top police officials in a crackdown on corruption. August 13 – Donald Trump says the United Arab Emirates and Israel have agreed to reestablish diplomatic relations. August 16 2020 Belarusian protests: Despite week-long protests against vote fraud in Belarus, President Alexander Lukashenko rejects calls for new elections. Lebanese President Michel Aoun says it would be "Impossible" for him to resign following the explosion that killed 170 and left hundreds of thousands homeless. August 18 – Russian media report that Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko says he will allow new elections after the country adopts a new constitution. He had previously said that he would have to be killed before there could be new elections. August 20 – Polish Foreign Minister Jacek Czaputowicz resigns in the midst of the crisis in Belarus. This is the second cabinet resignation in a week, as Health Minister Lukasz Szumowski left amid increased COVID-19 infection rates. August 21 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests: 1,500 people in Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia conduct their seventh march against the Moscow government. They are protesting against the arrest of Governor Sergei Furgal and in support of Alexei Navalny and dissidents in Belarus. Navalny, a critic of the Kremlin, was taken to a German hospital after a suspected poisoning on August 19. Iran agrees to inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) at nuclear sites in Marivan and Amand, Qazvin after the United States calls for reimposition of sanctions. August 25 – The United Nations Security Council rejects an effort by the United States to “snap back” sanctions on Iran. August 30 – 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election and local elections. September September 4 – Serbia and Kosovo normalize economic relations. Kosovo also establishes diplomatic relations with Israel, and both countries open embassies in Jerusalem. September 6 Hong Kong protests: Police arrest 290 people in protests. Belarusian protests: A record 100,000 march on the Palace of Independence; 72 are arrested and students strike. September 7 – Two deserters from the Myanmar Army testify on video that they were ordered to commit rape, murder, and other atrocities against Rohingya people, mostly Muslims. September 9 Several thousand protest against proposed electrical power price increases in North Macedonia. A fire at a refugee camp in Greece leaves 13,000 homeless. Iraq War: The United States Army announces a reduction of 5,200 troops in Iraq. September 11 The DoD cancels a Navy low-level flyover of New York City deemed "inappropriate." Israel and Bahrain agree to establish diplomatic relations. September 12 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) calls for dialogue to prevent a conflict in the East China Sea. Representatives of the Afghan government and the Taliban meet in Qatar to begin peace talks. MV Wakashio oil spill: Thousands march in Port Louis to protest the government's handling of the July oil spill in Mauritius. Mauricio Claver-Carone becomes the first citizen of the U.S. to lead the Inter-American Development Bank. September 13 – Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen: Fighting intensifies in Yemen after the COVID-19 truce. September 21 – More than 160 world leaders ask the UK to release Julian Assange and not extradite him to the United States. September 27 – Ethnic fighting breaks out into the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war between Azerbaijan and Armemia. October October 1 – The 2020 World Expo will open in Dubai. October 3 – The government of Sudan and ten rebel groups sign a peace agreement, ending 17 years of war. October 11 2020 Tajik presidential election: Incumbent Emomali Rahmon of the People's Democratic Party reelected. 2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election. Independent Ingrida Šimonytė is the Prime-Minister designate. October 18 2020 Bolivian general election: Luis Arce of the Movement for Socialism is elected. 2020 Guinean presidential election 2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election (second round): Ersin Tatar of the National Unity Party (UBP) is elected. October 22—24 – 2020 Seychellois presidential election: Won by Wavel Ramkalawan. October 28 – 2020 Tanzanian general election: Incumbent John Magufuli is reelected. October 25 – 2020 Chilean national plebiscite: The "Approve" side won with 78% agreeing to draft a new constitution. 79% opted for a "Constitutional Convention" as the best way to rewrite the text. October 31 2020 Ivorian general election. 2020 Georgian parliamentary election: Georgian Dream leads at the end of the first round with a second round scheduled for November 21. November November 3 – 2020 United States elections 2020 United States presidential election: Joe Biden and Kamala Harris win the presidency and vice-presidency respectively. 2020 United States Senate elections: Democrats pick up two seats but Republicans hold 50–48 advantage as two seats go to runoffs. 2020 United States House of Representatives elections 2020 United States gubernatorial elections: Republicans increase their control to 27 seats by flipping Montana. November 4 – "Scores, probably hundreds" of civilians are killed in the conflict in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. November 5 – 2020 Vincentian general election: Unity Labour Party wins nine of 15 seats. November 8 2020 Myanmar general election 2020 Egyptian parliamentary election November 9 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement signed, ending the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia. President Martín Vizcarra of Peru resigns after being impeached on corruption charges. November 11 2020 Belizean general election: Johnny Briceño of the People's United Party (PUP) leads 19 seats to five. Sheikh Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa is appointed Prime Minister after the death of his great uncle, Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Salman, who had held the position for nearly fifty years. November 12 – Thousands protest the ouster of Peruvian President Martin Vizcarra. November 13 – Fighting between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control in Kashmir leaves 15 dead, including ten civilians. November 14 Thousands rally in Tbilisi, Georgia, to protest the October election, which they say was rigged. Twenty diverse groups protest against the Monarchy of Thailand. A report in The New York Times says that Abu Mohammed al-Masri, the alleged mastermind behind the 1998 United States embassy bombings was killed by Israeli intelligence in Tehran, Iran, on August 7, 2020. November 15 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) consisting of fifteen countries including China and Japan, is signed during a virtual summit at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is the largest free-trade association in the world. Manuel Merino resigns the presidency of Peru after only four days in office. 900 are arrested in protests against the reelection of Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko. Armenians burn their own homes as they leave Kalbajar, Azerbaijan. Ethiopia's Tigray conflict takes on an international character as rockets are fired at the Asmara, Eritrea, airport, and 25,000 refugees flee from Tigray, to Sudan. 2020 Moldovan presidential election (Round 2): Won by Maia Sandu with 57% of the vote. 2020 Brazilian municipal elections (Round 1): Of the nearly 60 candidates whom President Bolsonaro backed, only nine advanced. Transgender candidates make two historic wins. November 16 Hungary and Poland threaten to veto the 2021 EU budget and recovery plan. 2020 Bosnian municipal elections UN-sponsored peace talks in Libya fail to establish an interim government. Peru chooses Francisco Sagasti as interim president. November 17 – Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher C. Miller announces that the United States will withdraw 2,500 troops from Afghanistan and Iraq by January 15, 2021. November 17 Yemeni Civil War: Fifty fighters from both sides are killed in fighting centered in Zinjibar District. Greek police use tear gas, stun grenades, and water cannon to break up a demonstration held to commemorate the 1973 Athens Polytechnic uprising. November 19 – The 2020 United Nations Climate Change Conference will be held in Glasgow, UK. November 21 The 2020 G20 Riyadh summit opens as a virtual summit. Thousands march in Paris, France, to protest restrictions on freedom of information and media rights. November 22 – 2020 Burkinabé general election November 26 – 2000 Romanian general election (Round 1). Prime Minister Ludovic Orban declares victory. November 29 – 2020 Brazilian municipal elections (Round 2) November - Thousands of farmers from various parts of India move to the capital city amidst blockades protesting against the new farm reforms. December December 2 The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs votes to remove cannabis from a list of dangerous drugs in recognition of its medical value, although some controls will remain. December 5 Russia begins vaccination against COVID-19 in Moscow. 2020 Kuwaiti general election: Two-thirds of the legislature lose their seats in an election that sees 60% turnout among eligible voters. Thousands march in Yerevan, Armenia in protest of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's handling of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The United States announces it will withdraw almost all its troops from Somalia by January 15. December 6 Violence breaks out in Paris as thousands protest against security laws. Peaceful rallies are held in Marseille, Lyon, Lille and other French cities. Three hundred protesters are arrested in the 18th week of protests in Minsk, Belarus. 2020 Romanian legislative election 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election: Turnout is 31% as Maduro's government is reelected with 67.6%, the traditional opposition won 17.95%, and dissidents on the left won 3% of the vote. Eighteen countries in America (including the United States and Canada but excluding Argentina, Bolivia, and Mexico) call the election fraudulent and illegal. December 7 2020 Ghanaian general election: President Nana Akufo-Addo wins reelection with 51.59% of the vote. Five people are killed in election-related violence. Six supporters of Indonesian hard-line cleric Muhammad Rizieq Shihab are killed in a shootout in Jakarta. Abdolnaser Hemmati, Governor of the Central Bank of Iran, says that United States economic sanctions are blocking Iran from the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (COVAX) program of the World Health Organization (WHO). Romanian prime minister Ludovic Orban resigns, but the National Liberal Party hopes to stay in power. Indian farm reforms 2020: Tens of thousands of Indian farmers protest for the 12th day. December 9 2020 Indonesian local elections Hanan Ashrawi resigns from the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Lebanon's Prime Minister designate Saad al-Hariri presents a proposed Cabinet to President Michel Aoun. A viable government is key to receiving French aid. December 11 – European Union leaders agree to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. December 13 A roadside bomb in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan, wounds 23. Similar bombs earlier this year killed nine and wounded 151. The UK and the EU agree to extend Brexit trade negotiations. Fifty-one Taliban fighters and seven civilians are killed in fighting in Kandahar, Afghanistan. December 14 Somalia cuts dilomatic ties with Kenya after Muse Bihi Abdi from Somalialand visits Kenya. By a 306–232 vote, the United States Electoral College votes to elect Joe Biden and Kamala Harris president and vice president of the U.S. Presidents López Obrador of Mexico and Putin of Russia congratulate him. Saudi Arabia says an explosion on the Singapore-flagged BW Rhine was a terrorist attack from an undisclosed source. December 15 – Retailers face pressure to boycott Chinese cotton as stories emerge about forced labor among Uyghurs in China. December 18 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest: At least 25 people have died during the protests since November 26, including 14 due to natural causes. At least 15 civilians are killed and 20 are wounded, including children, in an explosion in Ghazni province, Afghanistan. December 20 COVID-19 pandemic: Several European Union countries and Canada temporarily stop flights from the UK in response to a new, fast-spreading strain of the virus. Other countries follow suit, with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman closing their borders completely. Taiwan deploys ships and planes as a Chinese carrier group sails through the Taiwan Strait. The United States sent a warship through the strait on December 19. President Bidya Devi Bhandari of Nepal dissolves parliament and calls for spring elections. December 22 – Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko allows Tadevuš Kandrusievič, archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk–Mohilev and a Lukashenko critic, to return from exile in Poland. Donald Trump presents Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Legion of Merit. December 23 – Outgoing U.S. President Trump's pardon of four Blackwater mercenaries convicted of murdering 17 civilians in Baghdad in 2007 is widely criticized. December 24 – The EU and UK reach a Brexit deal. December 26 – Yemeni Civil War: A new Yemeni government is sworn in as per the Saudi-backed Riyadh Agreement of 2019. December 27 2020 Central African general election 2020 Nigerien general election Donald Trump reluctantly signs a $2 trillion bill that averts a U.S. government shutdown and provides $900 billion in COVID-19 relief. December 28 Thousands in Montenegro protest against the government's pro-Serbia stance in approving a new property law that favors the Serbian Orthodox Church. Women's rights activist Loujain al-Hathloul, 31, is sentenced to almost six years of prison in Saudi Arabia. December 29 Tens of thousands protest against the dissolution of the Federal Parliament of Nepal. Argentina legalizes abortion up to the 14th week of pregnancy, becoming the fourth Latin American country to do so. December 30 Twenty-two are killed and 50 wounded when a bomb explodes at the Aden International Airport in Yemen. Information Minister Moammar Al-Eryani blamed the attack on Houthi rebels, who denied responsibility. Scheduled events December 31 – If implemented, the Brexit transition period will expire. History by world issue Note: This section is provided for issue-based overviews in narrative format, if desired. Climate change In December 2019, the World Meteorological Organization released its annual climate report revealing that climate impacts are worsening. They found the global sea temperatures are rising as well as land temperatures worldwide. 2019 is the last year in a decade that is the warmest on record. Global carbon emissions hit a record high in 2019, even though the rate of increase slowed somewhat, according to a report from Global Carbon Project. The economic slowdown and the closure of factories related to the coronavirus pandemic brought a 6% decrease in emissions in February and March 2020. BlackRock global money management firm Chief Executive Larry Fink said in January 2020 that climate change "has become a defining factor in companies' long-term prospects... and I believe we are on the edge of a fundamental reshaping of finance." Coronavirus pandemic Legislatures close, cities, regions, and entire countries are locked down, and borders close across the world in response to the pandemic. Elections are postponed. Governments rush to find funding to combat the virus, provide medical supplies and services, and to mitigate the economic slowdown. The virus, which began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11. The epicenter of the pandemic shifted from East Asia at the beginning of the year to Europe in March and April, then to the United States and Latin America in May and June. As of June 7, there have been over 7,000,000 confirmed cases and 400,000 deaths worldwide, with about 30% of the cases in the United States. After accusing the WHO of bias towards China, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to permanently cut off funding for the organization. Many blame Trump himself for the high number of cases in the United States. Police brutality and racism Hundreds of thousands of people protest in the United States and around the world against the May 26 murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Many of the protests emphasize local cases of police brutality and racism. See also Timeline articles for 2020 2020 List of elections in 2020 2020 national electoral calendar Decade articles 2010s in political history 2020s in political history Specific situations 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 2020 Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2020) Countries and regions 2020 in United States politics and government 2020 in United Kingdom politics and government 2020 United States elections Categories —Wikiproject Politics Draft articles See also related draft articles at: 2020 in Europe politics and government, 2020 in Mideast politics and government, :Category:Drafts about contemporary events External links Articles on specific world issues US-Iran conflict A nasty, brutal fight; what a US-Iran war would look like.The bottom line: It'd be hell on earth. By Alex Ward. January 3, 2020 References Political timelines of the 2020s by year Politics by year 2020-related timelines 2020 in international relations Contemporary history timelines 21st century in politics

61979867

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Bureau

City Bureau

City Bureau is an American non-profit organization based in South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is a non-profit newsroom that aims to produce civic journalism that brings journalists and communities together in a collaborative spirit. It was founded in 2015, and soon after won the March 2016 Sidney Award. City Bureau has since won awards from the Online Journalism Awards for their Documenters.org project, a $1M grant from the MacArthur Foundation, and trained over 80 journalists, held numerous public meetings, and co-published articles with numerous outlets. History City Bureau was founded in October 2015 by local Chicagoans Bettina Chang, Andrea Hart, Darryl Holliday, Harry Backlund. Its goal was to help address the lack of news coverage of Chicago's South and West Sides as well as the lack of diversity in newsrooms. It received early grants from Illinois Humanities and the McCormick Foundation and in 2018 was awarded a $1M grant from the MacArthur Foundation. Notable Projects Documenters Through the Documenters program, City Bureau trains and pays community members to attend local government meetings and report back on them. As of October 2019, over 1000 people had enrolled in the program. In conjunction, City Bureau has helped to develop a City Scrapers toolkit, an open-source tool for gathering and standardizing information about all of the different public meetings in a city. The program has also expanded beyond Chicago with a pilot program in Detroit. Police Accountability Much of City Bureau's early reporting and community outreach focused on police accountability. They co-published stories with newspapers including The Guardian and the Chicago Reader about misinformation in the aftermath of police shootings. The latter article focused on the role that the Chicago Fraternal Order of Police played in shaping the narrative around shootings involving members of the Chicago Police Department and won a Sidney Award for outstanding investigative journalism. As an example of their efforts to better engage local communities, when the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force published their lengthy report following the murder of Laquan McDonald, City Bureau and several Documenters partnered with the Invisible Institute and Smart Chicago Collaborative to generate an annotated version of the report that readers could then contribute their own stories overtop. References 501(c)(3) organizations Non-profit organizations based in Chicago Nonprofit newspapers

62050220

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Atatiana%20Jefferson

Killing of Atatiana Jefferson

Atatiana Koquice Jefferson, a 28-year-old woman, was shot to death in her home by a police officer in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, in the early morning of October 12, 2019. Police arrived at her home after a neighbor called a non-emergency number, stating that Jefferson's front door was open. Police body camera footage showed officers walking outside the home with flashlights for a few minutes while one of them yells, "Put your hands up! Show me your hands!", while discharging his weapon through a window. Police stated that they found a handgun near her body, which according to her eight-year-old nephew, she was pointing toward the window before being shot. On October 14, 2019, Officer Aaron Dean, the shooter, resigned from the Fort Worth Police Department and was arrested on a murder charge. On December 20, 2019, Dean was indicted for murder. Jefferson was black and the officer who shot her is white, prompting news outlets to compare Jefferson's shooting to the September 2018 murder of Botham Jean in nearby Dallas. People involved Atatiana Jefferson Atatiana Koquice Jefferson, a 28-year-old African American woman, was a pre-medical graduate of Xavier University of Louisiana. Relatives said she worked in human resources. She lived in the house to care for her mother and nephew. Aaron Dean On October 14, 2019, Interim Police Chief Ed Kraus identified Officer Aaron Dean as the shooter. Dean was commissioned as an officer with the Fort Worth Police Department in April 2018 after completing the Fort Worth Police Academy in March, 2018. At the time of the shooting, Dean had been with the department approximately 18 months. Prior to the shooting, the only substantial entry in his Fort Worth police personnel file was about a traffic collision. In 2004, Dean received a citation from the Arlington, Texas police for assault by contact, a class C misdemeanor, while at the University of Texas at Arlington for touching a woman's breast in the campus library. The incident was discussed during his videotaped job interview with the Fort Worth Police. He pled no contest and paid a fine. According to the Fort Worth Police Department, a Class C misdemeanor would not prevent employment with their department as a police officer. Dean's training records from his first year on the job note concerns from supervisors. These concerns included that he had "tunnel vision" and "needs improvement on communicating with the public and fellow officers." Dean's most recent performance evaluation was made in spring 2019, where he received high marks from a supervisor. Shooting Welfare call Just prior to 2:30 a.m on the morning of October 12, 2019, police received a "welfare call" from the neighborhood of Hillside Morningside, noting that the front door to someone's home was open. According to Jefferson's family, prior to police arriving at her home, she was playing video games in her home with her nephew. Body camera footage Body camera footage released by the Fort Worth Police Department shows that two officers had walked quietly around the side of the home. Officer Aaron Dean had walked into Jefferson's backyard. Seeing Jefferson in the window of her home, the officer yelled "put your hands up! Show me your hands!" and then fired a single shot through Jefferson's window. Describing the video, the BBC wrote that Dean fired "within seconds" of seeing Jefferson. The BBC also wrote that the footage does not appear to show police identifying themselves or whether she was armed. The footage also does not show any indication if Dean could see the gun that Jefferson held, as the view through the window was obstructed by the reflection from his flashlight. The officer partnered with Dean told authorities that she could only see Jefferson's face through the window. Nephew's account Jefferson's eight-year-old nephew told the authorities that while playing video games they heard noises outside the window. Jefferson took her gun from her purse and pointed it at the window, before she was shot. The nephew's account was used as the basis for the arrest warrant. Interim Chief Kraus stated that it, "makes sense that she would have a gun if she felt that she was being threatened or there was someone in the backyard." According to the Jefferson family attorney Lee Merritt, the firearm was lawfully owned and Jefferson had a concealed carry license. Death Jefferson was killed by the shot and pronounced dead at 3:05 a.m at the scene. Police officers stated that they attempted to provide emergency medical care to Jefferson and were unsuccessful. Investigation Police officials stated that the officer fired after perceiving a threat. Fort Worth Police Chief Ed Kraus stated that Dean resigned before he could be fired for what Kraus said included violating departmental policies on use of force, de-escalation, and unprofessional conduct. The separation paperwork for Dean was to be sent to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement, and it would reflect that he was dishonorably discharged from the department. Manny Ramirez, the president of the Fort Worth Police Officers Association, said Dean has never been the subject of a police investigation. Kraus said Dean has refused to cooperate with investigators and has not allowed Kraus to question him. Dean has not given an oral or written statement to investigators. Ramirez said he and other officers with knowledge of the situation were dumbfounded as to why Dean would have fired his weapon in this situation. Ramirez also said there was no way to explain Dean's actions. Arrest, indictment and trial Based on footage from Dean's body camera which captured the shooting, a warrant was issued for his arrest. He was arrested at his attorney's office on October 14, 2019, and charged with murder. He was given a $200,000 bond, which he posted, and was released about three hours later. Kraus said that Dean had not provided a written statement or answered questions. On October 25, 2019, Tarrant County District Attorney Sharen Wilson said evidence will also be presented to a grand jury for a formal indictment. Dean is the only officer to face a murder charge in Tarrant County for a shooting committed while on duty. He was indicted by a grand jury on a murder charge on December 20, 2019. In October 2020, a Tarrant County judge set a tentative date of August 2021 for Dean's trial. After being initially delayed due to a backlog in the courts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic the trial rescheduled in November 2021 to begin on January 10, 2022. A month later, the trial was delayed again due to two defense witnesses being unavailable in January. The trial is now set to begin in May 2022. Dean's defense attorneys have filed a motion for a change of venue, claiming that local media coverage has made it impossible for their client to receive a fair and impartial trial in Tarrant County. Reactions Fort Worth Mayor Betsy Price called the event "tragic" and promised a "complete and thorough investigation" by police chief Ed Kraus. CBS News reported that the investigation would then be forwarded to the Law Enforcement Incident Team for the Tarrant County District Attorney. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called Jefferson's death unacceptable. The neighbor who called for the welfare check told reporters that he never intended for an aggressive law enforcement response. He stated: "No domestic violence, no arguing. Nothing that they should have been concerned with, as far as them coming with guns drawn to my neighbor's house. There wasn't any reason for a gun shot that I know of." Jefferson's funeral was paid for by two professional athletes; former Dallas Mavericks player Harrison Barnes and Philadelphia Eagles player Malik Jackson. A GoFundMe was also created by the family lawyer on behalf of the family. The case has been cited as a cause of loss of trust in law enforcement. During a press conference in the days following the shooting, Kraus became emotional as he compared the erosion of public trust to ants working to build an anthill, when “somebody comes with a hose and washes it away and they just have to start from scratch.” References 2010s in Fort Worth, Texas 2019 controversies in the United States 2019 in Texas African-American history of Texas African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter Deaths by firearm in Texas Deaths by person in the United States Fort Worth Police Department Law enforcement in Texas October 2019 events in the United States African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States History of women in Texas

62066591

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Red%20Dead%20Redemption%202%20characters

List of Red Dead Redemption 2 characters

Red Dead Redemption 2, a Western-themed action-adventure game developed and published by Rockstar Games, follows the story of Arthur Morgan, an outlaw and member of the Van der Linde gang. Led by Dutch van der Linde, the gang attempts to survive against government forces and rival gangs while dealing with the decline of the Wild West. Several characters reprise their roles from the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption, to which Red Dead Redemption 2 is a prequel. The game focuses on Arthur's relationship with several of the gang members, including Dutch's best friend Hosea Matthews, Native American hunter Charles Smith, gunslinger Sadie Adler, experienced outlaw Micah Bell, and Red Dead Redemption protagonist John Marston. Outside of the gang, Arthur also encounters his former partner Mary Linton, as well as Native American tribe members Rains Fall and Eagle Flies. Throughout their adventures, the gang come into direct conflict with several opposing forces, including wealthy oil magnate Leviticus Cornwall, crime lord Angelo Bronte, Dutch's nemesis Colm O'Driscoll, and Pinkerton agents Andrew Milton and Edgar Ross. The game's epilogue focuses on John's relationship with his family—wife Abigail and son Jack—as well as the elderly Uncle, leading into the events of the first game. Rockstar used motion capture to record the performances of the cast, as well as cameras to capture their facial reactions for later animation. The secretive nature of Rockstar's development processes meant that the actors and the director were unsure of the future of the characters during production; the writers continued to work on the script while the actors shot their scenes in segments. Rockstar wanted a diverse cast of characters within the Van der Linde gang and put particular focus on the individual stories behind each character. The relationships between the characters received praise from several gaming publications, and the acting has resulted in multiple awards and nominations, including a win at The Game Awards. Creation and conception Red Dead Redemption 2s recording sessions began in 2013 and lasted a total of 2,200 days, led primarily by motion capture director Rod Edge. The game features 1,200 actors, 700 of whom share the game's 500,000 lines of dialogue. In addition to using motion capture to record the performances, Rockstar Games also used cameras to record their facial reactions for later animation; a total of around 60 or 70 cameras were used. The motion capture sets were typically accurate to the dimensions of the in-game setting, which could be demonstrated in a previsualization format. The secretive nature of Rockstar's development meant that Edge and the actors were unsure about the future of the characters during production; the writers continued to work on the script while the actors shot their scenes in segments. Rockstar wanted a diverse cast of characters within the Van der Linde gang. Senior creative writer Michael Unsworth noted that the ensemble was advantageous when writing the narrative, as it helped to craft the story and added complexity to the game. The writers put particular focus on the individual stories behind each character, exploring their life before the gang and their reasons for remaining with the group. Unsworth felt that the gang is a "family" that offers "a sense of belonging and purpose", and analyzing each story—and each character's relationship with the protagonist—was important for the narrative. Several characters were cut from the game during development as their personalities failed to add to the narrative. Some lines of dialogue from the first game, Red Dead Redemption, in which gang leader Dutch van der Linde is described as an equitable leader, allowed the team to create a diverse group of characters in the gang. The developers often allowed the actors to take scenes in their own direction to develop the characters in new ways. The actors improvised some additional lines but mostly remained faithful to the script. The team decided that the player would control one character at a time in Red Dead Redemption 2, as opposed to the three protagonists simultaneously in Rockstar's previous title Grand Theft Auto V (2013), in order to follow the character more personally and understand how the events impact him. They felt that a single character felt more appropriate for the narrative structure of a Western. Nelson felt that the decision to limit to one protagonist shaped the other creative decisions of development. The conversations and sense of life within the gang environment were inspired by Grand Theft Auto Vs exploration of the lives of two of the game's playable characters while the player was controlling the other one. Rockstar wanted to grant agency to the player when experiencing the story of Arthur Morgan; Unsworth noted that Arthur is neither controlled by the storytellers or by the player, but by "a delicate push and pull between the two". The team attempted to give the player more freedom with Arthur's relationship with other characters; when the narrative begins, Arthur has already formed relationships with the other gang members, so the team aimed to develop them in a way for the player to respond appropriately. Van der Linde gang Dutch van der Linde Dutch van der Linde (Benjamin Byron Davis) is the leader of the Van der Linde gang. He is intently opposed to governmental control, valuing individual liberties and dreaming of an independent life. Dutch's goal is to fight back against a corrupt system of power, and he believes that enough violence will eventually change society's outlook. Early in the gang's history, Dutch took in street kids and orphans, teaching them how to read and establishing the importance of independent thinking and self-worth as they completed tasks for him. Around 1899, Dutch reluctantly begins to realize that his ideals are becoming unrealistic. Shortly before the events of the game, Dutch kills an innocent woman during a botched ferry robbery in Blackwater organized by Micah Bell, forcing the gang into the heart of a blizzard. With the gang, Dutch orchestrates a robbery of a train owned by oil tycoon Leviticus Cornwall. Once the blizzard clears and the gang moves camp to Horseshoe Overlook, Dutch is confronted in the nearby town of Valentine by Cornwall, whose hired guns attack the gang and force them to move to Clemens Point. Dutch befriends Leigh Gray, the sheriff of Rhodes, and is named one of his deputies. Meanwhile, the gang befriends the Braithwaite family, who are rivals to the Gray family. The two families soon discover the betrayal, and the Braithwaites kidnap Jack Marston. Dutch orders an assault on Braithwaite Manor, torching the building and slaughtering the family. The gang moves to Shady Belle and retrieves Jack from businessman Angelo Bronte, who gives Dutch a tip that leads to an ambush. Dutch kills Bronte for his betrayal. After a failed bank heist forces them out of the city of Saint Denis, Dutch and several gang members become shipwrecked on Guarma, an island near Cuba. Dutch befriends revolutionary leader Hercule Fontaine, helping fight with his revolution in exchange for a ship back to the mainland. Reunited with the gang, Dutch begins to grow paranoid, refusing to rescue John Marston from prison; when Arthur Morgan and Sadie Adler rescue him, Dutch becomes furious. He later confronts and kills Cornwall, attends the hanging of his rival Colm O'Driscoll, and helps a group of Native Americans fight against the Army to distract the government from the gang. After most of the gang leaves, Dutch orchestrates the robbery of a train carrying army payroll but leaves John for dead and Abigail captured at Micah's recommendation. Dutch is later confronted by Arthur, who accuses Micah of betrayal. Dutch turns on Arthur and the newly returned John. Dutch intervenes in a fight between Arthur and Micah, and Arthur convinces him to abandon Micah and leave. In 1907, Dutch meets with Micah before John and Sadie attack Micah's new gang. In a Mexican standoff, Dutch shoots Micah, letting John finish him off, before leaving. During the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, John tracks down Dutch, who commits suicide by backing off a cliff. When Davis was asked to reprise his role as Dutch, he was unsure of the nature and importance of the role until production began; he first heard about his reprisal in mid-2013, and received about the first 100 pages of the script at the end of the year. As Davis is much taller than Dutch, the animators had to adjust the height from the motion capture performances to fit the character, including eye lines of other characters. Brent Werzner stepped in as a body double for some takes. Davis portrayed Dutch "in his prime"—as a charming, confident man—for about a year before playing the decline of the character. Unsworth felt that Dutch views himself not as a criminal, but somebody fighting against a "corrupt system of power that's been set up to divide and suppress". He noted that Dutch's "anarchic, anti-establishment rhetoric" was compelling for the gang to remain with him. Davis felt that Dutch was motivated by a "noble drive", believing in the greater good; he described the character as a "principled man", but felt that he began to evolve into a villain particularly when faced against characters who were powerful figures in their areas, such as Catherine Braithwaite and Angelo Bronte. Davis felt that Dutch's downfall takes place when he witnesses the corruption of other people achieving the "utopia" that he wants for his gang and realizes that he does not want the same to happen to him. When Dutch does not have his best friend Hosea Matthews by his side, he is unable to hear criticism, according to Davis; when Arthur tries to help Dutch "see the light", Dutch begins to distrust him, instead turning to the "unwavering [...] support" of Micah". Davis felt that Dutch's dream paradise would be at Horseshoe Overlook, in the game's second chapter, where he was constantly looking to the future. Davis says that Dutch "was a dreamer. The journey was more important than any arrival". Davis felt that, by the end of the game, Dutch was also seeking redemption for his mistakes, which is why he does not harm John or his family. IGNs Jared Petty compared the strength and downfall of the Van der Linde gang to that of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch and the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang. Polygons Cass Marshall named Dutch one of the greatest characters of the 2010s, citing his complex development. Arthur Morgan Arthur Morgan (Roger Clark) is the protagonist and main playable character of Red Dead Redemption 2. He joined the Van der Linde gang when he was 14 years old, having lost his parents at a young age, and soon became Dutch's first protégé. Over time, Arthur transformed from a lost cause into Dutch's most dedicated enforcer. He is unwaveringly loyal to the gang, though the failed robbery in Blackwater troubles him. During the events of the game, Arthur helps the gang to survive during a blizzard, moving to Horseshoe Overlook before relocating to Clemens Point. There, Arthur becomes involved in a conflict between two warring families, which leads to the death of a gang member. Further exploits lead the gang to Saint Denis where a failed bank heist forces some members of the gang out of town; they soon shipwreck on Guarma, but fight alongside a revolutionary in exchange for a ship back to the mainland. Reuniting with the rest of the gang, Arthur and Sadie save the captured John, much to the disdain of Dutch. Arthur reveals his growing doubts about Dutch. Arthur is soon diagnosed with tuberculosis. Shocked by the grim reality of his imminent death, he contemplates his decisions and reflects on his morals, driving his desire to protect the remnants of the gang. When Dutch ignores Arthur's plea to rescue Abigail, Arthur disavows the gang. He discovers that Micah Bell has been betraying the gang. He informs Dutch, but the latter turns on Arthur and the newly returned John. Arthur and John flee, and Arthur begs John to return to his family. Arthur is soon ambushed by the vengeful Micah, and Dutch intervenes in their fight. Arthur convinces Dutch to abandon Micah and leave. If the player has high honor, Arthur succumbs to his injuries and disease and dies peacefully; if the player has low honor, Micah executes him. For his portrayal as Arthur, Clark took main inspiration from Toshiro Mifune. He found that Mifune's characters were very stoic while also having a "crazy" sense of humor, a complexity he wanted to portray within Arthur. Clark also took inspiration from The Proposition (2005) as it involved a similar situation to Arthur's, wherein he is forced to betray some of his loyalties. Clark wanted to portray a character that was complex enough for the player to choose his path and still make sense. He aimed to portray vulnerability with Arthur's ego. Clark looked to Rob Wiethoff's portrayal as John in the first game for inspiration with his performance. A second love interest for Arthur was cut from the game during development. Vice President of Creativity Dan Houser was interested in subverting the trope of the protagonist starting as weak and becoming stronger as the story progresses; instead, Arthur is already tough at the beginning of the game, and is "taken on a more intellectual roller coaster when his world view gets taken apart". Houser felt that the decline of the American frontier has a deep impact on Arthur, noting that the character is "caught between the nastiness of nature and the brutality of encroaching industrialization in civilization". Houser avoided meeting Clark on set to avoid hearing his real voice. John Marston John Marston (Rob Wiethoff) is the secondary protagonist and playable character of Red Dead Redemption 2. When John was threatened to be lynched after being caught stealing at the age of 12, he was saved by Dutch van der Linde, who took him into his gang and raised him. When Abigail Roberts joined the gang, she and John fell in love and had a son, Jack. During the failed robbery in Blackwater, John is badly wounded. He gets lost after scouting ahead of the gang in the blizzard, and is saved by Arthur Morgan and Javier Escuella. Once he has recovered, he joins the gang on some tasks before planning and executing a successful train robbery. During a failed bank robbery, John is captured and incarcerated. Arthur and Sadie rescue him, much to the disdain of Dutch; protective of John's family, Arthur warns John to leave the gang when the time is right. John is later left for dead by Dutch during a train robbery but returns to the camp as Arthur is confronting Dutch and Micah. When Pinkertons invade the camp, Arthur and John flee. John returns to his family at Arthur's wishes. Eight years later, in 1907, John finds honest work with Abigail, but when John fights back against outlaws threatening his employer, Abigail leaves with Jack. John works to get her back by earning enough money to buy a property at Beecher's Hope. He builds a ranch with the help of Uncle and Charles Smith, while Sadie provides him with jobs to pay off his loans. After Abigail returns, John proposes. With Sadie and Charles, John attacks Micah's new gang, where they find Dutch. In a Mexican standoff, Dutch shoots Micah, letting John finish him off, before leaving. John and Abigail later get married at their ranch. During the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, John tracks down Bill, Javier, and Dutch, before being killed. When developing John, who is also the protagonist of the original game, the writers felt that his previous appearance could be limiting to them, since players have already resonated with the character. Wiethoff, who reprises his role as John, looked to his own life when returning to the character; he always looked up to his older sister's male friends for approval in the same way that John looks up to the rest of the gang for validation. He also took inspiration from the "pretty tough dudes" in his home town for John's personality. Game Informer staff felt that, by the end of the game, John had developed into "the man we knew him to be in the original game: loving, faithful, honorable, and tragically doomed". Abigail Roberts Abigail Roberts (Cali Elizabeth Moore) is the wife of John Marston and the mother of Jack. Abigail was an orphan as a child and later earned her money as a prostitute. She was introduced to the gang around 1894 by Uncle and fell pregnant with John's son, Jack, soon afterward. Abigail cares deeply for John and Jack: when John is missing early in the game, she asks Arthur to search for him; and when Jack is abducted by the Braithwaites, she is visibly distraught until his return. She often commits crimes alongside the gang, including distracting the guards during the gang's robbery of the bank in Lemoyne and stealing Hosea's body from police after his death. She also attempts to join Arthur and Sadie as they rescue John from prison, but they refuse. Abigail is later kidnapped from the camp by Agent Milton. Arthur and Sadie attempt to rescue her, but the latter is captured and the former is held at gunpoint by Milton; Abigail breaks free and kills Milton. After they escape, Abigail gives Arthur the key to the gang's money, which she had found at camp, before departing to meet up with Jack. Eight years later, in 1907, Abigail finds honest work with John, but when John fights back against outlaws threatening his employer, Abigail believes he is unwilling to give up his old ways and leaves with Jack. She returns after John takes out a bank loan and purchases a ranch, but berates him for continuing to work as a bounty hunter with Sadie. John proposes to Abigail and, after John kills Micah and finds the gang's money, the two marry and start their new life on the ranch with Jack and Uncle. Four years later, during the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, Abigail and Jack are abducted so John will search for his former comrades; they are returned when he completes his task, and Abigail dies in 1914. Moore found ease in recording the couple's proposal scene, as both she and Wiethoff remembered their own proposals; she recalled only recording the scene twice, due to the emotion. She noted that both she and Wiethoff started crying during rehearsals for the scene. Moore also became emotional during the scenes in which Jack is returned to the camp, considering if the scenario was applied to her own children. Bill Williamson Bill Williamson (Steve J. Palmer) is an enforcer of the Van der Linde gang. Born as Marion Williamson, Bill changed his name due to embarrassment. He was dishonorably discharged from military service in 1892 for attempted murder and deviancy, leading to a life of violence and alcoholism. He joined the gang after being saved by Dutch about six years before the events of the game, having been at a low point in his life. Bill is frequently mocked by the rest of the gang due to his short temper and small mindedness, but remains loyal to the group. He assists the gang on several outings, later coordinating a successful bank heist with Karen Jones in Valentine. Bill accompanies high-ranking members of the gang on several occasions, including a party at the mayor's mansion, the attack on Angelo Bronte's mansion, and the failed Saint Denis bank robbery, after which he becomes shipwrecked on Guarma with some other members of the gang. Upon their return, Bill continues to assist with robberies and, when Arthur confronts Dutch, Bill sides with the latter, eventually escaping. Twelve years later, during the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, Bill is hunted down by John Marston and later killed. Palmer was inspired by a comment made by Abigail in the original game, where she claims that Bill was harmless when she knew him; he found her viewpoint to be interesting and decided to approach his performance in the second game with this in mind. Palmer often referenced his portrayal of Bill in the original game during the production of Red Dead Redemption 2. He considered Bill to be internally insecure, having a lot to say but unable to express himself properly; he found that the most emotionally draining moment of his portrayal was during a campfire scene where Bill manages to express his emotion when explaining how Dutch saved him. Palmer also expanded on a line of John's from the original game stating that Bill knows how to survive at all costs. He felt that Bill was always seeking approval from his fellow gang members and thought that Bill may have chosen a different side in the story if he was told that he was accepted and appreciated within the gang. Charles Smith Charles Smith (Noshir Dalal) is a recent addition to the Van der Linde gang. Born to an African American father and Native American mother, Charles often struggled to find a place to belong. A quiet and reserved man, Charles is highly skilled at hunting and tracking. He joined the gang about six months before the events of the game as he agreed with their overall ideologies. Charles accompanies the gang on several outings, including the robbery of Cornwall's train, the rescue of Sean MacGuire, and the train robbery orchestrated by John. Charles partakes in the failed bank robbery in Saint Denis, later distracting Pinkerton guards to allow some of the gang members to escape the country. During their absence, Charles and Sadie unite and relocate the gang. Upon their return, Charles and Arthur help the Native Americans in their fight against the army; Charles eventually chooses to stay at the reservation to help protect the Native Americans. Eight years later, in 1907, Charles is participating in fighting tournaments to earn money in Saint Denis. He leaves the city to help John build his house at his new ranch and later accompanies him and Sadie as they track down and kill Micah. Charles attends John and Abigail's wedding before departing the ranch. Dalal resonated with Charles as he is half-Japanese and half-Parsi. He drew experiences from his personal life when portraying the character. The original actor for Charles was recast as the team felt he did not fit. Hosea Matthews Hosea Matthews (Curzon Dobell) is the co-founder and second-in-command of the Van der Linde gang. Hosea first met Dutch about 20 years before the events of the game when they tried to rob each other on the road to Chicago. They quickly became friends, committing crimes and building a gang together. Valued for his wisdom, Hosea regularly advises Dutch as the two share similar ideals. When the gang's focus changed from helping others to being focused on its survival in violent ways, Hosea began to feel disillusioned with the group but remained a loyal member. By the events of the game in 1899, Hosea is Dutch's most senior lieutenant, often voicing his disapproval of Dutch's methods and preferring to rob peacefully. Hosea barters with Catherine Braithwaite in an attempt to double-cross her and is later present when the gang attacks her manor to save Jack. At a party at the mayor's residence, Hosea discovers two lucrative leads; one is a bank robbery in Saint Denis, which he convinces Dutch to do. Hosea successfully distracts law enforcement but is captured and killed by Agent Milton in front of the bank. Dobell worked on the game generally around twice a month for four years. He familiarized himself with the original game about six months into production. Dobell did not take specific information from other media or characters for Hosea, though he used his own acting experience as basis for portraying Hosea's conman theatrics. He found that Hosea was more "reflective" than characters such as Arthur. Dobell felt that Hosea's death left Dutch "exposed", and ultimately led to the gang's demise. Game Informer staff considered Hosea "most interesting when the cracks in his sweet facade show", such as when he mocks Catherine Braithwaite or pulls a pistol on Bill. They felt that Hosea's death signaled the gang's demise. Jack Marston Jack Marston (Marissa Buccianti and Ted Sutherland) is the son of John Marston and Abigail Roberts. Buccianti portrayed the character as a young child, while Sutherland portrayed Jack as a pre-teen. Jack was born into the gang, who go to great lengths to protect him. He wishes to spend more time with his father, and wants more children to spend time with at camp. During the events of the game, Jack is kidnapped by the Braithwaite family and given to Angelo Bronte, who treats him well and returns him to the gang when confronted. In the years that follow after the gang's dissolution, Jack and his family regularly move around the country. In 1907, they return to West Elizabeth, being briefly based at Pronghorn Ranch before Jack and his mother leave John. They return to John after he has bought a ranch at Beecher's Hope, bringing a dog named Rufus with them. Four years later, during the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, Abigail and Jack are abducted so John will search for his former comrades; they are returned when he completes his task. After John is killed by the Bureau of Investigation in 1911 and Abigail dies in 1914, Jack tracks down and kills bureau director Edgar Ross. Mashables Jess Joho described Jack as "a representation of innocence contrasting the cruelty of his surroundings", noting that he becomes more fleshed-out in the game's epilogue. Javier Escuella Javier Escuella (Gabriel Sloyer) is a gunman in the Van der Linde gang. Born in Nuevo Paraíso, Mexico, Javier was forced to flee after killing a high-ranking army official. He joined Dutch's gang about four years before the events of the game, discovering a strong connection to Dutch's ideologies; as a result, he is incredibly loyal to Dutch. During the events of the game in 1899, Javier joins Arthur on several occasions, including searching for John, robbing Leviticus Cornwall's train, and rescuing Sean. Javier partakes in the Saint Denis bank robbery, after which he becomes shipwrecked on Guarma with some other members of the gang. There, he is shot in the leg and captured by soldiers, but later rescued by Dutch and Arthur. Upon the group's return to America, Javier continues to assist with robberies and, when Arthur confronts Dutch, Javier sides with the latter, eventually escaping. Twelve years later, during the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, Javier is hunted down by John Marston and captured or killed. Sloyer wanted players to fight against any preconceived notions about Javier from the first game, so his eventual fight against John was "even more painful". Sloyer felt that Javier is "looking for home, somewhere to belong", feeling torn between grasping at the American Dream and longing for his home in Mexico. Sloyer considered Javier to be a romantic, calling him the "Brad Pitt of the gang". When portraying the character, Sloyer considered the life of his own father, also named Javier, and his experience with immigrating to the United States. Sloyer attempted to emulate real-life Mexican bandit Joaquin Murrieta through the character of Javier, particularly in his quiet, brooding moments wherein he attempts to escape his dark past. Josiah Trelawny Josiah Trelawny (Stephen Gevedon) is a conman and an associate of the Van der Linde gang. A flamboyant conman, Trelawny is allowed to move in and out of Dutch's gang as he likes. He helps Arthur, Javier, and Charles track down Sean, acting as a distraction to some of the guards. Sometime later, he is arrested for involvement in an illegal operation; while being transported to jail, he is freed when Arthur assists the sheriff in capturing runaway fugitives. Trelawny orchestrates and participates in several heists with the gang, including a stagecoach robbery with Arthur and a heist on a lavish riverboat with Javier, Arthur, and Strauss. As the gang begins to fall apart, Trelawny quietly leaves the gang permanently with Arthur's blessing. When Gevedon was cast in the role, he initially did not know that the project was a game, and suspected that recording would take around a week. He was told that Trelawny was much different to the other gang members, wearing better clothes and acting more professionally, but was still "rough around the edges". Gevedon described Trelawny's accent as a "bad Katharine Hepburn, partly because he was too uncomfortable to perform a true English accent around the British crew, as well as to keep the character mysterious. Rockstar told Gevedon that they enjoyed his performance enough to expand Trelawny's role within the game. The secret revelation of the character's wife and children was added in the final years of development. Karen Jones Karen Jones (Jo Armeniox) is a thief and gunwoman in the Van der Linde gang. She is a keen scam artist who is not afraid to speak her mind. Karen orchestrates and participates in the robbery of the Valentine bank with Arthur, Bill, and Lenny, either pretending to be a harlot or a lost girl. She has a brief love affair with Sean MacGuire; after his death, Karen's alcoholism worsens and she is usually found drunk at camp. Karen eventually leaves the gang during its downfall, and her fate is unknown; Tilly surmises that she drank herself to death. Armeniox particularly appreciated scenes where Karen and Arthur drink and share stories. Kieran Duffy Kieran Duffy (Pico Alexander) is a stable boy. Originally a lowly member of the O'Driscoll gang, Kieran is captured by Arthur and later coerced by Dutch to turn on his former gang members and give up the location of one of their safehouses. He soon becomes a full member of Dutch's gang, but several of its members never truly support him. After some time with Dutch's gang, Kieran is captured by the O'Driscolls and tortured until they discovered the gang's location. Kieran is decapitated and his eyes gouged out, and his corpse is sent back to Dutch's gang on horseback. Lenny Summers Lenny Summers (Harron Atkins) is a young gunman in the Van der Linde gang. He is well educated, having received good schooling as a child. At the age of 15, Lenny's father was killed while walking home at night; in retaliation, Lenny stole a gun and shot his father's killers. After spending three years on the run, Lenny joined the Van der Linde gang. He is dedicated to working hard and doing his part for the gang, as proven early during the events of the game when he participates in the robbery of Leviticus Cornwall's train. He forms a strong bond with Arthur, particularly when the two get drunk together in Valentine. In Rhodes, Lenny tracks down a group of ex-confederates known as the Lemoyne Raiders; he and Arthur ambush their camp and kill them. Lenny later participates in the robberies of the Valentine bank and the Saint Denis trolley station, and the ambush on Angelo Bronte's mansion. During the Saint Denis bank robbery, Lenny is gunned down and killed by Pinkertons while leading the gang's escape. Game Informers Jason Guisao praised Lenny's role in Red Dead Redemption 2, describing him as "a vocal reminder of the heightened racial tensions that plagued the wild frontier". Slates Jonathan S. Jones appreciated Lenny's "overt commentary about the brutality of life under slavery and Jim Crow". Leopold Strauss Leopold Strauss (Howard Pinhasik) is the bookkeeper and accountant of the Van der Linde gang. He grew up poor in Vienna during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, suffering from health problems during childhood. At the age of 17, Strauss was sent on a boat to America, where he spent several years as a scam artist. He soon joined the Van der Linde gang for protection and is responsible for the gang's money-lending operation. He is typically emotionless and known for being shifty. As the gang moves locations, Strauss continues to operate his loansharking business, tasking Arthur with collecting the money from several debtors each time. He partakes in the robbery of a lavish riverboat in Saint Denis. After being tasked with more loansharking tasks, Arthur decides to banish Strauss from camp for ruining lives with his business. He is later captured by the Pinkertons and interrogated, but is said to have died in custody without revealing any information about the gang. Mary-Beth Gaskill Mary-Beth Gaskill (Samantha Strelitz) is a young thief in the Van der Linde gang. After her mother died of typhoid, Mary-Beth lived in an orphanage at a young age but ran away to take care of herself. She soon became known as a highly-skilled pickpocket, despite her kind heart and good nature. She enjoys reading and writing, and had dreams of becoming a novelist when she was young. During the events of the game, she assists Arthur on some occasions, including finding a lead on a train robbery and distracting a driver during a stagecoach heist. She often talks with Arthur about his life and gives him encouraging words when he tells her about his tuberculosis. As the gang begins to fall apart, Mary-Beth eventually leaves. Eight years later, in 1907, she encounters John Marston in Valentine, revealing that she has become a novelist. She keeps in close contact with Tilly Jackson. Strelitz worked on the game for around 3–4 years. Strelitz felt that Mary-Beth is a sweet girl who "gets lost in the world of her books". She referred to the character as "the Danielle Steel of 1899" because of her obsession with romance novels. Strelitz felt that the scene in which Arthur discusses his sickness with Mary-Beth has a "gravitas" for those who play the game, but also "such an innocence ... because if someone tells you that how do you even take that all in?". Micah Bell Micah Bell (Peter Blomquist) is a gunman and hitman in the Van der Linde gang. Both Micah's father and grandfather, also named Micah Bell, were criminals; his father was once wanted for murder in five counties. Micah joined the Van der Linde gang about five months before the game's events after he saved Dutch's life during a botched deal. He consistently approves of Dutch's decisions, and has a vindictive attitude. Micah convinced Dutch to rob a ferry in Blackwater, which ultimately failed and forced the gang to flee to a mining town in the mountains. Micah partakes in the Saint Denis bank robbery, after which he becomes shipwrecked on Guarma with some other members of the gang. Upon their return, Micah begins to have a stronger influence on Dutch, convincing him to confront Cornwall and later to blow up Bacchus Bridge to distract the government. Micah convinces Dutch to ignore Arthur's plea to rescue Abigail after she is kidnapped. Arthur rescues her and returns to the camp to inform Dutch that Micah has been betraying the gang; Dutch joins Micah and turns on Arthur. When Pinkertons invade the camp, the group disbands. Micah ambushes Arthur, and Dutch intervenes in their fight. Arthur convinces Dutch to abandon Micah and leave. If the player has low honor, Micah executes Arthur. Eight years later, in 1907, Micah has formed a gang of his own. John, Sadie, and Charles later track him down at his camp. In a Mexican standoff, Dutch shoots Micah, letting John finish him off. For his audition, Blomquist was required to perform a monologue, which was not related to the game's era but reflected Micah's violent tendencies. About four or five months passed until Blomquist was accepted for the role. He was not aware that Micah was one of the game's main antagonists until late in production. He opted to develop the character from scratch, instead of taking specific inspiration from others. Blomquist felt that his chemistry with other actors, particularly Davis as Dutch and Clark as Arthur, was crucial to the development of the characters' relationships. Blomquist described the character of Micah Bell as a "slimy opportunist", and found the character's villainous nature to be "liberating". He did not anticipate the hatred that the character would receive from players on social media. The recording of the final encounter between Micah and Arthur took place late in production, which Blomquist felt added to the emotions of the actors. Molly O'Shea Molly O'Shea (Penny O'Brien) is Dutch's lover and a member of the gang. Born in Dublin, Ireland to a wealthy family, Molly moved to America in search of excitement. She eventually joined the Van der Linde gang and fell in love with Dutch, but wants more in their relationship than he is prepared to give. She considers herself to be better than other members of the gang, which often leads to her exclusion. She eventually becomes fed up with Dutch ignoring her, and, while drunk, returns to camp and tells the gang that she informed the Pinkertons about their botched bank heist. She is killed by Susan Grimshaw for disobeying the gang's rules. Arthur later discovers that Molly did not reveal any information to the Pinkertons while interrogated. O'Brien's audition took place on Saint Patrick's Day in 2015. She was told to audition with a "really Irish" accent and personality. She had not played the original game, but watched videos after receiving the part. O'Brien began to understand the character of Molly around a year into production; she worked on the game for about three years. She described Molly as "a very desperate character set in very extreme circumstances". She found that Molly's relationship with Dutch is echoed in her relationship with the latter's actor, Benjamin Byron Davis. "Some jokes that were made while we were in our tent ... we'll still make together when we're sitting at dinner", she said. When recording one of the arguments between Molly and Dutch, the director spoke with the actors separately about their motivations but did not reveal them to the other; O'Brien found that Davis' in-character ignorance to Molly frustrated her more, adding to the scene. O'Brien felt that Molly did not achieve redemption by the game's end; she stated that Molly left Ireland to move away from its working conditions and barren nature, but by affiliating herself with Dutch, denied herself the opportunity to reach redemption. O'Brien's inspiration for Molly's final moments was a cry for help and a need for Dutch's attention. Mr. Pearson Simon Pearson (Jim Santangeli) is the cook and butcher of the Van der Linde gang. His father and grandfather were both sperm whale hunters; Pearson wished to follow in their footsteps, but the occupation was obsolete by the time he finished school. For a brief period, he was part of the United States Navy. When he moved out west, he encountered financial trouble; Dutch discovered him and invited him into the gang. He sends Arthur to retrieve food and supplies several times and is responsible for setting up the camp with Susan Grimshaw upon each relocation. When the gang begins to collapse, Pearson becomes unhappy and decides to leave. Eight years later, in 1907, he owns and runs the general store in Rhodes, and is married. Reverend Swanson Reverend Orville Swanson (Sean Haberle) is a priest and a member of the Van der Linde gang. Once a clergyman, Swanson began to use morphine to ease his pain a few years before the events of the game, eventually leading to his addiction to alcohol. Over time, he has lost his sense of direction, religion, and self-esteem. He once saved Dutch's life, and thus is allowed to remain in the gang. Early during the events of the game, Arthur finds the drunk Swanson and saves him from a fight and an oncoming train. By the time some of the gang return from Guarma, Swanson has become sober and is functioning better. As the gang begins to fall apart, Swanson decides to leave; depending on the player's honor, Swanson may encounter Arthur a final time, bestowing wise words about the latter's path to redemption. Sometime over the next eight years, by 1907, Swanson had moved to New York and become a preacher. GamesRadars Paul Walker-Emig noted the egalitarianism of the gang to offer Swanson a home and supplies while recovering from his addiction. Polygons Campbell criticized the trope of Swanson as the gang's "drunken, self-loathing padre". Sadie Adler Sadie Adler (Alex McKenna) is a gunwoman and bounty hunter. She grew up in the mountains, where she learned to ride, shoot, and hunt. On their farm, she and her husband Jake shared the workload until he was killed by O'Driscolls in their home, where Sadie hid. During the events of the game, Arthur, Dutch, and Micah kill the O'Driscolls, rescuing Sadie and inadvertently setting her house ablaze. She decides to stay with the gang, vowing revenge on the O'Driscolls. Sometime later, when the gang is based at Clemens Point, Sadie becomes dissatisfied with her job of preparing food; Arthur takes her to town to run some errands, but they are attacked on their return, prompting the two to fight them off. Afterward, she seeks to be involved in the gang's heists. When the O'Driscolls assault the camp, Sadie refuses Arthur's orders to get to safety and helps the gang kill and drive away from the O'Driscolls. When the senior members of the gang are in Guarma, Sadie and Charles unite and relocate the remainder of the group, protecting them in the meantime. After their return, Sadie and Arthur resolve to save the captured John, much to the disdain of Dutch. Sadie is present at Colm O'Driscoll's hanging, eventually leading to a firefight with the O'Driscolls. Sometime later, she and Arthur may end the O'Driscoll gang by attacking their ranch, where Sadie finally exacts revenge on the man who killed her husband. She is present during the battle against the Army at Cornwall's refinery and participates in the gang's final robbery of a train. When Abigail is captured by the Pinkertons, Sadie joins Arthur in rescuing her. As Arthur leaves to confront Dutch and Micah, Sadie takes Abigail to meet with Jack and Tilly. Seven years later, in 1907, Sadie has become a successful bounty hunter, employing John for some tasks. She tracks down Micah's new gang and attacks them with Charles and John, but gets stabbed in the stomach. She helps John by distracting Micah, but the latter holds her at gunpoint. After Dutch reveals himself and shoots Micah, John finishes off the latter. Sadie attends John and Abigail's wedding before departing. McKenna knew very little about the character and project early in development. McKenna felt that she began to truly understand the character of Sadie about three years into the five-year process, only receiving small portions of the script at a time. McKenna said that the scene in which Sadie gets her revenge "haunted [her] a little", as she experienced a lot of Sadie's backstory up to that point. Motion capture director Rod Edge described Sadie as "so feminine but so tough". McKenna appreciated the lack of stereotyping with the characters, and enjoyed her equality to Arthur instead of a love story. The actors formed a close bond during production, which helped with individual performances. McKenna felt that Sadie continued to travel without settling after the events of the game. Sean MacGuire Sean MacGuire (Michael Mellamphy) is a gunman of the Van der Linde gang. A young Irish thief, he is a descendant of several criminals; his father, who was wanted by the government, fled to America with Sean but was caught and killed. After unsuccessfully attempting to rob Dutch's pocket watch in an alleyway, Sean joined the Van der Linde gang. After the gang's botched ferry robbery in Blackwater, Sean is separated and captured by bounty hunters. He is rescued by Arthur, Charles, and Javier, and the gang throws a party to celebrate his return; during the party, he and Karen have sex. Sean later joins the gang on some outings, including a train robbery and an assault on the Gray family home. He joins Arthur, Bill, and Micah on a potential job in Rhodes, but is shot in the head by a sniper while walking the street. Mellamphy was the second actor to be cast as Sean, replacing the previous actor later in the production. Mellamphy worked on the game for three years, over which the character of Sean developed significantly. He eventually discovered more about the character over time; he initially did not know that Sean was a member of the Van der Linde gang. During the original audition, Mellamphy thought that the developers wanted him to portray an Irish Republican Army member. Mellamphy discovered Sean's fate about halfway through production while recording audio work. He described the character as the player's "little brother". Eurogamers Cian Maher described Sean as the "best Irish character in a video game yet", praising the character over previous Irish characters in Rockstar games, such as Red Dead Redemptions Irish and Grand Theft Auto IVs McReary family. Maher also appreciated the historical accuracy of the character's heritage, citing the Great Famine and subsequent emigration to the United States in the 1840s. Susan Grimshaw Susan Grimshaw (Kaili Vernoff) is the arbiter of the Van der Linde gang. Formerly in a relationship with Dutch, she has been a member of the gang for as long as Arthur has. After her and Dutch's relationship ended, the two have remained loyal partners. She is a leader of the gang, ensuring that work is always completed. Alongside Pearson, she is responsible for setting up the camp following each relocation. When Tilly disappears from camp at Shady Belle, Grimshaw tasks Arthur to help investigate. They track her down to the hideout of the Foreman Brothers, storming the house, killing some of the gang members, and rescuing Tilly. After capturing Anthony Foreman, Grimshaw encourages Arthur to kill him. Sometime later, when Molly claims that she spoke to the Pinkertons about the gang's botched bank heist, Grimshaw shoots and kills Molly for breaking the rules. After the gang falls apart and Arthur reveals Micah to be the traitor, Grimshaw joins Arthur's side; when Grimshaw is distracted, Micah shoots and kills her. Her body is later buried by Charles Smith. Vernoff worked on the game for about four-and-a-half years. As production continued and she discovered more about the character, she wanted to ensure that she portrayed some of Grimshaw's vulnerabilities; as production continued, she was required to re-record some dialogue as she settled into the role. Vernoff enjoyed the juxtaposition of Grimshaw's character, noting that, despite her viciousness with the girls at camp, she "will go to any lengths to protect [them] and keep them from harm". She felt that Grimshaw was not initially likable to players, which made her more interesting to play. Vernoff felt that Grimshaw believed that the camp would not survive without her. Regarding the character's fate, Vernoff felt that Grimshaw was "defending her family and she wouldn't have it any other way". Colin Campbell of Polygon described Grimshaw as a "walking cliché", noting that her strength exists only to offer support to the male hero, comparing her to Ma Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie and Mrs. Jorgensen in The Searchers. Tilly Jackson Tilly Jackson (Meeya Davis-Glover) is a handmaiden of the Van der Linde gang. At the age of 12, she was kidnapped by her mother by the Foreman Brothers gang, with whom she ran for several years, enduring abuse. After she killed one of the gang members, she fled, getting into more trouble until she was found by Dutch, who brought her into the gang and taught her how to read. Resilient and capable, Tilly is unafraid to speak her mind. She joins Arthur, Uncle, Karen, and Mary-Beth on a trip to explore Valentine, where she is hassled by a member of the Foreman Brothers until Arthur steps in. Sometime later, Tilly is kidnapped by the Foreman Brothers and taken to their safe house; she is rescued by Arthur and Grimshaw. After the gang falls apart and Pinkertons raid their camp, Tilly takes Jack and hides, later reunited with Abigail and Sadie. Eight years later, in 1907, Tilly has married a lawyer from Haiti, with whom she is having a daughter. She keeps in close contact with Mary-Beth. Davis-Glover appreciated that the game featured a black woman standing up for herself. She became emotional during the scene in which Tilly discusses killing Anthony Foreman's cousin, noting that "at a young age [Tilly] went through so much". Davis-Glover was also pregnant when recording scenes of Tilly's pregnancy, but admitted that the writers did not intentionally make that connection. Uncle Uncle (John O'Creagh and James McBride) is one of the oldest members of the Van der Linde gang. He is a drunkard who claims to have had several wives and traveled significantly. He also claims to have been a talented gunslinger in his younger age, and contends that he suffers from terminal lumbago. During the events of the game, Uncle joins Arthur, Karen, Mary-Beth, and Tilly to Valentine, where he shows Arthur the local shop and shares with him a bottle of whiskey. Uncle later hears about a supposedly unguarded stagecoach of Leviticus Cornwall, which he robs alongside Arthur, Bill, and Charles; however, after dozens of Cornwall's men fight back, the four hide in a barn and are forced to fight to escape. He also later tells Arthur of a cattle rustling opportunity and discovers Molly O'Shea at a bar in Saint Denis. When the gang begins to fall apart, Uncle decides to leave. Eight years later, in 1907, Uncle reunites with John Marston in Blackwater as the latter is buying a property. Uncle tracks down Charles Smith, and the two help John build his ranch. After the house is built, Uncle is captured by the Skinner brothers and tortured, but soon rescued by John and Charles. He recovers and continues to work on the ranch. Four years later, during the events of Red Dead Redemption in 1911, Uncle poorly looks after John's farm in his absence; when soldiers and agents later attack the ranch, Uncle joins John in defending it but is shot and killed. O'Creagh was cast in the role of Uncle, replacing Spider Madison from Red Dead Redemption. O'Creagh died during production and was replaced by McBride; O'Creagh's singing lines still appear in the game. Supporting characters The gang encounters several allies throughout the game, including Arthur's former partner, Mary Linton (Julie Jesneck), Guarman rebellion leader Hercule Fontaine (Guyviaud Joseph), U.S. Infantry Captain Lyndon Monroe (Jake Silbermann), and lovers Beau Gray (Bjorn Thorstad) and Penelope Braithwaite (Alison Barton). Downes family The Downes family consists of Thomas (Peter Lettre) and Edith (Jayme Lake), and their son Archie (Paul Thode). Thomas obtained a loan from Leopold Strauss due to his financial problems; Arthur is sent to collect the loan and continually beats Thomas until Edith intervenes. After Thomas dies from tuberculosis, Arthur returns and collects the remainder of the loan from Edith. She and Archie move away from their home and eventually become financially unstable. Arthur is later diagnosed with tuberculosis, which he contracted from Thomas. Arthur encounters Edith prostituting in Saint Denis and Annesburg. After he saves her son from being bullied, Arthur goes to Edith and persuades her to return home. Arthur offers her and Archie money and tells them to start a new life; after some persuasion, she accepts the money and advice, forgiving Arthur before leaving. Eight years later, in 1907, Edith and Archie own several businesses and appear wealthier. Cade Onder of GameZone wrote that Arthur riding away from the Downes ranch on his first visit is "an interesting choice" by Rockstar to allow the player to "sit there and realize what you just did". Onder felt that Arthur's saving of Edith and Archie was an effective demonstration of his character arc after he is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Eagle Flies Eagle Flies (Jeremiah Bitsui) is the son of Rains Fall, the chieftain of the Wapiti Indians. Arthur helps Eagle Flies and his father on several occasions; after some time, Dutch also agrees to help, hoping that it will distract the Army away from the gang's activities. Dutch later works with Eagle Flies to trap soldiers in a valley to leave a message. When reinforcements attack the Indians, they are forced to fight back; while trying to rescue his friend Paytah, Eagle Flies is captured and taken to Fort Wallace. Arthur and Charles rescue him from the fort. During an attack against the Army, Eagle Flies is mortally wounded while saving Arthur from Colonel Favours. Arthur and Charles take him to his father at the reservation, where he succumbs to his wounds. Bitsui worked on the game for about three years. IGNs Petty identified young warriors ignoring authority figures to following their angry peers is a common theme in American tribal culture. Rains Fall Rains Fall (Graham Greene) is the chieftain of the Wapiti Indians and the father of Eagle Flies. He first meets Arthur in Saint Denis, employing him to steal incriminating documents from Leviticus Cornwall's company, which is trying to move the Indians away from their reservation. Sometime later, Rains Fall rides to the gang's camp and pleads with his son and his men not to fight against the Army; they ignore his pleas, and Eagle Flies is mortally wounded. Arthur and Charles bring his body to Rains Fall, who weeps. Eight years later, in 1907, John Marston can encounter Rains Fall, who tells him that his tribe was forced to flee to Canada. Houser felt that Greene's role signified all of the game's important points, including history and politics, adding that Greene brought a "great depth" to the game's story. He described the character as a "gentle soul in [a] violent world". Antagonists During the game, the gang's criminal acts bring them into conflict with various opposing forces including the wealthy oil magnate Leviticus Cornwall (John Rue), whose assets become a gang target. In response, he recruits a team of agents from the Pinkerton Detective Agency, led by Agent Andrew Milton (John Hickok) and his subordinate Agent Edgar Ross (Jim Bentley), to hunt down the gang. The gang also encounters the Saint Denis-based Italian crime lord Angelo Bronte (Jim Pirri), the controversial Guarman ruler Alberto Fussar (Alfredo Narciso), U.S. Army Colonel Henry Favours (Malachy Cleary), and Dutch's nemesis Colm O'Driscoll (Andrew Berg), leader of the rival O'Driscoll gang. Along their travels, the gang becomes entangled in the warring Gray and Braithwaite family, primarily through their affiliations with Leigh Gray (Tim McGeever), the sheriff of Rhodes, and Catherine Braithwaite (Ellen Harvey), the matriarch of the Braithwaite family. Additional enemies in the game include the Del Lobo Gang, Laramie Gang, Lemoyne Raiders, Murfree Brood, and Skinner Brothers. Angelo Bronte Angelo Bronte (Jim Pirri) is a wealthy Italian businessman and crime lord from Saint Denis. Bronte bought Jack Marston from the Braithwaite family after the latter abducted him; Arthur, Dutch, and John meet with Bronte and orchestrate his safe return. Bronte informs Dutch about a wealth of money at the trolley station, giving his blessing to rob it. However, the heist is a trap; the money is minimal and police are awaiting the gang. After they escape, Dutch vows revenge on Bronte. With some other gang members, he assaults Bronte's mansion, capturing him and drowning him before feeding him to an alligator. Benjamin Byron Davis claimed that the developer took some time to find an actor for Bronte before ultimately selecting Pirri. Davis felt that Bronte was the man that Dutch wanted to be, which led to the later events between the two. Leviticus Cornwall Leviticus Cornwall (John Rue) is a wealthy man responsible for several businesses. While the gang is hiding in the mountains, they rob a train belonging to Cornwall; in response, Cornwall funds and commissions the Pinkertons to bring down the gang. Cornwall tracks down Dutch in Valentine, holding John and Strauss as hostages and demanding Dutch to face him; he soon leaves, and Arthur and Dutch fight off his men. When some of the gang is on Guarma, they discover that Cornwall had close business ties with Fussar due to the island's sugar plantations. Cornwall is also responsible for driving the Wapiti Indians away from their reservations in search of oil. In Annesberg, Cornwall has a brief meeting with Pinkerton agents Milton and Ross, scolding them for their lack of progress in capturing the gang. Once the Pinkertons depart, Dutch approaches Cornwall; when Cornwall refuses his demands, Dutch shoots and kills him. His businesses continue to operate, but minimal oil was ultimately found on the Indian reservations, halting the operations. IGNs Petty found Cornwall to be a parody of rich and powerful men of the era such as Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and George Washington Vanderbilt II. Scholars Hilary Jane Locke and Thomas Mackay identified Cornwall as a metaphor for American capitalism, noting a resemblance with "robber barons" like Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. Reception The characters received critical acclaim. GameSpots Kallie Plagge wrote that the new characters in the game contribute significantly to the quality of the story. Mike Williams of USgamer felt that the secondary characters "feel like actual people" due to their varied personalities, and the player feels a closer connection when events occur in the game. IGNs Luke Reilly praised the cultural variety within the cast of characters and the game's avoidance of caricatures. Giant Bomb's Alex Navarro echoed this sentiment, noting that the characters possess humanity often lacking in other Rockstar games, particularly in the thoughtful portrayal of Arthur's internal conflicts. Keza MacDonald of The Guardian felt that the characters felt more believable due to the "excellent performances with unexpected range". Polygons Chris Plante found the game's portrayal of Native American characters, inspired by a "mashing together of real-world people, locations, and groups into single entities", to be insensitive and confusing, but that the game's political commentary shined when focusing on the entitlement and power of the Braithwaite and Gray families. Campbell of Polygon considered many of the game's characters to be cliché, including Strauss as a "sinister money lender complete with a German accent" and Trelawny as "a gentleman thief with swell togs and a crisp English accent". The introduction of Arthur Morgan as the protagonist was generally well-received. Electronic Gaming Monthlys Nick Plessas found the journey of redemption for Arthur Morgan to be "far more redeeming" than John Marston's in Red Dead Redemption, noting that his sins heightened his sympathy for the character. Javy Gwaltney of Game Informer felt that Arthur was a better protagonist than Marston, particularly citing his overall development and character arc. Conversely, Eurogamers Martin Robinson considered Arthur to be less compelling than Marston, leading to a confusing narrative as a result. Patrick Klepek noted a dissonance in Arthur's character inside and outside of the main story missions, making it difficult to connect with the game. Campbell of Polygon wrote that Arthur "barely registers as a coherent personality", rendering the overall narrative confusing. The character performances also received praise, with Game Informers Matt Bertz noting that they kept the story "grounded". Bill Lavoy of Shacknews felt that the quality of the voice acting made every character "distinct and believable". Dean Takahashi of VentureBeat described the performances of Benjamin Byron Davis and Roger Clark as "first-rate", praising the immersion of the acting and facial animation. Colm Ahern of VideoGamer.com similarly praised the two actors, noting that their performances "would feel at home in a top HBO drama". For his role as Arthur, Roger Clark won Best Performance at The Game Awards 2018, and was awarded gold from PlayStation Blog. He also received nominations at the 15th British Academy Games Awards, the 18th Annual NAVGTR Awards, and the 8th Annual New York Game Awards. Cali Elizabeth Moore was nominated for the Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game at the New York Game Awards for her portrayal of Abigail, while Alex McKenna was nominated for Performance in a Drama, Supporting at the NAVGTR Awards for her role as Sadie. References Bibliography Characters Red Dead Redemption 2

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Dean

Aaron Dean

Aaron Dean could refer to: Aaron R. Dean II, United States Army general and Adjutant General of the District of Columbia National Guard Aaron Dean, former police officer accused of shooting and killing Atatiana Jefferson in Fort Worth, Texas See also Erin Dean, American actress

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Merritt

Lee Merritt

S. Lee Merritt, born Stacy Sylvester Lee Merritt, is an American civil rights lawyer and activist, most known for his work on racial justice issues. On March 20, 2021, Merritt announced on Twitter his proposal to run for Texas attorney general, saying "Texas deserves an attorney general that will fight for the constitutional rights of all citizens." Early life and education Merritt was born in South central Los Angeles and as a child moved to north Florida. Merritt graduated cum laude from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia and attended Temple University’s James Beasley School of Law, graduating in 2012. While at Temple, Merritt participated in the trial advocacy program. Career Following graduation from Morehouse College, Merritt taught in Camden, New Jersey through the Teach for America program. After graduating from Temple University, Merritt began his career at Cochran Firm Philadelphia and McEldrew Young. Merritt founded the Merritt Law Firm, which represents victims of police brutality, official corruption, corporate discrimination and hate based crimes. Based in Philadelphia, the firm takes on civil rights cases nationwide. Deandre Harris On August 12, 2017, Deandre Harris was beaten in a parking garage by six men following a "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville, Virginia; Merritt served as Harris' attorney in the case. Jordan Edwards On April 29, 2017, Jordan Edwards, a 15-year-old African American male, was fatally shot in the back of the head by police officer Roy Oliver in Balch Springs, Texas, while riding in the passenger's seat of a vehicle leaving a house party. Merritt served as the Edwards' family attorney. Marlin Gipson Merritt represented 20-year-old Marlin Gipson after he was arrested then charged for failing to identify himself and resisting arrest. Gipson was distributing business cards for his lawn care service, but was misidentified as the suspect in a local string of burglaries. Atatiana Jefferson Atatiana Jefferson was fatally shot in her home by a police officer in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, in the early morning of October 12, 2019. Merritt served as the family's attorney in this case. Ahmaud Arbery Merritt is currently serving as the lawyer for the family of Ahmaud Arbery, who was jogging through Brunswick, Georgia, on February 23, 2020, and murdered by two white men who claimed Arbery looked like a suspect in a string of local burglaries. Alongside the lawyers for the families of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, Merritt plans to bring the case to the United Nations. Activism In 2017, Merritt appeared before the National Black Caucus of State Legislators 41st Annual Conference on a Town Hall panel to discuss mass incarceration. “Mass incarceration is a problem that must be addressed otherwise we become a part of the problem due to inaction,” said Merritt in the panel. Following the murders of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd in 2020, Merritt made various television appearances alongside Arbery's mother to call attention to the broad issues of racial bias in policing and American society at large. Awards and recognition In 2017, Merritt was No. 8 on The Root 100, a list honoring the top 10 most influential African Americans in the country ages 18 to 45. In his bio, Merritt is described as an "emerging as a new leader in the fight for racial justice, standing on the front lines of making sure people know that black lives matter." References 21st-century African-American people African-American activists African-American lawyers American civil rights lawyers Living people Morehouse College alumni People from Florida People from Los Angeles Temple University alumni Texas Democrats Year of birth missing (living people)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Middlesex%20Engineers

1st Middlesex Engineers

The 1st Middlesex Engineers was the senior engineer unit of Britain's Volunteer Force, raised in 1860 and originally recruited from the South Kensington Museum. It provided Royal Engineers (RE) units to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, the 47th (London) Infantry Division, the 56th (London) Divisions, and the 60th (2/2nd London) Division during both World Wars. The engineers served on the First World War's Western Front from 1915 to 1918, and in a number of theatres during the Second World War. It also served in the postwar Territorial Army, until 1967. Volunteer Force The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Soon the need for military engineer ('Sapper') units to support the Rifle Volunteers was recognised, and a group from the South Kensington Museum, headed by Norman MacLeod of MacLeod, approached the War Office (WO) with an offer to raise two companies from the engineering and allied professions. The proposal was accepted in January 1860 and enlistment began on 6 February, creating the first Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC). MacLeod was appointed Captain in command and a year later was promoted to Major as the unit rapidly grew beyond its initial two companies. By November 1863 the 1st Middlesex EVC had 10 companies and was recruiting an 11th: Nos 1, 2, 3 & 5 Companies at South Kensington Museum No 4 Company at Chelsea No 6 Company at Wandsworth No 7 Company at London University No 8 Company at Brompton No 9 Company at Pimlico No 10 Company at Paddington No 11 Company at 69 Chancery Lane – from solicitors' clerks Also from 1863 the new 1st Essex, 1st London and 1st Tower Hamlets EVCs were administratively linked to the 1st Middlesex (these units became independent from 1871, 1868 and 1868 respectively). The unit outgrew its headquarters (HQ) at the South Kensington Museum and moved a short distance to Whitehead's Grove in Chelsea (it dropped its '(South Kensington)' subtitle in 1862) and in 1865 opened a purpose-built drill hall in College Street (today's Elystan Street) in Chelsea, designed by Capt Francis Fowke, RE, who had designed the new South Kensington Museum (the V&A). MacLeod relinquished command in 1871 and was appointed Honorary Colonel of the corps. By the end of 1873 the corps had dwindled to 210 men in six companies and a recruiting campaign was held, which brought it back up to nine companies, including two (A and G) in Marylebone and one based at the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, near Egham. When the 1st Sussex Engineers was raised in Eastbourne in 1890 it was attached to the 1st Middlesex until 1892 when it was transferred to the 1st Hampshire. The Tonbridge School Cadet Corps was affiliated with the 1st Middlesex in 1893. All the EVCs' titles were changed to simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896. Active service In 1882 the 1st Middlesex offered a detachment for service in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, which was accepted. After Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The 1st Middlesex Engineers sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks (ORs) to work with the Royal Engineers (RE). They embarked at Southampton aboard the Tintagel Castle with similar sections from 11 other EVCs on 10 March 1900. The ship arrived at Cape Town on 31 March. The detachments returned home after a year's service, but the 1st Middlesex sent a second detachment in 1901. Members of the 1st Middlesex also volunteered for other active service units, bringing the total of those who served in South Africa to two officers and 100 ORs, of whom five died. Territorial Force When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Middlesex Engineers provided the divisional engineers for the TF's 2nd London Division with the following organisation: HQ at Duke of York's Headquarters (DOYHQ), Chelsea 3rd London Field Company 4th London Field Company 2nd London Divisional Telegraph Company No 1 Section, Duke of York's Headquarters No 2 (4th London) Section No 3 (5th London) Section No 4 (6th London) Section Nos 2–4 Sections of the Telegraph Company were attached to and largely manned by the 4th–6th infantry brigades of the division. It was termed a Signal Company from 1911. Tonbridge School Cadet Corps became part of the Junior Division of the Officers Training Corps, but the Royal Engineer Cadets (2nd London Division) continued to be affiliated to the unit. First World War Mobilisation When war was declared on 4 August 1914 most units of 2nd London Division had just reached camps at Perham Down to carry out annual training. They immediately returned to their HQs and mobilised. 3rd London Field Company went to Dover to carry out defence works, but by mid-August the whole division was concentrated at its war stations around St Albans. The Divisional Commander, RE (CRE) was Lieutenant-Colonel H.H. Taylor, who had his HQ at Gorhambury, 3rd Company was at Shafford's Farm, 4th Company at Gorhambury Park, and the Signal Company in billets in St Albans. On the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later the 2nd Line were prepared for overseas service and 3rd Line units were raised. The WO also decided that each infantry division should have an additional RE field company, to allow one for each brigade. For 2nd London Divisional Engineers this should have been the 1/6th London Company, but the 2/3rd Field Company had already been formed at Chelsea in October, and this took the place, so the 1/6th Company joined the 2/2nd London Division when it was formed. 2/3rd Field Co trained with the rest of the 2nd Line at St Albans until it was ready to go overseas. 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE Shortly after mobilisation, elements of 2nd London Division went to France independently to reinforce the BEF fighting on the Western Front: 1/3rd London Fd Co left for Winchester in January 1915 to join the newly formed 28th Division, composed mainly of Regular units brought back from Colonial garrisons. 28th Division embarked at Southampton 15–18 January and took its place in the line. The company suffered its first casualties, including the officer commanding (OC), Major S.D. Sewell, killed while working in the line in the Ypres Salient. However, 1/3rd London Fd Co returned to 2nd London Division on 6 April 1915, before 28th Division went into large-scale action. 1/2nd London Division was chosen as one of the first complete TF formations to join the BEF. It began its move on 8 March 1915 and by 22 March had concentrated in the Béthune area. From the formation of the 2nd Line, the 1st Line Signal Company was commanded by Major Sir Lionel Alexander, Bart, from 23rd Bn London Regiment (and originally the Grenadier Guards). Once in France, although 'vaguely' under the divisional CRE, the company usually came under the control of Corps HQ, while the sections were with their brigades. On 11 May the division was designated as 47th (2nd London) Division, and the RE as 47th (London) Divisional RE. The division took over a section of the line near Festubert, and its infantry played a part in the Battle of Festubert. The sappers were engaged in improving trench systems, and suffered a steady trickle of casualties, including the OC of 1/4th London Fd Co, Major H.H.S. Marsh. 2/3rd London Field Company left St Albans on 22 June, embarked on the SS City of Dunkirk for Le Havre, and joined the rest of the divisional RE at Nœux-les-Mines. Loos The division's first major offensive action was the Battle of Loos.The front lines were opposite Loos-en-Gohelle and on 27 August the divisional RE began work on a new start line. Each night an infantry battalion was brought up from Nœux-les-Mines to dig under the supervision of the sappers, and of trenches were dug in three weeks, including special recesses for gas cylinders. At 06.30 on 25 September, after a 40-minute discharge of poison gas, the infantry of 47th Division 'went over the top' accompanied by parties of sappers. Two sections from 1/3rd Fd Co were with 140th (4th London) Brigade and two from 1/4th Fd Co were with 141st (5th London) Brigade; two more sections of 1/3rd Fd Co were with 142nd (6th London) Brigade, which was only to make a demonstration. The remainder of the Divisional RE was in reserve. Casualties in the attack were moderate, and the division's two attacking brigades took their objectives with the exception of one strongpoint where the Germans held out for 48 hours. Major E.B. Blogg, OC of 1/4th Fd Co, was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO) after he went out under heavy shellfire to cut the electric leads to mines laid by the enemy under the church tower at Loos. However, the flanking divisions had not done as well, and 47th Division was forced to fight to hold onto its gains. After four days the frontline brigades were relieved, while 142nd Bde relieved part of the Guards Division, and in turn spent three days in the line. During this period the brigade signal office in a Loos cellar was blown in, causing casualties, but communication back to Divisional HQ was restored in about 10 minutes/ Once the front line had settled down, signal lines were quickly laid from brigade HQs to battalion HQs and in some cases company HQs, while the motorcycle despatch riders (DRs) did good work on the exposed road into Loos. Maintaining communication from divisional HQ back to corps HQ proved more difficult, because wagon movements after dar continually disrupted the signal cables. The division was engaged on 8 October when heavy enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. IV Corps used 9000 Grenades in two-and-a-half hours, all of which had to be fused by the RE working under great pressure. 47th Division spent the winter of 1915–16 in the Loos salient, with the REs attempting to shore up trenches collapsing under incessant rain. The divisional RE built a new fire trench using Russian saps, but this was damaged by German mining. On 23 January British tunnellers blew 'Harrison Crater', but this did much damage to the British trenches. In attempting to seize and consolidate the crater, 1/4th Fd Co suffered heavy casualties and had to be relieved by 2/3rd Fd Co. The crater was lost later after a German retaliatory mine was fired. On 15 February the division was relieved and went into GHQ Reserve. From March to July the division was in the Vimy area, where there was intensive mining by both sides and the sappers were employed in consolidating the craters. Major Blogg was mortally wounded by a sniper in March and his successor was killed within a few days. On 3 May the British fired four mines north of 'Ersatz Avenue' trench forming three big craters, which were seized and consolidated by the 1/21st Londons and 2/3rd London Fd Co. One of these craters was named 'Love Crater' after Major Love, OC 2/3rd Fd Co. The crater lips gave splendid observation over the German lines. On 21 May the Germans began an intensive bombardment of this area, extending into the British rear areas. The smoke and dust thrown up obscured observation for the British guns, and lachrymatory shells increased the confusion. After fours hours the Germans fired a mine and attacked in overwhelming numbers: they 'had little more to do that take possession of the 140th Brigade sector'. The situation was so critical for a while that all three companies of 47th Divisional RE were brought up under the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank, to man the trenches. In June 1/19th Londons carried out a trench raid, accompanied by sappers from 1/4th London Fd Co carrying slabs of Gun-cotton to blow in dugouts. High Wood In August the division moved to the Somme sector to join the British offensive, and began training for an attack at High Wood. This was made on 15 September, resulting in extremely heavy casualties; the RE went in with the attackers and 2/3rd London Fd Co were instrumental in consolidating the 'Starfish Line' after its capture on 18 September. 47th (2nd London) Division took part in further attacks on the Somme in October, capturing Eaucourt l'Abbaye before being relieved and sent to the Ypres Salient, where it spent the winter in trench warfare and raiding. On 1 February 1917 all TF RE companies received numbers; in 47th Divisional RE they were assigned as follows: 1/3rd London Fd Co became 517th (1/3rd London) 1/4th London Fd Co became 518th (1/4th London) 2/3rd London Fd Co became 520th (2/3rd London) On 20 February a party from 520th Fd Co and 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company accompanied 1/6th Londons in a successful trench raid near Hill 60, but a similar raid next month by 1/18th Londons and a detachment of 517th Fd Co turned into a pitched battle with heavy casualties. The division took part in the Battle of Messines in June, when a deep penetration was made into the enemy position and the signal company quickly established communications. 47th (2nd L) Division then remained in the Ypres Salient, with the sappers working under shellfire to prepare tracks and railways for the resumption of the Third Ypres Offensive (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge) in September. Bourlon Wood 47th (2nd London) Division left the Ypres Salient on 21 September and travelled south to hold the line around Oppy and Gavrelle until November, where the infantry carried out a major trench raid on 4 November with RE demolition teams and signal parties in support. It then went to take over positions in Bourlon Wood that had been captured during the Battle of Cambrai. The relief was carried out under gas shelling, and on 30 November the division was hit by a fierce German counter-attack. Some of the RE acted as infantry reinforcing the hard-pressed 1/15th Londons, others as stretcher-bearers. After bitter fighting and heavy casualties, the division was ordered to retreat on the night of 4/5 December while the RE destroyed dugouts and equipment that could not be withdrawn, and the signallers recovered their cables. They were the last to leave the wood, blowing up the captured enemy guns that had not been taken away, and destroying the catacombs under Graincourt. Spring Offensive The German spring offensive broke on 47th Division's positions near Cambrai on 21 March 1918. Casualties were heavy, and the division was withdrawn that night, coordinated by the Signal Company's buried cable communications. It continued to be forced back the following day, and the field companies went into the line to reinforce the infantry, proving in the words of the divisional history 'that they were as good fighters as they were engineers'. On 24 March the Germans threatened the retreat of the divisional transport, but the divisional RE and pioneer battalion defended the road until it could withdraw, causing heavy casualties to the attackers. By now the division had no cable communications and had to rely on despatch riders: its OC, Major W.F. Bruce, took vital messages up to the brigade HQs in person, and was captured. The division crossed the Ancre on 25/26 March, and got one day's rest before going back to improve the defence line. On the night of 3/4 April a party of 518th Fd Co went out with an infantry fighting patrol to destroy Black Horse Bridge. On 5 April the Germans made a heavy attack on the division, but were held after desperate fighting. 47th Division was finally relieved on 8/9 April. Hundred Days 47th (2nd London) Division occupied a quiet part of the line until August while it rested and absorbed drafts, though there was plenty of work for the sappers digging new trenches and constructing concrete machine gun positions and dugouts. The division joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on 22 August, meeting strong opposition, but captured its objectives after a night attack on 23/24 August. The advance continued from 31 August to 2 September. The CRE had his sappers and pioneers hard on the heels of the advancing infantry, who ended this phase by constructing crossings over the Canal du Nord. By now the division was very weak, and it was withdrawn to prepare to relieve another division from the Italian Front. However, the Germans on the Western Front were retreating quickly, and 47th (2nd L) Division was brought back to the line to hasten their departure. The RE spent much time repairing roads and bridges to allow the transport to keep up with the advance. The division masked Lille for 10 days and then took the outer forts with little opposition on 16 October. It took part in th official entry into the city on 28 October. On 8 November the enemy evacuated Tournai, the sappers built footbridges over the Scheldt and began work on a heavy trestle bridge. The 1st Engineer Company of the Portuguese Army was attached to the division at this time. The Armistice with Germany took effect on 11 November, and the division concentrated round Tournai. While awaiting demobilisation, the division repaired the Tournai–Ath railway, and then settled down into winter quarters around Béthune, where it had originally concentrated in 1915. The first parties left for England in early January, and by 28 March all the units had been reduced to cadre strength. 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE Major R.Q. Henriques, OC of 4th London Field Company, was promoted to CRE of the 2/2nd Division and began recruiting at the Duke of York's HQ in early September 1914. The divisional RE particularly sought artisans and volunteers from various local engineering works and gained a number of recruits who had returned to the UK from engineering jobs overseas in order to volunteer. Training was carried out with borrowed tools and equipment. By November four companies each of 250 men had been enlisted: 2/3rd, 3/3rd, 2/4th and 1/6th, of which the 2/3rd was despatched as the third field company for the 47th Division at St Albans (see above). At the new year the division moved into billets in Surrey, with the RE companies at Nutfield, where they practised entrenching in a field. The whole division took part in digging anti-invasion defences along the Surrey Hills. In March 1915 the division had to send large drafts to bring the 1st Line division up to establishment before it proceeded overseas; a further vigorous recruiting campaign was therefore carried out. The 2/2nd London Division then took the place of the 1st Line in the St Albans area, with the RE at Radlett and Shenley. The division moved to Bishops Stortford in May, where training was pushed forward. In August 1915 the division was numbered as 60th (2/2nd London) Division. In January 1916 the 60th Division moved to the Warminster training area on Salisbury Plain, based at Sutton Veny. It built a complete trench system and practised trench warfare. On 24 April a warning order to proceed overseas was received, and on 21 June the division began embarking for Le Havre, concentrating near Arras on 29 June. From now on the field companies generally accompanied the infantry brigades: 2/4th with 179th (2/4th London) Brigade, 1/6th with 180th (2/5th London), and 3/3rd with 181st (2/6th London). The division was attached to 51st (Highland) Division for its introduction to trench warfare, and then took over the line on its on account in mid-July. The whole area was overlooked by the enemy on Vimy Ridge and was honeycombed with mine galleries and mine craters. Fresh mines were regularly blown, each followed by a fight over possession of the crater lips involving both infantry and sappers. The division was also active in trench raiding. Autumn rains damaged the trenches and created much work for the sappers. Salonika 60th (2/2nd London) Division had been earmarked to join in the Somme Offensive, but instead was switched to the Macedonian front. This required the RE companies to reorganise with pack mule transport rather than horse-drawn wagons. The CRE and 2/4th Fd Co left in the first ship from Marseille, SS Translyvania, and reached Salonika with 179th Bde on 30 November. The rest of the division followed by mid-December, while 179th Bde and 2/4th Fd Co were sent to guard the southwestern approaches to Salonika: the sappers had to repair the railway to allow their train to proceed. The company then spent the next three months constructing a pier at Skala Vromeria, defences to cover the Petra Pass, and the requisite roads including 'Chelsea Bridge' (built by 2/4th Fd Co and a working party of the 2nd London Scottish). At the end of 1916 the rest of the divisional RE moved up to the main line, 1/6th Fd Co joining 180th Bde south of Lake Doiran, 3/3rd Fd Co and 181 Bde arriving last, east of the Lake. The field companies in 60th Divisional RE were now assigned numbers as follows: 3/3rd London Fd Co became 519th (3/3rd London) on 5 February 2/4th London Fd Co became 521st (2/4th London) on 7 February 1/6th London Fd Co became 522nd (1/6th London) on 1 February On the Doiran front 60th Division began a policy of vigorous raiding of Bulgarian outposts. For example, on the evening of 17 February 181st Bde attacked the village of Brest, evicting the garrison and holding it all night while an RE demolition party rendered it untenable. Each time the Bulgarians repaired the defences, the brigade raided Brest and the Hodza Redoubt, taking prisoners and causing destruction. At the end of March 179 Bde and 521st Fd Co rejoined the division, which took up new positions for the opening of the Spring offensive. On 5 April German Gotha bombers raided Karasuli, catching a column of waggons waiting to load up with RE stores: only one man was wounded but all the waggons and mules were destroyed. The Allies launched their offensive (the Battle of Doiran at the end of April, with 60th Division carrying out a diversionary raid on the night of 24/25 April against 'The Nose'. The infantry of 2/20th Londons were accompanied by sappers of 519th Fd Co carrying Bangalore torpedoes to breach the barbed wire. They were caught by searchlights while negotiating the gaps in the wire, and only one party was able to dash through into the Bulgarian trenches. Here they fought off counter-attacks while the sappers carried out demolitions before withdrawing; casualties were severe. For the second phase of the battle on 8/9 May 179th Bde carried out a surprise attack accompanied by 521st Fd Co. All five objectives were taken without serious resistance, and the gains were extended the following morning and then counter-attacks were beaten back on 10 May while the sappers and pioneers consolidated the ground won. Palestine The fighting died down in later May, and on 1 June 60th Division was given new orders: it was to re-embark on 12 June, bound for Egypt to reinforce the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF). After arriving in Alexandria on 3 July the engineers had to reorganise for wheeled and camel transport, followed by desert training. Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. Thomson took over as CRE on 27 August. On 30 October the 60th Division concentrated for the Third Battle of Gaza and took part in the attack on Beersheba the following day. The division advanced with two brigades (179th and 181st), each accompanied by its field company, the third field company being held ready to move into Beersheba at short notice. The town fell to the Desert Mounted Corps, and 519th and 521st Fd Cos entered the town to get the water supply going: only two of 17 wells had been destroyed, though the remainder were prepared for demolition. The Sheria position, with its water supply, was taken on 6–7 November after a march across the desert and a pre-dawn attack, and Huj was taken on 8 November. After a rest, the division marched again in the operation to capture Jerusalem, advancing on 8 December with 179th Bde and a section of 521st Fd Co leading the attack on the right, 180th Bde with 519th Fd Co on the left, and 181st Bde and 522nd Fd Co in reserve. As 179th Bde's columns advanced, RE parties with pioneers were dropped off at intervals to improve the muddy track and direct the follow-up troops. Despite bad weather, the attacks were successful in driving back the Turks, and on 9 December the city's civilian leaders surrendered it to two sergeants of 2/19th Londons. The division then had to defend its gains against fierce Turkish counter-attacks (22–28 December) before resuming its advance to positions from which it could cover the city during the next pause in operations. Early in February the division began advancing on Jericho, advancing as three independent brigade groups with their usual RE companies attached (the RE detachment with 180th Bde in the centre was specially tasked with repairing culverts). After preliminary moves on 14 February, the brigades attacked on 18 February and by 21 February had fought their way over very bad ground to within of Jericho, and the town was captured next day by the ANZAC Mounted Division. 60th Division was now tasked with crossing the River Jordan in order to raid the enemy's communications around Amman: it was to cross at Ghoraniyeh, one of two bridging sites that had been identified. 521st Field Co extemporised rafts of timber, wire netting and tarpaulin to get infantry across and then form the basis for an infantry assault bridge. However, the floodwater prevented them being launched on the nights of 21/22 or 22/23 March. The first infantry only got across on 23 March after the Anzacs had already crossed, 521st's assault bridge then being quickly followed by a barrel pier constructed by 519th Fd Co and by a pontoon bridge by the army's bridging train. 522nd Field Co then began to build a heavy timber trestle bridge on 25 March, but the rising floodwater caused this to be abandoned on 29 March. Instead 522 Fd Co built a suspension bridge between 1 and 18 April after cables had been brought from Egypt. A second raid lasting from 30 April to 4 May was launched from this bridgehead. The EEF now had to provide urgent reinforcements to counter the German Spring Offensive on the Western Front. 60th Division was 'Indianised' and about three-quarters of its London infantry battalions went to France, to be replaced with Indian Army units. In the Divisional RE, 522nd Fd Co went to 7th (Meerut) Division on 18 July 1918, and No 1 Company, King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners joined in exchange. Megiddo The final offensive in Palestine (the Battle of Megiddo) began on 19 September, with 60th and 7th (Meerut) Divisions rapidly breaking through along the coastal plain to capture Tulkarm and Tabsor respectively, opening a gap for the cavalry to exploit. The pursuit after the battle was a cavalry affair, and 60th Division was left behind on battlefield salvage work, while 7th (Meerut) Division participated in the advance across the Jordan to Baalbek. The Armistice with Turkey came into force on 31 October. By 26 November the whole of 60th Division was back in Alexandria, where the RE carried out various engineering tasks while demobilisation got under way. At one point 519th Fd Co was put under orders to proceed to Russia, but these were cancelled. Units were progressively reduced to cadre, and the division was disbanded on 31 May 1919. 7th (Meerut) Division remained as part of the occupation force in Palestine until its units were dispersed in 1920. 3/2nd London Engineers Once it became clear that the 2/2nd London Division would be sent overseas, its units began forming a 3rd Line to continue the role of training reinforcement drafts for overseas service and to take over the men who had enlisted for Home Service only. In mid-1915 the 3/2nd London Divisional Engineers came into being at Chelsea, with the 2/6th, 3/4th and 4/3rd London Field Companies and the 3/2nd London Signal Company. They moved for training to Sandown Park Racecourse, with the 3/1st London Divisional Engineers billeted nearby. 3/2nd Signal Company then moved a short way to join other signal units for specialist training at Oatlands Park, with Company HQ at Stafford Lodge and the cable wagons and horses in the stables of the Oatlands Park Hotel. Early on the strength of the 3rd Line units was fairly high, but significant numbers of officers and NCOs were detached on the staff, as clerks or as draughtsmen, and there was continual turnover of personnel as drafts were sent to the 1st and 2nd Lines and others posted back to Home Establishment. In February 1917, in common with the rest of the TF RE units, the field companies were numbered: 2/6th London Fd Co became 523rd (2/6th London) 3/4th London Fd Co became 524th (3/4th London) 4/3rd London Fd Co became 525th (4/3rd London) At the end of 1917 Sandown Park was required for other purposes, so the units moved to houses nearby, and the sappers practised dry bridging and field works in Oxshott Woods, with attachments to Brightlingsea for wet bridging and pontoon work. By Christmas 1917 the demand for drafts had depleted the units, which were reduced to a single company (525th Reserve Fd Co). This in turn was disbanded in early 1918, with a final draft of 140 sappers being sent to France and all remaining horse transport drivers being sent to the RE depot at Aldershot. Interwar years 47th (2nd London) Division began to reform at home on 16 February 1920. At first, the divisional RE was to reform as two battalions: 3 and 4 Bns (2 London), then only 3 Bn was proceeded with. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the battalion idea was dropped and the divisional RE adopted the following organisation: 220 (2nd London) Field Company 221 (2nd London) Field Company 222 (2nd London) Field Company 223 (2nd London) Field Park Company – absorbed into Divisional RE HQ on 1 May 1924 The signal company transferred to the new Royal Corps of Signals as 47th (2nd London) Divisional Signals. In the coal strike of April 1921 a Defence Force was formed, drawing its personnel from the TA, many of whom did not rejoin the unit after the political crisis had ended. Recruitment was also hampered by the migration of working Londoners away from Chelsea. Mechanisation of the unit began in 1934. To meet the growing threat of air attack, a number of TA units began to be converted to the anti-aircraft (AA) role during the 1930s. On 16 December 1935, 47th (2nd London) Divisional HQ was redesignated 1st AA Division, and a number of London infantry battalions were converted. The remaining battalions and the divisional assets were pooled under 56th (1st London) Divisional HQ, which became simply the London Division; 47th Division provided the divisional RE of the merged formation. Second World War Mobilisation Following the Munich Crisis, the TA was doubled in size. As a result, the London Division became the 1st London Division and created the 2nd London Division in August 1939. These two formations would be renumbered as the 56th (London) and 47th (London), respectfully. Their RE organised as follows: 1st London Divisional RE 220 (2nd London) Field Company – at Chelsea 221 (2nd London) Field Company – at Chelsea; became independent later in 1939; to I Corps 222 (2nd London) Field Company – at Chelsea; became independent later in 1939; to II Corps 223 (London) Field Park Company – reformed at Chelsea 1939; to BEF; later to London defences 501 (London) Field Company – from 2nd London Division 7 September 1939 563 Field Park Company – formed 15 January 1940, including 223 Fd Park Co's bridging section and transfers from 220 and 501 Fd Cos 2nd London Divisional RE 501 (London) Field Company – formed at Chelsea, to 1st London Division 7 Sep 1939 502 (London) Field Company – formed at New Barnet 503 (London) Field Company – formed at New Barnet 504 (London) Field Park Company – formed at New Barnet Battle of France 1st London Division was not sent to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, but most of its divisional RE went independently and did serve in the Battle of France: 221 Fd Co joined I Corps Troops, Royal Engineers (I CTRE) and 222 Fd Co joined II CTRE, while 223 Fd Park Co (less its bridging section) was with Force X, a group of TA RE units working on the BEF's lines of communication. The three companies mobilised at Hurst Park Racecourse and then embarked for France in October 1939. The engineers spent the Phoney War period working on defensive positions. 223 Field Park Co with Force X was building reinforced concrete pillboxes along the Franco-Belgian frontier. I CTRE attached 221 Fd Co to 1st Division as an additional field company. Its role on the outbreak of hostilities, in conjunction with 1st Division's bridging section, was to open the road from Tournai to Brussels and maintain an important canal crossing. When the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May 1940, the BEF abandoned the frontier defences and advanced into Belgium in accordance with 'Plan D'. 221 Field Co found itself in the lead, advancing ahead of the scouting armoured cars. Similarly 222 Field Co had been assigned by II CTRE to assist 3rd Division and went forward to blow the Dyle bridges round Louvain. Shortly afterwards the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, and by 19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut and then went back to the so-called 'Canal Line'. 221 Field Co was tasked with destroying bridges along a 10 km stretch of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal to delay the German advance, then to prepare a 'stop line' on the La Bassée Canal. 222 Field Co also fell back, destroying bridges as it went. During the retreat to the Escaut a dangerous gap opened up between the BEF and the French to the south. The GHQ assembled a scratch force at Orchies to fill this gap under the command of the Director of Military Intelligence, Major-General Noel Mason-MacFarlane, and known as 'Macforce'. It was formed around 127th (Manchester) Brigade with some artillery and supporting services; 223 Fd Pk Co was assigned from X Force to Macforce, working on emergency defences. By 23 May the French had filled the dangerous gap in the line, so Macforce was shifted north to the Forest of Nieppe to extend the Canal Line. By 26 May the BEF was cut off and the decision was made to evacuate it through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo), with II Corps acting as flank guard against the German penetration where the Belgian Army had surrendered, and I Corps acting as rearguard, its sappers blowing bridges and cratering roads to form a defensive perimeter 221 Field Co moved down to Dunkirk and destroyed its vehicles and stores before boarding a variety of vessels. One party was on the Queen of the Channel, which was bombed and sunk on 28 May: the passengers and crew were picked up and taken to England aboard the Dorrien Rose. Another party from the company arrived the following day on HMS Greyhound. 222 Field Co reached Bray-Dunes on 30 May and also embarked on several vessels, most on HMS Calcutta, which landed them at Sheerness next day, the OC's party and several field park personnel aboard HMS Halcyon, which landed them at Dover. 223 Field Park Co was evacuated in small parties from the open beaches east of Dunkirk. 56th (London) Divisional RE Apart from a composite section from 220 and 501 Fd Cos that saw action in the Norwegian Campaign, the divisional engineers had been training round Tunbridge Wells in Kent during the winter. They moved to Tenterden in May, and after the Dunkirk evacuation were engaged in constructing anti-invasion defences along the South Coast. 221 Field Co reassembled under I CTRE at Newark, but in June was converted from a motor to an infantry division, and required a third field company, so 221 rejoined. 1st London Division held the critical south-east corner of England throughout the period of greatest invasion threat. The divisional engineers worked closely with the Petroleum Warfare Department, installing flame installations on beaches at Dumpton Gap and Deal. 563 Field Park Co built the first flame-projector mounted on a Universal Carrier, which was later developed into the 'Wasp' and the Churchill Crocodile. On 18 November 1st London Division was redesignated 56th (London) Division. From November 1940, 56th (L) Division alternated with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, being based at Maidstone and the Medway towns until February 1941 and then again from June. In November 1941 the division drove through London to join XI Corps in East Anglia. The division was now fully equipped and undergoing intensive training. In May 1942 the divisional RE attended a bridging camp at Wallingford, Oxfordshire, and in June the division was ordered to mobilise for overseas service. Middle East During August 1942 the division moved to the embarkation ports of Liverpool and Glasgow, and sailed for the Middle East on 25 August. The fast troop convoy reached South Africa safely, but the slow convoy carrying guns and vehicles was heavily attacked by U-boats off the coast of West Africa and lost several ships. From South Africa most of the troops sailed to Bombay, while the RE drivers were sent to Egypt to collect the vehicles that had escaped the U-boats, which arrived at Suez in December. The main. body sailed from Bombay to Basra in Iraq on 4 November and then by road and rail to Kirkuk where they were joined by the drivers who had brought the transport overland from Suez. 56th Divisional RE spent the spring of 1943 training for mountain warfare, particularly bridging ravines. In March, 168th (2nd London) Brigade accompanied by 501 Fd Co was detached to Palestine. Then the rest of the division began an overland drive to join Eighth Army in Tunisia, driving some between 18 March and 19 April. An advanced party of RE officers and NCOs had gone forward earlier (covering in four days) to be attached to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division for battle experience. Tunisia On 22 April 201 Guards Motor Brigade joined the division as temporary replacement for 168 Bde, bringing with it 42 Fd Co, which became part of divisional RE for the rest of the year. Next day 56th (London) Division went into action for the first time at Enfidaville. The infantry were roughly handled, and the divisional RE suffered its first casualties, from shellfire and mines. The final attack on Tunis (Operation Strike) began on 6 May, the division meeting strong resistance before the Germans surrendered on 12 May. 56th Divisional RE built its first operational bridge (a Small Box Girder (SBG) bridge) just before the end of the fighting. By the end of the month division had been pulled back to Tripoli to train for the invasion of Italy. Divisional RE lost 10 men to an accident with Bangalore torpedoes, while Sapper Robert Southall of 221 Fd Co won a George Medal for gallantry while clearing mines. Sicily While the rest of 56th (London) Division trained for the assault on mainland Italy, 168 Bde and 501 Fd Co took a leading part in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) with 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. The company had trained at the Combined Operations Training Centre at the Great Bitter Lake in Egypt, then sailed in convoy from Alexandria. 168 Brigade Group landed on 13 July (D+3), after the rest of the division had taken its objectives; 501 Fd Co disembarked dryshod on the quay at Syracuse. The company was involved in 168 Bde's failed night attack beyond Primosole Bridge on 17/18 July, and later built a Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridge across the River Dittano there. It was then set to clearing mines and suffered several casualties. The retreating Germans had destroyed the cliff road at Taormina, and while XXX Corps Troops, Royal Engineers bridged the gap and a tunnelling company of the Royal Canadian Engineers excavated the cliff, 2 and 3 Platoons of 501 Fd Co were tasked with mine clearance on the beach below. While reconnoitring forward they became involved in a firefight with a German patrol. The other two platoons were landed north of Taormina to begin clearance from the other side. 50th (N) Division reached Messina on 17 August, when 168 Bde Group left the division. 501 Field Co constructed an SBG bridge and prepared launching points for the assault crossing of the Straits of Messina (Operation Baytown) on 3 September. After the beachhead had been secured and Eighth Army began driving north, 168 Bde and 510 Fd Co crossed over to travel overland to rejoin 56th (L) Division, which had landed at Salerno on 9 September. Operation Avalanche 56th (London) Division landed as the right hand half of X Corps at Salerno before dawn on 9 September 1943 in Operation Avalanche. There were few beach defences, but once ashore there was plenty of work for the sappers. 503 (London) Fd Co (see below) was also present with one of the beach groups landed immediately after the first infantry waves. Bulldozer drivers from 220 Fd Co towed out seven bogged-down Sherman tanks of the Royal Scots Greys on the first morning. 221 Field Co sent a party to Montecorvino Airfield to disarm suspected demolition charges, but got involved in a firefight: the airfield was not fully cleared for several days. 563 Field Park Co came ashore during the morning and had a stores dump organised by evening. Sapper F. Martin of 563 Fd Park Co won a Military Medal (MM) for his work with a D7 armoured bulldozer, during which he was badly wounded. There was bitter fighting for 10 days along the Salerno beachhead: on 12 September 220 Fd Co took up defensive positions with its brigade when a German counter-attack threatened to break through, and on 14 September both 220 and 221 Fd Cos acted as infantry and took heavy casualties. On 22 September the Allies broke out and X Corps headed north towards Naples. Meanwhile, the divisional reconnaissance unit (44th Reconnaissance Regiment) sent a mixed pursuit force, including a platoon of 220 Fd Co, eastward along Highway 18 to make contact with Eighth Army advancing from the south. It was held up by demolitions at Battipaglia, so 220 Fd Co built the first Bailey bridge on this front. There was another blown bridge further on, so 220 Fd Co constructed a bypass while 221 Fd Co began work on a second Bailey bridge. On X Corps' main axis of advance over the Sorrento Peninsula another platoon of 220 worked 'feverishly' to repair a damaged mountain road, and road clearance and repair became a major job as the force advanced across the plain of Naples. The retreating Germans had blown every bridge across the River Sarno for inland, but 56th Division captured an intact bridge at San Mauro and continued past Naples to Capua, where the Germans were making a stand on the River Volturno. Volturno and Garigliano The attempt to cross the Volturno began with a feint attack at Capua by 201 Guards Bde using assault boats, which was repulsed, but the neighbouring divisions got across, and 56th (L) crossed by a US-built bridge. The RE then set to work to build additional bridges, the main one being a Class 30 (30 ton load) Bailey pontoon, the first of its kind to be built operationally under fire, and something 56th Divisional Engineers had never tackled before. It became a joint effort of 220 Fd Co, 270 Fd Co from 46th Division and a corps RE company. 168 Bde Group, including 501 Fd Co, rejoined 56th (L) Division at Caserta during these operations. After the Volturno, X Corps made rapid progress up Highway 6 until it reached the Bernhardt Line in the mountains round Monte Camino. The sappers built jeep tracks through the mountains, but there was bitter fighting on Monte Camino itself that lasted until its capture on 9 December, when the division was rested. The next obstacle in front of X Corps was the lower Garigliano river south of Monte Cassino. 56th (London) Division's attack on the night of 17 January launched the Battle of Monte Cassino. Many assault boats were sunk in the crossing, but the divisional RE built and operated rafts of varying types: 501 Fd Co providing a Class 40 Bailey pontoon ferry powered by eight outboard motors, which operated for a week without being hit by the enemy's accurate mortar fire. Two nights later construction began on a Class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge, which was completed by the evening of 20 January. However, fierce counter-attacks prevented X Corps from advancing far beyond the river. Anzio On 30 January 168 Bde (with 501 Fd Co) was about to resume the offensive on the Garigliano when it was hurriedly withdrawn to reinforce the landing further up the coast at Anzio, which had run into trouble. On 6 February the rest of 56th Division (less 201 Gds Bde and 42 Fd Co, which now left the division) was also withdrawn from the Gariglianao and landed as reinforcements at Anzio. Much of the work for the sappers consisted of repairing roads in the bridgehead, including quarrying the necessary stone, all under heavy artillery and air bombardment. There was also a programme of laying defensive wire and minefields. The infantry were continually engaged, and by 25 February were down to less than half strength, so the engineers had to go into the fighting line while enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. On 9 March the exhausted division and 501 Fd Co were evacuated from Anzio, but 220 and 221 Fd Cos remained behind working on roads and quarrying until 18 March. 56th Division now went back to Egypt for rest. While driving south to Taranto to embark, the divisional engineers spent a day bulldozing the road clear of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. On arrival at Port Said the division went into camp, leave was granted, and RE training resumed at various locations in Palestine and Syria. On 10 July the refitted division left Port Said to return to Taranto, from where it was sent to join V Corps with Eighth Army on the Adriatic coast of Italy. Gothic Line Massive engineering works were required in preparation for Eighth Army's assault on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive), including opening up two heavily demolished roads and erecting 40 separate Bailey bridges, of which 220 and 510 Fd Cos built one apiece near Pergola. V Corps opened the attack on 25 August, and by 1 September the Gothic Line had been cracked open, but 56th (L) Division coming up from reserve still had hard fighting at Monte Capello, Montefiore Conca village and the Gemmano ridge. During the Battle of Gemmano one RE bulldozer was forced by a German counter-attack to retreat down the ridge at speed, towing out a bogged jeep ambulance as it went. Eventually, 56th (L) Division bypassed the Gemmano ridge and crossed the Conca river, and finally took Gemmano village on 9 September. After a short rest, the division advanced on 16 September and fought its way to the swollen Fiumicino river by the beginning of October. At Savignano 501 Fd Co built a major bridge nicknamed 'Itsonitsoff' because the operation was 'on' and 'off' so many times during the week of fighting to secure the bridging site. By 7 October 56th (L) Division was exhausted and withdrawn, together with 563 Fd Park Co, while the field companies and 563's bridging platoon remained working in the line a few days longer. Argenta Gap In the middle of December the division returned to the line, moving via Forlì to Faenza, where it spent the winter months, divisional RE working on road maintenance, mine clearance, and repairing the floodbanks of the River Lamone. For 56th (L) Division the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy began on 5 April with an operation to clear a triangle of ground between the River Reno and the south-west corner of Comacchio Lagoon. 220 Field Co built a Class 40 and a Class 12 raft at dusk, ready to be towed into position, when No 1 Platoon would cross with the infantry. Then 221 and 501 Fd Cos were to build a Bailey pontoon bridge at dawn the following day. The infantry assault went in at 23.00 and early on 6 April a tug pulled the Class 40 raft up, to be loaded with a bulldozer. Unfortunately there were still Germans dug in on the far bank, who sank the raft with an anti-tank (A/T) rocket, the dozer driver being drowned. In the subsequent firefight and recovery attempts led by the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel R.E.C. Hughes, the OCs of 220, 501 and 563 Cos, and the Regimental Sergeant Major all became casualties. After a tank shelled the Germans, the post surrendered to Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes. The sappers then cleared dozens of mines from the approaches to allow the pontoon bridge to be built. On the night of 10/11 April 56th Division launched Operation Impact Plain to widen the bridgehead and open the 'Argenta Gap', for which the divisional RE had been reinforced by a company of the African Pioneer Corps and by Royal Army Service Corps troops transporting bridging equipment and dozers, and driving tipper lorries. Prior to the assault 56th Divisional RE built two Bailey bridges to allow amphibious LVTs known as 'Fantails' to reach their assembly area, then following behind the advance built several bridges across the network of irrigation and drainage canals. On 15 April 501 Fd Co put up a FBE bridge and 221 Fd Co a Bailey. 56th Division renewed the attack that day, and on 16 April it took Bastia in Operation Impact Royal. However, it was held up at the Marina Canal. During 17 April 501 Fd Co was employed making a diversion route across country to the canal. Next day the divisional RE began to dam the canal, but handed the work over to 8th Army Troops RE in order to keep up with its division as the advance accelerated. On 25 April the division reached the River Po. This was a formidable obstacle, but 56th (L) Division planned to make an assault crossing that night using LVTs and storm boats, while 220 and 221 Fd Cos built and operated three Class 9 close support rafts and two Class 40 rafts; there was also a Class 50/60 raft built and operated by H Assault Squadron of 2nd Armoured Regiment, RE. 501 Field Co supported 169 Bde in the assault and built ramps for the LVTs. In the event the infantry got across by storm boat in the afternoon to occupy Crespino, and the river assault after nightfall was almost unopposed. The Class 50/60 raft had arrived without motors, so the engines from close support rafts had to be used for it, reducing the number available. The division pushed on to the Adige, where 501 Fd Co found a suitable bridging site near Rovigo and began a pontoon Bailey, which it then handed over to 221 Fd Co and 564 Fd Co of V Corps Troops RE for completion. 56th (London) Division and 2nd New Zealand Division were given the task of capturing Venice, which they did on 28 April after a brief action. The war in Italy ended on 2 May with the Surrender of Caserta. 56th (London) Divisional RE remained in the area of Trieste and Pula, building camps, frontier posts and hospitals, until they were disbanded in the summer of 1946. 47th (London) Divisional RE The 2nd Line divisional RE mobilised with its HQ at the Duke of York's HQ and its men scattered around houses in Cadogan Gardens, Chelsea. The recruits had at least benefited from attendance at the 1st Line's 1939 summer camp. Almost immediately, 501 Fd Co formed at Chelsea transferred to 1st London Division, the other 2nd Line companies forming at New Barnet. While under training there, 503 Fd Co laid a water main to nearby Hatfield House to allow it to be used as an emergency hospital. In January 1940 the companies moved to St Albans, and then each was given responsibility for bomb disposal across a county: 502 Cambridgeshire, 503 Northamptonshire, 504 Bedfordshire. They were then moved round the Midlands until June when they accompanied the division to South Wales on anti-invasion duty (HQRE at Hay-on-Wye, 502 at Carmarthen, 503 at Porthcawl and 504 at Skenfrith). The division was converted from a motor to an infantry division, requiring an additional field company, and was joined by 222 Fd Co. After Dunkirk, see above 222 Fd Co had reformed with the rest of II CTRE at Blandford Camp in Dorset, going into billets round Sutton Veny in Wiltshire; it now moved to a tented camp at Kington, Herefordshire, to join the 2nd London Division.) As part of the anti-invasion preparations, the companies were set to manufacturing 'Molotov cocktail' petrol bombs in large quantities for the Home Guard. In the autumn they were moved into winter quarters: 222 at Leominster, 502 at Stourbridge and 504 at Rugeley; 503 remained at Skenfrith with the field park under cover at Blackbrook House. On 21 November the 2nd London Division officially became 47th (London) Division. In February 1941 it moved to the South Coast of England, with HQRE at Hurstpierpoint and the companies with their brigade groups: 222 at Haywards Heath then Worthing, 502 at Chichester, 503 at Withdean and 504 at Billingshurst. The sappers were tasked with re-laying and plotting the minefields that had been hurriedly laid during the previous summer's invasion scare, and suffered some casualties from this dangerous work. They also demolished coastal bungalows to improve fields of fire, and installed hidden bridges round RAF Tangmere to allow for rapid counter-attack in case it was attacked by enemy paratroops. In July the division was moved back from the coast into reserve, with HQRE at West Hoathly, 222 at Cuckfield, 502 at Goodwood, 503 at Chelwood Gate, and 504 at Crawley with Three Bridges railway station yard as its stores depot. The sappers constructed a divisional battle HQ in the grounds of Knepp Castle near West Grinstead, while the field park set up a production line for blackout screens. The winter quarters that year were at Winchester (HQRE, with 222 at Cottesmore School), Sparsholt (502 at Northwood House), Sheffield Park (503) and Bishop's Waltham (504, with the station sidings for the RE dump). In December 1941 the division was placed on a lower establishment, though still with an operational role in Home Forces. 503 Field Co left on 29 November 1941 (see below), and 504 Fd Park Co was reduced to field stores section in January 1942. In January 1943 502 Fd Co moved to 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division in North Wales; it later transferred to 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division and remained with it in the UK until the end of the war. By now 47th (London) Divisional RE consisted solely of 222 Fd Co. It was joined by a new 601 Fd Co on 5 February and by 179 Fd Co (which had served as a tunnelling company in Gibraltar) on 8 February. 179 Field Co left the division on 22 September 1943 and was replaced by 507 Fd Co from 148 Bde Group. On 2 October 1943 222 Fd Co left (see below), breaking the last link between the division and its original London engineers. In January 1944 the division was downgraded to reserve status, but it was given a third field company once more when 93 Fd Co (converted from a chemical warfare company) joined on 20 April 1944. However, on 30 July 1944 all three field companies (93, 507, 610) and the field stores section left (probably disbanded), and 47th (London) Division was dispersed in August 1944. 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division was redesignated 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division on 1 September, bringing with it 250 (East Anglian) Fd Co together with a field stores platoon. Finally, 507 Fd Co returned on 29 January 1945, together with 649 Fd Co. 222 Assault Squadron In October 1943 222 Fd Co left 47th (L) Division and was converted into an Assault Squadron to join 42nd Assault Regiment, RE, in 1st Assault Brigade, RE, of 79th Armoured Division at Aldeburgh in Suffolk. The rest of the regiment comprised Lancashire RE squadrons from the disbanded 42nd Armoured Division. The regiment was to be equipped with the Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). 222 Assault Sqn was joined by about 40 tank drivers from the Royal Armoured Corps and began training at Orford Battle Area. Although the regiment trained hard in its new role, it was not until April 1944 that the first production Churchill AVREs arrived. 42nd Assault Rgt was not committed on D Day, and remained in reserve, with 222 Assault Sqn quartered at Woodbridge, moving in July 1944 to Worthing for final training before embarkation. It landed at Juno Beach on 17 August and for the next week the whole of 1st Assault Bde was concentrated at the River Orne for training on the new Class 50/60 tank raft. Le Havre 42nd Assault Rgt went into action in Operation Astonia to capture Le Havre on the evening of 10 September. Each attacking infantry brigade was supported by an assault team from 79th Armoured Division: a mixed group of Churchill AVREs, Sherman Crab mine flails and Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks. Part of 222 Assault Sqn provided AVREs for 56 Bde while 2 Troop was with 146 Bde, both of 49th (West Riding) Division. Three of the chosen lanes of attack crossed the fortress's A/T ditch. For these the regiment employed bridgelayer tanks and the AVRE 'Conger' mine clearance device (a flexible hose filled with liquid explosive) for its first use in action. An AVRE of 222 Assault Sqn deployed an older AVRE 'Snake' (utilising a rigid pipe instead of a flexible pipe), but this exploded as it was pushed across the ditch. The AVRE was then put out of action reversing over a mine, and the following bridgelaying AVRE also struck a mine. Thus the 'Hazel' lane through the defences had to be abandoned. In another lane the SBG bridge on the AVRE was hit and fell. A reserve bridge was brought up but was hit from the ditch. The AVRE crew dismounted and under heavy fire succeeded after 20 minutes in winching it into position. Several AVREs were knocked out by 88 mm A/T guns, but the remainder silenced enemy guns and used their Petard mortars against concrete positions. Once the town was entered, 2 Trp of 222 Sqn pushed on with 146 Bde to take Harfleur, destroying A/T guns and roadblocks as they went. At one point the AVREs used their petards to fell trees and fill in a ditch. The capture of Le Havre was completed on 12 September. Low Countries 79th Armoured Division's squadrons with their varied equipment (the 'Funnies') were often widely scattered and rarely under regimental control. On 4 November 51st (Highland) Division attacked towards 's-Hertogenbosch with support from 79th Division, including a troop of 222 Assault Sqn, which transported an SBG bridge across of difficult terrain and laid it successfully over a ditch to allow armour to cross. Offensive operations came to a virtual halt during the winter, and 222 Aslt Sqn rested at Waterscheide. Early in 1945 the squadron took part in Operation Blackcock to clear the Roer Triangle. On 17 January a troop laid three bridges for 7th Armoured Division's attack on Susteren, while the other two troops operated with two columns formed by 8th Armoured Bde and 52nd (Lowland) Division. Captain Herbert Baynton-Jones of 222 Sqn supporting 4th/7th Dragoon Guards was awarded a Military Cross (MC) for dismounting to take control of an RE mineclearing detachment and then leading his troop of AVREs to attack a village with their petards. Germany 42nd Assault Rgt next participated in the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). On 8 February 222 Assault Sqn supported 51st (Highland) Division, which advanced down three lanes cleared by flails. In each lane the flails were followed by two AVRE bridgelayers and two carrying Fascines. In the right hand lane all went well; the centre lane was blocked by a knocked-out flail tank, but the AVREs completed a fascine crossing by the evening; the third lane was impassable due to mud. Captain D. Hamilton, OC 1 Trp, was awarded an MC for this operation. On 13/14 February 51st HD crossed the River Niers and took Heijin, where 222 Aslt Sqn bridged a crater and destroyed a roadblock, then laid a bridge that allowed the division to enter Hommersum. 222 Assault Sqn next helped 51st HD to capture Hervorst on 17 February; during the fighting 3 Trp attacked and destroyed a large pillbox with petards. Then on 19–20 March the squadron helped 51st HD capture Goch, penetrating the defences and reducing pillboxes. While Veritable continued, 42 Assault Rgt was withdrawn to Nijmegen to train for the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder), particularly operating Class 50/60 rafts. These consisted of five linked pontoons supporting a section of roadway to ferry a tank. For the final stretch of their journey to the riverbank, the heavy pontoons on sledges were towed by AVREs. Once launched, the ferries were hauled to and fro across the river by RAF Barrage balloon winches. For the crossing on the night of 23/24 March, 42nd Assault Rgt was assigned to 15th (Scottish) Division leading XII Corps' attack at Xanten. Having hauled their pontoons through the mud, 42nd Assault Rgt began assembling its rafts at 02.45 on 24 March, and had three operational by 21.00 that night. Two ferry points were used, each with two rafts; 222 Assault Sqn and half of 81 Assault Sqn operated the ferry point codenamed 'Abdullah'. The regiment ran its ferries until the afternoon of 26 March when a Bailey bridge was completed (by 503 Fd Co, see below), during which period it carried 311 tanks and self-propelled guns and a few wheeled vehicles. After the Rhine crossing, 21st Army Group fanned out over North Germany towards the River Elbe. 222 Assault Sqn was in Second Army Reserve, then supported 3rd Division in crossing the flooded approaches to Bremen, using their petards to flush defenders out of strongpoints, and skid Baileys to cross breaches in the causeways. Most of Bremen was in British hands by 27 April. 21st Army Group continued its advance until the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath on 4 May, when the squadron had reached Baden, Lower Saxony. It was intended to reorganise 42 Assault Rgt for service in the Far East, but this was cancelled after the Surrender of Japan, and 222 Aslt Sqn was disbanded at Garlstorf in Germany. 223 (London) Field Park Company After evacuation from Dunkirk the scattered parties of this company were gathered at Ripon in Yorkshire and then reformed at Barnsley in late June. It was sent to Penge to work on the defences of London alongside civilian contractors and military labour. During the London Blitz the company also dealt with unexploded bombs and assisted the Civil Defence Service, Auxiliary Fire Service, police and Home Guard. In 1941 the company moved to Pinner and then Cockfosters in North London, where it was engaged in general works and training the Home Guard. It was disbanded in February 1942. 503 (London) Field Company After 503 Fd Co left 47th Divisional RE on 29 November 1941 it joined London District Troops RE, and was billeted in St Aloysius College, Highgate. For a year it trained as a normal field company, affiliated to 32 Independent Guards Bde. In 1942 it accompanied the brigade to Saunton Sands in Devon for training. It then became a posting unit for RE personnel who were unable to go overseas with their units, but in December 1942 it received 60 per cent reinforcements and mobilised for overseas service itself as an independent field company. On 16 January 1943 it embarked at Glasgow aboard the RMS Arundel Castle for the Middle East. It disembarked at Port Tewfik in April and went into training in Egypt. While there it built a pontoon bridge in 24 hours to replace one damaged by a ship. Italy The company next went to Gaza to join 35 Beach Group, in training as a reserve unit for Operation Husky. It was then assigned to Operation Avalanche, the landing at Salerno (see above). It was transported by road and sea to Algeria, concentrating at Bougie. Company Sergeant Major L.J. King was awarded a George Medal for rescuing some gunners from a vehicle whose ammunition was burning after a bombing raid. 35 Beach Group landed at Salerno on 9 September immediately after the leading infantry. The sappers' task was to lay Sommerfeld tracking and create roads across the beach to the intended supply dumps, as well as clear minefields. They suffered numerous casualties from shellfire, and won an MBE, two MCs and two MMs during the beachhead fighting. After the armies moved north, 503 Fd Co remained at Salerno for the rest of the year, carrying out municipal and civil engineering, repairing the sewer system and the airfield, and operating a stone quarry for the usual road repairs. Formally, 503 Fd Co was now part of 14th GHQ Troops RE.Early in January 1944 the company moved north to the Volturno, then to Teano near Naples. In early March the company was withdrawn and sailed from Naples to the UK Normandy The company landed at Liverpool, and after leave and training joined 7th Army Troops RE. This group of sapper units was earmarked for Operation Overlord (see above). It landed in Normandy on D+6, and one of its first tasks was to construct a road to bypass the congested town centre of Bayeux. This was wide between side drains, with a roadway wide chiefly composed of Sommerfeld track and chestnut paling covered with sand and gravel. The company then moved to Caen on bridge and road maintenance, losing casualties to enemy snipers. After 21st Army Group's breakout from the Normandy beachhead 7th Army TRE went to bridge the Seine, but 503 Fd Co was not involved. Instead it went to camouflage the oil tanks erected for the Pluto oil pipeline at Boulogne and clear mines in the area. They also cleared beach obstacles at Ambleteuse and at Ostend once that port had been captured, losing further casualties in this dangerous work. Holland and Germany 503 Field Co spent the winter of 1944–45 in South Holland on bridge and road maintenance. At Gennep in February it participated with 7th ATRE in building the longest Class 40 Bailey bridge yet constructed, ( including the approach viaducts across the floods at each end), followed in March by a Class 40 floating Bailey at Well, Limburg, and a Class 70 high level pontoon bridge at Venlo. For the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder, see above) 503 Fd Co and 7th ATRE built a Class 40 tactical pontoon Bailey at Xanten, utilising an existing ferry site. Craters in the ferry approach road had to be filled by tipper trucks before zero hour while the barrage was being fired, but the bridge was built in 31 hours, the first one completed during the operation. It carried 29,139 vehicles in the next six days as 21st Army Group advanced across Germany. 503 Field Co was then ordered to Münster, but while the rest of 7th ATRE advanced to bridge the Elbe, the company was diverted back into Holland to join HQ Netherland Force, just before VE Day. Over the following months the company was engaged in rehabilitation work in the liberated area, principally bridging rivers and canals, installing Bailey bridges with lifting sections. It also trained 5 Engineer Company of the Royal Netherlands Army in Bailey bridging, and supervised German Prisoners of War clearing mines on the Frisian Islands. 503 Field Co remained in Holland until November 1945 and was eventually disbanded in Minden, Germany. Postwar When the TA was reconstituted on 1 May 1947, the 56th (London) Divisional RE initially reformed as Y Regiment, RE, then taking its seniority (from 1st Middlesex Engineers) as the senior TA RE regiment, it was numbered 101 Field Engineer Regiment, RE, with HQ in a modern building at DOYHQ in Chelsea. It was the divisional engineer regiment for 56th (London) Division, which served as an armoured division from 1947 until 1956, and as an infantry division until disbandment in 1961. 101 Field Engineer Rgt received the 'London' designation in 1954. In addition, the former 47th (London) Divisional RE together with the former London Corps TRE (descended from the Tower Hamlets Engineers) formed 121 Construction Regiment, RE, based at Chelsea with the following organisation: 316 Construction Squadron, field sqn from 1951, disbanded 1961 323 Electrical and Mechanical Squadron, absorbed by 101 Rgt 1950 328 Construction Squadron at Linden Grove, Peckham, absorbed by 101 Rgt 1950 342 Electrical and Mechanical Squadron, disbanded 1961 579 Construction Squadron at Dover, became independent 579 Bomb Disposal Sqn in 1950 and was disbanded in 1967 The regiment became 121 Army Engineer Regiment in 1951 and was disbanded in 1961. Following absorption of part of 121 Construction Rgt on 1 July 1950, 101 Field Engineer Rgt had the following organisation: RHQ at DOYHQ, Chelsea 220 Field Squadron, moved to Vicarage Lane, Heston, on 1 October 1950 221 Field Squadron, absorbed 328 Construction Sqn from 121 Rgt and moved to Linden Grove, Peckham 222 Field Squadron at DOYHQ 223 Field Park Squadron at DOYHQ, absorbed 323 Electrical and Mechanical Sqn from 121 Rgt When the TA was reduced in 1961, 56th Division was disbanded and the regiment became 101 (London) Corps Engineer Rgt in 27 Engineer Group. It retained only a single squadron (222), but absorbed the remainder of the disbanded 121 Construction Rgt as 324 Field Sqn: RHQ at Chelsea 222 (Chelsea) Fd Sqn HQ Trp (from 222 Sqn) at Chelsea No 1 Trp (from 220 Sqn) at Heston No 2 Trp (from 221 Sqn) at Chelsea No 3 Trp (from 223 Sqn) at Chelsea 324 Fd Sqn HQ, Nos 1 & 2 Trps at Uxbridge Road No 3 Trp at Epsom When the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel became C Company in 10th Battalion, Queen's Regiment (Middlesex), while 324 Fd Sqn's men joined the Surrey Yeomanry (Queen Mary's). However, a new 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment formed in 1988 revived its name and heritage. In 1993, 590 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) Squadron in 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment was redesignated 221 Field Squadron (EOD) to perpetuate one of the 47th's squadrons. Ceremonial Uniforms and insignia The 1st Middlesex EVC wore RE uniform – a Busby with white plume supported by a 'grenade' badge, scarlet tunic, and blue trousers with broad red stripe – but all badges, buckles, piping and lace were silver or white rather than gold or yellow. The 'RE' cipher on accoutrements was replaced by 'EV'; in 1871 the unit adopted a new 'grenade' badge with the Royal arms and '1 M.E.V.' lettering. A Kilmarnock Bonnet was worn instead of the busby in working dress. In 1880 the blue Home Service helmet replaced the busby, with silver helmet plate, spike and chains in place of the RE's brass. Khaki service dress was adopted for training after the Second Boer War. Until 1908 the RE cap badge with 'Royal Engineer Volunteers' on the lower scroll was worn by volunteer units; however, the unit's Boer War memorial shows a crowned grenade badge over the letters 'RE /(V)/1st Middlesex', with the scroll showing 'Pro Patria'. The TF units of the RE continued to wear silver badges and buttons in full dress, but 2nd London Divisional RE was granted the distinction of gold or gilt in 1909. During the First World War, sappers wore the formation signs of their divisions, the eight-pointed white star on a blue ground of the 47th, and the black bee on a yellow ground of the 60th. During the Second World War, the 1st London (56th) Division adopted a black silhouette of Dick Whittington's cat on a red ground as its formation sign, leading to its nickname of the 'Black Cats'. 2nd London (47th) Division used a bow of ribbon supporting two bells (for Bow Bells) in red on black, designed by Corporal Valder of 504 Fd Park Co (both badges appear on the war memorial in St Luke's Church). When 222 Assault Sqn joined 79th Armoured Division it not only adopted the divisional badge of a black and white bull's head on an inverted yellow triangle, but also the regimental sign of 42nd Assault Regiment: a red diamond with a white centre, derived from 42nd Armoured Division. From 1948 56th (London) Armoured Division wore a blue knight's helmet superimposed on the upright red sword of St Paul (from the Coat of arms of the City of London), which 56th Division had worn in the First World War, but in 1951 it resumed the black cat, now with the red sword superimposed. 101 Field Engineer Rgt wore this until the division was disbanded in 1961, thereafter it wore the gold grenade on blue ground of 27 Engineer Group. Affiliations In 1951 the regiment was adopted by the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea, 220 Fd Sqn by the Municipal Borough of Heston and Isleworth, and 221 Fd Sqn by the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell. The Freedom of the Borough of Chelsea was conferred on the regiment in 1960 and the subtitle 'Chelsea' was granted to 222 Sqn after the regiment was reduced in 1961. In 1962 the regiment was adopted by the Worshipful Company of Paviors, which supported the civil engineering industry. Commanders Commanding Officers The following officers commanded the 1st Middlesex Engineers: Lieutenant-Colonel Norman MacLeod of MacLeod, 1860–71 Lieutenant-Colonel A. Ransome, 1871–80 Lieutenant-Colonel F.T. Ball, 1880–92 Lieutenant-Colonel F. Josselyn, VD, 1892–99 Lieutenant-Colonel G.A. Petter, 1899–1902 Lieutenant-Colonel E.T. Clifford, VD, 1902–08 47th (2nd London) Divisional Engineers The following served as Commanding Royal Engineer (CRE), of 2nd London Division (later 47th): Colonel E.T. Clifford, VD, TD, 1908–10 Lieutenant-Colonel H.H. Taylor, TD, 15 April 1910 – 31 August 1914 Colonel A.H. Kenney, CMG, DSO,1 September 1914 – 30 July 1915 Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank, DSO, CB, CIE, MVO, 30 July 1915 – 27 November 1916 Lieutenant-Colonel W.S. Trail, DSO, 27 November 1916 – 24 May 1917 Lieutenant-Colonel H.S. Christie, DSO, 24 May 1917 – 26 November 1917 Lieutenant-Colonel A.B. Carey, CMG, DSO, 26 November 1917 – 1 November 1918 Lieutenant-Colonel H.J. Couchman, DSO, MC, 1 November 1918–demobilisation Lieutenant-Colonel A.G. Birch, DSO, 16 February 1920 – 2 June 1923 Lieutenant-Colonel S.H. Fisher, MC, 2 June 1923 – 2 June 1929 Lieutenant-Colonel C.E.P. Sankey, DSO, 2 June 1929 – 2 June 1933 Lieutenant-Colonel R.G. Whitman, 2 June 1933–conversion 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Engineers The following served as CRE of 2/2nd London Division (later 60th): Colonel R.Q. Henriques, TD, September 1914–8 August 1917 Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. Thomson, DSO, 27 August 1917 – 27 May 1918 Lieutenant-Colonel A.J.G. Bird, DSO, 27 May 1918–demobilisation 56th (London) Divisional Engineers The following served as CRE of 1st London Division (later 56th): Brevet-Colonel R.G. Whitman, TD, formation–December 1937 Lieutenant-Colonel J. McEwan-Martin, OBE, TD, December 1937–June 1941 Lieutenant-Colonel W. McM. Keane, June 1941–August 1942 Lieutenant-Colonel R.I.C. Blenkinsop, DSO, August 1942–June 1944 Lieutenant-Colonel H.B. Calvert, DSO, June 1944–November 1944 Lieutenant-ColonelR.E.C. Hughes, DSO, MBE, MC, November 1944–April 1945 Lieutenant-Colonel R.T. Brain, MC, April 1945–demobilisation 47th (London) Divisional Engineers The following served as CRE of 2nd London Division (later 47th): Lieutenant-Colonel S.C.P. Drury, DCM, TD, April 1939–April 1942 Lieutenant-Colonel F.E. Pool, MBE, April–October 1942 Lieutenant-Colonel C.P.C.S. Bright, October 1942–disbandment 101 (London) Field Engineer Regiment The following commanded the regiment: Lieutenant-Colonel A.R. Mais, OBE, TD, May 1947–May 1950 Lieutenant-Colonel J.R. Grimsdell, MC, TD, May 1950–May 1953 Lieutenant-Colonel H.E.A. Donnelly, MC, May 1953–February 1954 Lieutenant-Colonel J.A.J. Darlow, ERD, TD, February 1954–February 1957 Lieutenant-Colonel R.E. Owen, OBE, TD, February 1957–February 1960 Brevet-Colonel M.J. Grafton, OBE, TD, February 1960–February 1964 Lieutenant-Colonel F.G. Dunford, TD, February 1964–disbandment Honorary Colonels The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit: Field Marshal Sir John Fox Burgoyne, 1st Baronet, GCB, appointed 5 March 1861 Colonel MacLeod of MacLeod, appointed 28 November 1871 Field Marshal Sir John Lintorn Simmons, GCB, GCMG, appointed 10 April 1895 Colonel E.T. Clifford, CBE, VD, TD, appointed 23 May 1910 Major-General Sir Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank, KCMG, CB, CIE, DSO, MVO, appointed 3 March 1923 Colonel S.H. Fisher, CB, MC, TD, appointed 23 November 1929 Colonel A.R. Mais, OBE, ERD, TD, appointed 1958 Other prominent members Major Sir Lionel Alexander, 6th Baronet, OC 47th (2nd London) Signal Co 3 August 1913–December 1915 Ven Henry Bevan, Archdeacon of Middlesex and Rector of St Luke's Church, Chelsea, Chaplain from 21 April 1903 Capt Pierse Joseph Mackesy, OC 518th (1/4th London) Fd Co 1 June 1917 – 22 March 1918 Lt Christopher Robin Milne, with 56th Divisional RE in Italy, 1943 Memorials An incised stone memorial plaque surmounted by the then badge of the 1st Middlesex RE Volunteers, commemorating the five sappers who died during the Second Boer War, is fixed to the north interior wall of St Luke's Church, Chelsea. The 2nd London Divisional Royal Engineers are listed on the London Troops Memorial, erected after the First World War, in front of the Royal Exchange, London (an addition for the Second World War was made to this memorial in 1955). There was also a bronze memorial listing the unit's 1914–18 losses at its drill hall. Two wooden memorial crosses erected at High Wood and Eaucourt l'Abbaye by carpenters of 517th (1/3rd London) Field Company in February 1918 were falling into disrepair by 1925, when they were replaced in stone. The restored wooden crosses were preserved at the Duke of York's Headquarters in London (the former divisional HQRE) until that building was sold in 2003, and are now at Connaught House, the HQ of the London Irish Rifles at Flodden Road, Camberwell. A stone plaque bearing the formation badges of 56th (1st London) and 47th (2nd London) Divisions and listing all the 1st and 2nd Line field companies that served in 1939–45 was unveiled in the inner porch of St Luke's Church in 1960. Footnotes Notes References B.S. Barnes, The Sign of the Double 'T' (The 50th Northumbrian Division – July 1943 to December 1944), Market Weighton: Sentinel Press, 2nd Edn 2008, . R. Money Barnes, The Soldiers of London, London: Seeley Service, 1963. A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, . David L. Bullock, Allenby's War: The Palestine-Arabian Campaigns 1916–1918, London: Blandford Press, 1988, . Niall Cherry, Most Unfavourable Ground: The Battle of Loos 1915, Solihull: Helion, 2005, . Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957. P.H. Dalbiac, History of the 60th Division (2/2nd London Division), London: George Allen & Unwin, 1927/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, . Richard Doherty, Hobart's 79th Armoured Division at War: Invention, Innovation and Inspiration, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2011, . Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, . Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol IV, 8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive, London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, . Sir James E. Edmonds & R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, . D.K. Edwards, A History of the 1st Middlesex Volunteer Engineers (101 (London) Engineer Regiment, TA) 1860–1967, London, 1967. L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004. L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol II: The Defeat of Germany, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, . Gen Sir William Jackson, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I|: June to October 1944, London: HM Stationery Office, 1987/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, . Gen Sir William Jackson, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol VI: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I|I: November 1944 to May 1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1988/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, . Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, . Alan H. Maude (ed.), The History of the 47th (London) Division 1914–1919, London: Amalgamated Press, 1922/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, . Brig C.J.C. Molony,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944, London: HM Stationery Office, 1973/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, . R.F.H. Nalder, The Royal Corps of Signals: A History of its Antecedents and Developments (Circa 1800–1955), London: Royal Signals Institution, 1958. R.P. Pakenham-Walsh, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol VIII, 1938–1948, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958. R.P. Pakenham-Walsh, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol IX, 1938–1948, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958. F.W. Perry, History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 5b: Indian Army Divisions, Newport, Gwent: Ray Westlake, 1993, . Major-General I.S.O. Playfair & Brig C.J.C. Molony, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol IV: The Destruction of the Axis forces in Africa, London: HM Stationery Office, 1966/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, . Major-General Whitworth Porter, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol II, London: Longmans, 1889/Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1977. Alan Wakefield and Simon Moody, Under the Devil's Eye: Britain's Forgotten Army at Salonika 1915–1918, Stroud: Sutton, 2004, . War Office, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927. Sir Charles M. Watson, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol III, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1914, reprint 1954. Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, . R.A. Westlake, Royal Engineers (Volunteers) 1859–1908, Wembley: R.A. Westlake, 1983, . External sources British Army units from 1945 on Geoff Sullivan's compilations at 'Hut Six' Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register Orders of Battle at Patriot Files Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site) Middlesex Military units and formations in London Military units and formations in Middlesex Military units and formations in Chelsea, London Military units and formations in Kensington Military units and formations established in 1860 1860 establishments in England

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership%20of%20Jason%20Kenney

Premiership of Jason Kenney

The premiership of Jason Kenney began on April 30, 2019 when Jason Kenney and his first cabinet were sworn in by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, Lois Mitchell. Kenney was invited to form the 30th Alberta Legislature and became the 18th Premier of Alberta, following the 2019 Alberta general election where Kenney's United Conservative Party (UCP) won a majority of seats in the Alberta Legislature leading to the resignation of Premier Rachel Notley. The approval rating for Premier Kenney's response to the COVID-19 pandemic is the lowest in Canada, falling to 33% in June 2021. By December 1, 2020, Kenney's overall approval rate among Albertans had dropped to 30% from 60% in September 2019. In March 2020, the reasons for the drop in popularity had included the UCP's response to the 2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests—including the bill targeting those who disrupt critical infrastructure with severe penalties. Other concerns included aggressive cuts in the 2019 and 2020 budgets designed to balance the budget and support the oil and gas sector. Reductions to funding for post-secondary institutions and to municipalities and the freeze on spending on health and public schools also raised questions. The provincial government unilaterally changed the way doctors could bill the province and warned that there would be freezes or cuts to government employees in the spring of 2020. Concerns were raised about the cost of the Canadian Energy Centre and about the March 4 decision to "fully or partially [close] 20 provincial parks and seeking "partnerships" for 164 more." The bill that targeted those who disrupt critical infrastructure with severe penalties also raised concerns. By April 7, 2020, a combination of interconnected unprecedented global events—including the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, the COVID-19 recession, the 2020 stock market crash, and the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war with the resulting "collapse in oil prices"—represent what Premier Kenney called "the greatest challenge" in Alberta's "modern history, threatening its main industry and wreaking havoc on its finances." By April 19, 2020, as the collapse in the price of oil worsened, Alberta's benchmark crude oil—Western Canadian Select (WCS)—descended to negative pricing. By May 2021, the price of WCS had increased to $USD54.78, representing an increase of $USD40 a barrel compared to June 2020. By January 7, 2021, faced with the controversy related to international visits undertaken by members of the caucus and the cabinet, as well as key staff, during the pandemic. Alberta, at one point, had the highest total COVID-19 case in Canada. In response, the UCP experienced a "sharp decline" in the polls. Alberta intends to join TC Energy in their $15 billion North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Chapter 11 claim against the United States over the Keystone XL pipeline cancellation, according to a July 7, 2021 Financial Post. This represents a potentially very expensive and very long legal challenge, which the US has never lost. Of the Albertans surveyed on their voting intentions for the 2023 provincial elections—41% said they would vote for the NDP, 30% for the UCP, and 20% for the Wildrose Independence Party, according to a June 2021 Angus Reid Institute poll. The UCP government also ranked lowest in Canada in its response to COVID-19, with only 33% of Albertans approving of their response. 2019 election Kenney won the United Conservative Party leadership election October 28, 2017. He previously represented Calgary Midnapore. In the 2019 Alberta general election held on April 16, 2019, Kenney won with won 54.88% of the popular vote and 63 seats in the legislature. The 30th Alberta Legislature was constituted after the general election on April 16, 2019. Cabinet and Office of the Premier On April 30, the cabinet was sworn in by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, Lois Mitchell. Ministers in the newly formed cabinet included Travis Toews who was appointed President of Treasury Board and Minister of Finance on April 30, 2019. Doug Schweitzer as Minister of Justice and Solicitor General, Jason Nixon as Minister of Environment and Parks , Sonya Savage as Minister of Energy, Nixon was appointed House Leader, and Doug Schweitzer, Ric McIver, and Savage were appointed as Deputy House Leaders on April 30, 2019. By September 2021, during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic as Alberta's health system was overwhelmed, Premier Kenney faced criticism from all sides including from the official opposition and some MLAs those in the UCP caucuswho allegedly challenged his leadership. Critics, who included 2 UCP MLAs blamed Premier Kenney for his "inaction on the fourth wave of the pandemic, saying he waited too long to introduce new measures and that delay will cost lives." In response, Premier Kenney shuffled his cabinet, replacing Tyler Shandro as Minister of Health with Jason Copping. Tyler will replace Copping as Minister of immigration. Overview The UCP government repealed the federal Carbon Tax in 2019 and replaced it with a provincial carbon tax on industrial emitters, which does not tax consumers directly. In 2019, the government began a series of corporate tax cuts with the goal of becoming the most competitive rate in Canada—8% by 2022–23. The government deferred arbitration on public sector wages. They established the commission an inquiry into anti-Alberta energy campaigns, called the Canadian Energy Centre—a 'war room'. A report was commissioned on Alberta's finances by Janice MacKinnon's task force, that recommended freezes and cuts that would help to reach the UCP's goal of eliminating the deficit by 2023. It focused on slashing health care costs and various measures related to the public sector, including education. The report's mandate did not include the impact of potential revenue if a provincial sales tax were introduced. By September 2019, polls showed that Premier Kenney had a 60% approval rate. The November 2019 fall budget closely followed the MacKinnon's August report's recommendations. The first presumptive COVID-19 case in Alberta was announced by Dr. Deena Hinshaw, Alberta's Chief Medical Officer of Health on March 5, 2020. On March 17, Premier Kenney declared a public health state of emergency. By the end of his first year as premier, Kenney's overall performance approval rate had dropped to 47% with the leader of the opposition rising to 46% approval rate. During the Spring Sitting of the 1st Session of the 30th Alberta Legislature, which spanned May through July, 2019, the Kenney government passed about thirteen pieces of legislation, including the Act to Repeal the Carbon Tax, the Alberta Corporate Tax Amendment, and the Public Sector Wage Arbitration Deferral Act. Premier Kenney established a one-year $2.5 million Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns and a Calgary-based $30 million 'war room' to "fight misinformation related to oil and gas". Bill 32, Restoring Balance in Alberta’s Workplaces Act, 2020, was introduced by Labour Minister Copping, on July 7, 2020. Minister Copping said Bill 32 will counterbalance "significant changes" made during the NDP tenure, that favoured unions at the expense of the "rights of job creators". There are numerous changes to "workplace rules and union activities" which include where and how unions can picket and an opt our option which allows union members to choose to have their "union dues go to political parties or causes." The November 16, 2020 Leger poll, showed that support for Premier Kenney's response to the COVID-19 pandemic was at 37%, which was much lower than that of any other provincial leader. As Premier Kenney's poll numbers fell, there were signs of a potential electoral split on the right, which could contribute to the NDP winning in the next provincial election. During the UCP caucus meeting in October 2020, in a lengthy response to a question from a delegate about the potential for Alberta separating from Canada if the Liberals won another term in the 2021 Canadian federal election in 2021, Premier Kenney responded that his patriotism was to the country, Canada. By July 2020, there were two registered provincial separatist parties—the Independence Party of Alberta led by Cory Morgan, a blogger and columnist for the Western Standard, and the Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, established in July 2020 with the merger of the Wexit Alberta party and the Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta with Paul Hinman as leader, and 40% of Albertans—mainly in rural Alberta—supported separation. Carbon price and carbon tax As promised in his election platform, Premier Kenney's first piece of legislation was Bill 1: An Act to Repeal the Carbon Tax, which had been put into place in November 2015 during the premiership of Rachel Notley. Premier Kenney was one of four provincial premiers that challenged the constitutionality of Canada's carbon tax. Kenney has loudly "denounced" carbon taxes and threatened "more legal action" after a Saskatchewan superior court dismissed the legal "challenge of the constitutionality of the federal carbon tax." Both Ford and Kenney were strongly critical of carbon taxes saying they will "either trigger a recession or sink the oil patch," according to an October 10, 2019 article in The National Observer. Premier Kenney had said that Climate Leadership Plan introduced by Rachel Notley "crippled the Alberta economy." This claim was refuted by the November 15, 2019 Government of Alberta report, "Economic Assessment of Climate Policy in Alberta," which was submitted by the Kenney's government as a court document to the Alberta Court of Appeal, as part of Alberta's constitutional challenge of the federal government's carbon tax. The Alberta government's "own analysis" revealed that Notley's carbon tax economic effect was "an average reduction in annual growth of Alberta's gross domestic product (GDP) of only 0.05%." Carbon price In December 2019, the federal government accepted Kenney's Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction (TIER) Bill 19 legislation—a provincial carbon tax on industrial emitters—which helps Canada reach its Paris Agreement goals. Industrial emitters will pay "$30 per tonne of emissions" with an estimated reduction in emissions of "32 megatonnes in 2030." The funds collected will go towards "deficit reduction and technological advancements with respect to climate change." There is no carbon tax on consumers. Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns On July 4, 2019 Premier Kenney announced a one-year $2.5 million Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns. The inquiry will include interviews, research, and potentially, public hearings. Kenney announced the creation of the public inquiry along with the "Energy War Room" in a release by the UCP party during his election campaign. Kenney cited "the intrepid reporting of journalist Vivian Krause," who has spent ten years examining foreign funding of Canadian environmental non-profit organizations (ENGOs). In a talk at Manhattan Institute on September 12, 2018, "The Real Fuel of the Future: Natural Gas", Kenney said that there were "domestic economic benefits from an expanded shale gas industry," but there was a "potential American upset of the former hegemony in global gas trade." Kenney said that these "fake accounts advocated for 'the complete abandonment of specific fuel sources, such as fossil fuels, by touting exaggerated claims about alternative energy sources,' while sometimes both promoting and mocking climate change, all intended to “generate further domestic [U.S.] controversy." Minister Schweitzer appointed a forensic accountant, Steve Allan, as commissioner of the Public Inquiry, which is tasked with investigating foreign-funded efforts to undermine the oil and gas industry. In November 2019, CBC News reported that Allan, and "two other business associates" had supported and/or campaigned for Schweitzer in 2018 and 2019, and that Allan had awarded sole-source contracts for them after he was appointed to the $290,000 job as Commissioner. In response to a request for an investigation into a violation of Alberta's Conflicts of Interest Act, in July 2020, Alberta's ethics commissioner Marguerite Trussler found that Minister Schweitzer did not breach the Act when he appointed Allan. In July 2019, shortly after his appointment as chair of the Public Inquiry, Allan had awarded a $905,000 sole-source contract for the inquiry to the Calgary law firm, Dentons Canada LLP, where he was a former partner, and where, Toby Allen, Allan's son is a "partner and his good friend, Quincy Smith, also works", according to the Canadian Press (CP), and other media sources. In her ruling Trussler said, "It does stretch credibility that Mr. Allan did not consider whether or not there may possibly be a conflict of interest in his engaging of Dentons as counsel for the inquiry, given that, for all intents and purposes, the firm gave him free office space and both his close friend (although that alone is not significant) and his son were partners at the firm...[However], [n]either the minister, his children, nor his direct associates had any personal or particular interest in, or anything to gain from, the appointment of Mr. Allan as inquiry commissioner". In September 2019, Vancouver-based Ecojustice issued a letter of warning of potential legal challenge to commissioner Allan asking for a response within 30 days. On July 27, 2020, Ecojustice requested that the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta stop the Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns until the court gave its ruling on their November judicial review application. The University of Calgary's Martin Olszynski and Shaun Fluker from the Faculty of Law, raised concerns about the Alberta Inquiry "from the perspective of the rule of law and procedural fairness." Their colleagues said that the Inquiry could unjustifiably violate the "freedom of expression of the Canadian organizations it is aimed at as well as those associated with such organizations, including their members and supporters." On June 25, Minister Savage announced that the deadline for the Public Inquiry's final report has been extended to October 30, 2020 from July 2 and that the Inquiry's budget has been increased from $2.5 million to $3.5 million. The added funds will be diverted from the Canadian Energy Centre's budget. Commissioner Allen provided inquiry participants with several reports funded and commissioned by the Public Inquiry and a reading list, which included False Alarm: How Climate Change Costs Us Trillions, Hurts the Poor, and Fails to Fix the Climate by Bjorn Lomborg, and Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All by Michael Shellenberger. Both Lomborg and Shellenberger are climate change denialists. The commissioned readings include a 133-page report by United Kingdom-based historian, Tammy Lynn Nemeth—the "Nemeth Report", an Energy in Depth report entitled "Foreign Funding Targeting Canada's Energy Sector", and a background paper—the "Cooper Report" by Barry Cooper, a University of Calgary political scientist professor and key member of the Friends of Science. Energy war room In June 2019, Premier Kenney announced the creation of a Calgary-based $30 million 'war room' to "fight misinformation related to oil and gas." In an October 9, 2019 press release, Minister Savage announced the appointment of former journalist and lobbyist Tom Olsen as CEO and managing director of the war room which will be called the Canadian Energy Centre Limited (CECL). The Canadian Energy Centre Limited is a private corporation, which means that it is not subject to Alberta's Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIP Act). Premier Kenney's press secretary Christine Myatt said that keeping CECL's internal operations secret is a "tactical and/or strategic advantage to the very foreign-funded special interests the CEC is looking to counter." CEC's board of directors is composed of Minister Savage, Minister of Justice and Solicitor General, Doug Schweitzer, and Jason Nixon, Minister of Environment and Parks. The Canadian Energy Centre (CEC) was launched on December 11 by Premier Kenney, Minister Savage and Olsen at a press conference at the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT). The CEC will "highlight achievements in Alberta's oil and gas sector" and will "refute what it deems to be misinformation about the industry." Kenney said the centre will "counter misinformation" "coming from some environmental groups and others seeking to landlock Alberta's oil and gas". On December 11, Olsen described the centre as a place to tell the story of the oil and gas industry in Alberta, which includes rebutting its critics respectfully. A December 14 Medicine Hat News opinion piece, that was critical of the CEC, said that the centre was not "subject to freedom-of-information searches and could be used to stifle legitimate dissent and commentary on the oil and gas industry." In his December 18 rebuttal, Olson, who is a former Calgary Herald journalist, said that "oversight" of the CEC is "rigorous" and that the centre is subject to the Fiscal Planning and Transparency Act, the Whistle Blowers Act and audits by Alberta's auditor general. Olsen said that "campaigns to shut down new pipeline projects and damage the reputation of our oil and gas industry have received tens of millions of dollars from U.S. environmental foundations." This has resulted in the "landlocking of Alberta energy" which had resulted in the loss of jobs, "tens of billions of dollars" in capital, less money for public services, as well as "lower value for their shareholders that include many of the country's biggest pension plans and investment funds." The CEC logo, which was unveiled at the launch, was also used in the December 11 promotional video, on the CEC's website, "on the wall of its downtown Calgary office, and on signs". By the evening of December 18, "social media users" on Twitter began to share side-by-side versions of the CEC logo and the "trademarked symbol" for Progress Software Corporation, the Massachusetts-headquartered "software giant"—Progress Software, A December 19 Canadian Press report said that the icons were "identical, stylized sharp-angled depictions of what appear to be radiating waves... the Progress one is emerald-green and the war room version is two shades of blue." According to a CP report, the Massachusetts-headquartered "software giant"—Progress Software sent an email that morning saying that it was "looking into whether Alberta's new energy war room has violated the company's trademarked logo." In a December 19 statement, the energy centre's CEO and managing director, Tom Olsen, said that the logo was pulled and was to be replaced. Olsen said that the "design debacle" "mistake" was an "unfortunate situation". He said that the CEC was in "discussions" with the marketing agency—Lead & Anchor "to determine how it happened". The CEC had selected Lead & Anchor over eight other contractors proposed to the CEC by the Calgary marketing agency, Communo. Steven Lee, the founder of the Foundation for Environmental Stewardship (FES) became the first to be "scrutinized by the centre". Lee was criticized in a December 10 post entitled "Alberta father irked by charity group that targets fossil fuel industry" that was posted on the newly launched CEC website. An irate parent was concerned about the presentation and the Three Percent Project handout given to his fifteen-year-old son at his Airdrie, Alberta school on December 5, 2019. Lee received a phone message from a caller saying, "I'm a reporter with the Canadian Energy Centre. Our website is launching next week and we will be writing a story about the 3% Project, which has raised concerns among some parents who reached out to us following presentations at their children's schools." The 3% Project is a "flagship project" of FES, established by then-19-year-old Steve Lee in 2012. On June 25, 2020, Minister Savage announced that a million dollars would be transferred from the CEC's budget to that of the Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns. In March 2021, the government-funded war room launched a petition against Netflix's Bigfoot Family, a cartoon for children because it was "brainwashing our kids with anti-oil and gas propaganda." Kenney defended the petition, saying the cartoon attempts to "defame, in the most vicious way possible, in the impressionable minds of kids, the largest industry in the province." University of Alberta's Andrew Leach, said the war room's "quixotic crusade" was "mind-boggling". Fair Deal panel On November 9, 2019, in a speech at the Manning Centre in Red Deer, Premier Kenney announced the creation of a Fair Deal panel, to respond to the "frustration, the anger, and even the fear felt by many Albertans and other Western Canadians, arising from our current circumstances within the Canadian federation." Panel member, Jason Goodstriker, who died in January 2020, had previously served as the Alberta Regional Chief for the Assembly of First Nations and was also a councillor with the Kainai Nation. On March 16, when the report was submitted there were eight members on the Panel—Oryssia Lennie, a retired civil servant, who chaired the Panel, Preston Manning, former premier Peter Lougheed's son, Stephen Lougheed, former MLA Donna Kennedy-Glans, Moin Yahya, and UCP MLAs, Drew Barnes, Tany Yao, and Miranda Rosin. Equalization payments in Canada Among other things, Kenney had demanded "reforms to the equalization formula." CBC News reported on May 16 that the panel had submitted its final report. Kenney said that he would not release either the report or the province's response to the public, until "the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic is over." The 64-page report made 25 recommendations that would, if implemented remove some control from the federal government, which includes pushing for changes to the Fiscal Stabilization Program that respond to concerns that Albertans are now "receiving a $2.4 billion equalization rebate." The panel advised the province to "proceed with the proposed referendum on equalization," to replace the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in rural Alberta with a provincial police force, to create an Alberta Pension Plan to replace and withdraw from the Canada Pension Plan. An article in the Calgary Herald and in The Tyee said that these ideas were introduced in the Firewall Letter sent to then-premier Ralph Klein on January 24, 2001, from Stephen Harper, who was then president of the National Citizens Coalition at that time; University of Calgary professors—Tom Flanagan, Ted Morton and Rainer Knopff; Andrew Crooks, then-chair of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation; and Ken Boessenkool, who had previously served as Stockwell Day's former policy adviser. Public sector wages On June 20, 2019, the Public Sector Wage Arbitration Deferral Act (Bill 9)—informally known as the "bargaining rights bill was passed into law. Bill 9 was introduced by Minister Toews in order to "suspend and delay" hearings related to wage arbitration for public sector workers until after the MacKinnon panel report was submitted. which was passed into law on June 20, 2019. is a bill, informally known as the "bargaining rights bill". The bill affected Alberta's 180,000 public service employees represented by unions in 24 collective agreements. United Nurses of Alberta (UNA) In January 2020, the United Nurses of Alberta (UNA) started a collective bargaining process. On July 7, 2021, Finance Minister Toews said that Alberta Health Services was asking for a 3 % salary rollback for nurses as part of the negotiation process. Toews said that the government "The needs to "bring wages in line with other large provinces" as nurses in Alberta earn approximately 5.6% "more on average than comparable provinces". He said that, this "does not diminish our deep respect for the exceptional work and dedication of public sector workers." The UNA negotiator said that, "Every profession in Alberta is paid higher than comparator provinces — we used to call that the Alberta advantage." Corporate tax lowered The Alberta government has set a goal of balancing the budget by 2022–2023. As part of Premier Kenney's "main strategy to lure investment to the province, stimulate job growth, and resurrect the oilpatch" promised during his electoral campaign in their April 2019 campaign platform "Alberta Strong and Free," on June 28, 2019, the Job Creation Tax Cut (Alberta Corporate Tax Amendment) Act (Bill 3), introduced by Minister Toews, came into law. Bill 3 included further reductions in Alberta's corporate tax rate in four stages to lower the "corporate tax rate for all businesses, from 12 to 8% by 2022-23". The first cut from 12 to 11% came into effect on July 1. The second cut of 10% will come into effect in January 2020; a third decrease of 9% on January 1, 2021, and a fourth cut of 8% cut that come into effect on January 1, 2022. Toews repeated the campaign pledge when he announced Bill 13, saying that the "cuts should create at least 55,000 jobs in Alberta". As well the Alberta's revised tax rates —will increase the province's "international competitiveness" as they will be lower than those of 44 out of 50 American states, according to Toews. According to an October 26, 2019 CBC News article, when Bill 3 "came into effect on July 1, it gave Alberta the lowest corporate tax rate in Canada." Bill 3 "formalizes" one of the UCP's election promises. Several economists were cited by the UCP in their April 2019 Alberta Strong and Free Platform, including Jack Mintz, Bev Dahlby, and Aaron Stokes of Stokes Economics. Mintx said that the tax cuts would "lead to the creation of at least 55,000 full-time private sector jobs". Dahlby estimated that the cuts would "generate a $12.7 billion increase in nominal GDP", a "6.5% increase in per capita real GDP", and a "$1.2 billion in additional government revenues by 2023-24." The Stokes analysis predicted the "cut will result in $1 billion less net revenue for the province by 2022-23." On March 4, 2019, the UCP had announced their intention to cut corporate taxes by one third with a prediction of adding $13 billion to Alberta's economy. On January 1, 2021 the UCP's corporation tax will drop to 9% on New Year's Day 2021 and 8% in 2022, which would represent the "lowest rate in Canada by a 30 per cent margin". The UCP's Job Creation Tax Cut was intended to lead to the "creation of at least 55,000 new jobs, according to economist Jack Mintz. Since 2009, the unemployment rate in Alberta hit its lowest point—4.3%—in September 2013 and its highest—9.1%—in November 2016. Alberta had experienced boom years in the energy sector starting in 2010, but this boom was followed by a "long and deep" recession that lasted from 2014 to 2017—driven by both low commodity pricing globally and controversial political policies from both the Provincial and Federal Government. When the UCP government were elected in the spring of 2019, Alberta's economy was still in recovery. Overall, by July 2019, about 35,000 jobs had been lost in mining, oil and gas alone. Since 2014, sectors that offered high-wage employment of $30 and above, saw about 100,000 jobs disappear—"construction (down more than 45,000 jobs), mining, oil and gas (down nearly 35,000), and professional services (down 18,000)," according to the economist, Trevor Tombe. In 2013, oil tax revenues brought in 9.58 billion, or 21% of the total Provincial budget, whereas in 2018 it had fallen to just 5.43 billion, or 11% of the Provincial budget. In 2013, the energy industry had provided 7.7% of all jobs in Alberta. In 2017, 140,300 jobs representing 6.1% of total employment of 2,286,900 in Alberta in 2017 was due to the energy industry. The unemployment rate in Alberta peaked in November 2016 at 9.1%. The unemployment rate in the spring of 2019 in Alberta was 6.7% with 21,000 jobs added in April. By July 2019, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate had increased to 7.0% and remained at about that level since then. By August 2019, the employment number in Alberta was 2,344,000, following the loss of 14,000 full-time jobs in July, which represented the "largest decline" in Canada according to Statistics Canada. According to Statistics Canada, in November, Alberta lost 18,000 jobs and the unemployment rate was 7.2%, "with declines occurring in a number of industries, led by wholesale and retail trade. On a year-over-year basis, total employment in the province was little changed." As UCP popularity declined considerably by December 2019, the polling agency, ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc., said that "governments tend to get more blame for the economy when times are tough than they do credit when times are good." Economic Recovery Council (March–June 2020) In March 2020, Premier Kenney created the twelve member Economic Recovery Council composed of policy and industry experts, to advise the government in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy price crash. Jack M. Mintz chairs the twelve member committee. Council members include Clive Beddoe, who served as WestJet's CEO and who was co-founder of AIMco serving on its board from until 2013, AIMCo's CEO Kevin Uebelein, Robert Blakely, TorQuest Partners' Brent Belzberg, Mainstreet Equity Corporation's Bob Dhillon, Canadian Western Bank's Chris Fowler, Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada, Morgan Construction and Environmental's Peter Kiss, ATCO's Nancy Southern, ARC Financial's Mac Van Wielingen, and Zainul Mawji, who is on the executive board of Telus Corporation. As president of Telus Home Solutions, Mawji focused on increasing the market share in Canada's western provinces, and the Telus "consumer health product line." The Council "will also focus on strategies for long-term recovery from the crisis, including efforts to accelerate diversification of the Alberta economy." On June 29, 2020, when Premier Kenney outlined his plans for economic growth, he said that the Economic Recovery Council had "urged the government to act quickly" to get "out of the economic slump caused by low oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic." The council told Kenney that, "Now is the time to make a move, to get noticed...The fiscal crisis here will be completely insurmountable unless we get back to growth. For us, this is the key strategy to do so." The plan included infrastructure investment in "highways, bridges and other projects". It also eliminating most "use of temporary foreign workers to ensure Albertans are first in line for jobs." The plan included lowering the corporate tax rate to 8% from 10% on July 1, instead of in 2023 as he had originally announced in 2019. Concerns were raised that the immediate implementation of the corporate tax cut to 8%, two years earlier instead of phasing it in over time, is a "gift to firms that have already made investments and are earning profits on those investments". It will not attract new job-creating businesses, as it is not "new information for anybody in Bay Street plotting a big move of employees that would take years." Blue Ribbon Panel on Alberta's Finances In August 2019, Janice MacKinnon's task force submitted the report commissioned by Premier Kenney, "Report and Recommendations: Blue Ribbon Panel on Alberta's Finances". According to Maclean's, Premier Kenney had "mandated" that the panel "figure out how to balance the provincial books without raising taxes." McKinnon, who was Saskatchewan's finance minister, found that "Alberta spends more per person on its public sector, and compensates its teachers, doctors and other workers more generously, than other major provinces." The panel recommended that the post-secondary tuition freeze be lifted, and suggested "various measures to slash health-care costs and government-wide program reviews." 2019 Budget On October 24, 2019 Minister Toews announced the UCP's first provincial budget. The National Post said that it fulfilled their "promise of slight austerity" with "cuts to spending programs and the elimination of hundreds of bureaucracy jobs". The Post said that these and the corporate tax cuts "were the key planks of a four-year plan to bring the budget into balance." The goal is to reduce government spending by $4-billion over four years. The 2019-20 budget will "run a deficit of $8.7 billion" which is approximately "$2-billion higher than in 2018-19." The Post said that the changes in post-secondary education were "significant" with a 12-per-cent funding cut. and a reduction in "government grants to post-secondary institutions". Together that represents a $1.9 billion in cuts in post-secondary education. Post-secondary institutions will be allowed to increase tuition. The Alberta government has set a goal of balancing the budget by 2022–2023. The UCP's budget decision to de-index disability benefits met with outrage, according to The Star. Many people were "vocal about their disdain surrounding the UCP's decision to reverse the Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH)’s tie to inflation", including Arlene Dickinson, formerly with the Dragon's Den. There are currently approximately 70,000 Albertans who receive AISH. On October 28, the Minister Toews introduced Bill 20, an omnibus bill which included a clause through which the government of Alberta could withdraw the $1.53-billion grant it had promised for Calgary's Green Line "with just 90 days' notice and without cause." Minister Toews introduced a second omnibus bill, Bill 21, on October 28, as part of his budget that allows the provincial government to "cancel its master agreement with doctors if the two sides can't negotiate a new deal." In an October 30 open letter to all members of the Alberta Medical Association, Dr. Christine Molnar, AMA director, said that the "bill effectively gives government the power of pre-approval to cancel any physician services agreement without recourse. This is a violation of the sanctity of contracts." The bill would also give the government control over where new doctors can work starting in March 2022, in order to provide better service to rural areas. According to an October 31, 2019 CBC News article, the UCP is "working off" August 2019, Janice MacKinnon's August 2019 "Report and Recommendations: Blue Ribbon Panel on Alberta's Finances". 2020 Budget Minister Toews tabled the UCP's second provincial budget on February 27, 2020. Toews said that the $CDN56.8 billion budget is based on an "anticipated 38 per cent increase in energy royalties." The increased energy royalties depends heavily on the success of the UCP's corporate tax rate cuts to spur revenue growth through an infusion of capital from private investment and the resulting expansion in both "oil production and pipeline capacity." The only other revenue streams in this budget are "a vaping tax and the extension of a tourism levy on short-term rentals." David Taras, a political scientist from Mount Royal University said that this budget signaled that the UCP was "not blinking"—They are "sticking with [their game plan] the "policy of cuts and deficit reduction in the face of what appears to be a province that's bleeding jobs." The budget included a proposed 10-year strategy intended to increase tourism spending to $20 billion by 2030, which a Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Tourism spokesperson said was "ambitious but reasonable". "Only $45 million of the overall ministry budget is [currently] dedicated to tourism" and millions were cut from the tourism budget in this and previous budgets. The Tourism Industry Association of Alberta chair said that this "audacious" plan does not "reflect" the "conversations" held during the "pre-budget planning sessions" the government had with "hundreds of industry professionals" in Calgary and Edmonton to "discuss recommendations with the government on how to boost the tourism industry." Province-wide, the budget cut $53 million from 2020 through 2023, from affordable housing maintenance. The budget increases homeowners' education property taxes by 3.1% in 2020–2021, which the government predicts will add revenue of "$102 million to a total of $2.6 billion." Operational funding of $8.2 billion for kindergarten to Grade 12 education will remain at 2019 levels, in spite of population growth and inflation. The $20.6 billion budgeted for health received the same criticism from the Opposition party. In their February 28, 2020 report, Moody's Investors Service said that the 2020 budget was credit neutral. According to Moody's, the UCP fiscal plan is subject to "significant uncertainties, driven by weak resource sector investments and pipeline projects which are subject to regulatory, political, and other types of delays, much of which is beyond the control of the government." By April 7, 2020, a combination of interconnected unprecedented global events—including the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, the COVID-19 recession, the 2020 stock market crash, and the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war and the resulting "collapse in oil prices", represent, what Premier Kenney described as "the greatest challenge" in Alberta's "modern history, threatening its main industry and wreaking havoc on its finances." Alberta's credit rating On December 3, 2019, Moody's downgraded Alberta's credit rating from Aa2 stable from Aa1 negative. According to Mount Royal University's political science professor, Duane Bratt, factors influencing the downgrade include the UCP's budget plan that led to an increase in the deficit and concerns about labour unrest with thousands of public sector jobs set to be eliminated. Moody's report said that Alberta's economy's "structural weakness" lies in its concentration and dependency on non-renewable resources (NNRs) combined with a "lack of sufficient pipeline capacity to transport oil efficiently," "no near-term expectation of a significant rebound in oil-related investments," and "revenue pressures related to UCP cuts to corporate tax rates." Minister Toews blamed the downgrade on the NDP's tenure, during which the province had also experienced a credit rating downgrade, from its very high credit rating of AAA to Aa1. Premier Kenney said in an interview that " financial institutions — and this apparently includes Moody's — are buying into the political agenda emanating from Europe, which is trying to stigmatize development of hydrocarbon energy." The October 9, 2020 Moody's Investor Service report downgraded Alberta's credit rating to Aa3 (stable) reflecting "outsized deficits" resulting from the "dual impact of continued low oil prices and the coronavirus pandemic". Strengths included its "supportive institutional framework including ongoing and extraordinary federal transfers", which Moody's expects will increase to represent 20-25% of Alberta's total revenues in 2021 and 2022. With Premier Kenney's June 29, 2020 announcement of the accelerated decrease in the corporate tax rate, Finance Minister Toews said that the cuts and "financial supports could jeopardize" Alberta's credit rating. Towes said that the estimated cost of the tax cut would range from $200 million to $300 million in FY 2020 and $100 million and $200 million in FY2021. Canada's credit rating was downgraded from AAA by Fitch, which is one of the three largest credit agencies in the United States. On June 30, 2020 Fitch downgrading Alberta's Long-Term Foreign Currency Issuer Default Rating (IDR), Long-Term Local Currency IDR, and Senior unsecured bonds from 'AA' to 'AA-'. Fitch also affirmed that Alberta's Short-Term IDR is 'F1+.' As well, Alberta's Rating Outlook on the long-term ratings was revised from Stable to Negative. The ratings consider Alberta's stimulus plan which was announced on June 30 which included the "acceleration of certain capital projects" without giving "details on plan impacts to revenues, expenditures and debt issuance." The higher risk rating was also informed by the lack of "formally detailed current fiscal challenges" and "firm details on a path toward an eventual recovery", which could lead to "further deterioration in credit quality." Ministry of Energy Sonya Savage, whose background in energy and the environment includes major projects, such as the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines and with her work as an executive of Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), was appointed Minister of Energy on April 30, 2019. She is tasked with overhauling the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER)—one of the UCP's campaign promises with the aim of implementing "shorter timelines for project approvals." On April 30, the UCP proclaimed Bill 12 which gives "Alberta the power to restrict oil and gas exports to British Columbia. According to the Calgary Herald, this "could provoke a quick court challenge" the Premier of British Columbia, John Horgan. On April 30, Premier Kenney "pragmatically backed away" from the campaign promise to "remove the 100-megatonne cap on oilsands emissions." According to the Calgary Herald, Bill C-48 regarding an "oil tanker ban off the northern coast of British Columbia" threatened the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines project that Savage had worked on. She was also involved in "CEPA's examination of Bill C-69, Ottawa's overhaul of how major energy projects — including oil and gas pipelines — are reviewed by the federal government." In February 2019, the previous government signed a crude-by-rail program agreement with two railway companies—and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) Canadian National Railway (CNR) with a goal of reducing the Western Canadian Select price discount that has been exacerbated by the "lack of pipeline capacity". Through the four-year, $3.7-billion agreement the "province would have purchased and shipped 120,000 barrels of crude a day." The NDP had estimated that the program would have generated "revenue of $6-billion", according to The Globe and Mail. The Kenney government cancelled the agreement shortly after taking office because the "financial risks were too high". By the end of October 2019 Minister Savage was in ongoing negotiations with the railways related to the "number and complexity of the contracts." In November, 2019 Premier Kenney visited Texas in a four-day trip to create more investment in Alberta's oil and gas industry. A The Globe and Mail article said, "A single talisman has defined Jason Kenney's time as premier of Alberta: oil." Kenney campaigned on supporting the oil and gas industries and expanding the pipeline system. By 2018, "chronic pipeline bottlenecks" and as a result "industry and governments millions of dollars a day in lost revenue." Following the December 2 announcement of mandatory oil production cut backs in Alberta, the price of WCS rose to c.US$26.65 a barrel. The differential between Western Canadian Select—the benchmark price for Alberta heavy crude—and West Texas Intermediate (WTI)—which had averaged at US$17 for the decade from 2008 to 2018—widened to a record of around US$50, and the price of WCS plummeted to US$5.90. In response, the NDP government under then-Premier Rachel Notley, had set temporary mandatory production limits which resulted in the price of WCS rose to c.US$26.65 a barrel. On March 24, 2020, as the price of oil plunged more than 5%, federal Finance Minister Bill Morneau announced a program to help the oil industry which would include a "backstop for banks that lend to the energy sector." The price of oil of WCS collapsed and descended to negative pricing by April 19, 2020. From June 2020 to June 2021, the price of WCS increased by $USD40 a barrel to $USD54.78. According to economist Trevor Tombe in June 2021, the unexpected increase in the price of oil "alone could lead to five or six billion dollars in additional revenue" for the Alberta" to alleviate some of the pressure of the projected $18-billion deficit which is projected. Tombe said that "Each day that oil prices remain at their current level that’s worth somewhere between $10 million to $15 million to the Alberta budget." TC Energy Keystone XL By March 31, 2020, the "federal government had already bought Trans Mountain" and was "committed to getting it built" and Enbridge's Line 3 was making progress. In what Kenney described as a "bold move to retake control of our province's economic destiny", the province agreed to help finance the construction of TC Energy's Keystone XL oil sands pipeline in southern Alberta, Montana, South Dakota and Nebraska with "agreements for the transport of 575,000 barrels of oil daily". The New York Times reported that "[d]espite plunging oil prices" in March", Kenney said the "province's resource-dependent economy could not afford for Keystone XL to be delayed until after the coronavirus pandemic and a global economic downturn have passed." Alberta "has agreed to invest approximately $1.1 billion US as equity in the project, which substantially covers planned construction costs through the end of 2020. The remaining $6.9 billion US is expected to be funded through a combination of a $4.2-billion project-level credit facility to be fully guaranteed by the Alberta government and a $2.7-billion investment by TC Energy." Kenney has said that the Keystone XL will create "1,400 direct and 5,400 indirect jobs in Alberta during construction and will reap an estimated $30 billion in tax and royalty revenues for both Alberta and Canada over the next twenty years. TC Energy "expects to buy back the Alberta government's investment and refinance the $4.2 billion loan" when the 1,200-mile (1,930-kilometer) pipeline is operational starting in 2023. Keystone XL will add up to 830,000 bpd from Western Canada to Steele City, Nebraska. From there it connects to "other pipelines that feed oil refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast." According to the Canadian Energy Regulator, in 2018, Alberta produced 3.91 million bpd of crude oil, which represents 82% of the total production in Canada. According to a March 31, 2020 article in The New York Times, because of Kenney, Russ Girling, TC Energy CEO, announced that construction of its $8-billion US Keystone XL oil sands pipeline's Canada-United States border crossing, in rural northeast Montana, would begin in April in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerns were raised by the office of the Montana's Governor, Steve Bullock about the added strain on "rural health resources during the coronavirus pandemic", with the arrival of a hundred or more pipeline construction workers in rural Montana. At the time of the announcement northeastern Montana had only one confirmed COVID-19 case. In a May 20 interview on the Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (CAODC) podcast, Minister Savage told the podcast host, John Bavil, that Green party leader, Elizabeth May's May 6 comment that "oil is dead" was not "gaining resonance with ordinary Canadians" because Canadians need oil. "Canadians are just trying to get by." Savage added that Canadians were "not going to have tolerance and patience for protests that get in the way of people working", and that the "economic turmoil caused by the COVID-19 pandemic favours pipeline construction", according to Canadian Press journalist, Bob Weber. Savage told Bavil that "Now is a great time to be building a pipeline because you can't have protests of more than 15 people...Let's get it built." The comment received wide media coverage. On June 9, 2021 TC Energy announced the termination of the US$9 billion Keystone XL pipeline project. U.S. President Joe Biden had "revoked a key permit" that was crucial to the pipeline. The Financial Post reported on July 7, 2021 that Premier Kenney intends to join TC Energy in their $15 billion North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Chapter 11 claim against the US over the cancellation of the Keystone XL pipeline, "to recover damages resulting from the revocation of the Keystone XL project’s presidential permit." The Post said that this "would be the first time a level of government is directly involved in a NAFTA dispute as an investor." Citing an international trade lawyer, the article said that "these types of cases generally drag on for years". The legal challenge is "daunting"; the "United States has never lost a Chapter 11 free trade case...It will be a long, expensive and challenged by the unlimited resources of the United States government." A law professor interviewed by the Post said that Alberta's claim is "unclear" since the province only became an investor in early 2020. Claims are baed on the period in which you were an investor. Orphan wells As part of Government of Canada's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan, the federal government announced on May 1, 2020 that up to $1.72 billion will go to the governments of Alberta and the Alberta Orphan Well Association—as well as Saskatchewan and British Columbia—to "clean up" orphan wells and "inactive oil and gas infrastructure". According to the Alberta provincial government, Alberta's Site Rehabilitation Program "will access up to $1 billion" of the federal government's COVID-19 Plan. By May 20, Alberta had already received 24, 000 applications. Grassy Mountain coal project Premier Kenney rescinded the 1976 Coal Policy on June 1, 2020, and lifted restrictions on coal mining exploration and development on large areas of environmentally sensitive land. The Grassy Mountain Coal Project was a 2,800-hectare mountain top removal open-pit metallurgical coal mine in Rocky Mountains' Crowsnest Pass in southern Alberta, proposed by a large Australian mining company—Benga Mining Limited (Benga)—in 2014. The project's critics, including well-known country singers Corb Lund and Paul Brandt, said that it threatened the region's watersheds with selenium poisoning. Opponents of the Grassy Mountain project included local ranchers, some of whom began a "Save Our Mountains" campaign and formed the Livingstone Landowners Group. The Group commissioned a comprehensive report by land use ecologist Brad Stelfoxon and five other scientists, to "model the impacts of proposed projects on water security in an arid county." The report found that "even limited coking coal mining would create intractable problems with water quality and quantity, including selenium contamination." In a June 17, 2021 joint statement, Ministers Savage and Nixon acknowledged acceptance of the recommendations of the federal-provincial Joint Review Panel, which had denied approval of the Grassy Mountain coal project. Sturgeon Refinery According to a July 6, 2021 announcement by Kenney, the government of Alberta has acquired North West Redwater Partnership's equity stake in the "over-budget and behind-schedule" $10-billion Sturgeon Refinery, a crude oil upgrader in Sturgeon County northeast of Edmonton, representing 50% of the $10-billion project, with the other 50% owned by Canadian Natural Resources. The province is now a co-owner with Canadian Natural Resources, which also owns 50% of the refinery. Ministry of Justice In February 2020, against the backdrop of anti-pipeline rail blockades, Teck Resources "withdrew its application to build the $20-billion Frontier oilsands mine in Alberta. In response, on February 25, Alberta Justice Minister Doug Schweitzer announced the tabling of the Critical Infrastructure Defence Act (Bill 1), which will "impose stiff new penalties for anyone who purposefully blocks critical infrastructure including railways and roadways." The Bill was in its 3rd reading in May 2020. By mid-June opposition to the legislation "continued to grow". This included an "online petition to withdraw the legislation" with 350,000 signatures. Some University of Calgary law professors critiqued Bill 1, saying that it violated freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, association, the "right to liberty, and the right to equality". On April 29, 2020, Minister Schweitzer "rescinded the appointments of seven public members" of the Provincial Court Nominating Committee (PCNC)—a committee that vets court judges in Alberta. Currently, Alberta's PCNC is composed of "eight government appointees and three ex-officio members". Schweitzer appointed Leighton Grey, Harvey Cenaiko, Pat Nelson, Christa Nicholson, and David Ross to a three-year term, to replace Mona Duckett, as well as Lise Gotell, Anne Wilson, Kanchana Fernando, and Linda Many Guns, who had been appointed by Kathleen Ganley, the former NDP justice minister, to diversify the PCNC, according to the CBC. Leighton Grey resigned from the PCNC in June 2020, after a CBC investigation revealed his "recent comparison of a future COVID-19 vaccine to Auschwitz tattoos and posting of a video that called Black Lives Matter a "leftist lie" controlled by a Jewish philanthropist." Minister Schweitzer defended Grey, saying that PCNC members were "not required to surrender their right to personal views". In a CBC interview, the chair of Alberta's Edmonton-based Criminal Trial Lawyers' Association raised concerns about the lack of "adequate background checks", and screening candidates for PCNC membership. Kaycee Madu, who was named as Minister of Justice and Solicitor General of Alberta on August 25, 2020, said in a statement in early October, that according to the Fair Deal Panel, Albertans want a provincial police to replace the RCMP. Madu added that the establishment of a provincial police force would also limit "Ottawa's reach into the province," which aligns with the UCP's "firewall" policy. In response to the recommendation of the Fair Deal Panel, the UCP administration hired the consulting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers, to undertake a C$2 million feasibility study of a potential transition towards a provincial police force. An October 2 statement issued by the RCMP's Deputy Commissioner Curtis Zablocki, in response to the study, said that Alberta has 4,500 RCMP employees who work in the province and "proudly call" Alberta their home. Kathleen Ganley, New Democratic Party (NDP) justice critic, acknowledged that while there were possible merits to the proposal, she was surprised by the timing, questioning why the UCP was "pushing ahead during a pandemic." The deficit is on track to reach a "record-setting $24-billion" and "public services are under strain". A Mount Royal University professor estimated that it would cost approximately C$110 million annually and that unlike the current system with the federal government paying 30%, the provincial government would be responsible for paying the expenses of a provincial police force as well as maintaining vehicles, building, and equipment. Energy minister Sonya Savage assumed Madu's position in an acting capacity in January 2022, during Madu's leave of absence. Premier Kenney placed Madu on leave from his cabinet position pending the conclusion of a probe into Madu's phone call to the Edmonton police chief regarding Madu's his 2021 traffic ticket. Ministry of Education In November 2019, the Calgary Board of Education (CBE) announced it would be cutting the positions of hundreds of teachers following the UCP 2019 cuts to the education funding in the UCP's fall budget, In response, Alberta's Education Minister Adriana LaGrange said she would launch an "independent financial audit" as well as a "governance review" of the CBE. LaGrange said that the CBE had used taxpayer dollars recklessly. She said that the "audit and governance review will give government a path forward on helping the CBE prioritize the classroom and find efficiencies elsewhere in its operations." In early December LaGrange "provided a "one-time exception" on the annual $15 million "maintenance renewal funding" to the Alberta Board of Education. This allows school boards to use the funds to reverse the layoffs of 317 temporary teachers. On June 13, 2020 Demetrios Nicolaides, Alberta's Advanced Education Minister, announced that McKinsey & Company—an American consulting firm headquartered in New York with an office in Calgary—has been commissioned to undertake a $3.7-million comprehensive review of the province's education system, including Alberta's "network of 26 institutions". Based on their findings, there could be "substantial changes starting in 2021". Ministry of Environment and Parks On March 3, 2020, the Minister of Environment and Parks Jason Nixon said that the province could not "continue to spend $86 million of Albertans' tax dollars" on the "province's parks, recreation areas and other protected areas"—areas that bring in only $36 million. An Alberta Parks March 5 statement entitled, "Optimizing Alberta Parks", listed changes that would come into effect in 2020 as part of a cost-saving initiative. The UCP government would "fully or partially close" "20 provincial parks" and was "planning to hand over 164 others to third-party managers". The Canadian Press said that this represents "more than one-third of all the province's parks, recreation areas and other protected areas." The statement included the possibly of selling Crown land. In response to concerns, Nixon said in a March 5 Calgary Herald interview, "We are not selling any Crown or public land — period." According to a March 17 Global News article, the province listed a 65-hectare plot of land east of Taber in a March 31 auction with a starting bid of $440,000. According to documents released under the freedom of information legislation at the end of July 2020, Minister Nixon had been advised by "his most senior staffers" that prior to closing parks, he should have at least "two rounds of consultation". Nixon's office and communications told staff that "there would be no public input for changes" he was "planning for Alberta parks." Ministry for Economic Development, Trade and Tourism By April 7, 2020, the Minister of Economic Development, Trade and Tourism Tanya Fir, said that the technology sector would be "a key part of diversifying Alberta's economy." Fir is reviewing recommendations in a report by an Innovation Capital Working Group, a working group of "tech sector, academic and business leaders" created by the province in December 2019, to "develop ways" to support and grow Alberta's tech sector. The UCP eliminated The Interactive Digital Media Tax Credit, the Capital Investment Tax Credit, and the Alberta Investor Tax Credit, which had provided a "30 per cent tax credit to investors who put money into specific industries such as clean technology and digital animation." Trent Johnsen, a veteran member of Alberta's tech sector, who has been involved with Innovate Calgary among others, said that Alberta was "betting exclusively on oil and gas. What is Alberta doing to become a successful player in the 21st century of the new economy?" Ministry of Finance The Boards and Commissions and Government Enterprises Act, which was part of the November 2019 UCP budget Bill 22, presented by Finance Minister, Travis Toews, Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) became the "investment manager of all public sector pensions". Bill 22 added the Alberta Teachers' Retirement Fund (ATRF) assets to other pension plans already managed by AIMCo. On January 4, 2021, Alberta Teachers' Retirement Fund (ATRF) was notified that Minister Toews had granted AIMCo veto power in negotiations towards an investment management agreement that began a year ago between the ATRF and AIMCo. In November 2019, Minister Toews said that AIMCo had "provided an annual return of 9.9% on Albertans' investments" in the decade ending in 2019. By April 2020, AIMCo was managing about "$119-billion on behalf of 375,000 members of provincial public retirement programs as well as public accounts such as the province's $18-billion Heritage Savings Trust Fund." According to an April 21, 2020 Globe and Mail article, AIMCo lost over $4-billion during the coronavirus pandemic, by investing in stocks that were dependent on a stable market. This represents over a "third of AIMCo's 2019 net investment income of $11.5-billion." On June 29, 2020 Premier Kenney and Minister Toews announced what Kenney called the "largest infrastructure build in Alberta history," representing spending of $10 billion on job-creating projects, including "health-care facilities, pipelines, schools, drug treatment centres" and more. Ministry of Health Termination of master agreement with AMA (February 20, 2020) On February 20, Tyler Shandro, Alberta's Minister of Health announced that he was ending the province's long-standing master agreement with Alberta's physicians. The new rules, which include "new fee rules on extended patient visits that doctors", came into effect on March 30. On April 9, the Alberta Medical Association (AMA) filed a lawsuit against the Ministry of Health citing the unilateral termination of the long-standing master agreement with the Alberta government, the "government's conduct during negotiations", and Bill 21 as "some of the reasons for filing the claim". At the time of the announcement, doctors were concerned that these rules would make it unsustainable for some clinic in rural Alberta to remain in practice. Shandro said that ending the master agreement was "difficult but necessary" because of the need to cut costs in the "$20.6-billion health system". According to a survey of 300 doctors in Alberta, by July, 44 rural communities would be "directly affected by recent government changes to the way physicians can bill for services". By April 21, Sundre, Stettler and Lac La Biche had "already been informed some of their doctors will be withdrawing emergency and obstetric services in hospitals." Although Minister Shandro first responded to concerns that doctors would leave rural Alberta, by promising to quickly replace them, by April 20, Shandro's press secretary acknowledged that rural communities "face long-standing challenges in recruiting and retaining physicians" and announced that they were "preparing to announce changes to support rural physicians very soon." Babylon In early March Minister Shandro announced an amendment to the billing code for doctors in the province, capping their fees at "$20 a call to provide COVID-19 telephone advice to patients." With physical distancing COVID-19 protocols in place, Alberta's physicians had been asking Minister Shandro to make it easier for them to provide care for their own patients virtually. On March 16, Minister Shandro announced that the provincial government had "signed an agreement" with Telus Health, "a new virtual health care support, called the TELUS Health Babylon app—a private initiative. At that time, Alberta doctors expressed shock and dismay that the UCP government had brought in Babylon, a private initiative by Telus Health. In a March 21 interview with Postmedia, Alberta Medical Association President, Christine Molnar, said "Physicians are under extreme strain. Not only have doctors had their master agreement terminated by the province and face changes to the way they are supported financially and can provide services but they also don't have a billing code implemented that allows them to provide virtual care in their offices...On top of all that, they are facing possible — actually, certain exposure directly to a deadly virus...Physicians are feeling devalued, disenfranchised and unsupported." On April 21, Alberta's Information and Privacy Commissioner, Jill Clayton, announced that her office was "launching two investigations" into the controversial Babylon app by Telus Health." Concerns about "privacy compliance" had emerged following the Commissioner's review of a May 2019 privacy impact assessments (PIA) submitted by Babylon Health Canada Limited and the second PIA submitted by a Calgary-area physician. Minister Shandro welcomed the review. The Telus Babylon app was launched before Minister Shandro even requested that Clayton review the app service to ensure the privacy of Albertans was respected. At the time of its launch, doctors providing virtual services through the Telus Babylon app were receiving higher payments that Alberta doctors. Bill 46 and Netcare In November 2020, Minister Shandro introduced Bill 46, an omnibus bill that amends the Health Information Act, among other legislation. Bill 46 would put his office in charge of Netcare access. Concerns were raised about increasing the number of people who have access to Netcare—the electronic health records of all Albertans. In November, when Minister Shandro again neglected to consult the Office of the Privacy Commissioner before introducing major changes through added to the Health Information Act, Clayton, who oversees the Act, expressed "shock" to learn of the proposed clauses to the Act only on the morning that the changes were made public. Minister of Labour and Immigration In May 2019, the UCP government created a two-tier minimum wage which allowed businesses to pay teen students $13 an hour starting on June 26, 2019, which Kenney had promised in March as part of his election campaign. In response to a UCP campaign pledge that questioned the hike in the minimum wage from "$10.20 in 2015 to $15 in 2018" under the NDP government, the Minister of Labour and Immigration, Jason Copping created a 9-person panel led by Joseph Marchand, a University of Alberta economist, to review minimum wage in August 2019. Critics questioned the number of panelists from industries that would benefit from having a lower minimum wage, and the presence of one waiter on the panel who was related to one of the restaurant owner panelists. Minister of Community and Social Services (CSS) According to a September 12 Calgary Herald based on a Postmedia report, a senior source within the CSS department—who spoke on the "condition of anonymity"—confirmed that there was a "push to potentially make some cuts” to Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH), that 69,785 depend on. The source said that the cuts would "not be minor"—they would be "significant." In response to the report, on the afternoon of September 11, 2020, Rajan Sawhney, Minister of Community and Social Services, posted a statement on her Facebook account, saying that "there have been no changes to program eligibility, benefits, or program funding" to the AISH program. The next morning, September 12, 2020, on Facebook, she addressed "those of you who have had a sleepless night, due to the stress of yesterday’s news", saying "let me provide you with some reassurance... let me state definitively that there will be no cuts to AISH financial benefits." The UCP's decision to de-index AISH benefits announced in the 2019 budget was poorly received in October 2019. Infrastructure On June 1, 2020 Prime Minister Trudeau announced that the federal government will advance the 2020-21 federal Gas Tax Fund in a single payment of $2.2 billion in June to "3,600 communities across Canada", instead of spreading the payment over the year, to help cities "cover COVID-19-prompted budget shortfalls." Alberta municipalities responded that this is not enough, and they wrote to Premier Kenney "asking the province to work with Ottawa to find emergency funding." On June 19, Premier Kenney and Transportation Minister Ric McIver announced that the province will "spend another $200 million on municipal infrastructure projects", earmarked for "local transportation infrastructure and waterworks projects." It is anticipated that this will create "thousands of jobs". Technical and Corporate Services Issues Manager The Kenney administration created a new position entitled issues manager, reporting to the Assistant Deputy Minister (ADM) of Technical and Corporate Services. The issues manager identifies and manages both "strategic and operational issues" based on the UCP's "policies, procedures and processes". In August 2019, Premier Kenney hired Matt Wolf as issues manager, a position he had held during the premiership of then Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper. Wolf had previously worked for the UCP as chief of staff. Wolf also worked in the private sector for Sun News Network from 2011 to 2015. Matt was implicated in the so-called 2017 "kamikaze" campaign against Brian Jean but has denied any wrongdoing. In March 2019, just prior to the provincial election, the Edmonton Journal had revealed internal emails that showed collaboration between Wolf and Jeff Callaway's campaign, through Cameron Davies, Callaway's co-campaign manager. The leaked documents included regular communication between Davies and Wolf discussing "ads and memes, research, timelines of ad drops, strategy tips" "talking points", "speaking notes, message planning, graphics and videos". Lorne Gibson, then Alberta's elections commissioner, had investigated Callaway's campaign in which he had allegedly served as a "kamikaze" candidate for Kenney. By November 2019, just after Gibson had handed out 15 fines against 15 people totalling C$207,223, which included a C$15,000 levied against Davies, Gibson's position as commissioner was eliminated by the UCP administration. The RCMP has continued its investigation. In April 2020, Kenney and other UCP members were cleared in an ethics probe. The Ethics commissioner wrote in her report that "it appears Matt Wolf, a senior staff member in the premier's office, may have been involved in some "questionable political shenanigans" but said there is no evidence to suggest the premier knew about them." By October 28, 2020, the 2017 UCP leadership race was still under investigation by Alberta's election commissioner and the RCMP. Office of the Ethics Commissioner Ethics Commissioner, Marguerite Trussler, cleared Premier Kenney and UCP staff in a conflict of interest investigation against Premier Kenney, Doug Schweitzer, Jason Nixon and others, over the firing of Lorne Gibson, Alberta's election commissioner in November. Response to COVID-19 pandemic In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, Premier Kenney declared a state of emergency on March 17, which gives the province or the provincial health authority the right to "acquire or use property, require a qualified person to help out, authorize the conscription of people needed or authorize the entry into buildings or onto land without a warrant" under the Public Health Act. Although the order may lapse after 30 days, it can be renewed. Ontario and British Columbia also declared a state of emergency as the number of cases increased. By March 17, there were 23 new cases representing the "largest day-over-day increase yet in the province" resulting in total of 97 people in Alberta with the virus. Confirmed cases across the province include 20 in the Calgary zone, 20 in the Edmonton zone, 3 in the Central zone, 1 in the South zone, and 3 in the North zone. Premier Kenney set out the UCP government's COVID-19 strategy to Albertans in his April 7 address from the Cabinet room in the Legislature—"Protecting lives and livelihoods". In a call for unity, he cited former American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the architect of 1933 New Deal: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm courage of (our) unity." He cited Preston Manning, "In a fierce prairie storm, he said, cattle often get spooked, turn tail, and try to run from it, getting separated and lost. But the buffalo, which Indigenous people have always revered as a symbol of life on the prairies, herd closely together and face the storm head on, coming out of it strong and united." On July 21, 2020, Education Minister, Adriana LaGrange and Premier Kenney announced that schools "will open in September at near-normal operations with protections in place to limit the spread of the virus, including extra cleaning, hand sanitization and reorganizing classrooms to allow for more space." On July 24, 2020 Premier Kenney retweeted that he found Danielle Smith's Calgary Herald opinion piece entitled "Let's get kids back to class and protect those really at risk", an interesting perspective. In a November 10, 2020 podcast interview with Cory Morgan, Premier Kenney said that in terms of stringency of response to the pandemic, if Sweden is 1 on 10 and Australia is 10, Alberta is 3, which is the "sweet spot". Premier Kenney went into isolation on November 12 after coming into contact with someone who tested positive. In a November 15 interview and in the Morgan podcast, Kenney described his approach as one informed by responsible freedom. A November 23 article in the Star headlined with "Where is Jason Kenney", as critics said he had not been seen for two weeks, when the number of COVID-19 cases in Alberta exceeded that of any other province. On November 22, the daily number of cases in Alberta was higher than in Ontario, even though Ontario's population is three times greater than Alberta's. On November 25, 2020, Kenney declared a state of public health emergency, and introduced new "targeted restrictions" which included online classes for high schools. Alberta was the only province to not issue a mandatory province-wide face-covering. Kenney said that he did not "want to create a backlash" by mandating masks in rural Alberta, where there are fewer cases of COVID-19. Kenney said he had been cautioned against it by a rural MLA who said that, while many of his constituents have begun to wear masks, they would take the masks off the "moment the government tells them to wear it." On December 8, with 1,727 new cases, a new record of 20,388 active cases, with 654 people hospitalized and 112 in intensive care units, and a total of 640 Covid-related deaths, Premier Kenney imposed new and more stringent COVID-19 restrictions. The premier rejected criticism that his failure to act more forcefully had resulted in unnecessary deaths. He dismissed these comments as "Alberta bashing." On June 18, 2021, Kenney announced his Open for Summer plan, which was conditional on having 70% of eligible Albertans receiving their first vaccination. Alberta became the first province to enact a major shift in its approach to COVID-19, which Shandro described as an "inevitable next step" that other provinces would soon follow. By the end of July, 65% of Albertans had received their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and 95% of all new COVID-19 cases were concentrated in the unvaccinated. On July 28, Hinshaw announced that Alberta Health was downgrading the risk from pandemic to endemic, treating COVID-19 like other respiratory viruses. She announced the scaling back of isolation requirements, asymptomatic testing and most contact tracing. Kenney was on vacation for 23 days from August 9 through September 2 in order to avoid "burn-out". During that period, the fourth wave of the pandemic caused a "worsening health crisis" in the province and overwhelmed front-line health workers, who were themselves "burning out". Nurses were being called back from vacations and Alberta Health Services was "mandat[ing] them to work overtime. On September 15, 2021, with the number of COVID-related deaths at one per hour, Kenney declared a public health emergency in Alberta, and announced new COVID-related restrictions and measures, including a vaccine passport. During the previous week, there were more than 10,000 active COVID-19 cases in Alberta which was "more than Ontario and Quebec combined." On September 15, which was then the "deadliest day" of the province's fourth wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi said that, "I have (worked with) six premiers, two prime ministers, I've worked with dozens of big city mayors — some of whom were embroiled in scandal and lots of trouble — and I have never seen a government this incompetent." Nonessential Trips Abroad Controversy Controversy erupted in Kenney's premiership when over the Christmas holidays in 2020, his Chief of Staff, Municipal Affairs Minister, and five other MLA's travelled abroad during the holidays contrary to their own government's public health warnings of non-essential travel. By January 2, 2021, the issue "became a big story in Canada", according to the Washington Post. Premier Kenney, at first, decided that those concerned would not be punished unlike Ontario's finance minister Rod Phillips who immediately resigned, when his weeks-long trip to the St. Barts, a luxury destination in the Caribbean, was revealed by the media, along with his dated social media posts implying that he was still in Canada. Kenney claimed personal responsibility saying he had not been clear enough in the guidelines. Jamie Huckabay, Kenney's chief of staff's UK Christmas vacation, as well as that of MLA for Grande Prairie, Tracy Allard, who as Alberta's Municipal Affairs Minister is also responsible for emergency preparedness, and therefore ultimately for the rollout of the vaccine. Allard left for Hawaii on December 19. By Monday, January 4th, Kenney changed his position amid public outcry, and announced the resignations and loss of position, of Tracy Allard, who resigned as municipal affairs minister; Jeremy Nixon, who resigned as a parliamentary secretary; Jason Stephan, who resigned from the Treasury Board; Tanya Fir, Pat Rehn, and Tany Yao who lost their roles on legislative committees. No provincial government more than Alberta during the pandemic has seen so many caucus members leave the country during December, regardless of pandemic health warnings. The Leger report placed Kenney's approval rate for handling of the pandemic as the lowest in Canada, at 30%. Public Sector Compensation Transparency Act On November 27, 2019, the Alberta government published the "political staff salaries and contracts" as required by the Public Sector Compensation Transparency Act, also known as the "Sunshine List". According to their website, most of the salaries fall below the disclosure threshold, which was $111,395 in 2019. Medicine Hat News reported that 14 of Kenney's political staff salaries were above the threshold—2 were over $224,000, four were about $200,000, and the rest were more than $114,000. The total is over $2.9 million. Kenney had cut his own annual salary in 2019 to about $186,000. The Alberta director for the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, Franco Terrazzano, called these salaries "eye-popping." Responses to Kenney's premiership A March 3 CBC article listed the reasons for Kenney's drop in the polls to 47% in March 2020 approving his overall performance from 60% in September 2019. In the March polls, 46% of Albertan's approved of Notley's performance. This included the blockades as well as the UCP's "aggressive approach to bolster the province's oil and gas sector and balance the budget through cuts". Other controversial actions taken by the UCP include, "cutting funding for post-secondary institutions while lifting the tuition cap"; "reducing funding to municipalities; "imposing unilateral changes to the way doctors bill the province; making clear it wants freezes or cuts to government employees' pay when collective agreements come up for negotiation this spring; spending $30 million per year on a war room now called the Canadian Energy Centre; making its first bill of the new sitting one that targets those who disrupt critical infrastructure with severe penalties; and "fully or partially closing 20 provincial parks and seeking "partnerships" for 164 more." Polling results Approval of Kenney's and UCP performance In September 2019, with a 60% approval rating, Kenney was one of the top-three most-popular premiers in Canada with only Premier Moe of Saskatchewan and Quebec's François Legault winning higher approval ratings by a small margin. and 60% in September 2019.According to an Angus Reid Institute poll undertaken in June 2021, only about 31% of respondents approved of Kenney's track record. Earlier Angus Reid polling reports said that, "Albertans have grown increasingly critical" of Premier Kenney and the UCP "government’s response to the coronavirus, and the province’s finances are in historically poor shape with oil revenues plummeting and pandemic-related economic shocks persisting." The June 2021 report said that "both sides" of Alberta's "political spectrum" have been angered by Kenney's response to the pandemic; they are critical of his approach to pandemic-related restrictions. According to a ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc. poll released on December 16, 2019, Albertans who disapprove of the performance of the UCP government were in the majority at 53%, which reflects a "considerable slide in public approval" since October. Of the respondents who voted for the UCP in spring, 21% disapproved of Kenney by December 16. In ThinkHQ's poll the opposition to the UCP was "considerably more intense than support"—38% said they strongly disapproved with only 16% strong approving. Reasons for the slide in popularity by December 2019, included growing concerns about both employment and the economy with "many voters" concerned with the "unexpected consequences related to budget-tightening by the new Kenney government." Voter intent According to a June 2021 Angus Reid Institute poll, only 30% of respondents reported that they would vote for the UCP in the 2023 election, 41% would vote for the NDP, and 20% for the Wildrose Independence Party. A January 6–7, 2021 Mainstreet Research survey on voting intentions showed the UCP in a "sharp decline"—41% said they would vote for the NDP, 26% for the UCP, and 9% for the Wildrose Party with 16% undecided. A May 2020 poll had found that 56% of those polled did not want Kenney as Premier. Kenney's s disapproval rating with the highest of all the regions polled. However, at that time, in spite of a "drop in his approval numbers", 46% of Albertans, polled in May 2020 by CBC News-Road Ahead, had said they would "vote for Jason Kenney's UCP.". According to Mount Royal University political science professor, Duane Bratt, Kenney's poll numbers reflect the UCP's "clash with doctors over pay" during the pandemic. A CBC News-Road Ahead survey led by Pollster Janet Brown completed by June 1, 2020, found that most Albertans approved the federal, provincial and municipal governments' responses to the pandemic. Seventy per cent of Albertans approved the provincial government's response and 62% approved of the federal government's response. Approval of handling of the pandemic In May 2021, Alberta had the "worst COVID-19 outbreak in North America", for which UCP critics laid the blame on the Alberta government's "relatively relaxed approach to restrictions". By late December, 2020, Kenney's approval rate among Albertans for handling of the pandemic was already the lowest in Canada, at 30%. By late November 2020, pollsters said that Kenney's UCP government was criticized by those who want more restrictions to bend the curve in response to the record high number of cases of the coronavirus. Criticisms of Kenney's response to COVID-19 included the controversial June 1 dinner party Kenney hosted at the Sky Palace with Nixon, Toews, Shandro and a staff member in which photographic evidence showed they were breaking "his own government’s COVID-19 public health rules". Kenney apologized and "admitted that he has tried to observe the rules throughout this difficult period but has not 'always done that perfectly'." Leadership review and call for resignation On September 17, 2021, Joel Mullan, UCP Vice President of policy, said the future of the UCP party was at stake as he called on the board to meet to consider initiating an early leadership review of Premier Kenny. According to a September 21 Western Standard article, Mullan called on Kenney to resign as immediately as leader of the party he had founded 4 years ago in response to concerns raised by the UCP membership "over the last several months". Mullen said that Kenney had "painted himself into a corner on several occasions" and had failed to offer a  "measured approach with communications." The Toronto Star reported that Alberta's health-care system had "buckle[d] under the pressure" of a poorly handled COVID-19 crisis and Kenney had been criticized by "all parts of the political spectrum". Kenney will face this leadership review on 9th April 2022 in Red Deer at an UCP SGM. Notes See also 30th Alberta Legislature Alberta Energy Regulator Alberta Geological Survey Alberta Health Services Alberta Human Rights Commission Alberta Municipal Government Board Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority Alberta Parks Economy of Alberta References External links Premier of Alberta Official Site Premiers of Alberta Premierships Politics of Alberta Alberta Legislature Alberta provincial legislation 2019 in Alberta

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal%20of%20Robert%20Rialmo

Dismissal of Robert Rialmo

The Chicago Police Board voted on October 17, 2019 to dismiss Chicago Police (CPD) Officer Robert Rialmo who fatally shot Quintonio LeGrier and neighbor Bettie Jones on December 26, 2015 while answering a 911 domestic violence call at the LeGrier residence in Chicago. The dismissal capped a "chaotic finish to a high-profile trial" where a judge first announced that the jury found Rialmo unjustified in his shooting of LeGrier, but erased the verdict promptly, after declaring that the jury found Rialmo feared for his life when he shot LeGrier. Overview Officer Rialmo, who confronted 19-year-old LeGrier brandishing a baseball bat, shot LeGrier after he had swung the bat at Rialmo twice. Unbeknownst to the responding police officers, LeGrier had a history of behavioral issues and had previous episodes with law enforcement. Additionally, one of Rialmo's bullets struck and killed a neighbor, 55-year-old Jones, which had been intended for LeGrier. Attorneys for the City of Chicago initially argued against Rialmo, contending he could have employed an alternative method of force. However, Rialmo was unequipped with a Taser on December 26, 2015. The Cook County State's Attorney's Office reviewed the incident and concluded that there wasn't any evidence to charge Officer Rialmo, stating that he had acted within boundaries and standards set forth by CPD and State of Illinois police conduct. This led to LeGrier's family filing a lawsuit in civil court for wrongful death, but the 2018 verdict had also found Rialmo's shooting justified, ruling that Rialmo had reacted out of reasonable fear when confronted by LeGrier who was swinging a baseball bat at him. A judge presiding over the wrongful death lawsuit against the City of Chicago and CPD Officer Robert Rialmo for the fatal shooting of Quintonio LeGrier in 2015 reversed a jury finding in favor of the teen's family. The jury's decision of justifiable homicide was unanimously supported by Chicago's Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson and Chicago's Fraternal Order of Police. Rialmo countered with his own lawsuit of “emotional pain inflicted as a result of the shooting.” Neither Rialmo nor the LeGrier family received any compensation from their respective lawsuits; the family of Bettie Jones received $16 million. Controversy arose when the Chicago Police Board and its fledgling independent civilian arm, the Civilian Office of Police Accountability (COPA), was found to have hired an outside expert on the judicial use of force to investigate the shooting. It also was uncovered that COPA hid the report after their third party expert found the Rialmo shooting to be justified, overriding COPA's initial report of wrongdoing. CPD Superintendent Eddie Johnson objected to COPA's concealment of their expert's discrepant findings. Johnson further affirmed that the shooting was lawful and in-policy, reiterating his earlier decision of defending Officer Rialmo. However, his objections were disregarded and a disciplinary case was sent to the Chicago Police Board nonetheless. Eventually, the controversy culminated in Superintendent Eddie Johnson's reversal of his original decision and stated that Rialmo was unjustified in the shooting of LeGrier and Jones, which contradicted his early defense of Rialmo calling the shooting justified. The Chicago Police Accountability Task Force (CPATF) called for by Mayor Rahm Emmanuel to investigate the shooting of Laquan McDonald and headed by the present Mayor of Chicago Lori Lightfoot, recommended Officer Rialmo be fired in December 2017. After months of controversy, investigations, and flip-flops, Rialmo was dismissed from the Chicago Police Department in October 2019. Profile Quintonio LeGrier Quintonio LeGrier was 19 years old, born on Chicago's South Side and raised by a foster mother from the age of five. On the morning of December 26, 2015, he argued with his biological father and mother concerning his withdrawal from Northern Illinois University where he was a student in its College of Engineering in DeKalb, Illinois. LeGrier had been arrested by the DeKalb Police Department on five different occasions. On January 15, 2015 and March 1, 2015, he was charged with resisting arrest, obstruction and attempting to disarm an officer. The following day, March 2, 2015, he was arrested and recharged with obstruction. On May 6, 2015, LeGrier was arrested a fourth time and charged with aggravated battery. He was arrested a fifth time, September 22, 2015, and charged with disorderly conduct, assault, and resisting/obstructing an officer. LeGrier had a history of behavioral issues and “on more than one occasion sought medical help for his erratic behavior.” CPD Officer Robert Rialmo Robert Rialmo was born and raised on Chicago's North Side. He joined the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and was deployed for one tour of duty in Afghanistan. After serving four years, he was honorably discharged from the USMC and joined the Chicago Police Department. Prior to the instigating event for his dismissal, he had ten documented use of force incidents and one complaint of neglect of duty, later deemed to be unfounded. In November 2017 he was suspended for 11 days for an unknown violation. Timeline of Events 911 Call On December 26, 2015 at approximately 4:28 AM, Chicago Police Officer Robert Rialmo and his partner, Anthony LaPalermo, working in the Austin CPD district, were dispatched to 4710 W. Erie, in the Garfield Park neighborhood, responding to four separate 911 calls requesting “urgent police assistance.” The first three of the four 911 calls were made by Quintonio LeGrier, during which he told the dispatcher that someone was threatening his life and requested police assistance. Shortly after, Antonio LeGrier, Quintonio LeGrier's father, called 911. He told the 911 dispatcher that his son was armed with a baseball bat and was trying to break down his bedroom door. Neither the son, Quintonio LeGrier, nor his father, Antonio LeGrier, offered additional details, such as requesting a crisis healthcare worker. Based on the information provided by the 911 calls, the 911 dispatchers, and then relayed data to the responding officers, none were aware that Quintonio LeGrier suffered from “behavioral issues and that he also had prior contact with law enforcement in which he demonstrated erratic behavior.” LeGrier's prior conduct and behavioral issues would “likely be admissible in any criminal proceeding against the officers as corroborative evidence of witness statements describing LeGrier’s behavior that morning, which were described as threatening and erratic." Police response On the morning of December 26, 2015, CPD Officers Rialmo and LaPalermo approached his father's residence at 4710 W. Erie in Chicago. Rialmo went to the front door with his partner, who was behind him and rang the doorbell. The neighbor, Bettie Jones, opened the front door for Officer Rialmo. Following this, “Quintonio LeGrier was heard opening the upstairs apartment door and running down the stairs toward the front landing, then opened the door and stepped between Rialmo and Jones brandishing an aluminum baseball bat.” As the officers began to move back, LeGrier “moved towards them with the aluminum baseball bat raised in both hands above his head." Rialmo and his partner retreated down the stairs while maintaining visual contact on LeGrier, but LeGrier kept advanced in a threatening manner and “swinging the bat.” As the officers retreated down the stairs, LaPalermo tapped Rialmo on his back and shouted: “Look out!” LeGrier “continued to charge the officers” Rialmo drew his service weapon (9mm Luger) and “fired eight times towards LeGrier." LeGrier was shot at least six times and fell across the threshold of Jones’ apartment door. The fifty-five-years-old Jones was also shot once in the chest from a bullet intended for LeGrier and died. She fell to the floor, near the entrance of her first floor apartment. Aftermath Cook County State's Attorney Facing an outcry from the community regarding another Chicago Police Department-related shooting of a young African-American man, Laquan McDonald, Chicago's Mayor Rahm Emmanuel requested answers from the CPD. The Cook County State's Attorney sought criminal charges against Rialmo, but could not find any reason for prosecuting him. “A criminal prosecution for first or second-degree murder would require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Rialmo was not legally justified in using deadly force against LeGrier." In other words, a judge or jury would “need to determine and establish that Officer Rialmo did not reasonably believe he, or his partner LaPalermo, were in imminent danger of great bodily harm from LeGrier.” Evidence confirmed that LeGrier was armed with a weapon when the officers responded to a 911 call and that LeGrier was brandishing a weapon in a threatening manner while charging the officers. Under Illinois law, "a baseball bat is considered a deadly weapon." The evidence was insufficient to endorse the prosecution of Officer Rialmo beyond a reasonable doubt that he was not legally justified in shooting LeGrier. In addition, it does not support a prosecution for the death of Bettie Jones, which under Illinois law states that an individual acting in self-defense and kills a bystander accidentally is not criminally liable for the bystander's death. (People v. Getter, 2015 IL App (1st) 121307). Therefore, if Rialmo was legally justified in using deadly force against LeGrier, he could not be criminally charged with the death of Bettie Jones applying the “same legal analysis as the shooting of LeGrier.” Additionally, the Cook County State's Attorney could not establish the fact beyond a reasonable doubt that Officer Rialmo engaged in any criminal conduct when he fired his weapon causing the deaths of both LeGrier and Jones and announced that Officer Rialmo acted in self-defense out of fear of being killed. Wrongful Death Civil Action Three days after the shooting, a civil action was filed by the LeGrier Family on December 28, 2015 by attorney Bill Foutris for wrongful death. The trial lasted up until June 26, 2018. Experts hired by the City of Chicago testified that Rialmo had followed proper procedures. Defense attorneys Brian Gainer and Joel Brodsky called an expert witness, Emanuel Kapelsohn, who had been hired by the city to review the case. In his testimony, he said Officer Rialmo's use of deadly force was "in line with police standards." He also told jurors that LeGrier posed a threat since he was swinging a deadly weapon as he walked toward Rialmo, and called attention to “LeGrier's father, who had locked himself in his bedroom and called the police to control his son.” The LeGriers could not corroborate that they claimed Rialmo retreated several feet off the front porch and was in no immediate physical danger since they were locked in their bedroom and could not have witnessed the shooting. Kapelsohn said that officers are trained to shoot in the chest, and as many times as necessary to remove any threats which in this case was fear of losing his life. Contentions that bullet casings found by the sidewalk confirmed Rialmo's distance from LeGrier, nullifying Rialmo's claim that he was in imminent danger, were discounted by the defense and Kapelohn since numerous paramedics and other CPD officers arriving at the scene could have inadvertently kicked them while attempting to administer emergency aid to LeGrier and Jones. Additionally, the defense contended that the normal ejection of bullet casings from Rialmo's pistol would have placed the casings away from Rialmo's position and by the sidewalk as he shot LeGrier. A judgment in favor of the defendants, Robert Rialmo and the City of Chicago, was reached on June 26, 2018. Rialmo was found not guilty of wrongful death and the City of Chicago was also exonerated. A new trial was subsequently denied. The appellate court mandate for an appeal was dismissed on August 2, 2018. Counterclaim by Rialmo A lawsuit was filed by Robert Rialmo's attorney, Joel Brodsky, on February 5, 2016. Rialmo claimed in the countersuit that he had been assaulted and afflicted with emotional distress as a result of the shooting. He asked for more than $10 million from LeGrier's estate for emotional damage. “LeGrier knew his actions toward Officer Rialmo were extreme and outrageous, and that his conduct was atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community,” the complaint states. It stated that by “forcing Officer Rialmo to end LeGrier’s life and Jones’s innocent life caused him to suffer extreme emotional trauma.” Judge Reverses Award to the LeGrier Family Judge Rena Marie Van Tine first announced that jurors had sided in favor of Quintonio LeGrier's parents who sued the City of Chicago and Officer Rialmo and awarded them $1.05 million in damages. But seconds later, Judge Van Tine revealed that the jurors had also signed a specific interrogatory, which is a clear and definitive question to a jury. The jury unanimously found that Rialmo fired because LeGrier posed grave danger of death or bodily harm to himself or his partner. Therefore, the judge said that the answer to that specific question overrode the verdict. Cook County initially awarded $1.05 million to LeGrier's parents, Janet Cooksey and Antonio LeGrier. The family had sued for $25 million. However, Judge Rena Marie Van Tine reversed the decision after learning that the jury found Rialmo had feared for his life when responding to the 911 call in the special interrogatory. The judicial decision meant that the family would not receive the predetermined award of $1.05 million. Jurors specifically signed an interrogatory finding that Rialmo fired from reasonable fear of death. Judge Van Tine ruled that the interrogatory outweighed any prior decision in favor of LeGrier's estate, and instead, found in favor of Rialmo. The jury also found in Rialmo's favor concerning his lawsuit filed against the LeGrier estate for infliction of emotional distress. However, the jury did not award Rialmo any monetary award. Jury foreman, David Fitzsimmons, said that the jurors "didn’t believe Rialmo was a bad person, [but] he made a bad decision at that split moment.” Rialmo's defense attorney, Joel Brodsky, said that the strained relationship LeGrier's parents had with their son factored into the jury's decision not to award any money for pain and suffering since LeGrier was raised by a legal guardian until he turned eighteen-years-old. Rialmo was quoted as saying, "I will always regret that I was forced to end the lives of two people. Even being justified does not change the fact that it was a tragedy for everyone, including the people of Chicago, whom I only wanted to [serve] and protect." Bettie Jones Settlement On January 4, 2016, a civil action was filed by Latarsha Jones on behalf of Bettie Jones, by Chicago attorneys Power, Roger & Smith for wrongful death, which lasted until September 5, 2018. The City of Chicago reached a settlement to pay $16 million to the family of Bettie Jones, the innocent bystander who opened the door for CPD Officer Rialmo the morning of December 26, 2015 and was accidentally killed. CPD Superintendent defends Rialmo CPD Superintendent Eddie Johnson defended his earlier approval that Rialmo's decision was justified, even though it was in disagreement with Mayor Emanuel's newly appointed Civilian Office of Police Accountability (COPA). Johnson maintained his defense of Rialmo while stating that although the double shooting was a tragedy, he maintained his support of Rialmo over fatal shootings. In December 2017, COPA recommended Rialmo be fired, asserting that their investigators found no evidence to support Rialmo's claim that the shooting was justified. But in March 2018, Johnson rejected COPA's assertions and maintained that Rialmo's shooting was justified and within department policy. “An investigation should not second-guess an officer’s decisions by suggesting how COPA itself would have resolved the incident. Instead, an investigation must address the question of whether the officer, while making split-second decisions in tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving circumstances, acted like any other reasonable CPD member on the scene would have done,” Johnson wrote in a letter responding to COPA's findings. Rialmo's disciplinary hearing by Chicago Police Board The impasse between CPD Superintendent Eddie Johnson continued in March 2018. Both COPA and Johnson could not reach an agreement over any disciplinary action, if any, should be taken against Rialmo. The disagreement meant that a single member of the Chicago Police Board could act as a tie-breaker to decide whether or not the full board would hear a case against Rialmo or not, even though Rialmo was acquitted of wrongful death and had acted in fear of being killed earlier. Chicago Police Board member Eva-Nina Delgado voted to move Rialmo's case forward on April 19, 2018. Since this single member of the Chicago Police Board sided with COPA, Rialmo would face disciplinary action by the Chicago Police Board and its eight other mayoral-appointed members. CPD Superintendent Assails Rialmo Seven months later, on November 7, 2018, Eddie Johnson eventually filed disciplinary charges with the Chicago Police Board and recommended that Rialmo be fired over Jones’ death. Vice President Martin Preib of Chicago's Fraternal Order of Police criticised Johnsons’ volte-face as: “It was our understanding that the superintendent has determined this shooting was justified. The Fraternal Order of Police would be sorely disappointed if the leadership of the department has changed that decision.” The charges filed by Johnson include: 1) accusing Rialmo of disobeying an order, 2) inattention to duty, 3) bringing discredit on the department, and 4) unlawful use of a weapon for fatally shooting Jones and inattention to duty, and incompetence, for improperly firing his weapon into a home occupied by a person who would be at risk of injury or death, and 5) incompetence for failing to re-qualify to carry a Taser. CPD Officer Rialmo Dismissed The CPD’s Eddie Johnson, who supported Rialmo for months, now reinforced the Chicago Police Board's decision to terminate Rialmo. After relentless investigations, Eddie Johnson also embraced the decision by the Chicago Police Board, voting unanimously on October 17, 2019 to dismiss Officer Robert Rialmo over the 2015 shootings. The board contended that it was a matter of dispute as to what happened when Rialmo arrived at the LeGrier home. LeGrier’s family claims Rialmo retreated several feet off the front porch and was in no immediate physical danger, but the LeGriers were behind a barricaded bedroom door and could not corroborate their earlier statements. Rialmo continued to claims that LeGrier swung the bat within inches of his head. Experts who offered their opinions contradicted one another. The superintendent eventually backed the Rialmo ruling by the Chicago Police Board. Impact Mayor Emanuel Retires The shooting of Quintonio LeGrier and Bettie Jones came on the heels of the Laquan McDonald shooting, which not only furthered the dismissal of Chicago Police Officer Robert Rialmo, but the demise of the mayor of Chicago, Rahm Emanuel. The shakeup from the prior high-profile Laquan McDonald shooting ended in the firing of Garry McCarthy as superintendent of police, the establishment of the CPATF, and the ousting of Anita Alvarez as State's Attorney. The shooting of Quintonio LeGrier and Bettie Jones occurred prior to the step-down of Mayor Rahm Emanuel and his decision not to seek re-election for Mayor of Chicago. On December 28, 2015, Emanuel announced that he was cutting short his Cuban vacation to "deal with the crisis." Since Officer Rialmo had testified that his Taser licensing was out-of-date and therefore was not armed with a Taser on the night of the LeGrier shooting, Emanuel announced several major changes to the Chicago police department on December 30, 2015, such as "doubling the number of Tasers issued to officers." Continued press assaults on Emanuel, such as the use of body-cams and the uncovering of hidden emails from the McDonald shooting, only served to fuel the media. The New Yorker's article on Emanuel only added to the already negative national media attention surrounding the mayor. More importantly, Emanuel's public opinion polls regarding his popularity in Chicago fell. Emanuel's decision not to seek re-election followed. The CPATF continues to augment the already recommended establishment of a smart 911 system for emergency responders, allowing residents to pre-enter information on mental health or other behavioral issues and to expand the crisis intervention team for CPD and other first responders. Additionally, the CPATF released a statement saying it “respects the Chicago Police Board's decision to terminate Mr. Robert Rialmo following its objective and thorough investigation into the 2015 officer-involved shooting resulting in the deaths of Quintonio LeGrier and Bettie Jones.” Dismissal of Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson On October 17, 2019, the same night as the Rialmo dismissal and after addressing the media, Eddie Johnson was found slumped over the steering wheel of his car by CPD. Johnson explained that he was out with a group of friends for dinner and admitted that he passed out in his vehicle with the engine running. Although Johnson has had health troubles during his nearly four years as superintendent, which included a kidney transplant by his son, a CPD officer, he was not concerned about an investigation into the incident by the city inspector general's office. The responding CPD officers allowed Johnson to drive home on his own volition without a field sobriety test, inciting controversy of usurping proper police protocol, which Johnson had accused Rialmo of doing the night of the LeGrier/Jones shooting. Johnson later admitted to Mayor Lori Lightfoot he had been drinking alcohol before he fell asleep at the wheel of his city-owned SUV. A week later, Johnson boycotted President Trump's speech at the International Association of Chiefs of Police conference in Chicago on October 27, 2019. Trump called Johnson's values and his absence a "disgrace." Johnson said he would not attend the conference "while racial insults and hatred are cast from the Oval Office." Johnson conceded that the past four years had been "trying" and planned to call a news conference for his timely departure from the CPD. On November 7, 2019, Johnson called a news conference announcing his retirement, and said it was “time for someone else to pin these four stars to their shoulders.” Johnson hoped to remain at his post until the end of 2019. Retired Los Angeles police Chief Charlie Beck was appointed as Chicago's interim police superintendent by Mayor Lori Lightfoot as the successor to Eddie Johnson. On December 2, 2019, Superintendent Johnson was unexpectedly dismissed two weeks before he was ready to retire, ending a tumultuous term as chief of the CPD. Mayor Lightfoot said that "Eddie Johnson intentionally misled me." References 2015 in Illinois 2010s in Chicago African-American-related controversies Chicago Police Department December 2015 events in the United States

62294193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Crowley

Timothy Crowley

Timothy Crowley (31 July 1847 – 19 October 1921) was an Irish revolutionary who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). He was involved in the Fenian Rising of 1867, and was the secretary of the IRB in Hospital, County Limerick. He was the patriarch of the prominent Irish republican Crowley family of Ballylanders, and the father of the longest hunger strikers in history, John Crowley and Peter Crowley, and the Fianna Fáil Politician Tadhg Crowley. Early life Timothy Crowley was born in late July, 1847, in the small village of Elton, County Limerick. He was the eldest son and second child of James Crowley and Bridget Dwyer, and was baptised on 31 July 1847 in the parish of Knockainey, with Thomas and Bridget Dwyer as his sponsors. His father was a herdsman employed by George Gubbins, Esquire, who allowed the Crowleys to live on a small one-acre holding in a small, thatched cottage. Elton's population was reduced by over 100 people during the Great Famine, with Timothy having been born in its worst year, known as "Black '47". Two of his younger sisters, Mary and Margaret, were among the dead. Fenian activities In the mid-1860s, while still a teenager, Crowley joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood. In 1867, he fought in the Fenian Rising, taking part in the botched storming of the constabulary barracks in Kilmallock. While he managed to evade arrest by the authorities, his distant cousin, Peter O'Neill Crowley, was shot dead by the forces of the Crown in Kilclooney Wood. Crowley would go on to name one of his sons in his honour. Another of his cousins, Patrick Crowley, was arrested at Bruff, though he was later released. Following the failed Fenian Rising, Crowley stayed very much involved with the republican movement, holding the position of secretary of the I.R.B. in the Hospital district up until the early 1880s, at which point he moved to Ballylanders with his sisters Kathleen, Johanna, and Delia. There, the siblings were employed in Margaret Fogarty's drapery. Career and marriage As the years went by, Crowley earned enough money to buy Fogarty’s Drapery, which he did in 1884 with the help of his Fenian cousin Patrick Crowley, though he would buy him out of the business in 1894. Beyond working as a draper, Crowley also became the village postmaster, and was on the committee to install a telegraph in Ballylanders during the 1890s. He also owned a camera and the equipment required to develop photographs, which he used for both personal and professional purposes. An early advocate of the Gaelic Athletic Association, he served as the treasurer of the Ballylanders Shamrocks Football Club. On 19 February 1887, Timothy married Ellen Ryan of nearby Killeen, a farmer's daughter, and sixteen years his junior. Together, they had nine children: James Joseph Crowley (1889-1894), Tadhg Crowley (1890-1969), John Francis Crowley (1891-1942), Patrick Joseph Crowley (1893-1963), Joseph Mark Crowley (1894-1957), James Michael Crowley (1896-1944), Michael Thomas Crowley (1898-1952), Peter William Crowley (1900-1963) and Bridget Mary Crowley (1902-1970). By the turn of the 20th century, Crowley's business was prospering. This enabled him to send his older sons to board at Rockwell College, while he sent his only daughter to the Presentation Convent in Dún Laoghaire. Crowley's Drapery, which he had built up since he took it over, consisted, by that point, of nine rooms, and had fourteen windows at its front – it was one of the most substantial buildings in Ballylanders. War of Independence Crowley passed on his views to his children, and his sons became active in the Volunteer movement, and subsequently the I.R.B., while Bridie Crowley joined Cumann na mBan as a teenager. The only of the Crowley siblings not to join up was Patrick, who was training to be a priest at the time. During the 1916 Rising, Timothy Crowley used his position as postmaster to intercept and forward British correspondence on to the Volunteer leaders, while his son John read the information that was coming in on the telegraph. The British were unaware of this, however, they caught on to the fact that the family were embroiled in the republican movement, and so, that same year, the postmaster of Kilmallock was ordered to come to Ballylanders to interview Timothy Crowley about his rebel activities, and pass on to him an order from the authorities to sever all connection with the Volunteers. Crowley refused to give an answer, however, upon consulting Eoin MacNeill on the matter, he and the rest of his family ceased their activities, on the surface at least. The following year, Crowley was badly injured in a baton charge by police outside of Galbally barracks, where his son Tadhg was being held, with him having to be tended to by his daughter Bridie afterwards. By 1920, during the War of Independence, Crowley gained the attention of the R.I.C. after allowing his drapery to be used in the attack on Ballylanders R.I.C. barracks in April 1920 – having being asked by one of his sons for permission to use it, he did not object. He also attracted attention from the British after buying and also renting out a number of motor cars, which were being used to transport members of the I.R.A. The British decided to take action against the Crowleys, and, in early July, they planted a bomb outside of Crowley's Drapery, which exploded, smashing all the windows. The constables responsible for it came from Kilmallock, with the officer in charge stealing a bicycle from the shop which he would later gift to his young son. At 3 a.m. on the morning of 16 July 1920, a shootout took place between the R.I.C. and Crowley's sons, who were holed up in the drapery. Eventually, the Crowleys ran out of ammunition, with John, Michael, and Peter being arrested, while the rest escaped to the mountains. After the initial attack, Timothy Crowley heard ahead of time that the Crown forces planned to attack the drapery once more on the morning of 25 July 1920, and so he pre-emptively emptied his safe, taking with him a number of documents and photographs to the house of his brother-in-law, Denis O'Grady, across the street. That night, he and his wife Ellen stayed there. With the building having been temporarily abandoned, British soldiers doused it with petrol and set it on fire, burning the drapery to the ground. The damaged caused to the premises and stock amounted to £22,500, worth in excess of one million euro today. While, at first, Timothy Crowley was left alone by the British authorities, police arrived in Ballylanders not long after to interrogate him. They asked him where the automobiles in his possession were, to which he reportedly replied, "If I knew, I would not tell you". He was then arrested and thrown in Limerick Jail, where he was held without any charge. At the time of his arrest, Crowley had just recently turned 73. There was much discussion between various elements of the British army over what was to be done with him, and, specifically, over whether or not he should be compensated for the money he was owed after the destruction of his drapery. The Major-General of the 6th Division wrote to General HQ in Dublin Castle saying, "Payment of such an amount to this man is most undesirable and is calculated to make us a laughing stock to the rebels". In another letter, a lieutenant colonel of the 1st Division, said, referring to Crowley, "The man himself, though old, is the most notorious rebel in the Galtees". He went on to declare that, "If he obtains the money allocated to him by the Crown, it will be used in all probability for the murder of the Crown forces". While many within British intelligence wanted Timothy Crowley tried and convicted, it was eventually decided to release him in September 1920. Death After his release, and due to the destruction of his home, Timothy and his wife moved in with her brother-in-law John Culhane, a draper in Glin. It was there that he died on 19 October 1921, aged 74, from sudden heart failure. His funeral was widely reported upon, and was one of the largest ever seen in that part of Limerick. Thousands of people attended his burial in the Crowley family plot in St. John's Graveyard, Knockainey, with hundreds of Volunteers from various companies marching behind the hearse to the graveside. After the grave was closed, volleys were fired and the Last Post sounded. References Irish republicans 1847 births 1921 deaths People from County Limerick Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood

62419280

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruta%20Gardner

Maruta Gardner

Maruta Rubens Gardner (February 20, 1947 – February 13, 2016) was an American community activist and public school administrator serving in the roles of teacher, vice principal, principal, and assistant superintendent of schools in San Diego County, California. Education and early life Gardner graduated in 1965 from Irvington High School in Irvington, New Jersey. She then earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in education in 1969 from Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa, where she served as president of the Alpha Gamma Delta sorority. Maruta received a Master of Arts in administration and supervision in 1976 from San Diego State University, and a doctorate in administration in 1988 from the University of Southern California. Career Gardner worked for 38 years in public education, teaching school before becoming an administrator, vice principal, a principal at Mission Bay High School, assistant superintendent of the Poway Unified School District, and an instructional leader at the Institute for Learning at San Diego Unified School District. When Gardner retired in 2008, she was the executive director of the San Diego County Office of Education, Juvenile Court and Community Schools. Community work Gardner, beginning in 1990, chaired the Mission Beach Town Council's Graffiti Patrol. Before painting over graffiti in the beach area, Gardner would take photos and then send them to the San Diego Police Department's gang unit so officers could identify the gangs to which the graffiti was tied. The police department deputized her and gave her an honorary badge, making her graffiti-abatement role official. For more than 20 years, Gardner, riding a three-wheeled bicycle, hauled supplies and paint as she pedaled to different spots in the beach area to paint over graffiti in an effort to improve the community. Gardner also was a former president of the Mission Beach Women's Club. At the time of her death, Gardner sat on the City of San Diego's Consolidated Plan Advisory Board. Fatal crash Gardner died from a severe head injury in February 2016 in what police called a road rage-fueled hit-and-run crash by a drunken driver as Gardner removed graffiti from a beach wall. The driver, Jonathan Domingo Garcia, 23, was charged with gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated and felony hit-and-run. He pleaded guilty in June to gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated and was sentenced in 2016 to 11 years in a California State Prison. Recognition Three months before Gardner's unexpected death, the City of San Diego in 2015 declared November 3 as Maruta Gardner Day in recognition of Gardner's years of service to the community through the Mission Beach Women's Club, for her graffiti eradication work in the Mission Beach and Pacific Beach communities, and for her efforts through the woman's club to upgrade a playground at Bonita Cove, Mission Beach, through the "Play by the Bay" fundraising effort. San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer, at a November 2019 groundbreaking of a $3.4 million renovation of the playground at Mission Bay Park, officially renamed the Bonita Cove Playground after Gardner. Every November 3 since Gardner's death, residents participate in a beach cleanup as a continuing memorial to her and to honor her dedication to community service. A large mural, painted on a Mission Bay High School wall by artist John Vallas, was unveiled in Gardner's memory in 2017. Scholarship In 2017, Gardner's Irvington High School class of 1965 designated funds for a Maruta Rubens Gardner Scholarship, which was awarded in a ceremony to graduating senior Ashley Moreno. Awards Outstanding Educator by the Association of California School Administrators 1988-1989 Distinguished Leader by the San Diego Administrators Association 1989-1990 and 2005-2006 Administrator of the Year in 1990 by the Council of Exceptional Children Woman of Achievement in 2001 by the San Diego Council of Administrative Women in Education Tribute to Women and Industry Honoree 2005 Volunteer of the Year 2003 by the Mission Beach Town Council Personal life Gardner was married for 50 years to William Gardner, and the couple resided in Mission Beach. References External links Maruta Rubens Gardner Obituary 1947 births 2016 deaths Educators from California American women educators University of Southern California alumni Parsons College alumni San Diego State University alumni Community activists Educators from New Jersey Irvington High School (New Jersey) alumni People from Irvington, New Jersey Activists from California Graffiti in the United States 21st-century American women

62482755

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Samuel

Max Samuel

Max Samuel (9 January 1883 – 2 September 1942) was a German businessman and self-made man, founder and managing-director of the EMSA-Werke, chair of the Jewish congregation in Rostock and head deputy of the Israelite Upper Council of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (board of deputies of Mecklenburg Jews). Life Years until 1920 Max Samuel was born into a poor family as penultimate child of seven siblings. His parents were Jacob Itzig and Rosalie Schrubski (1849–1934). When Max was five years old the Itzig family altered its surname to Samuel, as on 2 June 1888 the Royal Bromberg Regional Government granted the family's request. He left primary education on Easter 1897 at the age of 14 and went to live and work with his elder brother James Samuel (1871–1933) in Güstrow (Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) where the latter had opened a shoe business (Schuhwaarenhaus J. Samuel). In Güstrow Max Samuel was educated in the trades of shoemaking and business and then also worked as a travelling salesman. He was very ambitious and tried to develop many inventions using the early opportunity provided by his brother's shoemaking workshop. For example, in 1907 he invented a brush for maintaining suede shoes which was patented in Germany in 1926 and in the United States in 1931, as Max Samuel's business was export-oriented. Max Samuel called in specialists to contribute their medical or orthopedic expertise for new inventions, such as Willi Sawitz (1893–1957), Joseph May or Paul Lengemann. On 1 June 1906 his brother gave him control of the shoe business which Max Samuel renamed the EMSA-Werke. Later that year Max Samuel and Berta Geßner (1878–1937) married, and their children, Herbert Gerson (, transliterated ; 1907–1992) and Käte Gitel (; 1910–1987; later Kate), were born in Güstrow. Rosa and Jacob Samuel came to Herbert's briss on 25 May 1907 to Güstrow, where they served as kvatters. The conditions in Güstrow were not opportune for Max Samuel's expanding business. In 1916 he therefore rented a plot on Rostock's Friedrichstraße 28 in Rostock's neighbourhood and had his factory moved there, where, at the company's zenith, about 150 people were employed. On 17 October 1918 Max Samuel attended as groomsman his cousin Gustav Schrubski's (1879–1971) wedding with Toska Gunkel (1884–1967) in Stettin. In 1919 Max Samuel purchased the said premises on Friedrichstraße from their owner Kurt Orth. At the factory was also a training centre for salespeople, shoe artisans and chiropodists. Max Samuel usually concerned himself directly with factory matters. At first the Samuels lived in a rented flat on Schröderstraße 20, as of 1919 they rented a flat in the house on Stephanstraße 8a on the corner of Schillerplatz. Their landlords there were (1872–1943, Theresienstadt) and his wife Margarete (née Salomon; 1881–1943, Theresienstadt). Richard Siegmann was majority shareholder and director of the , running the trams in Rostock. Max Samuel and Richard Siegmann became friends, and when in October 1919 Samuel had a dangerous car accident Siegmann replaced him as managing director till his reconvalescence in November 1920. On 11 April 1921 Samuel acquired from Gustav Adolf Reinbeck, lord of the manor of Röstenberg, as his home a which was erected in 1912 and designed by (1875–1945, suicide) for the professor of physiology (1879–1963). In the famine years during the war and the inflation, Max Samuel donated to supply emergency kitchens. Max Samuel's commitment to humans and society Max Samuel did not really observe the sabbath rest and did not maintain a kosher diet, but diligently avoided snubbing feelings of those who did, such as his father-in-law Jakob Geßner (1848–1937). However, he was very and authentically Jewish in appreciating and valuing human life, aiming to support, maintain, rescue, or protect it, he wanted to take away problems from humans so that they could truly live, thus he sanctified life, the highest Jewish value. According to Herbert, Max Samuel was very impulsive and generous, and he was excited by opportunities to help people. He was very compassionate and his sympathy could be quickly excited. In religious matters he wanted to support the troubled Jewish congregation, which – having lost all its savings in the inflation between 1914 and 1924 as so many private people and charities – was brought back into solvency with his financial acumen. In January 1923, the Rostock Jewish Congregation () had amended its constitution, accounting for the separation of state and religion in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, as prescribed by her new constitution of April 1919, Constitution of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (), mainly authored by the liberal Jewish lawyer (1853–1929) from Schwerin in Mecklenburg. In February 1923 Max Samuel succeeded Siegmund Bernhard (1846–1934) as chair of Rostock's Jewish congregation which was the largest in the then two Mecklenburgs. He reformed the congregation's taxes (member dues). While a businessman in Rostock, Max Samuel liked playing football with his dog (a competition he referred to as the dog team vs. EMSA-Werke). He wanted his children to be extensively educated, as he had left school at the age of 14 and did not want his children to experience that. Although he was not academically trained, he was very pragmatic and socially intelligent. As his granddaughter Ruth Kaiser Nelson recalled – when he had time for himself, he enjoyed being engrossed in reading newspapers. In politics he also joined and supported the new German Democratic Party (DDP), founded in 1918. In 1930 he was elected a member of Mecklenburg-Schwerin's five-person state executive committee of the German State Party (DStP) which was the DDP's successor. He often had visitors in his home and enjoyed socialising. Every two weeks he collected an economic and political 'club' to his fireplace room for coffee, cognac, and cigars. This group was a circle of democrats, among them the liberal local chief postmaster Heinrich Greve (1868–1936), Ludwig Klein (insurance broker), (1881–1963; publisher und art patron), (1876–1950; owner of the Haliflor perfume and cosmetics factory), (1864–1938; chemical manufacturer), and seldomly Otto Hörsing (Social Democratic Party of Germany [SPD]). Occasionally joining them was Herbert Samuel's classmate and Greve's son Otto Heinrich Greve (1908–1968), who was then member of the German central board of the Young Democrats (DDP's youth wing) and speaker of Rostock's General Students Committee. He later, as a lawyer and Lower Saxon delegate to the Parliamentary Council co-authored the West German constitution, the Grundgesetz, and was elected into the Bundestag for the SPD, strongly advocating the West German Wiedergutmachung legislation. As the chair of Mecklenburg-Schwerin's biggest Jewish congregation (counting about 350 souls), directly elected for the first time in 1923 and re-elected for the last time on 17 February 1937, he managed to combine the German members of more liberal western mainstream Jewish observance, among which were many of Mecklenburg's long-established families, with the newcomers from Poland and Russia who were of more traditional Jewish leaning. These immigrants had been arriving since the 1890s, and there was an increase in immigration after the First World War. Also the Mecklenburg-Schwerin , the 1764-founded Israelitische Landesgemeinde Mecklenburg-Schwerin, ILM (literally: Mecklenburg-Schwerin State(wide) Israelite Community), lost its status as an estate of the realm with semi-governmental authority thus needing constitutional reforms which started in 1924. So Max Samuel with Löwenthal, Siegmann and further allies, since long campaigning for all kinds of reforms in backward Mecklenburg, excelled in reconstituting the Israelitische Landesgemeinde Mecklenburg-Schwerin from a body of compulsory membership for all Jews in the pre-1918 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, into a statewide umbrella body of Jewish congregations of voluntary membership, but maintaining its statutory corporation status. As part of the reforms, inspired by those of the , the members were directly, instead of indirectly, represented in the umbrella body by its new 14-person general assembly (), established in 1926. ILM's four-person executive Israelite Upper Council (, additionally the chief rabbi was an ex officio member), also established in 1764, became responsible to the new general assembly. Inspired by Erichson, Max Samuel helped finance the 1930 reprint of the Esther Scroll which was originally printed in the 1700s and acquired for the Rostock university library through then chief librarian Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (1734–1815). Mecklenburg-Schwerin's chief rabbi and historian wrote the introduction to the reprint of this Megillath Esther. Another circle of friends consisted of city councillor Fritz Dahse (1876–1931), Richard Siegmann, director of Rostock's trams (1898 to 1919, and again 1920 to 1935) and coalyard accountant Otto Wiechmann, who met at the Samuels' house to listen to sports programmes with Max on his radio. On 7 March 1926 Max Samuel won eight votes over five in the general assembly in Schwerin to decide the transferral of ILM's chief rabbinate (; from 1910 to 1934 held by Silberstein, 1866–1935) and upper council from Schwerin in Mecklenburg to Rostock. In 1929 he helped found the Jewish youth federation 'Ivria ' in Rostock. In 1926 the general assembly elected him a deputy of the upper council, which again elected him its president in 1930, succeeding Silberstein, and once more for a second term until 1938. As member, and later president of the Upper Council, Max Samuel was, for example, busy with protests at the Mecklenburg-Schwerin ministry of education against an anti-Semitic poem and image in the 1929-issued new reader for German lessons or welcoming Jewish intellectuals like Harry Torczyner (future Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai) at a seminar on Jewish Biblical exegesis at the foundation Akademische Gesellschaft Hausmann-Stiftung Arendsee in Arendsee in Mecklenburg in August 1932. He was societally engaged via membership in the association of Rostock's University (, a booster club, from 1927 to 1933) and the fraternity of businesspeople (, from 1918 to 1933). As head of the Rostock congregation Max Samuel called upon his fellow members to vote for Siegmann (Reich Party of the German Middle Class) in the elections for the Rostock city parliament on 13 November 1927. Just before the Great Depression, the EMSA-Werke exported items from a catalogue of hundreds of shoes, shoe accessories, and orthopedic devices to stores in, among other countries, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Palestine, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On 23 June 1930 Max Samuel changed his private business into a stock company, but all the shares remained his private possession. In 1931 Max Samuel and his brother-in-law Hermann Geßner (1875–1950) travelled together to Italy. When in Rome both incapable of Italian, Geßner with his education in classical languages was unable to make himself understood whereas the practical Max Samuel succeeded communicating with shop assistants by gestures and mimics. The EMSA-Werke suffered an economic decline during the Great Depression, but survived the crisis intact. Instead of firing staff, Max Samuel maintained the previous levels of employment and production, accumulating stocks and causing shrinking profits in 1931 and a net loss in 1932, the first ever recorded for EMSA, which Max Samuel compensated with reserve capital formed in earlier profitable years. He even helped other firms in calamities, such as Paul Bründel's Herren-Wäsche und feine Herren-Artikel on then Hopfenmarkt 3 (now named Kröpeliner Straße 20) in Rostock, which was a men's underwear shop patronised by Max Samuel. Berta Geßner, Max Samuel's wife, was very musically-oriented and well-read. She was the daughter of the teacher and hazzan Jakob Geßner, who, as a widower, had lived with his daughter and her husband since 1906. The Geßners were a well-educated, but rather poor, middle-class family from Lower Franconia. Thus she was still not considered worthy by old-established Mecklenburg Jews of manor-owning background, like the Samuels' neighbour Margarete Siegmann, née Salomon (1881–1943, Theresienstadt), wife of Richard Siegmann. Despite this, the husbands of Margarete und Berta were friends. In 1932 Max Samuel employed as an unskilled office worker Richard's son Hans [John Bernard] Siegmann (1905–1992), who since 1923 had been unproductive and something like a perpetual student. The Samuels' relations with Lutheran neighbours, such as the Senator Gustav Adolf Fuhrmann (1881–1960) and his family in Schillerplatz 9, who had moved there in the 1920s, were friendly. The Fuhrmanns competed with the Siegmanns to annually host the best ball in Rostock's high society. Also living near Schillerplatz were several other Jews, namely Leo Glaser (owner of the perfume company Haliflor and, between 1924 and 1928, president of the Mecklenburg Chamber of Commerce in Rostock), Prof. David Katz and (1885–1976; pioneers of psychology at Rostock's University), Friedrich Rubensohn (lawyer), Richard Josephy (1890–1944; lawyer), and Franz Josephy (1893–1944, Auschwitz; lawyer), who had worked in Rostock, the venue of Mecklenburg's main courthouses. Rubensohn (1893–1978), an SPD-member, was also a colleague in the board of directors of Rostock's Jewish congregation and in the Israelite Upper Council. Between 1933 and 1938 On 21 February 1933 the Nazi government of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, ministry of the interior, in office since 13 July 1932, banned the Mecklenburgische Blätter, a 1928-founded liberal biweekly magazine which Max Samuel helped finance and was edited by his friend Heinrich Greve (1868–1936), after it published an article critical of Hitler's government. Greve's lawyers Gustav Goldstaub (1878–1963) and Rubensohn could do nothing against this despite attempting to defend him. After the Nazis' seizure of power in 1933, during the first weeks after issuing the Reichstag Fire Decree on 28 February, they intimidated their actual and alleged opponents with temporary arrests. Max Samuel's neighbour Rubensohn, who was warned by detective constable Meyer a few weeks after the Nazis came to power that he was in imminent danger because he was a social democrat (that is, a member of the SPD), fled with his son Eli Rubensohn and wife Alice, née Guggenheim, to her family in Basel and wrote a letter to Max Samuel on 18 March 1933. In this letter he explained his flight and made clear his opinion that he had needed to flee due to being a social democrat, not due to being a Jew. He thought that Jews were not in such danger, and Max Samuel agreed in his answer on 21 March: “I think that as long as we live in a lawful state like Germany, which has been built on correctness for centuries and has a claim to culture, hardly anything serious can happen to us.” By the end of March 1933 the police had warned Max Samuel that he would be arrested, so he had to hide for some weeks with his friend Hörsing in Berlin. The government-imposed segregation of Jews, even where not provided by new anti-Semitic laws, was often performed with preëmptive obedience, and this excluded Max Samuel from the university booster club and the fraternity of businesspeople. In April 1933 the Rostock tax office presented its demand for back taxes for the years 1927 and 1932, however, accelerating them for immediate execution and thus indicating how fast the treatment of Jewish taxpayers had changed. Therefore, the tax office charged a compulsory mortgage on Max Samuel's private villa on Schillerplatz 10. At the same time his son-in-law Hermann Kaiser (1904–1992) was deprived of his attorney's certificate at the Berlin Kammergericht due to new anti-Semitic laws and joined the EMSA-Werke as Max Samuel's proxy agent and member of the company's supervisory board. Thus he and his wife Käte moved to Rostock, Alexandrinenstraße 8a. Max limited his societal activity to the Jewish community. As president of the upper council he was concerned with the maintenance and protection of Jewish graveyards in Mecklenburg, where congregations – mostly due to the general rural exodus of Mecklenburgers since the 1870s – had ceased to exist. With the ever-increasing anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Max Samuel became very active in efforts to help persecuted Jews. The EMSA-Werke's audit report for 1934 reported that Max Samuel had given reichsmarks (ℛℳ) 19,000 in 'loans' which were to be written off, as they were meant to support fleeing Jewish Germans who would likely not be able to repay him. Like other foreign-currency earning companies, the EMSA-Werke were obliged to provide the Nazi government with the convertible foreign exchange in return for inconvertible paper reichsmarks (ℛℳ). Due to this regulation, the EMSA-Werke did not see an increase in convertible currency even though export profits were rising. However, since the company could provide foreign exchange, it enjoyed a certain precarious protection from damaging arbitrary government acts. In early 1934, Herbert, who was a graduate with a doctorate in law but – as a Jew – denied a career as a lawyer, had left Germany and was granted immigration to the United Kingdom on the grounds of investing and creating jobs in a poor area. Before emigrating he worked with his father to learn the trades of shoemaking and business. Herbert then founded in 1934 Herbert Foot Appliance Ltd., redistributing EMSA products received through S. Kogel leder en schoenfournituren (leather and shoe fittings), Amsterdam, EMSA's central distributor abroad. Max Samuel advised hundreds of people seeking consultation (sometimes ten per day) and helped them acquire foreign currencies or immigration papers to refuge countries. He also paid emigration fees, and thereby he was able by November 1935 to have helped 45 people flee Germany. After this he continued to help people, but the number is unknown. Many Jewish workers who had been fired due to religion came to work in his factory. The number of EMSA's employees grew from 54 in 1933 to 64 in 1936. These various aid activities were financially supported by the company funds of the EMSA-Werke as well as by Herbert Samuel. Also, the increasingly difficult paperwork of the ILM was carried out by clerks in the EMSA-Werke. The company thus fell under increasing financial duress even though export profits were rising. Max Samuel reacted by running the EMSA-Werke on deteriorating machinery which he saw no point in replacing in view of the difficulties imposed by the Nazi government, and the factory building was also decaying. On 30 and 31 August 1935, Max Samuel and ILM's syndic Richard Josephy visited many of Mecklenburg's Jewish congregations, especially all those recently dissolved or on the verge of dissolution, in order to collect all religious objects from defunct synagogues. Max Samuel concluded from these visits to the congregations that their financial situations, like that of the ILM, were terrible and continuously deteriorating. The anti-Semitic discriminations made the congregations' well-earning contributors lose their incomes and/or emigrate, while more destitute members increasingly needed aid. The congregations and their umbrella ILM were running out of money because dues had dropped to a third of their pre-1933 level. So in 1935 the Upper Council had to increase ILM's religious tax, a surplus on the regular state income tax progressing with rising income, by 10 to 20 percent (also progressing). In 1935 Max Samuel's engagement in the ILM, including its paperwork and correspondence by his staff in the EMSA-Werke, aroused criticism in the upper council from the deputy Max Marcus (1876–1945), a lawyer from Güstrow, reproaching Max Samuel for acting without authorisation and in contradiction to the principle of collegiality in the upper council, thus entering disputes about his leadership. Richard Josephy pleaded with Marcus to cooperate with rather than confront Max Samuel. Marcus ended the disputes after Max Samuel, Richard Siegmann, and Richard Josephy presented their plan for how to continue the ILM's activity under financial and personal stress under the ongoing Nazi discrimination and combined their suggestions with their joint offer to resign if the general assembly would not agree. This offer must have seemed to the members of ILM's general assembly to be a threat. Max Samuel further pleaded to the general assembly to vote for the ILM to apply for accession to the Prussian State(wide) Association of Jewish Congregations (), hoping for monetary support from the bigger and financially stronger Prussian umbrella body. In November 1935, the upper council under Max Samuel fulfilled a request from Rubensohn by sending Torah scrolls from the dissolved Teterow congregation to Pardes Hanna for a new congregation there. Later [1945 to 1950] Rubensohn (, transliterated ) became mayor of that town and a candidate for the 2nd Knesset running for the Progressives. Also in November 1935 Käte travelled to Herbert and gave birth to her daughter Ruth in London, meaning she was born a British subject, the first Briton in the Samuel family. On 7 December 1935 the Rostock tax office sent Käte an order to provide collateral funds amounting to ℛℳ 29,500, presuming that she and her husband's emigration was pending, in order to secure for the tax office the flight tax on capital. They avoided this payment by returning to Rostock. On 12 January 1936 at ILM's general assembly in Güstrow, Max Samuel, as head of the upper council, gave a farewell address to his friend and neighbour Richard Siegmann, who was resigning from membership and presidency of ILM's general assembly after, with effect of 31 December 1935, the Rostock tram company had dismissed him as its chief executive. On 6 April 1936 the ILM and the Prussian Landesverband agreed that the latter would contribute 20% to the ℛℳ 5,000 retirement grant of the chief rabbi's widow Helene Silberstein, née Weißbrem (1879–1952). In the same year Helene and daughter Edith Sarah Silberstein (1906–2000) emigrated to Palestine, where the other daughter lived. Since by corporate law (Handelsgesetzbuch § 248 in its version of 1936) employees could not simultaneously be in the supervisory board of their employer company, on 30 September 1936 Kaiser left the board and was succeeded by the Rostock lawyer Paul Bernhard (1883–1974). The other members were Berta Samuel and the chairing Samson Kogel (1884–1967), Amsterdam, EMSA's central distributor abroad and a major creditor of the EMSA-Werke. On behalf of the Upper Council Max Samuel, accompanied by Richard Josephy and – at times – the latter's son Albrecht, travelled overland, officially dissolving depopulated rural Jewish congregations such as those in Tessin bei Rostock on 2 May 1937 or later that year in Waren upon Müritz and collecting religious objects (such as Torah scrolls, menorot, etc.) and archival material and depositing them with Mecklenburg-Schwerin's . This is why these objects and archival matters are mostly preserved while so many Jews were murdered and their institutions destroyed by German anti-Semites and their helpers. In 1937 the three Kaisers moved into the villa on Schillerplatz 10, Käte nursing her fatally ill mother. Seven months after her father had deceased, Berta died on 18 August 1937 from breast cancer, from which she had suffered since 1930 and which had been unsuccessfully treated among others in Marienbad. Herbert returned to Rostock for the last time to attend her funeral in , during which he was under Gestapo surveillance. On 30 April 1937 Max Samuel sold his villa on Schillerplatz to his EMSA-Werke for ℛℳ 80,000 (double the then usual price for premises of this size in this location), thus effectively tapping money from his company for his free disposal without losing his home. However, he concealed this sale from the authorities by not registering it with the land registry, probably for good reasons, as the city of Rostock had had a right of preëmption on every piece of land in the area around the train station since the time of its urban development. In September 1937 Otto Heinrich Greve visited Herbert and Ilse Samuel in London, delivering important company documents. Also, Hermann Kaiser occasionally travelled abroad for the EMSA-Werke until at one point the German authorities tried to blackmail him by saying that they would deny the prolongation of his passport unless he would report about activities of other Germans travelling abroad and German exiles. He said he would think it over and left Germany immediately, staying in various countries as long as visitor's visas would allow him until Herbert obtained a British entry permit for him. Scraping all the money together they had tenaciously saved in the previous four years, in 1938 Herbert and Ilse Samuel bought used machinery and moved their company to the Paterson Street Mill (now a scrapyard) between the homonymous street and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, in Blackburn (Lancashire), renaming it as EMSA Works & Herbert Foot Appliance Ltd., extending from solely selling to also producing EMSA products. In early summer 1937 Max Samuel travelled to Amsterdam, where he also met his son Herbert who persuaded him not to return to Germany. Max Samuel then left Germany through Italy embarking in Genoa the Marnix van St. Aldegonde, debarking her in Southampton on 27 November 1937. Käte concealed her father's and husband's emigration in order to prevent a pending flight tax on capital from becoming due by claiming that he would only visit, and that she and her daughter were still in Rostock. Käte didn't want to leave Rostock, as she was worried about the future of the many Jewish employees of the EMSA-Werke. She also helped the Lutheran Otto Heinrich Greve, hiring him on 1 September 1938 for the EMSA-Werke as a clerk after his dismissal as assessor from the public prosecution department (he had rejected to join the Nazi party) on 31 July, however, he had to leave by the end of September 1939, when the 'Arianisers' fired confidants of the actual Jewish owner and the Jewish employees. On 5 September 1938 Käte took in her uncle Hermann Geßner, the medical doctor, and his wife Julie Stern (1875–1940), who had been given notice to vacate their flat in Nuremberg after Geßner had to shut down his medical practice following the Nazi government's revocation of approbations of Jewish physicians as of 5 August that year. Also in August 1938 the Nazi government banned Jews from working as manufacturers' representatives, till then a loophole in the anti-Semitic vocational bans much used by Jews barred from other earlier jobs, and within three months the EMSA-Werke effectively lost their distribution networks in Germany and abroad, dramatically reducing sales. In mid September a Berlin notary informed the Rostock police that Käte's imminent emigration was likely, and simultaneously asked them not to issue a passport for her unless she would pay his bill for a service provided in June. However, she had not even applied for a passport. Thus the police were made aware of this and began processing a file on not issuing her passport before she even applied for it. According to Herbert, the family members in Wembley telegraphed her, explaining that her father was very ill and that they wanted her to see him. But Kate worried about the family, Jewish friends, and employees to be left behind, and so Max Samuel sent EMSA's Danish and Norwegian representatives to his daughter to help her understand the gravity of the situation. A few days later the notary sent a letter explaining that the bill had been paid so he would no longer object issuing her passport. So soon after when Käte applied for her passport she received it and left with her daughter Ruth, arriving in Britain on 30 September 1938. On 18 September 1938, after his previous plenipotentiary and son-in-law Hermann Kaiser had left for Britain by May, Max Samuel commissioned his proxy agent Dr. Paul Hoffmann (1896–1969), one of the clerks employed in the EMSA-Werke after they had been fired as Jews in the mid-1930s, to liquidate the EMSA-Werke. Thus Hoffmann directed the EMSA-Werke and fulfilled the obligations of an executive, however, it remains unclear if he ever took action to liquidate since the anti-Semitic atrocities performed by the Nazi regime on 9 November 1938 (November Pogrom, aka Kristallnacht) accelerated the government-imposed dispossession of Jewish enterprises. In the villa at Schillerplatz only Julie and Hermann Geßner, and the Lutheran cook Miss Lange, nicknamed Grössing, remained. They had to live through the atrocities of Kristallnacht, when Hermann Geßner was arrested like tens of thousands of other Jewish German men in that night and on 11 November at 1 o'clock in the night he was committed with others to the in Neustrelitz. He was released from imprisonment on 19 November 1938. Max Samuel's villa was so vandalised that the Geßners could not stay. Rostock's renowned author Walter Kempowski (1929–2007), then attending the conservatory on Schillerplatz, recalled that music records (Herbert was a passionate collector of Jazz records) lay in the front garden and curtains flew in the wind through the broken windows of the villa. The Geßners returned to Nuremberg, where they found refuge in the Jewish home for the elderly led by his future second wife Selma Stern (1893–1975) from , a locality of today's Suhl. On 11 February 1939 the Samuels in Britain obtained British residence permits for Hermann and Julie Geßner, but these were restricted to six months only. According to the purchase contract of 3 May 1939 for the sequestered villa on Schillerplatz 10 it was then still uninhabited and had not yet been cleared of the Samuels' furniture and household items. Max Samuel's EMSA-Werke were subsequently seized in 1939 and 'Aryanised'. Meanwhile, Herbert travelled to Scandinavia and gained faithful EMSA clients to redirect their orders to Blackburn. Last years in Britain Among the Samuel family the three Kaisers were the first to find a new home in Britain, a house near Corporation Park, Blackburn, taking in Ilse Samuel and in the course of 1939 Hermann Kaiser's parents Simon Kaiser (1876–1950) and Fanny Wertheim (1875–1948) from , their other son Hugo, daughter-in-law Dinah and the latters' twin sons, while Herbert first stayed in London preparing the move of the company office. Max Samuel first lived in a hotel in Blackburn until in 1939 he found a house on 2, Azalea Road to move in with Julie and Hermann Geßner, having arrived in Britain after a two day journey on 30 June 1939, first staying with the Kaisers. By the time of the British 1939 National Registration also Hoffmann lived with Max Samuel. Kate, her husband, and their daughter left in January 1940 for Tulsa, Oklahoma, receiving Affidavits of Support and Sponsorship by the Kaisers' relatives there. Soon after, the German and Soviet invasion of Poland had been followed by the German occupation of much of western and central Europe and the Soviet occupation of much of eastern Europe. The British government, alone in its military resistance to Nazi Germany, ordered the internment of enemy aliens. Hugo Kaiser was interned and only released shortly before emigrating with his wife to Tulsa in May 1940, while Herbert Samuel was spared from internment on the grounds of his task as business manager and Max Samuel due to his bad heart condition. On 16 May 1940 a fire broke out in the rooms of Lancashire Manufacturers Ltd. on the floor above the EMSA-works in the Paterson Street Mill premises, with Herbert and Max Samuel racing to help, fighting damages by leaking quench water with machinery and stocks of the EMSA-Works, while Hermann Geßner attended his dying wife at the Herbert's and Ilse's, then on Barker Lane. In his last years in Britain Max Samuel became very gloomy, melancholic, and pessimistic. Denaturalised, like about 250,000 other Jewish Germans, by a German decree issued on 25 November 1941, Max Samuel remained stateless until his death. Not long before his death he received the information about the birth of his grandson George Kaiser. Max Samuel died in Blackburn at the age of 59. He was buried in the Jewish section of the Blackburn Old Cemetery. The Friends of Blackburn Old Cemetery take care of his grave and those of his relatives (brother-in-law Geßner and the latter's two wives) buried in the same cemetery. Family His parents Jacob Itzig and Rosalie (Rosa), née Schrubski from Inowrazlaw, were pious Jews and very poor. His father was a pedlar of everyday items who travelled between villages with a horse-drawn cart. Eventually the children had to leave, which is why Max Samuel's school education stopped when he was 14 years old. Max Samuel had five brothers and one sister, and their surname at birth was Itzig, but the family changed their name to Samuel when he was five years old. After giving control of the shoe business to Max Samuel in 1906, Isidor 'James' Samuel (1871–1933) kept his 1905-founded rubber factory in Güstrow, which supplied rubber parts for the EMSA-Werke, and operated it until his death from diabetes. James Samuel was active as the treasurer in Güstrow's Jewish congregation () and worked with his partner Paul Eggert, who took control of the factory after James' death. In 1938 Max Samuel's sister Frieda (1886–1965) emigrated to Chile with her Dutch husband John Joseph Meibergen (1875–1958) and his sister Karoline (1877–1953), who was James Samuel's widow. Two of Max Samuel's brothers were murdered in the Shoah: the tailor Gustav Samuel (1881–1943, Bełżec Camp) was deported on 12 February 1940 from Stettin to Bełżyce Ghetto and on 15 August 1941 onwards to Bełżec Camp, and the watchmaker Julius Samuel (1878–1943, Sobibór Camp) with wife Gertrude, née Gellhorn (1878–1943, Sobibór Camp), and son Kurt (1905–1942, Auschwitz), all the three and the surviving elder son Heinz Samuel (1904–1993) having moved to Delmenhorst in 1920, when their home place Argenau had been seized by Poland, and the former three escaped from Delmenhorst to the Netherlands, where they were deported from Westerbork in 1943, whereas Heinz Samuel survived in Britain. Max and his siblings' brother Feo(dor) Samuel survived in the French Foreign Legion and lived as a pensioner in Strasbourg in Alsace. His daughter Carla Claudie survived hidden in a French nunnery. The brother Wilhelm 'William' Samuel (1876–1948), who had lived with his first wife Paula Dreyfus, their three sons, and his widowed mother Rosalie (1849–1934) in Cologne, later escaped with his sons to New York, where he remarried in 1946. Before his marriage Max Samuel lived with his elder brother James and his wife Karoline Meibergen in their flat right above the shoe shop on Pferdemarkt 57 in Güstrow. On 14 August 1906 Max Samuel and Berta Geßner (1878–1937) married in Halberstadt, whose Jewish community () formed a centre of Modern Orthodoxy, where at times her father Jakob Geßner (1848–1937) had served as the hazzan. Jakob Geßner was a Bavarian teacher, long serving in Hammelburg, where Max Samuel, travelling as a salesman, got to know Berta. While living in Güstrow the members of the Jewish congregation there elected Jakob Geßner their vice chair. Berta's and Max Samuel's son Herbert (1907–1992) and daughter Käte (1910–1987, later altered to Kate) were born in Güstrow. In Rostock on 17 March 1930 Käte married Hermann Georg Kaiser (1904–1992, later altered to Herman Geo. Kaiser) from Mardorf in Hesse. One of Käte's grandchildren is Tim Blake Nelson. On 5 December 1936 Herbert Samuel married Ilse Steinfeld, whom he had known for two years. Between Christmas 1936 and New Year 1937 they then visited family in Rostock and Berlin, where their families bought them real furniture with paper reichsmarks and exported it to furnish their recently found two-room flat in 139, Empire Court, Wembley. Both working, they saved every penny to establish themselves and help friends escaping Germany. From their first Blackburn home on Barker Lane they moved in 1943 with the Geßners to their last home on 73, Higher Croft Road in Lower Darwen. They were naturalised as British subjects only in 1946, thus between 1941 and the end of the war they were stateless. During the war Herbert and Ilse housed many refugees, three to seven at a time, and gave them funds and employment. Although they suffered many difficulties, including Security Service (MI5) surveillance (1932 to 1951) due to Ilse's acquaintance to Germans who, once in British refuge, sided with the Soviet Union, Hitler's war ally in subjecting eastern Europe, they were glad to have escaped the Nazis. Between 1959 and 1963 Ilse studied at Manchester's university Germanistics, philosophy and Russian, receiving a BA in 1962, adding comparative literature without MA in the end, then working as a teacher at Darwen Grammar School (1963 to 1973). Expropriation of the Samuels in Germany After the emigration of the Samuel family became obvious to the authorities, the tax office issued a flight tax demand amounting to ℛℳ 200,000, based on the ℛℳ 900,000 company value of the EMSA-Werke as estimated by the tax office in 1932. On 3 January 1939 the Mecklenburg State Administration took the EMSA-Werke under custody, appointing auditor Karl Deutler as custodian commissioned to sell them in order to recover the tax demand. On 21 January Deutler 'Aryanised' the EMSA-Werke AG stock company () by selling it to the EMSA-Werke KG, a limited partnership () the foundation of which had officially only been concluded on 17 April 1939. Its new owners were two Rostock investors, department store owner Erich Voß and bank director Harry Helmers, who paid only ℛℳ 146,000 for the EMSA-Werke. The 'Arianisers' of EMSA shamelessly sent the tax bills to England, hoping Max Samuel would pay them. Voß and Helmers appointed Otto Schröder and manager Wilhelm Eder, a foreman of Max Samuel who was to meet Herbert in London in 1939, but never appeared, as executives with procuration. The Jewish employees were fired within the following months. On 10 July 1939 Voß and Helmers gave Eder a 10% share in the EMSA-Werke, only effective as of 9 January 1940, as confidants of Jewish businessmen were excluded from 'Aryanisations' probably due to suspicion that they would conceal a continued proprietorship of the previous Jewish owner. Due to supply shortages during the war, production declined after 1939, and exports continued only to Sweden and Switzerland. Production was concentrated on orthopedics. In 1941 the EMSA-Werke were renamed Voß-Werke KG, however the usage of the trademark EMSA was continued. Deutler also found an 'Aryaniser' for the villa, and on 3 May 1939 he signed a contract with the newly founded (institute of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft for research in animal breeding), represented by its administrator Julius Ost, paying ℛℳ 70,000. The contract would only become effective once the city waived its right of preëmption and once various Nazi authorities would confirm it, such as the authority rationing convertible foreign exchange () and the price control office (), established in 1935, dictating prices in order to repress the surging inflation caused by the Nazis' steady money printing. The Rostock tax office was to be paid its tax demand against the EMSA-Werke, which since June 1933 was partially secured by a mortgage of ℛℳ 50,000 on Max Samuel's private premises on Schillerplatz 10. However, Deutler did not know that the villa was legally not under his custodianship, since its sale to the EMSA-Werke had not been registered in the land registry, so it still documented Max Samuel personally as the proprietor. Once aware of this Deutler achieved his official appointment as custodian of the villa with effect of 24 July in order to fulfill the requirements of the purchase contract of 3 May. On 5 September 1939 the Mecklenburg state government approved the sale of Schillerplatz 10. After the tax office had confirmed its demand was fulfilled, its mortgage on the villa was cancelled on 22 April 1940 and the land registrar registered the Reich's Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture, the legal representative of the institute for animal breeding, as proprietor of Schillerplatz 10. In 1945 Rostock became part of the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. The Soviet-appointed new pro-communist administration expropriated the absent Voß, who had fled Rostock before the Soviet invasion on 1 May 1945, and Helmers, who then followed Voß to the British zone. The business' name was changed to Rostocker Schuhfabrik (Rostock shoe factory). The minority holder Eder successfully reclaimed his share. After the foundation of the East German Democratic Republic (1949; GDR) he was expropriated too in 1951. The Mecklenburg government then made the shoe factory a part of the combine called Vereinigung volkseigener Betriebe Textil-Bekleidung-Leder des Landes Mecklenburg (union of publicly owned companies for textiles, clothing, and leather of the state of Mecklenburg), which was combined with other businesses in 1957 to make the even bigger combine Rostocker Elektro-Gerätebau (Rostock electric equipment manufacturing), which later was changed again into the Deutsche Handelszentrale für Pharmazie- und Krankenhausbedarf (German trade centre for pharmaceutical und hospital supplies). Presumably through all these name changes the same or similar orthopedic products continued to be produced. This combine withdrew from its location in the Friedrichstraße 28 and on 25 March 1966 the city of Rostock reallocated the premises to its VEB Stadtbeleuchtung Rostock (Rostock street lighting). In July 1945 the institute for animal breeding was ordered to evacuate the villa and the Rostock local branch of the Cultural Federation for Germany's democratic renewal moved in with the cultural office of the city and tenants in the attic flat. In 1955 Ilse-Dore Eckardt, a child nurse then in charge of furnishing and installations of daycares, converted the villa for its usage into Kinderkrippe Schillerplatz, as more and more mothers were employed in the communist production system. However, the Schillerplatz 10 premises remained state property, and Rostock's public daycare department () was not the proprietor. Legacy and restitution Starting 1952 Herbert Samuel, judicially supported by his friend Magnus, as Otto Heinrich Greve was nicknamed, successfully requested recompense from West Germany for foregoing the use of the EMSA-Werke and the villa in Rostock, East Germany. In 1960 Herbert sold the EMSA Works & Herbert Foot Appliance to an international rubber company. and, as his 1929 German law degree was not accepted in the United Kingdom, worked as freelance consultant agent. In 1982, after lengthily searching, the West German August-Wilhelm Bründel, son of Paul Bründel, found Herbert Samuel in Lower Darwen in order to learn about the fate of the Samuels after they had left Rostock. As a collector of information of historical interest on Rostock, then behind the Iron Curtain, Bründel shared copies of articles about the Samuels authored by Frank Schröder (1958–2014) with his fellow ex-Rostocker Herbert Samuel in December 1986. Also, Ilse[marie] Sawitz (1912–2006), niece of Willi Sawitz, in Manchester, shared the articles of Schröder, then city archivist of Rostock, with the Samuels. So Herbert Samuel came into contact with a group of activists in Rostock trying to reconstruct the events of the Nazi period beyond the doctrines of the communists, who unilaterally valorised their comrades as antifascist fighters. The villa at Schillerplatz in Rostock was reacquired by Herbert Samuel via a restitution request, with – confronted with that claim – the Rostock street lighting offering him recompense in order to remain in the premises, which was only possible after the end of the communist dictatorship in East Germany in 1989, as this allowed Schröder and his fellow activists to found an association for the research and presentation of Jewish history and culture in Rostock and then formalise their effort in June 1990. Herbert Samuel and Schröder developed the idea of the Schillerplatz 10 villa becoming a home for this association after February 1991. Then the Samuels envoyed Greve's eldest daughter Julia Asher-Greve to research on the Samuels' former homes and enterprises in Güstrow and Rostock. In mid-July 1991, the foundation was able to move into a first room in the villa's attic flat. Max-Samuel-Haus in Rostock By his signature on 22 August 1991, shortly before his death, Herbert Samuel donated the villa to the Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (literally: Foundation of the Meeting Place for Jewish History and Culture in Rostock), as the foundation is officially termed. Herbert Samuel decided to donate the villa in an effort towards reconciliation between Jews and others, as he explained to the attending Schröder and Prof. Dieter Neßelmann, Senator of finances of Rostock city between 1990 and 1997. In October 1991 Herbert Samuel informed the staff of the Max-Samuel-Haus that his brother-in-law Herman Geo. Kaiser fully supported Herbert's idea to donate the villa to the foundation. On 2 September 1991, the 49th anniversary of Max Samuel's death, the foundation's board held its opening session. The daycare moved out and on 2 October 1991 the villa, named since, was dedicated to its new purpose as the Rostock Jewish Heritage Centre, a meeting place, cultural venue and research institute, run by the foundation. In the beginning the foundation was also seen as a counter project to the Lichtenhagen riots of 1992 in Rostock. On 7 July 1991 Herbert Samuel was compensated for the loss of the former EMSA-Werke at Friedrichstraße 28 with DM 200,000. The book collection of Herbert and his wife Ilse, née Steinfeld (1911–1992), including books of his parents from Rostock (and of hers), was donated to the Max-Samuel-Haus after her death through Elsie Peel. The first Samuel family members visiting the villa since its reopening as Max-Samuel-Haus were Ruth Kaiser Nelson and her niece Emily Kaiser in mid-August 1993. In memory and honour of Max Samuel and his works, the foundation arranged four events in the Max-Samuel-Haus, first in 1991 on the occasion of naming of the villa after him, second from 17 February to 17 March 2006 (the exhibition: Max Samuel: Unternehmer – Gemeindevorsitzender – Flüchtling), third from 2 September 2010 to 6 February 2011 (the exhibition: Die Familie Samuel: Ein jüdischer Unternehmer in Rostock), and fourth from 20 September to 20 October 2016 (presentation of the rediscovered 1920 portrait of Max Samuel by Egon Tschirch). This was supplemented on the evening of the vernissage by an eyewitness interview with Ruth Kaiser Nelson, Max Samuel's granddaughter. References Das goldene Buch der deutschen Schuh- und Lederwirtschaft: 1857–1932 (Festgabe aus Anlass des 75jährigen Bestehens des Verlages), Franz Sailer and Max Wittenberg (eds.), Berlin: Verlag Schuh und Leder, 1932, no ISBN. Ingrid Ehlers and Frank Schröder, Zwischen Emanzipation und Vernichtung: zur Geschichte der Juden in Rostock, Rostock: Stadtarchiv, 1988, (=Schriftenreihe des Stadtarchivs Rostock; no. 9). No ISBN. Der neue EMSA-Katalog: 25 Jahre vorwärts und aufwärts im Dienste an Kunden! 1906–1931, EMSA-Werke (ed.), Rostock: Hinstorff, 1931 Heiko Holste, „Im Profil: Wider den Geist der Rosenburg – Vor 50 Jahren starb der Rechtsanwalt und Rechtspolitiker Otto Heinrich Greve“, in: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, Beilage 'NJW-aktuell', No. 51 (2017), pp. 18seq. Heiko Holste, „Jurist im Porträt: Otto Heinrich Greve (1908–1968): Anwalt für die Wiedergutmachung und gegen die Renazifizierung der Nachkriegsjustiz“, in: Recht und Politik, No. 2 (vol. 54, 2018), pp. 220–231. Bill Jacobs, “German academic tells of Blackburn's role in his research”, in: Lancashire Telegraph, 7 May 2019, p. 19. Bill Jacobs, “German pilgrims visit the grave of Blackburn's Schindler”, in: Lancashire Telegraph, 23 April 2019, p. 19 Rosemarie Korn and Solveig Weltzien, Jüdische Familien in Güstrow: erinnern – gedenken – mahnen, Förderverein Region Güstrow e.V. (ed.), Güstrow: Koepcke & Co., 2000. No ISBN. Rosemarie Korn and Solveig Weltzien, Spuren jüdischer Geschichte in Güstrow, Förderverein Region Güstrow e.V. (ed.), Güstrow: Koepcke & Co., 1997. No ISBN. Kristine Schlaefer and Frank Schröder, Führer zu Orten jüdischer Geschichte in Rostock, Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (ed.), Rostock: Redieck & Schade, 2002, (=Schriften aus dem Max-Samuel-Haus; vol. 1). No ISBN. Max-Samuel-Haus: Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock, Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (ed.), Rostock: Redieck & Schade, 1993, p. 7. No ISBN. Frank Schröder, „Herbert Samuel“ (entry), in: 100 jüdische Persönlichkeiten aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (ed.), Rostock: Stadtdruckerei Weidner, 2003, (=Schriften aus dem Max-Samuel-Haus; vol. 4), pp. 139seq. No ISBN. Frank Schröder, „Max Samuel“ (entry), in: 100 jüdische Persönlichkeiten aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (ed.), Rostock: Stadtdruckerei Weidner, 2003, (=Schriften aus dem Max-Samuel-Haus; vol. 4), pp. 141seq. No ISBN. Frank Schröder, „Rostock“, in: Wegweiser durch das jüdische Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Irene Diekmann (ed.) on behalf of the Moses Mendelssohn Zentrum für europäisch-jüdische Studien, Potsdam: Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, 1998, (=Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen; vol. 2), pp. 195–223. . Jan-Peter Schulze, Richard Siegmann: ... aber wir waren Deutsche, Stiftung Begegnungsstätte für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in Rostock (ed.), Rostock: Redieck & Schade, 2011, (=Schriften aus dem Max-Samuel-Haus; vol. 11). Hilary Thomas, From Poland to Paradise Lane and other journeys: A History of the Blackburn Jewish Community, without place of imprint: self-publishing, 2018 Claire Tulloch, “Cemetery hosts visit to grave of Jewish hero Max Samuel”, on: The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council news, 29 April 2019 Notes 1883 births 1942 deaths People from Inowrocław County People from the Province of Posen 20th-century German inventors People from Rostock German company founders 20th-century German businesspeople German Democratic Party politicians German State Party politicians Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom German religious leaders People from Blackburn Burials in Lancashire Stateless people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20in%20United%20States%20politics%20and%20government

2020 in United States politics and government

Events in 2020 pertaining to politics and government in the United States. Events January January 1 Crowds of demonstrators remain outside the Embassy of the United States and are smaller than on December 31, 2019 in Baghdad, Iraq. President Donald Trump sent 750 marines to guard the embassy and Tweeted a threat against Iran. Recreational marijuana becomes legal in Illinois. State laws on bail, the gig economy, minimum wages, data privacy, and red flag gun control take effect in several states, including California, New York, Colorado, Nevada, and Hawaii. Several new federal regulations take effect in the US as of this date, including new regulations on retirement funds, new minimum wage rules, and new overtime rules. Pete Buttigieg resigns as mayor of South Bend, Indiana. He is succeeded by James Mueller. January 2 Julian Castro drops out of the presidential race. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo postpones his trip to Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Cyprus due to the situation in Iraq. Virginia governor Ralph Northam (D) requests a bill to remove the Robert E. Lee statue from the U.S. Capitol building. January 3 – 2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis: President Donald Trump approves the targeted killing of notorious Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi paramilitary leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis in Baghdad, Iraq, without the consultation of Congress. In anticipation of a conflict between Iran and the U.S. results in World War III trending on Twitter. Supporters of Soleimani protested his killing while those who participated in the 2019 Iranian demonstrations praised it. January 4 Thousands of people in 70 cities across the country protest against a new war in the Middle East. The White House officially notifies Congress about the airstrike that killed Qassem Soleimani, in accordance with the 1973 War Powers Resolution. January 5 The Iraqi parliament votes to expel U.S. troops from the country. Al-Shabaab attacks a U.S. military base in Kenya. Three Americans are killed and two are injured. 25,000 people march against Antisemitism in the United States in New York City. Sixty people of Iranian descent, including American citizens, are detained at the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Washington. January 6 US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced she would introduce a resolution to limit Trump's ability to take actions against Iran. Tennessee Congressman Phil Roe (R-1) is the 26th Republican to announce he will not seek reelection. Julian Castro endorses Elizabeth Warren for president. Former Rhode Island governor Lincoln Chafee announces his candidacy for president with the Libertarian Party. Kelly Loeffler (R-GA) is sworn in as a United States Senator. January 7 California Congressman Duncan D. Hunter (R-50) sends a letter of resignation to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, effective January 13. Between six and nine missiles fired by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps hit U.S. bases in Iraq, including Al Asad Airbase in the western part of the country. No casualties or damages are reported. January 8 – Maricopa County, Arizona, Assessor Paul Petersen (R) resigns after being indicted for his alleged involvement in human-trafficking. January 9 Facebook reiterates that it will allow politicians to lie on political ads, although users are free to block them. The New York City Bar Association asks Congress to investigate Attorney General William Barr for political bias and ethics violations. Three Republicans join House Democrats and one Independent in voting 224–194 in favor of the Iran War Powers Resolution sponsored by Congresswoman Elissa Slotkin (D-MI-8). Tom Steyer will join Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, Pete Buttigieg, Amy Klobuchar, and Andrew Yang in the 7th Democratic presidential debate on January 14. Anti-war protests in 370 U.S. cities. Staff for the Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign unionize. Workers for Buttigieg, Warren, Sanders, and Biden are also unionized. January 10 – Marianne Williamson announces she has ended her presidential campaign. January 11 Two American soldiers are killed and two wounded by an improvised explosive device (IED) in southern Afghanistan. Independent Congressman Justin Amash (MI-3) accuses President Trump of selling U.S. troops to after Trump tells Laura Ingraham that Saudi Arabia deposited $1 billion in a bank account in return for an increased military presence. January 12 – A report by the Texas Department of Public Safety warns that "involuntary celibates" (Incels) are a domestic terrorism threat. January 13 Senator Cory Booker drops out of the 2020 presidential campaign. He will run for reelection to the U.S. Senate instead. All 16 Roman Catholic bishops in Texas and two large newspapers, The Dallas Morning News and the Houston Chronicle condemn Texas governor Greg Abbott's decision to bar refugees from settling in the state. January 14 Two white women and four white men participate in the 7th Democratic Party presidential debate in Des Moines, Iowa. January 15 U.S. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi names the seven managers of the impeachment team and the House votes to send its impeachment resolutions to the Senate for a trial of President Donald Trump. President Trump signs an initial trade deal with China. Whitefield Academy in Kentucky expels a 15-year-old girl for wearing a rainbow sweater and blowing out candles on a rainbow birthday cake in her home. Virginia becomes the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. It is unclear if, or when, it will become law. January 16 Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts and 99 senators are sworn in at the Trump impeachment trial. Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK) misses the vote because he is in Oklahoma with a sick relative. The U.S. Senate ratifies the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) on a vote of 89 to 10. Environmentalists argue the treaty does not go far enough. Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (D-MA-7) reveals she has Alopecia areata, also called "spot baldness". January 17 The National Archives acknowledges that it altered photographs of the 2017 Women's March on Washington, blurring the word Trump in a sign that reads, "God Hates Trump" and another that reads, "Trump & GOP – Hands Off Women". The Federal Election Commission (FEC) grants Michael Bloomberg a 45-day extension to file his financial disclosure form, until after the Super Tuesday primaries. January 20 – Martin Luther King Jr. Day (Federal holiday) Most Democratic presidential candidates marched together in Columbia, South Carolina. Then they went to Des Moines, Iowa for the "Brown and Black Forum." 22,000 people, many heavily armed, participated in the Richmond, Virginia gun rally. January 20 – 24: World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner, and several Cabinet members will be in the U.S. delegation. President Trump talks about the U.S. economy and warns about fearmongering on climate change. January 21 – In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Hillary Clinton says "nobody likes" Senator Bernie Sanders and refuses to promise to support him if he wins the 2020 Democratic Presidential Nomination. January 22 Tulsi Gabbard sues Hillary Clinton for $50 million for calling her a "Russian asset". On the second day of the Donald Trump impeachment trial, Senate Republicans complain that House Democrats have not introduced any new evidence one day after voting against allowing new evidence. January 23 Prince Charles ignores and walks past U.S. Vice President Mike Pence without shaking his hand at the World Holocaust Forum in Jerusalem. The U.S imposes new visa rules limiting entry by pregnant women. January 24 – Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA-28) concludes the opening arguments in the impeachment trial of Donald Trump by calling upon Senators to show "moral courage" in voting to call witnesses. January 26 – Taking his cue from Fox News personality Mark Levin, President Trump threatens to eliminate funding for National Public Radio (npr) two days after Secretary of State Mike Pompeo lost his temper after an interview with reporter Mary Louise Kelly. January 27 The US Army announces that its Artificial Intelligence Task Force (AITF) has developed a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) system, Aided Threat Recognition from Mobile Cooperative and Autonomous Sensors (ATR-MCAS) that may transform future operations. Dr. Laura Hawks of Harvard University publishes a study in the JAMA Internal Medicine that shows that even many people who have private insurance cannot afford to pay for hospital care and doctor's visits. January 28 – The defense wraps up in the Impeachment trial of Donald Trump. January 31 Senate rejects calling witnesses in Trump impeachment trial. The Trump administration restricts entry into the United States from the People's Republic of China in an attempt to slow the Novel Coronavirus. The Trump Administration partially bans immigration from Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Eritrea, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tanzania. The Trump Administration ends the ban on land mines in South Korea. Heavily armed gunmen, some with masks, take over the Capitol in Frankfort, Kentucky in gun rally. Former Congressman John Delaney drops out of the 2020 presidential race. February February 1 Palestinean leader Mahmoud Abbas threatens to cut security ties to the United States and Israel. The U.S. Secretary of State says the United States can supply Belarus with 100% of its needed oil and gas after Russia cuts its supply. Republican Montana Representative Rodney Garcia says socialists should be shot or jailed. February 2 – Former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg responds to President Donald Trump's Twitter attacks during the Superbowl LIV. Trump called Bloomberg "Mini Mike" and attacked his candidacy for president after seeing a series of Trump attack ads put out by the Bloomberg campaign; the former mayor responded with, "I stand twice as tall as he does on the stage, the stage that matters." February 3 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses: The Democratic caucus results are delayed thirteen hours due to a snafu with a vote-counting app. With 99.94% of precincts reporting, the results are: Buttigieg, 26.1% (14 delegates); Sanders 26.1% (12 delegates); Warren 18.0% (8 delegates); Biden 15.8% (6 delegates); and Klobuchar 12.3% (1 delegate). 2020 Iowa Republican caucuses: Donald Trump 97%, Joe Walsh 1.4%, Bill Weld 1.2% with 8% of the votes counted. Former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld gets one delegate and Trump gets 39 delegates to the 2020 Republican National Convention. February 4 – President Donald Trump delivers his third State of the Union address. The speech has partisan overturns, as Trump refuses to shake Speaker Nancy Pelosi's hand and she tears up the text in disgust at the end. February 5 — the US Senate voted on whether or not to convict the president on the charges and evidence as they were presented and debated upon. The senators voted 52 to 48 to find President Trump not guilty on the charge of abuse of power (all 45 Democrats, independent senators Bernie Sanders and Angus King, and Republican senator Romney voted guilty). They voted 53 to 47, in a party-line vote, to find him not guilty on the charge of obstruction of Congress. February 7 U.S. Army Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman and Ambassador Gordon Sondland are fired in retaliation for testifying at the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. Vindman's twin brother, Lt. Col. Yevgeny Vindman, was also fired. Former Illinois Congressman Joe Walsh drops out of the Republican presidential primaries. February 10 New York Congressman Jerry Nadler (D-NY) demands that Attorney General Bill Barr explain the Justice Department's special new policy for investigating allegations of corruption based on evidence provided by attorney Rudy Giuliani related to Ukraine. The existence of the non-standard channel of investigation was first revealed by Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) on February 9. Construction begins of the border wall in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, destroying Native American burial sites belong to the Tohono Oʼodham Nation and threatening severe environmental damage. February 11 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary 100% of precincts reporting: Sanders 25.7% (9 delegates), Buttigieg 24.4% (9 delegates), Klobuchar 19.8% (6 delegates), Warren 9.2%, Biden 8.4% Andrew Yang and Michael Bennet suspend their presidential campaigns. Deval Patrick suspend his campaign on February 12. Four federal prosecutors resign in response to the politicization of the United States Department of Justice in the Roger Stone case. February 13 – Attorney General William Barr says that Trump tweets make it impossible for him to do his job. February 14 – Justice Department decides not to prosecute former FBI director Andrew McCabe. February 16 – Ivanka Trump praises Saudi Arabia and other Mideast countries for the advances they have made on women's rights. February 17 – 1,100 former DOJ employees call on Attorney General Bill Barr to step down and for current employees to speak up against politicization of the department. February 18 Donald Trump commutes former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year sentence to seven years. He pardons former New York police commissioner Bernard Kerik and former San Francisco 49ers owner Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. Sarah Miyazawa LaFleur of MM LaFleur clothing says the company will lend free clothing to any woman running for office. The lawyer for Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, claims that former Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) offered Assange a pardon in 2017 in exchange for denying Russian involvement in the DNC leak. In a February 20 interview with Yahoo! News, Rohrabacher admitted that he had offered a pardon to Assange. February 19 – President Trump replaces acting director of national intelligence Joseph Maguire with the inexperienced ambassador to Germany Richard Grenell after Maguire's office tells the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence that Russia intends to interfere in the 2020 elections. February 22 – 2020 Nevada Democratic caucuses February 26 – Donald Trump files a lawsuit against The New York Times for libel for saying Russia supported his 2016 campaign. February 28 – At a political rally in North Charleston, South Carolina, Donald Trump accuses the Democrats of politicizing the coronavirus and says the media are perpetuating a "hoax" as new outbreaks are reported in the United States, Iran, South Korea, and Italy. February 29 The United States and the Taliban sign an agreement that may lead to the end of the war in Afghanistan. Joe Biden is declared the winner of the 2020 South Carolina Democratic primary. March March 1 Pete Buttigieg withdraws from the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Joe Biden says he will insist that the 2020 Democratic presidential nominee has a majority, not a plurality, of votes at the DNC national convention. U.S. District Judge Randolph Moss rules that Ken Cuccinelli was not eligible to serve as acting director of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and suspends two policies Cuccinelli implemented while leading the agency. March 2 Amy Klobuchar suspends her 2020 presidential campaign and endorses the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign. Michael Bloomberg pledges carte blanche support for Israel in a speech before AIPAC. A report by the British newspaper The Guardian shows that Texas leads the South in closing down voting places, making it more difficult for Democratic-leaning African-Americans and Latinos to vote. March 3 Super Tuesday presidential primary elections Joe Biden wins Alabama, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Preliminary results place him second in California. He leads with 453 pledged delegates. Bernie Sanders wins Colorado, Utah, and Vermont and leads in California. He is in second place with 382 pledged delegates. Elizabeth Warren fails to win any states, but she is in third place with 50 pledged delegates. Michael Bloomberg has 44 delegates, including four from American Samoa. On March 4 he drops out and endorses Biden. Tulsi Gabbard has two delegates from American Samoa. The Texas Democratic primary for the Railroad Commission of Texas is expected to be a major test on climate change. No candidate wins the primary, so there will be a runoff on May 26. During a meeting of the House Ways and Means Committee, Congressman Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) accuses Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin of lying and breaking the law by hiding President Trump's tax returns. March 4 – 2020 Alabama Republican primary: In the presidential primary, Donald Trump gets 96% of the vote and all 50 delegates; Bill Weld gets 1.5% of the votes. Former attorney general and senator Jeff Sessions will face football coach Tommy Tuberville in a runoff election for the Republican Senate nomination on March 31. March 5 The Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign ends after a dismal showing on Super Tuesday. The Attorney General of New York warns televangelist Jim Bakker against profiting off an unproven cure for the novel coronavirus. Former Congressman Aaron Schock (R-IL), a leading anti-LGBTQ voice while in Congress, comes out as gay. March 6 The Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign sues CNN for libel. After Vice President Mike Pence praised Washington Governor Jay Inslee for his efforts to control the outbreak of the coronavirus, the Trump called Inslee "a snake." The Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign appeals to Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders to support her participation in the March 15 presidential debate after the DNC changes its rules to deny her a spot. Five senior members of the Atomwaffen Division right-wing hate group are charged with federal crimes in two cases across four states. March 7 – The Trump administration ignores politically inconvenient CDC recommendation that elderly people should be advised to avoid commercial air flights in response to the coronavirus. Fox News helps Donald Trump spread false information about the virus. March 9 Former Wells Fargo Chairwoman Elizabeth “Betsy” Duke and James Quigley resign three days before House Committee on Financial Services hearings on the Wells Fargo account fraud scandal. President Trump proposes a payroll tax (FICA) cut to stimulate the economy. Democrats oppose the idea, proposing paid sick leave and infrastructure spending instead. March 10 – Six Democratic primaries and caucuses Kansas City mayor Quinton Lucas (D) says he was not allowed to vote in the Missouri Democratic primary at his regular polling place. Joe Biden defeats Bernie Sanders in the Michigan Democratic primary. March 12 – Two Americans and a British soldier are killed during a rocket attack in Iraq. March 13 The Pentagon announces it will keep two aircraft carrier groups in the Persian Gulf after carrying out airstrikes against five depots for Iranian rockets in Iraq. Donald Trump declares an emergency and the House approves a $50 billion package to address the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. March 15 Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders debate; Biden promises to choose a female running mate. Donald Trump says he is considering a full pardon for Michael Flynn. March 16 Springfield, Missouri gunman kills five, including a police officer. Ohio Governor Mike DeWine (R) postpones the primary elections until June 2. This comes one day after a judge said he could not do so. Kentucky then postponed its primary for five weeks. A Lebanese military court releases Amer Fakhoury, a Lebanese-American who was accused of aiding an Israeli-backed militia group. The judge appeals the verdict. Los Angeles releases 600 inmates to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Congressman Louie Gohmert (R-TX) holds up the bipartisan coronavirus relief bill that provides for free testing; paid sick, family, and medical leave; strengthen unemployment insurance and food security; it increases funds for Medicaid. Gohmert's objections are purely technical. March 17 Democratic primaries in Arizona, Florida, and Illinois. Biden wins all three states. Biden has 1,180 delegates and Sanders has 885. Progressive Marie Newman defeats incumbent conservative Congressman Dan Lipinski (D-IL) in the 2020 Illinois Democratic primary. Mark Andrew Green, the head of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), resigns. Green enjoyed bipartisan support. The Justice Department quietly drops charges against Russian business charged in the Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. March 18 – Tulsi Gabbard drops out of the presidential race and endorses Joe Biden. March 19 – Muhammad Masood, 28, a Pakistani doctor working in the U.S., is arrested on terrorism charges in Minnesota. March 20 Secretary of State Mike Pompeo criticized the Communist Party of China for delaying information about the coronavirus. A Chinese spokesperson shot back, noting that China had notified the U.S. government about the outbreak on January 3, 2020, but that the U.S. Embassy in Wuhan did not notify its residents until January 15. Senator Richard Burr (R-NC) faces calls for his resignation after allegations that he used insider information about the coronavirus pandemic to make millions off the stock market. Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), Kelly Loeffler (R-GA), and James Inhofe (R-OK) also made questionable deals. Burr asks for an ethics review. The Pentagon successfully tests a Mach 5 hypersonic missile. The Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign transfers $18 million to the Democratic National Committee. March 23 – Senate colleagues Martha McSally (R-AZ) and Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) call Rand Paul "absolutely irresponsible" for going out in public and using the Senate pool and gym after testing positive for COVID-19. March 24 Donald Trump easily fields softball questions in a virtual town hall meeting on Fox News. He compares the coronavirus pandemic to a bad seasonal flu epidemic, promises to help Boeing, and calls for the country to go back to work by Easter. A congressionally-mandated commission recommends women should be eligible for the draft. The $2 trillion rescue package worked out by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer is held up by Republican Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Tim Scott (R-SC), Ben Sasse (R-Ne), and Rick Scot (R-FL) who fear it is too generous for American workers. Independent Bernie Sanders (I-VT) says he will vote against the bill unless the Republicans drop their demands. The bill passed 96–0. Joe Biden calls for an end to Democratic debates. The FBI kills a suspected white supremacist just before he detonated a car bomb outside a medical center in Kansas City, Missouri. 36-year-old Timothy Wilson “espoused white supremacist ideology” and “made a threat that if any agent attempted to [search his property] they should ‘bring a lot of body bags,” said the FBI alert that circulated on March 25. March 25 – A 17-year-old boy in Lancaster, California died of COVID-19 after being denied health care because he did not have health insurance. March 26 – The Green Party of the United States says the COVID-19 pandemic will keep third parties off the ballot in 2020 unless petitioning requirements are relaxed. March 27 – The House approves the $2 trillion stimulus bill previously approved by the Senate. Pelosi says more money will be needed. April April 1 – In an interview on The View, Whoopi Goldberg asks Bernie Sanders why he is continuing his campaign for president. Sanders replies, "We are assessing our campaign, as a matter of fact, where we want to go forward. But people in a democracy do have a right to vote." April 3 Democratic Senate leader Chuck Schumer says more money for the unemployed will probably be necessary after a record 6.6 million people filed for unemployment benefits last week. In an interview on CNBC, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi pushes an infrastructure proposal but says that clean water and broadband provisions will probably have to wait in favor of more funding for direct payments to individuals, unemployment insurance, small-business loans, and protective equipment for doctors and other medical professionals. President Trump nominates Justin Walker, 37, who was approved just five months ago to a federal judgeship in Kentucky despite having no experience and receiving a “not qualified” rating from the American Bar Association, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Donald Trump fires Michael Atkinson, who was the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community who revealed the Ukraine whistleblower complaint that led to Trump's impeachment. Thomas Monheim, a career intelligence professional, will serve as acting inspector general. April 4 – Wyoming Democratic caucuses and Alaska Democratic primary changed from in-person to a mail-in process April 6 – The Supreme Court turns down an appeal from a Catholic church in Washington, DC, that would have allowed them to place religious ads on public buses. April 7 – The Wisconsin primaries goes ahead as scheduled but absentee voting is extended until April 13. Nineteen people were infected with COVID-19. April 8 – Bernie Sanders drops out of the presidential race. April 12 – Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signs new measures into law aimed at expanding access to voting in the commonwealth. Election Day is made a national holiday, early voting is extended to 45 days, and the requirement that a photo ID is shown before voting is eliminated. April 13 Donald Trump claims that he has exclusive authority to end restrictions as the COVID-19 outbreak eases. Joe Biden attacked Trump's comments, tweeting "I am not running for office to be King of America. I respect the Constitution. I’ve read the Constitution. I’ve sworn an oath to it many times." Federal legislators of both parties pushed back against Trump's comments. Bernie Sanders endorses Joe Biden for president. April 14 Former President Barack Obama formally endorses Joe Biden for president. Liberal Jill Karofsky defeats conservative incumbent Daniel Kelly as Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. April 15 A Texas judge rules that all citizens of Texas are eligible to request mail-in ballots based on disability if they fear contracting COVID-19 by voting in person. Republican lawmakers oppose the ruling and plan to appeal. The Georgia election board has approved drop-boxes for the primary election in June. Absentee voters will have the option of using the drop-boxes rather than paying for postage. Individual counties will have the option to use the drop-boxes or not, and they will have to pay for them. The Republican-controlled Kentucky General Assembly overrides Governor Andy Beshear's veto of a bill requiring government-issued voter-ID in order to participate in the November 3 elections. State offices that issue such IDs are closed. April 16 – A report published by Vice Media asserts that former Michigan governor Rick Snyder covered up and lied about the Flint water crisis. VICE notes that the Michigan statute of limitations runs out on April 25, 2020, for new felony misconduct-in-office charges related to the water crisis to be filed, although the Michigan AG's office disputes this deadline. April 19 – Republicans are pushing an anti-Chinese narrative about the origins of the coronavirus outbreak, despite warnings from the FBI and Asian-American leaders about xenophobia and racism. Dr. Anthony Fauci, of the White House Coronavirus Task Force has denied the theory of a laboratory origin of the virus, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark Milley, said that the “weight of evidence” points toward natural origins. April 20 The Supreme Court rules 6-3 that criminal convictions require unanimous votes, rather than the 10–2 vote allowed in Louisiana and Oregon. Big restaurant chains are getting millions in subsidies earmarked for small businesses so long as they do not have 500 employees in a single location. Trump tweets that he intends to sign an executive order suspending all immigration to the U.S. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upholds the Texas ban on most abortions. April 21 – Authorities in Milwaukee link seven COVID-19 infections to the April 7 election. April 22 – Dr. Rick Bright, the head of the federal agency charged with overseeing the production of a vaccine to fight the novel coronavirus pandemic, says he was transferred "in response to my insistence that the government invest the billions of dollars allocated by Congress to address the COVID-19 pandemic into safe and scientifically vetted solutions, and not in drugs, vaccines and other technologies that lack scientific merit." April 23 The State Department announces a $12.1 million economic aid package for Greenland aimed at strengthening mutual ties and boosting a renewed U.S. push for a greater military presence in the Arctic. SCOTUS rules 6-3 that dumping polluted water into the ground does not make it miraculously clean and is still a violation of the Clean Water Act. April 27 – In a 5–4 decision, SCOTUS dismisses a case brought by gun-rights advocates in New York City that would prohibit transporting guns outside the city. April 29 – The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit rules that Kansas cannot require voters to show proof of citizenship when they register. May May 1 The White House blocks testimony by Dr. Anthony Fauci before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. Fauci is expected to testify before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Christi Grimm is fired from her position as Inspector General of Health and Human Services. May 2 – Kansas Democratic primary changed from in-person to a mail-in process Biden wins 29 delegates and Sanders 10. Biden now has 1,424 delegates of the 1,991 needed for the nomination. May 4 – Trump celebrates World Press Freedom Day by blasting NBC's Joe Scarborough and Fox News opinion polling. May 12 West Virginia Democratic primary Republican Mike Garcia wins California's 25th congressional district special election flipping the seat formerly held by Katie Hill (D). May 13 – Utah decriminalizes polygamy. May 16 Hundreds march in Glynn County, Georgia demanding justice for the alleged February 23 murder of Ahmaud Arbery, 25. Robert Tesh, 32, is arrested for terrorism after making “credible threats” to kill Governor Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan and the state attorney general, Dana Nessel. Congressman Justin Amash (MI-I) ends his campaign for the Libertarian Party presidential nomination. May 18 – Rebekah Jones, the architect and manager of Florida's COVID-19 dashboard, says she was removed from her post after she would not censor data. May 19 Rescheduled 2020 Georgia Democratic primary Mail-in referendum on proposed "homeless tax" in Metro (Portland, Oregon) Voters appeared to be approving taxes on personal income and business profits that would raise $2.5 billion over a decade to fight homelessness. Jo Rae Perkins, a member of the far-right conspiracy group QAnon, wins the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in Oregon. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos admits that she is diverting funds intended to help low-income students at public schools to private schools even if they do not serve low-incme students. May 20 – President Trump threatens to halt federal funding to Michigan and Nevada over the distribution of absentee ballots. May 22 – President Trump fires the acting Inspector General (IG) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) Mitch Behm and appoints Howard “Skip” Elliott. Behm was investigating allegations that Secretary Elaine Chao gave her husband's Kentucky constituents special treatment and helped steer millions of federal dollars to the state as he is facing low approval ratings and a tough reelection bid. May 23 – Hawaii presidential primary: Won by Joe Biden with 63% of vote May 24 – Vice President Mike Pence sets off a diplomatic row by questioning Australia's involvement in China's Belt and Road Initiative. May 25 – Trump threatens to move the 2020 Republican National Convention from Charlotte, NC, if the governor cannot guarantee large crowds will be allowed to attend. May 26 For the first time, Twitter labels a Trump tweet "misleading." Trump threatens censorship in retaliation. Police dressed in riot gear use tear gas, rubber bullets, and stun grenades to disperse crowds protesting the murder of George Floyd by police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 27 – The Justice Department drops insider trader investigations against three U.S. Senators, but continues the investigation of Senator Richard Burr (R-NC). May 29 – Donald Trumps withdraws the United States from the World Health Organization (WHO). May 31 George Floyd protests: Police in Nashville, Tennessee, arrest a 25-year-old white man suspected of setting the city's historic courthouse on fire during protests against the murder of George Floyd. AG William Barr is accused of politicizing the Department of Justice for firing Joseph D. Brown, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, for pursuing possible criminal charges against Walmart in relation to the opioid crisis. June June 1 – George Floyd protests: President Trump tells governors they need to "dominate" streets in response to protests. June 2 – Elections in eleven states District of Columbia: Voters face long lines and delays as fewer polling places are available and social distancing is enforced. Indiana rescheduled from May 5 Conservative Club for Growth member Victoria Spartz wins the Republican nomination for Indiana's 5th congressional district. Iowa: Congressman Steve King (R-IO-), known for his racism and anti-immigrant bigotry, loses the Republican primary for Iowa's 4th congressional district to Randy Feenstra. Democrats nominate Theresa Greenfield to run for the 2020 United States Senate election in Iowa against Joni Ernst (R). Maryland rescheduled from April 28 Former head of the NAACP Kweisi Mfume wins the Democratic nomination for Maryland's 7th congressional district. Missouri: Ferguson, Missouri, home to the late Michael Brown, Jr., elects its first black and first female mayor, Ella Jones. Montana: Republican Congressman Greg Gianforte and Democrat Mike Cooney will run in the November election for Montana governor after a mail-in primary that saw huge voter participation. Gianforte is best known for beating up a reporter in 2017. New Mexico: Teresa Leger Fernandez, an attorney, defeats former CIA agent Valerie Plame for the Democratic nomination in New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. Liberals dominate elections for the New Mexico Senate. Conservative Native American Yvette Herrell wins the Republican nomination for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district. Ohio, originally scheduled for March 17 Pennsylvania A decision by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania not to extend the vote-by-mail deadline is expected to lower Asian-American participation since many of them require translation services. Voters face long lines at the polls. Rhode Island: Biden and Trump win their respective primaries. June 2 – George Floyd protests Charges against Officer Derek Chauvin are upgraded to second-degree unintentional murder and the other three officers involved are charged with aiding and abetting in the death of 46-year-old Floyd. DoD Secretary Mark Esper rejects using the military to quell protests. Evangelical leader Pat Robertson opens his nightly The 700 Club television show by saying the political moment in the U.S. now calls for compassion and reassurance. June 6 – Joe Biden wins all seven delegates in the 2020 U.S. Virgin Islands caucuses. June 8 List of George Floyd protests in the United States: Over 10,000 people have been arrested in protests, many of them non-violent. Before unveiling a sweeping overhaul of police reforms, House and Senate Democrats kneel in silence at the Capitol's Emancipation Hall, reading the names of George Floyd and others killed during police interactions. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) says the United States is in an economic recession after 128 months of economic growth. GDP dropped by 5 percent in the first quarter of 2020. June 9 – Elections Georgia primaries: Minority areas in Fulton, DeKalb and Gwinnett counties experience long lines and voting machine failures; Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger (R) calls the situation ″unacceptable.″ Jon Ossoff leads in the race for the Democratic Senate nomination with 48% of the vote but needs 50% to avoid a runoff. Absentee voting increased from 40,000 in a typical election to 1.2 million. South Carolina primaries: Conservative Nancy Mace, the first female graduate of The Citadel wins the Republican nomination to face Democrat Joe Cunningham in South Carolina's 1st congressional district. West Virginia: The state senate president Mitch Carmichael (R) loses the Republican primary to Amy Nicole Grady, a teacher who campaigned for better teacher salaries. Rosemary Ketchem becomes the state's first openly transgender person elected to political office by winning in Wheeling. June 9 – Statues of Christopher Columbus are beheaded in Boston, Massachusetts, and knocked over in Richmond, Virginia in support of Native American rights. June 10 – NASCAR bans Confederate flags at its events. June 12 Governors of Iowa and New York sign police reform legislation. Boston shifts $3 million from the Boston Police Department to community programs. A Tennessee House committee votes against removing a bronze bust of Nathan Bedford Forrest, saying racists would be offended if it were removed. The mayor of Albany, New York signs an order to remove a statue of slave-owner Philip Schuyler that stands in front of city hall. A stature of Jefferson Davis is removed from the Kentucky State Capitol rotunda. The Minneapolis City Council approves a resolution to pursue a community-led public safety system to replace the police department following the murder of George Floyd. June 13 – Virginia Republican convention: Freshman Denver Riggleman (R-Va.) loses the nomination in Virginia's 5th congressional district amidst charges of voter fraud. June 15 – Two resignations of top officials at Voice of America (VOA) are followed by the firing of the heads of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, and the Open Technology Fund. The purge was carried out by Michael Pack, a conservative film-maker who is under investigation for allegedly misusing funds from his nonprofit Public Media Fund for his for-profit film agency. June 19 – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary chairperson Lindsey Graham (R-SC) says he will not hold hearings on Bill Barr's appointment of Donald Trump flunkie Jay Clayton to be the next Senate-confirmed U.S. attorney for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York unless he gets "blue slips" from both New York senators, Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY). The U.S. Attorney's office is involved in several investigations of Trump and Trump-henchmen. June 20 President Trump reschedules a campaign rally originally planned for Juneteenth in Tulsa, Oklahoma, sight of the Tulsa race massacre in 1921. Reportedly 100,000 tickets were sold for the 19,000-person venue, which was filled well below capacity. Trump spoke for about 90 minutes, used a racial slur, and repeated his support for Confederate statues, but did not reference Juneteenth or George Floyd. Attorney General Barr says Trump fired Geoffrey Berman, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. June 23 – Elections Kentucky Democratic primary rescheduled from May 19 After the entire city of Louisville (population 700,000) was reduced to one voting location, thousands are locked out and denied the vote due to a traffic jam. New York Democratic primary rescheduled from April 28 African-American schoolteacher Jamaal Bowman defeats Eliot Engel for the nomination in New York's 16th congressional district. Progressive Mondaire Jones wins the nomination in New York's 17th congressional district. Runoff election for Republican nominee in North Carolina's 11th congressional district. Twenty-four-year-old investor Madison Cawthorn defeats the candidate endorsed by Donald Trump. If elected, Cawthorn will be the youngest person elected to Congress. June 24 – The U.S. Senate confirms President Trump's 200th judicial nominee, Cory T. Wilson to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit by a vote of 52–48 with only Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) dissenting from the Republican majority. June 26 – The White House denies that President Trump was briefed about Russian bounties to the Taliban for killing American soldiers in Afghanistan, but does not deny the intelligence itself. June 27 – COVID-19 pandemic: A Los Angeles sweatshop owned by Dov Charney is forced to close after 300 infections and four deaths are reported there. July July 3 – Donald Trump holds a campaign rally at taxpayer expense at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, as social distancing is ignored and few mask are worn by the 7,500 participants. A group on Native American protesters blocked the access road briefly before the event, and 15 were arrested. July 4 – President Trump makes a politically divisive speech from the South Lawn of the White House to commemorate Independence Day. July 5 A group of mostly Black, heavily armed protesters march through Stone Mountain Park in Georgia, demanding removal of the Confederate sculpture the park is best known for. Singer Kanye West declares his independent candidacy for the presidency although he has already missed several state deadlines and does nothing else to promote such a campaign. July 6 – Supreme Court of the United States: In a unanimous decision, SCOTUS rules that individuals elected to the United States Electoral College are not free agents and must vote according to the laws of their state, eliminating "rogue" electors. In a 6–3 decision, the Court upholds the ban on most robocalls, including those with political messages, to cell phones. July 7 – One million foreign students risk losing their visas under new immigration rules that forbid them from remaining in the country if their universities offer only on-line classes. July 8 SCOTUS: The Supreme Court rules 7–2 to let more employers opt-out of the Affordable Care Act mandate guaranteeing no-cost contraceptive services for women. Democratic primary in New Jersey: Amy Kennedy will face incumbent Jeff Van Drew (R-NJ) in New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. Incumbent Cory Booker (D-NJ) survives against progressive challenger Lawrence Hamm in the Democratic Senate primary. Houston officials cancel the in-person Texas Republican Convention, scheduled for July 13–18. July 9 SCOTUS The Court rules 7-2 that Trump must turn over his tax records to the Manhattan prosecutor, but they will not be made available to House investigators or the general public. In a 5–4 decision, the Court rules that a large part of Oklahoma belongs to the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and upholds treaty obligations. July 10 – Trump commutes the sentence of dirty-trickster Roger Stone. July 11 – Rescheduled Louisiana primaries. Originally planned for April 4 and then changed to June 20; early voting expanded and mail-in votes are encouraged. July 14 The Asheville, North Carolina city council approves 7-0 a plan to provide reparations to the community's black residents. Congressman Steve Watkins (R-KS) is charged with three felonies and a misdemeanor in relation to voter fraud in the 2019 Topeka municipal elections. Elections Runoff primaries in Alabama: Trump-supported football coach Tommy Tuberville defeats former senator and attorney general Jeff Sessions for the Republican Senate nomination. Runoff primaries in Texas Maine primaries July 15 – COVID-19 pandemic: The Trump administration politicizes health information by ordering hospitals to send all coronavirus patient information to a central database in Washington rather than to the CDC. July 20 – Georgia State Senator Nikema Williams (D), is chosen to replace Representative John Lewis (D-GA) on the ballot in November. July 21 Twitter bans 7,000 QAnon accounts and limits 150,000 others. Ohio Democrats call for the repeal of a nuclear bailout bill after Ohio Speaker Larry Householder (R) is arrested on bribery charges related to the bill. July 23 – The Senate approves the $740.5 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (NDAA) 86–14, including a provision to rename military bases, over President Trump's veto threat. July 24 – Officials in New York State, the District of Columbia, and 19 other states, as well as a dozen cities and counties, sue Donald Trump for his memo excluding undocumented immigrants from the 2020 census. July 27 – The Richmond, Virginia, Police Department determines that weekend riots were instigated by white supremacists under the guise of the Black Lives Matter movement. July 28 AG William Barr appears before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. Joe Biden reveals economic plan to address racial inequality. July 29 CEO tech "emperors" from Amazon, Facebook, Google, and Apple testify before the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. Oregon Governor Kate Brown (D) announces a phased withdrawal of federal forces from Portland after two months of protests. The New York election commission announces it has finished counting the votes from the June 23 primaries. July 30 – Donald Trump threatens to postpone the election if it appears mail-in-votes might go against him. Leaders of both parties reject the suggestion. July 31 – Congressman David Schweikert (R-AZ) is sanctioned by the House of Representatives for violating campaign finance rules and improperly using official resources for his reelection efforts. August August 2 – After failing to get Senate approval for retired Army Brigadier General Anthony Tata as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Donald Trump appoints him as "the official Performing the Duties of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Policy;" doing "an end run around Congress" according to Congressman Adam Smith (D-WA). August 3 Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak (D) signs legislation authorizing mail-in-voting for every registered voter in the state. Donald Trump fires the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) chairman and another board member, saying they were overpaid and because they outsourced 200 high-tech jobs. August 4 – Primary elections Arizona: Anti-immigrant former sheriff Joe Arpaio loses his second comeback attempt. Kansas: Conservative Kris Kobach and indicted Steve Watkins lose the Republican nominations for U.S. Senate and Kansas's 2nd congressional district respectively. Michigan: Nurse and lawyer Eric Esshaki wins the Republican primary to face Haley Stevens (D) in Michigan's 11th District. Missouri: Progressive Cori Bush wins the Democratic nomination in an upset for Missouri's 1st congressional district. Washington: Former Tacoma mayor Marilyn Strickland (D) wins the state's jungle primary in Washington's 10th congressional district. August 6 Letitia James, the Attorney General of New York, sues to dissolve the National Rifle Association (NRA) because of "financial misconduct." Trump-backed Bill Hagerty defeats far-right Manny Sethi for the Tennessee Republican Senate nomination. A record 116,000 mail'in votes were cast, although the Tennessee Supreme Court has ruled that fear of COVID-19 will not be an accetable reason to vote by mail in the general election. Donald Trump signs an executive order banning social media platforms TikTok and WeChat in 45 days, citing national security concerns. Congressman Mark Walker (R-NC) calls for the resignation of Liberty University president Jerry Falwell Jr. after Falwell is involved in a sex scandal. George Floyd protests Milwaukee Police Chief Alfonso Morales is demoted to captain over the department's use of tear gas during protests against police brutality. Four protesters arrested for breaking windows and throwing red paint at a building face life imprisonment in Salt Lake City. August 7 Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland said that the government "intends to swiftly impose dollar-for-dollar countermeasures" in response to Donald Trump's August 6 announcement that he is reimposing tariffs on aluminum. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit rules 7-2 that the House can sue former White House counsel Don McGahn to comply with a congressional subpoena. August 8 After Congress fails to produce funding to address the health and economic crises, Donald Trump signs executive orders to provide a temporary payroll tax suspension and other issues. One hundred people are arrested and 13 police officers are injured after police shoot an armed man in the Chicago Loop. August 9 – Rescheduled Puerto Rico primary elections August 11 Joe Biden chooses Senator Kamala Harris (D-CA) as his running mate. Georgia primary runoffs Fani Willis defeats incumbent Fulton County District Attorney Paul J. Howard. Racist QAnon supporter Marjorie Taylor Greene defeats John Cowan for the Republican Party nomination in Georgia's 14th congressional district. Primaries in Connecticut, Minnesota, Vermont, and Wisconsin; runoff primaries in Georgia August 17 to 20 – 2020 Democratic National Convention August 16 – Puerto Rico holds a second-round of primary elections after a ballot shortage during the first round on August 9. August 18 Primaries in Alaska, Florida, and Wyoming Alaska: Independent Al Gross (politician), 58, wins the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate. Florida: Far-right conspiracy theorist Laura Loomer, 27, wins the Republican nomination for Florida's 21st congressional district. Democratic incumbent Lois Frankel is favored to win. Trump pardons Susan B. Anthony. A Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report determines that there were significant ties between Russia and the 2016 Trump campaign. "[Paul] Manafort hired and worked increasingly closely with a Russian national, Konstantin Kilimnik. Kilimnik is a Russian intelligence officer," the report says. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company stock drops 3.5% after Donald Trump called for a boycott of the company which had banned "MAGA" and "Blue Lives Matter" clothing. Akron, Ohio Mayor Dan Horrigan (D) tweeted that Trump was trying to destroy jobs. August 19 Facebook bans thousands of ads, groups, and pages linked to QAnon. Steve Bannon is arrested for fraud in soliciting private donations to build a border wall. August 21 COVID-19 pandemic: At least eight cases are linked to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. 2020 United States Postal Service crisis: Postmaster General Louis DeJoy defends slowdowns at the USPS in testimony before the Senate Homeland Security Committee. August 23 White House advisor Kellyanne Conway, 53, announces her resignation to concentrate on her family. Aaron Coleman, 19, who won the Democratic primary for the 37th district of the Kansas House of Representatives on August 4, drops out. Coleman engaged in revenge porn when he was 14 years old. The incumbent Stan Frownfelter plans to enter the race as a write-in candidate; As of August 24, no Republican had yet declared. Protests break out in Kenosha, Wisconsin after the shooting of Jacob Blake, an unarmed black man and father of three. Black was shot in the back at point-blank range as his children watched. August 24 – 2020 Republican National Convention August 25 Republican National Convention: Nine Progressive groups demand that broadcasters delay coverage until they can fact-check statements by participants. Congressman Joaquin Castro (D-TX) plans to investigate the Secretary of State for apparent Hatch Act violations for speaking at a partisan political event while on a diplomatic mission in Jerusalem. Trump pardons former bank robber Jon Ponder. August 26 Shooting of Jacob Blake: Two people are killed and one injured by a shooter during the protests. An Illinois teenager is arrested. August 28 Postal workers say first-class and priority mail is still running behind schedule. “Some stations have so much mail backed up, it's three times more than the volume you would see at Christmas,” Keith Richardson, president of the American Postal Workers Union, Chicago, Local 1 said. The director of national intelligence, John Ratcliffe informs Congress that he will no longer provide in-person briefings about election security and foreign election interference. August 28 – March on Washington organized by Rev. Al Sharpton and the family of George Floyd. September September 1 – Massachusetts primaries Incumbent Senator Ed Markey (D-MA) defeats Congressman Joe Kennedy III (D-MA) in the Senate primary. Former Republican moderate Jake Auchincloss wins the Democratic nomination for Kennedy's House seat with only 23% of the vote. September 3 – The North Carolina elections commission explains to Donald Trump and Attorney General Bill Barr that voting twice is illegal. September 8 Post office crisis: Trump throws Postmaster General DeJoy under the bus; supports campaign financing investigation. New Hampshire and Rhode Island primaries September 9 COVID-19 pandemic: The White House ends screening for international travelers. Presidential campaigns: Biden visits suburban Warren, Michigan. Christian Tybring-Gjedde, a member of the Norwegian right-wing Progress Party, nominates Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for the Abraham Accords. Trump admits in Rage by Bob Woodward that he deliberately downplayed the COVID-19 pandemic. Iraq War: The United States Army announces a reduction of 5,200 troops in Iraq. Tesla CEO Elon Musk calls former Labor Secretary (1993-1997) Robert Reich a "moron" after the latter calls Musk a "modern-day robber baron" in a dispute about Telsa employee compensation. September 11 The DoD cancels a Navy low-level flyover of New York City deemed "inappropriate." Microsoft warns of Russian, Chinese, and Iranian interference in the 2020 elections. The National debt of the United States increases to $3 trillion. DOJ lawyer Nora Dannehy resigns from the U.S. Attorney's team that is investigating the origins of the Trump-Russia investigation. September 13 – Sunday morning cable newscasters Chris Wallace (Fox News Sunday) and Jake Trapper (State of the Union) humiliate Trump campaign surrogate Steve Cortes and White House advisor Peter Navarro when they try to whitewash revelations that Trump deliberately misled the American public about the COVID-19 pandemic. September 14 – HHS Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Michael Caputo claims that top scientists at the CDC are plotting against Trump by telling the truth about the coronavirus pandemic and that Trump supporters should buy ammunition for their guns if Biden wins the election. September 15 – Presidential campaign: Scientific American endorses Joe Biden, the first time in its 175-year history it endorses a presidential candidate. September 18 Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg dies at age 87, leaving a vacancy on the United States Supreme Court. The dispute over her seat promises to become a major issue in the elections. The DoD announces that it is sending a small contingent of troops and tanks to Syria after a run-in with Russia. September 22 – The Maine Supreme Judicial Court approves first-in-the-nation ranked-choice voting in the November 3 presidential election. September 29 – The first presidential debate is held at the Case Western Reserve University Health Education Campus in Cleveland. October October 7 – The vice presidential debate is held at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. October 15 – After the second presidential debate is cancelled by Donald Trump, he and Joe Biden hold competing Town hall meetings. October 22 – Final presidential debate at Belmont University in Nashville. October 26 – Election officials in Pennsylvania report that one-fifth of the state's nine million voters have already cast their votes. 2.9 million mail-in requests were received by October 23. October 30 Early votes in Texas surpass the total turnout from 2016. 3.8 million people cast votes in Georgia by the end of the three-week early-voting period, which is nearly half the total registered voters in the state and nearly equalling the total vote in the 2016 United States presidential election in Georgia. October 31 – Former President Barack Obama and musician Stevie Wonder join Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden at a drive-in campaign event in Belle Isle Park in Detroit. November November 3 – 2020 United States elections: 2020 United States presidential election: Joe Biden (D) is declared the winner. 2020 United States Senate elections: Republicans retain 50 seats while two Senate seats in Georgia go to a January 5, 2021 runoff. 2020 United States House of Representatives elections: Republicans make gains although Democrats retain control. 2020 United States gubernatorial elections: Republicans flip Montana, increasing their control to 27 gubernatorial mansions. Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election November 8 – Thousands dance in the streets across the country when Joe Biden and Kamala Harris are declared victors in the presidential election. November 9 – President-elect Joe Biden reveals his COVID-19 task force. November 14 Thousands, including members of Proud Boys, Oath Keepers, and QAnon march in the Million MAGA March in support of Donald Trump in Washington DC. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo begins a seven-country tour of France, Turkey, Georgia, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. November 16 Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger says Republicans are pressuring him to exclude legal ballots during the recount to ensure victory for Trump. 88,500 sexual abuse allegations have been filed against the Boy Scouts of America. November 17 – Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher C. Miller announces that the U.S. will withdraw 2,500 troops from Afghanistan and Iraq by January 15, 2021. November 18 – U.S. District Judge Emmet G. Sullivan issues an injunction in Washington ordering the Department of Homeland Security to stop expelling unaccompanied migrant children who arrived to the U.S.-Mexico border by themselves. November 20 – Pfizer applies to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency authorization to distribute its COVID-19 vaccine. November 21 – Donald Trump stays for opening remarks of the virtual 2020 G20 Riyadh summit (G20) before leaving to play golf and does not participate in the discussion about the COVID-19 pandemic. November 22 – The United States pulls out of the Treaty on Open Skies that allow nations to conduct flyovers of other allies in an attempt to collect military data and other intelligence on neighboring foreign enemies. November 23 After General Services Administration (GSA) Administrator Emily Murphy ignored a request to testify before the House Appropriations and Oversight and Reform committees, President Trump ordered the agency to begin the transition process. President-elect Biden names his national security team: Antony Blinken (Secretary of State), Alejandro Mayorkas (Secretary of Homeland Security), Avril Haines (Director of National Intelligence), and Linda Thomas-Greenfield (U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations). Biden also names John Kerry as the Presidential Envoy on Climate Change or "Climate Czar." Other nominees are Jake Sullivan (National Security Advisor), and Janet Yellen (Secretary of the Treasury). November 26 – While still complaining about election fraud, Trump agrees to leave the White House if the Electoral College votes to give the election to Biden. December December 1 – A group of historians sue the Trump administration over its failure to preserve historical records in violation of the Presidential Records Act (National Security Archive v. Trump, 20-cv-03500, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia). December 4 U.S. district judge Nicholas Garaufis orders the reinstatement of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). Barack Obama holds a virtual rally for Democratic U.S. Senate candidates in Georgia. Vice President Mike Pence holds two rallies for Republican Senate candidates in Georgia. December 5 The U.S. suspends five cultural programs with China. Donald Trump orders the almost complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from Somalia by January 15. Concerns about post-election violence grow as Donald Trump continues to push charges of election fraud. A small crowd of heavily armed protesters gather outside the home of an Akron, Ohio to protest COVID-19 health restrictions. Most of California is ordered under lockdown due to surges in the COVID-19 infections. Joe Biden secures more than 270 Electoral College votes as California certifies its election results. In his first post-electoral trip, Donald Trump campaigns for Republican Senate candidates Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue in Georgia. December 6 Republican Kelly Loeffler and Democrat Raphael Warnock face off on a nationally televised debate in the 2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia. Democrat Jon Ossoff debated an empty podium in the 2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia. Staten Island bar-owner Danny Presti is arrested after hitting a sheriff's deputy with his car following his open defiance of health restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state). Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson reports that dozens of armed protesters gathered outside her house, threatening her and her four-year-old son with violence if she does not accede to their demands. Democratic lawmaker Cynthia Johnson revealed recordings of several death threats she received on her personal phone. Virginia Military Institute (VMI) announces it is removing a statue of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, a former VMI professor. The statue will be relocated to a Civil War museum located on a battlefield where a number of VMI cadets and alumni were killed or wounded. The Arizona State Legislature is forced to close for at least a week after lawyer Rudy Giuliani, who has tested positive for COVID-19, testifies without a facemask for eleven hours about unproven charges of voter fraud. Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) agents raided the home and pointed guns at the children of a scientist who was fired for not manipulating COVID-19 data. December 8 Biden reveals his health team: Xavier Becerra (Secretary of Health and Human Services—HHS), Jeff Zients (White House coronavirus coordinator), Dr. Rochelle Walensky (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention—CDC), Dr. Anthony Fauci (medical adviser), Dr. Vivek Murthy (Surgeon General), and Dr. Marcella Nunez-Smith (equitability). Killing of Vanessa Guillén: Fourteen senior Army officers and enlisted personnel at Fort Hood are fired or suspended following an independent panel's review of the command climate and culture at the base. The Senate votes 49–46 to approve a partisan FCC commissioner, Nathan Simington. December 9 Biden nominates General Lloyd Austin, 67, as Secretary of Defense and asks Congress to approve a waiver allowing Austin to serve despite having retired only four years ago. December 9 – Biden nominates Katherine Tai as head of trade. The Senate joins the House in approving the $740 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 over Trump's veto threat. Joe Biden and Kamala Harris are chosen as Time Person of the Year. Der Spiegel names Donald Trump Der Verlierer des Jahres (English: "Loser of the Year"). December 11 – Biden nominates Tom Vilsack (Secretary of Agriculture), Congresswoman Marcia Fudge (HUD secretary) and Susan Rice (director of the United States Domestic Policy Council). December 12 – Between 12,000 and 15,000 mostly unmasked pro-Trump supporters rally in Washington, DC in protest against the president's election defeat. Four people are stabbed and 23 are arrested. December 14 Joe Biden wins the Electoral College vote 306–232. The presidents of Brazil, Mexico, and Russia congratulate Biden and Harris. Bill Barr resigns as Attorney General. A multi-agency cyber breach, possibly related to Russian intelligence, is discovered. December 15 Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) congratulates Biden and Harris on their win. Former South Bend mayor Pete Buttigieg is nominated as United States Secretary of Transportation. Former EPA head Gina McCarthy is nominated as Biden's domestic climate change czar. December 16 – COVID-19 pandemic: Dr. Joseph Varon, chief of the United Memorial Medical Center (Houston, TX) critical care unit says half his staff will not get the COVID-19 vaccine for political reasons. December 18 COVID-19 pandemic: Vice President Mike Pence, Surgeon General Jerome Adams, and several Congressional leaders receive the first dosis of the vaccine. Congresswoman Deb Haaland (D-NM) is nominated for Secretary of the Interior. Former Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm is nominated for Energy Secretary. December 19 U.S. Presidential election: President Trump and his advisors discuss implementing martial law to overthrow the election. A day earlier they had discussed seizing voting machines manufactured by Dominion Voting Systems. They also discussed hiring Sidney Powell, who was fired from the campaign for pushing conspiracy theories, as a special prosecutor special counsel to investigate election fraud. December 21 Congress approves $900 billion in funding to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic effects. It also supports the National Museum of the American Latino, and Smithsonian American Women's History Museum. Conservative television networks Fox News and Newsmax TV admit they lied about voter fraud. December 22 Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell promises to allow floor votes on all of Biden's Cabinet nominees. Trump pardons Republican cronies who pleaded guilty during the Mueller investigation plus four Blackwater guards convicted of killing Iraqi civilians. California Governor Gavin Newsom names Secretary of State Alex Padilla to fill the Senate seat to be vacated by Vice-President elect Kamala Harris. December 23 Biden names Connecticut education commissioner Miguel Cardona Secretary of Education. Trump vetoes the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. The State Department rules that products originating in occupied areas of Palestine shall be labeled "Made in Israel" rather than "Made in Palestine" or "Made in Gaza". December 27 – After threats to veto it, Trump signs the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. December 28 Presidential transition of Joe Biden: Biden denounces political appointees at the Defense Department for putting up “roadblocks” and keeping his transition team at bay. December 29 – Senator McConnell (R-KY) single-handedly blocks a vote to join the House in approving an approval supported by President Trump and Democrats to increase the COVID-19 stimulus from $600 to $2,000 per person. December 30 – Senate Democrats and independents delay McConnell's attempt to override President Trump's veto of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. The House voted 322–87 to override on December 28. History by government agency Note: This section is provided for updates by government body or agency in a narrative format if desired. Census Bureau The 2020 United States census was plagued with problems. The COVID-19 pandemic caused delays and made data collection difficult. President Trump's attempts to politicize the census and not count immigrants resulted in further confusion, undercounts, and delays, so that the Census Bureau was forced to miss its December 31 deadline for determining Congressional redistricting. It is generally assumed that undercounting immigrants could swing the apportionment of at least three Congressional seats from blue to red states. Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) predicts the federal budget deficit will reach $1 billion for the first time since 2012. Deficits will rise from 4.6% to 5.4% of GDP by 2030, the highest since World War II. Defense Department Secretary of Defense Mark Esper warns in early January that Kata'ib Hezbollah, the group responsible for the attack on the embassy in Baghdad, may be planning new attacks in Iraq, and that the U.S. is prepared to preemptive attacks. A short while later, a U.S. airstrike at the Baghdad International Airport killed top Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, escalating tensions between the United States and Iran. In January, the Army prohibited its members from using TikTok, saying the Chinese-owned social media poses a security risk. Heavy traffic apparently fueled by fears of a return of the draft for the first time since 1973 caused the Selective Service System website to crash on January 3. The U.S. military deployed a new submarine-launched low-yield nuclear weapon, seen as critical to countering the threat posed by Russia's arsenal of smaller tactical nukes. The new warheads, the first new U.S. nuclear weapon in decades, were first produced in February 2019. On March 2, President Trump sent the nomination of Kenneth Braithwaite for United States Secretary of the Navy to the Senate. Braithwaite's predecessor, Richard Spencer, resigned in November 2019 after criticizing the pardoning of Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher, who had been accused of war crimes. In mid-March, Secretary Esper announced thirteen cases of COVID-19 among the military and their dependents, suspended tours of The Pentagon, and imposed a 60-day travel ban on service members, DOD employees, and their dependents. Participation of U.S. forces in military exercises in Europe, South Korea, Africa, and Antarctica have also been restricted or reduced. The DoD plans to suspend publication of Stars and Stripes on September 30 and dissolve the organization by January 31, 2021. Secrtary Esper was fired on November 9, after former VP Joe Biden was declared the winner of the presidential election. Christopher C. Miller is named Acting Secretary. Esper had supported renaming military bases that honor Confederate soldiers and had disagreed with the President on deploying troops to suppress demonstrations. EPA In December 2019, the EPA announced that it will seek to address concerns emphasized by American farmers over new rules for blending biofuels. New rules proposed on January 3 would exempt long-term accumulative effects such as climate change from being considered in the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. Court cases extending back to the Obama administration have ruled that such effects must be taken into consideration. The EPA announced on December 7 that it would not strengthen standards for particulate-matter air pollution, despite evidence that such a change would save thousands of lives. Education Department In December 2019, consumer advocates sued the U.S. Department of Education and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, alleging that these government agencies had failed to protect student loan borrowers. The lawsuit provides an overview of the alleged problems. The U.S. Department of Education is the biggest player in the student loan world, handling hundreds of billions of dollars in federal student loan debt. Rather than managing this sprawling portfolio itself, however, the Department outsources operations to several large servicing companies. Large student loan servicing firms such as Navient, FedLoan Servicing have been faced with allegations of violations of consumer protection statutes. But the Department of Education has largely not addressed these issues, and has omitted to oversee its servicers (who receive billions from taxpayers). The Education Department announced in February that it was changing the rules for more than 800 rural schools, cutting off federal funds designed to help poor, rural schools. FEMA President Trump has made Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) aid available for Puerto Rico since the December 29, 2019, earthquake. However, as of January 9, only $1.5 billion of the $9.7 billion approved by Congress has been released. FEMA says it may bill 2015–2018 California fire victims if Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) goes bankrupt. Intelligence community President Trump nominates former Congressman John Ratcliffe (R-TX) as Director of National Intelligence for the second time. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell refuses to support Ratcliffe. Since Dan Coats resigned in August 2019 because of differences with the president, Trump appointed two acting directors, emphasizing loyalty over competence or experience. NASA NASA may return to manned-flights in 2020, in cooperation with private companies such as Boeing. Two veteran NASA astronauts, Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken, were launched in NASA's first manned flight on May 30, 2020, in a spaceship (SpaceX Dragon 2) built by Space Exploration Technologies Corp. A four-person crew flew a second flight on November 16. Post Office Following 13 straight years of financial losses (mostly due to a requirement that it fund health care for the next 80 years), the United States Postal Service may be privatized in 2020. Postmaster General Louis DeJoy introduced cost-cutting measures in August that were widely seen as designed to lower voter turnout, including the removal of mail-sorting machines and the removal of public, blue mailboxes. DeJoy walked back some of his reforms after sharp criticism, but the effect of his actions is likely to persist until after the November 3 election. DeJoy is a major contributor to President Trump, and he is being investigated for conflicts of interest. He and the USPS are being sued by 20 states. Social Security Administration The Social Security Administration (SSA) plans to make it harder for 500,000 older Americans to receive Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits, it was revealed in March. State Department The situation in Iraq causes Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to postpone a planned visit to Ukraine and other eastern European countries in early January. Treasury Department A bipartisan bill proposes transferring control of the Secret Service back to the Treasury Department, but it is hung up on a dispute over whether to disclose the costs of protection for President Trump's travel. History by issue Note: This section is provided for issue-based overviews in narrative format, if desired. Banking and finance In the first half of 2019, global debt levels reached a record high of $250 trillion, led by the US and China. The IMF warned about corporate debt. The European Central Bank raised concerns as well. The EU was concerned about high rates of debt in France, Italy and Spain. Education Educational issues ranged from funding for preschool to online vs. in-person education during the pandemic to college debt relief. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos's penchant for charter and private schools over public schools was another concern. Environment In 2020, expect major fights over EPA regulatory rollbacks, as well as conflicts over the environmental impact of the Mexico–United States border wall, the Atlantic Coast Pipeline, PFAS (a cancer-linked chemical leaching into drinking water), the Waters of the U.S. Rule, and the Arctic Refuge drilling controversy. Underfunding of the EPA has led to an increased backlog at major hazardous waste sites. The Trump Administration plans to rewrite EPA regulations to make it easier to build major infrastructure projects such as pipelines. The Washington Post reported on October 30 that Trump had rolled back 125 environmental policies and rules with another 40 on the way, including the relaxation of Obama-era power plant plant pollution standards, efficiency standards for washing machines, and the opening of the Tongass National Forest to logging. Climate change In December 2019, the World Meteorological Organization released its annual climate report revealing that climate impacts are worsening. They found the global sea temperatures are rising as well as land temperatures worldwide. 2019 is the last year in a decade that is the warmest on record. Global carbon emissions hit a record high in 2019, even though the rate of increase slowed somewhat, according to a report from Global Carbon Project. Progressives such as Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY), and the Green Party of the United States have advocated for a Green New Deal involving the elimination of carbon emissions by 2035, strict environmental laws, and economic reforms. President-elect Joe Biden has endorsed some of those ideas (such as a return to the 2016 Paris Agreement) although his ideas commitments are more moderate (such as an end to carbon emissions from electrical production by 2050 and a ban on hydraulic fracking on federal land but not a general ban). Foreign policy President Donald Trump faced his first foreign policy crisis of 2020 with the attack on the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq on December 31, 2019 and January 1, 2020. A January 2 U.S.-ordered strike that killed Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, a terrorist with close ties to Iran, threatened to escalate the conflict. President Trump may find his greatest challenges in Europe, where his popularity is very low. Tariffs, trade, and China's growing military power are concerns, as is unrest in Hong Kong. There is concern about Russian involvement in Syria as well as its increasingly aggressive foreign policy. There is increased pressure to reduce troop levels in Afghanistan to 8,600 and reach a peace agreement with the Taliban. On November 18, Trump ordered U.S. troops in Afghanistand and Iraq to be reduced to 2,500 in each country by January 15. He then ordered a withdrawal of the 800 U.S. troops in Somalia. Conflict with Iran Tensions with Iran rise as 2020 begins. Sticky points are not only the attack on the U.S. Embassy in Bagdhad, but also a nuclear agreement, shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, economic sanctions, and the war in Yemen. Tension increased after the United States killed Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in a drone strike in Bagdhad on January 3. President Trump claimed the targeted killing prevented an attack on American interests and saved many lives, insisting he does not want a war while warning Iran against retaliation. Many are concerned that Iranian retaliation could lead to a wider conflict. Domestic political reaction was mostly along party lines, with Republicans, particularly Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), supporting the move and Democrats opposing it. Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) and Fox News commentator Tucker Carlson were exceptions. On the Democratic side, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) had the strongest reaction, calling the killing an "assassination;" he was echoed by Andrew Yang and Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard. Other Democratic presidential candidates were more muted, calling Soleimani a bad man but questioning Trump's lack of strategic planning. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi complained that the Congressional Gang of Eight was not notified before the attack, which was therefore unauthorized. Thousands marched in anti-war protests in seventy cities across the nation and around the world on January 4. US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced she would introduce a resolution to limit Trump's ability to take actions against Iran. Former Vice President Joe Biden called for sanctions relief in April in light of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. As six U.S. Navy ships conducted drills in the Presian Gulf on April 17, 2020, eleven Iranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ships harassed them, some coming within ten yards (9 meters) of the American ships. On April 21, President Trump ordered the Americans to "shoot down and destroy any and all Iranian gunboats" that harass American warships in international waters. An August CNN report alleges that the Iranian government paid bounties to Taliban fighters that led to the December 2019 attack on a U.S. airbase that resulted in two dead and 70 people injured, including four American soldiers. The November 27 assassination of nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, presumably by Israel, is expected to make normalization of United States-Iranian relations under a Biden administration difficult. Venezuela On March 26, 2020, the United States accused Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro of narcoterrorism and offered a $15 million reward for information leading to his arrest. On March 31, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that sanctions did not apply to humanitarian aid during the health emergency and that the United States would lift all sanctions if Maduro agreed to organize elections that did not include him in a period of six to twelve months. Pompeo reiterated U.S. support for Juan Guaidó. On April 1, Trump announced that he was sendin anti-drug Navy ships and AWACS planes to the Caribbean near Venezuela in the largest military build-up in the region since the 1989 invasion of Panama. Elliott Abrams, the United States special representative for Venezuela, claimed on April 23 that "many people" both inside and outside the Maduro government support the proposed U.S. transition to a government that would involve neither Maduro nor Guaidó. Disarmament North Korea threatens to resume nuclear testing as the year begins. Disarmament is also a concern in relations with Russia and Iran. Iran's January 5 pullout from its nuclear agreement following the killing of Qassem Soleimani was no surprise but it makes it more difficult to reach another agreement at a later date. Incidents of saber rattling by American rivals increase as the coronavirus pandemic winds down in April 2020. Iranian patrol boats harass U.S. naval ships in the Persian Gulf, Russian planes fly dangerously close to American fighters in the eastern Mediterranean, and North Korea fires missile tests into the Sea of Japan. Intelligence sources suspect China is preparing for low-intensity nuclear tests. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps launched its first satellite on April 22. The United States withdrew from the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) on August 2, effective February 2021. The U.S. formally withdrew from the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies in November 2020. Dismantlement of the two Boeing OC-135B Open Skies planes was begun right away, making it almost impossible for President-elect to reverse the decision after he takes office in January. Guns Gun laws and 2nd Amendment rights promise to be major issues in 2020, in Congress, on the campaign trail, and at the state level, particularly in Virginia. 177 gun deaths (murders, accidents, and 132 suicides; three mass shootings) were recorded across the country on January 1. New Mexico joins New York, California, Florida, and other states in passing a red flag law on February 25. Health issues Coronavirus outbreak Dr. Nancy Messonnier of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned on February 25 that the COVID-19 pandemic may become a pandemic. Moody's Analytics says there is a 40% chance of a U.S. recession in the first half of 2020 and the virus may set off a worldwide economic recession. It has already sidetracked a U.S.-China trade agreement, slowed tourism, and caused a 2,000-point (6.5%) drop in the Dow. The Trump administration is criticized for its handling of a response. On March 6, President Trump signed the $8.3 billion Coronavirus Preparedness and Response bill . 44,183 COVID-19 cases and 544 deaths are reported in the United States on March 23, 2020. Government respnse to the pandemic became a major issue during the 2020 elections, with Democrats generally advocating for the caution (mask wearing, virtual campaigns, social distancing, and limited economic opening) and Republicans often advocating for a fully-open economy while ignoring mask wearing and social distancing; large, live rallies and other public events were a hallmark of the Trump reelection campaign. A summer surge in infections affected mostly the South and the West; another surge after Labor Day when college students returned to school was exasperated by Thanksgiving travel and celebrations. By early December, there were 14 million infections and 280,000 deaths, as many localities such as Iowa expressed concern about staff shortages. Despite Trump's promise to deliver twenty million doses of the two vaccines approved by the FDA just before Christmas, by December 30 only 2.6 million people, mostly frontline COVID-19 health workers, had received the first dose. Observers blame poor planning and a lack of money for distribution. Financing health care House Speaker Nancy Pelosi says that in 2020, Democrats will prioritize getting bills such as the "Lower Drug Costs Now Act" signed into law. Increasing health care is a priority for 2020 Democratic presidential candidates, although there are large differences in how to go about it. President-elect Joe Biden ran on preserving and expanding the Affordable Care Act by adding a public option. His ability to do depends on control of the United States Senate. The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is generally expected to uphold the law, following a hearing on November 10, 2020. Attempts by the states to expand coverage are hampered by tight budgets related to high unemployment and the high cost of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Opioid epidemic Mother Jones reports that Johns Hopkins University researchers have concluded that lax oversight by the Food and Drug Administration is hampering efforts to ensure that opioids such as OxyContin are not overprescribed. This despite Trump Administration claims that addressing opioid misuse is a top priority. A March 25, 2020 report by ProPublica revealed that Walmart used its political influence with the Trump administration to avoid criminal prosecution for over-dispensing opioids in Texas. Impeachment Following the December 2019 House impeachment vote, Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced she would restrain from delivering the acts of impeachment to the Senate until Majority Leader Mitch McConnell explained the trial procedures. Pelosi indicated she would release the articles the week of January 13, after former National Security Advisor John Bolton indicated he would testify if subpoenaed, and unredacted emails from the Department of Defense (DOD) relevant to the Ukraine investigation were released. On January 15, the U.S. House of Representatives sent the impeachment resolutions to the Senate for trial. At least 11 million people tuned in to watch at least part of the first day of the trial on January 21, 2020. On February 5, 2020, the Senate acquitted Trump on both counts. The votes were 52–48 to acquit on the first count and 53–47 to acquit on the second count. The votes were sharply divided along party lines. Marijuana policy On the federal level, there is increased pressure to liberalize marijuana laws, such as bills to reclassify marijuana from a Schedule I to a Schedule III drug. Illinois legalized recreational use of marijuana starting January 1, and other states are expected to legalize marijuana and/or liberalize existing laws in 2020. In December 2019, Politico reported that 21 of 27 presidential candidates support legalization, five want the states to decide the issue, and one (Joe Biden) has called for decriminalization of marijuana. The Democratic-controlled United States House of Representatives voted to legalize marijuana at the federal level on December 4, but the Republican-controlled Senate is expected to block it. Online privacy rules / Social media In December 2019, members of the Senate Committee on Commerce announced sweeping new proposals for federal laws to protect online privacy. In response to the coronavirus pandemic, Apple Inc. and Google are collaborating on technology to create smartphone apps that would help identify people who have crossed paths with a contagious person and alert them. Privacy advocates are skeptical. President Trump and other conservatives have often complained about the unproven bias liberal of social media, particularly as Trump's false statements became more outrageous and more common. Trump vetoed the Defense authorization bill because it did not repeal Section 230 of Internet legislation, which provides immunity for website publishers from third-party content. Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY) used the same excuse to block the approval of $2,000/person in COVID-19 relief in December. Presidential Election There were 14 candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination; four women (Elizabeth Warren, Amy Klobuchar, Tulsi Gabbard, and Marianne Williamson) and four people of color (Andrew Yang, Cory Booker, Gabbard, and Deval Patrick. Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, and Warren lead in national polling. Biden, Sanders, Warren, Pete Buttigieg, and Klobuchar have qualified for the 7th debate on January 14 at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. Bernie Sanders was the early leader in the race for the Democratic nomination, but Joe Biden won big in the South Carolina Democratic primary, which led to Buttigieg and Klobuchar dropping out and endorsing him the night before the Super Tuesday primaries (March 3). Biden swept the South and surged ahead in delegates; Sanders won the West; the other candidates all dropped out, except for Tulsi Gabbard (who had won two delegates from American Samoa). Biden extended his lead after the March 10 primaries. The coronavirus pandemic changed electioneering. Sanders and Biden canceled live rallies starting March 10, while forums and fund-raising events moved on-line. Louisiana and Georgia postponed their primaries, and Wyoming changed to a mail-in system. Other states are considering similar moves, and the March 15 Biden-Sanders televised debate is the only campaign event scheduled. A poll taken by The Hill-HarrisX on May 27–28 indicated that 53% of registered voters said they would feel "somewhat" or "very" comfortable voting in person, compared to 47% who said they'd be uncomfortable. Former Vice President Joe Biden was nominated at a virtual convention on August 19. California Senator Kamala Harris was chosen as his running mate. President Donald Trump was formally nominated at a convention held at the White House on August 24. The Associated Press and major television networks declared Biden the winner of the election on November 7. Trump refused to concede and baselessly alleged massive voter fraud, filing dozens of frivolous lawsuits: all but one minor procedural matter were soundly rejected by the courts. Racism and police brutality Racial tensions came to a peak on May 25, 2020, when 46-year-old George Floyd was murdered by police following his arrest in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Protests soon broke out across the United States and around the world. Activists are calling for police reforms and some have called for defunding or abolishing the police. Some jurisdictions have approved changes. The debate about Confederate flag displays, statues, and places named for racist leaders has reopened. State and local issues During 2019, ten states moved toward ensuring abortion rights, while eleven passed laws to restrict legal abortions. Illinois legalized recreational use of marijuana on January 1, and other states are expected to reform marijuana laws in 2020. Voters in Arizona, Montana, New Jwesey, and South Dakota approved legalization of marijuana in the November 3 elections. Oregon went a step further and decriminalized small amounts of hard drugs like cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin. California's fight for workers' rights is being challenged by ride-sharing and food-delivery companies Uber, Postmates, Lyft, and DoorDash. 21 states and 26 local jurisdictions raised their minimum wage laws on January 1, many to $15/hour. Voters approved the measure, 58.6% to 41.4%. New York State implemented justice reforms by eliminating cash bail for many offenses. Utah voted to eliminate slavery as a form of punishment in a November 3 ballot measure. Red flag laws go into effect on January 1 in Colorado, Nevada, and Hawaii. Following the 2019 Virginia elections, major gun control legislation is expected in that state in 2020. According to Gun Owners of America, 200 counties, cities, and towns in 19 states have passed 2nd Amendment sanctuary ordinances. The Senate of Virginia passed several gun-control laws on January 16, days before a planned pro-gun rally was planned in Richmond. Dozens of state issues were decided by referendum during the 2020 general elections. Mississippi adopted a new state flag, rejecting its Confederate heritage. California extended data privacy laws and Florida raised its minimum wage to $15/hour. Technology The introduction of new 5G wireless technology caused major public discussion about possible security risks and safety risks. Many experts said 5G would require new methods to ensure the security of data. The US Congress passed legislation regarding security concerns about 5G networks. The federal government prohibited the use of Huawei equipment for 5G networks due to security concerns and encouraged its allies to also do so as well. The US government imposed strict controls on US companies as to their ability to do business with Huawei, thus disrupting sales of Huawei phones overseas. Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied these claims. Huawei submitted a petition in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit against the FCC's decision to prohibit rural U.S. network providers from using equipment from the China-based vendor due to national security concerns, asking that the recent FCC order be overturned. The development of technology has elicited various responses and concerns that 5G radiation could have adverse health effects. An editorial in the scientific magazine Scientific American emphasized that complete scientific research regarding its effects have not been conducted and that there could be health risks. Wired characterized fears that the technology could cause cancer, infertility, autism, Alzheimer's, and mysterious bird deaths as "conspiracy theory". The US FCC and nearly all other regulators claim 5G radiation will have no significant health effects. The United States is no longer the world's leader in science and engineering, according to a report by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Federal government spending on research has fallen steadily since 2000, and the U.S. total contribution to research and development has fallen to 25%, compared to 33% for China. Women hold 29% and minorities 13.3% of jobs in science and engineering. The U.S. still leads in the granting of doctorates in science and engineering. World trade US-China Trade Dispute A trade dispute between the US and China caused economic concerns worldwide. In December 2019, various US officials said a trade deal was likely before a proposed round of new tariffs took effect on December 15, 2019. US tariffs had a negative effect on China's economy, which slowed to growth of 6%. In December 2019, new deal was announced regarding US-China trade dispute. Farmers are skeptical of the proposed new deal, as it would require China to double the farm purchases made before the trade war started. President Trump signed an initial trade deal worth $200 billion with China on January 15. United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement is a signed but not ratified free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The Agreement is the result of a 2017–2018 renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) by its member states. Negotiations "focused largely on auto exports, steel and aluminum tariffs, and the dairy, egg, and poultry markets." One provision "prevents any party from passing laws that restrict the cross-border flow of data". Compared to NAFTA, USMCA increases environmental and labour regulations, and incentivizes more domestic production of cars and trucks. The agreement also provides updated intellectual property protections, gives the United States more access to Canada's dairy market, imposes a quota for Canadian and Mexican automotive production, and increases the duty-free limit for Canadians who buy U.S. goods online from $20 to $150. Mexico and the U.S. House ratified the treaty in December 2019; the U.S. Senate ratified it in January 2020. Environmentalists argue the treaty does not go far enough. The Parliament of Canada ratified the agreement on March 13 before going on recess because of the coronavirus pandemic. See also Country overviews United States History of United States History of modern United States Outline of United States Government of United States Politics of United States Years in United States Timeline of United States history 2020s in United States political history Related timelines for current period 2020 2020 in politics and government 2020 in the United States 2020 in United Kingdom politics and government 2020s Specific situations and issues 2019-20 Persian Gulf crisis Impeachment of Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic in the United States COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state) COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state) References External links Great Power Showdown: How U.S. Navy Submarines Are Countering Chinese Expansion 2020-related timelines Political timelines of the 2020s by year 2020s in the United States 2020 in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Artemus%20Ogletree

Murder of Artemus Ogletree

On January 5, 1935, a man who had given his name as Roland T. Owen, later identified as Artemus Ogletree, died at a hospital in Kansas City, Missouri, United States of beating and stabbing injuries. His death was preceded by a two-day stay in Room 1046 at the Hotel President in what is now the city's Power & Light District marked by communication with someone named "Don", and unusual behavior and incidents noted by the hotel's staff, before he was found wounded in his room the morning of his death. When no next of kin could be located, leading to suspicions that his name was an alias, his body was stored in a local funeral parlor for almost two months. A planned burial in the city's potter's field was averted when an anonymous donor provided funds for a funeral and a floral arrangement signed "Louise". The man's true identity remained unknown for a year and a half until Ruby Ogletree, an Alabama woman who had seen a photo of a distinctive scar on his head in the news, identified him as her son Artemus. She said he had left Birmingham in 1934 at the age of 17 to hitchhike to California. Later she received two letters purportedly from him, some from as far away as Egypt. In August 1935 a caller claiming to be from Memphis, Tennessee told her that Artemus was in Cairo. The letters had also been sent after Artemus' death. Records kept by shipping companies found no records that Ogletree had gone to Egypt. No other suspect has ever been identified. The letters later were used to link the killing to a 1937 murder in New York, but no charges were filed against the man arrested in that case, one of whose aliases had been "Donald Kelso". The FBI later investigated but was unable to produce any new leads. In 2012, a historian at the Kansas City Public Library wrote two posts on the library's blog about the case. At the end of the last one he revealed that in 2003 or 2004, he had taken a call from someone out of state related to the case. The caller said that they had been helping to inventory the belongings of a recently deceased elderly person when they found a box with newspaper clippings about the Ogletree case and an item mentioned repeatedly in the stories, but they refused to say what that item was. The Kansas City police continue to investigate. Biography Artemus Ogletree was born in Florida in 1915, one of three children. During his childhood, an accident with some hot grease left a sizable scar on his head above his ear, which remained hairless afterward. In 1934 he left his family, by then living in Birmingham, Alabama, to hitchhike to California. He kept them updated on his progress by mail; they wired him money. President Hotel stay Early on the afternoon of January 2, 1935, Ogletree walked into the Hotel President, in what is now the Power & Light District of Kansas City, Missouri, and asked for an interior room several floors up, giving his name as Roland T. Owen, with a Los Angeles address. Staff remembered him as dressed well and wearing a dark overcoat; he brought no bags with him. Ogletree paid for one night. The staff noted that in addition to the visible scar on his temple, he had cauliflower ear, and concluded he was probably a boxer or professional wrestler. They believed him to be in his early 20s. Randolph Propst, a bellhop, accompanied Ogletree up in the elevator to the 10th floor. On the way, Ogletree told him that he had spent the previous night at the nearby Muehlebach Hotel but found the $5 ($ in current dollars) nightly rate too high. Propst opened Room 1046, which per the guest's request was on the inside, overlooking the hotel's courtyard rather than the street outside. He watched as Ogletree took a hairbrush, comb and toothpaste from his overcoat pocket, the extent of his unpacking. After Ogletree put those items above the sink, he and Propst left the room. The bellboy returned to lock it, and gave Ogletree the key. After returning to the lobby, he saw Ogletree leave the hotel. A short time afterward, Mary Soptic, one of the hotel maids, returned from a day off to work the afternoon shift. She went into Room 1046 and was surprised to find Ogletree there, since the previous night a woman had been in the room. She apologized, but he said she could go ahead and clean the room. While she did, she noticed that he had the shades drawn and left only one dim lamp on. This would remain the case when she encountered Ogletree in the room on other occasions during his stay. "He was either worried about something or afraid" in addition to this preference for low light, she told police later. After she had been cleaning for a few minutes, Ogletree put his overcoat on and brushed his hair. He then left, but asked her to leave the room unlocked as he was expecting some friends in a few minutes. Soptic did as he asked. At 4 p.m., she returned to the room with freshly laundered towels. Inside, the room was dark. She saw Ogletree lying on the bed, fully dressed. Visible in the light from the hallway was a note on his bedside table that read "Don: I will be back in fifteen minutes. Wait". January 3 The next morning, Soptic returned to Room 1046 around 10:30. The door was locked, which led her to assume that Ogletree was out since it could only be locked from the outside, but when she opened it with her own key Ogletree was present, sitting in the dark just where he had been the previous afternoon. The phone rang and he answered it. "No, Don, I don't want to eat. I am not hungry. I just had breakfast ... No, I am not hungry", he said. Still holding the phone, Ogletree asked Soptic about her job as she cleaned. He wanted to know if she was responsible for the entire floor, and if the President was residential. He repeated his complaint about the Muehlebach's exorbitant rates, after which she finished cleaning, and left. Again at 4 p.m., Soptic returned with fresh towels. Inside Room 1046, she could hear two men talking, so she knocked. A voice she described as loud and deep, probably not Ogletree's, asked who it was. She responded that she had brought fresh towels, to which the voice said "We don't need any". Yet Soptic knew there were no towels in the room, as she had taken them herself in the morning. Two hours later, Jean Owen of Lee's Summit, near Kansas City, checked into the President after having shopped in the city for a few hours. Feeling sick, she had decided not to drive back home that night. She was given Room 1048; her boyfriend, who worked in a flower shop in the city, came to visit her there at 9:20 p.m. and stayed for two hours. Later that night, she told police, she heard men and women talking loudly and profanely all over the floor. Owen was not the only person to note unusual late night activity on the President's 10th floor. Elevator operator Charles Blocher, who began his shift at midnight, reported later that he was fairly busy until 1:30 a.m. After that time, most of the hotel quieted down for the night, except for a loud party in Room 1055. Blocher recalled one visitor in particular, a woman he had seen at the hotel visiting male guests in their rooms on other occasions and thus believed to be a prostitute, a conclusion shared by other hotel staff who were familiar with her. She came in first sometime during his first three hours; he took her to the 10th floor where she asked about Room 1026. Five minutes later, the elevator was summoned there again; it turned out to be the same woman, who expressed puzzlement that her client was not in Room 1046 since, she said, he had called her and on previous visits with him he had always been present. She wondered if, in fact, he was in Room 1024 since she could see through the room's transom window that the light was on in there. She remained on the floor after the conversation. A half-hour later, Blocher got another signal to take the elevator back to the 10th floor. The woman was waiting again and he took her down to the lobby. An hour later he took her, and a different man, to the 9th floor. At 4:15 a.m., a call from that floor turned out to be the woman; he took her to the lobby and she left the hotel for the night. Another call to the 9th floor 15 minutes later turned out to be the man who had come up with her. He told Blocher he could not sleep and was going out for a walk. Possible encounter outside hotel Whether these activities are related to the Ogletree case has not been established. He may not have been at the hotel earlier that night. At 11 p.m. Robert Lane, a city worker driving on 13th Street near Lydia Avenue, saw a man dressed in only an undershirt, pants and shoes run into his path and flag him down. When Lane stopped, the man apologized, saying he had mistaken Lane's car for a taxi. The man asked Lane if he could take him to somewhere he might be able to get a taxi. Lane agreed and let the man in. "You look as if you've been in it bad", he observed; the man swore he would kill someone else tomorrow, presumably in retaliation for whatever had been done to him. In the mirror Lane saw a deep scratch on the man's arm; he also noticed that he was cupping his arm, possibly to catch blood from a more severe wound. At the nearby intersection of 12th Street and Troost Avenue, where taxi drivers often waited for fares during the overnight hours, Lane stopped and let the man out. The man thanked him, got out, and honked the horn of a taxi parked nearby, drawing the driver from a nearby restaurant, after which Lane drove away. After Ogletree's death, Lane went to view the body. He saw the same scratch on the arm and went to the police, telling them he believed Ogletree had been the man he picked up. January 4 At 7 a.m., a new switchboard operator, Della Ferguson, came on shift. She was preparing to make a requested wakeup call to Room 1046 when she noticed a light indicating that the phone there was off the hook. Propst, who had led Ogletree there two days earlier, was on shift again and drew the assignment. The door to Room 1046 was locked, with a "Do Not Disturb" sign hanging from the doorknob. After several loud knocks, a voice from inside told him to enter; however he could not as the door had been locked. The same voice told him, after another knock, to turn on the lights, but he still could not enter. Finally, Propst just shouted through the door to hang the phone up, and left. Propst told Ferguson that the guest in Room 1046 was probably drunk and she should wait another hour. At 8:30 a.m., the phone had still not been hung up. Another bellboy, Harold Pike, was sent to the 10th floor. The "Do Not Disturb" sign was still on the door, and it was still locked, but Pike had a key and let himself in. Inside he found Ogletree in the dark, lying on the bed naked, apparently drunk. The light from the hallway showed some dark spots on the bedding, but rather than turn on the room light Pike went to the telephone stand, where he saw the phone had been knocked to the floor. He put it back on the stand, replacing the handset. Shortly after 10:30 a.m., another operator reported that the phone in Room 1046 was once again off the hook. Again Propst was sent to the room to see what was going on; the "Do Not Disturb" sign remained on the knob. This time he had a key, and after his knocks drew no response, he opened the door and found Ogletree on his knees and elbows two feet (60 cm) away, his head bloodied. Propst turned the light on, put the phone back on the hook, and then noticed blood on the walls of both the main room and bathroom, as well as on the bed itself. Propst went downstairs immediately for help. He returned with the assistant manager, but when they did they could only open the door six inches (15 cm), as Ogletree had in the interim fallen on the floor. Eventually Ogletree got up and when the two hotel employees were able to enter the room, he went and sat on the edge of the bathtub. The assistant manager called the police; they were joined by Dr. Harold Flanders of Kansas City General Hospital. Ogletree had been bound with cord around his neck, wrists, and ankles. His neck had further bruising, suggesting someone had been attempting to strangle him. He had been stabbed more than once in the chest above the heart; one of these wounds had punctured his lung. Blows to his head had left him with a skull fracture on the right side. In addition to the blood Propst had seen, there was some additional spatter on the ceiling. Dr. Flanders cut the cords from Ogletree's wrist and asked him who had done this to him. "Nobody", Ogletree answered. Asked, then, what had caused these injuries, he said he had fallen and hit his head on the bathtub. The doctor asked if he had been trying to kill himself. After saying no, Ogletree lost consciousness and was taken to the hospital. He was completely comatose by the time he arrived and died shortly after midnight on January 5. Investigation The Kansas City Police Department (KCPD) began investigating immediately by interviewing Jean Owen, whose identical last name and proximity to the dead man overnight struck them as interesting. They detained her while she told them what she had heard the night before. After her boyfriend came to the police station and corroborated her account, she was released and returned to Lee's Summit. Cause of death Doctors performed an autopsy on Ogletree and determined he had died from his wounds. Dr. Flanders had examined not just the body but the bloodstains in the room. Since much of it had dried by the time he had arrived, he estimated the wounds had been inflicted between 4 and 5 a.m. that day, consistent with what Pike had seen and before Propst's first visit. Detectives searching Room 1046 took note as much of what they did not find as what they did. Consistent with what Propst had observed, there were no clothes in the closets or drawers. The only evidence of anything other than what Ogletree had been wearing was the tag of a necktie, indicating it had been made by a New Jersey company. Also missing from the room were the soap, shampoo, and towels provided by the hotel to every room. There were no knives, which led to the dismissal of suicide as a cause of Ogletree's death since the stab wounds in his chest could not be accounted for; the cords tying him up also suggested the involvement of others. One of the room's two glasses was found in the sink, missing a piece; the other was on the shelf. Detectives found some other items that might have been evidence: a hairpin, safety pin, unsmoked cigarette, and a full bottle of diluted sulfuric acid. Four fingerprints, small enough that detectives believed they had been a woman's, were found on the room's phone; they could not be matched to Ogletree or to any of the hotel employees who had been known to have entered the room. The police sought help through the press. Both of the city's evening newspapers carried the story on their front pages the next day. "There is no doubt that someone else is mixed up in this", Detective Johnson told reporters, confirming that the case was considered a homicide. Identity It soon became apparent that "Roland T. Owen" was in all likelihood an alias. Officers in Kansas City contacted the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) to notify next of kin, but were informed that they could find no record that anyone under that name was living in the California city at the time. The dead man's fingerprints were sent to what was at the time the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation (later the FBI) to find a possible match in their collection. A woman called the Hotel President that night to ask what "Roland T. Owen" looked like. She told the desk that he lived in Clinton, southeast of Kansas City. On January 6, the Sunday newspapers reported that the man in Room 1046 had died under an assumed name, and tips began coming in. Members of the public went to the local funeral home where he had been laid out, leading Lane to tell police of his encounter with the man. After interviewing Lane, Johnson was not as certain as Lane was that the man had been Ogletree, since none of the hotel staff had reported seeing him leave or return during the night of January 3–4. Police were able to establish one sighting of Ogletree outside the hotel, a report that he had been seen with two women at several "liquor places" on 12th Street. Wire services began picking up the story, and it ran in newspapers and on radio around the country, with requests to send photographs to Kansas City. More leads on the man's identity came in as a result, and the KCPD had to devote considerable time to corresponding with police all over the country via mail and telegram to follow up on leads. Eventually they were able to eliminate many. In Kansas City, an early lead proved false when a bloodied towel found at the hotel turned out to have been used to clean up Room 1046 after the police had left. Officers recalled Propst's account that on his way there after he checked in, the man had said that he had left the nearby Muehlebach Hotel after one night due to their high rates, and checked with that hotel's staff. No Roland T. Owen had checked in there, but staff recalled a man of Ogletree's appearance checking in under the name Eugene K. Scott, also giving Los Angeles as his address, and requesting a room on the interior of the building. Again, after investigating, the LAPD reported that there was no one by that name in their city. The mystery seemed solved when a man identified the body as his cousin, but then when the man's sister came to view the body, she confirmed that the cousin had in fact died five years earlier; the resemblance between the two had been very strong. A week into the investigation, Toni Bernardi, a wrestling promoter from Little Rock, Arkansas, said after viewing the body that the man, identifying himself as Cecil Werner, had approached him around the beginning of December 1934 about wrestling some matches. Bernardi had referred him to another promoter in Omaha, Nebraska, but that promoter did not recognize Ogletree. Within a few days, two new homicides in the city drew detectives' attention away from the case, even as more were assigned to the homicide squad. Leads were still followed, but less vigorously than they had been in the week after the case, and none of them yielded any significant information. Newspaper coverage likewise dwindled. Funeral The case returned to the newspapers on March 3, when the funeral home where the body had been kept announced it would be burying the man in the city's potter's field the next day. That day, the funeral home received a call from a man who asked that the funeral be delayed so they could send the funeral home the money for a grave and service at Memorial Park Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas, so, the caller said, the dead man would be near his sister. The funeral director warned the caller he would have to tell the police about the call; the caller said he knew and that did not bother him. The caller was slightly more forthcoming when the funeral director asked why Ogletree had been killed. According to the caller, Ogletree had had an affair with one woman while engaged to marry another. The caller and the two women had apparently arranged the encounter with him at the President in order to exact revenge. "Cheaters usually get what's coming to them!" the caller said, and hung up. The service was postponed per the anonymous caller's request. On March 23, the funeral home received a delivery envelope, the address carefully lettered using a ruler with $25 ($ in current dollars) wrapped in newspaper; it was enough to cover the expenses. The sender was unknown. Two additional envelopes with $5 each were sent to a local florist for an arrangement of 13 American Beauty roses to go with the grave, after a similar call was made to them; both phone calls turned out to have been made from pay phones. Included with this payment was a card, with disguised handwriting, reading "Love Forever – Louise". The funeral was held shortly afterwards. Besides the officiating minister, the only attendees were police detectives, some of whom served as pallbearers. Other detectives, posing as gravediggers, staked out the grave for the next several days, but no one came to visit. Several days after the funeral, a woman called the Kansas City Journal-Posts newsroom to inform them that their earlier story that the dead man from Room 1046 would be buried in a pauper's grave was incorrect, that he had in fact been given a formal funeral. She said the funeral home and flower shop could verify this. Asked to identify herself, she said "Never mind, I know what I'm talking about", Pressed for what that was, she responded, "He got into a jam", and ended the conversation. Identification Images of the dead man continued to be circulated nationwide in the hope of identifying him. One of these finally did, when a friend of Ruby Ogletree in Birmingham, Alabama, showed her an issue of The American Weekly, a Sunday newspaper supplement published by the Hearst Corporation, with an article about the case. The unidentified man looked a great deal like her son Artemus, whom the family had not seen since he left to hitchhike to California in 1934, although he had kept up correspondence with them. Ruby contacted the KCPD, and was able to provide enough information about the previous pseudonymous corpse, including a description of his head scar, which she explained was the result of a childhood accident in which some hot grease had spilled there. In November, another issue of the supplement carried a story identifying the man as Artemus Ogletree and explaining how his identity had been determined. While that question had been answered, Ruby's account raised more questions. She had received several letters purportedly from her son after he had been killed. The first, early in 1935, postmarked in Chicago, aroused her suspicions since it was typewritten and as far as she knew, Artemus did not know how to type. It was also written in a highly colloquial style that was not consistent with his previous letters. In May 1935, another letter purportedly from Artemus said he was going to Europe. It was followed by a special-delivery letter saying that his ship was sailing that day. Both were sent from New York. In August of that year, Ruby received a telephone call from Memphis, Tennessee. The man calling told her that Artemus had saved his life in a fight, and that Artemus himself could not call because he was now living in Cairo (the capital of Egypt) where he had married a wealthy woman and was well. He was unable to write, the caller said, because he had lost one of his thumbs in the fight where he had saved the caller. Ruby talked with the man for a half-hour. She recalled that he spoke wildly and irrationally, but seemed to have first-hand knowledge of Artemus. She gave the police the name the man identified himself by; this name has never been made public. If Artemus had, at some point before his death, gone to Egypt or anywhere else overseas, he had not done so under his own name. No steamship company at the time had any record that he had traveled with them. The consular section at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo was unable to find any evidence he had been there. Later developments Information developed through the police's conversations with Ruby Ogletree helped them establish a third hotel in Kansas City—the St. Regis—where Artemus had stayed. There, he had shared a room with another man. Whether that had been "Don" could not be established. In 1937 the New York City police arrested a man named Joseph Martin on a murder charge, after he had killed a man he shared a room with and put the body in a trunk to be shipped to Memphis. Among the several aliases he was found to have used was "Donald Kelso". According to a story about the case in The New Yorker, the KCPD had matched samples of his handwriting to that in the letters written to Ruby Ogletree. No charges were filed against the man for the Ogletree case, and the KCPD kept the case open. The files show that different detectives reviewed the case every few years through the 1950s. Each time they noted that they would keep the case open and follow up, but no new evidence was uncovered. Gradually the case went cold. In 2003 or 2004, John Horner, a local historian at the Kansas City Public Library, fielded a call from someone out of state who said they had been helping to inventory the belongings of an elderly person who had recently died. Among them was a shoebox which turned out to be filled with newspaper clippings related to the case, as well as, according to them, one item mentioned in the newspaper stories. The caller identified neither themselves nor the item. Horner did not make this public until the conclusion of the second of two posts he made on the library's blog retelling the story in 2012. Theories The absence of suspects in the case has inspired the rise of several theories. The telephone calls alleging that Ogletree was killed in retaliation for his broken engagement have provided support for that theory. Organized crime has also been considered, since the name "Don" can also be a title for a Mafia boss. Lastly, it has been suggested that "Don", whoever he was, killed Ogletree for some personal reason, either with the help of the "commercial woman" Blocher saw in the hotel late that night or by himself. See also Crime in Missouri List of unsolved murders Lyle Stevik, assumed name of man (later privately identified) who committed suicide at Washington State motel in 2001 Notes References 1935 in Missouri 1935 murders in the United States Crime in Kansas City, Missouri Deaths by beating in the United States Deaths by stabbing in Missouri January 1935 events Male murder victims Unsolved murders in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20March%202020

Deaths in March 2020

The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2020. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. March 2020 1 István Balsai, 72, Hungarian jurist and politician, Minister of Justice (1990–1994), MP (1990–2011). Clara D. Bloomfield, 77, American physician and cancer researcher. Carsten Bresch, 98, German physicist and geneticist. Laura Caldwell, 52, American novelist and lawyer, breast cancer. Ernesto Cardenal, 95, Nicaraguan Roman Catholic priest and poet (The Gospel in Solentiname). John Currier, 68, American vice admiral, Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard (2012–2014). Sven Ivar Dysthe, 88, Norwegian furniture designer. Jacques Lesourne, 91, French economist, director of Le Monde (1991–1994). Stefan Lindqvist, 52, Swedish footballer (Halmstad, IFK Göteborg, national team), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. William MacEachern, 89, Canadian politician. Timothy Moynihan, 78, American politician, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1975–1986). Ndidi Nwosu, 40, Nigerian powerlifter, Paralympic champion (2016), lung infection. May Lorna O'Brien, 87, Australian educator and author. Andreas Papaemmanouil, 81, Greek footballer (Panathinaikos, national team). Siamand Rahman, 31, Iranian powerlifter, Paralympic champion (2012, 2016), heart attack. Jim Sheets, 88, American politician. Jan Vyčítal, 77, Czech caricaturist and country music singer-songwriter. Jack Welch, 84, American business executive and chemical engineer, CEO of General Electric (1981–2001), kidney failure. 2 Elizabeth Nelson Adams, 79, American artist and poet. Bahamian Bounty, 26, British racehorse and sire. (death announced on this date) Tabea Blumenschein, 67, German actress (Die Tödliche Doris) and painter. Trevor Braham, 97, British explorer and mountaineer. Rafael Cancel Miranda, 89, Puerto Rican independence leader and convicted attempted murderer (1954 United States Capitol shooting incident). Bob Christie, 94, Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (1981–1991). Henry N. Cobb, 93, American architect (Pei Cobb Freed & Partners). René Coicou, 84, Haitian-born Canadian politician, mayor of Gagnon (1973–1985). Roger Cooper, 80, New Zealand paleontologist, cancer. Viktor Josef Dammertz, 90, German Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Augsburg (1993–2004). Charles E. Freeman, 86, American attorney and jurist, Justice (1990–2018) and Chief Justice (1997–2000) of the Supreme Court of Illinois. Jesús Gatell, 76, Spanish Olympic luger (1968). Evans Hayward, 98, American physicist, heart disease. Lance James, 81, South African singer. William Johnson, 88, Canadian journalist and author, president of Alliance Quebec (1998–2000). Yannis Katsafados, 84, Greek lawyer and politician, MP (1974–1981) and MEP (1981). Albie Keen, 84, British comedian (Hope and Keen). Sir Gavin Lightman, 80, English judge. James Lipton, 93, American television host (Inside the Actors Studio), actor (Arrested Development) and writer (Guiding Light), bladder cancer. Farrell McElgunn, 88, Irish politician, Senator (1969–1973), MEP (1973). Mohammad Mirmohammadi, 70, Iranian politician, member of the Expediency Discernment Council (since 2012), COVID-19. Barbara Neely, 78, American author (Blanche on the Lam). Vera Pless, 88, American mathematician. Joaquín Sánchez, 79, Colombian footballer (Deportivo Cali, national team). Vladimir Shuralyov, 84, Russian military officer, Deputy Minister of Defence (1990–1991), traffic collision. Virendra Singh Sirohi, 73, Indian politician. Tim Skelly, 69, American video game designer and programmer (Warrior, Rip-Off, Reactor). (death announced on this date) Laird Stirling, 81, Canadian politician. Ulay, 76, German performance artist, cancer. Susan Weinert, 54, German guitarist. Peter Wieland, 89, German singer and entertainer. Suat Yalaz, 88, Turkish comic book artist (Karaoğlan). 3 Božidar Alić, 65, Croatian actor (Operation Stadium, The Third Key, Long Dark Night). Bobbie Battista, 67, American journalist (CNN), cervical cancer. Réginald Bélair, 70, Canadian politician, MP (1988–2004). Alain Bertrand, 69, French politician, Senator (2011, since 2012) and mayor of Mende, Lozère (2008–2016). Minoru Betsuyaku, 82, Japanese writer, pneumonia. Roscoe Born, 69, American actor (One Life to Live, Santa Barbara, The Young and the Restless), suicide. CC, 18, American tabby cat, first cloned pet, kidney failure. Alf Cranner, 83, Norwegian folk singer. Michel Cullin, 75, French diplomat and writer. Freimut Duve, 83, German politician and author, MP (1980–1998). Tekla Famiglietti, 83, Italian nun, Abbess General of the Bridgettines (1981–2016). Georges Fontès, 95, French politician, MP (1986) and mayor of Béziers (1983–1989). Wendell Goler, 70, American journalist (Fox News), kidney failure. Stratis Haviaras, 84, Greek-American writer and poet. Madeline Held, 75, British academic. Jacob Hines, 92, American politician. Stanisław Kania, 92, Polish politician, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (1980–1981), pneumonia and heart failure. Suddhananda Mahathero, 87, Bangladeshi Buddhist monk and social worker. Kerry Marshall, 79, New Zealand politician, mayor of Richmond (1986–1989), Tasman (1989–1998), and Nelson (2007–2010). Günther Müller, 95, German conductor. Ahmad NikTalab, 85, Iranian poet, author, and linguist. James Otis, 71, American actor (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Black Dahlia). János Petrenkó, 79, Hungarian industrialist and MP (1990–1994). Nicolas Portal, 40, French racing cyclist, sporting director of Team Sky (since 2013), heart attack. George Preti, 75, American organic chemist, bladder cancer. Harry Suhl, 97, German-born American physicist. Nicholas Tucci, 38, American actor (You're Next), cancer. Charles J. Urstadt, 91, American real estate executive and investor. David Wise, 65, American television writer (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Transformers, Defenders of the Earth), lung cancer. 4 Hesham Ashmawy, 41–42, Egyptian convicted terrorist, execution by hanging. David Bentley, 84, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of Gloucester (1993–2003). Adelaide Chiozzo, 88, Brazilian actress and accordionist. Helen Courtney, 67, New Zealand cartoonist and illustrator. Serge Deslières, 72, Canadian politician. Eskandar Firouz, 93, Iranian environmentalist and politician. Amo Houghton, 93, American glass executive (Corning Inc.) and politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1987–2005). Ivan Lee, 63–64, Australian Anglican bishop, Bishop of the Western Region (2003–2019). Jacques Leibowitch, 77, French medical researcher. Barbara Martin, 76, American singer (The Supremes). Frank McLaughlin, 84, American comics artist (Judomaster, Gil Thorp). Úna O'Connor, 83, Irish camogie player (Dublin, Celtic). Jean Payne, 80, Canadian politician, MP (1993–1997). Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, 100, Peruvian diplomat and politician, Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991), Prime Minister (2000–2001). Robert Shavlakadze, 86, Georgian high jumper, Olympic champion (1960). Alexey Sorokin, 97, Russian military officer and politician, Admiral of the Fleet (1988–1992) and Deputy (1989–1991). Alan Thornhill, 98, British artist and sculptor. Rosalind P. Walter, 95, American riveter and philanthropist, namesake of Rosie the Riveter. Bill Young, 88, Australian footballer (St Kilda). 5 Katcho Achadjian, 68, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (2010–2016). Brian Astbury, 78, South African photographer and theatre director, heart attack. Yevgeny Barilovich, 87, Russian naval officer, Hero of the Soviet Union. Solomon Berewa, 81, Sierra Leonean politician, Vice-President (2002–2007). Edith L. Blumhofer, 69, American religious historian, cancer. Stanislav Bogdanovich, 27, Ukrainian chess grandmaster, nitrous oxide overdose. Emilio Caprile, 91, Italian footballer (Genoa, Juventus, national team). André Chéret, 82, French comic book artist (Rahan). Troy Collings, 33, New Zealand travel executive, heart attack. (death announced on this date) Lambros Comitas, 92, American anthropologist. Shirley Cowles, 80, New Zealand cricketer (national team). Edward Dyson, 100, British Olympic sailor (1952). Mary Fantasia, 100, American politician, Massachusetts state representative (1971–1978). Jeanette Fitzsimons, 75, New Zealand politician and environmentalist, co-leader of the Green Party (1995–2009) and MP (1996–2010), stroke. Sir Toby Frere, 81, British vice admiral, Chief of Fleet Support (1994–1997). Richard Hughes, 93, English cricketer (Worcestershire). Gray Kunz, 65, Singaporean-born Swiss restaurateur, stroke. Susanna Majuri, 41, Finnish photographer. Marnie, 18, American Shih Tzu dog and social media celebrity. Prince Max Emanuel of Thurn and Taxis, 84, German royal. Levan Moseshvili, 79, Georgian basketball player, Olympic silver medalist (1964). Antonio Nardini, 98, Italian historian and author. Rip Oliver, 67, American professional wrestler (PNW), heart failure. Don Pavletich, 81, American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds). Antonio Permunian, 89, Swiss footballer (Bellinzona, Luzern, national team). Potturi Venkateswara Rao, 86, Indian Telugu journalist (Eenadu). Jean-Luc Seigle, 64, French dramatist and screenwriter (The Carriers Are Waiting), cardiac arrest. Hossein Sheikholeslam, 67, Iranian politician, MP (2004–2008) and Ambassador to Syria (1998–2003), COVID-19. Alejandro Sieveking, 85, Chilean playwright and theatre director. Jeff Taylor, 60, American basketball player (Texas Tech Red Raiders, Houston Rockets, Detroit Pistons). (death announced on this date) Michael Anthony Telesca, 90, American jurist, Judge (since 1982) and Chief Judge (1989–1995) of the U.S. District Court for Western New York. Ranka Velimirović, 79, Serbian film producer. Wanderley, 81, Brazilian footballer (Levante, Málaga, Hércules). Ray Wedgwood, 77, Australian engineer. 6 Amanullah, 70, Pakistani actor (Khabarnaak, One Two Ka One, Na Maloom Afraad) and comedian, lung and kidney failure. Ralph Angel, 68, American writer. Khalid Mahmud Arif, 89, Pakistani military officer. Anne-Marie Berglund, 68, Finnish-born Swedish writer. Walter Bryan, 86, American football player (Baltimore Colts). Jack Buechner, 79, American politician, member of the Missouri (1973–1983) and U.S. (1987–1991) Houses of Representatives. Bélgica Castro, 99, Chilean actress (Little White Dove, Old Cats, La Recta Provincia). Christopher Collier, 90, American historian and author. Norm Fieldgate, 88, Canadian Hall of Fame football player (Regina Rams, BC Lions) and executive. Magdaleno Mercado, 75, Mexican footballer (Club Atlas, national team). David Paul, 62, American actor (The Barbarians, Double Trouble, Twin Sitters), television personality and bodybuilder. Ed Renwick, 81, American political scientist. Henri Richard, 84, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens), 11-time Stanley Cup champion. Clif Richardson, 75, American politician, Louisiana state representative (2008–2013). Elinor Ross, 93, American operatic soprano. Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales, 100, Hong Kong community leader, chairman of the Urban Council (1973–1981). Peter Smith, 76, English Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of East Anglia (1995–2001), Archbishop of Cardiff (2001–2010) and Southwark (2010–2019), cancer. Silvia Smith, 80, Australian politician, MHR (Bass, 1993–1996), Parkinson's disease. Danny Tidwell, 35, American dancer and reality television contestant (So You Think You Can Dance), traffic collision. Tom Turnipseed, 83, American politician, member of the South Carolina Senate (1976–1980). McCoy Tyner, 81, American jazz pianist (Inception, The Real McCoy, Song for My Lady). Géza Ütő, 90, Hungarian Olympic rower (1956). Betty Weir, 95, American Olympic alpine skier (1952). Patrick Wright, Baron Wright of Richmond, 88, British diplomat and life peer. 7 K. Anbazhagan, 97, Indian politician, MP (1962–1967) and MLA (1957–1962, 1971–1991, 1996–2011). Mart Crowley, 84, American playwright (The Boys in the Band), complications from heart surgery. William Benner Enright, 94, American jurist, Judge of the U.S. District Court for Southern California (since 1972). Susan Hammer, 81, American politician, Mayor of San Jose (1991–1999). Conway Hayman, 71, American football player (Houston Oilers). Karri Käyhkö, 82, Finnish Olympic swimmer (1956, 1960). Nelson Leirner, 88, Brazilian visual artist. John Manners, 105, English Royal Navy officer and cricketer (Hampshire, MCC). Jair Marinho, 83, Brazilian footballer (Fluminense, Corinthians, national team), World Cup winner (1962). Reza Mohammadi Langroudi, 91, Iranian ayatollah, COVID-19. Adamou Ndam Njoya, 77, Cameroonian author and politician, founder and president of the Cameroon Democratic Union (since 1991), mayor of Foumban (1996–2020). Robert M. Nerem, 82, American biomedical engineer. Jim Owen, 78, American country singer-songwriter. Kanakorn Pianchana, 50, Thai judge, suicide by gunshot. Earl Pomerantz, 75, Canadian-born American television writer and producer (Major Dad), aneurysm. Fatemeh Rahbar, 56, Iranian politician, MP (2004–2016), COVID-19. Boyce Richardson, 92, New Zealand-born Canadian journalist and filmmaker. Laura Smith, 67, Canadian folk singer-songwriter, cancer. Matthew Watkins, 41, Welsh rugby union player (Newport, Scarlets, national team), pelvic cancer. Houshang Zarif, 81, Iranian tar player, heart failure. 8 Anders Åberg, 71, Swedish actor (Långt bort och nära, Kejsaren, Andra dansen). DeAndrey Abron, 47, American boxer, traffic collision. H. R. Bhardwaj, 82, Indian politician, Minister of Law and Justice (2004–2009), Governor of Karnataka (2009–2014) and Kerala (2012–2013), cardiac arrest. Wayne Bridges, 83, British professional wrestler (ASW). Molly Brodak, 39, American poet, suicide. Ernest Davies, 93, British politician, MP (1966–1970). Martin Davorin-Jagodić, 84, Croatian composer. William Dawson, 92, American zoologist. Eremein, 18, Australian thoroughbred. Jan-Henrik Fredriksen, 63, Norwegian politician, MP (2005–2017). Coco Hotahota, 78–79, French Polynesian dancer and choreographer. Yukimitsu Kano, 87, Japanese judoka, President of the All Japan Judo Federation (1980–2009). Aileen S. Kraditor, 91, American historian. Chineme Martins, 23, Nigerian footballer (Nasarawa United). Challace McMillin, 77, American college football coach (James Madison Dukes). Markoosie Patsauq, 78, Canadian Inuk writer. Vijayan Pillai, 68, Indian politician, MLA (since 2016). Luis Racionero, 80, Spanish writer, Director of National Library (2001–2004). David Rogers, 64, American racing driver, Winston Racing Series champion (1994), complications from lymphoma. Salleh Ibrahim, 72, Malaysian footballer (Kelantan, Singapore FA, national team), liver disease. Max von Sydow, 90, Swedish-born French actor (The Seventh Seal, The Exorcist, Pelle the Conqueror). Johnny Yune, 83, South Korean-American actor (They Call Me Bruce?, Nothing in Common, They Still Call Me Bruce) and comedian, cerebral hemorrhage. 9 Donald A. Bailey, 74, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1983). John Bathersby, 83, Australian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Brisbane (1991–2011), Bishop of Cairns (1986–1991). Allen Bellman, 95, American comic book artist (Captain America). Anton Coppola, 102, American orchestra conductor and composer. Italo De Zan, 94, Italian racing cyclist, COVID-19. Suleiman Dori, 42, Kenyan politician, MP (since 2013), cancer. Barney Eastwood, 87, Irish boxing promoter and bookmaker. Daniel S. Greenberg, 88, American journalist. Richard K. Guy, 103, British mathematician (Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, strong law of small numbers). José Jiménez Lozano, 89, Spanish writer, Miguel de Cervantes Prize winner (2002). Gary B. Kibbe, 79, American cinematographer (They Live, Escape from L.A., RoboCop 3). Lee Cha-su, 62, South Korean politician and activist, COVID-19. Alain Marcel, 68, Algerian-born French actor and music composer. Khitish Chandra Mondal, 80, Bangladeshi politician. Keith Olsen, 74, American record producer, sound engineer and musician (The Music Machine), cardiac arrest. John Havelock Parker, 91, Canadian politician, Mayor of Yellowknife (1964–1967) and Commissioner of the Northwest Territories (1979–1989). Lon Pennock, 74, Dutch sculptor, environmental artist and photographer. Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani, 67, Iranian physician and politician, MP (1984–2000), COVID-19. Dietmar Rothermund, 87, German historian. John Schneebichler, 61, Australian footballer (South Adelaide, Glenelg, South Australia), cancer. George Strachan, 87, Scottish cricketer (national team). Eric Taylor, 70, American folk singer-songwriter. Abdel Razak al-Yehiyeh, 90, Palestinian politician. 10 Ruth Born, 94, American baseball player (South Bend Blue Sox). John M. Carpenter, 84, American nuclear engineer. Alessandro Criscuolo, 82, Italian jurist, President of the Constitutional Court (2014–2016). Hyun Kil-un, 80, South Korean writer, cancer. John Seward Johnson II, 89, American sculptor and art impresario (Grounds for Sculpture), cancer. Erik Juárez Blanquet, 39, Mexican teacher and politician, Deputy (2015–2018, 2018), shot. Mohammad Kiavash, 89, Iranian politician, MP (1980–1988), COVID-19. Robert Langbaum, 96, American author. Kurt Liander, 88, Swedish footballer (AIK, IFK Stockholm, national team). Bill Linger, 88, Australian footballer. Bintou Malloum, 73, Chadian diplomat. Jane Myron, 69, American politician, mayor of Johnson City, Tennessee. Marcelo Peralta, 59, Argentine saxophonist, COVID-19. Beba Selimović, 80, Bosnian sevdalinka singer. Mal Sharpe, 83, American television and radio personality, complications from heart surgery. Roberto Stella, 67, Italian physician, president of the National Interdisciplinary Medical Society of Primary Care, COVID-19. Sanford Wheeler, 49, Australian footballer (Sydney Swans). 11 Didier Bezace, 74, French actor (The Little Thief, Les Voleurs, The Minister). Stefano Bianco, 34, Italian motorcycle racer, traffic collision. A. Richard Caputo, 81, American jurist, Judge of the U.S. District Court for Middle Pennsylvania (since 1997). Ted Cox, 65, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Seattle Mariners), multiple myeloma. Gerard du Prie, 82, Dutch strongman and powerlifter, Strongest Man of the Netherlands (1979). Sir Rob Fenwick, 68, New Zealand environmentalist and businessman, cancer. József Gyuricza, 86, Hungarian fencer, Olympic bronze medallist (1956). Burkhard Hirsch, 89, German politician, minister of the NRW state govt. (1975–80) and member of the Bundestag (1972–1975, 1980–1998). Aarne Kainlauri, 104, Finnish Olympic steeplechaser (1948). Ken King, 68, Canadian businessman and sports executive (Calgary Flames), cancer. Irina Kirichenko, 82, Russian sprint cyclist. Paul Korda, 72, British musician, songwriter and actor. Whitney MacMillan, 90, American businessman (Cargill). Sebastião Roque Rabelo Mendes, 90, Brazilian prelate, Bishop of Leopoldina (1985–1989), Auxiliary Bishop of Belo Horizonte (1989–2004). Colin Mudie, 93, British yacht designer. Santu Mukherjee, 69, Indian actor (Harmonium, Swami Stree, Sanjhbati), cancer. Jarrod Patterson, 46, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals), traffic collision. Tatyana Prorochenko, 67, Ukrainian athlete, Olympic champion (1980). Michel Roux, 78, French-born British chef and restaurateur (Le Gavroche, The Waterside Inn), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Del Shofner, 85, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, New York Giants). Dave Souter, 79, Scottish footballer (Clyde, Dundee). Mohammed Tikly, 80, South African educator and struggle veteran. War Emblem, 21, American Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 2002 Kentucky Derby and 2002 Preakness Stakes. Charles Wuorinen, 81, American composer. 12 Alexander Gordon, 7th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, 64, Scottish peer. Kevin Bacon, 87, Australian Olympic equestrian (1964, 1968, 1976). Verne L. Bowers, 100, American major general. Don Burrows, 91, Australian jazz musician. Jean-Michel Cambon, 68, French climber, climbing fall. Sir John Chalstrey, 88, British surgeon and civic leader, Lord Mayor of London (1995–1996). Jim Derrington, 80, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox). Ken Goodman, 92, American psycholinguist. Juha Harjula, 77, Finnish Olympic basketball player (1964). Mobio Besse Henri, 42, Ivorian boxer. Wolfgang Hofmann, 78, German judoka, Olympic silver medalist (1964). Sir John Lyons, 87, British linguist. Brendan Macken, 97, Canadian tennis player. Dorothy Maclean, 100, Canadian writer and educator. Tonie Marshall, 68, French actress (A Slightly Pregnant Man) and film director (Venus Beauty Institute, The Missionaries). Pete Mitchell, 61, English radio DJ and presenter (BBC Radio 2, Virgin Radio). Georgios Papavasileiou, 89, Greek Olympic runner (1956, 1960). Vincent Pepi, 93, American abstract expressionist painter. Giovanni Battista Rabino, 88, Italian politician, MP (1983–1994), COVID-19. Francisco Romãozinho, 76, Portuguese rally driver. H. B. Tanner, 87, American politician. Danny Ray Thompson, 72, American jazz musician. Dimitrinka Todorova, 46, Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast, European team champion (1992). 13 Menahem Ben, 71, Israeli poet, literary critic, and publicist (Haaretz, Maariv, Walla!), stroke. Alejandro Betts, 72, Argentine historian and political activist. Lucien Braun, 97, French historian and philosopher. Ivor Danvers, 87, English actor (Howards' Way). Ivan Davis, 82, Northern Irish politician, MLA (1998–2003). Arch Deal, 88, American television reporter (WFLA-TV), asphyxiation. René Follet, 88, Belgian illustrator, comics writer and artist. Barbara Harris, 89, American Episcopal prelate, suffragan bishop of Massachusetts (1989–2003). Kent Lawrence, 72, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons). Eugene Thomas Long, 84, American philosopher. Jim Mahaffey, 83, American bridge player. Givi Margvelashvili, 92, German-Georgian writer and philosopher. Moon Deoksu, 91, South Korean poet. Filippos Petsalnikos, 69, Greek politician, Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament (2009–2012). Louise Robic, 85, Canadian politician, member of the National Assembly of Quebec (1985–1994). Nasser Shabani, c. 62, Iranian brigadier general (Revolutionary Guard), COVID-19. Breonna Taylor, 26, American victim of police shooting, shot. Mart Ummelas, 66, Estonian journalist. Yang Mu, 79, Taiwanese poet and essayist. Dana Zátopková, 97, Czech javelin thrower, Olympic champion (1952). 14 Ofer Bar-Yosef, 82, Israeli archaeologist and anthropologist. Gustavo Bebianno, 56, Brazilian lawyer and politician, President of the Social Liberal Party (2018), heart attack. Doriot Anthony Dwyer, 98, American flutist. Jon Atle Gaarder, 85, Norwegian diplomat, ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1984–1990), India (1990–1994) and Lithuania (1999–2001). Giancarlo Ghironzi, 88, Sammarinese politician, Captain Regent (1961, 1969–1970). Cecil Gray, 97, Trinidadian-born Canadian poet. Mubashir Hassan, 98, Pakistani politician, Minister of Finance (1971–1974). Galen Head, 72, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings). Milan Kubala, 73, Czech Paralympic athlete, silver (1996) and gold (2000, 2004) medallist. Tamaki Nakanishi, 44, Japanese voice actress (Accel World, Gad Guard, I"s). Phil Phillips, 94, American singer and songwriter ("Sea of Love"). John L. Pickitt, 86, American lieutenant general. Eva Pilarová, 80, Czech singer. Genesis P-Orridge, 70, English musician (Throbbing Gristle, Psychic TV) and performance artist (COUM Transmissions), leukaemia. Mariano Puga, 88, Chilean Roman Catholic priest and human rights activist, opponent of the military dictatorship. Puthussery Ramachandran, 91, Indian poet. Chris Reed, 30, American-born Japanese figure skater, cardiac arrest. Piero Schlesinger, 89, Italian jurist and banker, COVID-19. Henry Smith, 64, Samoan Olympic athlete (1984, 1988). Nihal Yeğinobalı, 92, Turkish novelist and translator. 15 Mohammad Ami-Tehrani, 84, Iranian Olympic weightlifter (1960). Savenaca Aria, 55, Fijian rugby player (national team, Nawaka). Charles Atger, 98, French pilot. Gilbert Espinosa Chávez, 87, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of San Diego (1974–2007). Chong Hon Nyan, 95, Malaysian politician, Minister of Health (1978–1982). Boyce G. Clayton, 90, American jurist, Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (1975–1976) and Supreme Court (1976–1983). Suzy Delair, 102, French actress (Quai des Orfèvres, Atoll K, The Murderer Lives at Number 21). Aleksandr Nikolayevich Denisov, 65, Russian military officer. Jean Dufour, 70, French politician, Deputy (2001–2002). Manfred Feiler, 94, German painter. Vittorio Gregotti, 92, Italian architect, COVID-19. Richard L. Hanna, 69, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2017), cancer. Roy Hudd, 83, English actor (The Blood Beast Terror, Up the Chastity Belt, Coronation Street) and comedian. Wolf Kahn, 92, German-born American artist, heart failure. Tony Lewis, 78, English mathematician, co-inventor of cricket's Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method. Pilar Luna, 75, Mexican underwater archaeologist. Olvi L. Mangasarian, 86, Iraqi-born American mathematician. Jeremy Marre, 76, English music documentary filmmaker. Mick Morris, 77, English footballer (Oxford United, Port Vale, Stafford Rangers). Ning Jinsheng, 87, Chinese engineer, member of Chinese Academy of Engineering. Phil Olsen, 63, Canadian javelin thrower, Commonwealth Games champion (1978), heart attack. Mark Perrow, 55, South African Olympic sprint canoer (1992), plane crash. Wiesław Rosocha, 74, Polish illustrator and graphic designer. Iftikhar Hussain Shah, 71, Pakistani military officer and politician, Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2000–2005), heart attack. Jeff Stabins, 60, American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1992–1998). Aytaç Yalman, 79, Turkish military officer, General Commander of the Gendarmerie (2000–2002) and Commander of the Army (2002–2004), COVID-19. 16 Nicolas Alfonsi, 83, French politician, MP (1973–1988, 2001–2014) and MEP (1981–1984), COVID-19. Lynford Anderson, 78, Jamaican-born American music engineer and producer. Jim Bartko, 54, American college athletics administrator (Fresno State). Sergio Bassi, 68, Italian folk singer-songwriter, COVID-19. David Briggs, 102, English educator, headmaster of King's College School, Cambridge (1959–1977). Menachem Friedman, 83, Israeli sociologist. Ranveig Frøiland, 74, Norwegian politician, Minister of Petroleum and Energy (1997). Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani, 78–79, Iranian ayatollah, member of the Assembly of Experts (since 2016), COVID-19. Ralph Gomes, 82, Guyanese-born American track and field athlete. François Hilsum, 91, French political activist and writer. Karl Hoffmann, 84, German Olympic footballer (1956). Slobodan Kićović, 78, Montenegrin Olympic swimmer (1960). Jan Levor Njargel, 76, Norwegian politician. Francesco Saverio Pavone, 75, Italian magistrate, COVID-19. Saskia Post, 59, American-born Australian actress (Dogs in Space). Patil Puttappa, 99, Indian writer and journalist, complications from brain surgery. Fariborz Raisdana, 75, Iranian economist, COVID-19. Stuart Whitman, 92, American actor (The Mark, The Comancheros, Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines), skin cancer. Susan R. Wilson, 71, Australian statistician, metastatic cancer. Hank Workman, 94, American baseball player (New York Yankees). 17 Vittoria Bogo Deledda, 53, Italian politician, Senator (since 2018), cancer. Michael Broadbent, 92, British wine critic, auctioneer and writer. Flossie M. Byrd, 92, American home economist. Janet Carr, 92, English psychologist. Horst Felbermayr, 75, Austrian industrialist and amateur racing driver. Gerald Freedman, 92, American theatre director, librettist and lyricist. Syed Mumtaz Alam Gillani, 80, Pakistani lawyer and politician, MP (2008). Jérôme Hanquez, 46, French tennis player. G. Rama Iyer, 88, Malaysian politician. Piotr Jegor, 51, Polish footballer (Górnik Zabrze, Odra Wodzisław Śląski, national team). Frank Kapral, 91, American football and wrestling coach. Tadashi Kato, 85, Japanese Olympic cyclist (1952). Michel Kitabdjian, 89, French football referee. Jayram Kulkarni, 87, Indian actor (Dhoom Dhadaka, Gammat Jammat, Thartharat). Eduard Limonov, 77, Russian writer, poet and political dissident, complications from surgery. Roger Mayweather, 58, American boxer and boxing trainer, WBA super featherweight (1983–1984) and WBC super lightweight champion (1987–1989). Bill McPherson, 88, American football coach (Santa Clara University, Philadelphia Eagles, San Francisco 49ers). Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, 61, Bissau-Guinean politician, Acting President of the National People's Assembly (2009, 2012) and Acting President (2012–2014). Patrick Nothomb, 83, Belgian diplomat, heart attack. Keiji Ogushi, 85, Japanese hurdler, pneumonia. William Outten, 71, American politician, member of the Delaware House of Representatives (2005–2019). Arvo Sarapuu, 66, Estonian politician, Deputy Mayor of Tallinn (2011–2017), County Governor of Järva County (1989–1997). Stephen Schwartz, 78, American pathologist (University of Washington), COVID-19. Thái Thanh, 85, Vietnamese-American singer. Leonidas Veliaroutis, 103, Greek writer. Lyle Waggoner, 84, American actor (The Carol Burnett Show, Wonder Woman, Love Me Deadly), cancer. Geoffrey Wainwright, 80, British theologian. Betty Williams, 76, Northern Irish political activist, Nobel Prize laureate (1976). Malcolm Yardley, 79, British Olympic sprinter (1960). 18 Kathleen Appler, 68, American Roman Catholic nun, Superior General of Daughters of Charity (since 2015) and member of Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (since 2019). Al Tayeb Abdul Rahim, 75–76, Palestinian politician. Richard G. Austin, 89, American weightlifter, complications from diabetes. David Bowker, 98, British sailor, Olympic silver medalist (1956). Christopher Butler, 79–80, English literature academic. Rose Marie Compaoré, 61, Burkinabé politician, 2nd vice president of the National Assembly (since 2015), COVID-19. Brownlee O. Currey Jr., 91, American financier, philanthropist and newspaper publisher, owner and CEO of the Nashville Banner. Mark H. A. Davis, 74, British mathematician. Wray Downes, 89, Canadian jazz pianist. Erwin Drèze, 59, Belgian comic book artist, brain cancer. Patrick J. Duggan, 86, American jurist, Judge of the U.S. District Court for Eastern Michigan (since 1986). John E. Erickson, 92, American basketball coach (Wisconsin Badgers), general manager (Milwaukee Bucks) and politician. Luciano Federici, 81, Italian footballer (Cosenza Calcio, A.C. Pisa 1909), COVID-19. Joe Ferebee, 101, American baseball coach (Pfeiffer University). Rudi Georgi, 92, German politician, member of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1973–1989). Yoine Goldstein, 85, Canadian academic, lawyer and senator. Sarah Gorelick, 88, American pilot. Catherine Hamlin, 96, Australian physician and philanthropist, co-founder of the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital. Syed Shahidul Huque Jamal, 76, Bangladeshi politician, member of the Jatiya Sangsad. Kenneth Kafui, 68, Ghanaian composer. Emil Karewicz, 97, Polish actor (Stawka większa niż życie, How I Unleashed World War II, Knights of the Teutonic Order). Patrick Le Lay, 77, French engineer and businessman (TF1, Bouygues). Moon Ji-yoon, 36, South Korean actor, sepsis. Peter Musevski, 54, Slovenian actor (Bread and Milk, Spare Parts, Slovenian Girl). George O'Brien, 84, Scottish footballer (Southampton, Dunfermline Athletic, Leeds United). Joaquín Peiró, 84, Spanish football player (Atlético Madrid, Roma, national team) and manager. Francisco Peralta, 76, Spanish Olympic archer (1980). Raviraaj, 77, Indian actor (Achanak, Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari). Henri Richelet, 75, French painter, COVID-19. Om Bhakta Shrestha, 86, Nepalese judge, Chief Justice of Nepal (1997–1998). John Solomon, 90, Australian rugby union player (New South Wales Waratahs, national team). Miranda, Countess of Stockton, 72, British socialite and model, pancreatic cancer. Kevin Taylor, 72, English rugby league footballer (Oldham, Leigh Centurions, national team). (body discovered on this date) Sir John Tooley, 95, British opera administrator, general director of the Royal Opera House (1970–1988). Sérgio Trindade, 79, Brazilian scientist (IPCC) and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (2007), COVID-19. William Alfred Weber, 101, American botanist and lichenologist. Thomas A. Wiseman Jr., 89, American jurist, Tennessee state representative (1964–1968), State Treasurer (1971–1974) and Judge (1978–1995) and Chief Judge (1984–1991) of the M.D. Tenn.. Alfred Worden, 88, American astronaut (Apollo 15), stroke. 19 Román Arámbula, 83, Mexican comic-book and storyboard artist (Mickey Mouse), heart attack. Harlan Cohen, 85, American volleyball coach, US men's and women's national teams. Peter Davies, 92, British economic historian. Enrico Decleva, 78, Italian historian, Rector of the University of Milan (2001–2012). François Dermaut, 70, French comic book artist. Innocenzo Donina, 69, Italian footballer (Reggio Audace, Atalanta, Bari), COVID-19. Max Engman, 74, Finnish historian and translator. Camille Fischbach, 87, French footballer (Olympique de Marseille, FC Metz). James B. Jacobs, 72, American criminologist. Hamid Kahram, 62, Iranian politician, MP (2000–2004), COVID-19. Patrick Kirschman, 65, American politician, South Dakota state representative (2009–2017). Hans Knudsen, 75, Danish Olympic sprint canoer (1964, 1968). Lê Minh Đảo, 87, Vietnamese soldier, major general of South Vietnam. Li Daozeng, 90, Chinese architect, member of Chinese Academy of Engineering. Aurlus Mabélé, 66, Congolese singer and composer, stroke and COVID-19. Benny Malone, 68, American football player (Miami Dolphins, Washington Redskins), complications from diabetes. Herbert Marx, 88, Canadian lawyer and politician, MNA (1979–1989). Don McGuire, American television executive, heart attack. Sir Anthony Pigott, 75, British lieutenant general, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (2000–2003). Oliver Lee Pitts, 103, American journalist (Fort Worth Telegram) and restaurateur (White Horse Tavern). Raymond Renard, 95, Belgian writer and linguist. W. J. Rorabaugh, 74, American historian. Ashraf Siddiqui, 93, Bangladeshi poet. Antonio Michele Stanca, 77, Italian geneticist, COVID-19. Richard Tracey, 77, British politician, MP (1983–1997). Sir Peter Viggers, 82, British politician, MP (1974–2010). Peter Whittingham, 35, English footballer (Cardiff City, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers), complications of traumatic brain injury. Bob Wilkinson, 80, English cricketer (Kent). John Young, 82, English rugby union player (national team). Nazzareno Zamperla, 82, Italian actor (Samson and the Slave Queen, A Pistol for Ringo, Three Tough Guys) and stuntman. Edi Ziegler, 90, German road racing cyclist, Olympic bronze medallist (1952). 20 Mark Andrews, 60, British rower. P. K. Banerjee, 83, Indian football player (Aryan, Eastern Railway, national team) and manager, heart attack. Susham Bedi, 74, Indian writer and academic. Cengiz Bektaş, 85, Turkish architect (Mertim) and writer, heart failure. Claude Bennett, 83, Canadian politician, MPP (1971–1987). Harry van den Bergh, 77, Dutch politician, MP (1977–1987). Denise Bradley, 77, Australian academic administrator. Amadeo Carrizo, 93, Argentine footballer (River Plate, Millonarios, national team). Belarmino Correa Yepes, 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of San José del Guaviare (1999–2006). Allah Ditta, 87, Pakistani Olympic athlete (1956, 1960). Carlos Falcó, 5th Marquess of Griñón, 83, Spanish nobleman, socialite and entrepreneur, Grandee of Spain, COVID-19. Victor Fotso, 93, Cameroonian politician and businessman, Mayor of Bandjoun (since 1996). K. J. George, 85, Indian politician, MLA (19771980, 19871994). Johnny Harris, 87, Scottish composer and arranger, lung cancer. Willigis Jäger, 95, German Benedictine monk and Zen master. Shapi Kaziev, 63, Russian writer and playwright. Werner Lorenz, 83, German ice hockey player (Adler Mannheim). Ali Habib Mahmud, 81, Syrian military officer, Chief of Staff (2004–2009) and Minister of Defense (2009–2011). Don Manning, 52, American politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives (since 2019). Justin Mulenga, 65, Zambian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Mpika (since 2015). Muhterem Nur, 87, Turkish actress and singer. Enrique del Portal, 87, Spanish operatic tenor, gastroenteritis. Marino Quaresimin, 82, Italian politician, Mayor of Vicenza (1995–1998), COVID-19. Kenny Rogers, 81, American Hall of Fame singer ("The Gambler", "Just Dropped In", "Islands in the Stream"), songwriter and actor. Giovanni Romanini, 74, Italian comics artist and cartoonist (Satanik, Diabolik, Alan Ford), heart attack. Jean-Marie Saget, 91, French military pilot. Robert H. Scarborough, 97, American vice admiral. Vladimir Shtapov, 73, Russian football player (Dynamo Moscow, Torpedo Moscow) and manager (Khimki). Harkishan Singh, 91, Indian pharmaceutical scientist. Borislav Stanković, 94, Serbian Hall of Fame basketball player (Partizan) and coach (OKK Beograd, Cantù), Secretary General of FIBA (1976–2003). Bob Stephenson, 91, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals). Hans Stoll, 80, German-born American economist. Mikhail Voloshin, 66, Romanian-born American theoretical physicist, heart failure. Gino Volpe, 77, Italian singer-songwriter, heart attack. Vladimír Zábrodský, 97, Czech Hall of Fame ice hockey player (LTC Prague, HC Sparta Praha, Bohemians 1905), world champion (1947, 1949) and Olympic silver medallist (1948). 21 Nicholas Allen, 80, English physician and social anthropologist. Marguerite Aucouturier, 87, Czech-born French psychoanalyst and translator, COVID-19. Balasingam Singaram, 72, Malaysian Olympic field hockey player (1972, 1976). Aileen Baviera, 60, Filipino academic, COVID-19. Dov Ben-Meir, 92, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1981–1988). Dmitri Bruns, 91, Latvian-born Soviet and Estonian architect. Vicenç Capdevila, 83, Spanish lawyer and politician, mayor of Hospitalet de Llobregat (1973–1977) and Deputy (1977–1979), COVID-19. Geoff Denial, 88, English footballer (Oxford United, Sheffield Town). Ted Graham, Baron Graham of Edmonton, 94, British politician, member of Parliament (1974–1983) and the House of Lords (since 1983), Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (1976–1979). B. G. Hendrix, 97, American politician, member (1962–1996) and Speaker (1989–1991) of the Arkansas House of Representatives. Atsushi Ii, 81, Japanese voice actor. Eldred D. Jones, 95, Sierra Leonean literary critic. Moriyuki Kato, 85, Japanese politician, Governor of Ehime (1999–2010). Sol Kerzner, 84, South African hotelier, founder of Southern Sun Hotel Group and Sun International, cancer. Robert Klapisch, 87, French physicist. Richard S. Kline, 79, American television producer and director. Alain Macle, 75, French Olympic ski jumper (1968, 1972). Ray Mantilla, 85, American percussionist, complications from lymphoma. Hiroshi Masuoka, 83, Japanese voice actor (Sazae-san, Anpanman, Dragon Ball Z), rectal cancer. James McLernon, 92, American automobile executive. Mariko Miyagi, 93, Japanese actress (Panda and the Magic Serpent, Ten Dark Women, Barefoot Gen) and singer, lymphoma. Pasqualino Morbidelli, 71, Italian Olympic boxer (1972). Gianni Mura, 74, Italian journalist, heart attack. Jacques Oudin, 80, French politician, Senator (1986–2004), COVID-19. Piotr Pawlukiewicz, 59, Polish Roman Catholic priest. Soundaraj Periyanayagam, 70, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Vellore (since 2006). Annar Petersen, 88, Norwegian Olympic ice hockey player (1952). Anthony Procter, 76, South African cricketer (Natal). Jean-Jacques Razafindranazy, 68, Madagascar-born French doctor, COVID-19. Lorenzo Sanz, 76, Spanish sports administrator, president of Real Madrid (1995–2000), COVID-19. Hellmut Stern, 91, German violinist. William Stern, 84, Hungarian-born British businessman, COVID-19. Pierre Truche, 90, French magistrate (the trial of Klaus Barbie), cancer. Leroy Wright, 82, American basketball player (Wilkes-Barre Barons, Pittsburgh Pipers). Yitzhak Yamin, 81–82, Iraqi-born Israeli painter and sculptor. 22 Alberto Arbasino, 90, Italian novelist, essayist and politician, Deputy (1983–1987). Petru Bogatu, 68, Moldovan journalist and writer, cancer. Dean Borg, 81, American journalist, complications from pancreatic cancer. Gene Brown, 84, American basketball player (San Francisco Dons). William A. Cassidy, 92, American geologist, heart attack. Germà Colón, 91, Spanish philologist, COVID-19. Gabi Delgado-López, 61, Spanish-born German musician (Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft). Julie Felix, 81, American-British folk singer. Ciprian Foias, 86, Romanian mathematician. Ifeanyi George, 26, Nigerian footballer (Enyimba, national team), traffic collision. John Henn, 78, American Olympic volleyball player (1968) and coach (San Diego State Aztecs), National Champion (1973), cancer. Máximo Hernández, 74, Spanish football player (Rayo Vallecano, Sporting de Gijón) and manager (Getafe Deportivo). Benito Joanet, 84, Spanish football player (RCD Espanyol, Real Zaragoza) and coach (RCD Espanyol, RCD Mallorca), COVID-19. Jack Krumpe, 84, American sports executive. Serena Liu, 44, Taiwanese dancer and actress (How Much Sorrow Do You Have, The Rise of the Tang Empire), complications from heart surgery. José María Loizaga Viguri, 83, Spanish businessman, vice-president of ACS Group, COVID-19. Mike Longo, 83, American jazz pianist, COVID-19. George Lovelace, 83, American army officer and politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1996–1998), lung cancer. Carmen de Mairena, 87, Spanish actress, cuplé singer and television personality. Richard Marek, 86, American editor, esophageal cancer. Bob McCullough, 76, New Zealand cricketer (Wellington). Vintilă Mihăilescu, 68, Romanian anthropologist, leukemia. James Martin Munley, 83, American jurist, Judge of the U.S. District Court for Middle Pennsylvania (since 1998). Daniel Edward Pilarczyk, 85, American Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cincinnati (1982–2009), president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (1989–1992). Pasquale Russo Maresca, 51, Italian painter. Markvard Sellevoll, 96, Norwegian geophysicist. Richard Sharpe, 66, British historian and academic. Peter Stapleton, 65, New Zealand musician (The Terminals, Dadamah, Flies Inside the Sun). Ronnie Thompson, 85, American politician, Mayor of Macon, Georgia (1967–1975). Visu, 74, Indian film director (Samsaram Adhu Minsaram, Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi, Pattukottai Periyappa), writer and actor. Eric Weissberg, 80, American folk musician ("Dueling Banjos", The Tarriers), Alzheimer's disease. Woody Widenhofer, 77, American football coach (Pittsburgh Steelers, Detroit Lions, Cleveland Browns), stroke. Mikhail Yudin, 44, Russian footballer (FC Metallurg Lipetsk, FC Arsenal Tula), stroke. Sultana Zaman, 87, Bangladeshi psychologist. Jürg Zeltner, 52, Swiss banking executive (KBL), brain tumor. 23 Maurice Berger, 63, American cultural historian, curator, and art critic, COVID-19. Lucia Bosè, 89, Italian actress (No Peace Under the Olive Tree, Story of a Love Affair, Rome 11:00), Miss Italia (1947), COVID-19. Carole Brookins, 76, American stockbroker, COVID-19. Carlo Casini, 85, Italian politician, Deputy (1979–1994) and MEP (1984–1999, 2006–2014), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Llorenç Cassi, 79, Spanish athlete and coach, COVID-19. Harry Chadwick, 92, Canadian politician. Branko Cikatić, 65, Croatian heavyweight kickboxer, K-1 World Grand Prix champion (1993). David Collings, 79, British actor (Scrooge, The Thirty Nine Steps, The Invisible Woman). Alfio Contini, 92, Italian cinematographer (Zabriskie Point, The Night Porter, Ripley's Game). Brian Crowe, 82, British diplomat, Ambassador to Austria (1989–1992), COVID-19. Maurice Delbez, 97, French film director (Dans l'eau qui fait des bulles). Borja Domecq Solís, 74, Spanish fighting bulls breeder, COVID-19. José Folgado, 75, Spanish businessman and politician, president of Red Eléctrica de España (2012–2018), Deputy (2000, 2004–2008) and mayor of Tres Cantos (2007–2012), COVID-19. Apple Gabriel, 64, Jamaican reggae singer (Israel Vibration). José García González, 81, Spanish psychiatrist and neurologist. Tristan Garel-Jones, 79, British politician, MP (1979–1997), Minister for Europe (1990–1993) and Treasurer of the Household (1989–1990). Nora Illi, 35, Swiss Muslim activist and preacher, breast cancer. Peter Jackson, 91, British politician, MP (1966–1970). Burhanuddin Khan Jahangir, 84, Bangladeshi academic and writer. Paul Karslake, 61, British painter, COVID-19. Nanette L. Laitman, 95, American art collector and philanthropist. Robert E. Lavender, 93, American judge, Justice (1965–2007) and Chief Justice (1979–1981) of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Anastasio López Ramírez, 63, Spanish politician, member of the Cortes of Castilla-La Mancha (1983–1995) and mayor of Alcázar de San Juan (1987–1995), COVID-19. Pyotr Lysenko, 88, Belarusian archaeologist. Zororo Makamba, 30, Zimbabwean television journalist, COVID-19. Ron Marciniak, 87, American football player (Washington Redskins), coach (Dayton Flyers) and scout. Alan Ortiz, 66, Filipino business executive and journalist, COVID-19. Keith Remington, 96, Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1977–1988). Usama Riaz, 26, Pakistani physician, COVID-19. Tony Ribaudo, 78, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (1977–1997), lung cancer. Calogero Rizzuto, 65, Italian architect and historic preservationist, COVID-19. Walter Robb, 91, American engineer and R&D executive (General Electric), owner of Albany River Rats (1998–2010), COVID-19. Mary Roman, 84, American Senior Olympics athlete, COVID-19. Lucien Sève, 93, French philosopher and political activist (French Communist Party), COVID-19. JR Shaw, 85, Canadian telecommunications (Shaw Communications) and mass media executive (Corus Entertainment). Júlia Sigmond, 90, Hungarian-Romanian puppet actress, COVID-19. Stanley Sporkin, 88, American jurist, Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (1985–2000), heart failure. Giles Walker, 74, Scottish-born Canadian film and television director (Bravery in the Field ,Never Too Late, Fries with That?). Idelle Weber, 88, American artist. Nashom Wooden, 50, American drag performer (The Ones, Flawless, Swoon), COVID-19. Hassie Young, 96, Canadian ice hockey player (Edmonton Mercurys). Valery Zhuravko, 72, Soviet-Ukrainian association football player (FC Sirius Zhovti Vody, MFC Mykolaiv) and coach (FC Artania Ochakiv). 24 Lorenzo Acquarone, 89, Italian lawyer and politician, MP (1987–2006), COVID-19. Nihat Akbay, 75, Turkish footballer (Galatasaray). Ivan Bokyi, 78, Ukrainian politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada (1998–2007). John Campbell-Jones, 90, British Formula One driver. Romi Cohn, 91, Czechoslovak-born American rabbi, real estate developer and Holocaust survivor, COVID-19. Hugh Conaghan, 93, Irish politician, TD (1977–1989). Pierluigi Consonni, 71, Italian footballer (S.S.C. Bari), COVID-19. Giuseppe Covre, 69, Italian businessman, writer and politician, Deputy (1996–2001), complications from a fall. John Davies, 90, Australian-born American swimmer and jurist, Olympic champion (1952), Judge of the U.S. District Court for Central California (1986–1998), cancer. Manu Dibango, 86, Cameroonian saxophonist ("Soul Makossa"), COVID-19. Steven Dick, 37, Scottish diplomat, Deputy British Ambassador to Hungary (since 2019), COVID-19. George Dickie, 93, American philosopher. William Dufris, 62, American voice actor (Bob the Builder), cancer. David Edwards, 48, American basketball player, COVID-19. John Eriksson, 91, Swedish footballer (Djurgården, national team). Mohamed Farah, 59, Somali footballer (national team), COVID-19. Melinda O. Fee, 77, American actress (Days of Our Lives, The Invisible Man, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge). Alan Finder, 72, American journalist (The New York Times), COVID-19. Alfred Gomolka, 77, German politician, MEP (1994–2009). Stuart Gordon, 72, American film director (Re-Animator, From Beyond, Dagon), multiple organ failure. David Greetham, 78, American literary critic. E. Harikumar, 76, Indian novelist. Donald Howarth, 88, English playwright and theatre director. Jack Jones, 95, Australian footballer (Essendon), cancer. Ian Reay Mackay, 98, Australian immunologist. Sterling Maddox, 78, American politician, member of the of the Maryland House of Delegates (1971–1974), COVID-19. Loring Mandel, 91, American playwright and screenwriter, cancer. Terrence McNally, 81, American playwright (Ragtime, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Love! Valour! Compassion!) and screenwriter, Tony winner (1993, 1995, 1996), COVID-19. Tom McNeil, 90, Australian footballer (St Kilda) and MLC (1977–1989). Anatoliy Mokrenko, 87, Ukrainian opera singer. John F. Murray, 92, American pulmonologist, COVID-19. Kari Onstad, 79, Norwegian actress, stroke. Juan Padrón, 73, Cuban comics artist (Elpidio Valdés) and animator (Vampires in Havana), lung disease. Jenny Polanco, 62, Dominican fashion designer, COVID-19. Robert A. Rescorla, 79, American psychologist. Bill Rieflin, 59, American rock drummer (Ministry, Revolting Cocks, King Crimson), cancer. Tony Rutter, 78, British motorcycle racer, Formula TT world champion (1981–1984). Odile Schmitt, 59, French actress (Light Years Away, Film Socialisme, Hollywoo). Bernard Schreiner, 82, French politician, Deputy (1988–2007). Gerard Schurmann, 96, Dutch-British composer and conductor (The Bedford Incident, Attack on the Iron Coast, Claretta). Edward Tarr, 83, American trumpeter, Grammy Award winner, complications from heart surgery. Ignacio Trelles, 103, Mexican football player (Necaxa) and manager (Toluca, national team), heart attack. Albert Uderzo, 92, French comic book artist (Asterix, Oumpah-pah), heart attack. 25 Harry Aarts, 90, Dutch politician, MP (1973–1993), COVID-19. Soledad Alatorre, 94, Mexican labor activist. Edman Ayvazyan, 87, Iranian-Armenian painter. Danilo Barozzi, 92, Italian racing cyclist, complications from a broken femur. William Bartholomay, 91, American insurance executive, owner of the Milwaukee and Atlanta Braves. Tissa Nagodavithana, 78, Sri Lankan film preservationist, producer and filmmaker. Jennifer Bate, 75, British concert organist, cancer. Jean-Louis Bernard, 81, French politician, MP (1993–2012) and Mayor of Orléans (1988–1989). MaryAnn Black, 76, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2017). Mark Blum, 69, American actor (Crocodile Dundee, Mozart in the Jungle, Desperately Seeking Susan), COVID-19. Floyd Cardoz, 59, Indian-American chef (Top Chef Masters), COVID-19. Junseok Chae, South Korean engineer, bludgeoned. Ousmane Conté, Guinean politician. John DeBrito, 51, American soccer player. Aric del Rosario, 80, Filipino basketball coach (UST Growling Tigers, Pampanga Dragons, Perpetual Altas), cardiac arrest. Steve Dille, 75, American politician, Minnesota state representative (1987–1993) and Missouri state senator (1993–2011). Jean-Jacques Fernier, 88, French architect and historian. Dario Gabbai, 97, Greek-American Holocaust survivor, Auschwitz Sonderkommando (1944). Martinho Lutero Galati, 66, Brazilian conductor, COVID-19. Nemai Ghosh, 85, Indian photographer (Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, Agantuk). Paul Goma, 84, Romanian writer, COVID-19. Horace Hardwick, 84, American politician. Peter Kemper, 77, Dutch footballer (PSV, national team). Henk Kronenberg, 85, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bougainville (1999–2009). Pierre Lagénie, 81, French sculptor. Donatien Laurent, 84, French musicologist and linguist. Bob Lee, 82, American baseball player (California Angels). Robert Levinson, American intelligence officer, missing since 2007. (declared legally deceased on this date) Liesbeth List, 78, Dutch singer, actress and television personality. T. M. Lotha, 68, Indian politician, MLA (1989–2008, since 2013). Joseph Ma Zhongmu, 100, Chinese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Ningxia (1983–2005), pulmonary edema. Inna Makarova, 93, Russian actress (The Young Guard, The Return of Vasili Bortnikov, The Rumyantsev Case). Detto Mariano, 82, Italian musician (I Ribelli) and composer, COVID-19. Francis J. McManimon, 93, American politician, member of the New Jersey General Assembly (1972–1982) and Senate (1982–1992). Angelo Moreschi, 67, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Vicar of Gambella (since 2009), COVID-19. Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa, 98, South African traditional healer and conspiracy theorist. Nimmi, 87, Indian actress (Aan, Mere Mehboob, Pooja Ke Phool). Jamal Aldin Omar, 60, Sudanese politician, Minister of Defence (since 2019), heart attack. Richard Reeves, 83, American writer, cardiac arrest. Garret T. Sato, 55, American actor (Hawaii Five-0, The Wolverine, Midway). Mike Stratton, 78, American football player (Buffalo Bills, San Diego Chargers), complications from a fall. Sudjiatmi, 77, Indonesian presidential mother. Farzaneh Taidi, 74, Iranian actress (Not Without My Daughter). Terry Tausch, 61, American football player (Minnesota Vikings, San Francisco 49ers). Jean-Yves Veillard, 81, French historian. Mark Wurtz, 55, American professional golfer. 26 Roger Baens, 86, Belgian racing cyclist. Joe Baltake, 74, American film critic (Sacramento Bee, The Philadelphia Inquirer), multiple myeloma. Robert A. Barth, 89, United States Navy Chief Quartermaster and aquanaut, complications of Parkinson's disease. Johnny L. Baynes, 64, American judge, justice of the New York Supreme Court (since 2010), COVID-19. Tibor Bodon, 88, Hungarian footballer. Princess María Teresa of Bourbon-Parma, 86, French-Spanish royal, COVID-19. Jenny Clack, 72, English palaeontologist. Menggie Cobarrubias, 68, Filipino actor, COVID-19. Balázs Csákabonyi, 83, Hungarian politician and lawyer, MP (1994–2010). Ito Curata, 60, Filipino fashion designer, COVID-19. Constantin Drăgănescu, 83, Romanian actor (Dark Angel: The Ascent, Everyday God Kisses Us On The Mouth, The Japanese Dog). Jean Ginibre, 82, French mathematical physicist. Colin Graham, 90, New Zealand cricketer (Otago). Lee Guittar, 88, American newspaper executive and publisher. Satish Gujral, 94, Indian painter and sculptor. Michel Hidalgo, 87, French football player (Monaco, Reims) and manager (national team). Olle Holmquist, 83, Swedish trombonist (James Last Orchestra), COVID-19. Rolf Huisgen, 99, German chemist, developer of 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition. John Hyde, 89, Australian footballer (Geelong), cancer. Óscar Ichazo, 88, Bolivian spiritual teacher, founder of the Arica School. Carl Kirkwood, 90, Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1970–1988). Neil Landon, 78, English singer (The Flower Pot Men, Fat Mattress). Bill Martin, 81, Scottish songwriter ("Puppet on a String", "Congratulations", "Back Home") and music publisher. David Mason, 88, American stonemason. Rade Mihaljčić, 83, Serbian historian and academic. Naomi Munakata, 64, Japanese-Brazilian conductor, COVID-19. Curly Neal, 77, American basketball player (Harlem Globetrotters). John O'Leary, 70, Irish golfer and executive (PGA European Tour), winner of Irish Open (1982). Frank Pietri, 85, American jazz dance instructor and choreographer. Lawrence R. Pomeroy, 94, American zoologist and ecologist. Gainor Roberts, 78, American artist. Suellen Rocca, 76, American artist, pancreatic cancer. Luigi Roni, 78, Italian opera singer, COVID-19. Georges Rostan, 86, French actor (La Cuisine au Beurre, L'Âge ingrat). John Sears, 79, American political strategist, heart attack. V. Sethuraman, 35, Indian actor (Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya, Vaaliba Raja, 50/50), cardiac arrest. Fred Smith, 77, English footballer (Burnley, Portsmouth, Halifax Town). Michael Sorkin, 71, American architect, COVID-19. Robin Thomas, 57, Czech-born American graph theorist, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Michael J. Tyler, 82, British-Australian herpetologist. Mekia Valentine, 32, American basketball player. Manuel del Valle, 80, Spanish lawyer and politician, Mayor of Seville (1983–1991), leukaemia. Walter Wegmüller, 83, Swiss painter and musician. Hamish Wilson, 77, Scottish actor (Doctor Who) and radio producer (Radio Forth, Radio Clyde), COVID-19. Jimmy Wynn, 78, American baseball player (Houston Astros, Los Angeles Dodgers, Atlanta Braves). Jon Wynne-Tyson, 95, English publisher, writer and animal rights campaigner. Daniel Yuste, 75, Spanish Olympic racing cyclist (1968), COVID-19. 27 Jacques F. Acar, 88, Senegalese-born French doctor, COVID-19. Roberto Alemann, 97, Argentine politician, Minister of Economy (1961–1962, 1981–1982). Bob Andy, 75, Jamaican reggae singer (The Paragons, Bob and Marcia), songwriter and actor (The Mighty Quinn). Daniel Azulay, 72, Brazilian comic book artist and cartoonist, complications from leukemia and COVID-19. Brian Blume, 70, American game designer, co-founder of TSR, Inc., Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease. Robert Campbell, 82, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1980–1996), cancer. Willy Diméglio, 85, French politician. Mirna Doris, 79, Italian singer, cancer. Graviola Ewing, 89, Guatemalan Olympic sprinter (1952). Carl Friedman, 67, Dutch writer. Randolph Stewart, 13th Earl of Galloway, 91, Scottish peer. Jesús Gayoso Rey, 48, Spanish Civil Guard lieutenant colonel, head of Rapid Action Group (since 2014) and chief of Haro lockdown, COVID-19. Daniel Gevargiz, 79, Iranian Olympic weightlifter (1968). José Luis González Novalín, 91, Spanish priest, COVID-19. Petra Hillenius, 52, Dutch Olympic swimmer (1984), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aneurin Hughes, 83, British diplomat. Les Hunter, 77, American basketball player (Baltimore Bullets, Miami Floridians, Loyola Ramblers), National Champion (1963), cancer. Hamed Karoui, 92, Tunisian politician, Prime Minister (1989–1999) and Minister of Justice (1988–1989). Frank Larkin, 48, Irish disability rights activist. Stefan Lippe, 64, German insurance manager, CEO of Swiss Re (2009–2012), COVID-19. Joseph Lowery, 98, American minister and activist, President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1977–1997). Glenda MacQueen, 55, Canadian medical researcher, breast cancer. Orlando McDaniel, 59, American football player (Denver Broncos), COVID-19. Michael McKinnell, 84, British-born American architect, co-founder of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood, COVID-19. Thandika Mkandawire, 79, Malawian-Swedish economist. Frank Myler, 81, English rugby league player (Widnes Vikings, St Helens, national team). P. A. Ogundipe, 92, Nigerian writer and civil servant, COVID-19. Dositeo Rodríguez, 84, Spanish politician, minister of presidency, civil service and justice of Galicia (1990–1999) and member of the Galician parliament (1993–1999), COVID-19. Lanny D. Schmidt, 81, American chemist. George Sidhom, 81, Egyptian comedian and actor. Imam Suroso, 56, Indonesian politician, member of the People's Representative Council (since 2009), COVID-19. Beni Prasad Verma, 79, Indian politician, Minister of Steel (2011–2014) and MP (1996–2014, since 2016). Delroy Washington, 67, British-Jamaican reggae singer. Zhou Jun, 88, Chinese botanist. 28 Fevzi Aksoy, 89, Turkish sports writer and medical doctor. Elvia Andreoli, 69–70, Argentine actress (Aquellos años locos, Atrapadas, Asesinato a distancia). Kerstin Behrendtz, 69, Swedish radio presenter, COVID-19. Nicolás Brizuela, 70, Argentine musician. John Callahan, 66, American actor (All My Children, Falcon Crest, Days of Our Lives), stroke. Tom Coburn, 72, American politician, member of the U.S. Senate (2005–2015) and House of Representatives (1995–2001), prostate cancer. Conor Connelly, 44, Irish Gaelic footballer (St. Jude, Roscommon). George Corones, 101, Australian Masters swimmer. April Dunn, 33, American disability rights activist, COVID-19. Matthew Faber, 47, American actor (Welcome to the Dollhouse, The Pallbearer, Natural Born Killers). Florencio Flores Aguilar, 88, Panamanian army officer. Chato Galante, 71, Spanish pro-democracy activist and political prisoner, COVID-19. Jean-Claude Ganga, 86, Congolese sports administrator (International Olympic Committee). Rodolfo González Rissotto, 70, Uruguayan historian and politician, Minister of National Defence (1995), COVID-19. Grim Sleeper, 67, American serial killer. William B. Helmreich, 74, American sociologist and writer, COVID-19. Jan Howard, 91, American country singer and songwriter ("The One You Slip Around With", "For Loving You", "Evil on Your Mind"). Pearson Jordan, 69, Barbadian Olympic sprinter (1976), COVID-19. Azam Khan, 93, Pakistani squash player, COVID-19. Lu Shibi, 89, Chinese orthopaedic surgeon. Dan McCauley, 84, British football chairman (Plymouth Argyle). Monroe G. McKay, 91, American jurist, Judge (since 1977) and Chief Judge (1991–1993) of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Denise Millet, 86, French comic book artist. Barbara Rütting, 92, German actress (Doctor Sibelius, Town Without Pity, Turtledove General Delivery) and politician, member of the Landtag of Bavaria (2003–2009). Thomas Schäfer, 54, German politician, Minister of Finance in Hesse (since 2010), suicide by train. David Schramm, 73, American actor (Wings, Johnny Handsome, Kennedy), heart attack. Goldie Sellers, 78, American football player (Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs), cancer. Michel Tibon-Cornillot, 97, French philosopher and anthropologist, COVID-19. Hertha Töpper, 95, Austrian contralto. Edoardo Vesentini, 91, Italian mathematician (Andreotti-Vesentini theorem) and politician, Director of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1978–1987) and Senator (1987–1992). Salvador Vives, 77, Spanish actor and voice actor, COVID-19. William Wolf, 94, American author and theater critic, COVID-19. 29 Claude Abadie, 100, French jazz clarinettist and bandleader. Opoku Afriyie, 75, Ghanaian footballer (Asante Kotoko, Hearts of Oak, national team). Philip W. Anderson, 96, American physicist (Anderson localization, Anderson Hamiltonian, Anderson orthogonality theorem), Nobel Prize laureate (1977). Peter Beaumont, 85, British racehorse trainer (Jodami). Beryl Bernay, 94, American television host and journalist, COVID-19. Attilio Bignasca, 76, Swiss politician, National Councillor (2003–2009). Yuri Bondarev, 96, Russian writer and screenwriter (Liberation). Tom Burford, 84, American pomologist and apple historian. José Luis Capón, 72, Spanish footballer (Atlético Madrid, Elche, national team), COVID-19. Jean-François Cesarini, 49, French politician, Deputy (since 2017), cancer. Emilia Currás, 92, Spanish information scientist and academic, COVID-19. Patrick Devedjian, 75, French politician, mayor of Antony (1983–2002), president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine (since 2007), COVID-19. Joe Diffie, 61, American country singer-songwriter ("Home", "Third Rock from the Sun", "Pickup Man"), COVID-19. Nikolai Dimidyuk, 83, Russian military officer, commander of the Russian Missile Troops and Artillery (1991–1997). Robert H. Garff, 77, American automotive dealer and politician, member (1978–1987) and Speaker (1985–1987) of the Utah House of Representatives, COVID-19. Henry C. Gonzalez, 84, American politician, mayor of South Gate, California (1983, 1987, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2009). David Hodgkiss, 71, British cricket chairman (Lancashire), COVID-19. Jim Lambright, 77, American football coach (Washington Huskies). Maria Mercader, 54, American news producer (CBS, 60 Minutes, CBS Sunday Morning), COVID-19. Alan Merrill, 69, American musician (Arrows) and songwriter ("I Love Rock 'n' Roll"), COVID-19. Paravai Muniyamma, 82, Indian folk singer and actress (Dhool, Kovil, Savaale Samaali). Joseph A. O'Hare, 89, American Jesuit, president of Fordham University. Tomas Oneborg, 62, Swedish photographer, COVID-19. Krzysztof Penderecki, 86, Polish composer (Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima, Anaklasis, Utrenja) and conductor. Jim Quinlan, 85, American writer and journalist. Tuku Raka, 56, Papua New Guinean cricketer (national team). James Ramsden, 96, British politician, MP (1954–1974), Secretary of State for War (1963–1964) and Minister for the Armed Forces (1964). Francis Rapp, 93, French historian, COVID-19. Isaac Robinson, 44, American politician, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (since 2019), COVID-19. Angelo Rottoli, 61, Italian professional boxer, COVID-19. Jean-Louis Roy, 81–82, Swiss film director (Black Out). Derek Semmence, 81, English cricketer (Sussex). Ken Shimura, 70, Japanese comedian, COVID-19. Chandan Singh, 94, Indian military officer. Henri Tincq, 74, French journalist, COVID-19. 30 Antonio Álvarez Solís, 90, Spanish journalist, founder of Interviú. Luis Arce Gómez, 82, Bolivian military officer, Minister of Interior (1980–1981), heart failure. Joe Ashton, 86, British politician, MP (1968–2001). Jean-Guy Astresses, 90, French footballer (Girondins de Bordeaux). Hansruedi Beugger, 89, Swiss Olympic bobsledder (1964). Maurice Bidermann, 87, French industrialist. Lorena Borjas, 59, Mexican-American transgender rights activist, COVID-19. Henry Brabham, 90, American ice hockey executive, co-founder of the ECHL. Wilhelm Burmann, 80, German ballet master, renal failure complicated by COVID-19. Don Campbell, 69, American dancer and choreographer. Arianne Caoili, 33, Filipino-Australian chess player, traffic collision. Jean-Claude Chamboredon, 81, French sociologist. Joe Clark, 78, Canadian-born American aviation entrepreneur, co-founder of Horizon Air, fall. Tomie dePaola, 85, American writer, illustrator (Strega Nona, 26 Fairmount Avenue), and television personality (Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola), complications from surgery after a fall. Hilary Dwyer, 74, English actress (Witchfinder General, Cry of the Banshee, Wuthering Heights), COVID-19. Louise Ebrel, 87, French singer (Les Ramoneurs de menhirs). Raymond L. Erikson, 84, American molecular biologist and virologist. Kurt W. Fischer, 76, American developmental psychologist. Nathan Fong, 61, Canadian chef, heart attack. Alex Forsyth, 91, Scottish footballer (Albion Rovers, Darlington, East Stirlingshire). William Gianelli, 101, American engineer and public servant. Manolis Glezos, 97, Greek resistance activist and politician, MEP (1984–1985, 2014–2015), heart failure. James T. Goodrich, 73, American neurosurgeon, COVID-19. John Haselden, 76, English football player (Rotherham United, Doncaster Rovers) and manager (Huddersfield Town), complications of dementia. Hau Pei-tsun, 100, Taiwanese military officer and politician, Chief of the General Staff (1981–1989) and Premier (1990–1993), multiple organ failure. Abdul Qadir Junejo, 74, Pakistani novelist and playwright. Milutin Knežević, 71, Serbian Orthodox prelate, Bishop of Australia and New Zealand (2003–2006) and Valjevo (since 2006), COVID-19. Ted Knight, 86, English politician. Bruce MacDonald, 92, American Olympic athlete (1956, 1960, 1964). Ivo Mahlknecht, 80, Italian Olympic alpine skier (1964, 1968), COVID-19. Frank Maloney, 79, American football player (Michigan Wolverines) and coach (Syracuse Orange), brain cancer. Romek Marber, 94, Polish graphic designer and academic. Tom McArthur, 81, English linguist. Bob Minihane, 82, American football player (Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes). Ted Monette, 74, American army colonel and FEMA director, COVID-19. Alfie Monk, 86, Irish Gaelic footballer (Louth). Raphael S. Ndingi Mwana a'Nzeki, 88, Kenyan Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Nairobi (1997–2007). Kwasi Owusu, 72, Ghanaian Olympic footballer (1972). Millie Peterson, 75, American politician, member of the Utah State Senate (1991–2003). Tim Petros, 58, Canadian football player (Calgary Stampeders), heart attack. Daniel Prude, 41, American police detainee, asphyxia. Riachão, 98, Brazilian samba composer and singer. Mykhaylo Storozhenko, 82, Ukrainian Olympic athlete (1964). Martin Tudor, 43, Romanian football player (Olimpia Satu Mare, FCSB, CFR Cluj) and manager, heart attack. Jacques Vandier, 92, French entrepreneur (Macif). Manuel Adolfo Varas, 76, Ecuadorian broadcaster, sports journalist and lawyer, COVID-19. Bill Withers, 81, American Hall of Fame singer-songwriter ("Lean on Me", "Ain't No Sunshine", "Lovely Day"), heart disease. Joachim Yhombi-Opango, 81, Congolese politician, President (1977–1979) and Prime Minister (1993–1996), COVID-19. 31 Mark Azbel, 87, Soviet-born Israeli physicist. Jim Bailey, 90, Australian Olympic athlete (1956). Bruno Barbatti, 93, Swiss scholar and writer. Pierre Bénichou, 82, French journalist. Julie Bennett, 88, American actress (What's Up, Tiger Lily?, The Yogi Bear Show, Sole Survivor), COVID-19. Edmond W. Burke, 84, American jurist, Justice (1975–1983) and Chief Justice (1981–1984) of the Alaska Supreme Court. Donna Caroll, 80, Argentine jazz singer and actress. Gian Carlo Ceruti, 67, Italian sports manager and trade unionist, president of the Italian Cycling Federation (1997–2005), COVID-19. Michel Chodkiewicz, 90, French author. Cristina, 64, American singer ("Disco Clone", "Is That All There Is?"), COVID-19. Viktar Dashkevich, 75, Belarusian stage actor, COVID-19. Pape Diouf, 68, Senegalese journalist and football administrator, president of Olympique de Marseille (2005–2009), COVID-19. Szabolcs Fazakas, 72, Hungarian politician, MEP (2004–2009). Richard C. Friedman, 79, American academic psychiatrist. Aleksei Frolikov, 63, Russian ice hockey player (Dynamo Moscow). Rafael Gómez Nieto, 99, Spanish soldier (La Nueve), COVID-19. James Gordon, Baron Gordon of Strathblane, 83, Scottish businessman, founder of Radio Clyde, COVID-19. Jeff Grosso, 51, American skateboarder. Bob Hasan, 89, Indonesian businessman and politician, Minister of Industry and Trade (1998), lung cancer. Andrew Jack, 76, British dialect coach (The Lord of the Rings, Sherlock Holmes) and actor (Star Wars), COVID-19. Abdul Halim Khaddam, 87, Syrian politician, Vice President (1984–2005), Acting President (2000) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1970–1984), heart attack. Ian King, 88, English cricketer (Warwickshire, Essex). Eva Krížiková, 85, Slovak actress (In the Coat of Lioness' Arms). Hedgemon Lewis, 74, American boxer and trainer. Reimar Lüst, 97, German astrophysicist, director of the Max Planck Society (1972–1984), director-general of the European Space Agency (1984–1990). Arthur Marsh, 72, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers). Vincent Marzello, 68, American actor (The Witches, Never Say Never Again, Bob the Builder). Paul Natali, 86, French politician, Senator (1998–2005). Adolphe Nicolas, 84, French geologist. Zoltán Peskó, 83, Hungarian conductor and composer. Gita Ramjee, 63, Ugandan-South African HIV prevention researcher, COVID-19. James A. Redden, 91, American jurist and politician, Oregon State Treasurer (1973–1977), Attorney General (1977–1980) and Judge (since 1980) and Chief Judge (1990–1995) of the D. Ore.. Wallace Roney, 59, American jazz trumpeter, COVID-19. Kiyoshi Sasabe, 62, Japanese film director (Chirusoku no natsu, Half a Confession, Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms). Jack Schofield, 72, British technology journalist (The Guardian, Practical Computing), heart attack. Fedir Shpyh, 64, Ukrainian politician and businessman, member of Verkhovna Rada (1998–2007), traffic collision. Peter J. N. Sinclair, 73, British economist, COVID-19. Michael Wakelam, 64, British molecular biologist, COVID-19. Leonid Zorin, 95, Russian playwright, cardiac arrest. References 2020-03 03

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20October%202020

Deaths in October 2020

The following is a list of notable deaths in October 2020. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. October 2020 1 Simonluca Agazzone, 39, Italian footballer (SPAL, Carrarese, Novara), traffic collision. Serhiy Atelkin, 48, Ukrainian footballer (Shakhtar Donetsk, Lecce, national team), heart attack. Tony Blue, 84, Australian Olympic athlete (1960, 1964). Gord Brooks, 70, Canadian ice hockey player (St. Louis Blues, Washington Capitals). Robbie Brunton, 47, Irish footballer (Sligo Rovers, Coleraine, Bohemians). Glen Despins, 56, Canadian curler, traffic collision. Zef Eisenberg, 47, British motorcycle racer, health supplement executive and television presenter, offroad racing crash. Hans Eriksen, 84, Norwegian Sámi politician, teacher, and radio broadcaster (NRK Sámi Radio), member of the Sámi Parliament of Norway (2009–2013). Michel Forget, 93, French aviator. Khurto Hajji Ismail, 87, Iraqi Yazidi religious leader. Maud Hansson, 82, Swedish actress (Emil i Lönneberga). Gary Hayman, 69, American football player (Buffalo Bills). Maurice Houdayer, 89, French Olympic rower (1956). Franck André Jamme, 72, French poet. Lou Johnson, 86, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers). Derek Mahon, 78, Irish poet. Barry Mahy, 78, English-American soccer player (New York Generals, New York Cosmos, U.S. national team). Alfredo Marañon, 84, Filipino politician, mayor of Sagay City (2001–2010) and Governor of Negros Occidental (2010–2019), heart disease. Dan Muhlbauer, 62, American politician, member of the Iowa House of Representatives (2011–2015). Murray Schisgal, 93, American playwright (Luv, Jimmy Shine) and screenwriter (Tootsie). Ray Styles, 31, Ghanaian pencil artist, liver cancer. 2 Shaher Abdulhak, 81–82, Yemeni businessman. Fadma Abi, Moroccan surgeon and professor, COVID-19. Alan Abraham, 89, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (1984–1989). John Joseph Campion, 57, Irish-American entrepreneur, leukemia. Héctor Cavallero, 81, Argentine politician, mayor of Rosario, Santa Fe (1989–1995) and Deputy (1999–2003). Riley Darnell, 80, American politician, Tennessee Secretary of State (1993–2009), member of the Tennessee Senate (1981–1993) and House of Representatives (1971–1981). Zeki Ergezen, 70, Turkish politician, Minister of Public Works and Housing (2002–2005). Edward S. Feldman, 91, American film producer (Witness, The Truman Show, The Golden Child). Bob Gibson, 84, American Hall of Fame baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals), Cy Young Award (1968, 1970), World Series champion (1964, 1967), pancreatic cancer. Bette Greene, 86, American novelist (Summer of My German Soldier, Philip Hall Likes Me, I Reckon Maybe), heart failure. Martin Havelka, 62, Czech actor. Anne-Marie Hutchinson, 63, British lawyer. Heinz Kördell, 88, German footballer (Schalke 04, Schwarz-Weiß Essen, West Germany national team). Liew Vui Keong, 60, Malaysian politician, MP (2008–2013, since 2018) and Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (2018–2020), pneumonia. Danny Malloy, 91, Scottish boxer. Ron Perranoski, 84, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Minnesota Twins) and coach (San Francisco Giants), World Series champion (1963, 1965, 1981, 1988). Mukarrama Qosimova, 87, Tajik linguist and academic. Irina Slavina, 47, Russian news editor (Open Russia), suicide by self-immolation. Sprangalang, 71, Trinidadian actor (Lord Have Mercy!, A Winter Tale) and comedian. Claude Vigée, 99, French poet. Victor Zalgaller, 99, Russian-Israeli mathematician. 3 Mark Andrews, 94, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1963–1981) and Senate (1981–1987). Haji Hussain Ansari, 73, Indian politician, Jharkhand MLA (1995–2004, 2009–2015, since 2019), cardiac arrest from COVID-19. Thomas Jefferson Byrd, 70, American actor (Clockers, Bulworth, Ray), shot. Karel Fiala, 95, Czech operatic tenor and actor (Dalibor, Lemonade Joe, Amadeus). Anthony Galindo, 41, Venezuelan singer (Menudo, MDO), suicide. P. Wayne Goode, 83, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (1963–1985) and Senate (1985–2005), leukemia. Charlie Haeger, 37, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Dodgers), suicide by gunshot. Sandy Keith, 91, American jurist and politician, Lieutenant Governor (1963–1967), state senator (1959–1963) and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1990–1998) of Minnesota. Armelia McQueen, 68, American actress (Adventures in Wonderland, Ain't Misbehavin', Ghost). Karsten Thielker, 54, German photographer, esophageal cancer. Dick Van Raaphorst, 77, American football player (Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers). Bob Wilson, 77, English footballer (Cardiff City, Exeter City). 4 Rosemary Aluoch, 44, Kenyan footballer (Kampala Capital City Authority FC, OC Bukavu Dawa, national team). Vishal Anand, 82, Indian actor (Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa, Hindustan Ki Kasam, Chalte Chalte), film director and producer. Jean-Marc Avocat, 71–72, French actor (Verdict, Kaamelott). Aldridge Bousfield, 79, American mathematician. Jan des Bouvrie, 78, Dutch designer. Günter de Bruyn, 93, German author. Giovanni D'Alise, 72, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia (2004–2014) and Caserta (since 2014), COVID-19. Louis Fortier, 66, Canadian biologist and oceanographer, leukemia. Mike Foster, 90, American politician, Governor of Louisiana (1996–2004) and member of the Louisiana Senate (1988–1996). Jérôme Gendre, 43, French rugby union player (RC Narbonne), heart attack. Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer, 64, American-born Israeli Hasidic rabbi, rebbe of the Pittsburgh Dynasty (since 1990), COVID-19. Pradeep Maharathy, 65, Indian politician, Odisha MLA (1985–1995, since 2000), COVID-19. Zuza Homem de Mello, 87, Brazilian journalist and musicologist, heart attack. Clark Middleton, 63, American actor (Sin City, Snowpiercer, Twin Peaks), West Nile virus. Carla Federica Nespolo, 77, Italian politician, MP (1976–1992) and President of ANPI (since 2017). Philippe Salaün, 77, French photographer, cancer. Ibnu Saleh, 58, Indonesian politician, Regent of Central Bangka (since 2017), COVID-19. Richard Schifter, 97, American attorney and diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (1985–1992). Kenzō Takada, 81, Japanese-French fashion designer and painter, founder of Kenzo, COVID-19. Sir Peregrine Worsthorne, 96, British journalist and newspaper editor (The Sunday Telegraph). Mulayam Singh Yadav, 92, Indian politician. Renzo Zaffanella, 90, Italian politician, mayor of Cremona (1980–1990). 5 David Andahl, 55, American politician and rancher, COVID-19. Béatrice Arnac, 89, French actress and singer. Franco Bolelli, 70, Italian philosopher. Dirk Bootsma, 84, Dutch geneticist. Tommy Cullen, 81, Irish Gaelic footballer (Offaly). Anantkumar Surendraray Dave, 62, Indian jurist, judge (2004–2019) and acting Chief Justice (2018–2019) of the Gujarat High Court. Anil Devgan, 51, Indian film director (Raju Chacha, Blackmail, Haal-e-Dil), cardiac arrest. Clive Emsley, 76, British historian and criminologist. Joshua N. Goldberg, 95, American physicist and educator. Simon Gutman, 97, Polish-born French Holocaust survivor. Monsur Ul Karim, 70, Bangladeshi painter, heart disease and pneumonia. Daniel Knuth, 75, American politician, complications from Alzheimer's disease. Rasheed Masood, 73, Indian politician, MP (1977–1984, 1989–1996, 2004–2009) and Minister of Health and Family Welfare (1990), complications from COVID-19. Margaret Nolan, 76, English actress (Goldfinger, Carry On at Your Convenience, A Hard Day's Night), model, and artist. Monica Roberts, 58, American transgender rights advocate, pulmonary embolism Pietro Scandelli, 78, Italian racing cyclist. John Tanner, 93, New Zealand rugby union player (Otago, Auckland, national team). K. K. Usha, 81, Indian jurist, judge (1991–2000) and Chief Justice (2000–2001) of the Kerala High Court, complications from spinal cord surgery. Sir John Webster, 87, British vice admiral, Flag Officer, Plymouth (1987–1990). 6 John Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton, 91, British hereditary peer and merchant banker, Chairman of the Board of BP (1992–1995). Folker Bohnet, 83, German actor (The Bridge, Ludwig). Alfons Borrell i Palazón, 89, Spanish abstract painter. Joseph Bruno, 91, American politician, member (1977–2008) and majority leader (1994–2008) of the New York State Senate, prostate cancer. J. Russell Capps, 89, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (1994–2006). Harold G. Chaffee, 94, American college football player (Colorado A&M) and coach (Nebraska Wesleyan). Deborah Cook, 65, Canadian philosopher. Olivier Corpet, 71, French writer and engineer. Herbert Feuerstein, 83, German comedian and journalist. Yves Gérard, 88, French musicologist, cancer. Oļegs Karavajevs, 59, Latvian footballer (Ska-Khabarovsk, Fakel Voronezh, national team). Ruth Klüger, 88, Austrian-born American Holocaust survivor and memoirist. Bunny Lee, 79, Jamaican reggae producer. Suleiman Mahmoud, 71, Libyan military officer, Chief of Staff of the National Liberation Army (2011), COVID-19. Izumi Matsumoto, 61, Japanese manga artist (Kimagure Orange Road). Johnny Nash, 80, American singer-songwriter ("I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight", "Tears on My Pillow"). Tommy Rall, 90, American actor (Kiss Me Kate, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, World in My Corner) and dancer, heart failure. Arthur P. Shimamura, 66, American neuropsychologist. Najeeb Tarakai, 29, Afghan cricketer (Afghan Cheetahs, Nangarhar Leopards, national team), head injury sustained in traffic collision. Nosratollah Vahdat, 95, Iranian comedian, actor and film director, pneumonia. Eddie Van Halen, 65, Dutch-born American Hall of Fame musician (Van Halen) and songwriter ("Eruption", "Panama"), Grammy winner (1992), throat cancer. Jim Weaver, 93, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1975–1987). Fred Wenz, 79, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies). Wladimir Yordanoff, 66, Monégasque-born French actor (Vincent & Theo, Mark of an Angel, An Officer and a Spy). 7 Alexander Alexeev, 82, Russian conductor. Kim Batiste, 52, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies, San Francisco Giants, Chinatrust Whales), complications from kidney surgery. Nabil Bechaouch, 49–50, Tunisian footballer (Olympique Béja, national team), heart attack. Geoffrey Dyer, 73, Australian artist, Archibald Prize winner (2003). Lloyd D. George, 90, American jurist, Judge (since 1984) and Chief Judge (1992–1997) of the U.S. District Court for Nevada. Manuel Guerra, 92, Spanish Olympic swimmer (1948). Eitan Haber, 80, Israeli journalist and publicist, colorectal cancer. Ernie Hills, 90, Australian rugby union player. Tom Kennedy, 93, American game show host (Name That Tune, Password Plus, You Don't Say!). Ashwani Kumar, 69, Indian police officer, Director of CBI (2008–2010), Governor of Nagaland (2013–2014) and Manipur (2013), suicide by hanging. Jean Martin, 92, French pianist. Mario Molina, 77, Mexican chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (1995), heart attack. Ray Pennington, 86, American country singer-songwriter ("I'm a Ramblin' Man"), house fire. Lucie Peyraud, 102, French winemaker and cook. Peter Sleight, 91, English cardiologist. Kyōhei Tsutsumi, 80, Japanese composer, aspiration pneumonia. Károly Vekov, 73, Hungarian historian, professor, and politician. 8 Dan Baum, 64, American journalist and author, glioblastoma. Camillo Bazzoni, 85, Italian film director (Suicide Commandos, A Long Ride from Hell) and cinematographer. Sylvie Bélanger, 69, Canadian artist, cancer. Sam Burton, 93, English footballer (Swindon Town), cancer. Choi Yun-chil, 92, South Korean Olympic long-distance runner (1948, 1952). Vladimir Dolgikh, 95, Russian politician, Senator (2013–2018) and candidate member of the Politburo (1982–1988). Jim Dwyer, 63, American journalist (New York Newsday, The New York Times) and writer (102 Minutes), Pulitzer Prize winner (1992, 1995), lung cancer. Whitey Ford, 91, American Hall of Fame baseball player (New York Yankees), Cy Young Award (1961), World Series champion (1950, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962), dementia. Ali Khalif Galaydh, 78, Somali politician, Prime Minister (2000–2001), MP (since 2012) and President of Khatumo State (since 2014). Shlomo Gazit, 93, Israeli general, president of Ben-Gurion University (1982–1985) and general director of the Jewish Agency (1985–1987). Egon Gindorf, 89, German-born French entrepreneur, President of RC Strasbourg Alsace (2003–2005). Miguel Giubergia, 67, Argentine lawyer and politician, Deputy (1999–2011), COVID-19. Larry Hollenbeck, 71, American racecar driver (NASCAR). David Ipp, 82, South African-born Australian lawyer and judge. Brian Locking, 81, English rock bass guitarist (The Shadows), bladder cancer. Charles Moore, 91, American athlete, Olympic champion (1952). Tom O'Donnell, 94, Irish politician, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs (1973–1977) and MEP (1979–1984). Ram Vilas Paswan, 74, Indian politician, MP (1977–1984, 1989–1991, 1996–2009, since 2010), Minister of Railways (1996–1998) and Labour (1989–1990). Geoff Peddle, 57, Canadian Anglican prelate, Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador (since 2014). Joseph Pérez, 89, French historian and Hispanist. Tommy Robson, 76, English footballer (Northampton Town, Newcastle United, Peterborough United), motor neurone disease. Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, 80, Iranian classical singer, kidney cancer. Gene Shell, 90, American baseball coach (Tulsa Golden Hurricane, Southwestern Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns). Jimmie Lee Solomon, 64, American baseball executive. Greg Strobel, 68, American Hall of Fame college wrestler (Oregon State) and coach (Lehigh University), cancer. Jack Sutherland, 93, New Zealand athlete, British Empire Games bronze medallist (1950). Jan Szarek, 84, Polish Lutheran minister, Bishop of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession (1991–2001) and chairman of the Ecumenical Council (1993–2001), COVID-19. Gudrun Waadeland, 83, Norwegian actress. Erin Wall, 44, Canadian-American operatic soprano, complications from breast cancer. 9 Arnold Ages, 85, Canadian-born American scholar. Teresita Aguilar, 87, Costa Rican politician, Deputy (2005–2006). David Refael ben-Ami, 70, Israeli singer, COVID-19. Frido Croes, 62, Aruban politician, Minister Plenipotentiary (2005–2009), member (1989–1994) and Chairman (2001–2004) of the Estates. Éric Danty, 72, French footballer (Stade de Reims, CS Meaux). Ruth Falcon, 77, American operatic soprano. Helmut Giesbrecht, 77, Ukrainian-born Canadian politician, British Columbia MLA (1991–2001) and mayor of Terrace, British Columbia (1981–1985). Ekow Hayford, 49, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2016), shot. Pat Hooper, 68, Irish Olympic runner (1980). Pierre Kezdy, 58, American musician (Naked Raygun, Pegboy, Strike Under), cancer. M. Suresh Kumar, 47, Indian cricketer (Kerala, Railways), suicide by hanging. Len Rossi, 91, American Hall of Fame professional wrestler (NWA Mid-America), cancer. Francine Simonin, 84, Swiss artist. Cecil Thiré, 77, Brazilian actor (The Guns, A Padroeira, Celebridade) and director, complications of Parkinson's disease. Vijay, 84, Indian film director (Gandhada Gudi, Mayura, Mojugara Sogasugara). 10 Dyan Birch, 71, English singer (Arrival, Kokomo), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Serge Bourdoncle, 84, French football player (Sochaux, Metz) and manager (Algrange). Chen Shaokun, 99, Chinese army officer and politician, deputy political commissar of Shenyang Military Region (1969–1975). Amnon Freidberg, 75, Israeli entomologist, COVID-19. Constantin Frosin, 67, Romanian-French writer. Suresh Gore, 55, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (2014–2019), COVID-19. Priscilla Jana, 76, South African lawyer and human rights activist. Muhammad Adil Khan, Pakistani Islamic scholar, shot. Vasili Kulkov, 54, Russian football player (Spartak Moscow, Benfica, national team) and manager, complications from cancer. Fabrice Nora, 69, French press executive. Stanley Schumacher, 87, Canadian politician, MP (1968–1979) and Alberta MLA (1986–1997). Dolores Cooper Shockley, 90, American pharmacologist. Yves Taschereau, 77, Canadian writer and journalist. Hugo Tschirky, 82, Swiss scientist. Kent L. Wakeford, 92, American cinematographer (Mean Streets, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, China O'Brien). 11 Hugo Arana, 77, Argentine actor (El Santo de la Espada, The Truce, Los exitosos Pells) and comedian, COVID-19. Thomas Atcitty, 87, American politician, President of the Navajo Nation (1998). Richie Barker, 80, English football player (Burton Albion, Notts County) and manager (Stoke City). Harold Betters, 92, American jazz trombonist. Louis Carter, 67, American football player (Oakland Raiders, Tampa Bay Buccaneers), blood cancer. Stelio Craveirinha, 70, Mozambican Olympic long jumper (1980). John J. Creedon, 96, American insurance executive, CEO of MetLife (1983–1989). Boro Drljača, 79, Serbian folk singer, colon cancer. Gerald Gardner, 91, American television writer (The Monkees, Get Smart), cancer. Jon Gibson, 80, American minimalist musician (Philip Glass Ensemble). Joanna Harcourt-Smith, 74, Swiss-born socialite and writer, cancer. Mirza Mazharul Islam, 93, Bangladeshi surgeon and political activist. Gary F. Jones, 76, American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer. Barbara Lewis King, 90, American religious leader. Fernando Lopes, 55, Angolan Olympic swimmer (1980). Ângelo Martins, 90, Portuguese footballer (Benfica, national team). Terry McBrayer, 83, American politician, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (1966–1976), cancer. Ilya Moiseev, 91, Russian chemist. Joe Morgan, 77, American Hall of Fame baseball player (Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants) and broadcaster, NL MVP and World Series champion (1975, 1976). Michael D. Morley, 90, American mathematician. Donald Pellmann, 105, American masters athlete, complications from a broken hip. Jay Porter, 87, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Cardinals). Rajan, 87, Indian musician and composer. John A. Ruthven, 95, American wildlife artist. 12 Kęstutis Antanėlis, 69, Lithuanian composer, architect and sculptor. Éric Assous, 64, Tunisian-born French film director, screenwriter (The Banned Woman, The Girl from Paris, 22 Bullets) and dramatist. Jacinda Barclay, 29, Australian footballer (Greater Western Sydney) and baseball player (national team), suicide. Sir Samuel Brittan, 86, British journalist and author. Leo Brereton, 83, Australian footballer (Carlton). Aldo Brovarone, 94, Italian automobile designer (Dino 206 GT and 246 GT). Menelaos Chatzigeorgiou, 95, Greek politician, MEP (1990–1994). C. M. Chang, 78, Indian politician, MP (2009–2014) and Nagaland MLA (since 2013), complications from typhoid fever and COVID-19. Carlton Chapman, 49, Indian football player (East Bengal, national team) and manager (Wahingdoh), heart attack. Gerty Christoffels, 62, Belgian television presenter, cancer. Bernard S. Cohen, 76, American attorney (Loving v. Virginia), complications from Parkinson's disease. José de Oliveira Fernandes, 76, Brazilian politician and economist, mayor of Manaus (1979–1982), complications from COVID-19. Conchata Ferrell, 77, American actress (Two and a Half Men, Edward Scissorhands, Network), complications from cardiac arrest. Nevzat Güzelırmak, 78, Turkish football player (Göztepe, national team) and manager (Denizlispor). Susan Hendl, 73, American ballet dancer (New York City Ballet) and répétiteur, renal failure. Abai Ikwechegh, 97, Nigerian jurist. Robert Jammes, 93, French linguist. Sarat Kumar Kar, 81, Indian politician, MP (1977–1980), member (1971–1974, 1990–1995, 2000–2004) and speaker (2000–2004) of the Odisha Legislative Assembly, COVID-19. Yehoshua Kenaz, 83, Israeli writer, COVID-19. Vuyokazi Mahlati, South African social entrepreneur. Kannavara Mallappa, 92, Indian politician, Karnataka MLA (1985–1989) and MLC (1998–2002). Kim Massie, 63, American blues singer. Roberta McCain, 108, American socialite. Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera, 98, Filipino judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1979–1992). Eduardus Nabunome, 52, Indonesian Olympic runner (1988). Ion Predescu, 93, Romanian politician and magistrate, Senator (1990–2004) and judge of the Constitutional Court (2004–2013). Carlos M. Rivera, 86, American firefighter, FDNY Commissioner (1990–1993). Ezra Schabas, 96, American-Canadian musician, educator, and author. Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi, 80, Iranian archaeologist and anthropologist. Litokwa Tomeing, 80, Marshallese politician, President (2008–2009) 13 Steve Adubato Sr., 87, American politician and educator. Dean Bandiera, 94, Canadian football player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers). Jean Cardot, 90, French sculptor, president of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (1992, 1997). J. P. Clark, 85, Nigerian poet. Claude Feidt, 84, French Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Chambéry (1985–1999) and Aix (1999–2010). Raimundo García, 84, Argentine chess master. Rashid Haider, 79, Bangladeshi author and novelist. Anthony Hill, 90, British constructionist artist. Marcel Zadi Kessy, 84, Ivorian politician. Chris Killip, 74, Manx photographer, lung cancer. Ab Krook, 76, Dutch speed skating coach, cerebral infarction. Marisa de Leza, 87, Spanish actress (I'm Not Mata Hari, Under the Sky of Spain, Allow Me, Daddy!). László Mandur, 62, Hungarian politician, MP (2002–2013) and Deputy Speaker (2002–2010). Augusto Matine, 73, Mozambican-born Portuguese football player (Benfica, Vitória Setúbal, national team) and manager. Edward C. Meyer, 91, American military officer, Army Chief of Staff (1979–1983), pneumonia. Nguyễn Văn Man, 54, Vietnamese military officer, landslide. Saint Dog, 44, American rapper (Kottonmouth Kings). Jean Schalit, 83, French journalist. Percy Schmeiser, 89, Canadian farm equipment executive, farmer, and politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1967–1971), Parkinson's disease. Karl Schütz, 84, Austrian organist. Veaceslav Semionov, 64, Moldovan football player and manager (Dacia Chișinău). 14 Ron Best, 71, Australian politician, Victorian MLC (1988–2002), pancreatic cancer. Jennings Bryant, 76, American communication scholar. William Keir Carr, 97, Canadian military officer, Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force (1975–1978). Lance Carson, 74, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (2007–2015, 2017–2019), COVID-19. John Coles, 90, Canadian–British archaeologist and historian. Fred Dean, 68, American Hall of Fame football player (San Diego Chargers, San Francisco 49ers), COVID-19. Rhonda Fleming, 97, American actress (Spellbound, Serpent of the Nile, The Buster Keaton Story), aspiration pneumonia. David Geiser, 73, American painter and cartoonist, heart disease. Armando Herrera, 84, Mexican Olympic basketball player (1960, 1964). Sir James Jungius, 96, British vice admiral, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (1975–1977). Herbert Kretzmer, 95, South African-born English journalist and lyricist (Les Misérables). Paul Matters, 68, Australian rock bassist (AC/DC), heart disease. Jack McLeod, 94, Australian footballer (Hawthorn). Shobha Naidu, 64, Indian Kuchipudi dancer. Kuniwo Nakamura, 76, Palauan politician, President (1993–2001) and Vice President (1989–1993). José Augusto Martins Fernandes Pedreira, 85, Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Viana do Castelo (1997–2010). John Richard Reid, 92, New Zealand cricketer (Otago, Wellington, national team). Ken Rice, 81, American football player (Buffalo Bills, Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins). Audrey Smedley, 89, American social anthropologist. Joyce Wallace, 79, American physician. Dame Rachel Waterhouse, 97, British historian. Mahmoud Yassin, 79, Egyptian actor. 15 Antonio Ángel Algora Hernando, 80, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Teruel and Albarracín (1985–2003) and Ciudad Real (2003–2016), complications from COVID-19. Roy Andrewartha, 82, English snooker player. Bhanu Athaiya, 91, Indian costume designer (Gandhi, Lekin..., Lagaan), Oscar winner (1983), complications from brain cancer. Joan Barnett, 74, American television producer (The Jayne Mansfield Story, The Parent Trap II, Long Gone). Ed Benguiat, 92, American typographer and visual artist. Kishore Bhimani, 81, Indian sports journalist. Sonja Edström, 89, Swedish cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1960) and bronze medalist (1956). Gordon Haskell, 74, English singer-songwriter ("How Wonderful You Are") and musician (King Crimson, The Fleur de Lys), lung cancer. Dave Hull, 86, American radio personality (KRLA). Terry Kearns, 75, Irish Gaelic footballer (Meath). Danil Khalimov, 42, Russian-Kazakh Olympic wrestler (2004), COVID-19. Tom Maschler, 87, British publisher, co-founder of the Booker Prize. Mauricio Mata, 81, Mexican Olympic cyclist (1960). Warren Mitchell, 87, American college basketball coach (William & Mary Tribe), complications of dementia and COVID-19. Yakubu Moro, Ghanaian football executive, founder of Berekum Arsenal, stroke. Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri, 94, Indian poet. Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, 75, Togolese politician, President of the National Assembly (2000–2005), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1992–1994) and MP (1994–2005). Sonya Rose, 84, American historian and sociologist. Sultan Saif, 27, Emirati footballer (Al Wadha, Baniyas, Al-Ittihad Kalba), traffic collision. Jole Santelli, 51, Italian politician, Deputy (2001–2020) and President of Calabria (since 2020), cardiac arrest. Tsering Tashi, 69, Indian politician, Arunachal Pradesh MLA, cancer. Alfons Verplaetse, 90, Belgian economist, Governor of the National Bank of Belgium (1989–1999), COVID-19. P. Vetrivel, 60, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu MLA (2011–2016), septic shock from COVID-19. 16 Sir Roy Beldam, 95, British judge, Lord Justice of Appeal (1989–2000). Jean Bonhomme, 96, French politician, Member of the French National Assembly (1968–1981, 1986–1988). László Branikovits, 70, Hungarian footballer, Olympic silver medalist (1972). John Edwin Britton, 96, Canadian politician. Anula Bulathsinhala, 73, Sri Lankan actress (Mahindagamanaya, Asandhimitta, Goal). Johnny Bush, 85, American country singer-songwriter ("Whiskey River"). Anthony Chisholm, 77, American actor (Radio Golf, Gem of the Ocean, Oz). Markar Esayan, 51, Turkish journalist (Yeni Şafak, Agos) and politician, MP (since 2015), stomach cancer. Rodolfo Fischer, 76, Argentine footballer (San Lorenzo, Once Caldas, national team). Odore Joseph Gendron, 99, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Manchester (1975–1990). Gennadios, 83, Greek-Italian Eastern Orthodox prelate, Archbishop of Italy and Malta (since 1996). Alan G. Gross, 84, American academic. John Henderson, 107, American college football player (Texas Longhorns). Itzhak Ilan, 64, Israeli security official, deputy director of Shin Bet (2010–2011), COVID-19. Wayne Johnson, 78, American politician, member of the Wyoming Senate (2005–2017) and the House of Representatives (1993–2005). Kapil Deo Kamat, 69, Indian politician, Bihar MLA (2005–2010, since 2015), COVID-19. Jack McMahan, 88, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Athletics). P. S. Narayanaswamy, 86, Indian singer. Joaquín Pardo, 74, Colombian Olympic footballer (1968). Samuel Paty, 47, French teacher, beheaded. Andrzej Pogorzelski, 82, Polish motorcycle speedway rider and coach. John Powley, 84, British politician, MP (1983–1987). James Redford, 58, American filmmaker and activist, bile duct cancer. Ana Paula Scheffer, 31, Brazilian rhythmic gymnast, heart attack. Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin, 82, Malaysian politician, MP (2004–2008). Gholam-Abbas Tavassoli, 85, Iranian sociologist, cardiac arrest. Dave Toole, 56, British dancer. Marjatta Väänänen, 97, Finnish politician, Minister of Culture (1972–1975), Education (1976–1977) and Social Affairs and Health (1982–1983), MP (1975–1991). 17 Frederick Azzopardi, 71, Maltese politician, MP (since 1998). Erland Brand, 98, Swedish painter. Al Carapella, 93, American football player (San Francisco 49ers). Aurora Chamorro, 66, Spanish Olympic swimmer (1972). Lucien De Brauwere, 69, Belgian Olympic cyclist (1972). Hiram Drache, 96, American historian. Antoine Dumas, 87, Canadian painter. Paula Girven, 62, American Olympic high jumper (1976), cancer. Yusop Jikiri, 66, Filipino politician, Governor of Sulu (2001–2004). Toshinori Kondo, 71, Japanese jazz trumpeter. Bonaria Manca, 95, Italian painter. Sir John Margetson, 93, British diplomat, Ambassador to Vietnam (1978–1980) and the Netherlands (1984–1988), Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod (1992–2002). Henri Noël, 83, French football player and manager (Nîmes B). Pollycarpus Priyanto, 59, Indonesian convicted murderer and pilot, COVID-19. Ryszard Ronczewski, 90, Polish actor (The Two Who Stole the Moon, Colonel Wolodyjowski, An Ancient Tale: When the Sun Was a God), COVID-19. Takna Jigme Sangpo, 94, Tibetan political prisoner. Michael Strauss, 86, Israeli industrialist. Bob Weber, 86, American cartoonist (Moose & Molly). Zhang Lina, 80, Chinese physical chemist. 18 Laleh Bakhtiar, 82, Iranian-American author, translator, and psychologist, leukemia. Alan S. Boyd, 98, American attorney, Secretary of Transportation (1967–1969). Alan Bradshaw, 79, English footballer (Crewe Alexandra, Blackburn Rovers, Macclesfield Town). Robert Coleman, 97, American geologist. Bekir Coşkun, 75, Turkish journalist (Hürriyet, Cumhuriyet), lung cancer. Agostino Giuseppe Delfino, 85, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Berbérati (1991–2010). René Felber, 87, Swiss politician, President (1992) and member of the Federal Council (1987–1993). François-Yves Guillin, 99, French resistant, doctor, and historian. Sid Hartman, 100, American sports journalist (Star Tribune) and broadcaster (WCCO, WUCW). Tomás Herrera Martínez, 69, Cuban basketball player, Olympic bronze medallist (1972). James A. Johnson, 76, American political consultant and financier, CEO of Fannie Mae (1991–1998), complications from a neurological condition. Stanisław Kogut, 66, Polish politician and trade union activist, Senator (2005–2019), COVID-19. David Kushnir, 89, Israeli Olympic long jumper (1956, 1960), footballer (Hapoel Balfouria), and athletics coach. Joseph Mar Thoma, 89, Indian Mar Thoma Syrian prelate, Metropolitan of the Church (since 2007), pancreatic cancer. Jose Melo, 88, Filipino jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1992–2002) and Chairman of the COMELEC (2008–2011). Ricardo Montserrat, 66, French author and writer. Naâma, 84, Tunisian singer. José Padilla, 64, Spanish DJ (Café del Mar) and producer, colon cancer. Jean-Christophe Parisot, 53, French political scientist. Jill Paton Walsh, 83, English novelist (Knowledge of Angels, A Presumption of Death, The Attenbury Emeralds). Vijayalakshmi Ramanan, 96, Indian Air Force officer. Arvin Reingold, 90, American attorney and politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1963–1965). Gérard Sulon, 82, Belgian footballer (RFC Liège, Beerschot VAC, national team). Eddie Tonks, 85, New Zealand sports administrator, chairman of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (1990–1995). Chet "JR" White, 40, American bassist (Girls) and record producer. Aldo Zargani, 87, Italian writer and Holocaust survivor. 19 Ahmed Adghirni, 73, Moroccan lawyer, politician, and human rights activist. Jana Andresíková, 79, Czech actress (The Young Man and Moby Dick, Giorgino), complications from COVID-19. Walter Bardgett, 88, Bermudan Olympic swimmer (1948, 1956). Marylin Bender, 95, American journalist and author. George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, 95, American businessman, owner and chairman of Biltmore Farms. Mohinder Pratap Chand, 85, Indian writer and poet. Derryl Cousins, 74, American baseball umpire (Major League Baseball), cancer. Val Curtis, 62, British scientist, vaginal cancer. Spencer Davis, 81, Welsh singer and guitarist (The Spencer Davis Group), pneumonia. Gianni Dei, 79, Italian actor (Pronto... c'è una certa Giuliana per te, The Killers Are Our Guests, Patrick Still Lives) and singer. Luigi Franza, 81, Italian politician and lawyer. P. Gopikumar, 77, Indian film director (Ashtamangalyam, Harshabashpam, Pichipoo). Chris Isaac, 61, American-born Canadian football player (Ottawa Rough Riders), cancer. Järvsöfaks, 26, Swedish racehorse. Hiroh Kikai, 75, Japanese photographer, lymphoma. Tony Lewis, 62, English bassist, singer and songwriter (The Outfield). Enzo Mari, 88, Italian designer, COVID-19. Joan Mesquida, 57, Spanish politician, Deputy (2019) and Director-General of the Spanish National Police and Civil Guard (2006–2008), cancer. Wojciech Pszoniak, 78, Polish actor (The Devil, The Tin Drum, Austeria). Iqbal F. Qadir, Pakistani military officer and diplomat, Vice Chief of Naval Staff (1980–1983) and Ambassador to Iran (1983–1985). Louise Renaud, 98, Canadian painter and dancer (Les Automatistes). Theodosius, 86, American Eastern Orthodox prelate, Primate of the Church in America (1977–2002). Jim Townsend, 75, Scottish football player (Middlesbrough, Heart of Midlothian) and manager (Windsor Wheels). Alex Varenne, 81, French comic book artist and writer. 20 René Billon, 89, French footballer (Stade Rennais). Yehoshua Blau, 101, Romanian-born Israeli literary scholar. Xavier Boulanger, 57–58, French actor (For Ever Mozart, Tous les soleils). John Condrone, 59, American professional wrestler (WCW) and singer-songwriter, COVID-19. Lawrence E. Corbett Jr., 99, American politician. David Cunningham, 92, Australian Olympic ice hockey player (1960). Deanna Demuzio, 77, American politician, member of the Illinois Senate (2004–2011), mayor of Carlinville (since 2013). Hal Dues, 66, American baseball player (Montreal Expos). Dariusz Gnatowski, 59, Polish actor (Demons of War, With Fire and Sword), COVID-19. Bruno Martini, 58, French footballer (Auxerre, Montpellier, national team), cardiac arrest. Bill Mathis, 81, American football player (New York Jets). Yuri Mochanov, 85, Russian archaeologist. Paul Murphy, 77, Australian journalist, cancer. Ron Murphy, 88, Canadian football player (Montreal Alouettes, Hamilton Tiger Cats). Vladimir Osipov, 82, Russian writer. James Randi, 92, Canadian-American magician and skeptic, founder of the JREF and co-founder of the CSI. Irina Skobtseva, 93, Russian actress (War and Peace, Othello, Walking the Streets of Moscow), People's Artist of the RSFSR (1974). Pio Tabaiwalu, 60, Fijian politician, founder of SODELPA. Carl E. Thoresen, 87, American psychologist. Lea Vergine, 84, Italian art critic and curator, COVID-19. Bogdan Józef Wojtuś, 83, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Gniezno (1988–2012), COVID-19. 21 Jesse Arnelle, 86, American basketball player (Fort Wayne Pistons) and lawyer, heart disease. Gordon Astall, 93, English footballer (Birmingham City, national team). Zero Babu, 80, Indian playback singer (Kudumbini) and actor (Maadatharuvi, Kabooliwala). M. Bhaskaran, 80, Indian politician, mayor of Kozhikode (2005–2010). Frank Bough, 87, English television presenter (Grandstand, Nationwide, Breakfast Time). Marge Champion, 101, American actress (Show Boat, Give a Girl a Break), choreographer and model (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs), Emmy winner (1975). Mario Henderson, 35, American football player (Oakland Raiders, San Diego Chargers). Frank Horvat, 92, Croatian-French photographer. Albert R. Jonsen, 89, American bioethicist, President of University of San Francisco (1969–1972). Pierre Jourdan, 97, French politician, Senator (1971–1980), mayor of Saint-Étienne-de-Lugdarès (1959–1980). Jackson L. Kiser, 91, American jurist, Judge (since 1981) and Chief Judge (1993–1997) of the U.S. District Court for Western Virginia. J. Michael Lane, 84, American epidemiologist. Paul Leduc, 78, Mexican film director (Frida Still Life, Reed: Insurgent Mexico). Janice Niemi, 92, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1983–1987) and Washington State Senate (1987–1995). Arolde de Oliveira, 81, Brazilian politician, Deputy (1984–2019) and Senator (since 2019), complications from COVID-19. Peter Secchia, 83, American building material executive and diplomat, Ambassador to Italy and San Marino (1989–1993), CEO of Universal Forest Products, COVID-19. David Scondras, 74, American politician (Boston City Council). Viola Smith, 107, American drummer, complications from Alzheimer's disease. Manfred Steiner, 70, Austrian football player (Sturm Graz, national team) and manager. Tom Yewcic, 88, American football player (Boston Patriots). 22 Rudy Ballieux, 90, Dutch immunologist. Sara Barber, 79, Canadian Olympic swimmer. Giorgio Bernini, 91, Italian politician, Deputy (1994–1996). Matt Blair, 70, American football player (Minnesota Vikings), dementia. William Blinn, 83, American television producer (Starsky & Hutch) and screenwriter (Brian's Song, Purple Rain), Emmy winner (1972, 1977). Margie Bowes, 79, American country music singer (Grand Ole Opry). Richard Burgin, 73, American writer and composer. Joel Daly, 86, American news anchor (WLS-TV). K. Deep, 79, Indian singer and comedian. Stephen Gray, 78, South African writer (Time of Our Darkness). Shukur Hamidov, 45, Azerbaijani military officer, shot. Guy Hernandez, 92, French Olympic diver (1948). Chris Huggett, British engineer, co-founder of Electronic Dream Plant. David Keith, 46, American racing driver. Frank Legacki, 81, American swimmer, prostate cancer. Richard A. Lupoff, 85, American author (Space War Blues, Master of Adventure, Lovecraft's Book). Allan Migi, 59–60, Papua New Guinean Anglican prelate, primate and archbishop of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea (2017–2020). Adam Morton, 75, Canadian philosopher, assisted suicide. Nayani Narasimha Reddy, 86, Indian politician, Telangana MLA (since 2004), post-COVID-19 complications. Pierre Oster, 87, French poet and editor. Ben Reiges, 100, American football player and coach. 23 Yehuda Barkan, 75, Israeli film producer, actor (Escape to the Sun, Yellow Peppers) and screenwriter, COVID-19. David Barnes, 62, New Zealand sailor (KZ1), 470 world champion (1981, 1983, 1984). Jean-Claude Baulu, 84, French footballer (Valenciennes FC, AS Saint-Étienne). W. C. Gorden, 90, American Hall of Fame college football player (Tennessee State) and coach (Jackson State). Gabriel Guarda, 92, Chilean architect and historian. Kid Lucky, 48, American beatboxer, pioneer of beatrhyming, and actor. Ming Cho Lee, 90, Chinese-American Hall of Fame theatrical set designer. Frits Niessen, 84, Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives (1977–1978, 1980–1994). Abderrahmane Rahmouni, 75, Tunisian footballer (Club Africain). John Rushing, 48, American football coach (Utah State, Green Bay Packers, Los Angeles Rams). Nick Salazar, 91, American politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1974–2019). Ebbe Skovdahl, 75, Danish football player and manager (Brøndby, Benfica, Aberdeen). Tor Torgersen, 92, Norwegian Olympic runner (1960). R. M. Vaughan, 55, Canadian writer. (body discovered on this date) Jerry Jeff Walker, 78, American singer-songwriter ("Mr. Bojangles"), throat cancer. Bob Whitlow, 84, American football player (Detroit Lions, Washington Redskins, Atlanta Falcons). 24 Jacques Bellenger, 92, French Olympic sprint cyclist (1948). Gordon Brown, 62, German sculptor. Maurice Bodson, 76, Belgian politician, Member of the Parliament of Wallonia (1995–2009). Prince Azim of Brunei, 38, Bruneian royal and film producer (You're Not You). Chung So-sung, 76, South Korean writer. Ludwik Flaszen, 90, Polish theatre director and writer. Rafique Ul Huq, 84, Bangladeshi lawyer, Attorney General (1990–1991). Nzamba Kitonga, 64, Kenyan lawyer and politician. Jean Matouk, 83, French economist and politician, COVID-19. Abu Muhsin al-Masri, 62, Egyptian Islamic militant (al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent), shot. Kevin McCarra, 62, Scottish sports journalist (The Guardian, Scotland on Sunday, The Times), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Abbas Moayeri, 81, Iranian-born French sculptor and painter. Joel Molina Ramírez, 77, Mexican politician, Senator (since 2019), COVID-19. Stephen Owusu, 37, Ghanaian footballer (Heart of Lions, Aduana Stars, national team). Jean-Claude Pasche, 80, Swiss theatre director. Betty Ida Roots, 93, British-born Canadian zoologist. Pavel Syrchin, 62, Soviet heavyweight weightlifter, complications from COVID-19. Krisztián Veréb, 43, Hungarian sprint canoer, Olympic bronze medallist (2000), traffic collision. Fred Ulysse, 86, French actor (Raging Fists, Moon in the Gutter). Paul Zingtung Grawng, 82, Burmese Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mandalay (2003–2014) and Bishop of Myitkyina (1976–2003). 25 Masatoshi Abe, 77, Japanese politician, MP (1995–2007). Dolores Abril, 85, Spanish singer and actress (El emigrante). Jan Boerman, 97, Dutch electronic music composer. Rosanna Carteri, 89, Italian operatic soprano. Ernesto Contreras, 83, Argentine Olympic cyclist (1960, 1964, 1968), heart attack. Diane di Prima, 86, American Beat poet. Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, 78, Iraqi military officer and politician, Vice President (1979–2003). John Duncanson, 80, Scottish broadcaster (North Tonight). György Fischer, 85, Hungarian pianist and conductor. Fritz Gallati, 85, Swiss racing cyclist. Abderrazak Afilal Alami Idrissi, 96–97, Moroccan economist and politician, MP (1977–1983). Mahesh Kanodia, 83, Indian singer and politician, MP (1991–2009). David Karnes, 71, American politician, member of the U.S. Senate (1987–1989), cancer. Lee Kun-hee, 78, South Korean electronics executive, chairman of the Samsung Group (1987–2008, since 2010). Johnny Leeze, 78, English actor (Emmerdale, Coronation Street, The League of Gentlemen), COVID-19. Slaven Letica, 73, Croatian author, economist and politician. Robert E. Murray, 80, American mining engineer, founder of Murray Energy, complications from pulmonary fibrosis. Thomas Oppermann, 66, German politician, member (since 2005) and Vice President (since 2017) of the Bundestag. Kazimierz Wardak, 73, Polish runner. 26 Chris Abell, 62, British biological chemist. Richard Adjei, 37, German bobsledder, Olympic silver medallist (2010) and American football player (Rhein Fire, Berlin Thunder), heart attack. Theophilus Adeleke Akinyele, 88, Nigerian civil servant. Jean-Pierre Autheman, 73, French comic book author. Tadeusz Balcerowski, 87, Polish politician and cooperative activist, member of Sejm (2004–2005). David Braley, 79, Canadian politician and sports team owner (BC Lions, Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats), Senator (2010–2013). Peter Cardew, 81, British-Canadian architect. Pedro Cervantes, 87, Mexican sculptor, heart attack. Osman Durmuş, 73, Turkish politician, Minister of Health (1999–2002) and MP (1999–2002, 2007–2011), cerebral hemorrhage. Glenn Florio, 53, American Olympic rower (1988). Jacques Godin, 90, Canadian actor (O.K. ... Laliberté, The Pyx, Being at Home with Claude) and comedian, heart failure. David Gracie, 93, British Olympic hurdler (1952). Marcel Hendrickx, 85, Belgian politician, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (1999–2003). Paul-Jean Hérault, 86, French writer and journalist, stroke. Lindy Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, 79, British art patron and conservationist. Jim Iverson, 90, American basketball player and coach (South Dakota State Jackrabbits). Eddie Johnson, 65, American basketball player (Atlanta Hawks). James Kennedy, 71, Scottish cricketer (Scotland). Stan Kesler, 92, American musician, songwriter ("I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone", "I Forgot to Remember to Forget") and producer, bone cancer. Albert Medwin, 94, American electrical engineer. Daniel Menaker, 79, American writer and editor, pancreatic cancer. Joey Moss, 57, Canadian dressing room attendant (Edmonton Oilers, Edmonton Eskimos). Juan R. Torruella, 87, Puerto Rican Olympic sailor (1964, 1968, 1972, 1976) and jurist, Judge (since 1984) and Chief Judge (1994–2001) of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. 27 Shaban Bantariza, 56–57, Ugandan colonel, COVID-19. Gao Fengwen, 80, Chinese football player (Liaoning Hongyun, national team) and manager. Jean-Jacques Grand-Jouan, 71, French actor and director. Andrzej Iwiński, 74, Polish Olympic sailor (1968, 1980), and entepreneur. Naresh Kanodia, 77, Indian actor, singer, and politician, Gujarat MLA (2002–2007), COVID-19. Rewati Raman Khanal, 88, Nepalese author, complications from asthma and diabetes. Bob Lochmueller, 93, American basketball player (Syracuse Nationals). Don Mazankowski, 85, Canadian politician, Deputy Prime Minister (1986–1993), Minister of Finance (1991–1993) and MP (1968–1993). Don Morrow, 93, American presenter (Camouflage) and announcer (Sale of the Century). Y. Nagappa, 75, Indian politician. Jan Niemiec, 62, Polish-born Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Kamyanets-Podilskyi (since 2006), COVID-19. Serge Noël, 64, Belgian poet. Julia O'Faolain, 88, Irish writer. Jimmy Orr, 85, American football player (Baltimore Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers), Super Bowl champion (1971). Tatsuhiro Ōshiro, 95, Japanese novelist and playwright. Gilberto Penayo, 87, Paraguayan footballer (Sol de América, Cerro Porteño, national team). Paul Rambié, 101, French painter. Alan Rayment, 92, English cricketer (Hampshire). Bruce Reid, 74, Australian medical doctor (Essendon) and footballer (Hawthorn), cancer. Rolf Stumpf, 74, South African statistician, vice chancellor of Nelson Mandela University (since 2002). Andrea Tabanelli, 59, Italian Paralympic wheelchair curler (2006, 2010). Ryszard Witke, 80, Polish Olympic ski jumper (1964, 1968). 28 Trevor Adair, 59, American college soccer coach (Clemson Tigers, Brown Bears). Hubert Astier, 82, French public official and politician, President of the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles (1995–2003). Bobby Ball, 76, English comedian (Cannon and Ball), actor (Mount Pleasant, Not Going Out) and television host, complications from COVID-19. Ray Blacklock, 65, Australian rugby league player (Penrith, Newtown, Canberra), multiple system atrophy. Giorgio Carta, 82, Italian politician, Deputy (1992–1994, 2006–2008). Miguel Ángel Castellini, 73, Argentine boxer, WBA Light Middleweight champion (1976–1977), COVID-19. Cecilia Chiang, 100, Chinese-American restaurateur. Leanza Cornett, 49, American television personality, Miss America (1993), injuries sustained in a fall. Chuck Crist, 69, American football player (New Orleans Saints, New York Giants). Miomir Dašić, 89, Montenegrin historian. Hassan Zare Dehnavi, 64, Iranian judge and prosecutor, COVID-19. Gurgen Egiazaryan, 72, Armenian politician, COVID-19. Cano Estremera, 62, Puerto Rican salsa singer. Anatoliy Fedorchuk, 60, Ukrainian politician, COVID-19. Anthony Soter Fernandez, 88, Malaysian Roman Catholic cardinal, Bishop of Penang (1977–1983) and Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (1983–2003), cancer. Stanisław Gazda, 82, Polish Olympic racing cyclist (1960). Jan Krawiec, 101, Polish-American journalist, COVID-19. Mohamed Melehi, 83, Moroccan painter, COVID-19. Hugh Morrow, 90, Northern Irish football player (West Bromwich Albion, Northampton Town) and manager (Tamworth). Joseph Moureau, 99, Belgian fighter pilot. Alain Rey, 92, French linguist and lexicographer, editor-in-chief of Dictionnaires Le Robert (since 1967). Pino Scaccia, 74, Italian journalist and blogger, COVID-19. Štefan Sečka, 67, Slovak Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop (2002–2011) and Bishop of Spiš (since 2011), cardiac arrest. Paul Shanley, 89, American priest and convicted child rapist, heart failure. Billy Joe Shaver, 81, American country musician ("You Ask Me To"), stroke. Tracy Smothers, 58, American professional wrestler (SMW, WCW, ECW), lymphoma. Anthony van den Pol, 70–71, Swedish-born American neurosurgeon. Robert Wells, 87, Canadian jurist and politician, NL MHA (1972–1979), Justice of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (1986–2008) and President of the CBA (1985–1986). Wen Fubo, 95, Chinese hydraulic engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Teruko Yokoi, 96, Japanese-Swiss artist. 29 Karim Akbari Mobarakeh, 67, Iranian actor (Mokhtarnameh, Shaheed-e-Kufa) and film director, COVID-19. Angelika Amon, 53, Austrian-American molecular and cell biologist, ovarian cancer. Valeriy Babych, 67, Ukrainian politician, Deputy (1994–2002), economist and businessman, COVID-19. Margaret Birch, 99, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP (1971–1985). Roger Closset, 87, French fencer, Olympic silver medalist (1956). Sindika Dokolo, 48, Congolese art collector and businessman, free diving accident. Sukumar Hansda, 63, Indian politician, member (since 2011) and Deputy Speaker (since 2018) of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, prostate cancer. Jim Hicks, 81, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, California Angels). Roland Hobart, 79, Austrian-born American artist. Amir Ishemgulov, 60, Russian biologist and politician. Essex Johnson, 74, American football player (Cincinnati Bengals). Jim Lander, 90, American politician, member of the South Carolina Senate (1993–1999), Comptroller General of South Carolina (1999–2003). Pablo Lozano, 87, Spanish bullfighter and fighting bull cattle rancher, COVID-19. Felix Malyarenko, 69, Russian writer, COVID-19. Ulfat Mustafin, 61, Russian politician, COVID-19. Jacques Maigne, 69, French writer, cancer. Keshubhai Patel, 92, Indian politician, MP (1977–1980, 2002–2008), Chief Minister (1995, 1998–2001) and Deputy Chief Minister (1990) of Gujarat, respiratory failure. Shyama Charan Pati, 80, Indian dancer. Valentin Pokrovsky, 91, Russian epidemiologist and infectionist, President of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (1987–2006). Yuri Ponomarev, 74, Russian politician, Deputy (2001–2003), COVID-19. Larry Questad, 77, American Olympic sprinter (1968). Arturo Rivera, 75, Mexican painter, cerebral hemorrhage. Travis Roy, 45, American philanthropist and hockey player (Boston University Terriers), complications of paralysis-related surgery. H. Tati Santiesteban, 85, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1967–1973) and Senate (1973–1991), COVID-19. Béla Síki, 97, Hungarian pianist. Archie Spigner, 92, American politician, member of the New York City Council (1974–2001). Thilo Thielke, 51, German journalist and writer. Alexander Vedernikov, 56, Russian conductor (Bolshoi Theatre, Odense Symphony Orchestra, Royal Danish Opera), COVID-19. Watt W. Webb, 93, American biophysicist. J. J. Williams, 72, Welsh rugby union player (Llanelli, national team, British and Irish Lions). James Wu, 98, Hong Kong businessman. Slaven Zambata, 80, Croatian footballer (Dinamo Zagreb, Waregem, national team). Józef Zawitkowski, 81, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Warsaw (1990–1992) and Łowicz (1992–2013). 30 Herb Adderley, 81, American Hall of Fame football player (Green Bay Packers, Dallas Cowboys). Amfilohije, Metropolitan of Montenegro, 82, Montenegrin Orthodox prelate, Bishop of Banat (1985–1990) and Metropolitan Bishop of Montenegro and the Littoral (since 1990), COVID-19. Maurice Arbez, 76, French Olympic ski jumper (1968). Gilles Azzopardi, 53, French actor (Sous le soleil, Le Miroir de l'eau, Plus belle la vie) and theatre director. Jan Bach, 82, American composer. Rick Baldwin, 67, American baseball player (New York Mets), complications from COVID-19. Kalidás Barreto, 88, Portuguese trade unionist. Ricardo Blume, 87, Peruvian actor (Intimidad de los parques, All of Them Witches, Fuera del cielo) and theater director. Chen Haozhu, 95, Chinese physician, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Bernard Dixon, 82, British science journalist (New Scientist). Robert Fisk, 74, English writer and journalist (The Independent). Maurice Goldring, 87, French academic and writer. Anders Hansson, 28, Swedish racewalker, cancer. Ed Hurst, 94, American radio personality (WFPG). Kim Nam-chun, 31, South Korean footballer (Seoul, Sangju Sangmu), suicide. Žarko Knežević, 73, Montenegrin basketball player (OKK Beograd, Fenerbahçe, Yugoslavia national team). Miloš Kolejka, 94, Czech Olympic gymnast (1952). Jean-Marie Le Chevallier, 83, French politician, Deputy (1997–1998) and mayor of Toulon (1995–2001). Nélson Lisboa, 90, Brazilian Olympic basketball player (1956). Madam Auring, 80, Filipino fortune teller. Paul-Baudouin Michel, 90, Belgian composer. Jan Myrdal, 93, Swedish author and political activist, sepsis. David Shutt, Baron Shutt of Greetland, 78, British politician, member of the House of Lords (since 2000) and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard (2010–2012). Nobby Stiles, 78, English football player (Manchester United, national team) and manager (Preston North End), World Cup winner (1966). Arthur Wills, 94, English organist and composer. Mesut Yılmaz, 72, Turkish politician, Prime Minister (1991, 1996, 1997–1999), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1987–1990) and MP (1983–2002, 2007–2011), lung cancer. 31 Michel Auger, 76, Canadian journalist, pancreatitis. Alex Byrne, 87, Scottish footballer (Celtic). Gérard Caron, 82, French designer. Eduardo Castelló, 80, Spanish racing cyclist. Sir Sean Connery, 90, Scottish actor (Dr. No, The Untouchables, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade), Oscar winner (1988), heart failure and pneumonia. Betty Dodson, 91, American sex educator. R. Doraikkannu, 72, Indian politician, member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (since 2006), complications from COVID-19. Debra Doyle, 67, American author, cardiac arrest. Marc Fosset, 71, French jazz guitarist. Jacques Golliet, 88, French politician, Senator from Haute-Savoie (1986–1995). Charles Gordon, 73, American film producer (Field of Dreams, Die Hard, The Rocketeer), cancer. Najmiddin Karim, 71, Iraqi politician, Governor of Kirkuk (2011–2017) and member of the Council of Representatives (2010–2011). Orlando Lampa, 76, Filipino sprinter, cardiac arrest. Arturo Lona Reyes, 94, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tehuantepec (1971–2001), COVID-19. Jalal Malaksha, 69, Iranian poet, stroke. MF Doom, 49, British rapper, songwriter and record producer. Laurence Pope, 75, American diplomat, ambassador to Chad (1993–1996). Barbara Ann Rowan, 82, American attorney, COVID-19. Horacio Serpa, 77, Colombian politician, Minister of Interior (1994–1997), Senator (1985–1988, 2014–2018) and Governor of Santander (2008–2012). Iba Der Thiam, 83, Senegalese politician, Vice-President of the National Assembly (2001–2012). Rudolf Zahradník, 92, Czech chemist, president of the Czech Academy of Sciences (1993–2001). Marius Žaliūkas, 36, Lithuanian footballer (FBK Kaunas, Hearts, national team). References 2020-10 10

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Chilean%20general%20election

2021 Chilean general election

General elections were held in Chile on 21 November 2021, including presidential, parliamentary and regional elections. Voters went to the polls in the first round to elect: The President of the Republic to serve a four-year term. 27 of 50 members of the Senate to serve an eight-year term in the National Congress. All 155 members of the Chamber of Deputies to serve a four-year term in the National Congress. All 302 members of the regional boards to serve a three-year term. Following an electoral reform in 2015, the Senate increased its membership from 38 to 43 in 2017, and will grow to its full size of 50 seats after this election. This election cycle was characterized as being the most polarized in modern Chilean history and a departure from political normality in Chile, being held in the backdrop of the 2019 protests, the writing of a new constitution and the global COVID-19 pandemic. Continuing with the results of the elections held on 15–16 May 2021 for mayors, governors and members of the Constitutional Convention, the main center-left and center-right coalitions that had ruled the country since the end of the military dictatorship saw a significant decrease in their support, especially in the presidential election. For the parliamentary election, the center-right coalition Chile Podemos Más kept their position as the largest bloc in both chambers and even increased their number of senators, despite losing more than 10 percentage points from the previous election. In the left wing, the new coalition Apruebo Dignidad had important gains at the expense of the center-left New Social Pact (NPS), becoming the second largest bloc in the Chamber of Deputies. However, NPS kept more seats in the Senate. New parties, like the far-right Republican Party and the populist Party of the People, also gained several seats. At the end, the newly elected Congress was split evenly between the combined left and combined right, with the non-aligned congresspeople holding the balance of power. Seven candidates ran for the presidency. The candidates for the traditional centrist coalitions finished in fourth and fifth place, while two candidates from newly formed parties and coalitions, José Antonio Kast and Gabriel Boric, qualified for the second round, after no candidate received more than 50% of the vote. Kast, from the Republican Party, ran a campaign on traditional conservative values and a "law and order" message, drawing comparisons with former US president Donald Trump and Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro. In contrast, Boric, a member of the Social Convergence and the candidate of the coalition, campaigned on a progressive message reflecting the ideas behind the 2019 protests. He pushed for broadening the social safety net, higher taxes on the rich, combating climate change, social justice, and change to the current privatized pension system. Boric also supported the ongoing writing of a new Chilean constitution, while Kast repeatedly said he would interfere to stop its ratification if elected. Despite narrowly lagging behind Kast in the first round, Boric won the second round with 55.87% of the vote, a larger margin than pre-election polls predicted, with Kast conceding defeat shortly after polls closed. At 35 years old, Gabriel Boric became the youngest president ever elected in Chile and the one elected with the largest number of votes in Chilean history. Turnout in the second round increased to 55.7%, the largest number since voting became voluntary in Chile in 2013. All the newly elected authorities, including president-elect Boric, will begin their terms on 11 March 2022. Electoral system The President is elected using the two-round system; if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round will be held. In the National Congress, the 155 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected from 28 multi-member constituencies with between three and eight seats by open list proportional representation. Seats are allocated by the d'Hondt method. The 50 members of the Senate are elected for eight-year terms, with around half of the Senators renewed at each general election. Senators are elected from 16 multi-member constituencies of between two and five seats based on the regions. The 2021 elections will see 27 members elected, representing the regions of Antofagasta, Biobío, Coquimbo, O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Ríos, Magallanes and Santiago Metropolitan Region. Presidential candidates Summary of candidates Below is the list of candidacies for president accepted by the Electoral Service on 27 August 2021. Boric's and Sichel's candidacies were automatically accepted after they were proclaimed the winner of their respective primaries by the Election Court. Apruebo Dignidad The coalition decided its presidential candidate in the publicly-funded primaries held nationwide on 18 July 2021, which was won by lawmaker Gabriel Boric with 60% of the vote. On 17 March 2021, Boric's party, Social Convergence, proclaimed him as its presidential candidate. The Commons Party's leadership also announced on 17 March 2021 that it would propose Boric as its presidential candidate in a meeting of the party's leadership the following Saturday. On 23 March 2021, Democratic Revolution, the coalition's largest party, proclaimed him as its presidential candidate. On May 29, 2021, the Common Force movement gave its support to Boric, after he beat Marcelo Díaz in a plebiscite held on May 27–28. On 17 August 2021 the Acción Humanista movement proclaimed him as its candidate. Defeated in primary Daniel Jadue (PC): Jadue is the mayor of Recoleta and a member of the Communist Party of Chile. He studied sociology at the University of Chile, and also studied total quality management at the Catholic University of the North. He appeared as the candidate with the most support in several opinion polls. Dropped out Marcelo Díaz (Unir): In November 2020 the Unir Movement presented the deputy and former spokesman as pre-candidate. On 18 May 2021 he dropped out of the race and lent his support to Boric. Jaime Mulet (FRVS): The current president of the FRVS and deputy was proclaimed as his party's presidential candidate in September 2020. In May 2021, he received the support of the Christian Left movement. On 8 July 2021, the FRVS chose to support the candidacy of Daniel Jadue. Chile Podemos Más The center-right coalition (previously ) participated in the publicly-funded primaries held nationwide on 18 July 2021. Former minister Sebastián Sichel beat the other three candidates by 49% of the vote. Sichel was minister of Social Development and president of BancoEstado during the second administration of President Sebastián Piñera. He participated as an independent candidate in the primary, supported by former PDC supporters and other centrist political movements. Defeated in primary Ignacio Briones (Evópoli): Briones is a university professor and economist who served as minister of Finance between 2019 and 2021. He was unanimously proclaimed by the Political Evolution party as their presidential candidate on 30 January 2021. He describes himself as a social liberal and seeks to promote liberal policies, although he is against abortion. Mario Desbordes (RN): Desbordes became minister of Defense in July 2020. Before that, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He was also president of his party between 2018 and 2020 and secretary-general between 2010 and 2018. During the first administration of President Sebastián Piñera, he had a stint as undersecretary of Investigations. He was proclaimed by the PRI party as their candidate on 29 December 2020. On 23 January 2021 his own party, RN, chose him as their contender for the primary race after winning nearly 73% of the vote of the General Council. Joaquín Lavín (UDI): Lavín studied economics at the University of Chicago. He was a presidential candidate in the 1999 and 2005 elections. He was also an economic appraiser of the neoliberal policies of Chile's military dictatorship. As mayor of Las Condes he actively promoted social housing programs for the poor and social integration with the rest of the cities, as well as enlarged use of technology in law enforcement and moderate social policies. He appeared as the candidate with the most support in most opinion polls. Did not run Evelyn Matthei (UDI): Matthei is a right-wing politician. She studied at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. In 1993 she was the target of a scheme by Sebastián Piñera to prevent her from becoming a candidate for the presidency that year. She was a senator and candidate in Chile's presidential elections in 2013, losing to Michelle Bachelet, the Socialist candidate. She dropped out of the race on 17 May 2021, a day after being re-elected as mayor of Providencia. New Social Pact The New Social Pact center-left coalition (formerly Constituent Unity) held a primary on 21 August 2021, which was won by Christian Democrat Senator Yasna Provoste by over 60% of the vote, with a turnout of around 150,000. They failed to reach an agreement to participate in the national publicly-funded primaries on 18 July 2021. Both Paula Narváez and Carlos Maldonado —the other primary candidates— had urged the need for a primary to define a sole coalition candidate. Provoste said on 30 May 2021 that she is available to compete if her party deems it necessary. On 23 July 2021 she officially launched her candidacy during a ceremony in her native city of Vallenar, in northern Chile. She was proclaimed by the Christian Democratic Party as its candidate on 17 August 2021. Defeated in primary Carlos Maldonado (PR): The former minister of Justice and current president of the Radical Party was proclaimed as presidential candidate on 23 December 2020. On 20 May 2021 he announced he would go straight to the November election. On July 3, 2021, he backtracked on his decision and declared himself available to compete in a possible coalition primary. Paula Narváez (PS): The former minister was proclaimed by the Socialist Party's Central Committee as its presidential candidate on 28 January 2021 in a unanimous vote. Her candidacy emerged after a December 2020 Change.org petition made by female members of the PS asking Narváez to become the party's candidate was signed by former president Michelle Bachelet. In January 2021 both senator José Miguel Insulza and PS president Álvaro Elizalde dropped out of the race. On 5 June 2021 the PPD officially proclaimed her as its candidate. Dropped out Heraldo Muñoz (PPD): The current president of the PPD and former minister of Foreign Affairs became the PPD candidate after beating former minister of Interior and spokesperson Francisco Vidal and former deputy for District 39 and ambassador Jorge Tarud by 54% of the vote in a primary held on 31 January 2021. On 19 May 2021 he dropped out of the race and lent his support to Narváez. Ximena Rincón (PDC): The current senator was proclaimed as the Christian Democratic Party's candidate for president after she beat former mayor and minister Alberto Undurraga in a primary held on 24 January 2021. She won by 57% of the vote. She officially dropped out of the race on 2 June 2021. Pablo Vidal (independent politician): The deputy quit the Democratic Revolution party in December 2020 and founded the New Deal () political platform. On 13 April 2021, he was proclaimed as presidential candidate by the Liberal Party and New Deal. On 19 May 2021 he dropped out of the race and lent his support to Narváez. Christian Social Front In May 2021, José Antonio Kast discarded the idea of making a presidential primary together with . Then, on 6 August 2021, the Christian Conservative Party together with the Republican Party and other independents registered with the Chilean Electoral Service the pact Christian Social Front for the parliamentary elections of November. Kast officially registered his candidacy before the Electoral Service on 19 August 2021. Other candidates Eduardo Artés (UP): The current president of the UP was confirmed by his party as its presidential candidate in June 2021. Marco Enríquez-Ominami (PRO): In February 2021, his party asked the three-time presidential candidate to be once again their contender for the November 2021 election. On 23 July PRO's president, Camilo Lagos, said they would either participate in a primary or present a candidate directly to the November election. If their preferred choice, Enríquez-Ominami, was unable to run due legal restrictions, he stated that they would support senator Alejandro Guillier as their candidate. On 26 July 2021 the PRO declared they would not participate in the Constituent Unity primary to take place on 21 August 2021. On 4 September 2021 a regional electoral tribunal (TER) ordered his name to be removed from the electoral roll, thus disqualifying him from seeking office. However, he appealed successfully to the Election Certification Board (Tricel). Franco Parisi (PDG): Parisi is an economist who ran for president in 2013, gaining 10% of the vote. He registered his candidacy for president on 23 August 2021. Rejected Diego Ancalao (independent): Ancalao is a Mapuche activist. He was proclaimed on 20 August 2021 by the List of the People, a leftist movement, after he garnered more endorsements from independent electors at the Electoral Service's online platform than the other two candidates in competition, Soledad Mella and Ingrid Conejeros, between 12 and 19 August 2021. The Electoral Service, though, rejected his candidacy on 26 August 2021 on the grounds he did not provide the required minimum number of endorsements from independent electors. Gino Lorenzini (independent): Lorenzini is an economist and entrepreneur. He registered his candidacy for president on 23 August 2021, presenting over 42 thousand endorsements from independent electors, more than the minimum required by law. However, the Electoral Service rejected his candidacy on 26 August 2021 because the law requires independent candidates to hold their status as independent for up to a year before the election, and he was part of the Party of the People during some of that time. Declined to be candidates Pamela Jiles (PH): Jiles is a journalist, television personality and leftist politician. She pursues her political career as deputy for District 12 in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. She comes from a family of communists and has praised Fidel Castro. She appeared as a potential presidential candidate with the most support in just one opinion poll. After her partner lost the Santiago governor race in May 2021, she withdrew her name from consideration. Izkia Siches (independent): Siches is a physician who has served as president of the Chilean Medical College since 2017. A self-described feminist and past member of the Communist Youth, Siches became nationally known during the COVID-19 pandemic for her criticisms of the government's handling of public health measures. Her high approval ratings during the pandemic led to speculation she would run for president, but she ultimately declined. René Rubeska (PNC): In June 2021, the National Citizen Party had announced its intention to bring its president René Rubeska as presidential candidate. However, the party was unable to gather the necessary signatures to register his candidacy. Debates Endorsements After the first round, candidates Sichel and Parisi endorsed Kast. Boric was endorsed by Enríquez-Ominami and Provoste. Former President Michelle Bachelet returned to Chile from her role as UN Human Rights High Commissioner to formally endorse Boric. On 9 December, parliamentarians and public figures from over 15 countries signed a statement endorsing Boric. Opinion polls First round Results considering only official candidates (excluding "Other", "Don't know", "Do not vote", etc.) and general voters, excluding polls showing likely voters or non-national samples. Second round Results considering only official candidates (excluding "Other", "Don't know", "Do not vote", etc.) and general voters, excluding polls only with likely voters. Average of polls every 3 days. Public transport inefficiency On the day of the second round on 19 December, voters at bus stops in rural parts of the country, and large municipalities in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, such as Puente Alto, San Bernardo, and Maipú, waited hours for public bus services in the blazing sun to reach their polling stations, due to a shortage of public bus services available on that day. Soon after these reports came in, local authorities and citizens in these municipalities took to social media to show Red Metropolitana de Movilidad bus terminals and parking decks full of unused city buses. This led to speculation that the incumbent government was suppressing voters by reducing bus services to prevent them from casting their votes. Apparently, most complaints of delays came from neighborhoods where Gabriel Boric had stronger levels of support. Leading figures from Boric's campaign, such as Izkia Siches cried foul, accusing the government of trying to help Kast win the election. Boric said "the government has a responsibility" to solve the problem to allow voters to be ferried to vote with the unused buses. The elections authority Servel expressed similar concerns to Transport Minister Gloria Hutt. The government spokesman Jaime Bellolio called the Boric campaign's claim as a "blatant lie", and denied that the government was suppressing voters, claiming that there were between 5,000 and 6,000 buses running in the Metropolitan Region. However, this was contradicted by transport authorities, which stated that only 3,000 buses were operating. The transport authority however, also stressed that the number of buses was 55 percent more than a usual Sunday and between 3 percent or 4 percent greater than on the first round of election in November. A Transantiago bus driver claimed that only 40 percent of the bus drivers available were driving that day, despite statements from the government that they were operating buses on a normal work schedule. As a result, carpools were organized through social media, while private services like Uber and Cabify offered ride discounts for voters to travel to polling stations. In the evening, just before polls closed, Transport Minister Gloria Hutt apologized, acknowledging the government was slow to react to the situation and blamed the delays on road work and traffic, but denied that the government was engaging in voter suppression. Results President Turnout for the second round rose by 1.2 million from the first round, and from 47.3% in the first round to 55.6%, the highest level for any Chilean election since voting ceased to be compulsory in 2012. Gabriel Boric won the election with 55.9% of the vote and is set to become the youngest president in Chile's history and second youngest state leader in the world. A post-election survey showed that despite their endorsement of Kast, 59% of Parisi's voters and 23% of Sichel's voters voted for Boric, while 82% of Yasna Provoste's supporters, 83% of Marco Enríquez-Ominami's supporters, and 92% of Eduardo Artés's supporters voted for Boric. Chamber of Deputies |- |colspan=11| |- !colspan=3|Electoral pact/party ! Votes ! % ! ± ! Candidates ! Seats ! ± ! % seats ! ± |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:;"| AA. |style="text-align:left;" | (ChP+) |1,609,482 |25.43 | 13.58 |181 |53 | 19 |34.19 | 12.26 |- | rowspan="4" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Political Evolution (Evópoli) |221,284 |3.50 | 0,76 | 29 | 4 | 2 |2.58 | 1.29 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Democratic Independent Regionalist Party (PRI) | 23,222 |0.37 | 0.63 | 11 | 1 | 1 |0.65 | 0.65 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     National Renewal (RN) | 693,474 |10.96 | 6.83 | 70 | 25 | 11 |16.13 | 7.10 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Independent Democratic Union (UDI) | 671,502 |10.61 | 5.35 | 71 | 23 | 7 |14.84 | 4.52 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AB. |style="text-align:left;" | Party of the People (PDG) |534,881 |8.45 |New |148 |6 | New |3.87 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AE. |style="text-align:left;" | Revolutionary Workers Party (PTR) |51,075 |0.81 | 0.73 |43 |0 | 0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"| AH. |style="text-align:left;" | New Social Pact (NPS) |1,085,978 |17.16 | 13.92 |172 |37 | 14 |23.87 | 9.03 |- | rowspan="6" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Citizens (CIU) |27,502 |0.43 | 0.13 | 9 | 1 | 1 |0.65 | 0.65 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Christian Democratic Party (PDC) | 264,985 |4.19 | 6.09 | 42 | 8 | 6 |5.16 | 3.87 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Liberal Party of Chile (PL) | 96,010 |1.52 | 0.74 | 17 | 4 | 2 |2.58 | 1.29 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Party for Democracy (PPD) | 242,927 |3.48 | 2.26 | 33 | 7 | 1 |4.52 | 0.65 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Radical Party of Chile (PR) | 111,117 |1.76 | 1.85 | 28 | 4 | 4 |2.58 | 2.58 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Socialist Party of Chile (PS) | 343,437 |5.43 | 4.32 | 43 | 13 | 6 |8.39 | 3.87 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AL. |style="text-align:left;" | Green Ecologist Party of Chile (PEV) |305,443 |4.83 | 2.68 |77 |2 | 1 |1.29 | 0.65 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AM. |style="text-align:left;" | Patriotic Union (UPa) |56,506 |0.89 | 0.03 |55 |0 | 0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AN. |style="text-align:left;" | (DA) |322,915 |5.10 | 1.29 |130 |3 | 3 |1.94 | 1.94 |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Equality Party (PI) |127,506 |2.01 | 0.15 | 62 | 0 | 1 |0.00 | 0.65 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Humanist Party of Chile (PH) | 195,409 |3.09 | 1.14 | 68 | 3 | 2 |1.94 | 1.29 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AP. |style="text-align:left;" | Christian Social Front (FSC) |707,286 |11.18 |New |157 |15 | New |9.68 |New |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Christian Conservative Party (CC) |40,560 |0.64 | New | 17 | 1 | New |0.65 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Republican Party (PLR) | 666,726 |10.54 |New | 140 | 14 | New |9.03 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AR. |style="text-align:left;" | (AD) |1,325,232 |20.94 | 7.60 |177 | 37 | 14 |23.87 | 9.03 |- | rowspan="5" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Commons (Comunes) |207,607 |3.84 | 1.82 | 24 | 6 | 5 |3.87 | 3.32 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Social Convergence (CS) | 287,190 |4.54 | 4.54 | 30 | 9 | New |5.81 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Social Green Regionalist Federation (FREVS) | 107,696 |1.70 | 0.12 | 30 | 2 | 2 |1.29 | 1.29 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) | 464,885 |7.35 | 2.77 | 54 | 12 | 4 |7.74 | 2.58 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Democratic Revolution (RD) | 257,854 |4.07 | 1.65 | 39 | 8 | 2 |5.16 | 1.29 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AT. |style="text-align:left;" | New Time (NT) |4,420 |0.07 |New |5 |0 | New |0 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AW. |style="text-align:left;" | United Independents (IU) |187,396 |2.96 |New |79 |1 | New |.65 |New |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     United Centre (CU) |177,105 |2.80 | New | 70 | 1 | New |.65 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     National Citizen Party (PNC) | 10,291 |0.16 |New | 9 | 0 | New |0 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AY. |style="text-align:left;" | Progressive Party of Chile (PRO) |46,422 |0.73 | 3.60 |24 |0 | 1 |0.00 | 0.65 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"| |style="text-align:left;" | Independent candidates |90,960 |1.44 | 0.31 |8 |1 | 0 |0.65 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold; background: #ececec" | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Valid votes | 6,327,996 | 89.48 | | | | | | |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Null votes | 339,470 | 4.80 | | | | | | |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Blank votes | 404,762 | 5.72 | | | | | | |- style="font-weight: bold; background: #ececec" | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Total votes | 7,056,618 | 100.00 | | | | | | |- style="font-weight: bold; background: #ececec" | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters/turnout | 15,030,963 | 46.95 | | | | | | |- | colspan="11" style="text-align: left;" |Source: Servicio Electoral de Chile. (99.98%) |} Senate |- |colspan=13| |- |colspan=13| |- ! colspan="3" rowspan=2|Electoral pact/party !colspan=6|2021 election results !colspan=4|Distribution of seats |- !Votes !% ! ± !Candidates ! Elected ! ± ! 2018–24 ! Total ! % ! ± |- style="font-weight:bold" | colspan="2" style="background:;"| AA. |style="text-align:left;" | (ChP+) |1,297,686 |27.86 | 10.19 |36 |12 | 5 |12 |24 |48.00 | 3.81 |- | rowspan="4" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Political Evolution (Evópoli) |368,024 |7.90 |New |5 |2 | 2 |2 |3 |6.00 | 1.35 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Democratic Independent Regionalist Party (PRI) |25,297 |0.54 |New |4 |0 |New |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     National Renewal (RN) |549,553 |11.80 | 4.47 |11 |5 | 3 |6 |12 |22.00 | 5.40 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Independent Democratic Union (UDI) |354,812 |7.62 | 7.07 |16 |5 | 0 |4 |9 |18.00 | 2.93 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AB. |style="text-align:left;" | Party of the People (PDG) |378,378 |8.12 |New |30 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AE. |style="text-align:left;" | Revolutionary Workers Party (PTR) |4,802 |0.10 |New |2 |0 |New |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"| AH. |style="text-align:left;" | New Social Pact (NPS) |726,363 |15.59 | 34.90 |30 |8 | 4 |10 |18 |36.00 | 12.83 |- | rowspan="5" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Christian Democratic Party (PDC) |214,180 |4.60 | 11.91 |11 |2 | 1 |3 |5 |10.00 | 3.95 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Liberal Party of Chile (PL) |28,082 |0.60 |New |2 |0 |New |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Party for Democracy (PPD) |111,910 |2.40 | 11.93 |5 |2 | 1 |4 |6 |12.00 | 4.28 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Radical Party of Chile (PR) |58,077 |1.25 | 1.25 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Socialist Party of Chile (PS) |314,114 |6.74 | 10.62 |9 |4 | 0 |3 |7 |14.00 | 2.28 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AL. |style="text-align:left;" | Green Ecologist Party of Chile (PEV) |198,710 |4.27 | 4.05 |7 |0 | 0 |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AM. |style="text-align:left;" | Patriotic Union (UPa) |41,155 |0.88 |New |5 |0 |New |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AN. |style="text-align:left;" | (DA) |98,701 |2.12 | 2.19 |12 |0 | 0 |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Equality Party (PI) |82,785 |1.78 | 0.21 |9 |0 | 0 |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Humanist Party of Chile (PH) |15,916 |0.34 | 3.15 |3 |0 | 0 |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AP. |style="text-align:left;" | Christian Social Front (FSC) |401,567 |8.62 |New |10 |1 |New |New |1 |2.00 |New |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Christian Conservative Party (CC) |65,262 |1.40 |New |4 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Republican Party (PLR) |336,305 |7.22 |New |6 |1 |New |New |1 |2.00 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AR. |style="text-align:left;" | (AD) |911,716 |19.58 | 19.44 |29 |4 | 4 |1 |5 |10.00 | 9.00 |- | rowspan="5" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Commons (Comunes) |172,054 |3.69 |New |4 |0 |New |0 |0 |0.00 | 0.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Social Convergence (CS) |59,489 |1.28 |New |5 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Social Green Regionalist Federation (FREVS) |188,308 |4.04 |New |6 |2 |New |0 |2 |4.00 | 4.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) |335,709 |7.21 | 7.07 |8 |2 | 2 |0 |2 |4.00 | 4.00 |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     Democratic Revolution (RD) |156,256 |3.35 |New |6 |0 |New |1 |1 |2.00 | 0.00 |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"|AW. |style="text-align:left;" | United Independents (IU) |165,308 |3.55 |New |10 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- | rowspan="2" style="background:;"| | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     United Centre (CU) |158,134 |3.39 |New |8 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- | style="background:;"| | style="text-align:left;" |     National Citizen Party (PNC) |7,174 |0.15 |New |2 |0 |New |New |0 |0.00 |New |- style="font-weight: bold;" | colspan="2" style="background:; color:white;"| |style="text-align:left;" | Independent candidates |433,448 |9.31 | 7.79 |2 |2 | 1 |0 |2 |4.00 | 2.33 |- style="font-weight: bold; background: #ececec" | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Valid votes | 4,657,934 | 90.99 | | | | | | | | |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Null votes | 227,995 | 4.45 | | | | | | | | |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Blank votes | 233,086 | 4.55 | | | | | | | | |- style="font-weight: bold; background: #ececec" | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Total votes | 5,119,015 | 100.00 | | | | | | | | |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters/turnout | 15,030,963 | 34.06 | | | | | | |- | colspan="13" style="text-align: left;" |Source: Servicio Electoral de Chile. |} Regional Boards Note: Provisional results, including 99.97% of ballot boxes. Aftermath On 19 December 2021, shortly after the preliminary results of the second round were publicized, Kast conceded defeat and congratulated Boric through a tweet saying "I have just talked to Gabriel Boric and have congratulated him for his big triumph. From now on he is the president-elect of Chile and deserves all of our respect and constructive collaboration. Chile is always first". Later that day, Kast visited Boric at the latter's campaign headquarters in central Santiago. Boric thanked Kast during his victory speech, saying "we must build bridges for our compatriots to live better, because that is the people of Chile's demand". Outgoing president Sebastián Piñera had a video call with president-elect Boric, which was broadcast live on TV and radio, complying with one of the country's electoral traditions since the transition to democracy. During their conversation, Piñera congratulated Boric and said "when we divide [our country] in wars between ourselves, things always go wrong. We all hope you make a very good government for Chile and the Chileans and I am sure you will do your best". Boric said "I am going to be the President of all Chileans, because I believe it is important to interpret everyone and agreements should be between all of the people and not inside four walls". Boric was also congratulated by President of the Constitutional Convention, Elisa Loncón. The leader of Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco, , dismissed Boric as being together with Kast "two faces of the same coin" and warned that Boric will maintain "the colonial-format capitalist system". Llaitul pledged to continue "the path of revolutionary autonomism". International reaction Among international leaders who congratulated Boric are President of Argentina Alberto Fernández, Vice President Cristina Kirchner, President of Bolivia Luis Arce, President of the Chamber of Senators of Bolivia Andrónico Rodríguez, former President of Brazil Lula Da Silva, President of Colombia Iván Duque, President of Costa Rica Carlos Alvarado, President of Ecuador Guillermo Lasso, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France Jean-Yves Le Drian, Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo, President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his Foreign Secretary Marcelo Ebrard, President of Peru Pedro Castillo, President of Uruguay Luis Lacalle Pou, President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro, and opposition leaders of Venezuela Juan Guaidó and Henrique Capriles. The European Union, via its High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell, also congratulated Boric on his victory in the second round and pointed to "strengthening" relations with the Chilean government. President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro had a late and cold reaction to Boric's election. He pointed out that "half of the population abstained" in the election, and referred to Boric as "that Boric". Boric responded to Bolsonaro's comments by stating that "clearly we are very different". Bolsonaro's son Eduardo, who had supported Kast, had a harsher reaction, stating that Chile was set on a path similar to Maduro's Venezuela with Boric. He mentioned the –8% drop that occurred in the Santiago Stock Exchange following the election and linked Boric to the violence that erupted in Chile in 2019. President of the United States Joe Biden had a phone conversation with president-elect Boric on 30 December, on which Biden congratulated Boric for his victory. In a press statement published by the White House, it is reported that Biden "applauded Chile's free and fair elections as a powerful example to the region and the world", and also underscored the cooperation between Chile and the U.S. to "promote a green and equitable recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and to address the existential threat posed by climate change". Biden also sent through the president-elect his condolences for the death of 14-year old Valentina Orellana-Peralta, who was killed in a police shootout at Los Angeles, California on 23 December. Boric later posted on his Twitter account about the conversation he had with President Biden, stating that "In addition to the shared joy for our respective electoral victories, we talked about common challenges such as fair trade, climate crisis and strengthening democracy. We will continue to talk." Parliamentary results Due to the low results in the parliamentary election, 12 political parties were dissolved by the Electoral Service: Christian Conservative Party (1 deputy), Citizens (1), Democratic Independent Regionalist Party (1), Equality Party, Green Ecological Party (2), Humanist Party (3), Progressive Party, National Citizen Party, New Time, Patriotic Union, Revolutionary Workers Party and United Centre (1). 9 deputies became independent politicians before joining the new Congress. Notes References External links Chile General Chile Presidential elections in Chile

62730735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s%20in%20United%20States%20political%20history

2020s in United States political history

2020s in United States political history is a narrative summary of major political events and issues in the United States from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2029. The first part is divided chronologically by Congressional sessions and the second part highlights major issues that span several years or even the entire decade. There are links for further information. 116th Congress, 2020–2021 General history The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is Nancy Pelosi (D-CA). There are 232 Democrats, 197 Republicans, one independent, and five vacancies (March 2020). The President pro tempore of the United States Senate is Chuck Grassley (R-IA), and the Senate majority leader is Mitch McConnell (R-KY). 53 Senators are Republicans, 45 are Democrats, and two are independents. All senators took office in or before 2019, except Kelly Loeffler (R-GA) who took office on January 6, 2020. President Trump delivered a highly partisan 2020 State of the Union Address on February 4, 2020, that ended with Speaker Pelosi ripping up his speech. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reportedly began receiving top-secret briefings on the COVID-19 pandemic in February. Committee chairman Richard Burr (R-NC) and three others (Kelly Loeffler (R-GA), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), and Jim Inhofe (R-OK)) allegedly used this insider information to gain millions of dollars in the stock market prior to the February 13, 2020 stock market crash. On March 6, President Trump signed the $8.3 billion Coronavirus Preparedness and Response bill and on March 18 the Families First Coronavirus Response Act. On March 19, Senate Republicans released a draft for the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. On March 27, the House approved the $2 trillion CARES Act that was previously approved by the Senate. The act includes one-time payments to individuals, strengthened unemployment insurance, additional health-care funding, and loans and grants to businesses to deter layoffs. Speaker Pelosi said more money will be needed. In early 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus in the United States resulted in mass shutdowns of government in cities across the country in order to try to control the spread of this highly-contagious illness. In May 2020, the murder of George Floyd by a police officer led to massive protests in widespread cities around the nation. Conservative judge Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed to the Supreme Court on October 26 along partisan lines, despite earlier Republican arguments that it is inappropriate to choose justices during a presidential election year. In the November 3 elections, the Democratic majority in the House was reduced to 222-213 and Republicans maintained 50 seats in the Senate with two seats (Georgia Senate election and Georgia Senate special election) awaiting a runoff on January 5, 2021. On December 21, Congress approved a second $900 billion stimulus bill, including a $600 check for individuals, $300 extra for unemployment benefits for 11 weeks, and $25 million for rental assistance, as well as funding for distribute of COVID-19 vaccines. Specific issues and events Impeachment of Trump Three House committees began their impeachment inquiry on September 24, 2019, and in December the House Judiciary Committee heard hearings leading to Trump's impeachment on two counts on December 18, 2019. The impeachment trial of Donald Trump took up most of the month of January and early February 2020. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit Trump of all charges. All 45 Democrats and the two independents voted for conviction; all 52 Republican Senators voted for acquittal, except for Mitt Romney (R-UT) who voted for conviction on the charge of abuse of power. Trump was impeached for the second time on January 13, 2021 for incitement of insurrection, after the storming of the United States Capitol one week earlier. COVID-19 pandemic The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the United States in January 2020. The first confirmed case of local transmission was recorded in January, while the first known deaths happened in February. By the end of March, cases had occurred in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa. , the U.S. had the most confirmed active cases and deaths in the world. As of June 5, 2020, its death rate was 330 per million people, the ninth-highest rate globally. The Trump administration declared a public health emergency on January 31, then on February2 began to prevent the entry of most foreign nationals who had recently traveled to China, but did not ban entry of U.S. residents who had been there, and no virus testing was implemented to screen those seeking to enter the country. The initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, or testing for the virus. A lack of mass testing obscured the true extent of the outbreak. For much of February, manufacturing defects rendered many government-developed test kits unusable, commercial tests were disallowed by regulations, and strict testing requirements were in place. The U.S. tested fewer than 10,000 people by March 10. Meanwhile, President Donald Trump was optimistic and "cheer-leading the country", downplaying the threat posed by the coronavirus and claiming that the outbreak was under control. On February 25, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak. A national emergency was declared by President Trump on March 13. In early March, the Food and Drug Administration began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened restrictions so that anyone with a doctor's order could be tested. By the end of the month, over 1million people had been tested (1per 320 inhabitants). The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment. In late March, the administration started to use the Defense Production Act to direct industries to produce medical equipment. Federal health inspectors who surveyed hospitals in late March found shortages of test supplies, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results. By early May, the U.S. had processed around 6.5 million tests (about 1 per 50 inhabitants), and was conducting around 250,000 tests per day, but experts said this level of testing was still not enough to contain the outbreak. The CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which could overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths. On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people. Since March 19, 2020, the U.S. Department of State has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel. Travel restrictions on most foreign nationals who had recently traveled to Iran or 28 European countries were implemented in March. By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa. State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including cultural events, exhibitions, and sporting events), restrictions on commerce and movement, and the closure of schools and other educational institutions. Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations, and there were reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans. Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, prisons and other detention centers, meatpacking plants, houses of worship, and urban areas; large gatherings that occurred before widespread shutdowns and social distancing (Mardi Gras in New Orleans, a conference in Boston sponsored by Biogen, and a funeral in Albany, Georgia) accelerated transmission. George Floyd protests The George Floyd protests are an ongoing series of protests, riots, and demonstrations against police brutality and racism in policing. The protests began in the United States in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, following the murder of George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, by Derek Chauvin, a white police officer, who knelt on Floyd's neck for over nine minutes during an arrest the previous day. The unrest began as local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota before quickly spreading across the entire nation as well as George Floyd protests outside the United States in support of Black Lives Matter. While the majority of protests have been peaceful, demonstrations in some cities descended into riots and widespread looting, with more being marked by street skirmishes and significant police brutality, notably against peaceful protesters and reporters. At least 200 cities imposed curfews by 3 June, while at least 27 states and Washington, D.C, activated over 74,000 National Guard personnel due to the mass unrest. From the beginning of the protests to June 3, at least 11,000 people had been arrested, including all four police officers involved in the arrest during which Floyd was murdered. 117th Congress, 2021–present History of Congress The 117th United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2021, during the final weeks of Donald Trump's presidency, and will end on January 3, 2023. It will meet during the first two years of Joe Biden's presidency. The 2020 elections decided control of both chambers. In the House of Representatives, the Democratic Party retained their majority (albeit reduced from the 116th Congress). In the Senate, the Republican Party briefly held the majority at the beginning of the term. On January 20, 2021, three new Democratic senators (Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock of Georgia and Alex Padilla of California) were sworn in, resulting in 50 seats held by Republicans, 48 seats held by Democrats, and two held by independents who caucus with the Democrats. Effectively, this created a 50–50 split, which had not occurred since the 107th Congress in 2001. With Vice President Kamala Harris serving as the tie breaker in her constitutional role as Senate President, Democrats have control of the Senate, and thereby have full control of Congress for the first time since the 111th Congress ended in 2011. History of Executive branch In April 2021, President Biden submitted a major infrastructure plan to Congress. General history In early 2021, nearly the entire state of Texas was shut down by major ice storms and snow storms. some areas remained without power for several weeks. In early 2021, the federal government made agreements with regional chains of pharmacies to help administer the vaccine for Covid-19. History by issue Climate change Noam Chomsky says President "... Trump is the worst criminal in history... There has never been a figure in political history who was so passionately dedicated to destroying the projects for organized human life on earth in the near future." Foreign policy Middle East and Central Asia Tensions between the United States and Iran heated up in January 2020 when Iranian General Qasem Soleimani was killed in a drone attack. Iran retaliated with a strike on U.S. military bases in Iraq. Tensions let up somewhat after it is revealed that Iran accidentally shot down a civilian plane that departed Tehran for Kyiv. The U.S.-Irani relationship remained tense throughout 2020, with the U.S. sending B52s over the Persian Gulf twice in December. In late February 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed an agreement that could lead to the end of the war in Afghanistan. Venezuela Ivan Duque, president of Colombia, revealed in March 2020 that his country and the United States had a three-prong policy to bring about change in Venezuela: support for the opposition, diplomatic isolation, and economic pressures including a blockade against petroleum exports and against financial support. He said the effort was paying off as social discontent increases, oil exports reach only 500,000 barrels/day, and Venezuela could not pay for industrial parts, food, or medicine. On March 26, 2020, the United States accused Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro of narcoterrorism and offered a $15 million reward for information leading to his arrest. Economy The stock market fell over 3,000 points in the last week of February 2020, the greatest fall since 2008, as investors worry about disruptions to supplies because of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Stocks fell to 18,592 points (Dow average) on March 23 after a procedural Senate vote on a coronavirus economic stimulus bill failed for the second time in two days. Election interference Foreign interference In late February 2020, the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign sued The New York Times for libel for intentionally publishing a false opinion article related to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. a week later they sued The Washington Post for the same thing. In March, the Justice Department indicated it might not pursue legal action against a Russian company that bankrolled 2016 election interference. In the 2019 Special Counsel investigation, Robert Mueller concluded that the Russians and other countries were already trying to interfere in the 2020 United States elections. Other reports indicated that not only Russia but also China and Iran were meddling in U.S. elections. Dan Coats, director of National Intelligence, testified about such interference before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in January 2019. Similar testimony in February 2020 that Russia was trying to help the campaigns of President Trump and Democratic Senator Bernie Sanders led to the firing of acting director of national intelligence, retired Vice Adm. Joseph Maguire, and his replacement by an inexperienced Trump loyalist. Sanders vehemently rejected Russian support for his campaign. Social media companies Facebook and Twitter announced in March 2020 that they had dismantled scores of Russian-backed trolls originating in Ghana and Nigeria, following a CNN report about troll farms in the two countries. Domestic interference After the 2020 United States presidential election in which Joe Biden prevailed, then-incumbent Donald Trump, as well as his campaign, his proxies, and many of his supporters, pursued an aggressive and unprecedented effort to deny and overturn the election. The attempts to overturn the election were described as an attempted coup d'état and an implementation of "the big lie." Trump and his allies promoted numerous false claims that the election was stolen from Trump through an international communist conspiracy, rigged voting machines, and electoral fraud. Health Health care financing Health care emerged as a leading issue in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and the 2020 United States elections as a whole. COVID-19 pandemic The United States' response to the COVID-19 pandemic was slow. China announced its first cases in late December 2019 but travelers were allowed to come in from that country until mid-January after the first case was reported in Everett, Washington, on January 20. The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on January 29, 2020. American diplomatic personal were evacuated the same day. A public health emergency and travel from China was restricted on January 31. The lack of federal preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and its possible effects on both public health and the economy were a major concern. Rather than using tests developed in China or Germany, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) opted to produce their own. William Schaffner, a CDC adviser and infectious-disease specialist at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine said, "The notion of accepting a test developed by someone else I think was a bit alien. There may have been other considerations of which I'm not aware, but I'm sure that pride was one of them: 'We know how to do this, thank you very much. We'll develop our own.'" The first tests proved faulty, and then testing was overly-restrictive. The first concern was to evacuate U.S. citizens from Hubei Province, China, where the virus had originated. On February 5, 345 U.S. citizens were evacuated from Hubei Province and taken to two air bases in California to be quarantined for 14 days. 300 others were evacuated the following day. Fourteen of the 340 Americans who were evacuated from the Diamond Princess that was docked in Yokohama, Japan, on February 16 were found to have contracted the virus. President Trump refused to take the virus seriously, calling it the Democrats' “new hoax” and promising that “the numbers are going to get progressively better as we go along.” The first case of community transmission was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on February 26, and even as the first American death had been reported in Seattle, Washington, on February 29, only 472 people had been tested. Bowing to Congressional criticism of official misinformation and inaction, on February 26 President Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to head the coronavirus response team. Given his poor handling of the HIV/AIDS crisis when he was governor of Indiana, Pence's qualifications were quickly challenged. By the first week of March, the government had changed its tune. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases warned that the sick and elderly were particularly vulnerable to the coronavirus, saying people to avoid large crowds. On March 5, Congress passed and President Trump signed an $8.3 billion package to fight COVID-19. The CDC warned against cruise-ship travel. The National Basketball Association (NBA) suspended its season on March 11 after one of its players tested positive for COVID-19. States started closing their schools and universities. Democratic presidential hopefuls Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders held a virtual debate two days before the March 17 Illinois Democratic Primary election. President Trump placed travel restrictions for 30 days on Continental Europe as the World Health Organization (WHO) declares a pandemic in March 2020. The states of Washington and California banned gatherings of more than 250 people, and the municipality of New Rochelle, New York, imposed a quarantine on residents. Sporting events, concerts, and political rallies were canceled or rescheduled; schools and universities were closed, businesses advised their employees to work from home, and stock market values fell. President Donald Trump officially declared the pandemic a national emergency on March 13. Except for signing the relief bill, Trump did not treat the disease seriously until the World Health Organization declared a pandemic. Trump banned most travel from Europe on March 11, but his comments did little to assure the stock market, which fell amid fears of breaks in the supply chain and even recession. Concern about the economic fallout from the pandemic prompted the Federal Reserve Bank to lower interest rates to near zero and to purchase $700 billion worth of government securities on March 15. After passing the Senate 92-8 on March 18, President Trump signed the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, which provides free testing and paid leave for certain workers. Congress prepared for a "Phase 3" response. Xenophobic and racist incidents against Asians and Asian-Americans occurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. President Trump was criticized for using the expression "Chinese virus” instead of its proper name, with opponents alleging that Trump's rhetoric contributes to the attacks. Immigration As Democrats push for more liberal immigration laws in 2020, the Trump Administration makes immigration more difficult and more costly. H-2A temporary visas for agricultural workers were expanded in February 2020, but the Muslim ban was also expanded to several new countries. In February 2020, travel restrictions were imposed on China, South Korea, Iran, and Italy in response to fears of the COVID-19 pandemic. U.S. District Judge Randolph Moss ruled in March that Ken Cuccinelli was not eligible to serve as acting director of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and suspended two policies Cuccinelli implemented while leading the agency. Technology and Internet In March 2020, a bill was introduced in the Maryland legislature to tax advertising revenue of Internet giants such as Facebook and Google. As soon as trade sanctions were lifted against the Chinese telecom manufacturer ZTE in March 2020, the Justice Department announced a new investigation into the company, this time for bribery. See also 2020s decade overviews: 2020s#Politics and conflicts, 2020s in political history Current year US articles: 2020 in the United States, 2020 in United States politics and government Current year articles (in order of activity levels): 2020, 2020 in politics and government UK decade overviews: 2020s in United Kingdom political history, 2010s in United Kingdom political history 2010s decade overviews: 2010s in United States political history, 2010s in political history References External links Congress Official website, US Congress Clerk of the House of Representatives Chief Administrative Office of the House Office of the majority leader Office of the speaker of the House Official list of current members Rules of the House Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate, via Congress.gov Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information, via AggData LLC] Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions 2020 in American politics

62816742

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa%20de%20acero

Placa de acero

Placa de acero is a 2019 action comedy film produced by Magnifico Entertainment. It was directed and written by Abe Rosenberg and also written by Joseph Hemsani. It stars Alfonso Dosal, Adrián Vázquez, Eduardo España, and others. It was released in Mexico on 15 November 2019. Plot Roberto Recto (Alfonso Dosal) has just graduated from the police academy as an element of excellence, not only in physical tests but also in knowledge and rectitude. As soon as he appears in his new workplace, the official Adrián Vázquez is assigned as his couple, an officer who represents the stereotype of slightly corrupt officers. Things are going wrong between the two from the first minute, but after a series of homicides perpetrated by a cannibal, both must put aside their differences in order to find the root of the problem and save civilians while understanding the motivations of the other and show the lack of empathy that exists towards the police. Cast Alfonso Dosal as Roberto Recto Adrián Vázquez as Adrián Vázquez Regina Blandón as News anchor Arnulfo Reyes Sánchez as Timo Quetzalli Cortés as Ismael "El Canibal" Carlos Valencia as Germán el Alemán References External links Mexican films Mexican action comedy films 2019 action comedy films 2019 films

62827503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20Cervantes%20shooting

Colegio Cervantes shooting

On January 10, 2020, an 11-year-old student identified as José Ángel Ramos Betts, armed with two guns, opened fire at the facilities of Colegio Cervantes Campus Bosque, a private school in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, killing a teacher and wounding teachers and classmates. The assailant wore a white T-shirt that read "Natural selection" and pants with black suspenders, which were reported as referring to Eric Harris, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, who wore similar clothing during the 1999 massacre. Events At 8:00 a.m. on January 10, 2020, a student of the Colegio Miguel de Cervantes arrived at the institution with two weapons in his backpack, an automatic .40 caliber and another .22 caliber, both owned by his grandfather. At 8:20 a.m., he asked his teacher, for permission to go to the bathroom. About 15 minutes later, after noticing that he was taking too long, she went to look for him. Around 8:40 a.m., he left the bathroom having changed clothes and armed with the two guns, then, his english teacher, María Assaf Medina, was arriving there and asked him to stop shooting. Media outlets stated that he attacked while dressed in white T-shirt, suspenders and black pants, clothes similar to those worn by Eric Harris, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre. Before firing, he said "Hoy va a ser el día" ("Today is going to be the day"). He started firing against the physical education teacher and five other classmates, injuring all of them. He then shot María Assaf Medina, who died instantly, before committing suicide at around 8:43 a.m. When they heard the shots, teachers from other classrooms asked their students to take shelter. After the shooting, the authorities cordoned off the area and initiated investigations. Witnesses stated that the child was a student of academic excellence and no previous problems had been reported with him. Reactions Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador lamented the event and gave his condolences to the families of the victims, urging the strengthening of school safety and the "Mochila segura" ("Safe Backpack") program while insisting that reenforcing family values is more important. The "Mochila segura" program is an operation consisting of reviewing the students' backpacks at the entrance of schools in order to detect the entry of weapons and drugs to the facilities. López Obrador's wife Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller also lamented the shooting and stated that the review of backpacks and childhood behavior should start at home. The Governor of Coahuila Miguel Ángel Riquelme Solís said that after the shooting the Safe Backpack program would be mandatory in all private schools in the state. In regards of the shooter wearing a T-shirt that read "Natural selection", Governor Riquelme Solís stated in a press conference that it was believed to be due to the influence of the video game Natural Selection. After the theory that the shooting could have been committed because of a video game was roundly rejected by experts such as Andrew Przybylsi of Oxford Internet Institute, Feggy Ostrosky Shejet of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ernesto Piedras of The Competitive Intelligence Unit, and Erik Salazar of College of Psychology of UNAM, and several media reports noted that the phrase "Natural selection" was more likely to be a reference to the Columbine High School massacre, the governor retracted his initial version. The Secretary of the Interior Olga Sánchez Cordero called on the social networks Facebook and Twitter to remove the images of the shooting that circulated in them. Perpetrator Once Governor Miguel Riquelme Solís's theory that the 11-year-old had committed the shooting because of a video game was rejected, investigators looked at the shooter's background and environment. The boy's mother died in an operation a few years earlier and his 37-year-old father was not present, so the child lived with paternal grandparents. His father had spent time in prison for trafficking methamphetamine in El Paso, Texas, but had recently been released; the grandfather's bank account was frozen because of "irregular money transfers" involving millions of dollars between the two men. The 58-year-old grandfather, José Ángel Ramos Saucedo, also had a record of drug trafficking. He had also owned six luxury vehicles in two years; one grandmother had owned three luxury vehicles and was also involved in large money transfers. The eleven year old's maternal grandmother had been murdered. The Coahuila prosecutor's office found the grandfather's cell phone, and conversations on WhatsApp published by El Zócalo de Saltillo reveal that the man's daughter wrote, "¿Por qué se la diste, papá, ves lo que pasa? Cuando lo vi no me sorprendí, sabía que fuiste tú quien se la dio" ("Why did you give it to him, Dad, do you see what happens? When I saw him I was not surprised, I knew it was you who gave it to him."), to which the man replied, "No podía detenerlo, fue su voluntad" ("I couldn't stop it, it was his desire.") The grandfather has been arrested and charged with homicide by neglect in leaving his guns where a child could access them; he may be charged with money laundering and tax evasion. Aftermath Since the shooting, Colegio Cervantes has renewed classes with greatly increased security measures. The Coahuila state office of the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) has promised to renew the books used for teaching civics and ethics in the 2020-2021 school year. Rodolfo González Valderrama, director of Radio, Television, and Cinematography (RTC) in Tamaulipas says the state will regulate and perhaps remove some videogames. Classification will be the same as for movies: AA (children), A (family), B (minors under 18), B15 (teens), C (adults), and D (extreme). School safety debate Operativo Mochila ("Backpack Operation"), a program to prevent the introduction of weapons, drugs, and other dangerous objects into schools, dates back at least to 2001; the shooting in Torreon has reactivated the debate. Educational authorities and teachers generally school screenings (generally by parent groups), while human rights advocates oppose it. Parents at the Colegio Cervantes had expressed opposition to the program in October 2019. Critics of "Operation Backpack" such as Laura Bárcenas Pozos of the Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla emphasize that school authorities must reinforce the psychosocial area of schools, learn to listen, generate spaces for dialogue, and include parents in the development of their children. In an interview with El Sol de Puebla, Bárcenas Pozos declared, "Creo que antes de analizar la Operación Mochila, deberían aterrizar en las escuelas la cultura de la paz." ("I think that before analyzing Operation Backpack, a culture of peace should be established in schools"). On January 9, 2020, one day before the shooting in Torreón, the Supreme Court of Mexico announced they would review the 2017 injunction against the Safe Backpack program in Mexico City. At the time, parents argued that children were frightened by the presence of police officers in their schools and that the program violated the right to privacy guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution of Mexico. See also List of attacks related to secondary schools School shootings in Mexico References 2020 murders in Mexico 2020 mass shootings in North America 2020 murders in North America 21st century in Coahuila Crime in Coahuila January 2020 crimes in North America January 2020 events in Mexico Mass shootings in Mexico Murder–suicides in Mexico School shootings in North America Spree shootings in Mexico 2020 suicides Suicides in Mexico School shootings committed by minors

62863262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders%20of%20Eric%20Joering%20and%20Anthony%20Morelli

Murders of Eric Joering and Anthony Morelli

Eric Joering and Anthony "Tony" Morelli were police officers who were murdered on February 10, 2018, in Westerville, Ohio after responding to a domestic violence incident. Joering, 39, and Morelli, 54, were shot and killed by Quentin Smith, who had punched and choked his wife, leading to her making a 9-1-1 hangup call. When the police officers arrived, Smith shot Joering three times in both of his arms and in his head. Morelli was shot once in the chest with the bullet going through his heart and lungs. Joering, who had been a police officer for 16 years in Westerville, died at the scene, while Morelli, who had been a police officer for 30 years, died later in the hospital. Smith, who was 30 at the time and who was prohibited from having a gun, was shot five times but survived. Smith had an extensive criminal history involving burglary, intimidation, aggravated menacing, domestic violence, and felonious assault. He was tried in October 2019, and convicted for the murders on November 1, 2019. For perhaps the first time in Ohio, family members of the victims gave victim impact statements to the jury during the sentencing phase of a capital case. The jury recommended that Smith be sentenced to life in prison although some members of the jury reported that their fellow jurors refused to consider the death penalty. The murders garnered a significant response, with both Governor John Kasich and President Donald Trump commenting on them. Both victims have been remembered in several ways, including by having part of a highway named after them, and by having their cruiser doors displayed in Washington D.C. as part of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial for National Police Week. Victims Eric Joering Eric Joering (August 6, 1978 – February 10, 2018) was a Westerville Police Officer for 16 years at the time of his death. He graduated from Westerville South High School in 1997 and went on to attend the Columbus State Community College Police Program. He spent his 16 years with the Westerville Police Department working as a patrol officer, a detective, and as a K-9 officer with his dog partner Sam. He was married and had four daughters. Anthony Morelli Anthony Morelli was born on February 7, 1964, in Honolulu Hawaii and was raised in Massillon, Ohio. He attended Washington High School, Kent State University, and the Ohio State Highway Patrol Officers Academy. Morelli worked for the Fairlawn Police Department for one year and the Westerville Police Department for 29 years. He was married in 1989 and had a daughter and a son. His grandchild was born after his death. Perpetrator At the time of the murders, Quentin Smith (born February 23, 1987) was staying at a townhouse in Westerville, Ohio, where his wife Candace and their daughter lived. The Smiths had been separated for about a year and he was living with his mother in Cleveland but had come back to Westerville for a visit. Smith had married Candace in February 2014 and was abusive to her. Along with domestic violence, his arrest records, and convictions show a criminal history that involved burglary, motor vehicle theft, carrying a concealed weapon, intimation, aggravated menacing, simple assault, and felonious assault. Smith's defense lawyers said he has an IQ of 85 and had experienced mental illness and verbal abuse. Previous arrests and charges In August 2007, in Euclid, Ohio, Smith's mother told police that Smith stabbed her boyfriend. According to Smith's mother, her boyfriend had tried to prevent Smith from taking her car after she kicked him out of the house. Smith's mother told police that Smith pointed a pellet gun at her boyfriend which her boyfriend knocked away. His mother's boyfriend told police this as well. Smith then allegedly pulled a three and a half inch knife and stabbed his mother's boyfriend in his left side and right hand. Smith, who told police that he was defending himself, was charged with two counts of felonious assault, one count of aggravated menacing and one count of theft of a motor vehicle by a Grand Jury, but those charges were dropped after the alleged victim did not appear in court to testify.> In May 2009, Smith plead guilty to committing a burglary with a firearm. Along with the burglary with a gun specification, he also pleaded guilty to one count of domestic violence. He was sentenced to three years in prison for the burglary with credit for 215 jail days. Smith was in prison from June 2009 to October 2011. During that stint, most of which was spent at the Richland Correctional Institution in Mansfield, he had one disciplinary-conduct report after entering another inmates cell and punching him. He sought early release but was denied. In a 2011 letter to the Court requesting early release, Smith wrote that he had successfully completed the “Thinking For a Change” program and was almost done with his barber training. He was issued a barber license in 2016 which expired in 2018. Following Smith's release from prison in 2011, he was placed on parole until November 2013. During her marriage to Smith, Candace Smith frequently sought help from police regarding his abuse. In September 2017, she called to say that Smith was drunk and doing something to her car as he was moving out. Smith left without incident. On November 29, 2017, Candace Smith visited the Westerville Police Department to inquire about protection orders. She told officers that Smith had come home drunk earlier that week and forced himself on her sexually. She also told police that when she threatened to leave he would tell her he that would kill her, their daughter and himself and that Smith "has a gun that he carries all of the time, and if it isn't on him, it is close by." Candace left the department saying that she wanted to talk to her father first but 30 minutes later she and Smith got into an argument when she accused him of cheating on her and giving her a sexually transmitted infection. She locked Smith out and he responded by calling the police. Smith denied the allegations and refused to leave despite his wife's request. Police recommended that Candace and the baby stay in a different part of the house and that they contact them if the couple got into another argument. On January 20, 2018, Smith's mother called police to his house to report a disturbance but Smith and Candace said they did not need the police. Though Smith was not allowed to own a firearm due to his criminal history, he paid Gerald Lawson 100 dollars to buy one for him. Crime On February 8, 2018, Smith, who had been living in Cleveland with his mother after he and his wife separated, came back to Westerville to visit with his daughter. During the visit, he stayed at Candace's house. On February 10, Smith borrowed Candace's car to go to Walmart. Inside the car he found a book with the name of one of her male co-workers. That male co-worker had gotten a ride from Candace to his father's house to get a car, as his fiancée had cancer and had taken their car to a medical facility. Candace also used her car to take him and some other co-workers to a work-related seminar. Smith, however, believed that his wife was romantically involved with this co-worker and became enraged and started face-timing her from the store. When Smith got home he physically assaulted Candace by punching her in the face with a closed fist and choking her with both hands until she lost consciousness. She woke up to him slapping her in the face and saying her name. Candace called 9-1-1 but hung up because she was scared that her husband would hear her talking to them. The police dispatchers called back but could only hear Candace's crying. The second call they made went to her voicemail. Operators dispatched Joering and Morelli along with officer Timothy Ray to the Smiths' home. They responded at 12:10, eight minutes after the initial 9-1-1 call. Officer Ray went to the back of the house while Joering and Morelli went to the front. At 12:12 officers told dispatchers it was “all quiet right now” before knocking. Before police arrived Smith confronted his wife carrying both his and her guns. He asked her to hold them as they went toward the door where Joering and Morelli were knocking. When she refused to hold them he stuck them in the cushions on the couch. When Smith saw that police were there he said to his wife, “You called the cops on me?” Smith opened the door and Joering and Morelli told the Smiths they were responding to a call about a domestic dispute. Candace moved the door back so they could see her and said: “He just got done beating me up and he has a gun.” She then stepped outside believing the officers would arrest Smith. Instead, Smith reached for the guns he had placed in the couch. The officers told him “Don’t do it, don’t do it” before he started shooting. After Smith started shooting Candace ran outside. When the shooting stopped Candace went back in the house to get her daughter who was in the living room and found Joering down in doorway and Morelli tussling on the floor with Smith. More shots were fired and she ran back outside and hid in the bushes. Smith shot Joering at point-blank range, killing him immediately. The autopsy showed that Joering had suffered three gunshot wounds. One shot went through his left arm and out his left shoulder. The other shot went through the inner part of his right wrist and out the outer part of his forearm. The fatal shot went through the left side of his forehead and through his frontal bone. It then traveled through the left cerebral hemisphere of his brain, fractured his skull, and went out the back of his neck. Morelli was shot on the left side of his chest through a gap in his bulletproof vest. The bullet went through his left lung, through the back covering of his heart and into the right lung, with the bullet being recovered from his right chest cavity. The officers managed to shoot Smith five times. After shots were fired, Officer Ray went around to the front and inside the house where he found Joering, Morelli, and Smith all of whom had been shot. He tried to aid Joering but quickly realized that he was dead as he had no pulse and was shot in the forehead. He moved over to Morelli who was saying that he was hit. He tried to tend to Morelli while telling Smith, who was still trying to move, to stay down and keeping his gun pointed at him. Candace, who was hiding in some bushes in the front yard, made a 9-1-1 call saying “My husband shot — he shot the police officers. Please hurry up. My daughter is in there.” Minutes later more officers arrived. Officer Stacey Pentecost testified that she found Morelli laying on the floor holding himself up by his elbow and Joering laying behind him on his side. Officer James Mason testified that Morelli was trying to crawl out of the doorway. Officer Mason and Officer Pentecost looked upstairs for more people and found no one. They then came back down and tried to aid Joering. It was after medics arrived that Pentecost noticed the Smiths' daughter on the couch. Medics tried to save Joering but couldn't. He was reported dead at the scene. Officer Dan Betts helped Officer Ray secure Smith and then went over to help Morelli and pulled him outside of the house. Morelli was still able to speak at this point and told Betts that he was having trouble breathing. Witnesses reported that after medics arrived Morelli stopped speaking and appeared to lose consciousness. He was taken to The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus in critical condition where he later died. The Smiths' daughter, who was fifteen months old, was later found by officers on the couch silent and unharmed. Aftermath and legal proceedings After the murders, Smith was taken to the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center where he stayed for eight days. Smith was charged with the murders on February 11. He was then transported to the Franklin County Jail where he was held without bail. An inmate at the County Jail testified that Smith had told him that he had guns and drugs in the house and that he observed an officer behind the house and two more in the front before opening the door. According to the inmate's testimony, because of the guns and drugs he had, Smith pulled out his gun and shot the first officer twice. The other officer then shot him in the abdomen and he shot him in the head. Smith also told the inmate he had gone to the shooting range to practice for such an incident and that he was prepared for it and would “hold court in the street” before going back to jail. A correctional officer also reported that while Smith was in jail an inmate told Smith “you don’t know anything about guns” to which Smith replied “you better check my case. I’m surgical with them.” Smith was tried in October and November 2019. Jury selection began on October 18 and was finalized on October 28 with the trial beginning later that day with opening arguments. The jury consisted of three men and nine women. The defense argued that Smith did not intend to kill Joering and Morelli, but that he reacted in a moment of panic and confusion. The prosecutors argued that Smith purposely killed the victims, who he knew were police officers, so that he wouldn't go back to jail. On October 29, police officer Timothy Ray, who went to the Smith's residence with Joering and Morelli, was the first witness called. Other police officers who arrived after shots were fired also testified. On October 30, Smith's wife and a jail inmate who he had spoken to about the murders testified. Jurors also heard from Deputy William Carmen, a corrections officer in the jail Smith was held at. Carmen said that during a conversation about guns with another inmate in the same area as Smith's cell the inmate told Smith, “You don’t know anything about guns.” Smith then told the inmate “You better check my case. I’m surgical with them.” Also on October 30, a deputy county coroner testified that Joering died of a gunshot wound to the forehead while Morelli died of a gunshot wound that entered through his left chest and went through his left lung, the covering of his heart, and his right lung. Closing arguments were heard on October 31, with jury deliberation beginning the next day. The jury deliberated for three and a half hours before finding Smith guilty of two counts of aggravated murder, two counts of murder and one count of domestic violence, along with two specifications that made him eligible for the death penalty - killing police officers purposely and killing two or more people purposely. The sentencing phase of the trial began on Monday, November 4, with the first witnesses being Morelli's widow Linda Morelli, Joering's widow Jami Joering, and Morelli's daughter Elizabeth Morelli, who were called by the State of Ohio. The widows gave victim impact statements, telling jurors about the effects of the murders on them and their families, while Morelli's daughter spoke about how she had gotten married shortly after her father's death without him there. It was believed to be the first time in Ohio that victim impact statements were allowed in the sentencing phase of a capital case. The defense called a psycho-social investigator and a psychologist. Closing arguments for the sentencing phase were held on November 6. Later that day, the jury recommended Smith be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole after deliberating for almost four hours and becoming deadlocked. Though prosecutors said they found the decision disappointing in some regards the victims’ widows told them they were pleased with the sentence. The president of the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) also expressed disappointment in the verdict. Along with prosecutors and the FOP president, some jurors also expressed disappointment over the sentencing verdict. A male and a female juror told a local TV station that several jurors refused to consider voting for a death sentence. One juror reportedly said immediately that they couldn't recommend a death sentence and would not change their mind. "We all took an oath” said the female juror. “They knew this wasn't going to be easy. Can you sign pen to paper- can you sign to the death penalty? And everybody did- but when we got in that room, one just sat back and said, 'Life - I can't do it. And I'm done. I will not be changed, you cannot change my mind. Life.' You won't even listen to us discuss this? 'Life.'" The male juror reported that another juror said, “I don't know why we even have to be here." When asked how she felt about the life sentence the female juror said she felt disgusted and “I feel like the family did not get justice. Those fathers, those husbands, they're doing their job. Just doing their job." The male juror said “He's alive while these two police officers are dead," and that "I just don't think justice was served. On November 21, Judge Richard Frye sentenced Smith to two consecutive life sentences without parole, along with 26 and a half years imprisonment. Judge Frye shared statements made by the victims about the impact the crime had on them and told Smith "This jury spared your life- and you owe it to the rest of us to take this to heart. And to be as good a person for the rest of your life as you can possibly be. It will not pay back the families and the community that you cost these wonderful officers but it will be a way for you to show in some small way, some remorse." Smith was admitted to the Warren Correctional Institution on December 5, 2019, where he is serving his sentences. Legacy and response The City of Westerville's Twitter account reported that an officer had been killed on the day of the murders just before 2:00 pm. They then reported that another officer had died an hour later. The local Fraternal Order of Police set up a Go Fund Me account which was verified by the city to help cover medical bills, funeral expenses, and education costs for the victims' children. A funeral for Morelli was held at the Moreland Funeral Home while Joering's funeral was held in the Hill Funeral Home. Vigils were held at The Ohio State University, Otterbein University, and the First Responders Park in Westerville. President Trump responded to the murders tweeting “This is a true tragedy”, while Governor John Kasich tweeted "The finest among us are those who risk it all every day for our safety, and Officers Anthony Morelli and Eric Joering were those people. Their deaths are a terrible tragedy." Kasich also ordered that flags in public properties be flown at half staff. In July 2018, Morelli and Joering's police badge insignias, as well as a badge insignia belonging to another fallen police officer, were placed on a training jet used in Columbus State Community College's aviation maintenance program. In November 2018 the Ohio Department of Transportation designated a portion of Interstate 270 as a remembrance to both victims. The ODOT placed signs designating the portion as “Officers Anthony Morelli and Eric Joering Memorial Highway.” Morelli and Joering have been honored in both an annual memorial ceremony for fallen Ohio police officers as well as in a national ceremony for fallen police officers. The Ohio memorial took place in 2019 in London, Ohio, at the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy while the national ceremony was in Washington D.C. In that national ceremony, during National Police Week in 2019, the doors belonging to the cruisers the victims drove were displayed. Each door had the officer's names and the dates of their deaths. In October 2019 the Blue Blood Brotherhood, a non-profit group, donated 28 sets of body armor plates to the Westerville Police Department and the Delaware County Sheriff's tactical unit. References 2018 murders in the United States Deaths by firearm in Ohio Deaths by person in the United States People murdered in Ohio February 2018 events in the United States Male murder victims American police officers killed in the line of duty Westerville, Ohio Law enforcement in Ohio Murder in Ohio Female murder victims

62911727

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Exotic

Joe Exotic

Joseph Allen Maldonado-Passage (né Schreibvogel; born March 5, 1963), known professionally as Joe Exotic and nicknamed "The Tiger King", is an American media personality, businessman, former chief of police and convicted felon who operated the Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park (also known as the G.W. Zoo) in Wynnewood, Oklahoma from 1998 to 2018. Born in Kansas, Exotic and his family moved to Texas, and was enrolled at Pilot Point High School. After graduation, Exotic briefly served as the chief of police in Eastvale. He then opened a pet store together with his brother, but after his brother's death in 1997, Exotic sold the store and founded the G.W. Zoo. During his tenure as director there, he also held magic shows and cub-petting events at venues across the U.S., hosted an online talk show, and worked with producer Rick Kirkham to create a reality television series about himself, but this latter effort ended when most footage was destroyed in a fire in 2015. Exotic left the G.W. Zoo in June 2018 and was arrested three months later on suspicion of hiring two men to murder Big Cat Rescue founder Carole Baskin, with whom he had a complicated rivalry. In 2019, Exotic was convicted and sentenced to 22 years in prison on 17 federal charges of animal abuse and two counts of attempted murder for hire for the plot to kill Baskin. In 2021, he worked with attorney John Michael Phillips to file a motion for a new trial, and on July 15, 2021, a U.S. appeals court ruled that Exotic's sentence was too harsh and that the two separate murder attempts were treated as separate convictions. The court reduced his sentence by 1 year, sentencing him to 21 years in late January 2022. Exotic has an eccentric personality and has been subject to substantial criticism, especially for the controversies surrounding his feud with Baskin and the treatment of animals at the G.W. Zoo. Exotic has been featured in several documentaries, including the Netflix series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness (2020–present), a documentary about Exotic's career as a zookeeper and his feud with Baskin. The success of the first season of Tiger King amid the worldwide COVID-19 lockdowns led to Exotic receiving attention on social media and inspiring several internet memes. Exotic also appears in two Louis Theroux documentaries, America's Most Dangerous Pets (2011) and Shooting Joe Exotic (2021). Early life Joe Exotic was born Joseph Allen Schreibvogel in Garden City, Kansas, on March 5, 1963, to parents Francis and Shirley Schreibvogel. The Schreibvogels had four other children: Tamara, Pamela, Yarri, and Garold "G.W." Wayne. The Schreibvogel family moved to Texas, where Exotic was enrolled at Pilot Point High School. After graduating high school, he joined the Eastvale police department, and was promoted to chief of the small department in 1982. He was outed to his parents as a homosexual by his estranged older brother Yarri, and in response, their father made Exotic shake his hand and promise not to come to his funeral. Exotic has said that he was badly injured in 1985 when he crashed his police cruiser into a bridge, although his claims about the wreck have changed over time: in 2019, he told Texas Monthly that the incident was a spontaneous suicide attempt, but he told The Dallas Morning News in 1997 that he was forced off the road by an unidentified vehicle during a drug investigation. A 2019 investigation by New York, which included interviews of family members and local residents who knew him at the time, failed to find anyone who could recall such an event taking place, although he presented a photograph showing a wrecked car as evidence. Career Animals Soon after the auto accident, Exotic moved to West Palm Beach, Florida and managed a pet store. A friend who worked at a drive-through safari park brought baby lions to his neighbor's home and let Exotic handle them. Exotic credits these experiences with inspiring him to work with animals. Exotic returned to Texas and worked at various jobs before opening a pet shop with his brother Garold Wayne or "G.W.", who shared Exotic's love of animals, in Arlington, Texas, in 1986. In 1997, after closing the first pet shop and opening a new one nearby, Exotic came into conflict with Arlington officials over repeated code violations for decorations and signs: he had been hanging gay pride symbols such as a United States flag with rainbow stripes in the shop windows; he accused city inspectors of homophobia and of targeting the business because of his sexual orientation. In 1997, his brother was killed in an auto accident, and Exotic sold the pet shop and purchased a Oklahoma farm with his parents. Two years after his brother's death, the farm opened as Garold Wayne Exotic Animal Memorial Park in dedication to his brother. Two of Wayne's pets were the zoo's first inhabitants. In 2000, Exotic acquired his first two tigers, which had been abandoned. He said that the first animal rescue in his career as a zookeeper was an eleven-foot alligator with a severe eye infection. According to Exotic, he spoke to Steve Irwin of Australia Zoo via phone, whose vets provided advice on appropriate antibiotics for alligators and on treating an injured kangaroo. In 2006, after Irwin was killed by a stingray, Exotic dedicated a large indoor alligator complex inside the G.W. Zoo in his memory, naming it The Steve Irwin Memorial. Some of the alligators in the complex came from Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch. Exotic worked as the owner and operator of the G.W. Zoo for over 20 years. He left the zoo on June 18, 2018, three months before his arrest. In 2021, Exotic stated that his whole outlook on animals in captivity has changed while he's been in jail, and he now believes that "no animal belongs in a cage". He also said that he would've never had a zoo if he knew what life inside a cage was like 20 years ago. In 2002, seeking a way to earn money to feed his growing number of animals, Exotic partnered with a traveling magician to provide and handle tigers during stage illusions. The magician and Exotic eventually parted the company, but Exotic had realized that magic shows were a good way to earn money using his big cats, and he began staging traveling magic shows himself and adopted "Joe Exotic" as his stage name. He soon found that attendees at his magic shows would pay to pet and have their picture taken with tiger cubs, and that these activities were often more lucrative than the magic show itself. His magic shows gradually evolved into cub-petting events, and he began breeding his cats to ensure that cubs were consistently available, which in turn increased the number of adult cats at his park and the income required to feed them. To benefit his stage persona, Exotic began behaving more flamboyantly, wearing flashy clothing and jewelry and adopting his trademark bleached mullet hairstyle. Music During his career as a zoo owner, Exotic was also an aspiring country music singer. Under the pretense of obtaining music for a planned reality television series, he commissioned country songs from other artists, with his creative contributions reportedly being limited to suggesting song topics and singing some backing vocals. He produced music videos for the songs and posted them on his YouTube channel, depicting himself as the main performer and taking full credit for the music, allegedly without having notified the actual artists. One of Exotic's most well known songs is "I Saw a Tiger", which was featured in Tiger King and has been covered by numerous bands and artists. Exotic's two studio albums, I Saw a Tiger (2014) and Star Struck (2015), are featured in the Tiger King episode Not Your Average Joe. Appearance in documentaries Exotic first appeared in Louis Theroux's 2011 documentary America's Most Dangerous Pets. Five years later, he appeared in J.D. Thompson's documentary The Life Exotic: Or the Incredible True Story of Joe Schreibvogel. Theroux stated that Exotic initially struck him as likeable and friendly, and due to his emotional volatility Theroux was inclined to be protective of him. The Netflix documentary series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness is centered on Exotic and his rivalry with Carole Baskin. The first season of the series was released in March 2020, coinciding with the worldwide COVID-19 lockdown following the COVID-19 outbreak being classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. A week after the release of Tiger King, both the series and Exotic himself went viral, with numerous internet memes about both Exotic and Baskin being made. In a Netflix interview in prison, Exotic stated that he was thankful for the fame and that he was "done with the Baskin saga". In July 2020, Discovery released the documentary Surviving Joe Exotic, which is focused on the animals at the GW Zoo. The documentary features interviews from former GW Zoo employees and Exotic, with the Exotic interview scenes being filmed four months before his arrest. On April 5, 2021, British documentary filmmaker Louis Theroux released a new documentary on Exotic, titled Shooting Joe Exotic, on BBC Two in the United Kingdom. The documentary contained unseen footage of Exotic from a previous documentary by Theroux, as well as new interviews of other people associated with Exotic, including Exotic's legal team and Howard and Carol Baskin, his estranged niece and brother, as well as a tour around the abandoned and extensively vandalized former G.W. Zoo property. Other ventures From 2014 to 2018, Exotic occasionally worked as a professional wrestling commentator and hosted two wrestling programmes at the G.W. Zoo. Exotic's involvement with wrestling began when he met Texas businessman and pro wrestling promoter Robert Langdon at the G.W. Zoo's "Monkey Ball" charity event in 2010. They bonded over their ownership of exotic animals, and Exotic began to provide colour commentary at NWA Texoma events, which would be streamed on the JoeExoticTV YouTube channel. Langdon walked Exotic down the aisle for his marriage to current husband Dillon Passage. In May 2021, Exotic launched a cryptocurrency to raise revenue for his defense fund as well as charity incentives personal to him. In June 2021, Exotic launched an NFT auction as part of a collaboration with a cryptocurrency organization. Exotic also intends to send real-life collectibles, including one of his revolvers. Politics Exotic ran as an independent candidate in the 2016 election for President of the United States, attaining ballot access in Colorado and receiving 962 votes (including recorded write-ins) nationwide. During his campaign, Exotic uploaded several video messages to then-Republican nominee Donald Trump, in which he called out several politicians he said were crooked, Baskin and other animal rights people who he alleged were scamming the public, and various laws he disagreed with. While running for president, Exotic was featured in an episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, which covered Exotic's write-in campaign as part of the show's coverage of the 2016 United States presidential election. Oliver complimented the production quality of Exotic's music videos, and came up with a campaign slogan for Exotic; Make America Exotic Again, which later inspired the title of the Tiger King episode covering Exotic's political runs. Before the episode aired, Oliver was warned about the controversies at Exotic's zoo and his rants toward Baskin. After losing in the 2016 election, Exotic ran in the 2018 Libertarian Party primary election for Governor of Oklahoma. He received 664 votes in the primary, finishing last among the three Libertarian candidates. During his primary campaign, he was officially censured by the Oklahoma Libertarian Party. In 2019, following his arrest, the state convention voted unanimously to revoke his party membership. During the 2016 United States presidential election, Exotic supported Trump over Hillary Clinton. Controversies Animal abuse claims and USDA violations Exotic has been strongly criticized for his treatment of animals that he owns, including by Baskin, which eventually lead to an investigation by the USDA and convictions for animal abuse. In February 1999, animal welfare investigators discovered a large number of neglected emus in Red Oak, Texas, and Exotic volunteered to capture the animals and take them to his animal park. However, Exotic, local volunteers, and Red Oak police were quickly overwhelmed by the task of corralling the large and fast-running birds, several of which died. Exotic and another man resorted to killing emus with shotguns and were accused of animal cruelty by police. However, since the emus were considered livestock, they could lawfully be killed humanely in Texas, and a grand jury declined to indict Exotic. Most surviving birds ultimately wound up at Texas ranches. In 2000, to feed his growing zoo of big cats, he took in horses that were donated to him. He would shoot the horses and feed them whole to the tigers, lions, and other big cats. Due to the amount of exotic animals at his zoo, Exotic found feeding them all to be expensive. To help offset the cost, Exotic fed them expired meat from Walmart. Employees at the zoo also ate this expired Walmart meat, and also used the expired meat to make pizzas. In 2006, the G.W. Zoo was cited multiple times by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for violations of Animal Welfare Act standards. In 2020, Exotic was convicted of falsifying wildlife records and killing animals in violation of the Endangered Species Act. In December 2021, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma "(...) granted the United States’ motion for a default judgment against defendants Tiger King LLC and Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park LLC, prohibiting them from exhibiting animals in the future (...)." Feud with Carole Baskin The feud between Exotic and Carole Baskin began in 2009 when Baskin, who sought to end commercial cub petting in the United States, targeted Exotic's lucrative traveling shows. Although Exotic and the Wynnewood park had been subject to protests and investigations by animal rights organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, these efforts had been sporadic and poorly organized, and did not seriously hamper his business. Baskin's Big Cat Rescue organization—which had a very popular Facebook page and many informal volunteers recruited on social media—proved to be a more daunting antagonist. Big Cat Rescue volunteers began to track Exotic's movements and email bomb managers of shopping malls that hosted his shows, prompting many of them to cancel, jeopardizing his revenue stream. Exotic saw Baskin's actions as hypocritical, because she also operated an animal sanctuary that charged admission, albeit for nonprofit purposes. Exotic responded to Baskin's social media efforts by setting up his own TV studio and YouTube channel at the G.W. Zoo, hosting a nightly talk show that increasingly focused on vitriolic attacks against Big Cat Rescue and Baskin personally. He covertly visited Big Cat Rescue in September 2010 and chartered a helicopter to survey the property. He obtained a copy of Baskin's diary stolen from her computer by a former employee and posted excerpts online. Baskin's second husband, Don Lewis, disappeared in 1997 and was declared legally dead in 2002. Evidence of foul play is lacking and Baskin was never named as a suspect; however, Lewis's daughter asserts that Baskin killed Lewis and fed his body to her tigers, and Exotic used his YouTube show to loudly promote this story and other conspiracy theories relating to Lewis's disappearance, offering a $10,000 reward for information leading to Baskin's arrest. In 2011, Exotic copied the Big Cat Rescue name and various identifying aspects of the sanctuary's branding in his marketing, rebranding his traveling show as "Big Cat Rescue Entertainment" with a Florida phone number. Baskin claims that she was quickly inundated with emails and phone calls from distraught supporters who assumed that she was operating the traveling show. Baskin sued Exotic for trademark infringement and was eventually awarded a $1 million settlement from him although she was unable to collect most of it. Two years later, Exotic filed for bankruptcy. In 2015, Exotic's mother Shirley was sued by Big Cat Rescue over assets that belonged to Exotic or the G.W. Zoo being transferred into and out of her name. Steve Irwin Memorial and TV studio fire On March 26, 2015, a fire broke out at the G.W. Zoo, destroying the Steve Irwin Memorial and Exotic's TV studio, where he shot his YouTube videos and stored footage for a planned reality series. All but one of Michael Jackson's alligators were killed. The blaze was thought to have been started by an arsonist, possibly a vindictive employee, but no one was ever arrested. Exotic blamed animal rights activists for the incident, while Tiger King speculated that the perpetrator may have been Exotic himself or Rick Kirkham, the reality TV producer who worked with him. Kirkham asserts that Exotic and zoo employees sought to destroy incriminating footage he had stored in the TV studio. Kirkham says that Exotic killed some of his own tigers, and that he had video of Exotic killing animals, but it was lost in the fire. During an interview, Kirkham remarked, "There was footage in there of Exotic actually killing animals for fun. In the course of my year, he walked up to a tiger he didn't like and just shot it in the head." Feuds with his family and former employees With the exception of his brother Garold, Exotic did not have a good relationship with his family; in particular his estranged brother Yarri has been very critical of him, believing that he manipulated the Schreibvogel family to take the money from Garold's death for himself. Exotic's niece Chealsi Putman, who worked at the GW Zoo periodically from 1999 to 2017, also criticized him. In April 2021, Putman was interviewed by Louis Theroux for Shooting Joe Exotic, where she claimed that the tigers Exotic shot were not sick. Several of Exotic's former employees at the GW Zoo have called out his actions in interviews after the release of Tiger King. He has most frequently been criticised by Rick Kirkham, who claimed that things were "a hell of a lot worse" than what's depicted in Tiger King; "[Watching Tiger King], you kinda had a little bit of a heart for the guy, but you really didn't realize or get to see how evil he really could be, not only to animals, but to people." In the Tiger King aftershow, Kirkham stated that Exotic was terrified of lions and tigers, and remarked "It's idotic to think how Exotic's become famous as the Tiger King when he's so terrified of big cats." Arrest and imprisonment On September 7, 2018, 81 days after Exotic had left the zoo, he went to a local hospital in Gulf Breeze, Florida, to apply for a third job. He was arrested and taken to the courthouse for an arraignment, where he was accused of attempting to hire two hitmen to kill Baskin as a result of an investigation by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, and the U.S. Marshals Service. Exotic arrived in court for the first day of his trial in March 2019, accused of attempted murder for hire and of violating federal regulations that protected exotic animals. A federal jury found him guilty on two counts of hiring someone to murder Baskin in Florida, eight counts of violating the Lacey Act by falsifying wildlife records, and nine counts of violating the Endangered Species Act by killing five tigers and for selling tigers across state lines. He was sentenced to 22 years in prison on January 22, 2020, and was incarcerated at Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth (FMC Fort Worth). In March 2020, Exotic filed a lawsuit against those he blamed for his arrest and conviction, including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the lead prosecutor, a federal agent, and former business partner Jeff Lowe; he sought $94 million; he dropped the lawsuit five months later. In April 2020, Exotic was a topic of conversation during a White House COVID-19 press conference. A few days later, Donald Trump Jr. joked of the prospect of Exotic getting a pardon. In May 2020, a private investigator, attorneys representing Exotic, and a group of volunteers calling themselves "Team Tiger" delivered a 257-page document to the U.S. Department of Justice disputing elements of his conviction and requesting a pardon from President Donald Trump. The following month, Trump described Exotic and his supporters as "strange" but did not say whether he would consider pardoning him. On January 19, 2021, the day before the inauguration of Joe Biden, Team Tiger chartered a limousine in Fort Worth to prepare for Exotic's anticipated last-minute pardon and release. However, he ultimately was not pardoned and remained incarcerated at FMC Fort Worth. It was reported in March 2021 that Exotic intended to seek a pardon from Joe Biden. Later that month, Exotic hired John Michael Phillips and Amy Hanna as his attorneys. They planned to file a motion for a new trial within a few months. In July 2021, a three-judge panel for the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Exotic should serve a shorter sentence, saying the convictions for hiring two men to kill Baskin should have been treated as one by the trial courts. While incarcerated, Exotic wrote his autobiography, Tiger King: The Official Tell-All Memoir, which was released on November 9, 2021. In prison, Exotic has been allowed to use a computer for 30 minutes at a time, so he worked on his book every day. After the success of the first season of Tiger King, Exotic began to receive a large amount of fan mail. Cardi B attempted to start a GoFundMe to help get Exotic out of prison. Exotic also inspired several Internet memes, most of which were based on his quotes in Tiger King. He also inspired the ongoing "Free Joe Exotic" campaign, started by fans who believed he was wrongly convicted. On March 31, 2020, Donald Trump Jr. posted two Exotic memes to Instagram, the first featuring a face merge of his father and Exotic, and the second featuring Joe Biden's head photoshopped over an image of Exotic with a tiger. Exotic was transferred from FMC Fort Worth to Federal Medical Center, Butner in North Carolina in 2021. Personal life Exotic is an ordained minister in the state of Oklahoma and is able to officiate marriages. He obtained his ministry license from the Universal Life Church. Relationships Exotic is gay and has referred to numerous partners as his husbands despite them not being legally married. His first known male partner was Brian Rhyne, who died of complications from HIV in 2001. The following year, he started a relationship with J.C. Hartpence, an event manager who aided him with his travelling animal show. In mid-2003, John Finlay was hired as an employee of the G.W. Zoo and within a month had begun a relationship with Exotic. By this point, the relationship between Exotic and Hartpence had deteriorated owing to drug and alcohol addiction. It finally ended after Exotic threatened to kill Hartpence and feed his remains to the zoo's largest tiger; Hartpence later woke Exotic up by putting a gun to his head, an action that led to Hartpence's arrest by the local authorities. Hartpence was later convicted of child molestation and first-degree murder. Travis Maldonado arrived at the zoo in December 2013 and, like Finlay, rapidly began a relationship with Exotic. Exotic, Maldonado, and Finlay were unofficially married to each other less than a month later in a three-partner wedding ceremony. Exotic and Finlay eventually fell out, and following an incident in the zoo's car park Finlay was arrested and charged with assault and battery. In 2015, Exotic legally wed Maldonado and his legal name became Joseph Maldonado. However, neither Finlay nor Travis Maldonado identified as homosexual and both had affairs with women: Finlay impregnated the zoo's receptionist (which was one of the reasons leading to his departure), and Travis Maldonado was regularly having sex with multiple women on the zoo grounds. On October 6, 2017, Travis Maldonado fatally shot himself at the zoo in front of Joshua Dial, who was Exotic's campaign manager at the time. In his memory, Exotic set up a charity called the Travis Maldonado Foundation, which claimed it would provide "no-cost resources for those struggling with meth addiction and gun-safety education." At Travis' memorial service at the G.W. Zoo, Exotic stated that God put him on Earth to make him smile and stated his balls "were like golden nuggets." Exotic married Dillon Passage on December 11 of the same year; one of the witnesses was Travis Maldonado's mother. Upon his marriage to Passage, Exotic's legal surname became Maldonado-Passage. During their relationship, Exotic prevented Passage from making friends at the G.W. Zoo, and also prevented him from spending time with his mother and cousin. In March 2021, Exotic and Passage's relationship experienced a strain after Passage did not answer one of Exotic's calls, with many people suspecting they had broken up. On Friday, March 26, Passage revealed on Instagram that he and Exotic are seeking a divorce, but on good terms and that he'll continue to have Exotic in his life. The day after Passage announced that he and Exotic were divorcing, Passage announced in July 2021 that he is now in a relationship with a man closer to his age named John. Exotic initially wished the couple well, but stated that he would have liked to have been told by Passage himself rather than TMZ. He later referred to Passage as "a dumbass", and blocked him on Instagram and Twitter following Passage releasing a video exposing Exotic's abusive and controlling behaviour during their relationship, where he stated he felt like "another animal in a cage." Also in July 2021, Exotic announced a contest called "The Bachelor King," where men over 18 years of age can fill out an application online to possibly be the next husband in Exotic's life. Health problems After wrecking his police cruiser in 1985, Exotic claims that he was confined to a hospital for over a month, and then spent several years in rehabilitation. He also stated to have had four heart attacks during his career as a zookeeper. In April 2020, there were multiple cases of COVID-19 at Exotic's prison. For safety precautions, Exotic was moved from Grady County Jail in Oklahoma to Federal Medical Center and began a 14-day quarantine. Tiger King fans speculated that Exotic had COVID-19, but Dillon Passage confirmed to fans that he did not. In January 2021, he was reportedly suffering from an unverified medical condition. In March 2021, it was reported that he was suffering from a blood-immune disorder and was being denied treatment. On May 14, 2021, it was reported that Exotic had been diagnosed with prostate cancer, and approved testing to verify what stage it is in. In August 2021, he said that his prostate cancer might have spread to his pelvis. In November, he said that he had an aggressive form of cancer, and has since been moved to Federal Medical Center, Butner in North Carolina for treatment. Filmography Television Discography Albums I Saw a Tiger (2014) Star Struck (2015) References External links Joe vs Carole – Podcast history of Joe Exotic on Wondery 1963 births Living people 20th-century American people 21st-century LGBT people 21st-century American singers 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American criminals 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American politicians People from Pilot Point, Texas People from Wynnewood, Oklahoma People from Fort Worth, Texas American media personalities American businesspeople American police officers American magicians American YouTubers Oklahoma Independents American male criminals Animal breeders Activists from Oklahoma Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Candidates in the 2018 United States elections Gay entertainers Gay politicians LGBT writers from the United States LGBT media personalities LGBT people from Kansas LGBT people from Oklahoma Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Professional wrestling announcers Zoo owners Writers from Oklahoma Criminals from Oklahoma Internet memes introduced in 2020 YouTube channels launched in 2012 American people convicted of attempted murder American people convicted of cruelty to animals Animal cruelty incidents Tiger King

62920277

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20Acevedo

Art Acevedo

Hubert Arturo Acevedo (born July 31, 1964) is an American police officer who has served as the chief of police of the Houston Police Department, Austin Police Department, and Miami Police Department. Before becoming a police chief, he was a member of the California Highway Patrol. Background and education Acevedo was born in Havana, Cuba, in 1964, immigrating to the United States at age four with his family in 1968. His father was a police officer in Havana. Acevedo grew up in El Monte, California, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1985. He attended Rio Hondo College, graduating in 1986 with an associate degree in communications. In 2005, Acevedo graduated from University of La Verne with a bachelor's degree in public administration. Career California Highway Patrol Acevedo began his career as a field patrol officer in East Los Angeles with the California Highway Patrol (CHP) in 1986 after graduation from their training academy. He rose to the rank of chief with CHP in 2005. In 2008, Acevedo received a settlement of almost $1 million from CHP in connection to a harassment lawsuit. The suit alleged that he was retaliated against by CHP commissioner Dwight "Spike" Helmick after applying for the position of CHP chief. According to Acevedo's attorney, Helmick improperly shared information from a confidential investigation into sexual harassment claims against Acevedo. During the 2004 sexual harassment investigation, multiple officers stated that Acevedo, while on duty, showed them nude photographs of a fellow officer with whom he allegedly had an affair. Acevedo denied showing the pictures. Austin Police Department Acevedo was hired as chief of the Austin Police Department in 2007. Following the February 8, 2016, shooting death of unarmed 17-year-old David Joseph, Acevedo fired officer Geoffrey Freeman, citing failure to stick to policy. Freeman appealed the firing, reaching a settlement in December 2016 that awarded him $35,000 and allowed him to work for other police departments. In April 2016, Acevedo was officially reprimanded and punished by the Austin City Manager for his misconduct following the shooting, with the potential to lose his job. Older "operation and judgment concerns" from August 2011 were mentioned as well. During his time in Austin, Acevedo appeared on The Alex Jones Show to discuss policing on multiple occasions. Houston Police Department In November 2016, Acevedo was hired as police chief for the Houston Police Department (HPD), filling a vacancy created by the retirement of Charles McClelland. Acevedo is the first person of Hispanic descent to lead the department. Shortly after the indictment of Michael Bennett for shoving a security guard at Super Bowl LI, Acevedo gave a press conference where he called Bennett "morally corrupt." Charges against Bennett were dropped in 2019. In January 2019, HPD officers conducted the Pecan Park raid, a no-knock raid that resulted in the deaths of two homeowners (Regina Nicholas and Dennis Tuttle) and injury of five officers. The basis for the raid, that the couple were heroin dealers, later turned out to be false. Acevedo initially refused to release an audit of the Narcotics Division, which revealed widespread problems in the division. The scandal was described by Houston Chronicle reporters as "one of the worst to hit HPD in years." The veteran HPD officer, Gerald Goines, who led the raid based on false information, was initially praised by Acevedo for his courage despite a decades-long history of allegations of misconduct. In June 2020, Nicholas’ brother, John, penned a Houston Chronicle editorial titled, “What about Harding Street raid? Acevedo, Turner give soundbites on police brutality but stay silent about my sister’s death.” Acevedo received national attention for his public statements in support of meaningful reform in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, paired with significant criticisms for a lack of action locally to reduce police violence and increase transparency. In the six weeks leading up to George Floyd's murder, HPD officers shot and killed six people. Despite widespread calls from citizens and local politicians to release body-worn camera footage, Acevedo refused, prompting calls for stronger police oversight in Houston. During the COVID-19 pandemic, murders rose significantly in Houston, as in many other cities. A Houston Chronicle investigation and internal audit found that by 2019, HPD's rate of solving homicides lagged far behind those of many other major cities as well as the department's own clearance rates before Acevedo's tenure. Acevedo was a vocal critic of local bail reform efforts, claiming that misdemeanor bail reform was a factor in rising violent crime, a claim that was contested by local politicians and criminal justice experts. Miami Police Department In March 2021, Acevedo announced that he would leave the HPD to become chief of police of the Miami Police Department. Francis X. Suarez, the mayor of Miami, compared the hiring to "getting the Tom Brady or the Michael Jordan of police chiefs." Acevedo was sworn into the position in Miami on April 5, 2021. Acevedo said that he went to reform policing in Miami, and referred to a "Cuban mafia" that controlled the city, which ignited a feud with the Miami City Commission. On October 12, 2021, Acevedo was suspended by City Manager Art Noriega. "Relationships between employers and employees come down to fit and leadership style and unfortunately, Chief Acevedo is not the right fit for this organization," Noriega elaborated. He was fired on October 14, 2021. Political views In January 2020, Acevedo described himself as a registered Republican during his time in California, but a "lifelong RINO," or "Republican In Name Only," usually a pejorative reference to iconoclastic or otherwise non-conservative views. In the same interview, he addressed his outspokenness on gun violence and reiterated his support for the Violence Against Women Act and openness to decriminalization of some drugs. During the wake of the murder of George Floyd, Acevedo acknowledged that policing in the United States has had a "disparate treatment and impact on disenfranchised communities — especially communities of color and poor communities," but resisted calls to defund the police. During the subsequent protests in Houston, Acevedo was seen in a video telling protesters "pay close attention because these little white guys with their skateboards are the ones who are starting all the shit." He later doubled down on those comments during a news conference, saying, "We’re seeing that there are people, who are not people of color, who are coming into this city and other cities to actually start agitating and actually engaging in violence." The President of the Houston Fraternal Order of Police criticized the remark, and local news outlet KPRC claimed to fail to substantiate Acevedo's claims noting that the group of arrested people was racially diverse and from the Houston area. Acevedo appeared in a video shown on the opening night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, which also featured Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden, activist Jamira Burley, activist Gwen Carr, NAACP President Derrick Johnson, and Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot. See also Cuban migration to Miami Hispanics and Latinos in Houston References Houston Police Department chiefs American municipal police chiefs Living people People from El Monte, California University of La Verne alumni 1964 births Naturalized citizens of the United States Cuban emigrants to the United States Hispanic and Latino American people

63121923

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Webb

Archibald Webb

John Archibald Webb (1866–1947) was a British painter and illustrator who illustrated over 150 books. Three artists called Archibald Webb There were three artists named Archibald Webb, which sometimes creates confusion: Archibald Webb (1792–1883), a painter, largely of maritime scenes, with two works in national collections in the UK and father to painter James Webb (1825–1895). John Archibald Webb (1866–1947), about whom this article is about. He was the grandson of Archibald Webb (1792–1883) and the nephew of James Webb (1835–1895). He signed his work , or enclosed by a rectangular border in small drawings surrounded by with text. Some of his paintings (landscapes mainly) are signed . Archibald Bertram Webb (1887–1944), a wood engraver, poster and landscape painter who emigrated to Australia in 1915, but briefly returned to the UK in 1934. He signed his work A. B. Webb, and can be seen in his famous poster advertising Wales for the Great Western Railway. A.B. Webb was known for his pictures of the Australian landscape and his use of woodcuts. Unfortunately, John Archibald Webb and Archibald Bertram Webb are sometimes confused and the former's work is often attributed to the latter, even in reference books on illustrators, even though illustrations by were published in 1895, when A. B. Webb as only 8. Unfortunately the confusion even extends to such sources as Peppin and Micklethwait who not only ascribed Webb's book illustrations to W. B. Webb, but also illustrate the section with a drawing by Webb (clearly signed ). Early life Webb was born in Kensington on 19 February 1866 in Kensington, to John Warburton Webb (1792–1869) and Eliza née Mitchell who had married less than a year earlier on 20 May 1865. Webb's grandfather, Archibald Webb (1792–1883), was an artist who specialised in marine scenes, his uncles Byron and James were also artists. His father died when Webb was three and his uncle James Webb adopted him, as shown in the 1871 Census. His grandfather also lives with James. It is not clear what training Webb had, but as both his uncle and grandfather were distinguished artists Kirkpatrick says that it was highly likely that they taught him. He may gave spent some time in Holland given that so many of his earliest paintings had Dutch themes including: Evening in Dordrecht, Holland; Dutch Coasters; and Dordrecht. Marriage and family He married Florence Charlotte Daniels, born on 11 February 1866, at Holy Trinity Church in South Hampstead, London on 21 February 1889. Both bride and groom were 23 years of age. The wedding announcement named him as Arch Webb and said that he was James Webb's adopted son. The 1891 census found the new couple living with the bride's parents. They had five children, one girl, Florence Mary Ellen (1891), and three boys: Henry James Frederick (1894); Robert John (1900); and Archibald David (1905). All of the children survived their parents. Work Webb was exhibiting in London in at age 18 in 1884. He was sometimes distinguished from his grandfather (who only died in 1883 at 91 years) with the suffix Junior He was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Artists in 1890, entitling him to use RBA after his name. He signed some of his paintings Arch Webb RBA. Webb seems to have stopped exhibiting in the mid 1890s. Kirkpatrick states his first book illustration for The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by Defoe. This reissue of the work was from publisher Ernest Nister of London. Webb, together with J Finnemore, and D. Thompson illustrated this very beautifully printed and in every way luxurious edition – Bristol Mercury. While Kirkpatrick give 1896 as the year of publication, it was already on the desk of the Bristol Mercury in 1895. Nister also brought out My Robinson Crusoe Story Book: retold for the little ones by L. L. Weedon with colour plates by an unidentified artist, and black and white drawings by Webb. This book is in the digital archive of the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature in the University of Florida, here it has been dated as c. 1890. The book was reissued several times. Kirkpatrick lists the 1910 reissue, and The English Catalogue of Books for 1912 lists another reissue in September 1912. Sample illustrations by Webb The following illustrations were prepared by Webb for the 1910 New Edition of Roger Willoughby: a Story of the Times of Benbow by William Henry Giles Kingston, published by Henry Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton. Authors illustrated by Webb Webb was popular as an illustrator for boys' adventure stories Webb illustrated around 150 books for a range of authors, either in first editions or reissues, including: Harold Avery (18671943), who wrote school stories for both boys and girls. R. M. Ballantyne (18251894), a prolific Scottish author of juvenile fiction and an accomplished water-colourist. M. C. Barnard (18851968), an English schoolteacher who wrote girls' school stories and published about ten of them in the 1920s. Reginald Berkeley (18901935), a British Army officer, awarded a Military Cross in the First World War, served as Liberal Party MP, who wrote mostly dramas and screenplays. Walter Besant (18361901), an English novelist and historian, most famous for his series on the history of London, usually wrote novels together with James Rice. Tom Bevan (18681938), a British author of boys' adventure fiction. Joseph Bowes (18521928), an Australian Methodist cleric who wrote juvenile fiction, mostly with Australian themes. F. S. Brereton (18721957), who wrote tales of Imperial heroism for children. T. C. Bridges (18681944), Thomas Charles Bridges, was born in France, educated at Marlborough College, spent the first eight years of his adult life in Florida before returning penniless to England. He looked to his pen to make his living, and having his first boy's story well received he became a prolific contribut to boys' papers, and published at least thirty books of adventure fiction. E. L. Bryson, who wrote non-fiction books for children for the McDougall's Educational Co., starting in the 1920s. Harry Collingwood (18431922), a writer of boys' adventure fiction, usually in a nautical setting. James Fenimore Cooper (17891851), who created a unique form of American literature with his historical fiction with frontier and Native American themes. E. E. Cowper (18591933), Edith Eliza Cowper, a prolific English author of juvenile fiction, much of which was published by the SPCK, who had eight children by Frank Cowper, yachtsman and author, from whom she separated shortly after the last of her children was born. Ridgwell Cullum (18671943), a pseudonym for Sidney Groves Burghard, a British writer of adventure fiction usually set in the wilds of the United States and Canada, unlike many other writers of cowboy stories he actually had been one. H. B. Davidson (18981998), Helene Beatrice Davidson, who wrote over two dozen books in the 1920s and 1930s, mostly about Girl Guides and Brownies, with a few featuring Boy Scouts. Daniel Defoe (c. 16591731), who wrote Robinson Crusoe and A Journal of the Plague Year among other works. Charles Deslys (18211885), a French writer who wrote historical fiction, some of which was translated into English. James Dixon (18821981), one of many pseudonyms used by Cecil Henry Bullivant, a UK editor, including of some British boys' magazines, author, and scriptwriter. George Manville Fenn (18311909), a prolific author of fiction for young adults. John Finbarr, who wrote adventure fiction for boys. F. B. Forester (18641946), real name Sarah Baird (Sally) Bennie, who wrote cowboy and other juvenile fiction much of if for the SPCK, and emigrated to New Zealand c. 1912, where she continued writing. Henry Frowde (18411927), publisher to University of Oxford who introduced juvenile literature and edited some books aimed at juveniles. Richard Le Gallienne (18661947), an English poet and author who write at least one work of juvenile fiction Charles Gilson (18781943), who wrote science fiction and historical fiction for children. Edward P. Gough (18771945), an Anglican cleric who published one book with the SPCK in 1923, and vicar of Tewkesbury Abbey in 1930. John Percy Groves (18501916), a soldier who wrote stirring stories for boys. Capt. J. E. Gurdon (18981973), a decorated World War I flying ace who wrote juvenile fiction in an effort to discharge his 1925 bankruptcy. Gunby Hadath (18801954), a school master and songwriter, and a prolific author of boys' school stories, and also of girl's school stories. Robert Harding (18971978), an English editor and prolific author of juvenile fiction who served in both World Wars and was an expert on military and police matters. J. C. Hardwick (18851953), John Charlton Hardwick, who wrote mainly on religious and historical topics. Herbert Hayens (18611944), who wrote juvenile fiction and school-books G. A. Henty (18321902), a prolific writer of boy's adventure fiction, often set in a historical context, who had himself served in the military and been a war correspondent. William Holt-White (18781937), an English novelist and biographer, who wrote at least seven Science fiction stories. Sydney Horler (18881954), who wrote thrillers which exhibited his many prejudices. John C. Hutcheson (18401897), a British writer about life at sea. Alfred Judd (18821932), Alfred John Judd was an English bookseller, who, having won a writing competition in Chums exchanged selling books for writing them, producing more that 30 works of juvenile fiction in the last twenty years of his life, mainly school stories, which were usually published first as serials. E. C. Kenyon (18541925), Edith Caroline Kenton, published more than 50 novels, mainly juvenile fiction, and mostly with the Religious Tract Society as well as translations, biographies, and tracts. W. H. G. Kingston (18141880), who wrote boy's adventure fiction. Charles and Mary Lamb (17751834), who wrote Tales From Shakespeare for children. Dr. Macaulay (18171902), James Macaulay, a Scottish doctor, journalist, and author, who edited a number of weekly periodicals wit0h moral and religious aims. Robert Maclauchlan Macdonald (18741942), a Scottish traveller, prospector, and a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society who wrote juvenile fiction. Elizabeth Marc, who wrote adventure fiction set in remote places, typically the Arctic. John Strong Margerison (18871925), one of the pseudonyms of Joseph Margerison, an English writer who ran away to join the Royal Navy age fourteen, and became a prolific writer on nautical topics in both books and British boys' magazines when he was invalided out of the service in 1916. Frederick Marryat (17921848), a Royal Navy officer who wrote adventure books for children. William James Marx, who wrote juvenile fiction both as novels and as serial stories. B. W. Matz (18651925), Bertram Waldrom Matz, a Dickens scholar and the first editor of the Dickensian. W. H. McHaffie, a teacher who wrote about history. G. B. McKean (18881926), Captain George Burdon McKean, a Canadian soldier who won the Victoria Cross in World War I who wrote about his experience in the war. Dorothea Moore (18811993), an English actress, wartime nurse's aide, and the author of more than sixty works of juvenile fiction including both historical fiction and school stories. F. O. H. Nash (18871953), Frances Olivia Hartopp Nash who wrote girl's juvenile fiction, mostly guiding and school stories. E. Nesbit (18581924), an English poet and novelist who wrote The Railway Children among other works. Frederick Niven (18781944), a Canadian novelist of Scottish origin, he wrote over 30 novels, usually set in Scotland or Canada. D. H. Parry (18681950), David Harold Parry, who also wrote as Morton Pike and Captain Eilton Blacke, a prolific English writer of serial stories and other juvenile fiction, wrote for Chums from 1892 to 1935, from a family of painters and a painter himself, was an expert on the Napoleonic Wars. E. J. Rath (18851922), whose real name was Edith Rathbone Jacobs Brainerd, and was sometimes assisted by her husband Chauncey Corey Brainerd (18741922), an American who wrote serial stories, adventure novels and science fiction, had ten films based on her work. James Rice (18431882), an English historian of racing and a magazine editor, who wore a number of successful novels together with Walter Besant. Arthur T. Rich (18951967), Arthur Thomas Rich, an English Wesleyan Church minister who wrote several novels while assigned to Burntisland, Scotland. William Clark Russell (18441911), an English writer, best known for his novels in nautical settings. Godfrey Sellick, who wrote juvenile fiction for The Boy's Own Paper. Anna Sewell (18201878), an English novelist now best remembered for Black Beauty. Frank Hubert Shaw (18781960), a Royal Navy officer who saw service in World War One and a prolific author who wrote some seventy books and estimated 7,000 boys' magazine stories writing as , Frank Cleveland, Archibald Guthrie, Grenville Hammerton, Frank Hubert, and Ernest Winchfield. W. P. Shervill (18771975), a British Post Official who wrote juvenile fiction. Lewis Spence (18741955), a Scottish editor, journalist, poet, author, folklorist, and student of the occult. Gordon Stables (18401910), a Scottish medical doctor in the Royal Navy who wrote boys' adventure fiction. R. L. Stevenson (18501894), the Scottish poet and novelist who wrote Treasure Island and other adventure fiction. Herbert Strang (18661958), a pair of writers producing adventure fiction for boys, both historical and modern-day. Samuel Walkey (18711953), a Cornish senior bank official who turned to writing boys stories to occupy him while travelling for work. Lucy L. Weedon (18621939), a prolific author of stories for small children and simplified accounts of stories from Dickens, the Bible etc. H. G. Wells (18661946), a prolific English writer, now best remembered for his science fiction. Eric Wood (18551940), F. Knowles Campling, an English editor of juvenile magazines, including Chums (19151918), and wrote both juvenile fiction and non-fiction. May Wynne (18751949), a prolific author of formulaic juvenile fiction, mostly animal and school stories who also wrote some adult historical fiction, with nearly 200 books in total. Charlotte Mary Yonge (18231901), who became a Sunday School teacher aged seven and remained one for the next seventy one years, she wrote to promote her religious views. Webb also illustrated annuals, part books, and serials including for Chums, the Boy's Own Paper, Young England, and The Strand Magazine. Death On 29 September 1939, when the 1939 register was taken, Webb was at home in Hackney without his wife. She was registered in Brookwood Hospital at Woking in Surrey. This must have been recent as she was still on the Register of Electors for 1939. Brookwood was a mental hospital, although part of the hospital was turned into a war hospital during the Second World War. Webb died at home of a heart attack on 23 January 1947, at 80 years of age. It is not clear when his wife died. Notes References External links My Robinson Crusoe story book: retold for the little ones, by L. L. Weedon at the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature at the University of Florida. 1866 births 1947 deaths British illustrators British male artists British children's book illustrators Members of the Royal Society of British Artists

63266634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Morris%20%28actor%29

Adrian Morris (actor)

Adrian Michael Morris (January 12, 1907 – November 30, 1941) was an American actor of stage and film, and a younger brother of Chester Morris. As a child, Morris performed with his family in a vaudeville act. In his short career as a Hollywood character actor, he appeared in over 70 films, including Dirigible (1931), Me and My Gal (1932), Bureau of Missing Persons (1933), The Big Shakedown (1934), The Fighting Marines (1935), The Petrified Forest (1936), There Goes the Groom (1937), Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Gone With the Wind (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), and Blood and Sand (1941). Early life and family Adrian Morris was born in Mount Vernon, New York, one of four surviving children of Broadway stage actor William Morris and stage comedic actress Etta Hawkins. His siblings were screenwriter-actor Gordon Morris (1898–1940), actor Chester Morris (1901–1970), and actress Wilhelmina Morris (1902–1971). Another brother, Lloyd Morris (1892–1902), had died young. As a six-year-old, Morris served as assistant to Chester who, by the time he was twelve, had developed an interest in performing magic tricks which often went wrong, to everyone's amusement. Both brothers also attended the same dancing school. In 1923, the whole Morris family teamed up to perform William Morris' original sketch called All the Horrors of Home, which premiered at the Palace Theatre, New York, then on the Keith-Orpheum vaudeville circuit for two years, including Proctor's Theatre, Mount Vernon, New York, and culminating in Los Angeles in 1925. In 1929, Morris wrote—under the pseudonym of "Adrian O'Hara"—a column in the December copy of Talking Picture Magazine entitled "I Know Chester Morris", in which he praised his elder brother as a talented man excelling in music, painting and acting. Their brotherly friendship lasted for their entire lives. Career Adrian Morris moved to Hollywood in 1929. In 1931, he made his first, uncredited appearance in Frank Capra's aviation epic Dirigible by Columbia, and had a supporting role in Howard Hughes' The Age for Love, directed by Frank Lloyd. Two more uncredited roles at Columbia followed the same year: the Officer in Arizona starring John Wayne, and Snooper the Henchman in The Pagan Lady starring Evelyn Brent, before other companies began to award him more visible parts with screen billing. After The Age for Love (1931), released by United Artists, he was cast as Allen by Raoul Walsh for Fox's romantic comedy-drama Me and My Gal (1932), with Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett. On February 26, 1932, Morris married stage actress Eva Virginia Shipley in Berverly Hills, and continued working regularly, playing uncredited or supporting parts in major films released in 1933, such as Warner Bros.' The Little Giant, with Edward G. Robinson; The Mayor of Hell with James Cagney; Bureau of Missing Persons, with Bette Davis, Pat O'Brien and Glenda Farrell; and the powerful Depression drama Wild Boys of the Road, with Frankie Darro. The same year, he also played the uncredited role of a crap shooter in Universal's King for a Night, directed by Kurt Neumann, and starring his brother Chester in the lead role. From 1934 until the end of 1939, Morris appeared in a total of 45 major studio features, many of them top commercial and artistic successes made by the industry's greatest directors. At Warner Bros., he supported James Cagney and Ann Dvorak in G Men (1935); Paul Muni and Ann Dvorak again in Dr. Socrates (1935); Bette Davis, Leslie Howard, and Humphrey Bogart in The Petrified Forest (1936); and James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938). Morris was also a sidekick for Grant Withers in two serials: The Fighting Marines (1935) for Mascot Pictures and Radio Patrol (1937) for Universal Pictures. Paramount Pictures cast him with W. C. Fields and Rochelle Hudson in Poppy (1936); Mae West, Edmund Lowe and Louis Armstrong in Every Day's a Holiday (1937); Sylvia Sidney and George Raft in You and Me (1938); Ronald Colman and Basil Rathbone in If I Were King (1938); and Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea in Union Pacific (1939). At MGM, he appeared as support to Wallace Beery and Robert Young in West Point of the Air (1935); Paul Lukas and Madge Evans in Age of Indiscretion (1935); Robert Young and Madge Evans in Calm Yourself (1935); and Walter Pidgeon and Rita Johnson in 6,000 Enemies (1939). RKO Radio cast him with Harry Carey and Hoot Gibson in Powdersmoke Range (1935), Paul Muni and Miriam Hopkins in The Woman I Love, and Ann Sothern and Burgess Meredith in There Goes the Groom (1937). At 20th Century Fox, he played a policeman in Mr. Moto's Gamble (1938), an entry in the Japanese detective series with a cast including Peter Lorre, Keye Luke and Lynn Bari. In 1939, he also appeared with Warner Baxter and Lynn Bari in The Return of the Cisco Kid; with Tyrone Power, Alice Faye and Al Jolson in Rose of Washington Square; and with Cesar Romero and Marjorie Weaver in The Cisco Kid and the Lady, all for 20th Century Fox. In many of these films, he performed as a character actor, often uncredited or, later in his career, as "Michael Morris". His roles were usually of small-time hoodlum or rough-neck types, cowboys, policemen, and many other characters, such as the carpetbagger in Gone With the Wind (1939) and the hiring agent in The Grapes of Wrath (1940). For Nat Levine's Mascot Pictures, Morris played more prominent roles: Deputy Abner in the comic mystery One Frightened Night, and Sergeant Mack McGowan in the serial The Fighting Marines, both in 1935. In Wall Street Cowboy for Republic Pictures (1939), he appeared as Big Joe Gillespie opposite B-Western favorites Roy Rogers, George 'Gabby' Hayes and Raymond Hatton. Death He was scheduled to begin playing in Chester's film I'll Be Back in a Flash—released as I Live on Danger (1942)—when he died suddenly of a brain hemorrhage on November 30, 1941, in Los Angeles. His final film, Fly-by-Night, was released posthumously on January 19, 1942. Complete filmography References External links Adrian Morris at Rotten Tomatoes Adrian Morris at Classic Movie Hub 1907 births 1941 deaths American male film actors American male stage actors 20th-century American male actors Male actors from New York City Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage

63350180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20heads%20of%20the%20Chicago%20Police%20Department

List of heads of the Chicago Police Department

The following is a list of heads of the Chicago Police Department. Currently the executive of the Chicago Police Department is referred to as a "Superintendent of Police". Preceding titles included High Constable, City Marshall, General Superintendent of Police, and Commissioner of Police. The current head, holding the position of "Superintendent of Police", is David Brown, appointed by mayor Lori Lightfoot. History The original head of police position, existent from 1835 through 1842, was referred to as "High Constable". The position was an elected one. The second title used for the head of police was "City Marshall", which was used from 1842 through 1861. The position was an elected one. For a single year during (1855-56) this time, Chicago briefly had an appointed Chief of Police position that co-headed the department alongside the City Marshall. The title used for the head of police from 1861 to 1927 was "General Superintendent of Police". The position was an appointed one. After the Board of Police Commissioners was legislated out of existence in 1875, the office of City Marshall was brought back to jointly serve as the head of the Chicago Police Department alongside the General Superintendent of Police. This time, the office was an appointed one. By vote of the City Council on May 31, 1876 the office of City Marshall was to be abolished. The office was consequentially eliminated June 5, 1876, with the position of General Superintendent of Police reinstated as the sole head of police. From this point on, the city has had only a singular head of police at a time. From 1927 through 1960, the head of police was titled the Commissioner of Police. In 1960, the head of police assumed its current title, Superintendent of Police. On November 8, 2019, Mayor Lori Lightfoot appointed retired Los Angeles police chief Charlie Beck as the city's interim superintendent. Mayor Rahm Emanuel had appointed former Bureau of Patrol Chief Eddie T. Johnson as Superintendent on March 28, 2016; on December 2, 2019, Mayor Lightfoot terminated Johnson's superintendent contract for cause. He was preceded by Garry F. McCarthy, former director of the Newark, New Jersey, Police Department, as superintendent; this was approved by the city council on June 8, 2011. McCarthy was the highest paid city employee with an annual salary of $260,004. McCarthy was fired by Mayor Rahm Emanuel on December 1, 2015, after refusing Emanuel's request that he resign over the city's high murder rate and his department's handling of the murder of Laquan McDonald. Prior to McCarthy's appointment, Jody P. Weis had served as superintendent of police since February 2008. At the time, Weis was the second Chicago police superintendent hired from outside of the city. He replaced Philip J. Cline, who officially retired on August 3, 2007. Weis' contract expired on March 1, 2011. Mayor Richard M. Daley appointed Cline's predecessor, Terry Hillard, on an interim basis. List of heads of the Chicago Police Department Notes Orsemus Morrison's tenure predates the incorporation of Chicago as a city. While no mayor was serving at the time he was High Constable, John H. Kinzie was Town President The position of "General Superintendent of Police" ceased to be the head of the Chicago Police Department prior to the end of O'Connor's tenure, which was December 29, 1964 See also List of heads of the Chicago Fire Department References

63449958

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20Portland%2C%20Oregon

COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon on February 28, 2020. Background The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of , more than cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 200 countries and territories, resulting in more than deaths. The pandemic was first confirmed to have spread to the United States in January 2020. Cases have been confirmed in all fifty U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa. , the U.S. had the most confirmed active cases in the world and ranks third in the number of total deaths from the virus. Timeline of cases Oregon's first presumptive case was announced in Portland on February 28, 2020. Governor Kate Brown spoke and the director of the Oregon Health Authority confirmed someone from Washington County who worked at Forest Hills Elementary School in Lake Oswego was being treated at Hillsboro's Kaiser Westside Medical Center. The Lake Oswego School District closed the school for cleaning. The first case in Multnomah County and fifteenth in Oregon was confirmed on March 10; the patient was treatment at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. An employee who worked at the Wells Fargo Center tested positive on March 14, prompting building tenant Davis Wright Tremaine to close offices in Portland. More than 30 people in the Portland metropolitan area tested positive by April 1. The Healthcare at Foster Creek nursing home in southeast Portland was Oregon's largest coronavirus death cluster, as of mid April, with 50 confirmed cases and 14 deaths. The Oregon Department of Human Services identified many safety violations. On April 30, eleven cases were confirmed among the transient population in the Portland area. In May, the family of a man who died at Healthcare at Foster Creek sued for $2.4 million. Researchers at OHSU have suggested Oregon's outbreak "had one of the most diverse origin stories known so far in the United States". Government response On March 13, the Portland Police Bureau announced a reduction of in-person responses to reduce virus transmission. Multnomah County Library closed all branch libraries and Portland Parks and Recreation (PPR) closed arts and community centers, sports facilities, and swimming pools, based on recommendations issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multnomah County Health Department, and the Oregon Health Authority. PPR canceled athletic programs and indoor activities at community centers, but did not close golf courses, natural areas, parks, playgrounds, or trails, or cancel outdoor events for less than 250 people. Portland Police have received 469 reports of social distancing violation between March 25, and April 14, yet have issued zero citations. The police reasoned that it would overburden the criminal justice system and compared the enforcement to enforcing every traffic violation being reported. In comparison, Manhattan Beach, California have issued 129 citations over a weekend in early April. Portland's Benson Bubblers were turned off from March 13 to April 17, based on the recommendations of the Multnomah County Health Department. On March 17, Multnomah County Chair Deborah Kafoury announced plans to add as many as 400 beds for county residents affected by the pandemic requiring shelter. 120 beds were made available at the PPR-owned Charles Jordan Community Center in north Portland on March 19. Metro's Oregon Convention Center, unable to host events since March 12, was converted into a temporary shelter with 130–140 beds. The Joint Office of Homeless Services, a collaboration between the City of Portland and Multnomah County, hoped to open additional beds for healthy individuals as overflow from existing shelters. Trucks normally used by Multnomah Country Library and for animal control were repurposed to assist with the convention center conversion. On March 22, Mayor Ted Wheeler said he was prepared to issue a stay-at-home order for Portland residents if Governor Brown would not issue a similar order for Oregon. The governor was also pressured by 25 Portland-area mayors, Metro's council, multiple county chairs, and other elected and health officials. She issued an executive order on March 23 requiring home isolation for Oregonians, with some exceptions, and to practice social distancing. Violators may be punished with 30 days in jail and fines as high as $1,250 as a class C misdemeanor. The Portland Police Bureau confirmed criminal citations were a "last resort measure". The police have issued a statement to the public to not call 911 to report violations of stay-at-home order, but to call the non-emergency line. In March, city official extended the Portland Arts Tax deadline from April 15 to July 15, 2020. In early April, city officials cut approximately 950 jobs because of a potential revenue loss of as much as $100 million. Most of the jobs were seasonal and part of the parks department, including art and fitness instructors as well as lifeguards. Portland officials also asked state authorities to forgive missed mortgage and rent payments. In late April, Chloe Eudaly and the Portland Bureau of Transportation announced plans to shut down 100 miles of streets to automobile traffic to encourage social distancing for bicyclists and pedestrians. The project is officially called the "Slow Streets|Safe Streets initiative". Additionally, the Oregon Driver and Motor Vehicle (DMV) Services confirmed plans to close most offices. Six field offices, including one in southeast Portland, continued to operate "by appointment only for limited commercial driver licensing services". In mid May, Portland Parks & Recreation confirmed all camps, public swimming pools, and recreation centers would remain closed through the summer. Clackamas County became the first of the three most populous counties in the Portland metropolitan area to reopen on May 23, 2020. Bars, gyms, restaurants, and other businesses could operate if specific safety criteria were met. Multnomah County's application to reopen on June 12 was rejected by Governor Brown on June 11. Economic impact Delta Air Lines reduced flights between Portland and Japan. United Airlines cut 4 of 20 flights from Portland as well as one from Eugene. Sun Country Airlines reduced flights between Portland and Honolulu, Las Vegas, and San Francisco. School closures and event cancellations prompted people to stock up on groceries. Long lines were seen at grocery stores and food pantries throughout the Portland metropolitan area. Local cannabis dispensaries saw an increased demand as customers stocked up in case stores were forced to close temporarily. The Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) permitted stores to operate via curbside pick-up and home delivery temporarily. OLCC suspended the enforcement of the Oregon Bottle Bill on March 15 so that grocers can focus on restocking, sanitation and social distancing management. Grocers may elect to not accept bottle returns during this period. The Oregon Beverage Recycling Cooperative (OBRC) which operates beverage container redemption centers throughout Oregon is keeping their centers open. The enforcement suspension remains in effect until two weeks after the county in which retailer is located enters phase 1 of reopening. The Oregonian reported on April 23 that the City of Portland has been operating a bottle return site at an "undisclosed site in North Portland" based at one of the city's clinic that provides drug addicts with services such as clean syringes and opioid overdose antidote. On March 28, Oregon temporarily lifted the prohibition on self-pump at gas stations to ensure fuel is available during staffing issues related to the pandemic. Stations are allowed to let customers pump their own gas through May 9. Business closures and event cancellations Adidas closed offices at Montgomery Park and Portland Village after two employees had close content with someone who tested positive. Powell's Books five stores closed, and laid off most staff members. Portland Incubator Experiment canceled PIE Demo Day; the March 19 event scheduled to be held at Revolution Hall was held online. On March 25, Daimler Trucks North America shut down a plant on Swan Island until April 6. Portland-based companies Puppet and Vacasa laid off employees. In April, Evraz announced plans to lay off 230 employees at a Portland steel plant, and Precision Castparts Corp. confirmed plans to close its main Portland site. Oaks Amusement Park and the Oaks Park Roller Skating Rink, the Oregon Historical Society, the Oregon Zoo, Portland Children's Museum, and Portland Japanese Garden closed as well. As of March 19, the Portland Art Museum and Oregon Museum of Science and Industry are closed through March 31 and mid April, respectively. The Crystal Ballroom and Hawthorne Theatre canceled or postponed planned shows through mid April. The City Club of Portland canceled activities. The Portland Rose Festival has postponed annual events, including the Starlight Parade, indefinitely. The American Herbal Products Association's Hemp-CBD Congress, scheduled for mid April at the Benson Hotel, was canceled. The Road Runners Club of America's annual convention, slated to be held at the Hilton Portland Hotel during March 19–22, was also canceled. A conference on affordable housing, climate, and community stability featuring Julian Castro during April 2–4 was canceled. TechfestNW was to be held at Portland State University during April 2–3, but was rescheduled for August 6–7. April 11's Cider Rite of Spring was rescheduled for November, and Design Week Festival was moved from the week starting April 18 to August 1–8. The arts and technology festival XOXO scheduled for September has been canceled. Pride Northwest's annual pride parade has been postponed, and the Portland Retro Gaming Expo has been canceled. The Waterfront Blues Festival, slated for July 2–5, was canceled on March 25. While cheer and dance competitions were still being held at the Oregon Convention Center in early March, many events planned to be hosted at the venue were canceled. On February 5, the Materials Show scheduled for February 12–13 was canceled. Gem Faire and the Multnomah County Democrats' annual Celsi Celebration slated for the weekend of March 21 were also canceled. On March 6, organizers of the Go West Summit, an international travel conference for March 24–27 expecting approximately 800 people, was postponed. The Oregon Dental Association's annual Oregon Dental Conference for April 2–4 was canceled. On March 9, the Burning Cat event being organized by the company behind the card game Exploding Kittens for May was canceled. On March 14, the newspaper Portland Mercury suspended print publications until further notice. On March 23, restrictions prompted the closures of amusement parks, barber shops, bowling alleys, gyms, hair and nail salons, malls, spas, and theaters. In late April, activists and organizers of Portland's annual May Day protests in conjunction with International Workers' Day moved to host a "Virtual May Day Rally" on May 1. In May, organizers of Feast Portland announced the event would not be held as usual in September. The Portland Rose Festival held an online 'Opening Night Concert and Fireworks' event on May 22. The gay bar and nightclub CC Slaughters announced plans to close indefinitely in October 2020. Film industry and the performing arts Local movie theaters were forced to close temporarily. Among them were Cinema 21 and Laurelhurst Theater, which was unable to continue operating with capacity limits and social distancing measures, despite efforts. On March 13, the Hollywood Theatre confirmed plans to close from March 14 to April 8; previously, the theater was limiting capacity to 250 people per Oregon's ban on events and other social gatherings. Movie Madness Video, a video rental shop and history of film museum, closed and waived late fees on rentals. Cinema 21 later allowed people to stream independent films at home. The Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall and Brunish Theatre at Antoinette Hatfield Hall closed, forcing the Oregon Symphony to cancel performances. Initially, the symphony canceled performances between March 13 and April 6. 76 musicians, two conductors, and 19 staff members were laid off, and the organization's president and chief executive officer has submitted an appeal for funding to Governor Brown. Portland Center Stage canceled productions for eight weeks (through April 8) and furloughed 78 people. Portland Opera canceled March 20–28 performances of Bajazet at Antoinette Hatfield Hall's Newmark Theatre. The arts center Disjecta canceled or postponed activities. The Northwest Film Center closed and the Portland International Film Festival was canceled. The Old Church has postponed concerts through April 8, forcing Chamber Music Northwest to reschedule some performances. Food service and restaurant industry The city's restaurant industry was "completely obliterated" by the state's bar and restaurant ban. Governor Brown banned in-house consumption across Oregon, effective March 17. Some restaurants closed entirely, while others implemented food delivery and take-out operations. Acadia: A New Orleans Bistro, Doug Fir Lounge, Ken's Artisan Pizza, Le Bistro Montage, Le Pigeon, Nostrana, Olympia Provisions, Pok Pok, Salt & Straw, and Screen Door all closed temporarily. Hot Lips Pizza, Oven and Shaker, and Sizzle Pie continued pizza pickup and delivery service, as of March 27. Shine Distillery and Grill began producing hand sanitizer from alcohol for customers. The website 'PDX2Go' was created to track businesses still accepting orders, and some food carts continued to operate. The Liberty Glass, a bar and "neighborhood institution" in north Portland, closed permanently in mid April "due to COVID-19-related financial concerns". Twelve of 27 laid off Crush Bar employees staged a protest and accused the owner of "[breaking] the law by denying their use of accrued sick hours to cover lost wages". The demonstration was supposed to last for 24 hours but was stopped by police after an hour. The strip club Lucky Devil Lounge continued to offer a full menu with home delivery service by "scantily clad strippers" under the business operation Boober Eats. Approximately 25 strippers have participated; dancers are driven and protected by security guards, armed with gloves, masks, and hand sanitizer, and touching by customers is not allowed. In late April, RingSide Steakhouse sold frozen boxes of steak directly to the general public for the first time in 75 years. The move caused a mile-long traffic jam along West Burnside Street, and products sold out in less than 2.5 hours. Ringside repeated the sale the following month, this time accepting reservations online to avoid the traffic jam. By early May, a few restaurants had confirmed plans to close permanently, including Clyde Common (which ended up re-opening with outdoor seating and as a market in July). Later that month, Wong's King and the five restaurants owned by David Machado, including Altabira City Tavern and Nel Centro, confirmed plans to close permanently. The respective owners of Bluehour, Irving Street Kitchen, Le Bistro Montage, and Revelry announced plans to close permanently in June. Most locations of Pok Pok and related restaurants were closed permanently in June, leaving only the original restaurant and possibly one Pok Pok Wing location in southeast Portland. The closures of those were announced in October. The gay bar Local Lounge and Stacked Sandwich Shop closed in late 2021; Acadia: A New Orleans Bistro, Baby Blue Pizza, Bistro Agnes, Clyde Common, and Dóttir closed in early 2022. Local businesswoman Erika Polmar was instrumental in efforts to lobby local, state and federal governments for relief for restaurants and other food-related businesses state. She was a founding member and leadership team member of the Independent Restaurant Coalition. Hospitality industry The hospitality industry also experienced a wave of guest cancellations followed by a decline in bookings. The Jupiter Hotel laid off half its staff by March 18 after daily occupancy rates fell to 7–20 percent. Jupiter partnered with Multnomah County to use the hotel's 81 rooms as a temporary homeless shelter. The hotel housed those "experiencing symptoms of coronavirus but who haven't tested positive". The Nines suspended hotel and restaurant operations on March 19, effective March 22. The Hyatt Regency Portland, which opened in December 2019, also suspended operations in March. In early April, Travel Portland reported approximately 80 percent decreases in the demand for lodging, revenue, and occupancy rates in Portland compared to last year. The president of Provenance Hotels, which owns or manages six hotels in Portland, left the company in mid-April because of the pandemic. In April, city officials predicted revenues from lodging taxes would be reduced by 50 percent during the next 12 months, "resulting in a $20 million shortfall". Impact on professional sports Following season suspensions by the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Major League Soccer (MLS), the Portland Trail Blazers and Portland Timbers canceled games. The Trail Blazers and Timbers games averaged approximately 19,000 and 25,000 people at the time. MLS initially announced a 30-day suspension, when the Timbers were scheduled to play at Providence Park five times between March 12 and mid April. The soccer league extended the suspension to eight weeks on March 19. The Portland Thorns FC's pre-season tournament slated for March 29 – April 4 was canceled on March 12, shortly before the National Women's Soccer League canceled pre-season games across the league. Timbers and Thorns tickets will be valid for rescheduled matches, as of March 12. On March 17, the Timbers and Thorns announced part-time workers would still receive compensation for canceled games, among other community initiatives. Damian Lillard encouraged fans to remain at home and practice social distancing. He said on the NBA's Instagram account on March 23, "I've been washing my hands, social distancing — keep your space. Don't join in crowds, stay in small groups. It'd be best to stay in the house. I hope everybody is stocked up on everything they need so they can stay safe. Do everything the way we've been asked to help this pass faster. Like I said, ya'll stay safe, ya'll be good, man." Governor Brown and CJ McCollum appeared in a public service announcement to teach children about the disease and how to prevent transmission. Impact on education Governor Brown initially closed all K–12 schools through March 31. A four-week extension was added; students are scheduled to return on April 28. Portland Public Schools designated 15 buildings as sites for student meal distributions, and has considered providing 45,000 devices to students for distance education. High school and college graduation ceremonies were canceled. On April 8, Brown extended the school closures through to the end of the 2019–2020 school year. All Multnomah County Library branches were closed on March 13. The library system waived late fees and continued to provide public Wi-Fi. Students at Oregon Health & Science University and the University of Portland began offering childcare and errand services for local health care professionals. In September 2020, Reed College has set up three large tents outside and some classes are being offered in the tents each with a capacity of 25. Universities and collegiate sports Portland State University canceled in-person final exams, and eliminated in-person classes for the spring term, opting for distance learning. The University of Portland moved to online instruction and canceled all sports games and practices for the spring term. Lewis and Clark College, Linfield College, and Willamette University also implemented distance learning. On May 19, Mark L. Poorman announced plans for the University of Portland to reopen in August for the fall term. Impact on public transit On March 5, 2020, workers of the Portland area's regional transit agency, TriMet, began nightly disinfections of the interior surfaces of buses, MAX Light Rail and WES Commuter Rail trains, and LIFT paratransit vehicles. Later on March 19, TriMet reported a significant decrease in ridership; approximately 140,000 fewer people rode TriMet vehicles compared to the weekday average in February. On March 26, TriMet temporarily stopped accepting cash payment of fares on buses, asking all riders to pay with the Hop Fastpass system, to minimize the time that boarding passengers spend near the driver. Two days later, the agency announced reductions to its services. On April 5, TriMet reduced the frequency of MAX trains to every 15minutes and WES trains to every 45minutes. It modified the schedules of 84 bus lines and suspended the 272–PDX Night Bus route. Four days later, the agency imposed a temporary limit of 10 passengers per bus, or up to 15 if including family members traveling together, and began installing signs on bus seats to enforce physical distancing. On its website, TriMet requested the public to "maintain six feet of distance from other riders and the operator" and to "only take transit if necessary". The agency launched a new temporary service on April 26, Line 297 between Rose Quarter Transit Center and OBRC's emergency bottle redemption center in Northwest Portland via Old Town Chinatown, established for people redeeming empty beverage containers at the request of Governor Brown's office. Other transit agencies across the region have adopted similar measures, as well as measures to assist community members in need. On March 19, South Metro Area Regional Transit (SMART) buses in Wilsonville began temporarily operating fare-free in support of transit-dependent commuters. On April 6, SMART reduced its services by 25 percent after reporting a sharp decline in ridership. On March 23, the Portland Streetcar reduced its regular weekday schedule from every 15minutes to every 20minutes in response to the statewide stay-at-home order. The taxicab company Radio Cab also improved cleaning procedures. The Port of Portland, which oversees Portland International Airport and the metropolitan area's general aviation and marine centers, had increased the rate of cleanings at its facilities by March 2. The Port focused on information and pay stations, shuttle buses, and valet booths, following recommendations issued by Multnomah County and the CDC, and made hand sanitizer available for people using ground transportation. On April 10, Portland International Airport reported an 80percent reduction in flights and a 94percent reduction in passengers compared to the previous year. This has led the Port to reduce its projected expenses by $20million for the upcoming fiscal year. The airport began requiring face coverings in May. Impact on religion Several Portland area churches, mosques, synagogues, and other places of worship canceled or elected to live stream services, including Congregation Neveh Shalom and the First Unitarian Church of Portland. Portland's Bridgetown Church began offering services via Zoom. The city's largest mosque, Masjid As-Saber, suspended Friday prayers and asked worshippers to stay at home. Archbishop Alexander King Sample of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland encouraged priests to "be creative" with regard to accessibility, and "issued directives for parishes to cancel any event over 250 people and encouraged those aged over 60 or with underlying medical issues to consider not attending Mass and dispensed them of the obligation". Masses were canceled until April 14, which included Holy Week and Easter. Archbishop Sample said the announcement was "by far one of the most difficult communications [he has] ever written". The Grotto has suspended Mass until March 31, but visitors are welcome to visit the outdoor sanctuary and Upper Gardens. Crime On March 23, the Multnomah County Sheriff's Office said the crime rate for the month to date was lower than the rate for March 2019. The same office had announced that they're not booking misdemeanor arrests and giving out citations instead. The agency also reported lower jail bookings and moved some inmates at the Inverness Jail in northeast Portland into temporary dormitory-style housing to follow social distancing measures. KATU reported on a string of business break-ins in the Pearl District. The crisis group Call to Safety, which supports people experiencing domestic violence, began receiving twice as many calls and more requests for shelter and other resources once stay-at-home orders were enforced. Thousands of respirator masks valued at approximately $2,500 were stolen from the Rebuilding Center in north Portland in March. Some of the masks were recovered and donated to local hospitals. In April, federal investigators seized 100 coronavirus test kits shipped from China to an apartment in Portland. Healthcare industry The local healthcare industry was significantly impacted by the pandemic. Governor Kate Brown has said non-emergency medical procedures can resume starting May 1. On March 27, Portland began nightly "solidarity cheers" to recognize health care and other frontline workers, similar to many other cities around the world. See also 1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon References External links Portland, Oregon Coronavirus pandemic Coronavirus pandemic Disasters in Oregon Health in Oregon 2022 in Portland, Oregon

63455276

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPMC%20Presbyterian

UPMC Presbyterian

UPMC Presbyterian (often referred to locally as Presby) is a 900-bed non-profit research and academic hospital located in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, providing tertiary care for the Western Pennsylvania region and beyond. It comprises the Presbyterian campus of the combined UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside hospital entity. The medical center is a part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system and is the flagship hospital of the system. UPMC Presbyterian also features a state verified Level 1 Trauma Center, 1 of 3 in Pittsburgh. Although UPMC Presbyterian has no pediatric services, Presby has the equipment to stabilize and transfer pediatric emergency cases to the nearby UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. UPMC Presbyterian is affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and is physically conjoined to the medical school's primary facility, Scaife Hall. UPMC Presbyterian is also connected via enclosed pedestrian bridges and tunnels to UPMC Montefiore hospital, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, the Eye & Ear Institute, Falk Clinic, the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing's Victoria Hall, the University of Pittsburgh's (Pitt) Lothrop Hall student residence, and multiple university biomedical science towers. Despite the name, UPMC Presbyterian has no affiliation with the Presbyterian Church, aside from the founder being the wife of a Presbyterian minister. History Origins UPMC Presbyterian dates back to the early ideas of Louise Wotring Lyle, the wife of a local Presbyterian minister, Joseph Lyle. Lyle had attended medical school years earlier, but failed out due to the prejudice of male administrators. Lyle (along with other prominent females) founded the Women's Medical College of Cincinnati, later graduating with her MD from the college, she returned to Pittsburgh to open up a Presbyterian-based hospital. As Lyle was working with limited funds, she had founded the hospital with only five dollars and a line of credit UPMC Presbyterian was founded as Presbyterian Hospital in 1893 by Lyle on what was then Allegheny City, which became the north side of Pittsburgh in 1907. Two years later, Lyle founded the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing, which later became the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing. In 1910 the hospital moved to a new location near the original. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine then worked out informal agreements for teaching and staffing privileges with a number of local hospitals to train their medical students and residents. At the same time, Presbyterian hospital started to go through financial hardships that led to the eventual move to the new hospital funded by the University of Pittsburgh. Oakland In the mid-1920's the University of Pittsburgh and its School of Medicine desired to establish an academic medical center on their campus, and by the mid-1920s had formed a plan with a coalition of city hospitals to have them relocate to the Oakland neighborhood of the city that the university had itself moved to in 1909. On November 1, 1926, Children's became the first hospital in the Oakland neighborhood on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, with Presbyterian Hospital making plans to occupy the adjacent site. The university provided Presbyterian Hospital, then located on the North Side, with a tract of land on its campus for construction of a new hospital which broke ground in 1930 and was subsequently opened in 1938. By the end of the 1930s, the University of Pittsburgh had helped to form the "University Medical Center" which included Falk Clinic, Children's, Eye and Ear, Libby Steele Magee, Presbyterian, and Women's Hospital, as well as the planned Municipal Hospital.Through the years, the university and the hospitals moved toward an ever-tightening alliance. In 1965, the university, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic which was managed by the School of Medicine, Presbyterian-University, Magee and Women's, Eye and Ear, and Children's Hospitals incorporated the University Health Center of Pittsburgh (UHCP). In 1969, Montefiore Hospital joined UHCP. In 1947, Jonas Salk took a job at the University of Pittsburgh as an associate professor of bacteriology and the head of the Virus Research Lab. While at Pitt, he began research on polio and the process of developing a vaccination. In 1952 Salk had created the first Polio vaccination. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful study on a small group of adults and children and two days later Salk published the results of the study in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In the 1970s, a new model of administration, in which clinical revenues were invested into research, was implemented at Western Psychiatric under the leadership of Thomas Detre. After guiding the psychiatric institute to become one of the largest recipients of National Institute of Health funding, Detre assumed leadership overseeing all six of the university's schools of health sciences in the early 1980s. Implementing the same administrative model in those units, the collective schools of the health sciences and medical center were ultimately transformed into one of the largest centers for biomedical research in the nation. In the 1970s, the name of the hospital was changed to Presbyterian-University Hospital to reflect the increased academic affiliation. In 1981, pioneering surgeon and "Father of Transplantation," Dr. Thomas E. Starzl came to the hospital, on condition that he would be free of administrative tasks and able to focus on medicine. In a matter of a few years he launched the country's first pediatric and adult liver transplant program. On February 14, 1984, under the direction of Starzl, Drs. Byers W. Shaw Jr. and Henry T. Bahnson successfully completed the world's' first simultaneous heart and liver organ transplant on six-year-old Stormie Jones at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. During his tenure, Starzl also pioneered the use of a new anti-rejection drug called tacrolimus. Starzl was the head of transplantation at the hospital until 1991 when he stepped down from clinical and surgical duties and shifted all of his focus to research. On September 9, 1984, a story was published by author Andrew Schneider in The Pittsburgh Press criticizing the hospitals' use of unsupervised first and second-year residents in the emergency departments. The article went on to say that these practices were compromising patient care and the education of the residents. A week later, on September 16, The Pittsburgh Press published another article criticizing the original article and claiming that many claims made by Schneider were false or industry standard. Ground was broken in 1982, and in January 1986 a new tower called the "Main Tower" was opened at the neighboring Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. The opening was delayed after a slight issue led to a leaking pipe, damaging the lobby at Presbyterian. The Main Tower had a rooftop heliport with connections to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital that were accessed through multiple floors. While the tower belonged to Children's, its radiology department was shared by Children's and Presbyterian Hospital. In 1986, Presbyterian merged with the nearby Montefiore Hospital to create the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, later changing the name to UPMC Presbyterian. Under Starzl, by 1988 Presbyterian Hospital had grown to have one of the world's largest transplant programs with more than half of the worlds' transplants taking place at Presbyterian. In the 1990s the name of the hospital was changed from Presbyterian-University Hospital to Presbyterian University Hospital because hospital CEO, Jeffrey Romoff wanted a more unified branding after the merger with nearby Montefiore Hospital. Modern day In January 2001, American Nobel Prize laureate, Herbert A. Simon underwent surgery at UPMC Presbyterian to remove a cancerous tumor in his abdomen. Although the surgery was successful, Simon later succumbed to the complications that followed. The old Children's Hospital location was closed on May 2, 2009, when the hospital moved to the new location in the Lawrenceville neighborhood. The original children's building was demolished in 2011 and the main tower with the helipad remained standing (as Presbyterian South) until the helipad and laboratories could move over to the Presbyterian building in 2013. The façade to Presbyterian now just consists of the renovated old bridge between Presbyterian and Children's which was completed in 2016 at a cost of $28.7 million. In 2013 UPMC Presbyterian finished construction on their new rooftop helipad for critical transports. The need for the new helipad came from the fact that the previous helipad was located on the old Children's Hospital tower which was scheduled to be demolished. The helipad is operated by Stat Medevac, a Pittsburgh-based emergency transport organization who also maintains a dispatch center at UPMC Presbyterian. In 2017 UPMC Presbyterian chair of orthopedics, Freddie Fu performed a repair to European soccer star Zlatan Ibrahimovic's knee after Ibrahimovic tore his ACL during a game. The next year, in June 2018, American model and Miss USA 1971 winner, Michele McDonald underwent a life-saving double lung transplant at UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh. She later died due to complications from the surgery. Later that year, in September 2018, UPMC unveiled plans to create the new 900,000 square-foot UPMC Heart and Transplant Hospital at UPMC Presbyterian on the site of the former Children's Hospital. When the project was first announced in 2018 it was set that the hospital would open by 2023, however UPMC has extended the timeline by two years with the new estimated open being 2025. The new 18-story inpatient building is projected to open in 2025 and will include 620 all private patient rooms. The hospital is still scheduled to open in 2025 and plans for construction have not been impacted by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. On October 27, 2018, a man with anti-Semitic views entered Tree of Life synagogue and started to open fire upon the worshippers inside. In total, 11 people were killed and 8 people were injured with the majority of the injured taken to the trauma center at UPMC Presbyterian, with fewer taken to UPMC Mercy and Allegheny General Hospital, the other two Pittsburgh trauma centers. In the aftermath of the shooting, United States President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump travelled to Pittsburgh to visit the injured police officers, victims, and medics at the hospital. 2020 Coronavirus pandemic During the ongoing 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, UPMC Presbyterian (as with all UPMC Hospitals) limited their visiting policies and introduced updated visiting guidelines to help stop the spread of the virus through hospital visits. In the wake of the pandemic, the University of Pittsburgh announced that the student dormitory, Lothrop Hall would be opened to house doctors and other healthcare providers from UPMC Presbyterian and nearby hospital, UPMC Montefiore.Later that year in July 2020, UPMC Presbyterian had to shut down one of its patient care units after multiple staff tested positive from the unit, moving patients from the unit to others in the hospital while a deep cleaning took place. UPMC Presbyterian also leads all hospitals in Western Pennsylvania in COVID-19 clinical trials and new drug therapies, and has the most in federal aid to help find drugs and fund clinical trials. On December 14, the first doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Pennsylvania were issued to healthcare workers. Charmaine Pykosh, an acute care nurse in the surgical/intensive care unit at UPMC Presbyterian in Pittsburgh, received the first dose of the vaccine in Pennsylvania. About Campus Since UPMC Presbyterian is a teaching hospital, it is affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and is physically conjoined to the medical school's primary facility, Scaife Hall. UPMC Presbyterian is also connected via enclosed pedestrian bridges and tunnels to UPMC Montefiore hospital, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, the Eye & Ear Institute, Falk Clinic, the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing's Victoria Hall, the University of Pittsburgh's Lothrop Hall student residence, and multiple university biomedical science towers. Awards In 1987 the hospital was named as one of the country's 64 best hospitals in the widely published book, "The Best Hospitals in America." In 2005 UPMC Presbyterian was ranked as the #13 best hospital nationwide on the U.S. News & World Report: Best Hospitals Honor Roll. In addition, seven of Presby's specialties were ranked nationally. In 2011, the hospital was listed among Becker's Hospital Review 50 Best Hospitals in America. UPMC Presbyterian was ranked nationally in 14 adult specialties and high performing in one on the 2012-13 U.S. News & World Report: Best Hospital rankings. In addition, the hospital was ranked as #10 in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. The hospital has received the "America’s 100 Best Hospitals for Prostate Surgery Award" from Healthgrades for 2019, 2020, and 2021. In 2019 the hospital was named to the "100 great hospitals in America" list by medical publication Becker's Hospital Review. In 2019 and 2020, UPMC Presbyterian received an A grade from The Leapfrog Group's Fall 2019 Hospital Safety Grade. The hospital again received an A grade on the spring 2020 Hospital Safety Grade. As of 2020, UPMC Presbyterian has placed nationally in 11 ranked specialties and is "high performing" in 3 specialties on the U.S. News & World Report. In the 2019-20 Best Hospitals Honor Roll, UPMC Presbyterian ranked as the 15 best hospital in the United States with rankings in 11 of their specialties. In 2020 UPMC Presbyterian was awarded two Women's Choice Awards as top 6% in orthopedics and top 1% in cancer care. In 2020 the hospital was recognized by Human Rights Campaign Foundation as a "Top Performer" in their forward thinking LGBTQ policies and initiatives. In July 2020 the publication, Newsweek ranked UPMC Presbyterian as #33 on their list of the world's best hospitals. The hospital (ranked together with UPMC Shadyside) ranked nationally in 11 adult specialties and as #2 in Pennsylvania (after Penn Presbyterian) on the 2020-21 U.S. News & World Report: Best Hospitals rankings. Controversy In 2017 it was discovered that five patients have died from mold infections since October 2014. UPMC suspended all of their transplants while investigating what was causing the deaths. An investigation into the deaths revealed that mold was found in linens on patient beds. These linens were found to have come from Paris Healthcare Linens, UPMC's linen provider. UPMC then hired investigators to test hospital sites and Paris Linen facilities. The mold was found in all areas of Paris and found on linens at UPMC Presbyterian. Multiple wrongful death lawsuits were filed against the hospital and UPMC has settled in few of them. UPMC continues to contract with Paris in 22 out of 25 of their hospitals. Paris was also implicated in the lawsuits and has settled out of court with the plaintiffs. UPMC has published two peer-reviewed reports on the Mucorales contamination of healthcare linens at other major U.S. hospitals as well as describing interventions to remediate linen contamination of Mucorales in a laundry facility. In May 2019 members of the public voiced concerns at a board meeting at UPMC Presbyterian over UPMC's practices of not acting like the non-profit that they are. Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor, John Fetterman attended and made the statement "In 10 years, I haven't seen UPMC do the right thing." Notable people Faculty Jonas Salk Thomas Starzl Freddie Fu Peter Safar Eugene Nicholas Myers Yuan Chang Thomas Detre Joseph Maroon Patients Herbert A. Simon Michele McDonald Zlatan Ibrahimovic Byrd Brown Joseph Soffer David L. Gilmore Sidney Crosby Evgeni Malkin Dan Rooney L.C. Greenwood Robert Buck Robert P. Casey Bob Prince Bob O'Connor Richard Caliguiri Bill McGowan Gallery See also UPMC Heart and Transplant Hospital University of Pittsburgh Medical Center UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh References External links UPMC Presbyterian Website UPMC Website Level 1 trauma centers 1893 establishments in Pennsylvania Hospital buildings completed in 2016 Hospitals established in 1893 Hospital buildings completed in 1938 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh Teaching hospitals in Pennsylvania Hospitals in Pennsylvania Trauma centers Hospital buildings completed in 1986

63650909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s%20Malone

Tomás Malone

Tomás Malone (1896-1981) was a volunteer in the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and later a schoolteacher. He was once described by Irish Free State Army general Richard Mulcahy as ‘the most dangerous man in Munster’. Early life Malone was born in the village of Meedin, near Tyrrellspass, County Westmeath to William Malone and Marie Mulavin. He had two brothers, James and Joseph, and a sister Mary. He was baptized at the Meedin Parish Church on 7 August 1896. As a result of his grandfather's exile, owing to activities in the Irish Republican Brotherhood, his father was born in London. He was educated at the Franciscan College, Multyfarnham where he studied Greek and Irish language. He was also a member of Fianna Éireann after Liam Mellows met with him following a Feis in Mullingar. Easter Rising In 1913, a branch of the Irish Volunteers was formed in Tyrrellspass by Eoin Macneill and Tomás enlisted the same year. During the 1916 Easter Rising, the Tyrrellspass brigade mobilized at Drumraney and marched to Horseleap to attempt to blow up a bridge. The attempt failed and the men retired to the Malone homestead. The Royal Irish Constabulary raided the home, and reports of at least 3 shots being fired were reported during the Easter Rising week. Due to these activities, Malone was imprisoned at Richmond Barracks in Dublin before being transferred to Wandsworth prison in London. Finally he was sent to Frongoch internment camp in Wales. He was released in August 1916. Irish War of Independence Following his release from Frongoch, Malone returned to Tyrrellspass. He followed his brother James, who was now using the Irish language translation of his name, Séamas to County Tipperary to work as a Conradh na Gaeilge organizer. During this time he also travelled to County Limerick under the instruction of Michael Collins to help organize volunteers. Tomás adopted the alias Séan Forde during this time, as he was wanted for assaulting a police officer, his brother used Michael Forde. This name would be used throughout the duration of the war. During the war, Tomas became Vice-Commandant of the East Limerick Brigade, helping to form a Flying column. Tomas was involved in a number of raids on local R.I.C barracks during this time. In June 1920, British Major General Cuthbert Lucas was captured by the IRA and was held in Limerick, and Malone noted his involvement in his captivity. Tomas also participated in an attack on British forces near Limerick. In late 1920, Malone was captured by Black and Tans in Cork due to being in possession of ammunition. He was sent to Union Quay Barracks where he was tortured. He admitted to being Tomás Malone and was court-martialled and sent to Cork Prison. After a number of failed escape attempts, he was sent to Spike Island, County Cork. In 1922, a well documented escape from the Island took place. Malone alongside Seán MacSwiney and Con Twomey escaped on a boat flying a Union flag, that was under the control of a group of IRA members. Malone returned to Limerick to resume activities. Following the death of Michael Collins and the end of the Irish Civil War, Malone made another successful escape, this time from the Curragh Camp by hiding in a skip. Malone resided in Nenagh, County Tipperary from 1923 until his death in 1981. He was principal of the Nenagh Vocational School before retiring in 1960. Family Malone was the brother of Séamas Ó Maoileoin, and the uncle of Joseph Malone (Seosamh Ó Mhaoileoin), current president of Republican Sinn Fein. He resides in the family home at Meedin. References 1896 births 1981 deaths Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side) People from County Westmeath

63890609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20with%20given%20name%20Stephen

List of people with given name Stephen

This is a list of people with the given name Stephen or Steven: Saints Saint Stephen (died c. 35), with the title of Protomartyr (lit. "first martyr") due to his distinct fate among the early Christians Stephen, one of the pair of Christian saints and martyrs Socrates and Stephen Stephen the Younger (ca. 715–765), Byzantine iconodule martyr Stephen I of Hungary (c. 965–1038), canonized in 1083 Stephen of Obazine (1085–1154), Cistercian, first Abbot of Obazine Abbey, France Stephen Harding (died 1134), English, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order; Catholic saint Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen the Great and Holy (c. 1432–1504) Royalty Stephen, Prefect of Amalfi (died 898) Stephen of Armenia (died 1165), marshal, son of Leo I Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor Stephen Ákos, influential baron in the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th century and the early 14th century King Stephen of England or Stephen of Blois (c. 1096–1154), grandson of William the Conqueror Stephen I of Hungary (c. 965–1038), Grand Prince of the Magyars, first king of Hungary Stephen II of Hungary (1101–1131), elder son of King Coloman Stephen III of Hungary (1147–1172), eldest son of King Geza II Stephen IV of Hungary (c.1133–1165), third son of King Béla II Stephen V of Hungary (1239–1272), elder son of King Béla IV Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (1385–1459), son of King Rupert of Germany Stephen I of Moldavia (1394–1399), son of Costea Stephen II of Moldavia (died 1447), prince, son of Alexandru cel Bun Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen the Great and Holy (c.1432–1504), son of Bogdan II Stephen Báthory of Poland (1533–1586), prince of Transylvania, king consort of Poland, grand duke consort of Lithuania Stephen Uroš I of Serbia (died 1277), son of Stefan Nemanjić Stephen Bocskai of Transylvania (1557–1606) prince of Transylvania and Hungary Stjepan Držislav of Croatia (died 997), king 969–997 Stjepan I of Croatia (died 1058), king 1030–1058 Stjepan II of Croatia (died 1091), king 1089–1091, last member of the Trpimirović dynasty Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria (died after 1343), tsar 1330–1331 Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia (died 1463), last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromanić dynasty Church figures (Stephen or Stephanus) Pope Stephen I (died 257), Bishop of Rome 254–257 Pope-elect Stephen (died 752), elected Pope but died before being ordained Pope Stephen II (died 757), pope 752–757 Pope Stephen III (720–772), pope 768–772 Pope Stephen IV (died 817), pope 816–817 Pope Stephen V (died 891), pope 885–891 Pope Stephen VI (died 897), pope 896–897 Pope Stephen VII (died 931), pope 929–931 Pope Stephen VIII (died 942), German, pope 939–942 Pope Stephen IX (c. 1020–1058), pope 1057–1058 Esteban, bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza, Spain, 1128 to 1130 Ecumenical Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople (867–893), patriarch 886 to 893 Ecumenical Patriarch Stephen II of Constantinople, from Amasea, patriarch 925 to 928 Stephanus I, Archbishop of Aquileia, Italy, c. 515 Stephanus II, Patriarch of Grado, Italy, c. 670 Steven J. Lopes (born 1975), Roman Catholic Bishop of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter Bishop Stephanos, bishop of Malankara eparchy of USA and Canada Others Stephen (son of Kalomaria) (fl. 886–921), a relative of Empress Theodora and a high-ranking courtier in the Byzantine court Stephen, pen name of Dom Orejudos (1933–1991), American erotic artist, dancer, and choreographer Stephanus of Byzantium, 6th century author of Ethnica, a geographical dictionary Stephanus, a pupil of Pasiteles ( 33 BCE), sculptor in the time of Caesar Augustus A Stephen Adam (1848–1910), Scottish stained glass designer Stephen Adams (disambiguation), various people Stephen Adekolu (born 1989), Canadian football player Steven A. Adelson, American film and television director Stephen Adler (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Adye (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Akinmurele (1978-1999), British serial killer Stephen Albair (born 1942), American artist Stephen E. Ambrose (1936–2002), American historian, biographye, and author Stephen Amell (born 1981), Canadian actor Stephen K. Amos (born 1967), British stand up comedian and television personality Steven James Anderson (born 1964), American wrestler, actor, producer Steven Lee Anderson (born 1981), American preacher and conspiracy theorist Stephen P. Anderson (born 1967), American musician, songwriter, and painter Stephen Wayne Anderson (1953–2002), American serial killer Steven Andskär (born 1964), Swedish race car driver Steven "Steve" Angello (born 1982), Greek-Swedish DJ, record producer, remixer and record label owner, member of electronic band Swedish House Mafia Steven "Steve" Aoki (born 1977), Japanese musician, DJ, remixer and record producer Stephen Arigbabu (born 1972), German basketball coach and former player Stephen Armone (1899–1960), Sicilian-American organized criminal Steven F. Arnold (1943–1994), American artist and filmmaker Stephen F. Austin (1793–1836), American empresario Stephen Thomas Azar (born 1964), American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and philanthropist B Stephen James Backshall (born 1973), British television presenter, naturalist, and writer Stephen Baker (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Baker (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Baldwin (born 1966), American actor Steve Ballmer, (born 1956), American executive and basketball team owner Stephen Bainbridge (born 1958), American law professor and writer Stephen H. Bancroft, American retired private school official and organizational executive Steven Craig Banks (born 1954), American actor, musician, comedian, and writer Stephen Kevin Bannon (born 1953), American businessman and political figure Stephen Barr (born 1953), American physicist and professor Stephen Barton (born 1982), British composer Steven Bauer (born 1956), Cuban-American actor Stephen Bechtel Sr. (1900–1989), American company president Stephen Bechtel Jr. (1925–2021), American businessman, civil engineer, and company co-owner Stephen Beck American artist, writer, toy designer and inventor Stephen Charles "Steve" Beck (1957–2015), English football club chairman Steven Beck, American guitarist and singer Stephen D. Behrendt, historian Steven Beitashour (born 1987), Iranian footballer Stephen Vincent Benét (1898–1943), American author Stephen J. Benkovic (born 1938), American chemist and professor Stephen M. Bennett, American businessman Stephen Bent, English actor Stephen Bentil, Ghanaian professional footballer Steven Berkoff, (born 1937), British author, playwright, and actor Steven Berkowitz (born 1958), American tech business executive Steven M. Berlin (born 1955), American saxophonist, keyboardist, and record producer Steven Bernstein (born 1958), American cinematographer, director, screenwriter, and author Steven Best (born 1955), American activist and presenter Stephen Bett, English politician and former police chief Stephen L. Bettinger (1924–2010), American US Air Force flying ace Stephen Betts, British composer, songwriter, and musician Stephen Bienko (born 1979), American coach, athlete, and businessman Stephen Bienskie, American actor and singer Stephen Biesty (born 1961), British illustrator Steve Biko (1946-1977), South African anti-apartheid activist Stephen Leo Bing (1965–2020), American businessman, philanthropist, and film producer Stephen Birch, Canadian health economist and professor Stephen R. Bissette (born 1955), American comics artist, editor, publisher, and educator Steven Blankaart (1650–1704), Dutch physician, iatrochemist, entomologist, and translator Steven Blane, American rabbi Steven Jay Blum (born 1960), American voice actor Steven Bochco (1943–2018), American TV writer, author, and producer Steven Kenneth Bonnell II (born 1988), American Twitch streamer, political commentator, and YouTube personality Stephen Bowen (born 1964), United States Navy submariner and a NASA astronaut, second submariner to travel into space Stephen Elliott Boyd (born 1979), American lawyer and former DOJ official Stephen Phillip Bracks (born 1954), Australian politician and university administrator Stephen Bradbury (born 1954), British artist and illustrator Steven Gill Bradbury (born 1958), American attorney and former government official Steven John Bradbury (born 1973), Australian former Olympic speed skater Stephen Branchflower, American retired state prosecutor Stephen Breyer, (born 1938), Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States Steven Brill (born 1950), American lawyer, journalist, and entrepreneur Steven Brill (born 1962), American actor, film producer, director, and screenwriter Stephen Brodsky (born 1979), American rock musician Stephen Decatur Bross (1813-1888), American settler Steven or Steve Brown (disambiguation), multiple people Steven or Stephen Brown (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Brown-Fried, American stage director Steven Browne (born 1989), Australian footballer Stephen Roger Bruce (born 1960), English former footballer and football manager Steven Brust (born 1955), American novelist, singer-songwriter, and musician Stephen Bruton (1948–2009), American actor and musician Stephen Bryant, English violinist Stephen Bunting (born 1984), Irish cricketer Stephen Bunting (born 1985), English professional darts player Steven Burke (born 1974), British video game composer, sound designer, and voice actor Stephen G. Burns, American lawyer and former government official Steven Michael Burns (born 1973), American actor, voice actor, singer, and musician Stephen Burton (born 1987), English professional darts player Stephen Burton (born 1989), American former football player Steve Buscemi (born 1957), American actor, writer, director, producer Steven Butler, American comic book artist Stephen Byers (born 1953), English Labour Party politician, Secretary of State for Transport Stephen Byrne (born 1992), Irish vlogger and television personality C Steven G. Calabresi (born 1958), American law professor and author Steven Caldwell (born 1980), Scottish former footballer, coach, and executive Stephen Calk (born 1964/1965), American bank founder and political figure Steven Callahan (born 1952), American author, naval architect, inventor, and sailor Steven J. Camp (born 1955), American singer, songwriter, and pastor Stephen J. Cannell (1941–2010), American TV producer, writer, novelist, and actor Stephen Caracappa (born 1941), American federal convict and former police officer Stephen Antonio Cardenas (born 1974), American martial artist, musician, and actor Stephen Michael Cardwell (born 1950), Canadian retired ice hockey player Stephen Carley, American business executive Stephen Carlin, Scottish stand-up comedian and writer Stephen Carlson (born 1996), American football player Steven Norman Carlton (born 1944), American retired baseball player Steven or Stephen Carter (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen McConnell Case (born 1958), American entrepreneur, investor, businessman, and advocate Stephen Cassidy, American former union president, executive, and advocate Stephen Cassidy, Irish former Gaelic footballer Stephen H. Cassidy, American politician and advocate Steven Caulker (born 1991), English footballer Steven James Centanni, American former news reporter Stephen J. Challacombe (born 1946), English professor of oral medicine, writer, and organizational executive Steven Chambers (born 1990), Australian baseball player Steven Curtis Chapman (born 1962), American singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, author, and activist Stephen Pendrill Charles, Australian judge Stephen Chbosky (born 1970), American novelist, screenwriter, and film director Stephen Chow (born 1962), Hong Kong actor, comedian and director Stephen Clark (disambiguation), multiple people with name spelling variations Stephen Clarke-Willson, American computer scientist and video game producer Stephen Clarkson (1937–2016), Canadian political scientist, professor, and author Stephen Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th President of the United States Stephen Coate, British-American economist and professor Stephen Coates, British singer and music producer Stephen Cochran (born 1979), American country music singer-songwriter Stephen or Steven Cohen (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Cole (born 1971), English author and audio producer Stephen Colbert (born 1964), American comedian, television host, actor, and writer Stephen Colletti (born 1986), American actor and television personality Stephen Collins, multiple people Steven Colloton (born 1963), American federal court judge Stephen Constantine (born 1947), British history professor Stephen Constantine (born 1962), English professional football coach and former player Stephen Coonts (born 1946), American author and editor Stephen A. Corker (1830–1879), American lawyer, judge, confederate, and U.S. Representative Stephen Corrigan (1963–20??), missing Irish man who was found dead Stephen Corry (born 1951), Malaysian-British anthropologist and indigenous rights activist Stephen Costello (born 1981), American opera singer Stephen Cottrell (born 1958), English Archbishop of York and author Stephen Covey (1932–2012), American educator, author, businessman, and speaker Steven Cowley (born 1959), British theoretical physicist, international authority on nuclear fusion, and administrator Stephen Cox, multiple people Steven Cramer (born 1953), American poet Stephen Crane (1871–1900), American novelist and journalist Steven Crea (born 1947), American federal convict Steven Crea Jr. (born 1972), American federal convict Stephen Crean (1947–1985), Australian public servant Steven Croft (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Crohn (1946–2013), American genetically immune to HIV Steven P. Croley, American lawyer, professor, and former government official Steven S. Crompton (born 1962), Canadian artist, author, and game/comic designer Steven Paul Crook (born 1983), Australian former cricketer and vocalist Steven Lee Cropper (born 1941), AKA "The Colonel", American guitarist, songwriter, and record producer Steven Kent Crosby (born 1950), American former professional football coach and player Steven Crouch (born 1977), Australian former rugby player Steven David Croudson (born 1980), English former footballer and coach Steven Crowell, American philosopher and professor Stephen James Crowther (born 1957), English political figure, writer, and businessman Steven Culp (born 1955), American actor Stephen Curry (born 1988), American basketball player Stephen Thomas Curwood (born 1947), American journalist, author, public radio personality, and actor Stephen M. Cutler, American lawyer and former government official D Steven David Daines (born 1962), American politician, US Senator, and former corporate executive Stephen Louis Dalkowski Jr. (1939–2020), American baseball player Steven DaLuz (born 1953), American artist Steven Damman (born 1952), American infant who disappeared Stephen Dando-Collins (born 1950), Australian author and novelist Stephen Daniele, artist and illustrator Steven L. Danver, American historian Stephen Heard Darden (1816–1902), American state legislator and Confederate officer Stephen Darlington (born 1952), British choral director and conductor Steven Davis, American business executive Steven De Petter (born 1985), Belgian retired footballer Steven E. de Souza (born 1947), American screenwriter, producer, and director of film and TV Stephen Decatur Sr. (1751–1808), British-American privateer, US Navy captain Stephen Decatur Jr. (1779–1820), American US naval officer and commodore Stefanos Dedas (born 1982), basketball head coach in the Israel Basketball Premier League Steven Dehler (born 1987), American model Stephen Delancey (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Leroy dePyssler (1919–2020), American officer in the United States Air Force Stephen Denmark (born 1996), American football player Steven Boghos Derounian (1918–2007), Bulgarian-American U.S. representative, attorney, and professor Stephen Deutsch (born 1945), American composer and professor Stephen Dick (born 1985), Scottish field hockey player Steven J. Dick (born 1949), American astronomer, author, and historian of science Stephen Dillane (born 1957), English actor Stephen Dillard (born 1969), American state court judge Stephen Dixon (born 1985), Canadian ice hockey player Stephen Dobyns (born 1941), American poet and novelist Stephen Donaldson (1946–1996), American political activist and writer Stephen R. Donaldson (born 1947), American novelist Stephen James Doocy (born 1956), American TV host, political commentator, and author Stephen W. Doran (born 1956), American former Massachusetts state legislator and convicted criminal Stephen Dorff (born 1973), American actor Stephen Wallace Dorsey (1842–1916), Reconstruction era member of the United States Senate Steven Drench (born 1985), English footballer Steven Drizin, American lawyer and professor Steven Drozd (born 1969), American musician, songwriter, composer, and actor Stephen J. Dubner (born 1963), American author, journalist, and podcast/radio host Stephen Duffy (born 1960), English musician, singer. and songwriter Steven Dunbar Jr. (born 1995), American football player Stephen Duncan (1787-1867), American plantation owner in the Antebellum South Stephen Dunifer (born 1952), American radio engineer and activist Stephen Dunn (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Dunne (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Duren (born 1956), American singer-songwriter Stephen Dycus (born 1941), American law professor and author E Steven J. Eagle, American law professor and writer Stephen Tyree Early (1889–1951), American journalist and government official Steven Eckholdt (born 1961), American actor Steven Ediger (born 1956), American lawyer and former Kansas state legislator Steven Bradley Edlefsen (born 1985), American former baseball player Steven Eisman (born 1962), American businessman and investor Steven Elder, English actor and screenwriter Stephen Benton Elkins (1841–1911), American industrialist and political figure Stephen Elliott (disambiguation), various people Stephen Elop (born 1963), Canadian businessman and technology executive Steven Emerson (born 1954), American journalist, author, and commentator Stephen Emmer (born 1958), Dutch composer, arranger, producer, sound designer and musician Steven Andrew Engel (born 1974), American lawyer who served in government Stephen Michael Erickson (born 1950), American novelist Steven Erikson (born 1959), Canadian novelist Steven Erlanger (born 1952), American journalist Stephen Thomas Erlewine (born 1973), American music critic and editor Stephen Antunes Eustáquio (born 1996), Canadian footballer Stephen R. Evans, (?–2017), Malaysian politician, public administrator, and author Stephen Eze (born 1994), Nigerian professional footballer F Stephen Farrelly (born 1978), Irish wrestler and actor Stephen Fearing (born 1963), Canadian singer-songwriter and musician Steven Fechter, American playwright and professor Stephen Anthony Ferlazzo Jr., American keyboard player Steven Fielding (born 1961), professor of political history and author Steven Findlay (born 1985), Scottish international rugby player Steven Fine historian of Judaism, professor, and author Steven Finitsis (born 1983), Australian former squash player Steven Finn (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Roger Fischer (born 1947), New Zealander linguist and author Steven Fish (born 1962), American professor of political science and author Stephen Fishbach (born 1979), American writer, consultant, and former reality show participant Steven Fisher (born 1965), British diplomat Steven Flanagan, American physician, professor, and medical director Steven Fletcher (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Florio (1949–2007), American magazine publisher and business executive Stephen Flowers (born 1953), American author and occultist Stephen Fodor (born 1953), American biological scientist and businessman Steven or Stephen Ford (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Forde (1914–1992), English footballer Stephen Foster (1826–1864), American songwriter Stephen Foxwell, school administrator and teacher Stephen Frail (born 1969), Scottish footballer and coach Stephen Frampton (born 1969), Irish sportsperson Stephen Francis, a convicted murderer in Singapore Stephen Robert Franken (1932–2012), American actor Steven Frautschi (born 1933), American theoretical physicist and professor Stephen Frears (born 1941), English film and TV director and producer Stephen Freind (born 1944), American politician Steven French, American actor, television announcer, and voice actor Stephen Frey, American author and financier Stephen Frick (born 1964), American astronaut and a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions Stephen Friedman (born 1937), American former bank chairman and presidential advisor Steven Friedman (born 1953), South African academic, journalist, and activist Steven Fromholz (1945–2014), American entertainer and singer-songwriter Stephen Fry (born 1957), British actor, comedian, and television presenter Steven Fuentes (born 1997), Panamanian professional baseball player Steven Fulop (born 1977), American politician, former marine Stephen Fung (born 1974), Hong Kong actor and director Steven Furlano (born 1998), Canadian soccer player Steven Furtick (born 1980), American pastor, songwriter, and author G Stephen Kendall Gadd (born 1945), American drummer, percussionist, and session musician Stephen Gaghan (born 1965), American screenwriter and director Stephen Gard, American law professor and editor Steven Gerrard (born 1980), English footballer Steven Gey (1956-2011), American legal scholar and editor Stephen Geyer (born 1950), American songwriter, guitarist, and TV writer Steven Gilborn (1936–2009), American actor and educator Stephen Gillers, American law professor Steven R. Gilmore, artist and graphic designer Stephen Girard (1750–1831), American philanthropist, banker, and slave owner Steven M. Girvin, American physicist, professor, and organizational director Stephen Glass (born 1972), disgraced journalist known for fabricating numerous stories Stephen C. Glover (born 1990), American screenwriter, rapper, actor, and producer Steven Gluzband (born 1952), American trumpeter Steven Gluckstein (born 1990), American gymnast and coach Stephen Goldring (1908-1996), American businessman and philanthropist Steven F. Goldstone (born 1946), American business executive, board member, and attorney Steven Gonzales, American film editor Steven Goode, American lawyer and professor Stephen Goodin (born 1988), American football player Stephen Gorard, British professor and author Stephen Kendal Gordy (born 1975), American rapper, singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer and DJ Stephen Gould (born 1962), American operatic tenor Steven Charles Gould (born 1955), American science fiction author and teacher Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002), American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science Stephen Graham (born 1982), American basketball player and coach Stephen Victor Graham (1874-1955), 18th Governor of American Samoa Stephen Grammauta (1916–2016), American organized criminal Steven B. Grant (born 1983), American attorney and mayor Steven Gray (disambiguation), several people Stephen A. D. Greaves Sr. (1817-1880), American army officer, plantation owner, lawyer, and state legislator Stephen A. D. Greaves Jr. (1854-1915), American planter and state legislator Steven or Stephen Green (disambiguation), multiple people Steven or Stephen Greene (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Grieveson (born 1970), British serial killer Stephen Griffiths (born 1969), British serial killer and cannibal Stephen Joseph Grilli (born 1949), American former baseball player Steven D. Grimberg (born 1974), American federal court judge and former DOJ official Stephen B. Grimes (1927–1988), English production designer and art director Stephen H. Grimes (born 1927), American lawyer, jurist, and educator Steven Grossman (1951–1991), American singer-songwriter Stephen Guarino (born 1975), American actor and comedian Steven Gubser (1972–2019), American physics professor Steven Guilbeault (born 1970), Canadian politician, environmentalist, and author Stephen Adly Guirgis (born 1965), American playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor Steven Gundry (born 1950), American doctor and author Stephen K. Guolla (born 1973), Canadian retired ice hockey player Steven Robert Guttenberg (born 1958), American actor, author, producer, and director H Stephen Hackett (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Hadley, multiple people Steven Haft (born 1949), American media executive, attorney, and film producer Stephen Hagan (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Hager (born 1951), American writer, journalist, filmmaker, and cannabis rights activist Stephen Hahn (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Hahn (born 1951), history professor and author Stephen G. Haines (1945–2012), American organizational theorist, management consultant, and author Stephen Hale, multiple people Stephen Hales, multiple people Stephen Hall, Australian judge Stephen Halliwell (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Jon Hambleton (born 1961), Australian physician and organizational executive Stephen Hannock (born 1951), American painter Stephen Harper (born 1959), 22nd Prime Minister of Canada and one of the leaders of War in Afghanistan Stephen Hartke (born 1952), American composer Stephen D. Hassenfeld (1942-1989),American businessman and the former CEO and chairman of Hasbro Stephen Hawking (1942–2018), British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawkins (born 1971), Australian rower Stephen Heard (1740–1815), American state governor, state legislator, and military officer Stephen Hendry (born 1969), British snooker player Stephen R. Henley, American lawyer and Army colonel Stephen Herek (born 1958), American film director Steven L. Herman, American journalist and author Steven Herzberg (born 1957), English-Australian cricketer Stephen Higgins (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Hill, American producer, creator and radio host Stephen Clancy Hill (1976–2010), American adult actor who killed a coworker Stephen Hillenburg (1961–2018), American cartoonist, animator and creator of SpongeBob SquarePants Steven M. Hilton (born 1950), American philanthropist Steven Ho (born 1973), American martial artist, stunt coordinator, and stuntman Steven Ho Chun-yin (born 1979), Hong Konger politician Stephen Hodges, English educator and school administrator Steven Hoffenberg (born 1945), American financial criminal Steven Holcomb (1980–2017), American bobsledder Stephen Holden (born 1941), American writer, music and film critic, and poet Stephen Dewar Holden (1870–1918), British engineer Stephen or Steve Holland (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Hopkins (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Hough (born 1961), British-Australian pianist, composer, and author Steven Hull (born 1967), American artist Stephen Huneck (1948–2010), American wood carving artist, furniture maker, painter, and author Steven Hutchinson (born 1968), German basketball coach and former player Steven Hyden (born 1977), American music critic and podcast host Steven Hydes (born 1986), English person found abandoned as an infant I Steven Ilous (born 1981), producer, director, and writer Steven Alan Inskeep (born 1968), American journalist, radio host, and author Stephen Ireland (born 1986), Irish former footballer Steven or Stephen Irwin (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Isserlis (born 1958), British cellist and author Steven Izenour (1940–2001), American architect, urbanist, theorist, and educator J Steven or Stephen Jackson, multiple people Stephen Jenyns (1450–1523), English merchant and school founder Steven B. Jepson (born 1960), American opera singer and acting coach Stephen S. Jewett (1858–1932), American lawyer and New Hampshire state legislator Steven Jobs (1955-2011), American business magnate, industrial designer, investor, media proprietor, executive and co-founder of Apple Inc. and CEO of NeXT, pioneer of the personal computer revolution Stephen Joffe (born 1991), Canadian actor and singer Stephen Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Jones (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen P. Joyce (born 1961), American business executive Steven Timothy Judy (1956–1981), American mass murderer and suspected serial killer K Stephen Kalinich (born 1942), American poet and music collaborator Stephen Kaltenbach (born 1940), American artist and author Stephen Kaplan (1940–1995), paranormal investigator, organizational executive, and author Steven Kaplan, American businessman and team owner Stephen P. Karns, American lawyer Stephen T. Kay (born 1963), American actor, director, and writer Steven Kay, British international criminal lawyer Stephen Kaye (born 1951), Australian judge Stephen Kean (born 1967), Scottish football manager and former player Stephen F. Keating (1918–2001), American technology executive and attorney Stephen Paul Keirn (born 1951), American retired professional wrestler Stephen Kenny, Australian lawyer Steven Khalil, Australian bridal and fashion designer Steven Kinniburgh (born 1989), Scottish former footballer and manager Steven Kirby (born 1977), English former cricketer, cricket and bowling coach Steven Thomas Kirby (born 1952), former Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota Steven Koecher (born 1979), American man who disappeared Stephen F. Kolzak, casting director and activist Stephen Kosgei Kibet (born 1986), Kenyan runner Stephen Kovacs (1972–2022), saber fencer and fencing coach, charged with sexual assault, died in prison Steven R. Kidd (1911–1987), American illustrator, instructor, and deacon Stephen King (born 1947), American author Steven Kinney (born 1987), American soccer player Steven Klein, multiple people Steven or Steve Knight (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Kotler (born 1967), American author, journalist, and entrepreneur Stephen F. Kroft (born 1945), American retired journalist Stephen S. Kudla (born 1950), American mathematician and professor Steven T. Kuykendall (1947–2021), American politician and member of the U.S. House of Representatives L Stephen Lack (born 1946), Canadian artist, actor, and screenwriter Stephen N. Lackey (born 1980), American philanthropist and political fundraiser Steven or Steve Lacy (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Landek (born 1955), American politician Stephen James Lander (born 1947), British intelligence officer, administrator, & academic Stephen Landesberg (1936–2010), American actor, comedian, and voice actor Steven E. Landsburg (born 1954), American professor of economics and author Stephen Lang (born 1952), American screen and stage actor, and playwright Steven Lang (born 1987), Swiss footballer Steven or Stephen Langdon (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Langlois, American chef and author Stephen Langridge, British stage and opera director Stephen Langton (c.1150–1228), English Catholic cardinal, archbishop, and writer Steven Daniel Langton (born 1984), American bobsledder Stephen R Lankton (born 1947), American psychotherapist, lecturer, author, and journal editor Stephen Philip Lansdown (born 1952), English businessman and sports team owner Stephen Lanza (born 1957), American retired US Army lieutenant general Stephen R. Lawhead (born 1950), American fiction and non-fiction author Stephen Lawrence (1974-1993), British murder victim Stephen Leacock (1869–1944), Canadian teacher, political scientist, author, and humourist Stephen D. Lebovitz (born 1962), American business executive Stephen Ledogar (1929–2010), American ambassador and diplomat Steven or Stephen Lee (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Lee Hock Khoon, a convicted murderer in Singapore Stephen Leone (born 1948), American chemist and professor Stephen Leopold (born 1951), Canadian real estate businessman Stephen R. Leopold, American former state legislator Steven Levenson (born 1984), American playwright and television writer Steven Levitan (born 1962), American television producer, director, and screenwriter Steven Levitsky (born 1968), American political scientist, professor, and author Steven David Levitt (born 1967), American economist, professor, and writer Stephen Lewis (1926–2015), English actor, comedian, director, screenwriter and playwright Steven V. Ley (born 1945), English professor of chemistry Stephen Decatur Lindsey (1828–1884), American politician and lawyer Steven Lindsey (born 1960), retired U.S. Air Force officer and NASA astronaut, Chief of the NASA Astronaut Office Stephen N. Limbaugh Jr. (born 1952), American federal judge Stephen N. Limbaugh Sr. (born 1927), American former federal judge Stephen J. Lippard (born 1940), American professor and researcher in chemistry fields Stephen Lipson (born 1954), English record producer, audio engineer, guitarist, and songwriter Steven Lisberger (born 1951), American film director, producer, and writer Steven M. Lopez (born 1953), American journalist Stephen R. Lorenz (born 1951), American retired US Air Force general and organizational executive Steven Lubet, American legal scholar and author Steven Lugerner, American musician Steven Lukather, American guitarist, singer, songwriter, arranger and record producer Stephen Lungu (1942–2021), Zimbabwean evangelist Stephen Lush (1753–1825), American lawyer, military officer, and state legislator Stephen Lusher (born 1945), Australian former legislator Stephen Lushington (disambiguation), multiple people M Steven Machat (born 1952), American lawyer, entertainment mogul, and producer Steven "Steve" MacLean (born 1954), Canadian astronaut Stephen Maguire (born 1981), Scottish snooker player Stephen Malik, American team owner and executive Stephen Malkmus (born 1966), American indie rock musician Stephen Mallan (born 1967), Scottish former footballer Stephen Patrick Mallan (born 1996), Scottish footballer Stephen Mallatratt (1947–2004), English playwright, television screenwriter, and actor Stephen Mallinder (born 1955), English artist, musician, writer, and academic Stephen Mallinga (1943–2013), Ugandan medical doctor, government official, and politician Stephen Mallon (born 1999), Northern Irish professional footballer Stephen Mallory (1812 – November 9, 1873), American US Senator, later Confederate Navy Secretary Stephen Mallory II (1848–1907), American US Representative and US Senator Stephen Arnold "Steve" Mandell (1941–2018), American bluegrass guitarist and banjoist Steven Mandis (born 1970), American investor, executive, educator, and author Stephen James Mangan (born 1968), English actor, writer, comedian and presenter Stephen Marche (born 1976), Canadian author, essayist, and cultural commentator Stephen Marchesi (born 1951), American artist and illustrator Stephen Marchionda, American classical guitarist Stephen Marcus (born 1962), British actor Stephen Marcussen, American music engineer and producer Steven Marković (born 1985), Australian basketball player Steven M. Martin (born 1954), American actor and filmmaker Stephen McCoy (1948-1989), American convicted murderer Stephen McEveety (born 1954), American film producer Stephen Joseph McGroarty (1830–1870), Irish American soldier Stephen McHattie (born 1946), Canadian actor Stephen LaTreal McNair (1973–2009), American professional football quarterback Stephen Anthony McNallen (born 1948), American new religious movement leader and activist Stephen McNally (born 1911–1994), American actor Stephen Patrick McNally (born 1978), English singer and songwriter Stephen McNeff (born 1951), British composer Stephen McNeilly (born 1968), English artist, writer, and editor Stephen McNichols (1914–1997), American politician Steven McNicoll, Scottish actor, director, playwright and television presenter Steven McRae (born 1985), Australian ballet and tap dancer Stephen Mear (born 1964), English dancer, choreographer, and director Steven Menashi (born 1979), American federal court judge and former government official Steven Michael Mesler (born 1978), American bobsledder and non-profit executive Steven Mierdman (c.1510–1559), Dutch publisher of Reformation books Steven Meisel (born 1954), American fashion photographer Stephen Merchant (born 1974), British writer, director, radio presenter, and actor Stephan P. Mickle (1944–2021), American federal court judge Stephen Miller (1816-1881), fourth governor of U.S. state Minnesota Stephen Miller (writer) (born 1941), American author Stephen Miller (born 1985), former White House adviser and speechwriter Steven C. Miller (born 1981), American screenwriter, editor, and director Steven Haworth Miller (born 1943), American guitarist, singer and songwriter Stephen James Miller (born 1980), British para-athlete Stephen Milligan (1948–1994), British politician and journalist Stephen Milling (born 1965), Danish operatic bass Stephen C. Miner (born 1951), American film and TV director Steven Mitchell (American football) (born 1994), American football player Steven Mnuchin (born 1962), 77th United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven William Moffat (born 1961), Scottish television writer and producer Steven Molaro (born 1972), American television producer and writer Steven Monroe (born 1972), American actor, comedian, and psychotherapist Steven R. Monroe (born 1964), American film director and writer Stephen Campbell Moore (born 1979), British actor Steven Dean Moore, American animation director Stephen Morin (1951–1985), American serial killer Stephen Morris (musician) (born 1957), British drummer and musician Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 1959), English singer, songwriter, and author Stephen J. Morse, American law professor Steven W. Mosher (born 1948), American social scientist and author Stephen Moyer (born 1969), English film and television actor Stephen Mulhern (born 1977), English television presenter, magician, comedian, and actor N Steven R. Nagel (1946-2014), American astronaut, aeronautical and mechanical engineer, test pilot, and US Air Force pilot Steven Naifeh (born 1952), American author and artist Stephen Nash (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen "Steve" Nemesh (1896–1975), Hungarian-American racecar driver Stephen Malcolm Ronald Nice (born 1951), English singer and songwriter Stephen Nichols (born 1951), American actor Stephen Nichols (born 1963), former Australian rules footballer Stephen G. Nichols (born 1936), American professor and medievalist Stephen L. Norris, American business executive and former government official Steven Novella (born 1964), American clinical neurologist, professor, author, and skeptic O Stephen O'Donnell (born 1983), Scottish footballer Stephen O'Donnell (born 1986), Irish professional football coach and former player Stephen O'Donnell (born 1992), Scottish professional footballer Stephen O'Malley (born 1974), American guitarist, producer, composer, and visual artist Stephen B. Oates (1936–2021), American history professor and author Steven Old (born 1986), New Zealand footballer Steven Oleksy (born 1986), American professional ice hockey player Steven Robert Olin (1965–1993), American baseball pitcher Steven or Stephen Oliver (disambiguation), multiple people Steven Olson (born 1947), American politician, state legislator Stephen Omony (born 1980), Ugandan basketball player Steven Oo (born 1984), Burmese-American TV personality and fashion designer Stephen S. Oswald (born 1951), former NASA astronaut P Stephen B. Packard (1839–1922), American governor of a US state Stephen Paddock (1953-2017), American mass murderer and perpetrator of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting Steven Page (born 1970), Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter Steven Parker (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Paul (born 1951), American woodworker, distiller, and businessman Stephen Paulus (1949–2014), American composer Steven Peikin, American lawyer and SEC official Stephen Hyatt Pell (1874–1950), American coin collector and history enthusiast Balasuriyage Steven Perera (1924-1982), Sri Lankan Sinhala, actor, director, and vocalist Stephen Perkins (born 1967), American musician and songwriter Stephen J. Perry (1954–2010), American writer of cartoons and comic books Stephen R. Perry (born 1950), Canadian legal scholar and professor Stephen Samuel Perry (1825–1874), American settler and plantation manager Stevan Petrović (1807-1855), Serbian military commander, known as Stevan Knićanin Stephen Philips, ambient drone musician Steven Pinker (born 1954), American cognitive scientist and popular science author Steven Pitt, multiple people Stephen 'Steve' Poleskie (1938–2019), artist and author Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952), British playwright, director and screenwriter Steven Earl Popkes (born 1952), American science fiction writer Steven "Steve" Porcaro (born 1957), American keyboardist, singer and songwriter, one of the founding members of the rock band Toto Stephen Port (born 1975), British serial killer Stephen Porter, British professor of oral medicine Stephen Potts (born 1957), British author and writer Steven John Potts (born 1967), English football coach and former player Stephen Bosworth Pound (1833–1911), American lawyer, politician, and judge Stephen Prina (born 1954), American artist and professor Steven Prince, American road manager and actor Stephen Punt (born 1962), British comedian, writer, and actor Stephen Purdy (born 1970), musician, author, and performance coach R Stephen James Randall, Canadian professor, author, and activist Stephen John Randall (born 1980), English former cricketer Stephen Randolph (born 1974), American baseball player Stephen Lange Ranzini, American banking executive Steven Raucci (born 1948), American convicted criminal Stephen Rea (born 1946), Irish actor Steven Rea, American journalist, film critic, web producer, and writer Stephen Lester Reeves (1926–2000), American professional bodybuilder, actor, and philanthropist Stephen Regelous, New Zealander computer graphics software engineer Stephen Michael Reich (born 1936), American composer Steven Reich, American attorney, former DOJ employee, and CEO Stephen Rennicks, Irish musician and composer Steven Reuther (1951–2010), American film producer Stephen Reynolds, Canadian television director Stephen Dee Richards (1856–1879), American serial killer Stephen L Richards (1879–1959), American lawyer, professor, and LDS Church leader Steven Riley, British professor of infectious disease Steven Ritch (1921-1995), American actor Stephen E. Rivkin, American film editor, producer, and organizational head Steven Robertson (born 1977), Scottish actor Stephen Roche (born 1959), Irish road racing cyclist Stephen Roche (born 1964), New Zealander composer and performer Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936), American philanthropist, professor, and author Steven Rogelberg, American psychologist, professor, author, and editor Stephen Root (born 1951), American actor Stephen Rosenfeld (1932–2010), American journalist, editor, and columnist Steven Rothery (born 1959), English musician G. Steven Rowe (born 1953), American lawyer, politician, and organizational executive Steven Rumbelow (1949−2016), British theatre and film director and producer S Stephen H. Sachs (1934–2022), American lawyer and politician Stephen Sackur (born 1964), British journalist Stephen Sadowski (born 1967), Canadian artist specializing in comics Steven Salaita (born 1975), American scholar, author and public speaker Steven Sater, American poet, lyricist, playwright, and screenwriter Steven Savile (born 1969), British author and editor Steven Ralph Schirripa (born 1957), American actor, producer, author, voice artist, and businessman Stephen Edward Schmidt (born 1970), American public relations and political strategist Steven J. Schmidt, American political and environmental activist Stephen Schwartz (disambiguation), multiple people with name spelling variations Steven Seagal (born 1952), American actor Steven Sebring (born 1966), American photographer, filmmaker and producer Stephen Seche (born 1952), US ambassador to Yemen Stephen Sedgwick, British mix engineer Stephen Sedley (born 1939), British lawyer Stephen Semel, American filmmaker and actor Stephen Sesnick, club owner and band manager Stephen Shaw (born 1953), British prison ombudsman and investigator Stephen Sidelinger (born 1947), American designer, educator, and book artist Stephen de Silva Jayasinghe (1911-1977), Sri Lankan Sinhala politician Steven Silver (actor) (born 1989), American actor Stephen Simpson (1789–1854), American author, journalist, and editor Steven Sims (born 1997), American football player Stephen Sinclair, New Zealander playwright, screenwriter, and novelist Stephen Six (born 1965), American lawyer, former judge, and former state Attorney General Steven L. Sles (born 1940), American artist, composer and musician Stephen Smale (born 1930), American mathematician Stephen B. Small (1947–1987), American businessman Steven Paul Smith (1969–2003), American singer-songwriter and musician known as Elliott Smith Steven Soderbergh (born 1963), American film director Steven Soles, American singer-songwriter, record producer, and guitarist Steven Solomon (born 1993), Australian sprinter Stephen Sommers (born 1962), American film director and screenwriter Stephen Sondheim (1930–2021), American theatre composer and lyricist Stephen Roger Southwood (born 1955), Australian judge Stephen Speed (born c. 1963), former mayor and retired U.S. Naval officer Stephen Spencer, English DJ & producer Stephen Spender (1909–1995), English poet, novelist, essayist, and professor Steven Spielberg (born 1946), American film director and producer, one of the most popular in film history Stephen C. Spiteri (born 1963), Maltese military historian Stephen Sprouse (1953–2004), American fashion designer and artist Steven Spurrier (1941–2021), British wine expert, merchant, and author Stephen Squeri (born 1959), American corporate executive and board member Steven Stamkos (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player, captain of Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL) Steven Stanley (born 1958), Jamaican music producer and musician Steven M. Stanley (born 1941), American professor of paleontology and evolutionary biology Stephen Staunton (born 1969), Irish football manager and former player Stephen "Stepa" Stepanović (1856-1929), Serbian military commander during First Balkan War Stephen Owen Stephens (1930–2021), American television broadcaster and producer Stephen Arthur Stills (born 1945), American singer, songwriter, and musician Steven Stivers (born 1965), American businessman and politician Stephen Samuel Stratton (1840–1906), English organist and author Stephen E. 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Zimmerman (born 1957), American chemistry professor and administrator Stephen Eric Zimmerman Jr. (born 1996), American basketball player Steven Zirnkilton (born 1958), American voice actor and former politician Steven Zuber (born 1991), Swiss footballer Steven Zucker (1949–2019), American mathematician and educator Stephen Edward Zuckerman (born 1947), American television and theater director Stephen Zunes (born 1956), American international relations scholar and author Fictional characters Stephen, an engine based on Stephenson's Rocket in the TV series Thomas & Friends. Stephen, a house slave in the film Django Unchained played by Samuel L. Jackson. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Breonna%20Taylor

Killing of Breonna Taylor

Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American woman, was fatally shot in her Louisville, Kentucky, apartment on March 13, 2020, when white officers Jonathan Mattingly, Brett Hankison, and Myles Cosgrove of the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations. Taylor's boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, was inside the apartment with her when the plainclothes officers knocked on the door and then forced entry. The officers said that they announced themselves as police before forcing entry, but Walker said he did not hear any announcement, thought the officers were intruders, and fired a warning shot at them. The shot hit Mattingly in the leg, and the officers fired 32 shots in return. Walker was unhurt but Taylor, who was behind Walker, was hit by six bullets and died. According to police, Taylor's home was never searched. Walker was charged with assault and attempted murder of a police officer, but the charges were dismissed with prejudice 12 months later. On June 23, 2020, the LMPD fired Hankison for blindly firing through the covered patio door and window of Taylor's apartment. On September 15, the city of Louisville agreed to pay Taylor's family $12 million and reform police practices. On September 23, a state grand jury indicted Hankison on three counts of wanton endangerment for endangering Taylor's neighbors with his shots. None of the officers involved in the raid have been charged in Taylor's death. Cosgrove was determined to have fired the fatal shot that killed Taylor. On October 2, 2020, recordings from the grand jury investigation into the shooting were released. Two of the jurors released a statement saying that the grand jury was not presented with homicide charges against the officers. Several jurors have also accused Kentucky Attorney General Daniel Cameron and the police of covering up what happened. The shooting of Taylor by police officers led to numerous protests that added to those across the United States against police brutality and racism. When a grand jury did not indict the officers for her death, further civil unrest ensued. Persons involved Breonna Taylor worked for University of Louisville Health as a full-time ER technician and was a former emergency medical technician. Her funeral was on March 21, 2020. Kenneth Walker was Taylor's boyfriend, who was present with her in the apartment at the time and fired the shots at what he thought were intruders. Jonathan Mattingly is an LMPD police officer who joined the department in 2000, became a sergeant in 2009, and joined the narcotics division in 2016. Brett Hankison is a former LMPD detective. Hankison joined the department in 2003. The LMPD fired him on June 23, 2020. Myles Cosgrove is an LMPD police officer who was transferred to the department's narcotics division in 2016. Background The LMPD investigation's primary targets were Jamarcus Glover and Adrian Walker (not related to Kenneth Walker), who were suspected of selling controlled substances from a drug house approximately away. Glover said the police had pressured him to move out of his residence for unspecified reasons. Glover and Taylor had been in an on-off relationship that started in 2016 and lasted until February 2020, when Taylor committed to Kenneth Walker. In December 2016, Fernandez Bowman was found dead in a car rented by Taylor and used by Glover. He had been shot eight times. Glover had used Taylor's address and phone number for various purposes, including bank statements. Jamarcus Glover's statements In a variety of statements, Glover said that Taylor had no involvement in the drug operations, that as a favor she held money from the proceeds for him, and that she handled money for him for other purposes. In different recorded jailhouse conversations Glover said that Taylor had been handling his money and that she was holding $8,000 of it, that he had given Taylor money to pay phone bills, and that he had told his sister that another woman had been keeping the group's money. In the recorded conversations and in an interview with The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Glover repeatedly said that Taylor was not involved in any drug operations and that police had "no business" looking for him at her residence, and denied that he had said in the recorded conversations that he kept money at her residence. Taylor was never a co-defendant in Glover's case. Incident Warrant LMPD obtained a "no-knock" search warrant for Taylor's apartment at 3003 Springfield Drive in Louisville. The search warrant included Taylor's residence because it was suspected that Glover received packages containing drugs there, might have been "keeping narcotics and/or proceeds from the sale of narcotics" there, and because a car registered to Taylor had been seen parked in front of Glover's house several times. Specifically, the warrant alleges that in January 2020, Glover left Taylor's apartment with an unknown package, presumed to contain drugs, and took it to a known drug apartment soon afterward. The warrant states that this event was verified "through a US Postal Inspector". In May 2020, the U.S. postal inspector in Louisville publicly announced that the collaboration with law enforcement had never actually occurred. The postal office said it was actually asked by a different agency to monitor packages going to Taylor's apartment, but after doing so, it concluded, "There's no packages of interest going there." This public revelation put the investigation and especially the warrant into question and resulted in an internal investigation. The warrant was applied for by LMPD detective Joshua C. Jaynes among a total of five warrants approved the preceding day by Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mary M. Shaw "within 12 minutes", and which was stamped as filed with the court clerk's office on April 2. All five warrants contain similar language involving a justification for no-knock entry that concludes with "due to the nature of how these drug traffickers operate". Christopher Slobogin, director of Vanderbilt University's Criminal Justice Program, said that unless police had a reason to suspect that Taylor's residence had surveillance cameras "a no-knock warrant would be improper." Brian Gallini, a professor at the University of Arkansas, also expressed skepticism about the warrant, writing that if it was appropriate in this particular search, "then every routine drug transaction would justify grounds for no-knock". Detective Jaynes attested in the affidavit that, But Sergeant Timothy Salyer, supervisor of the Shively, Kentucky, police department's Special Investigations Unit, told LMPD internal investigators in May that due to "bad blood" between the United States Postal Inspection Service () and the LMPD, inquiries related to the drug trafficking investigation had been routed through the Shively . In his interview with internal investigators, Jaynes said that before the raid on Taylor's apartment Mattingly told him that the Shively PD had reported that the United States Postal Service had not delivered any suspicious packages to that address. Jaynes was reassigned from his duties with the LMPD in June. According to The New York Times, before the execution of the no-knock warrant, orders were changed to "knock and announce". Police entry into the apartment Shortly after midnight on March 13, 2020, Louisville police dressed in plain clothes knocked on Taylor's door before forcing entry using a battering ram. There is dispute as to whether the officers announced themselves before forcing entry. Walker contends that Taylor asked, "Who is it?" several times after hearing a loud bang at the door. Hearing no answer, he then decided to call his mother instead of the police. After calling his mother he dialed 911 and armed himself. The police officers involved have testified that they announced themselves multiple times before using the battering ram to enter the apartment. The New York Times interviewed roughly a dozen neighbors and alleged that only one of them, who was on the exterior staircase immediately above Taylor's apartment, heard the officers shout "Police!" once and knock at least three times, while approximately 11 other neighbors heard no knock or announcement, including one who was outside smoking a cigarette. According to a statement by Attorney General Cameron, an independent investigation concluded that the no-knock warrant was indeed served as a knock-and-announce warrant, which was corroborated by one independent witness who was near Taylor's apartment. But on September 30, this witness's lawyer said that police announced themselves "only in passing" and implied that the witness was quoted out of context or that video was deceptively spliced. According to VICE News, the witness originally said "nobody identified themselves" when interviewed by police a week after the shooting. But when the police called him two months later, he said he heard, "This is the cops." Shooting and aftermath Walker said that he and Taylor believed intruders were breaking into the apartment. He initially told police during his arrest that Taylor had opened fire, but later reversed his statement, stating that he had fired the warning shot in self-defense. According to officials, the shot struck Mattingly in the leg. Walker's legal team asserts that because forensic photography shows no blood in the part of the apartment where Mattingly says he was shot, because a court-sealed photograph of the single hollow-point bullet from Walker's firearm shows no blood, and because, based on consultations with pathologists, they believe that a hollow-point bullet would have done "considerably" more damage to Mattingly's thigh, the evidence suggests Mattingly was shot by police officers. A Kentucky State Police ballistics report is inconclusive, saying that "due to limited markings of comparative value", the bullet that hit Mattingly and exited his thigh was neither "identified nor eliminated as having been fired" from Walker's gun. But it was fired from a 9mm pistol like Walker's, whereas all officers were carrying 40-caliber guns. Police then fired 32 rounds into the apartment during two "flurries" or waves of shots separated by one minute and eight seconds. Mattingly, the only officer who entered the residence, fired six shots. At the same time, Cosgrove fired 16 shots from the doorway area in a matter of seconds. Hankison fired 10 times from outside through a sliding glass door and bedroom window, both of which were covered by blinds or curtains. The officers' shots hit objects in the living room, dining room, kitchen, hallway, bathroom, and both bedrooms. Taylor was struck by five or six bullets in the hallway and pronounced dead at the scene. Cosgrove fired the shot that killed her. Walker was uninjured. According to police grand-jury testimony, the warrant was never executed and Taylor's apartment was not searched for drugs or money after the shooting. More than a month after the shooting, Glover was offered a plea deal if he would testify that Taylor was part of his drug dealing operations. Prosecutors said that that offer was in a draft of the deal but later removed. Glover rejected the deal. On November 19, 2020, Glover's associate Adrian Walker was fatally shot. The Louisville police stated that they had no suspects in the killing. Investigations Autopsy and death certificate An autopsy was conducted on Taylor, and her cause of death was determined to be homicide. The death certificate also notes that she received five gunshot wounds to the body. The coroner denied The Courier-Journals request for a copy of the autopsy. The newspaper was appealing to the attorney general's office as of July 17, 2020. Investigations into the three police officers The police filed an incident report that claimed that Taylor had no injuries and that no forced entry occurred. The police department said that technical errors led to a nearly entirely blank malformed report. Local and state investigation All three officers involved in the shooting were placed on administrative reassignment pending the outcome of an investigation by the police department's internal Professional Integrity Unit. On May 20, 2020, the investigation's findings were given to Daniel Cameron, Attorney General of Kentucky, to determine whether any officer should be criminally charged. Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer also asked the FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office to review the findings. In early June, Fischer called for Officer Hankison to be removed from the Louisville Police Merit Board, which reviews appeals from police offices in departmental disciplinary matters. Hankison was one of five members of the board, which consists of three civilians and two police officers selected by the River City Fraternal Order of Police. On June 19, three months after Taylor's killing, Louisville Metro Police interim chief Robert Schroeder sent Hankison a letter notifying him that Schroeder had begun termination proceedings against him. The letter accused Hankison of violating departmental policies on the use of deadly force by "wantonly and blindly" firing into Taylor's apartment without determining whether any person presented "an immediate threat" or whether there were "any innocent persons present". The letter also cited past disciplinary action taken against Hankison by the department, including for reckless conduct. Hankison was formally fired four days later (June 23); he had ten days (until July 3) to appeal his termination to the Louisville Police Merit Board. That appeal was delayed until the criminal investigation is finished. On September 23, 2020, a state grand jury indicted Hankison on three counts of wanton endangerment for endangering a neighboring white family of three when shots he fired penetrated their apartment. Conviction could include a sentence of up to five years in prison and a fine for each count. Bullets also entered the upstairs apartment of a black family but no charges were filed. Neither Hankison nor the two other officers involved in the raid were indicted for Taylor's death. The Louisville Courier Journal raised questions about whether the grand jury had been allowed to decide whether charges should be pressed against Mattingly and Cosgrove or whether prosecutors decided that the officers acted in self-defense without submitting the issue to the grand jury. Hankison's and Walker's attorneys requested the release of the grand jury transcript and related evidence. On September 28, a grand juror filed a court motion stating that Cameron had mischaracterized the grand-jury proceedings and was "using grand jurors as a shield to deflect accountability and responsibility" for charging decisions. A judge ordered the release of the grand jury proceedings' recording; Cameron's office and Hankison's attorney opposed the ruling. A day later, Cameron said that he did not recommend murder charges to the grand jury, but maintained that he presented "a thorough and complete case". While recordings of testimony and some other parts of the proceedings were released, the juror deliberations and prosecutor recommendations were not released and according to the state attorney general's office were never recorded. On October 22, a second grand juror criticized Cameron, how the grand jury was operated, and how Cameron presented the grand jury's conclusion. The juror agreed with the first juror's statement, including that members of the grand jury wanted to consider other charges against the officers, including homicide charges. But "the panel was steered away from considering homicide charges and left in the dark about self-defense laws during deliberations." These statements contradict Cameron's claims that the grand jury "agreed" the officers who shot Taylor were justified in returning fire after Taylor’s boyfriend shot at them. The first grand juror said the panel "didn’t agree that certain actions were justified". One of the anonymous jurors said that the police "covered it up. That's what the evidence that I saw. And I felt like there should have been lots more charges on them." Federal investigation The FBI is conducting its own independent investigation, announced by its Louisville field office on May 21. After the state grand jury charges were announced, the FBI stated, "FBI Louisville continues its federal investigation into all aspects of the death of Breonna Taylor. This work will continue beyond the state charges announced today." Photographic and video evidence On May 14, 2020, photos were released to the public in The Courier-Journal by Sam Aguiar, an attorney representing Taylor's family. The photos show bullet damage in her apartment and the apartment next door. The Louisville police claimed that none of the officers were wearing body cameras, as all three were plainclothes narcotics officers. On September 4, several news sources, including The Courier-Journal, reported that photographs of police officers taken late that day showed that at least one wore a body camera. In the later photographs, one of the officers who fired his weapon, Myles Cosgrove, was wearing a mount for a body camera; another detective who was present wore a body camera, although it is not known whether it was active. Legal proceedings Neighbor's lawsuit On May 20, 2020, the occupants of a neighboring apartment filed a lawsuit against Hankison, Cosgrove, and Mattingly. The occupants were a pregnant woman, her child and a man. The lawsuit alleged that the officers fired blindly into their apartment and nearly hit the man's head, shattered a sliding glass door, and hit objects in three rooms and a hallway. Kenneth Walker Walker initially faced criminal charges of first-degree assault and attempted murder of a police officer. The LMPD officers said they announced themselves before entering the home and were immediately met with gunfire from Walker. According to their statement, Walker discharged his firearm first, injuring an officer. Walker's lawyer said Walker thought that someone was entering the residence illegally and that Walker acted only in self-defense. A 911 call later released to the public provided a recording of Walker telling the 911 operator, "somebody kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend". Walker was later released from jail due to coronavirus concerns, which drew criticism from Louisville Metro Police Department Chief Steve Conrad. Judge Olu Stevens released Walker from home incarceration on May 22. Commonwealth's Attorney Tom Wine then moved to dismiss all charges against Walker in late May, but that meant that the case could be presented to a grand jury again, once the results of the FBI's and the Kentucky Attorney General's Office's investigations had been reviewed. Wine wanted the charges dropped because the officers had never mentioned Taylor by name to the grand jury, or said had they shot her. Walker's close friends said that his job was to protect Taylor at any cost. On May 26, 2020, Judge Olu Stevens granted Wine's motion to drop all charges against Walker. Rob Eggert, an attorney representing Walker, released a statement saying, "he just wanted to resume his life." At the same time, his attorney said that he could be charged again later as more facts emerge. On June 16, Eggert filed a motion to permanently dismiss the indictment charging Walker with attempted murder and assault. The motion asked Stevens to grant Walker immunity because he was within his rights to defend himself and Taylor under Kentucky's stand-your-ground law. On March 8, 2021, Stevens dismissed the criminal charges against Walker with prejudice, meaning he cannot be recharged for the shooting. The judge denied the motion for immunity, saying it was "moot". In September 2020, Walker filed a suit against the Louisville Metro Police Department, accusing it of misconduct and asserting he did not fire the bullet that injured Mattingly. His lawyer, Steve Romines, has raised claims that Walker fired only one bullet and that the recovered round had no blood on it, demonstrating that it had not hit anyone. Taylor's family On May 15, Taylor's family filed a wrongful death lawsuit in Jefferson County Circuit Court on behalf of the estate of Breonna Taylor, against the officers who were present as well as the city of Louisville. It states that Taylor and Walker were sleeping in the bedroom before the incident happened, and that the police officers were in unmarked vehicles. The lawsuit states that Taylor and Walker thought the apartment had been broken into by criminals and that "they were in significant, imminent danger." The lawsuit alleges that "the officers then entered Breonna's home without knocking and without announcing themselves as police officers. The Defendants then proceeded to spray gunfire into the residence with a total disregard for the value of human life." The lawsuit was resolved in mid-September 2020. The Louisville Metro Government (LMG) agreed to pay Taylor's estate $12 million, "one of the highest settlement amounts ever paid in America for the wrongful death of a Black woman by police", according to family attorney Benjamin Crump. The officers and the LMG admitted no liability nor wrongdoing and were absolved of any medical expenses related to Taylor's death; the settlement also prevents Taylor's family from suing the city. The city agreed to initiate a housing credits program for police officers to live in the Louisville Metro area, considered by some a fundamental community policing measure, to institute policing changes such as requiring more oversight by top commanders, and to make mandatory safeguards that were only "common practice" before the raid. Jonathan Mattingly Mattingly was one of three officers who took part in the raid that killed Taylor, and the officer allegedly wounded by Walker. In October 2020, Mattingly's lawyer announced that he was filing a countersuit against Walker for his injury. He alleged that the gunshot wound caused severe damage and that Mattingly was "entitled to, and should, use the legal process to seek a remedy for the injury that Walker caused." The lawsuit details that Mattingly underwent five hours of surgery because the shot severed his femoral artery, and alleges battery, assault and emotional distress. The suit also claims that Walker's response to the officers raid via a no-knock warrant was "outrageous, intolerable and offends all accepted standards of decency or morality". Policy and administrative changes Police department On May 21, Police Chief Steve Conrad announced his retirement after intense local and national criticism for the department's handling of the case, to be effective June 30. Conrad was fired on June 1 after the fatal shooting of black business owner David McAtee. The LMPD announced in May that it would require all sworn officers to wear body cameras, and will change how it carries out search warrants. Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer indefinitely suspended the use of no-knock warrants on May 29. On January 5, 2021, the LMPD fired Cosgrove, who shot and killed Taylor, and Jaynes, who obtained the warrant for the raid. Legislative proposals In June 2020, Democrats in Congress introduced the Justice in Policing Act of 2020, a broad bill containing measures to combat misconduct, excessive force, and racial bias in policing. The bill would prohibit the issuance of no-knock warrants in federal drug investigations and provide incentives to states to enact a similar prohibition. In June, Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) introduced the Justice for Breonna Taylor Act, which would prohibit federal law enforcement from carrying out a warrant "until after the officer provides notice of his or her authority and purpose". It would also apply to state and local law enforcement that receive funding from the Justice Department. On June 10, the Louisville city council voted unanimously to ban no-knock search warrants. Called "Breonna's Law", it requires all officers who serve warrants to wear body cameras, and to have them turned on from at least five minutes before the warrant is served until at least five minutes afterward. Reactions As the shooting occurred during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, at the beginning of an escalating nationwide wave of quarantines and lockdowns, for weeks after Taylor's death there was very little public reaction, little response from government officials, and the LMPD did not provide many details about the shooting or answers to questions about the case. Individuals involved In a September 2020, Mattingly sent a personal email to several hundred of his police colleagues wherein he blamed the city's mayor and police chief for failing "all of us in epic proportions for their own gain and to cover their asses", faulted senior staff and the FBI for being unwilling "to hold the line", and urged his colleagues, "Do what you need to do to go home your family." Mattingly gave an interview in October to ABC News and The Louisville Courier Journal in which he reiterated his accusations that city officials had not come to his and the other officers' defense in the incident's aftermath. In the interview he highlighted the tragedy of the shooting but claimed that it was unlike the murder of George Floyd, saying, "This is not us going, hunting somebody down. This is not kneeling on a neck. It's nothing like that. [...] She didn't deserve to die. She didn't do anything to deserve a death sentence." Politicians and public officials On May 13, 2020, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear responded to reports about Taylor's death and said the public deserved to know everything about the March raid. He requested that Attorney General Cameron and local and federal prosecutors review the Louisville police's initial investigation "to ensure justice is done at a time when many are concerned that justice is not blind". On May 14, Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer and LMPD Chief Steve Conrad announced they had asked the FBI and the United States Attorney to review the local findings of the Public Integrity Unit's investigation when it is completed. Protests For weeks after Taylor's death, her family, members of the community, and protesters around the world requested that officers involved be dehired and criminally charged. Many, including Taylor's family and friends, protested outside Mayor Fisher's office. Celebrities and public figures Commentators such as Arwa Mahdawi and Brittney Cooper suggested Taylor's killing would likely not have received so much attention if not for the George Floyd protests, as black women are often neglected. Mahdawi related this to the #SayHerName campaign and Malcolm X's statement "The most disrespected person in America is the black woman" and called for further protest until justice for Taylor is secured. "Arrest the cops that killed Breonna Taylor" has become a common Internet meme. It has been criticized for trivializing the incident by being akin to the meme "Epstein didn't kill himself". In late July 2020, American record producer J. W. Lucas, who is white, made controversial statements on Twitter that seemed to justify the shooting of Taylor, which received extremely negative reactions, including from activist Tamika Mallory, with whom he later had a heated exchange on Instagram Live. Rapper Jack Harlow, whose single "Whats Poppin" Lucas produced, publicly denounced Lucas, saying that he did not know who Lucas was and was not aware of his involvement in the song. The September 2020 edition of O magazine featured Taylor on the cover instead of the usual image of Oprah Winfrey as a way to honor "her life and the life of every other black woman whose life has been taken too soon". It was the first issue in the magazine's 20-year history that did not have Winfrey's image on its cover. Until Freedom and O magazine put up 26 billboards—one for every year of Taylor's life—around Louisville. Winfrey released a video five months after Taylor's death calling for the arrest of the officers involved. Professional sports teams and individual athletes have honored Taylor and called for the end of racial injustice. Before the 2019–20 NBA season restarted, the Memphis Grizzlies wore shirts with Taylor's name and "#SayHerName" as they arrived at the arena. At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix, Lewis Hamilton wore a T-shirt on the podium with the words "Arrest the cops who killed Breonna Taylor." The governing body, the FIA, considered investigating Hamilton for violating the protocols for political messaging, but decided no investigation was necessary. The September 2020 edition of Vanity Fair featured a painting of Taylor by Amy Sherald on the cover. The issue included an interview with Taylor's mother by author Ta-Nehisi Coates. In September 2020, George Clooney issued a statement in which he said that he was "ashamed" by the decision to charge Hankison with wanton endangerment rather than with Taylor's death. Vandalism On December 26, 2020, a ceramic bust of Taylor that was installed near City Hall in downtown Oakland, California, was smashed, apparently with a baseball bat. The statue stood on a pedestal bearing the words, "Say Her Name, Breonna Taylor". Change.org petition Shortly after Taylor's killing, a petition was started on the public benefit corporation website change.org asking for "Justice for Breonna Taylor." The petition quickly gathered enough signatures to become one of the site's top three most-signed petitions, among others such as those seeking justice for George Floyd and Elijah McClain. See also Pecan Park raid Berwyn Heights, Maryland mayor's residence drug raid Jose Guerena shooting Duncan Lemp shooting Killing of Bernardo Palacios-Carbajal Shooting of Atatiana Jefferson George Floyd protests 2020–2021 United States racial unrest Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Notes References External links 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 in Kentucky 2020–2021 United States racial unrest African-American history in Louisville, Kentucky African-American-related controversies Articles containing video clips Black Lives Matter African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Deaths by person in the United States Law enforcement controversies in the United States March 2020 events in the United States No-knock warrant Protests in the United States Law enforcement in Kentucky

64100762

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Newcastle-under-Lyme

List of people from Newcastle-under-Lyme

This is a list of notable people who were born in or have been residents of the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme, in the county of Staffordshire, England. Earlier centuries Humphrey Wollrich (1633–1707), Quaker writer Philip Astley (1742–1814), equestrian, inventor and father of the modern circus Silvester Harding (1745–1809), artist and publisher, who joined a company of strolling actors at age 14 John James Blunt (1794–1855), Anglican priest who wrote studies of the early Church. 19th century Henry Moseley (1801–1872), churchman, mathematician, and scientist Joseph Mayer (1803–1886), goldsmith, antiquary and collector Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood) (1808–1896), granddaughter of Josiah Wedgwood and wife of Charles Darwin Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe FSA, FRS (1812–1894), landowner and peer, inherited the Jacobean Crewe Hall and failed to prevent the construction of a Silverdale and Madeley Railway Company line Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940), physicist, inventor and writer Arthur Howard Heath TD (1856–1930), industrialist, cricketer, Rugby Union international and local Conservative MP Sir Joseph Cook, GCMG, PC (1860 in Silverdale – 1947), worked in the local coalmines before emigrating in 1885; Prime Minister of Australia, 1913–1914 Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia, (1861–1929), lived in Keele Hall in 1900–1909. Arnold Bennett (1867–1931), writer Ada Nield Chew (1870–1945), suffragist Alfred Herbert Richardson (1874–1951), policeman and Chief Constable of Newcastle-under-Lyme 1901-1903 Oliver William Foster Lodge (1878–1955), poet and author born in Newcastle Fanny Deakin (1883–1968), local politician born in Silverdale, who campaigned for child nourishment and maternity care. Vera Brittain (1893–1970), author, reformer and pacifist, and mother of Shirley Williams Reginald Mitchell (1895–1937), designer of the Spitfire fighter plane 20th century E. S. Turner (1909–2006), journalist and author, went to school in the town. Fred Kite (1921–1993), only Second World War British soldier to receive the Military Medal three times Freddie Garrity (1936–2006), singer, lived in the town near the end of his life. Jackie Trent (1940–2015), singer, songwriter and actress Neil Baldwin (born 1946), clown, Stoke City kit-man and honorary graduate of Keele University Kevin John Dunn (1950–2008), twelfth Roman Catholic Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle Professor Alan Sinclair (born 1952), clinical scientist and diabetes specialist Dylan Waldron (born 1953), artist in traditional techniques such as painting in egg tempera and silverpoint Janet Bloomfield (1953–2007), peace and disarmament campaigner Fran Unsworth (born 1957), journalist, head of BBC News since January 2018 Emma Amos (born 1964), actress Andrew Van Buren (living), illusionist showman, co-founder of the Philip Astley Project Hugh Dancy, (born 1975), actor Charlotte Salt, (born 1985), actress as Sam Nicholls in Casualty (TV series)Dan Croll, (born 1990) singer and songwriter Leon Cooke (born 1991), actor, singer and dancer Notable sports people Dick Ray (1876–1952) professional footballer and manager with Port Vale and Manchester City Frederick Bailey (1919–1985), left-handed English cricketer Don Ratcliffe (1934–2014), footballer with Stoke City Mike Pejic (born 1950), footballer with Stoke City and Everton Ian Moores (1954–1998) footballer with Stoke City and Tottenham Hotspur Robbie Earle (born 1965), footballer with Port Vale and Wimbledon Graham Shaw (born 1967) footballer with Stoke City Dominic Cork, (born 1971) cricketer Simon Wakefield (born 1974), professional golfer Lizzie Neave (born 1987), slalom canoeist in women's kayak, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics Oliver Sadler (born 1987), first-class cricketer Peter Wilshaw (born 1987), cricketer Eddie Hall (born 1988), professional strongman Danielle Wyatt (born 1991), professional England cricketer Curtis Nelson (born 1993), footballer for Plymouth Argyle F.C. Aaron Ramsdale (born 1998), footballer Notable politicians Sir John Merrick (1584–1659), politician and Newcastle-under-Lyme MP Robert Needham, 2nd Viscount Kilmorey (1587/88–1653), supporter of Charles I; MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme in the Addled Parliament in 1614. Sir Richard Leveson (1598–1661), MP for Newcastle in the Long Parliament Samuel Terrick (1602–1675), local politician. In 1658 he went bankrupt for £20,000. Major-General Thomas Harrison (1606–1660) sided with Parliament in the English Civil War. In 1649 he signed the death warrant of Charles I and in 1660, after the Restoration, was found guilty of regicide and hanged, drawn and quartered. Sir Richard Lloyd (1606–1676), English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1628 and 1676. In April 1640, Lloyd was MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme in the Short Parliament. Sir Alfred Seale Haslam (1844–1927) engineer, three times Mayor of Newcastle, MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme, 1900–1906 Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood (1872–1943), Josiah Wedgwood IV'', great-great-grandson of Josiah Wedgwood and Liberal MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme 1906-1919, then its Labour MP 1919-1942 Sir Oswald Mosley (1896–1980), founder of British Union of Fascists lived in Apedale Hall in early 1900s John David Mack (c. 1899–1957), Labour Party MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme, 1942–1951. Stephen Swingler (1915–1969) Labour MP for Stafford, 1945–1950, and for Newcastle-under-Lyme 1951–1969 John Golding (1931–1999), Labour MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme 1969-1986 Llin Golding, Baroness Golding (born 1933), Labour MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme 1986-2001 Jeremy Lefroy (born 1959) Westlands councillor, MP for Stafford since 2010 Paul Farrelly (born 1962), MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme and journalist Karen Bradley (born 1970), MP for Staffordshire Moorlands and Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Aaron Bell (born 1980) politician, MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme since 2019 Gareth Snell (born 1986), graduate of Keele University 2008, leader of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Borough Council 2012–2014 and MP for Stoke-on-Trent Central since 2017 References Newcastle-under-Lyme

64121587

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20incidents%20of%20civil%20unrest%20in%20Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint%20Paul

List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Protest events and episodes of civil disorder have occurred throughout the history of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Minnesota. This list includes notable instances of civil unrest in the cities of Minneapolis or Saint Paul. Events 1930s Arthur and Edith Lee House that featured retaliation by White neighbors in the early 1930s Minneapolis general strike of 1934 Bloody Friday (Minneapolis) incident killing two striking truck drivers on July 20, 1934 1960s 1967 Minneapolis Riot, part of the “long, hot summer” events about racism and police brutality 1970s Women's Strike for Equality in Minneapolis and elsewhere in 1970 Twin Cities Pride parade that began as a protest march in 1972 2000s Experimental College of the Twin Cities that was a continuation of a campus workers strike and protests in 2006 2008 Republican National Convention held in St. Paul and related protests 2010s Occupy Minnesota protests in 2011-2012 Killing of Jamar Clark by a Minneapolis police officer in 2015 and the aftermath Killing of Philando Castile by a St. Anthony police officer in 2016 and the aftermath Killing of Justine Damond by a Minneapolis police officer in 2017 and the aftermath Dakota Access Pipeline protests and actions of solidarity in St. Paul and Minneapolis in 2016-2017 U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present) where members of the Los Angeles Sparks walked off the court before Game 1 of WNBA finals in Minneapolis in 2017 2017 May Day protests in Minneapolis and elsewhere 2020s Protests of government COVID-19 mitigation measures in St. Paul and elsewhere in 2020 George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul after he was murdered by a police officer on May 25, 2020 2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest was prolonged series of protests following Floyd's murder George Floyd Square occupied protests in 2020, 2021, and 2022 2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot was in reaction to the suicide of a homicide suspect on August 26 Protests over the killing of Dolal Idd by a Minneapolis police officer on December 30, 2020 Daunte Wright protests in Brooklyn Center, Minneapolis, and St. Paul that began on April 11, 2021 Protests in Minneapolis regarding the trial of Derek Chauvin in 2021 2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest following the killings of Winston Boogie Smith and Deona M. Knajdek in June Stop Line 3 protests in 2021 Protests over the killing of Amir Locke by a Minneapolis police officer on February 2, 2022 See also List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul Protests in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Minnesota

64121871

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20of%20Jamarion%20Robinson

Shooting of Jamarion Robinson

On August 5, 2016, Jamarion Rashad Robinson, a 26-year-old African American man who had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, was shot 59 times and killed in a police raid in East Point, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. The shooting occurred when at least 14 officers of a Southeast Regional Fugitive Taskforce from at least seven different agencies, led by U.S. Marshals, forcibly entered the apartment of Robinson's girlfriend to serve a warrant for his arrest. The warrant was being served on behalf of the Gwinnett County police and the Atlanta Police Department, and authorities said they had sought his arrest after he fired a gun at police or pointed a gun at police during a previous encounter. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) stated that Robinson had been repeatedly ordered to put down a weapon and that officers who had been involved in the shooting reported Robinson fired at them three times. The case was highlighted as an example of use of force by law enforcement officers after they were shot at, a lack of knowledge in police who interact with people who have a mental illness, a lack of transparency and accountability surrounding the actions of police officers, and a lack of use of body cameras by police and U.S. Marshals when serving arrest warrants. On October 27, 2021, police officers Eric Heinze and Kristopher Hutchens were charged with felony murder, burglary, aggravated assault and making false statements in connection with the shooting. Background Jamarion Robinson had been a biology student at Clark Atlanta University (CAU), and had been a running back on the football teams of CAU and Tuskegee University, but he had paused his education several years prior to the incident. According to his mother, he was in the process of transferring to Tuskegee University and had texted her two days before the shooting to tell her he had just enrolled there for what would be his final semester. He had no criminal record other than a series of misdemeanor traffic violations in the previous two years. His family said they believe the police were seeking him due to mistaking him for someone else. Police showed a photo of the man they were seeking to his grandmother, and she said "That's not my grandson." Incident U.S. Marshals traveled to the apartment in order to arrest Robinson. His mother had called the police to try to get them to help him get mental health assistance, as a few weeks prior he had poured gasoline on the floor beneath his bed and in front of his mother's bedroom. When she called, they also had an outstanding warrant for his arrest. He had allegedly pointed a gun at officers before fleeing when he was confronted at the apartment complex of a friend. His mother had told police about his recent diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, but they did not bring any mental health practitioners with them for the raid. Robinson was staying with his girlfriend at the time of the incident, and lived with his mother in Lawrenceville. Officers claimed they had opened fire after Robinson refused to exit his girlfriend's apartment and was seen with a gun in his hand. Warning shots and the continued gunfire was filmed by a resident standing near the apartment on their cellphone. According to the video recording, the shooting continued for nearly three minutes. According to an investigator hired by the family, the evidence showed that after killing Robinson, police handcuffed his hands behind his back, dragged his body down the stairs from the second floor to the living room on the lower level, and threw a flash-bang grenade into the area after the shooting in an apparent attempt to confuse the investigation of the scene. The body was also found to be wearing an oxygen rebreathing mask when recovered by the medical examiner. The family said that a pathologist found that Robinson had been shot several times through the palms of both hands. The medical report on Robinson's body listed 76 bullet wounds, 59 of which were identified as entry wounds and the other 17 as exit wounds. None of the officers were injured in the incident. None of the police officers involved in the shooting wore body cameras. Investigation Projectiles recovered at the scene included 9mm and .40 ammunition. Two of the 9mm projectiles were later recovered at the scene by the family's investigator, who found them embedded deep into the floor at the top of the stairwell and said they appeared to have been fired directly downwards into Robinson or the floor (although this was on the second floor, above where the police were standing when the shooting began). On the day after the shooting, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) released a statement saying Robinson had been repeatedly ordered to put down a weapon before the shooting began. A handgun was later recovered at the scene that the GBI said was "believed to be associated with Robinson", and it was reported that officers who had been involved in the shooting said Robinson fired at them three times, but a lawsuit filed by the family said the handgun was actually damaged and was not operable. Lack of body camera use The ACLU highlighted the case as an illustration of how police officers, and particularly U.S. Marshals, were often not wearing body cameras, and strongly advocated that they start using them under more circumstances. District Attorney Paul Howard agreed, saying "If we had body cams, a lot of the issues that have been raised about that case would go away." It was reported that U.S. Marshals were never wearing body cameras, even when serving arrest warrants. Some of the officers involved in the raid were from the East Point Police, who ordinarily had vehicles outfitted with dash cameras, but in this instance new vehicles were used that did not have cameras installed. Legal action In January 2018, Robinson's family filed a lawsuit against the officers involved in the shooting, alleging that Robinson had not posed any immediate threat to the officers or others at the time of the shooting and that the officers violated Robinson's civil rights. The suit claimed the officers had "conspired among and between themselves to unreasonably stop, seize, shoot and injure Jamarion Robinson in violation of his Constitutional rights, to destroy and fabricate evidence, to complete false, inaccurate and misleading reports, and to make false statements to superior officers in order to conceal their wrongdoing." In addition to officers of the U.S. Marshals Service, those named in the suit were officers from the police or fire departments of Atlanta, Clayton County, East Point, Fayette County and Fulton County. Paul Howard, the District Attorney of Fulton County, tried to investigate the shooting, but the U.S. Marshals Service did not cooperate with his investigation. On December 28, 2018, he filed a federal lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Justice for failing to provide information about the case in response to Freedom of Information Act requests. He said that federal authorities had prevented his prosecutors from interviewing the officers who were involved in the shooting and had refused to turn over any documents relating to the case. According to his lawsuit filing, more than 90 rounds of ammunition had been fired into or within the apartment. In January 2019, after the Department of Justice raised procedural objections, Howard withdrew subpoenas to interview some of the officers involved in the shooting, which he said was in a "spirit of cooperation" with the agency. In June 2020, Robinson's family said they had lost confidence in Howard's investigation. Robinson's mother said "Paul Howard has failed my family and has not tried to indict the officers who murdered my son even though he's been promising me he's going to take action for nearly four years. ... I do not believe him at all!" Criminal proceedings On October 27, 2021, a grand jury indicted law enforcement officers Eric Heinze and Kristopher Hutchens on charges of felony murder, burglary, aggravated assault and making false statements in connection with the shooting. Heinze was a U.S. deputy marshal at the time of the shooting; Hutchens was a police officer. The two defendants were members of a fugitive taskforce executing an arrest warrant for Robinson when he was shot. The case marks the first time that a member of the U.S. Marshals Service (Heinze) has faced charges for a fatal shooting while on duty. Shortly after the indictment was filed, lawyers for Heinze and Hutchens requested that the trial be moved to a federal court due to the two defendants being federal agents. The Fulton County District Attorney's office subsequently filed a motion that the trial remain in a state court, citing the fact that they were indicted on state murder charges for killing a Georgia citizen while executing a state warrant. A decision has not yet been reached; the officers appeared in state court on March 1, 2022. They pleaded not guilty to all charges. Protest action Robinson's death was highlighted by activists during the "National Day of Outrage" on October 28, 2019, along with the deaths of Atatiana Jefferson, Kendrick Johnson, Nicholas Thomas, and Jimmy Atchison. Members of the New Black Panther Party organized and marched in honor of African-American individuals shot and killed by police in recent years. Students at the Atlanta University Center used the hashtag #AUCShutItDown to voice support of Robinson's family and draw attention to his death. The case was also highlighted during nationwide protests in the wake of the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020. One of the officers involved in the shooting was arrested and charged with aggravated assault and property damage in June 2020 in an incident involving the tasing of two students as they sat in their car during a protest held around Atlanta University Center during the George Floyd–related protests. This officer had also been involved in other previous cases of alleged excessive force, including the shooting death of an unarmed shop customer in the mid-1990s that resulted in a settlement of $1.4 million paid by the city and the shooting of another unarmed man in 2012. References 2016 deaths Deaths by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state) African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States 2016 controversies in the United States 2016 in Georgia (U.S. state) Law enforcement controversies in the United States Law enforcement in Georgia (U.S. state) August 2016 events in the United States East Point, Georgia

64126358

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Floyd%20protests%20in%20Washington%20%28state%29

George Floyd protests in Washington (state)

This is a list of protests over the murder of George Floyd that have been ongoing in the state of Washington since May 29, 2020. Protests Bellingham On May 29, a vigil occurred at the Bellingham Public Library where a memorial was set up. A march took place in Bellingham the following day. On June 2, a small gathering took pace at the library memorial while several hundred protesters gathered at Railroad Avenue and Holly Street. On June 6, about 7,000 protesters gathered at Maritime Heritage Park. On June 28, hundreds of protesters marched from Maritime Heritage Park to City Hall commemorating the 51st anniversary of the Stonewall riots and calling on the city to "defund the police." After most protesters had left, a small group remained, taking down and burning the American flags which had flown at City Hall and graffitiing the entrance. Cascades Chelan: A protest and vigil were held on June 7, starting at Riverwalk Park and moving along the sidewalks downtown. While the protest called for systemic change, the organizers made it clear that the protest was not in opposition to local law enforcement. Leavenworth: A 2.5 mile march followed by the singing of Amazing Grace, and a candlelight 8 minute 46 second moment of silence was observed by 1,300 in the city of Leavenworth, in Chelan County, Washington, on June 5. Selah: A number of protests were held throughout June. On June 6th, more than 150 people participated in at least one of the protests. Members of City Council were vocal in their opposition to the protests. In early July 2020, protesters wrote "Black Lives Matter" in chalk near City Hall, and held a protest. Police threatened to charge those using chalk with a crime, and then removed parts of it with a pressure washer, while the protesters lay on top of other parts of it to prevent washing. Wenatchee: Several hundred people, most of whom wearing masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19, gathered in Memorial Park on the weekend of June 1. On June 6, more than 1,000 protesters gathered in Memorial Park. Armed spectators also gathered and intimidated the crowd after local state legislator Cary Condotta posted on Facebook calling on citizens to be "armed and ready" for the protest. Yakima: On June 1, hundreds of people expressed their frustration about George Floyd in the streets of Yakima. On June 3, about 100 protesters gathered for a solidarity demonstration downtown for the fifth straight day. Eastern Washington Ellensburg: Hundreds of demonstrators attended marches and other events in Ellensburg through the week of June 1. One protest was on June 2, the reported third such march on June 6. Moses Lake: About 300 people gathered for a protest and vigil at Paul Lauzier Memorial Athletic Park on June 7. Omak: 400-500 people were estimated at a march in downtown Omak on the evening of June 4. Pasco: Hundreds gathered at a busy intersection on May 31. Protesters lay in the street for eight minutes then marched to the Pasco Police Station. Pullman: About 200 protesters marched from Martin Stadium to city hall on June 12. Richland: More than 200 protesters gathered at John Dam Plaza and marched along George Washington Way on May 30. Spokane: Over 1,000 people marched in a peaceful protest in Riverfront Park to the Spokane County Courthouse on the afternoon of May 31. After the organized protest concluded, around 200 individuals wandered to congregate at the Federal Building where clashes with police began. A curfew was put in place, and tear gas and rubber bullets were used by the police after the Nike store was looted. Police secured the downtown core shortly before midnight. Walla Walla: Hundreds of protesters gathered in downtown Walla Walla on May 31. King County Auburn: An estimated 1,000 protesters attended the 'I Can't Breathe' BLM Protest on June 2 in downtown Auburn. Nearly 75 people knelt in protest on June 10 on the sidewalk in front of Thomas Jefferson High School. Bellevue: A protest took place on May 31, 2020. A Seattle television news station reported "protesters also were smashing windows, looting and throwing projectiles" and Interstate 405 was closed through downtown Bellevue. During the protests, "dozens of people" characterized by another Seattle television station as "looters" broke into Bellevue Square, the largest shopping mall in Bellevue, which was closed due to the coronavirus pandemic. Burien: Between 700 and 1,000 people marched to city hall on June 6. Federal Way: More than 200 people marched downtown on May 31 on Pacific Highway wearing masks. Issaquah: About 500 residents marched through Olde Town toward City Hall on June 12. Kent: A youth protest group organized under the name "ForFortyTwo" to promote defunding the local police department. A group of ForFortyTwo protesters gathered outside the Kent police headquarters on August 17. Kirkland: A march of 75 to 100 people through the downtown area on June 1; "about half of all businesses in downtown Kirkland" boarded up their storefronts on Central Way; and "a dozen or so middle aged white men" with semiautomatic rifles were televised on the streets. Lake Forest Park: Local activist group Lake Forest Park for Peace resumed their weekly protests on June 6. The group had held weekly protests since 2002 against wars in Afghanistan and Iraq but had gone on hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. North Bend: On June 7, at least 400 protesters filled several busy intersections downtown at a protest organized by Stand in Solidarity Snoqualmie Valley. Renton: More than 200 people protested peacefully for four hours outside Renton City Hall on June 1. Protesters laid on the ground face down for nine minutes. Firearms including shotguns and semiautomatic rifles were displayed in public during protests in Renton on June 2. Shoreline: On June 6, about 4,000 people gathered at Cromwell Park, next to the King County courthouse. Students from the Black Student Union at Shorewood High School gave speeches. Snoqualmie: At least 23 gathered in the downtown area on May 30. Tukwila: On June 7, more than 50 protesters marched along Interurban Avenue S. from the Tukwila Community Center to the Riverside Inn. White Center: Hundreds of people marched on the evening of June 10. Kitsap Peninsula Belfair: Nearly 100 people marched through Belfair on June 4. Bremerton: Protests began in Bremerton on May 31. Hundreds protested at Evergreen Rotary Park on June 8. Poulsbo: Hundreds of protesters gathered at the intersection of Highway 305 and Liberty Road on June 2. Among the protesters were Suquamish Tribal Council members and tribal elders. The Suquamish natives carried signs reading "Black Lives Matter" and "Native Lives Matter," following a recent announcement that there would be no charges against a Poulsbo police officer who shot and killed native resident Stonechild Chiefstick on July 3, 2019. Three Suquamish elders who left the protest and went to downtown Poulsbo for a quiet dinner encountered two men carrying military assault rifles patrolling Front Street. Silverdale: Protesters gathered along Bucklin Hill Road on June 6. Protesters were confronted by J.J. Meland, a local resident who owns a restaurant on the road where protesters had gathered; he held a taser and asked protesters to leave. Meland later invited the protesters to a community gathering at his restaurant at which he apologized. Winslow: Hundreds of demonstrators gathered at the intersection of Highway 305 and Winslow Way on June 4. Olympic Peninsula Aberdeen: On June 14, about 40 anti-police brutality demonstrators gathered for a protest downtown but were outnumbered by about 100 counter-protesters, many of whom were armed. Protesters reported being harassed, being spat upon and called racial slurs by some of the counter-protesters. One protester claimed a man threatened to shoot her in the face while she called the police for help. Forks: On June 7, about 200 people gathered for a protest led by Quileute, Quinault, Hoh, and Klallam natives. This protest was just days after an incident in Forks in which a mixed-race family was followed into the woods and harassed during a camping trip after being mistaken for Antifa. Hoquiam: The mayor and police department joined a protest in solidarity with Black Lives Matter on May 31. Port Angeles: On June 6, about 600 people gathered in front of the Clallam County Courthouse. Port Townsend: On June 5, hospital staff at Jefferson Healthcare took a knee for 8 minutes and 46 seconds and between 100 and 150 Port Townsend High School students gathered in the streets. Sequim: On June 5, about 130 people gathered at the Sequim Civic Center for a vigil. San Juan Islands Eastsound: On May 31st, hundreds gathered in Village Green on Orcas Island. Friday Harbor: More than 150 islanders gathered on the lawn in front of the San Juan County Courthouse on June 1. Lopez Island: On May 31st, hundreds gathered in Lopez Village. Skagit Valley Anacortes: About 80 people gathered to protest on May 30 on Commercial Avenue. At the end of the demonstration protesters blocked a busy intersection and a woman was injured after a man attempted to drive through the crowd. The following weekend, on June 6, several hundred protesters lined the streets. Burlington: More than 200 protesters gathered on Burlington Boulevard on June 4. In a parking lot adjacent to the boulevard, onlookers stood by, "one of them well-armed with a large military-style weapon and ammunition in full view" and identifying himself as a member of the Skagit Militia. The militia did not confront protesters and the protest was peaceful. Mount Vernon: About 30 people gathered for a rally on the 4th Street Bridge on Juneteenth. Snohomish County Arlington: A crowd of protesters gathered in Legion Park on June 12. Edmonds: Small protests have been held daily on Edmonds Way in the Westgate neighborhood of Edmonds. Hundreds of protesters gathered near Meadowdale High School on the evening of June 3. Upwards of 1,000 people marched in a silent protest around Downtown Edmonds on June 12 in solidarity with a simultaneous Black Lives Matter silent protest march. About 250 people marched in a youth-led protest from Brackett's Landing to the Edmonds Historical Museum on August 29; the protest was peaceful but the event was marred when "a white couple walked through without masks and started to push people." Everett: On June 6, around 800 protesters marched through the streets towards the Everett Municipal Building, where an eight minute, forty-six second moment of silence was held. A group of black speakers, led by protest organizer Michael Larson, then shared stories about their experiences with racism and rallied in honor of George Floyd. Lake Stevens: On June 4, hundreds gathered in Lundeen Park in Lake Stevens. One of the organizers, a senior at Lake Stevens High School, said "I just wanted to do this because Lake Stevens has never really had our community come together like this, especially at this time." Lynnwood: Protesters lined the streets near Beverly Elementary School on June 3 for a protest organized by the school's parent–teacher association. Hundreds gathered on June 19 for a protest march in the College Place neighborhood, marching to the Edmonds School District office. The protesters commemorated Juneteenth and called upon the school district to take more initiative in promoting diversity as well as remove police from their schools. Marysville: Hundreds of protesters gathered in Jennings Park on June 11 and marched to Ebey Waterfront Park. Monroe: On June 4, hundreds gathered on Main Street in Monroe and marched to Lake Tye, where members of the community gave speeches. Mountlake Terrace: Between 300 and 400 protesters marched in a silent protest along 52nd Avenue on June 12, during the statewide general strike organized by Black Lives Matter. Mukilteo: About 1,000 people attended a protest on June 7 organized by recent graduates of Kamiak High School. Snohomish: Local nonprofit group Snohomish for Equity held rallies in town beginning May 25 and by May 30 the rallies drew crowds of more than 200 people. On May 31, after rumors spread of a threat from Antifa, hundreds of armed men gathered in the downtown area, many of whom were affiliated with far right groups and at least one which flew a Confederate flag from his pickup truck. The local police chief described the gathering as "festive" and later resigned after his description of the event drew criticism. Stanwood: On May 28 a lone protester, 17-year-old Mercedez Gonzalez stood in the rain holding a sign calling for an end to police brutality. She continued her protest each day and was met with both support and opposition from the community. On May 31, Gonzalez was attacked with coffee; on June 2 one driver threw hamburger buns at protesters and another waved a gun while driving past them. By June 3 more than 20 people had joined the protest. Tulalip Indian Reservation: About 40 people gathered at Quil Ceda Village on May 31. South Puget Sound Olympia: On May 30, over 150 gathered at the Washington State Capitol. In the days following the protest a fake advertisement circulated around social media titled "Get Paid to be a Professional Anarchist," featuring Antifa symbolism and listing the contact information for the Thurston County Democrats. On June 5, a photograph of an Olympia Police officer posing with a group of armed civilians making a hand gesture associated with the Three Percenters group was shared on Twitter and Facebook. The police department announced it would investigate the photograph, for which Interim Police Chief Aaron Jelcick apologized. Tacoma: Hundreds marched in Tacoma on May 30. The Washington National Guard was deployed to protect the City-County building in Tacoma on June 4 through June 8. Yelm: About 100 protesters gathered on the evening of June 4 at the intersection of Yelm Avenue and Clark Road. About 60 counter-demonstrators including the mayor gathered for a "Back the Blue" protest and Flag Day celebration on June 14. Southwest Washington Centralia: About 40 people gathered in George Washington Park on May 31. Chehalis: Inspired by the demonstration in nearby Centralia, upwards of 300 people gathered and knelt at the Lewis County Courthouse on June 1. The protests continued the following weekend with about 100 people protesting outside Vernetta Smith Chehalis Timberland Library on June 6. La Center: The Oregonian reported a small group of protesters seen on June 14. Raymond: More than 100 people gathered on June 12 for a silent protest march for five miles along U.S. Route 101, ending at the courthouse in South Bend. Ridgefield: Upwards of 300 people gathered for a protest on June 3. Seaview: About 70 people marched from Seaview to Long Beach on June 20, the culmination of four days of protests along Long Beach Peninsula. Vancouver: Around a hundred people gathered in Esther Short Park on May 31 for a peaceful protest. Vancouver Police were present as well as at the Vancouver Mall in anticipation of violence, as looting had been reported in nearby Portland, Oregon. About a dozen protesters continued their protest the next day at a roundabout near city hall. About 50 people gathered in Vancouver Central Park calling for racial justice on June 8 at a rally organized by Southwest Washington Communities United for Change. The same day, about a hundred students from Columbia River High School gathered at the corner of Northeast Hazel Dell Avenue and Northeast 99th Street wearing their caps and gowns and chanted "Black lives matter." Washougal: A rally for black lives was held on June 6. Across the street from the rally firearms retailer hosted an armed group that was seen in front of the business and on the rooftop. The store denied accusations of racism, citing the store-owner's Vietnamese American heritage. Kevin Peterson Jr. protests On October 29, 2020, Clark County sheriff's deputies fatally shot Kevin E. Peterson, Jr., in Hazel Dell, Washington, near Vancouver, resulting in vigils and demonstrations. Hundreds gathered in Hazel Dell for a vigil the evening of October 30 with protesters carrying signs saying “Honk for Black lives. White silence is violence” and “Scream his name,” and confronting right-wing counter-protesters. That night, hundreds of protesters marched through Downtown Vancouver, resulting in property damage and a confrontation with federal agents. At least one person was arrested after the protest was declared an unlawful assembly and a dispersal order was issued by police. Whidbey Island Langley: The weekly lunch hour protest organized by local group People of Whidbey Elegantly Resisting (POWER) shifted its focus to Black Lives Matter. About 160 people showed up for the protest on June 7 and 98 people showed up on June 14. The weekly protest was previously a general anti-Trump protest, with focuses in support of sanctuary cities, women's rights and gun control. Oak Harbor: On May 30, more than 50 protested in dismal weather at the intersection of Highway 20 and Beeksma Drive. On June 6th, several hundred protesters attended a rally the following week. Government response Washington State Governor Jay Inslee ordered the activation of the Washington National Guard. As a consequence of the May 30 events, all Seattle-bound service by Washington State Ferries, Kitsap Fast Ferries and the Seattle Water Taxi was suspended, with Colman Dock loading westbound traffic to Bainbridge Island and Bremerton only; many downtown streets were closed and bus service was halted; the Westlake and Pioneer Square light rail stations were also closed by Sound Transit. The Washington State Department of Transportation rerouted Interstate 5 freeway traffic away from Downtown Seattle in a 20-mile detour across the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge and Interstate 90 floating bridges, and through the Eastside. The Mayor of Bellevue, Lynne Robinson, declared a civil emergency and curfew in Downtown Bellevue on May 31, and requested the governor to mobilize the Washington National Guard to the city. Police chief Steve Mylett said the looters and rioters had joined a small group of peaceful protesters before they committed their crimes. "They were not there to protest the tragic death of George Floyd. They were there to destroy," said the chief. He explained that officers had learned on Saturday that gang members had planned to "cause trouble" at a planned peaceful protest, adding that he welcomed peaceful protesters. The protests in Bellevue and elsewhere led to a statewide expansion of the National Guard callup on May 31, previously limited to 600 guardsmen sent to Seattle only. On June 1, the National Guard secured Bellevue Square. The city of Kirkland issued an official bulletin to businesses asking them to close in the early afternoon, and for citizens to stay away from the downtown area. President Donald Trump has criticized the response of Governor Jay Inslee and Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan, claiming that they have not been effective in dealing with protesters, especially regarding the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone and the Seattle police's abandonment of the East Precinct. Trump has threatened to retake the city if local leaders do not reassert their authority. Weeks later, in the early morning of July 1, Mayor Durkan issued an executive order declaring an end to the zone and authorizing police to clear the area. The police cleared the protest zone and retook the East Precinct soon-after. Procedural changes The City of Bellevue announced on June 5 it would no longer allow neck restraints. The Edmonds School District school board voted on June 24 to terminate contracts with the local police department. Curfews On June 1, Lynnwood issued a curfew after tips came in that rioters were planning to loot Alderwood Mall. The cities of Redmond, Renton and Mercer Island established a curfew for the evening of June 1. The Redmond curfew was rescinded June 2. Arrests On the morning of June 11, a Tacoma woman was arrested by federal authorities in full SWAT gear for burning 5 police cars during the May 30 riot in Seattle. At least 23 people were arrested by Spokane police for participating in the May 31 looting in Downtown Spokane. Fifteen of those arrested were arrested on the night of May 31 and at least 8 more were arrested following police investigation. At least 23 people were arrested in June by Bellevue police for participating in the May 31 riots. Killing of Michael Reinoehl On September 3, in Lacey, Washington, federal authorities attempted to arrest Antifa supporter Michael Reinoehl for the August 29 killing of Aaron Danielson, a right-wing activist associated with Patriot Prayer, during a protest in Portland. During the attempted arrest, Reinoehl was shot and killed by a federal officer. See also Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone Killing of Manuel Ellis References External links 2020 in Washington (state) Washington May 2020 events in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Washington (state)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Floyd%20protests%20in%20Chicago

George Floyd protests in Chicago

The George Floyd protests in Chicago were a series of civil disturbances in 2020 in the city of Chicago, Illinois. Unrest in the city began as a response to the murder of George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020. The demonstrations and riots, supporting justice for Floyd and protesting police brutality, occurred simultaneously with those of over 100 other cities in the United States. Chicago is among 12 major cities that declared curfews in order to prevent looting and vandalism. On May 31, Mayor Lori Lightfoot asked Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker to send the Illinois National Guard to Chicago for the first time in the 52 years since the 1968 riots in Chicago. The economic damage caused by the disturbances exceeded $125 million. Events May 28 On May 28, Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot compared Floyd's murder to the murder of Laquan McDonald, saying "there but for the grace of God goes Chicago." Chicago Police Department Superintendent David Brown required officers to watch the video of Floyd's murder and undergo training on positional asphyxiation. May 29 Protesters gathered on May 29 in Millennium Park and marched through the Loop chanting Floyd's name. Demonstrators shut down several downtown streets and blocked traffic on the Eisenhower Expressway. Near the intersection of State and Harrison streets, several protesters were seen throwing bottles and climbing onto cars. One individual was arrested while carrying a gun. A small group of protesters demonstrated in front of Trump Tower near midnight. The protesters eventually broke up once they reached the Near North Side neighborhood, and protests eventually died down by the early-morning hours. May 30 During protests on May 30, one person died and six were shot. The Chicago Police reported multiple arrests and damaged property. About a dozen officers were injured, including one who suffered a broken wrist. Around 108 arrests were confirmed on the night of May 29–30, and Mayor Lightfoot called on protesters to remain peaceful, stating that "it's not easy when we have a president who is inciting violence. Let's be better than him." Around 4:30 am CDT, a board-up company was covering the windows of the State Street Old Navy location, and the Champs store near the intersection of State and Madison streets had several damaged windows. Multiple marches were expected throughout the weekend. Another demonstration was planned for 2:00p.m. on Saturday the 30th, and Mayor Lightfoot stated that "we're not going to tolerate" lawlessness. A large downtown parking ban was enacted, with vehicles unable to park anywhere from Chicago Avenue in the north to Congress Parkway in the south, and from Lake Shore Drive in the east to Wells Street in the west, roughly correlating to the downtown area plus the Magnificent Mile and River North neighborhoods. A crowd, which swelled to around 3,000, initiated a demonstration at Daley Plaza around 2p.m. on Saturday the 30th. Protesters carried signs and wore face masks saying "I Can't Breathe." By 3:30p.m., hundreds were marching north, with some protesters reportedly throwing fireworks and bottles near officers. Some also tagged buildings, cars, and a bus shelter. Another group of protesters climbed on top of a 151 Sheridan CTA bus. Demonstrators gathered on three sides of a police vehicle that was backing up on Dearborn Street, and confrontations broke out between officers and protesters when a police car tried to drive down Monroe Street in the Loop. By 4p.m., the crowd had split into several groups heading in different directions, including Trump Tower, where it became markedly chaotic, with some throwing bottles and fireworks at officers. Authorities pushed protesters out of the way of a police vehicle. Along State Street, marchers heading northbound chanted "Black Lives Matter" and "I Can't Breathe," most of them wearing masks and many holding signs that read "Defund the Police" and "Justice for Floyd." On the Magnificent Mile, a demonstrator wore a mobile stereo around his neck as the song "Fight the Power" by Public Enemy played from it. Simultaneously, church bells rang from the Fourth Presbyterian Church. Protesters marched on Lake Shore Drive and Michigan Avenue, and the crowd began to enter the outer drive through a northbound entrance ramp. By 5p.m., officers had responded to at least one dozen "10-1" calls, a police emergency. Some demonstrators reportedly tried to overturn a police car; others tried to hop onto another CTA bus. The Ohio and Ontario feeder ramps were closed by authorities as well as the ramps leading to Eisenhower Expressway (I-290). Additionally, the CTA temporarily suspended Red Line service between the Clark/Division and Sox-35th stations. Around 7:30 pm, at the intersection of Dearborn and Hubbard streets, a police vehicle was flipped over by demonstrators. A few minutes later, officers flipped it back again and protesters moved closer to the intersection of Kinzie and Dearborn streets. By the evening, there was at least one report of injuries to police officers, including a sergeant who had broken his arm near Trump Tower. Mayor Lightfoot held a press conference just after 8p.m., stating that the protests had "evolved into criminal conduct". Following the press conference, Lightfoot imposed a curfew on the city, lasting every night from 9p.m. to 6am, until further notice. Lightfoot stated that she had seen protesters use different blunt objects like pipes and hammers to damage property. "I've seen protesters hurl projectiles at our police department...bottles of water, urine and lord knows what else," she said. Chicago Police Superintendent David Brown gave a message to looters and rioters, stating that "We will be taking you into custody when you destroy property...That's just facts.'' He added that several buildings were vandalized, had broken windows, and that police utilized pepper spray and "arrests to prevent looting.'' Almost every storefront on Michigan Avenue saw some form of damage on Saturday evening, including the Loop locations of Zara, Nike, CVS, Walgreens, Neiman Marcus, and the Macy's storefront on State Street. Several shootings occurred well into the night: 2 males were shot at 9:30 pm on the 0 west block of Jackson Boulevard, and a 19-year-old man was shot an hour later on the 200 north block of Michigan Avenue. At 11 pm, another two males were shot at, this time on the 100 west block of Hubbard Street. One of them was pronounced dead at the scene, and the other suffered injuries. Shortly after 11:30 pm, the Chicago Fire Department responded to a fire at the Central Camera Company store on the 200 south block of Wabash Avenue. As a result of protests, the CTA temporarily suspended its services in the downtown area, and the northbound lanes of Lake Shore Drive at Roosevelt Road were closed. By the morning of May 31, most of the drawbridges spanning the Loop and River North remained up. The Chicago Police Department announced that 204 arrests were made on Saturday the 30th. 20 officers were confirmed to have been injured. May 31 The Illinois National Guard was summoned to the downtown area by Governor J.B. Pritzker, who said he had done so following a request from Mayor Lightfoot on early Sunday morning. "I want to be clear and emphasize: the Guard is here to support our Police Department," Lightfoot stated. "They will not be actively involved in policing and patrolling." The decision is considered the first time since 1968 that a Chicago mayor had asked for the National Guard's help in dealing with civil unrest and disturbances. On Sunday morning, Target announced that it would be closing its seven locations in the Chicago neighborhoods of Hyde Park, McKinley Park, South Loop, State Street, Streeterville, Wilson Yard and West Loop. Just before noon, Lightfoot called for a moment of silence at 5pm. At approximately 3 pm, Metra suspended its services to and from Chicago's downtown. Despite these new measures, reports of looting, window-breaking, and other crimes began coming in, not from the downtown area as it had happened on the previous day, but from multiple areas across the entire city of Chicago in the early afternoon. At 3:30 pm, a group of about 24 officers were sighted at the intersection of Chicago Avenue and Kedzie Avenue, where a shopping strip seemed to have been looted. Cell phone stores, hair-braiding shops, and a Family Dollar location were damaged during the afternoon. In West Garfield Park, multiple storefronts were looted Sunday afternoon along Madison Street. A billow of smoke over Madison Street from a burning business was sighted east of Karlov Avenue. Shortly before 4 pm, the windows of Bronzeville Finer Foods were shattered. Just west of the Bronzeville Finer Foods, protesters gathered in front of Chicago Police headquarters, where officers stood in front of the entrance. At Guaranteed Rate Field, members of the Illinois National Guard set up a staging area in Lot A with Humvees. A dozen blocks south of the staging area, at the intersection of 47th Street and Halsted Avenue in Canaryville, protesters looted the City Sports Outlet. One man at the scene of the looting was nearly hit by a car. Further east, at the intersection of 47th Street and Michigan Avenue in Bronzeville, looters broke into a Western Union location. In the Little Village neighborhood, looters stole products and merchandise from a shoe store and a T-Mobile location. Local Latino gangs worked in tandem to protect their neighborhood from any further looting, however, these attempts soon turned violent as a few gang members began targeting black people who lived in the area, mistaking them for looters, often attacking them while in their vehicles and resorting to lethal force. This, in turn, angered the black gangs of North Lawndale, leading to subsequent shootouts throughout the Little Village, North Lawndale, and Cicero, Illinois areas. Looters took to stealing from clothing and shoe stores on the Commercial Avenue shopping strip in the South Chicago neighborhood. The Chatham shopping mall near the intersection of 87th Street and Dan Ryan Expressway was also looted, with shopping carts littered throughout the Jewel and Home Depot parking lots. Demonstrators also entered a nearby Family Dollar. Starting at 6:30 pm, at the request of authorities, the CTA suspended service on all bus routes and rail lines, according to its website. A fire was reported near the intersection of 59th Street and Ashland Avenue, while another one occurred at the intersection of 55th Street and Kedzie Avenue. Simultaneously, a group of demonstrators marched into Lake Shore Drive and blocked traffic for around twenty minutes despite police barricades, leading to heavy traffic. Crowds marched through the Hyde Park and River North neighborhoods on the evening of the 31st. In River North, officers utilized batons to beat protesters. In Old Town, a standoff between demonstrators and police lasted hours. Farther south in the city, the Walgreens location at the intersection of 79th Street and Racine Avenue was "emptied out". Around 9 pm, a group of mostly peaceful protesters were marching in downtown Chicago, and the crowd entered Lake Shore Drive, heading northbound before exiting. Also at about 9 pm, a fire at a shopping strip near was put out. Around 10:50 pm, on the 4200 west block of Van Buren Street, an 18-year-old woman was fatally shot in the head. Several hours earlier, a man was fatally shot, with two others being wounded while the three were standing outside with a group on the 5100 west block of Madison Street in the Austin neighborhood. In addition, two women were shot while driving on the 500 west block of Pershing Avenue when a mini-van pulled up and its occupant opened fire. In another incident, police stated that two men were shot while they walked down the 1200 north block of Washtenaw Avenue. One victim was shot in the hip, and the other was shot in the hand. Multiple stores in Washington Park were looted during the evening, and another wave of looting appeared in the Wicker Park neighborhood, starting on Sunday night and lasting well into the early hours of Monday, June 1. Dozens of people were seen near a Foot Locker in the vicinity of the Milwaukee and Ashland Avenues intersection in Wicker Park. Firefighters responded early Monday to a fire at the 95th Street shopping center in the Jeffery Manor neighborhood. According to initial reports, 82 people were shot, 19 fatally, in Chicago over the May 30–31 weekend. The weekend surpassed the previous May 23–24 weekend, which was the most deadly Memorial Day weekend in Chicago since 2015 with 49 individuals shot in total and 9 deaths, becoming the most deadly weekend of the year to that date. Over half of the May 30–31 weekend victims were shot on Sunday. June 1 CPS grab-and-go meal sites, which were started in April as response to the COVID-19 pandemic, were closed on Monday the 1st but scheduled meal delivery will continue. Additionally, all Illinois community-based COVID-19 testing sites were closed on June 1. Also that morning, all exit ramps for the I-90/94 from 18th Street to Division Street were shut down until further notice. At a press conference on Monday morning, Mayor Lightfoot denied that the city prioritized protecting the Loop over neighborhoods on the South and West Side over the weekend. "There is no way, no way, we would ever let any neighborhood receive more resources and protection than any others. Ever," Lightfoot stated. "That certainly didn’t happen over the course of the weekend...We did not stand by and let the South and West Sides burn as some are propagating." The city had shut down most access to Chicago's downtown the previous day after protesters burnt and looted businesses in the Loop. As a result of the measures, looters took to South and West Side neighborhoods. Chicago authorities were stationed across the city but were overwhelmed, Lightfoot said. The city's authorities had apparently received 65,000 calls in a 24-hour period. "The fact is, the violence that we saw and the looting we saw spread like a wildfire," she added. Police Superintendent Brown stated that 699 looting arrests were made on the 31st, and that at least 132 officers were injured on Sunday. The Nike location at the intersection of 85th Street and Cottage Grove saw looting around 2 pm. At 4 pm, a peaceful protest of several hundred people occurred on Lincoln Avenue. An hour later, demonstrators were gathered at Belmont and Wilton Avenues in the Lake View neighborhood, and the demonstration remained calm. At 6:30 pm, the march that had begun in Lake View reached the intersection of Broadway and Sunnyside avenues in Uptown. Around 7:30 pm, the CTA and Metra announced it would suspend its service for the night again. At 7:50 pm, demonstrators in Uptown went southbound on Broadway before heading east on Irving Park Road towards Lake Shore Drive. 30 minutes later, the same group of demonstrators was marching north on Lake Shore Drive. Shortly after the 9 pm curfew began, police officers confronted a group of men on Broadway Avenue who were throwing rocks and bricks. The group was dispersed by the officers, who did not use any chemical irritants. During the weekend, it was reported that the hacktivist group Anonymous had infiltrated the Chicago Police's radio systems, blaring "Fuck tha Police" by N.W.A to disrupt radio communication. The economic cost of the riots and looting in the final days of May through June 1 were estimated at $66 million. August 9–10 After the police shot a man in Englewood, hundreds of people rioted in Northern Chicago. The riots primarily targeted the Magnificent Mile, where dozens of stores were looted, causing over $60 million in damage. The rioters clashed with police, wounding at least 13 police officers and inflicting damage upon police cars. In an attempt to hinder the movements of the rioters, bus and train services were suspended, several drawbridges were raised, and freeways were shut down. Two people were shot during the rioting, a bystander and a private security guard from the Loop, the latter of whom was hospitalized in critical condition, and over 100 people were arrested in connection with the looting. Although the police department and the mayor of Chicago stated that the initial police shooting involved a confrontation with Latrell Allen, a 20-year-old man who had fled from the police and then fired his weapon at them, many of the rioters were led to believe that the police had instead shot and killed a 15-year-old boy, a belief that the mayor described as a 'false rumor on social media.' Black Lives Matter Chicago disputed the police version of events and renewed its calls for reform of the Chicago Police Department, which they say has an extensive record of racism and abusive tactics. References 2020 in Illinois 2020s in Chicago Articles containing video clips Illinois, Chicago Riots and civil disorder in Illinois

64158901

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Floyd%20protests%20in%20Wisconsin

George Floyd protests in Wisconsin

This is a list of protests held in Wisconsin, related to the murder of George Floyd, during 2020. Additional protests occurred in late August in Kenosha, Wisconsin in the aftermath of the shooting of Jacob Blake and Alvin Cole. Locations Appleton Over one thousand people gathered in downtown Appleton on May 30 and 31 for a peaceful protest down College Avenue to Houdini Plaza and the Appleton Police Department. Eau Claire Hundreds marched from Phoenix Park to Owen Park through downtown Eau Claire on May 31. On June 5 another rally was held in Phoenix Park followed by a march of reportedly thousands through the streets of downtown Eau Claire. Franklin Over two hundred protestors marched through the city and held a peaceful rally on June 11, starting at the Franklin library. Green Bay On the evening of May 30 and the afternoon of May 31, there were peaceful protests held in downtown Green Bay. However, on the evening of the 31st, a Marathon gas station was looted, and several shots were fired. The police began firing rubber pellets at the protesters, at which point, the crowd began throwing rocks at the police. Police dispersed the crowd with gas. On June 7, an estimated 1,000–2,500 people showed up to march across the Walnut Street Bridge and protest police brutality after the murder of George Floyd, making it the largest protest in recent Green Bay history. The crowds were so big that the intended path for the protest, walking from Leicht Memorial Park to the Green Bay Police Department, needed to be scrapped. Organizers stated that activists from groups that were not previously familiar with one another united as a form of grieving and solidarity in the hope to achieve wide-scale police reform. The protest was completely peaceful, with no arrests or incidents of looting and vandalism reported. Activists later took to City Hall looking to remove a curfew put in by Green Bay police, mayor Eric Genrich and the majority of city council members; the curfew was set to curb looting and vandalism that had occurred at times from previous protests. Kenosha Between 100 and 125 demonstrators peacefully marched through downtown Kenosha on May 31. Members of the City Council supported the peaceful protests while condemning the violent ones in Milwaukee. After the shooting of Jacob Blake on August 23, further protests broke out in Kenosha which resulted in 2 protesters being shot and killed. La Crosse On the evening of May 29 and 30, 2020, there were peaceful protests held in downtown La Crosse. June 3: Nearly 700 protesters marched from Riverside Park and to City Hall. Demonstrators kneeled for nine minutes and speakers talked about their own local experiences of racism. In response the La Crosse Police Department launched a "transparency tab" on their website to better inform the public on how they operate. Madison On May 30, there was a peaceful demonstration at the State Capitol with around 1,000 attendees. As the evening progressed, it evolved into a riot with some storefronts on State Street being damaged, and a conflict with police that was met with tear gas. A neighborhood curfew was declared by Mayor Satya Rhodes-Conway. On June 23, in response to the arrest of activist Devonere Johnson, who had caused a disturbance in a restaurant with a baseball bat and a bullhorn, around 300 protesters blocked traffic, caused damage to several buildings, and toppled two statues. State Senator Tim Carpenter was also attacked by protesters. Marinette On the early afternoon of June 3, a peaceful protest was held on Stephenson Island, which is on the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan and alongside US HWY 41. Close to 100 protestors attended. Some local businesses were boarded up and closed for the day, and another business had volunteer personnel in army camouflage, armed with semi-automatic rifles standing-by. Many drove by flipping the bird and swearing at protestors but no violence erupted. Milwaukee On May 29, hundreds of protesters in Milwaukee blocked highways and organized a vehicle procession that traveled several miles. There were reports of looting and mild arson at a Walgreens pharmacy, as well as the looting of a Boost Mobile store. Several other businesses were damaged. In addition, one police officer was mildly injured by gunfire. Protests over the killing of Joel Acevedo by an off-duty Milwaukee police officer were prompted by the George Floyd protests. On June 2, protesters gathered at Humboldt Park and marched to the south side of Milwaukee, where they demonstrated outside City Hall and Milwaukee Police District 1. Police used tear gas on protesters and reports were made that Molotov cocktails were thrown at officers. Protesters on the Hoan Bridge walked off into traffic, where protest organizer Frank Nitty was apprehended and beaten by police. On June 7, members of the Milwaukee Bucks, including players, coaches, staff and ownership, participated in a rally in honor of George Floyd. Bucks star Sterling Brown led the march, where he held a nine-second moment of silence for Floyd and shared his experiences with police brutality. On June 9, protesters again gathered at Humboldt Park to demonstrate against racism and police brutality. Shorewood On , thousands of people protested peacefully in a march from Shorewood to Whitefish Bay and back. Hand sanitizer, masks, snacks, and bottles of water were handed out by volunteers. Residents along the route showed their support by standing in their yards holding up signs. A 64-year-old white probate lawyer interrupted the protest by parking in the middle of the street and then spat on a 17-year-old black high school student. The spitter was arrested and faced both "charges of battery and disorderly conduct" and "a professional misconduct complaint as a lawyer". The following day, the spitter confronted protesters outside her house, and police arrived at her home to arrest her. Resisting arrest, the spitter kneed one of the officers in the groin, and faced "additional charges of battery of a law enforcement officer and resisting arrest". Wausau On the afternoon of May 29, approximately 150 to 200 people participated in a protest near the Marathon County Courthouse in downtown Wausau. References 2020 in Wisconsin Wisconsin Riots and civil disorder in Wisconsin May 2020 events in the United States June 2020 events in the United States Protests in Wisconsin

64226235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Police%20Accountability%20Council

Community Police Accountability Council

The Community Police Accountability Council is a watchdog organization in Chicago proposed following the murder of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald by Chicago Police officer Jason Van Dyke. It was proposed when then-Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel formed the Police Accountability Task Force, which was chaired Lori Lightfoot, who was later elected Mayor after Emanuel stepped down. Presently, only 19 Chicago aldermen support the legislation; support from 26 aldermen is needed to pass the legislation. CPAC would be an elected council with a representative from each of Chicago's 22 police districts with the power to both appoint and dismiss the Superintendent of Police, investigate police misconduct, and would be the final authority regarding discipline in the Chicago Police Department. References External links Chicago Police Department Homan Square—series of reports by The Guardian on controversial Chicago Police Department facility Chicago Police Department Crime in Chicago

64229978

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20police%20reforms%20related%20to%20the%20George%20Floyd%20protests

List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests

During the nationwide protests that followed the murder of George Floyd, protesters, politicians, religious leaders, and other groups called for police reform in the United States. This has led to laws, proposals, and public directives at all levels of government to address police misconduct and systemic racial bias, as well as police brutality in the United States. Some of the common reforms involve bans on chokeholds and no-knock warrants, and improvements to police data collection procedures. Background On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, an African-American man, was murdered by a white police officer, Derek Chauvin, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A video of the incident depicting Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for an extended period, attracted widespread outrage leading to local, national, and international protests and demonstrations against police brutality and racism in policing. Unrest began as local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota then quickly spread, across the U.S. and internationally. The protests are part of a wider Black Lives Matter movement, which began after the 2012 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the killing of Trayvon Martin. Police reforms have been a central part of the movement's demands, and protesters after Floyd's murder articulated several desired outcomes, some of which have been addressed by federal, state, or local lawmakers. Federal Justice in Policing Act of 2020 In June 2020, Democrats in Congress introduced the Justice in Policing Act of 2020, a police reform and accountability bill that contains measures to combat police misconduct, excessive force, and racial bias in policing. Advocates and lawmakers have tried to pass police reform measures in the past, and their efforts received renewed energy after the high-profile killings of Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and other African Americans at the hands of police. The bill includes several provisions which aim to improve oversight, accountability, training, and documentation while placing restrictions on techniques like chokeholds and use of deadly force. It was introduced on June 8, and its status pending as of June 18. George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act The George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act is a civil rights bill proposed in the United States House of Representatives by Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), co-sponsored by Jerry Nadler (D-NY), Ilhan Omar (D-MN), and Jason Crow (D-CO). The bill would implement national policing standards and accreditations, require agencies to share policing data with the Department of Justice, and make grants available for new programs that help departments recruit, hire, or increase oversight. It also requires the Department of Justice to assemble a task force responsible for law enforcement misconduct cases. Ending Qualified Immunity Act The Ending Qualified Immunity Act is a police reform bill proposed in the United States House of Representatives by Justin Amash (L-MI-3), cosponsored by 39 members of the House. The bill would remove the judicial doctrine of qualified immunity that protects law enforcement personnel from being held personally responsible for violating the rights of citizens. When introducing the bill, Amash stated that "The brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police is merely the latest in a long line of incidents of egregious police misconduct." This pattern continues because police are legally, politically, and culturally insulated from consequences for violating the rights of the people whom they have sworn to serve. That must change so that these incidents of brutality stop happening." Executive Order on Safe Policing for Safe Communities On June 16, 2020, President Donald Trump signed the Executive Order on Safe Policing for Safe Communities, which calls for independent credentialing bodies certified by the United States attorney general, and provides financial incentives for departments which work to attain those credentials. The credentials would be based on criteria set by the attorney general, and should include a ban on chokeholds "except in those situations where the use of deadly force is allowed by law" as well as "policies and training regarding use-of-force and de-escalation techniques; performance management tools, such as early warning systems that help to identify officers who may require intervention; and best practices regarding community engagement." The order also calls for creating a national database with information about "instances of excessive use of force". Regarding police interactions with people with mental health issues or struggling with homelessness or addiction, the order calls for increased training, increasing the capacity for mental health professionals and social workers to work with law enforcement, and researching community-support models. States and municipalities Arkansas On June 9, 2020, Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson signed an executive order to create a police task force to “deal with police training, certification, and standards.” The purpose of the task force is to study and review policies of de-certification, community policing, and recommended means of "enhancing the trust of law enforcement." California On June 5, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom called for new police crowd control procedures for the state and the banning of the police use of carotid chokeholds, which starve the brain of oxygen. California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has recommended nine key reforms for local police departments in California, including banning the use of chokeholds, requiring officers to de-escalate situations and give verbal warning before using force, and requiring officers to intervene to stop another officer from using excessive force. Berkeley On June 9, 2020, the city of Berkeley permanently banned police from using tear gas. Davis On June 6, 2020, the Davis Police Department announced that it would prohibit officers from using chokeholds, and would require officers to intervene when observing colleagues using improper levels of force. Los Angeles On June 3, 2020, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has said he would cut as much as $150 million from the Los Angeles Police Department's budget, a reversal of his planned increase of $120 million. Garcetti announced the funds would be redirected to community initiatives. San Diego On June 1, 2020, San Diego Police Department announced an immediate ban on carotid chokeholds, which starve the brain of oxygen. Similarly, San Diego resident and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu World Champion Andre Galvão called for all first responders to be trained in grappling to avoid fatalities. San Francisco On June 11, 2020, the city of San Francisco announced plans for police to stop responding to non-criminal activities such as neighbor disputes, reports on homeless people, and school discipline interventions. Under the proposal, police will be replaced with trained and non-armed professionals. Vallejo Touro University California banned the Vallejo Police Department from using its campus for training. The university's decision came after the shooting of Sean Monterrosa and after the release of a statement from the Vallejo police union which criticized protests of the killing by police. Colorado On June 13, 2020, the Colorado General Assembly passed SB20-217, banning the use of chokeholds, banning the use of tear gas without announcing it or allowing people to disperse, removing the qualified immunity defense, and requiring all officers to use body cameras by July 1, 2023. The bill, which was signed by Governor Jared Polis, on June 19, will also prevent officers fired for misconduct from being rehired at other departments and force officers to face criminal charges for not intervening when another officer is violating use of force policies. Denver On June 7, 2020, Denver Police Department banned the use of chokeholds without exception and established new reporting requirements whenever a police officer points a gun at a person. The department will also require its SWAT teams to activate body cameras during tactical operations. Connecticut On June 15, 2020, Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont imposed a series of reforms on the Connecticut State Police, including a ban on chokeholds, a mandate that officers use body cameras and dashboard cameras, and restrictions on a program that funnels military equipment to local law enforcement. On July 31, 2020, Governor Lamont signed into law a sweeping police accountability bill. The bill increased state oversight of police officers, strengthened the use-of-force standard, banned consent searches in traffic stops, established an Inspector General to investigate police shootings, and weakened qualified immunity protections for officers. District of Columbia On June 10, 2020, Washington, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser announced that she would sign the D.C. Council's emergency legislation to ban the use of neck restraints, tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and stun grenades by police. The council has also passed legislation requiring the mayor to release body camera footage from any police-involved death or major use of force within three days of the incident, with family members of the person involved in the incident to be the first to see the video. Georgia Atlanta On June 15, 2020, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms announced a series of administrative orders for police reform, including requirements for reporting deadly force and for training and use of de-escalation techniques. Illinois Chicago On June 15, 2020, Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot announced the creation of a task force to review the Chicago Police Department's use of force policies. Lightfoot said the department overhauled its policies after the DOJ's oversight agreement and scathing report following the murder of Laquan McDonald but also said it was worth checking if the policies have withstood “the test of time.” Indiana Anderson On June 11, 2020, the mayor and the police chief of Anderson banned police from using chokeholds. Gary On June 11, 2020, Gary Mayor Jerome Prince established a police reform commission to evaluate the police department's use of force practices and policies. Iowa On June 12, 2020, Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed a police reform bill into law, prohibiting the use of a chokehold in an arrest "except when a person cannot be captured any other way or has used or threatened deadly force" and preventing an officer from being hired in Iowa if they have a previous felony conviction, were fired for misconduct, or left before they could be fired for misconduct. The bill, which was introduced, debated, and unanimously passed by the Iowa legislature in a single day, also requires annual anti-bias and deescalation training for law enforcement and allows the Iowa Attorney General to prosecute officers for a criminal offense resulting in the death of a human being. Kentucky Louisville On June 11, 2020, the Louisville Metro Council unanimously passed Breonna's Law to ban the use of no-knock warrants and requiring police to turn their body cameras on before carrying out a search. The law is named after Breonna Taylor, who was killed during a no-knock search by police in Louisville in March 2020. The public outcry after her death has been a significant part of the Black Lives Matter protests which gained intensity after the murder of George Floyd. Louisiana New Orleans In June, 2020, New Orleans Chief of Police Shaun Ferguson announced that the New Orleans Police Department would be adopting several new policy changes in an effort to address community concerns. In alignment with the #8cantwait movement, changes included officers being required to employ de-escalation tactics exhaustively before announcing to discharge weapons, the use of chokeholds being banned, and requiring officers to intervene and stop excessive force used by other officers; reporting these incidents immediately to a supervisor. On September 17, 2020, the New Orleans City Council voted to strongly limit the use of tear gas by law enforcement within city limits. The ordinance prohibits the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) “or any other law enforcement officer” operating within city limits from using chemical agents like tear gas on citizens except in certain extreme circumstances like hostage situations. Massachusetts In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, State Senate President Karen Spilka announced the creation of a racial justice advisory group led by State Senators Sonia Chang-Diaz and William Brownsberger to draft legislation in response to police brutality, which was subsequently passed and signed into law by Governor Charlie Baker. This sweeping police reform law, An Act relative to justice, equity and accountability in law enforcement in the Commonwealth, is notable for pioneering multiple novel approaches to police reform. For example, the law created a first-in-the-nation civilian-led commission to standardize the certification and decertification of police officers, with the power to conduct independent investigations into police misconduct, and also created the first state-wide restriction on law enforcement's use of facial recognition technology in the United States. The bill furthermore banned the use of chokeholds and created a duty to intervene for police officers when witnessing another officer using force inappropriately. The law was hailed as "robust" by commentators, including the ACLU's Director of Racial Justice, who noted that it created "probably the strongest" police oversight commission in the country. Maryland On April 10, 2021, the Maryland General Assembly overrode Governor Larry Hogan's vetoes to enact comprehensive policing reforms. Changes to the state laws and policies include limits to no-knock warrants, body camera requirements, and a repeal of the state's police Bill of Rights. Michigan On May 28, Michigan State Senator Jeff Irwin introduced Senate Bill 945 which would require the addition of "implicit bias, de-escalation techniques, and mental health screening" as part of the Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards certification process for new law enforcement officers. The bill was drafted before the murder of George Floyd in response to the broader problem of police brutality. It passed the State Senate unanimously on June 4. Minnesota On July 21, 2020, the Minnesota state legislature passed major police reform legislation. The new compromise law includes a limited ban on police from using chokehold restraint in the state of Minnesota so long as the officers were not at greater risk. However, the law also bans the old warrior training program, which was regarded as dehumanizing people and encouraging aggressive conduct. The law also requires training peace officers throughout the state of Minnesota to deal with people with autism or in a mental health crisis and also de-escalation training for situations that could turn volatile. The law also creates a special independent unit at the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension for investigations of fatal police encounters and also a new community relations advisory council to consult with the Police Officers Standards and Training Board on policy changes. Also signed into law was a statutory duty to intercede. Section 626.8475 of the Minnesota statutes requires peace officers to intercede in the event of unlawful use of deadly force or excessive force, and when present and able to do so. The section also mandates officers report excessive force within 24 hours of observing it. The police reform legislation was signed into law by Minnesota Governor Tim Walz on July 23, 2020. Minneapolis The widescale protests are a reaction to the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police, making it one of the major protest locations in the weeks that followed, and a significant public scrutiny of its law enforcement policies. On June 5, 2020, the Minneapolis City Council and the Minnesota Department of Human Rights agreed to a temporary restraining order requiring Minneapolis to update its procedures to ban chokeholds and other neck restraints by police, such as the one an officer used when murdering George Floyd. The order also went further by requiring police officers to report and intervene against the use of excessive force by other officers, and requiring authorization from the police chief or deputy police chiefs before using crowd-control weapons such as chemical agents and rubber bullets. Nine members of the Minneapolis City Council a veto-proof majority pledged on June 7 to dismantle the city's police department, despite opposition from the city's mayor, Jacob Frey. On June 26, 2020, a proposed amendment was approved by the Minneapolis City Council On August 5, 2020, the Minneapolis City Charter Commission cancelled plans to put the proposed city charter amendment which was passed by the Minneapolis City Council on the November 2020 ballot. The University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Public Schools changed their relationship with the city's police force, with the city's school board voting to cut ties with the department. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board also voted unanimously to have the park police cut ties with the city's police force, and to change park police uniforms and vehicles to distinguish them from Minneapolis police. On June 10, 2020, Police Chief Medaria Arradondo announced the police department is withdrawing from union contract negotiations as a first step towards police reforms. Furthermore, on December 10, 2020, the city council voted to redirect $8 million of the police budget towards community alternatives while keeping the current number of police officers in the department. Missouri Kansas City On June 4, 2020, Kansas City Mayor Quinton Lucas announced a series of police reforms, including whistleblower protections, independent review of officer-involved shootings, and use of body cameras by police officers. New Jersey On June 5, 2020, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced that the state will ban police departments from using chokeholds and similar neck and carotid restraints. According to Grewal's order, "Because these tactics create a substantial risk of death or serious bodily harm, officers who cause a subject's death or injury while performing them face potential criminal liability" except when "deadly force is necessary to address an imminent threat to life". New York On June 8, 2020, the New York State Legislature began to approve a series of bills targeting police misconduct, including the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, making police use of a chokehold a felony punishable with up to 15 years in prison. A state Supreme Court judge has rejected a city law, dubbed the “Diaphragm Law,” which prohibited NYPD officers putting pressure on a suspect’s torso while making an arrest. The legislature also passed a prohibition on race-based profiling and mandated tracking of race and ethnicity data in arrests. On June 9, the legislature repealed section 50-a of the New York Civil Rights Law, which required permission by an officer or a judge in order to release any "personnel records used to evaluate performance" of that officer. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bills into law on June 12 at a ceremony including Valerie Bell and Gwen Carr (mothers of Sean Bell and Eric Garner, respectively), NAACP President Hazel Dukes, and Al Sharpton. On June 12, Cuomo also signed an executive order mandating that all police departments get local government approval for a reform plan by April 1, 2021, in order to continue to be eligible for state funding. On June 15, 2020, Cuomo signed three additional pieces of police reform legislation into law. The legislation will change reporting requirements for police discharge of firearms, will require courts to compile demographic data on policing, and will ensure that police provide medical and mental health assistance when individuals in police custody require assistance. On June 17, Cuomo signed a bill requiring state troopers to use body cameras during "all uses of force, all arrests and all interactions with people suspected of criminal activity", among other situations. Buffalo On June 10, 2020, Buffalo Mayor Byron Brown announced a series of police reforms, including policy changes for body cameras and the policing of non-violent offenses, requirements of de-escalation and bias training, and the establishment of a special commission to examine police policies and procedures. New York City On June 7, 2020, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that funds would be reallocated from the NYPD into youth and social services. De Blasio did not specify how much funding would be diverted but expressed intent to work with the City Council to come up with a plan before the July 1 budget deadline. De Blasio also announced that the enforcement of street vendor laws and regulations would no longer be carried out by the NYPD. On June 15, 2020, NYPD Commissioner Dermot Shea announced that the department was disbanding its plainclothes units and reassigning those roughly 600 officers. Plainclothes officers will remain in the city's transit system. On June 18, 2020, the New York City Council passed a series of police reforms, including a bill to criminalize the use of chokeholds by the New York Police Department (NYPD), legislation with enough support to overcome a mayoral veto after it stalled after the killing of Eric Garner. The council also voted to require police to report on its surveillance of residents, to require officers to show badge numbers, and to create a new disciplinary matrix. As the city's June 30 budget deadline approached, protesters convened in City Hall Park to "Occupy City Hall", filling the park day and night to call for reducing the NYPD bugdet. On June 30, the City Council passed a budget which removes $1 billion from the NYPD. It cancels plans to hire 1,160 new police and transfers responsibility to monitor vending, homeless populations, and schools to other entities. According to the New York Times, the details of the budget "seemed to please no one". Those seeking reforms to policing did not think it went far enough, while others pointed to increasing crime rates in the city at the time. The budget does not halt a different wave of police hiring planned for October, while it does continue a freeze on many other city employees like teachers. Jumaane Williams cited an obscure law requiring the Public Advocate to authorize collection of real estate taxes, and threatened not to do so if the next class of officers was not also canceled. In August 2020, the New York Times reported that the $1 billion cut from the police budget mostly involved shifting some responsibilities to other city agencies, with the size of the police force barely changing. North Carolina Charlotte On June 8, 2020, the Charlotte City Council passed Braxton Winston's legislation to ban the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department from funding new or existing chemical agents used in crowd control and dispersal, such as tear gas. The council also established a standing committee to scrutinize and adjust police spending and policy. Oregon Portland On June 5, 2020, Portland Public Schools cancelled its school resource officers program with the Portland Police Bureau. On June 9, 2020, Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler announced a series of police reforms, including disbanding the gun violence reduction unit, ending city officers' participation in the Transit Police, and reallocating money saved plus $5 million on initiatives "to help build the health, wealth and well-being of black people in Portland." Pennsylvania On June 8, 2020, members of the Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus took over the floor of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives to protest police brutality and demand action on a series of police reform bills. On June 30, The Pennsylvania General Assembly unanimously approved two bills that would bring about the largest changes to Pennsylvania policing in 40 years. The first requires a thorough background check of applicants and establishes an electronic database that contains records if an officer separated from any previous departments. The second requires mental health evaluations with a focus on PTSD and training for officers on trauma-Informed care, use of force, de-escalation techniques, and recognizing signs of child abuse and childhood trauma. Governor Tom Wolf signed these two measures into law on July 14. Rhode Island As part of Governor Gina Raimondo's "Rise Together" directive, the Rhode Island State Police agreed to obtain and wear body cameras. All 48 local police chiefs in the state signed a pledge to do the same and to increase anti-bias training and diversity of hiring. Tennessee House Democrats in Tennessee introduced the "George Floyd Act," a series of police reform amendments, but the bill is on hold until a Senate bill is heard in December 2020. Texas Austin On June 11, 2020, the Austin City Council unanimously approved a series of police reforms, including a ban on the use of "less lethal" munitions during protests, restrictions on the use of deadly force, and a direction to the city manager to propose reductions to the police department's budget in 2021. Ultimately, the department's budget was reduced by $150 million with the money being reinvested into various initiatives like violence prevention, food access, and abortion access. Dallas On June 5, 2020, the Dallas Police Department implemented "duty to intervene" policy that required officers to act if they witnessed fellow officers using excessive force. Furthermore, the city council approved a $7 million cut in the Dallas Police Department's overtime budget to reinvest in other initiatives. Houston On June 10, 2020, Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner signed an executive order that limited the police ability to use excessive force and no-knock raids. Washington Bellevue The City of Bellevue announced on June 5, 2020 that it would no longer allow neck restraints. Seattle Following a large and peaceful demonstration on June 3, 2020, the City of Seattle announced several changes to its policing protocols, including restrictions on badge coverings for officers. City Attorney Pete Holmes announced that the city would withdraw its request to lift a federal consent decree that had been imposed following a DOJ investigation in 2012. The city government also announced a 30-day ban on the use of tear gas by police on protesters in response to outcry from Capitol Hill residents who had been affected by its use. The ban did not apply to SWAT and other special officers, however, and tear gas was used the following day. On June 9, 2020, Seattle Schools Superintendent Denise Juneau announced that a resolution would be put to the school board to reevaluate the relationship between Seattle Schools and the Seattle Police Department regarding four School Emphasis Officers, employed and paid by the City of Seattle and one SPD School Resource Officer, also paid by the city. On June 15, 2020, Seattle City Council passed Kshama Sawant's legislation to ban the use of chokeholds, including neck and carotid restraints. The lawmakers also passed Sawant's ban on the use of crowd weapons by police, including tear gas, acoustic weapons, and water cannons, as well as Lisa Herbold's ban on badge mourning bands. Discussions continued through July on defunding and restructuring the Seattle Police Department although concrete actions have yet to be finalized by the city council. Tacoma On June 16, the Tacoma Police Department announced a commitment to reforms in line with the 8 Can't Wait campaign. Police Chief Don Ramsdell said the department already had five of the eight requirements, but would commit to the other three: a ban on chokeholds, duty of officers to intervene when seeing others use excessive force, and require verbal warnings before use of deadly force. Wisconsin Racine On June 11, 2020, leaders of Racine unanimously agreed to establish the Mayor's Task Force on Police Reform and to spend up to $47,500 out of the police department's budget for listening sessions. International Canada On June 9, 2020, the Halifax Regional Council voted to cancel the order of an armored police vehicle and to reallocate the vehicle's $368,000 cost to the city of Halifax's diversity and inclusion office, public safety office, and anti-racism programs. On June 25, 2020, Mayor of Toronto John Tory tabled a motion to "detask" the Toronto Police Service in response to calls for police reform sparked by the police murder of Floyd and a series of similar incidents in Toronto and elsewhere in Canada, such as the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet. Under the proposal, duties currently assigned to sworn officers would be assumed by "alternative models of community safety response" to incidents where neither violence nor weapons are at issue, such as some calls regarding persons suffering mental health crises, with the specific redirected duties and alternative models to be developed based on a report that the motion would commission. The proposal would “commit that its first funding priority for future budgets [be] centered on a robust system of social supports and services" and make an itemized line-by-line breakdown of the police budget public; a reduction in the police budget would likely ensue, according to the motion. New Zealand In June 2020, New Zealand police decided to terminate a pilot program and keep its officers unarmed in ordinary circumstances. Police attributed the decision to public feedback, though Maori activists said the George Floyd protests helped avoid the "Americanization" of New Zealand police. See also 8 Can't Wait 8 to Abolition Defund the police List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests Police abolition movement List of law enforcement officers convicted for an on-duty killing in the United States 2020s in political history References Aftermath of the George Floyd protests Law enforcement in the United States Law enforcement-related lists 2020s in American politics

64266465

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Jones

Prince Jones

Prince Carmen "Rocky" Jones Jr. (1975–September 1, 2000) was an African-American man killed by an African-American police officer in September 2000 in Virginia. Author Ta-Nehisi Coates attended Jones' memorial service, and later wrote at length about Jones' life and death in his 2015 book Between the World and Me, noting that the tragedies of racism are impossible to escape for Black people, even those well-off. Biography Jones was the son of Prince C. Jones Sr. and Dr. Mabel Jones, a physician and the daughter of a sharecropper. He attended Howard University, was a personal trainer at a suburban Washington D.C. gym, and was set to enlist in the Navy. He had an infant daughter, Nina, with his fiancé Candace Carson. He was described as upstanding, religious, and a health food fanatic. Killing by police On 1 September 2000, Prince Jones was unarmed and driving his Jeep Cherokee to meet his fiancée. Undercover police officer Carlton Jones (no relation) of Prince George’s County, Maryland, followed Prince Jones for 15 miles in an unmarked vehicle into Fairfax County, Virginia. Officer Jones displayed his gun and announced he was police (though he was not in uniform and did not display his badge). According to the officer, Prince Jones rammed the police vehicle with his Jeep, leading the officer to shoot at Jones' Jeep 16 times, striking him six times (including five times in the back). Two witnesses contradicted the officer's account; one testified that Prince Jones's vehicle was not moving when the shots were fired. Carlton Jones later explained the killing as a case of mistaken identity, and in October 2000 the county prosecutor, Fairfax County Commonwealth's Attorney Robert F. Horan Jr., declined to file criminal charges against Officer Jones. This decision aggrieved Prince Jones' family, friends, and local civil rights leaders, who noted Prince George’s County's documented history of police brutality and decried the continued failure of the criminal justice system to hold police accountable for serious misconduct. The county prosecutor's inaction was tantamount to "legitimizing murder", they said. The Prince George's Fraternal Order of Police lauded the prosecutor's decision, and of Officer Jones said "it's clear that he was defending himself." A memorial service for Jones was held at Howard University. Prince Jones, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and Carlton Jones had all spent their undergraduate years at Howard, although none of the men ultimately graduated from the university. In January 2006, a Prince George’s County Circuit Court civil jury determined that Prince Jones's death at the hands of the Prince George County police was wrongful, and awarded $2.5 million in damages to Prince Jones' daughter. References African-American history of Virginia African-American-related controversies Law enforcement in Virginia Law enforcement controversies African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Police brutality in the United States Post–civil rights era in African-American history Race-related controversies in the United States 1975 births 2000 deaths

64342015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Senate%20Bill%201421%20%282018%29

California Senate Bill 1421 (2018)

SB 1421, Senate Bill 1421, or Peace Officers: Release of Records, is a California state law that makes police records relating to officer use-of-force incidents, sexual assault, and acts of dishonesty accessible under the California Public Records Act. The bill was signed into law by then-governor Jerry Brown on September 30, 2018 and took effect on January 1, 2019. State Senator Nancy Skinner introduced the bill and it was sponsored by advocacy groups including the ACLU of California, Anti Police-Terror Project, Black Lives Matter, California Faculty Association, California News Publishers Association, and Youth Justice Coalition. Details of the bill Newly available information Records related to: Officer shooting at a person Officer use of force causing death or great bodily injury against a person Officer sexually assaulting a person Officer dishonesty about a crime or misconduct of another officer Redactions Only the following may be redacted: Personal information (home address, phone number, etc - as listed in bill) of the officer Information to preserve the anonymity of complainants and witnesses Disclosure delays Disclosure may be delayed when: The record is subject of an active criminal or administrative investigation A record may be delayed a maximum of 60 days from use of force After 60 days, a record may delayed for up to 18 months if the record expected to interfere with a proceeding Written explanations for the delay must be provided at 180 day intervals Criminal charges are filed related to the incident The disclosure of records may be delayed until a verdict on those charges is returned at trial If a plea of guilty or no contest is entered, the time to withdraw the plea pursuant to Section 1018 Additional details Frivolous complaints, as defined in Section 128.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, shall not be released If an officer publicly makes a statement that is false about their own investigation via an established medium (TV, radio, newspaper), the agency may release factual information concerning the investigation Loopholes Only sustained findings are required to be released. When an officer resigns the findings are not considered sustained and the records remains hidden. This loophole was used by Paso Robles Police Department to avoid releasing investigation records relating to a rape accusation about former Sgt. Christopher McGuire. Response When SB 1421 took effect on January 1st, 2019, there was disagreement about if the law applies to records before the law took place. In April, Karl Olson, a San Francisco attorney, said there are as many as 20 lawsuits related to requests seeking access to records. In March, over 170 agencies were fighting the new law. Attempts to block the release of records mostly failed. Delays Six months after the law took effect, many of the state’s largest law enforcement agencies had produced little to no records. The California Highway Patrol had produced no records. L.A. County Sheriff Alex Villanueva’s department would not cooperate unless reporters identified specific cases. The Los Angeles County Probation Department will not release records, citing laws prohibiting records about minors from being released. The San Francisco Police Department has released no disciplinary records. The Fresno Police Department initially denied all requests. The San Jose Police Department, under Chief Edgardo Garcia, released only six full files 1.5 years after the law took effect. In March 2021, the San Francisco Police Department said it would take 10 years to get through it's backlog of record requests. Fees Several law enforcement agencies requested significant fees for access to records. West Sacramento estimated the cost to redact five shootings worth of material would be $25,000. LAist was charged $1,655 for redacted audio related to shootings. Destruction Cities destroyed records before the law took place. Yuba County destroyed records just after the law took effect. County officials claimed the purge was routine despite the fact that many of the records were years past their required retention dates. Findings Here are some examples of records released due to SB 1421. The Ceres police department's internal investigation found officers justified in ramming Nicholas Pimentel’s vehicle during a high speed pursuit and then using another car to pin the vehicle against a truck. Before these documents were released, the city was sued for this case and settled for $2 million. The San Francisco Department of Police Accountability released document showing that they found the offices who shot Alex Nieto and Amilcar Perez-Lopez to be acting within policy. In May 2020, the city of Fullerton published 2,400 pages of documents about the 2011 death of Kelly Thomas (a case which has been described as "one of the worst police beatings in [US] history"), revealing for example that supervisors had “edited” the reports provided by the involved officers, and that one of them had already been on a performance improvement plan due to a prior incident. In Nov 2020, San Francisco Public Defender Manohar Raju released CopWatch SF (link), a tool making data released under SB 1421 more accessible. Expansion via California Senate Bill 16 (2021) SB 16, which was approved by Governor Gavin Newsom in September 2021, makes more police disciplinary records available such as records about: allegations of discrimination unlawful arrests covering up incidents of excessive force by another officer Expansion via California Senate Bill 776 (2019) In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, Senator Nancy Skinner introduced Senate Bill 776 to expand upon SB 1421. SB 776 would: Make more records available including: All use of force records available, not just those with "great bodily injury" Complains that aren't sustained, closing a major loophole Complaints related to actions against any protected class Sustained information related to wrongful arrests or searches Allow police records more than five years old to be used in trial Require agencies to review officer history before hiring them Limit fees agencies can charge Add civil fines for agencies that don't comply On September 1, 2020, SB 776 was ordered to the Inactive list and on November 11, 2020, SB 776 died on the Inactive List. References SB 1421 2018 in American law SB 1421 SB 1421 SB 1421

64486586

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20visits%20to%20Rockhampton%2C%20Queensland

Royal visits to Rockhampton, Queensland

Members of Australia's royal family have made several visits to Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. 1946: The Duke of Gloucester Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester visited Rockhampton on 12 June 1946. Although his wife Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester was scheduled to accompany him, she had to temporarily withdraw from the tour due to ill health. Preparations for the Duke's visit began in April 1946, when Rockhampton mayor Henry Jeffries announced that the Duke, who was also serving as the 11th Governor-General of Australia, would visit Rockhampton with his wife. It was revealed that they would stay in Rockhampton overnight after they arrived on the afternoon of 11 June 1946. They would then depart the following afternoon. In a letter to Mayor Jeffries, the Duke's Aide-de-camp indicated that the Duke was looking forward to the visit as they had been disappointed that they'd been unable to visit the previous year. After a public holiday had been gazetted for a national holiday on 10 June for Victory Day, it was reported Rockhampton City Council was attempting to secure permission to move local Victory Day celebrations from 10 to 12 June to coincide with the Duke and Duchess' visit. Mayor Jeffries said he was in discussions with Queensland Premier Ned Hanlon and Acting Prime Minister Frank Forde. However, Forde confirmed in a telegram soon after that the request from Rockhampton City Council to stage Victory Day celebrations on 12 June 1946 was denied because it was impracticable due to the Commonwealth Government already proclaiming a national holiday for 10 June and would therefore be inappropriate to exempt one city from the general proclamation. Forde also stated that the Duke was already scheduled to attend Victory Day celebrations in Brisbane on 10 June, so it wouldn't be appropriate to ask him to attend similar celebrations two days later. Although the proposal to move Victory Day celebrations was rejected, it was revealed that the Duke would present medals awarded to members of the armed services, or the next-of-kin of deceased members, during his tour of regional Queensland, with the ceremony in Rockhampton confirmed to take place on 12 June 1946. It was reported on 10 June 1946 that Mayor Jeffries had received a telegram that advised that the Duchess of Gloucester would not be accompanying her husband in Rockhampton as she was suffering from a cold and had withdrawn from the Brisbane to Rockhampton leg of the royal tour on medical advice. It was said she hoped to re-join her husband in Mackay. Prior to the Duke's arrival, Mayor Jeffries appealed to all employers in Rockhampton, particularly those who employed ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen, to grant their employees a leave of absence from 10:30am until noon to enable them to partake in the civic welcome, the investiture of war decorations and the inspection of returned service personnel by the Duke. The Duke of Gloucester arrived in Rockhampton on the evening of 11 June 1946, stepping off the Avro York aircraft, MW140, Endeavour at Rockhampton Airport at 5:25pm. Minister for Defence Frank Forde, State Treasurer James Larcombe, and Rockhampton Town Clerk Eric Bryant joined Mayor Henry Jeffries in the reception party to welcome the Duke to the city. Upon disembarking, the Duke expressed his regret about his wife's absence due to her cold and throat infection, but assured the reception party that her condition was improving. The Duke also remarked to the mayor that he noted the size of the city as he flew into Rockhampton on Endeavour, particularly with the layout featuring straight lines. Mayor Jeffries then accompanied the Duke of Gloucester to a special suite at the Criterion Hotel. One of the first acts performed by the Duke upon arrival in Rockhampton was to dispatch a telegram expressing sympathy to Queensland Premier Ned Hanlon whose wife Elizabeth had died suddenly after suffering from pneumonia. A civic reception was held at City Hall on the morning of 12 June 1946 where Mayor Henry Jeffries officially welcomed the Duke of Gloucester. In his welcome speech, Mayor Jeffries welcomed the Duke and assured him of the pride the Rockhampton people had in the British Empire, the loyalty they showed for the throne, and the deep gratitude they had for the honour of the visit being conferred upon them. Mayor Jeffries explained to the Duke about the mining and pastoral activities that had helped develop the region and that he was in a part of Australia that had further potential, and was looking to support a larger population. The mayor said that there may be a time when the Duke's sons, Prince William and Prince Richard could visit Australia in the future and find Rockhampton to be a much larger city, because he trusted Central Queenslanders would never lose the sense of self-reliance and enterprise of the pioneers who had founded the district, ensuring further progress. In his reply, the Duke of Gloucester said that his visit found the city taking up more tasks of peace with undiminished confidence in the future of Central Queensland, and that Rockhampton was barely past the threshold of development and expansion. He also said he was impressed with Rockhampton's hope that, when immigration was resumed, that every effort would be made to attract more people from the Mother Country. The Duke also said he realised that the people of Central Queensland regard the possibilities not as riches waiting to be picked up, but as a challenge to men and women with stout hearts and strong hands. While at City Hall, the Duke of Gloucester signed the Visitor's Book in the mayor's office that had been instituted in 1909, simply signing the book "12.6.46 Henry". 1954: Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited Rockhampton on 15 March 1954. Plans for another royal visit to Rockhampton commenced in October 1951 when Minister in Charge of the Royal Visit Eric Harrison confirmed Rockhampton was included as a city that Princess Elizabeth and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh would visit during their royal tour of Australia in 1952. In November 1951, the general committee of the Rockhampton Agricultural Society appointed a sub-committee to delegate with Rockhampton City Council on any matter regarding the royal visit. When the sub-committee was appointed, it was decided a special rodeo would be held on 26 and 28 April the following year to commemorate Princess Elizabeth's visit to Rockhampton. The state director of the proposed 1952 royal tour arrived in Rockhampton in December 1951 to make arrangements for Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh's visit. It was announced that they were expected to arrive in the city on 28 April 1952 where they would meet with Rockhampton mayor Henry Jeffries and Queensland Premier Ned Hanlon, before proceeding to City Hall. A visit to Rockhampton General Hospital was also scheduled. However, the death of Elizabeth's father, King George VI on 6 February 1952 resulted in the tour of Australia being postponed. It was eventually rescheduled and Queen Elizabeth II intended to make her way to Australia in 1954 with her husband, but this time as Queen instead of Princess, after she became the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth of Australia succeeding her late father. The Queen became the first reigning Australian monarch to set foot on Australian soil when she arrived in Sydney on 3 February 1954. In 1953, it was announced that, subject to royal assent, the northern approach to the newly constructed Fitzroy Bridge would be called Queen Elizabeth Drive to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Alderman Les Jones proposed during discussions about Queen Elizabeth Drive that it would be feasible for the Queen to be the first to travel on the road named in her honour during her visit. In the weeks prior to their arrival, decorative displays began being erected all over Rockhampton, which included bunting, streamers, flags, banners, crowns, cyphers, coats of arms and decorative arches. Buildings that were illuminated with colourful lights at night included the Rockhampton Post Office and the Glenmore Power Station which was lit up with a framed Royal Cypher. An illuminated kangaroo and lion on Williams Ltd in East Street also drew attention during the nights preceding the royal visit. A fireworks display at the Rockhampton Showgrounds on 12 March 1954 signalled the start of week-long celebrations marking the imminent arrival of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh in Rockhampton. A street march featuring five marching bands paraded through city streets on 13 March 1954. A riverside carnival along the Fitzroy River on the night of 13 March 1954 was organised by the Rockhampton Spastic Welfare League. The carnival featured square dancing in Quay Street in front of Customs House and a concert on the corner of Denham and Quay Street. A free civic Royal Tour concert was held at the Wintergarden Theatre on 14 March 1954 and a grand Royal Tour ball was held in the School of Arts on 15 March 1954 where music was supplied by two orchestras. Three Humber Pullman cars, two Humber Super Snipe cars, two Holden cars and one Land Rover arrived in Rockhampton by rail several days before the royal visit where they would be used as part of the Queen's motorcade. The vehicles were kept under police guard at Kingel Motors in Alma Street. The royal couple were expected to ride in one of the Humber Super Snipes. The Rockhampton Ambulance Service moved to make assurances that they would be adequately prepared to deal with the minor casualties that were expected amongst the estimated 60,000 people that were expected to congregate along the route. Ten first aid posts were set up along the route and school teachers had been trained to use specific signals to attract medical assistance for children. The local fire brigade expressed concerns that the barricaded streets and the crowds would hinder a quick getaway for fire trucks should any outbreak of fire occur during the royal visit. After months of preparation, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh arrived in Rockhampton on 15 March 1954. A special commemorative edition of Rockhampton's local newspaper The Morning Bulletin was published. In an unprecedented move, the newspaper featured nothing on the front page except bordered photographs of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, within a decorative illustration which itself was bordered which was accompanied by just one message, specifically addressing the royal couple's visit, which read: Special trains had been organised to bring people from the more remote parts of Central Queensland into Rockhampton for the royal visit. When the Queen and the Duke arrived at the Rockhampton Airport, the royal party was met by Rockhampton mayor Rex Pilbeam and his wife, and the Minister for Health Bill Moore. The royal party consisted of Minister in Charge of the Royal Tour Eric Harrison, Queensland Premier Vince Gair and his wife Ellen, Lady Alice Egerton, Michael Adeane, Baron Adeane, Lieutenant-Commander Michael Parker and Wing Commander Michael George Cowan. The royals proceeded to a civic reception at City Hall where Mayor Pilbeam officially welcomed them to the city. In her reply to Pilbeam's welcome address, the Queen referenced the flooding that had impacted the Rockhampton area a month prior, saying she had read with concern of accounts of the recent flooding the area had experienced, and she sent sympathy to those affected by the disaster. The Queen said she hoped the damage could be quickly repaired. She thanked the mayor for his kind and loyal address and said that they had been fortunate to visit Rockhampton because they understood it was the pastoral and commercial capital of Central Queensland. The bells of St Paul's Cathedral and St Joseph's Cathedral in Rockhampton tolled in honour of the royal visitors, and both the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh signed the same Visitor's Book that the Queen's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, had signed in 1946. The Rockhampton police inspector said that he had been the happiest man in Rockhampton upon his arrival back at the Rockhampton Police Station after the royal couple had departed, due to the well organised planning that ensured nothing awry occurred during the visit. He added that the public were to be commended on their behaviour and decorum during the visit. The only reported accident during the proceedings was when an 11-month baby was injured when hot tea was accidentally spilt on the baby's foot while a cup of tea was being prepared under the shade of a tree along the route. The baby was transported to a private hospital where its injuries were treated. Three children were also reported as lost among the dense crowds and were taken back to the Rockhampton Police Station but were collected by their parents before nightfall. The more quirky sightings along the route included two men who had made periscopes to ensure they wouldn't miss seeing the royal couple as they motored past, and a woman who insisted on ringing a cow bell to welcome the Queen and Duke. The Queen expressed regret that they were unable to see a rodeo and asked Pilbeam to keep it in mind should the couple return to Rockhampton as she recalled an enjoyable time she had at a rodeo in Canada. The chairs used by the Queen and the Duke at the civic reception were hand-carved in Louis XIV-style in Queensland maple, and upholstered in red velvet with gold monograms, and were manufactured by local company Tucker and Tucker. The firm confirmed that they would offer the chairs and matching table to the city as a gift. 1959: Princess Alexandra Princess Alexandra of Kent visited Rockhampton on 1 September 1959. During her visit to the city, the Princess stayed at Clancholla Estate. It was reported in the national media that during her tour of Rockhampton, she ordered her driver to stop the car when she spotted an elderly lady standing outside an aged care home with a bouquet of flowers. After motioning for her driver to stop, Princess Alexandra exited the car and walked back to greet the woman and receive the flowers. 1978: Princess Alexandra Princess Alexandra returned to Rockhampton during a two-week tour of Australia in September 1978 when she officially opened the new three-storey library at the Capricornia Institute of Advanced Education (now CQUniversity) on 30 September 1978. References Rockhampton Royal visits to Australia Monarchy in Australia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha%20unrest

Kenosha unrest

In the aftermath of the August 2020 police shooting of Jacob Blake, protests, riots, and civil unrest occurred in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and around the United States as part of the larger 2020–2021 United States racial unrest and Black Lives Matter movements. In addition to street protests, marches, and demonstrations, the shooting also led to the 2020 American athlete boycotts. The demonstrations were marked by daily peaceful protesting followed by confrontations with law enforcement and rioting and arson at night. A state of emergency was declared on August 23, and the National Guard was activated the following day. Further confrontations arose when armed militia members, whom Kenosha County Sheriff David Beth described as "like a group of vigilantes", arrived with the expressed intent of protecting businesses in the city. Two protesters were fatally shot and a third was injured on August 25, 2020, by Kyle Rittenhouse, a 17-year-old from Antioch, Illinois. At a jury trial in November 2021, he used the affirmative defense of self-defense and was found not guilty of murder and other charges Background Jacob Blake is an African-American man who was shot seven times during an arrest by police officer Rusten Sheskey. The incident occurred in Kenosha on August 23, 2020, as police officers were attempting to arrest Blake. Blake was unsuccessfully tasered. He was shot after he opened the door to an SUV he had been using and reached into the vehicle. The Wisconsin Department of Justice said Blake had a knife in his vehicle. He survived, but is paralyzed from the waist down. He was initially handcuffed to the hospital bed and deputies were posted in his room, but the handcuffs and deputies were later removed and a warrant for his arrest was vacated after Blake paid a bond. Events in Kenosha Protests and riots Day 1: August 23 A state of emergency was declared in the county starting at 10:15 p.m., and garbage trucks were used to block 56th Street. Starting at 11:05 p.m., police began using tear gas and rubber bullets in an attempt to disperse crowds, which lasted throughout the night. Near midnight, the crowd lit a small fire in front of a ground-floor window of the Kenosha County Courthouse and at least three garbage trucks and a trolley car were lit on fire. By 2:30 a.m., a truck in a used car dealership along Sheridan Road was lit on fire. The fire spread to most of the 100 other cars on the lot, damaging an entrance sign for the nearby Bradford Community Church (it did not spread to the church building itself). The buildings surrounding Civic Center Park, along with many downtown businesses, including the post office, Reuther High School, the Kenosha County Administration Building, and the Dinosaur Discovery Museum all sustained damage to their front windows and entrance foyers. Police scanners stated that a Lenco BearCat armored personnel carrier was damaged by protesters, and a video posted by a local newspaper appeared to show an officer being knocked out with a brick. Day 2: August 24 Mostly peaceful demonstrations were held during the day. Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers activated the Wisconsin National Guard to protect firefighters and critical infrastructure in Kenosha. The ACLU of Wisconsin strongly opposed the move. The county announced a curfew that went into effect 8:00 p.m. on August 24. Metra suspended commuter rail service north of Waukegan station. The Kenosha County exits for Interstate 41/94 were closed. Protesters broke a door off its hinges in an effort to forcefully enter the Public Safety Building before being turned back by pepper spray. Teargas was deployed for a second night starting around 8:30 p.m. in an attempt to disperse unlawful crowds gathered near the courthouse, as protesters launched fireworks at police. Another garbage truck was lit on fire, while armed gunmen appeared to be guarding a downtown gas station. Arsonists targeted a Wisconsin Department of Corrections community probation and parole office and the city's Danish Brotherhood Lodge. Other buildings set on fire included a furniture store, residential apartments and several homes. Firefighters worked into the morning of August 25. The Kenosha Guard, a citizen militia organization with a Facebook group, created an event page named "Armed Citizens to Protect our Lives and Property" on August 24, and by the next evening the page had over 5,000 users. The Kenosha Guard hosted a gathering for militia members to choose locations in the city to protect. Sheriff Beth stated that the presence of militia members created confusion and complicated the situation. Facebook removed the group and page on August 26. Day 3: August 25 The Kenosha County Board sent a letter to Governor Evers requesting the deployment of an additional 2,000 national guardsmen. Kenosha County Sheriff David Beth asserted that most of the damage was from individuals with no intent to protest and who were not from Kenosha County. Governor Evers declared a state of emergency for the region, sending in 250 troops from the Wisconsin National Guard to the city. Law enforcement erected a tall fence to protect the courthouse. Protesters attempted to breach the fence line throughout the night but failed. The Kenosha fire chief said there were 34 active fires and 30 businesses damaged or destroyed and the police said there were arrests associated with looting. Significant numbers of armed civilians were also on the streets. Police said that such groups had not been invited and were not helpful. Kenosha County Sheriff David Beth described them as "a militia... like a vigilante group." However, cellphone footage showed police thanking armed civilians and giving them bottles of water. Sheriff Beth characterized the officers as "very wrong to say that" to the militia members. At around 11:45 pm, a 17-year-old Illinois resident shot and killed two people and injured a third. Day 4: August 26 Protests continued peacefully with chants and sidewalk art in a park near the courthouse, followed by a march. Riot police and National Guard troops did not have a visible presence. The Kenosha County Board sent a second letter to Governor Evers requesting the deployment of an additional 1,500 national guardsmen. "Our county is under attack," the board wrote in the letter. "Our businesses are under attack. Our homes are under attack. Our local law enforcement agencies need additional support to help bring civility back to our community." Later developments By August 28, 2020, the state had deployed nearly 1,000 National Guard troops and more than 200 federal agents. The Michigan National Guard, Arizona National Guard, and Alabama National Guard all sent troops to assist. Protests continued daily through August 29, when about 1,000 people participated in a march and rally. Speakers included the father of Jacob Blake, Lieutenant Governor Mandela Barnes and others who called for police reform legislation. The group marched to the Kenosha Courthouse chanting, "7 bullets, 7 days", "One Person, One Vote" and "No Justice, No Peace". Two men from Missouri who had traveled to Kenosha, who described themselves as militia members, were arrested on federal gun charges on September 1. Prosecutors alleged that one of them had told a witness that he was going to Kenosha "with the intention of possibly using the firearms on people". Kenosha County's state of emergency curfew ended as of September 2. Visits by political figures President Donald Trump visited Kenosha on September 1, 2020, to see the damage caused by the protests and to praise law enforcement. He participated in a roundtable, but did not meet with Blake or his family. In a letter to Trump, Governor Evers had asked him to reconsider his visit over concerns that his presence would hinder efforts to "overcome division". Kenosha Mayor John Antaramian and the city's NAACP branch president had expressed similar reservations, with Antaramian saying the trip was "ill advised" and the NAACP branch president stating it would "only inflame tensions". However, Trump insisted he was going to make the trip. Former governor Scott Walker, U.S. Senator Ron Johnson, and seven Kenosha County board members had encouraged the visit. During his visit, he met with store owners whose property was damaged during the protests with at least one owner refusing to be a part of the event. Trump engaged in a round table discussion on community safety at Mary D. Bradford High School with protesters and supporters lining the streets during his visit. Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden visited Kenosha on September 3. The Biden campaign said he had received "overwhelming requests" from local officials for the Kenosha visit, although it was against the suggestion of the local NAACP president and also Kenosha County Executive Jim Kreuser. During this first campaign visit to Wisconsin, Biden met with Jacob Blake's family and held a community meeting. Damage assessments City property valued at $2 million was destroyed by rioters, including garbage trucks, street lights and traffic signals. Kenosha's mayor requested $30 million in aid from the state to cover the extensive damage. Damage to private property could be as high as $50 million, according to estimates from the Kenosha Area Business Alliance. This includes the 100-year-old Danish Brotherhood Lodge which was burned down when 40 buildings were destroyed and an additional 100 buildings damaged. On October 2, 2020, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives released photos and videos of suspected arsonists, offering up to $5,000 reward for each person identified. Fatal shooting On August 25, Kyle Rittenhouse, a 17-year-old from nearby Antioch, Illinois, shot three people with an AR-15 style rifle. Kenosha resident Joseph Rosenbaum, 36, and nearby Silver Lake resident Anthony Huber, 26, were killed; while Gaige Grosskreutz, 26, a resident of nearby West Allis, Wisconsin, was injured. Various people in the vicinity chased Rittenhouse as he ran away after shooting Rosenbaum in self-defense. Rittenhouse fell down and shot two men, Huber and Grosskreutz, as they confronted him, one armed with a handgun. He then walked away with his hands up at times to the police. He was not arrested by the local police at that moment, but turned himself in to police in his hometown of Antioch, Illinois the next morning. At trial, Rittenhouse was acquitted of all charges. Events elsewhere Athlete strikes In protest of Blake's shooting, multiple professional athletes refused to play their respective sports contests that week. It started on August 26 when the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) refused to take the court for a playoff game. Members of other teams in the NBA, Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Major League Baseball (MLB), and Major League Soccer (MLS) all decided not to play their games on August 26, 2020. The strikes extended into August 27 and 28 when players from the National Hockey League (NHL) refused to play their playoff games. In response to these events, nine National Football League (NFL) teams cancelled their scheduled practices on August 27, 2020. Other locales During the Kenosha unrest, there were similar protests and riots in Madison, Wisconsin, Atlanta, Georgia, Minneapolis, Minnesota, New York City, and Philadelphia. In California protests emerged in Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, and San Jose. Blake's aunt, Nicole Blake Chafetz of Seattle, encouraged peaceful protests while discouraging the violence and property damage that had occurred during the protests in Seattle. The events in Atlanta, Oakland, and San Diego included violence against police officers, and vandalism and property destruction occurred in Atlanta, Madison, Minneapolis, Oakland, Sacramento, and San Jose, for which related arrests were made. District Attorney's decision On January 4, 2021, the Kenosha County Sheriff declared a state of emergency and National Guard troops were deployed to Kenosha ahead of the expected announcement regarding whether or not criminal charges would be filed against Officer Sheskey. On January 5, Kenosha County District Attorney Michael Graveley officially announced that no criminal charges would be filed against Officer Sheskey, any other officers, or against Jacob Blake. A rally for Blake was held on January 4. No violence was reported in the city and Blake's family held a peaceful march on January 11 calling for the officer to be fired. That afternoon, the National Guard was pulled out of Kenosha and deployed to Madison due to the onset of the 2021 United States inauguration week protests. See also Killing of Alvin Cole George Floyd protests George Floyd protests in Wisconsin 2020–2022 United States racial unrest List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States References External links 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 fires 2020 in Wisconsin 2020 protests 2020 riots 2020–2021 United States racial unrest African-American history of Wisconsin African-American-related controversies Arson in the 2020s Arson in the United States August 2020 events in the United States Black Lives Matter Protests Law enforcement controversies in the United States Law enforcement in Wisconsin Post–civil rights era in African-American history Protests in Wisconsin September 2020 events in the United States Shooting of Jacob Blake

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022%20United%20States%20racial%20unrest

2020–2022 United States racial unrest

<noinclude> An ongoing wave of civil unrest in the United States, triggered by the murder of George Floyd during his arrest by Minneapolis police officers on May 25, 2020, has led to riots and peaceful protests against systemic racism towards African Americans in the United States, such as in the form of police violence. It is partly facilitated by the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement. Following the murder of Floyd, unrest broke out in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, and quickly spread across the country and the world. Polls have estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people have participated at some point in the demonstrations in the United States, making them the largest protests in United States history. It was also estimated that between May 26 and August 22, around 93% of protests were "peaceful and nondestructive". According to several studies and analyses, protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful. The unrest precipitated a national American cultural reckoning on topics of racial injustice. Public opinion of racism and discrimination quickly shifted in the wake of the protests, with significantly increased support of the Black Lives Matter movement and acknowledgement of institutional racism. The effects of American activism extended internationally and multiple columnists began to refer to it as an international reckoning on racial issues in early June 2020. Within Minneapolis, widespread property destruction and looting occurred, including a police station being overrun by demonstrators and set on fire, causing the Minnesota National Guard to be activated and deployed on May 28. After a week of unrest, over $500million in property damage was reported in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area, with two deaths linked to the riots. Further unrest quickly spread throughout the United States, sometimes including rioting, looting, and arson. By early June, at least 200 American cities had imposed curfews, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C, had activated over 62,000 National Guard personnel in response to unrest. By the end of June, at least 14,000 people had been arrested at protests. According to a September 2020 estimate, arson, vandalism and looting caused about $1–2billion in insured damage between May 26 and June 8, making this initial phase of the George Floyd protests the civil disorder event with the highest recorded damage in United States history. There was also a large concentration of unrest around Portland, Oregon, which led to the Department of Homeland Security deploying federal agents in the city in June of 2020. The move was code named Operation Legend, after four-year-old LeGend Taliferro, who was shot and killed in Kansas City. Federal forces were later deployed in other cities which faced unrest, including Kansas City and Seattle. More localized unrest reemerged in several cities following incidents involving police officers, notably following the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin, which led to protests and riots in the city. The protests led to requests at the federal, state and municipal levels intended to combat police misconduct, systemic racism, qualified immunity and police brutality in the United States. Background Police brutality in the United States Cases of fatal use of force by law enforcement officers in the United States, particularly against African Americans, have long led the civil rights movement and other activists to protest against the lack of police accountability in incidents involving excessive force. Many protests during the civil rights movement were a response to police brutality, including the 1965 Watts riots which resulted in the deaths of 34 people, mostly African Americans. The largest post-civil rights movement protest in the 20th-century was the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which were in response to the acquittal of police officers in using excessive force against Rodney King, an African American man. In 2014, the shooting of Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri resulted in local protests and unrest while the death of Eric Garner in New York City resulted in numerous national protests. After Eric Garner and George Floyd repeatedly said "I can't breathe" during their arrests, the phrase became a protest slogan against police brutality. In 2015 the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore police custody resulted in riots in the city and nationwide protests as part of the Black Lives Matter movement. Several nationally publicized incidents occurred in Minnesota, including the 2015 killing of Jamar Clark in Minneapolis; the 2016 killing of Philando Castile in Falcon Heights; and the 2017 killing of Justine Damond. In 2016, Tony Timpa was killed by Dallas police officers in the same way as George Floyd. In March 2020, the killing of Breonna Taylor by police executing a no knock warrant at her Kentucky apartment was also widely publicized. However, it was later revealed the warrant was not a no knock warrant in released police documents and the reports were redacted. According to The Washington Post database of every fatal shooting by an on-duty police officer in the United States, as of August 31, 2020, nine unarmed black people had been shot by police in 2020. As of that date, the database lists four people of unknown race, 11 white people, three Hispanic people, and one person of "other" race who were shot while unarmed. Black people, who account for less than 13% of the American population, are killed by police at a disproportionate rate, being killed at more than twice the rate of white people. According to a data set and analysis which was released by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) at the beginning of September, there were more than 10,600 demonstration events across the country between May 24 and August 22 which were associated with all causes: Black Lives Matter, counter-protests, COVID-19-pandemic-related protests, and others. After Floyd's murder, Black Lives Matter related protests sharply peaked in number at the end of May, declining to dozens per week by September. The ACLED characterized Black Lives Matter as "an overwhelmingly peaceful movement", finding that more than 93% of protests involved no incidents of violence nor destructive activity. Several other studies and analyses also found that the large majority of protests have been peaceful. In protests that were violent, violence was variously instigated by protesters, counter-protesters, or police, and police sometimes escalated violence. A September 2020 article in Axios reported that the vandalism and looting that did occur would result in at least $1billion to $2billion of paid insurance claims. The 2020 unrest cost the insurance industry far more than any prior incidents of social unrest. At some protests, counter-protesters and right-wing infiltrators instigated or escalated violence. According to a Movement for Black Lives report, the US federal government targeted Black Lives Matter protesters during the summer of 2020 through increased police presence, the deployment of federal agents, the prosecution of protesters, and surveillance. According to Amnesty International's October 2020 report Losing the Peace: U.S. Police Failures to Protect Protesters from Violence, law enforcement agencies across the United States failed to protect protesters from violent armed groups. The incidents documented by Amnesty International show over a dozen protests and counter-protests erupted in violence with police either mostly, or entirely, absent from the scene. Amnesty International USA, jointly with the Center for Civilians in Conflict, Human Rights Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, and Human Rights First, sent a letter to governors of U.S. states condemning abuses by law enforcement agencies and calling on governors to ensure the constitutional right to assemble peacefully. Killing of Breonna Taylor Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician, was fatally shot by Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers Jonathan Mattingly, Brett Hankison, and Myles Cosgrove on March 13, 2020. Three plainclothes LMPD officers entered her apartment in Louisville, Kentucky, executing a search warrant. Gunfire was exchanged between Taylor's boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, and the officers. Walker said that he believed that the officers were intruders. The LMPD officers fired over twenty shots. Taylor was shot eight times and LMPD Sergeant Jonathan Mattingly was injured by gunfire. Another police officer and an LMPD lieutenant were on the scene when the warrant was executed. The primary targets of the LMPD investigation were Jamarcus Glover and Adrian Walker, who were suspected of selling controlled substances from a drug house more than 10 miles away. According to a Taylor family attorney, Glover had dated Taylor two years before and continued to have a "passive friendship". The search warrant included Taylor's residence because it was suspected that Glover received packages containing drugs at Taylor's apartment and because a car registered to Taylor had been seen parked on several occasions in front of Glover's house. Kenneth Walker, who was licensed to carry a firearm, fired first, injuring a law enforcement officer, whereupon police returned fire into the apartment with more than 20 rounds. A wrongful death lawsuit filed against the police by the Taylor family's attorney alleges that the officers, who entered Taylor's home "without knocking and without announcing themselves as police officers", opened fire "with a total disregard for the value of human life;" however, according to the police account, the officers did knock and announce themselves before forcing entry. With officials, media and general public distracted by COVID-19 pandemic, the police killing of Taylor initially largely escaped widespread scrutiny. However, Taylor's death became one of the most discussed and protested events of the broader movement. Murder of George Floyd On May 25, 2020, at 8:08p.m. CDT, Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers responded to a 9-1-1 call alleging a "forgery in progress" on Chicago Avenue South in Powderhorn, Minneapolis. MPD Officers Thomas K. Lane and J. Alexander Kueng arrived with their body cameras turned on. A store employee told officers that the man was in a nearby car. Officers approached the car and ordered George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, who according to police "appeared to be under the influence", to exit the vehicle, at which point he "physically resisted". According to the MPD, officers "were able to get the suspect into handcuffs, and noted he appeared to be suffering medical distress. Officers called for an ambulance." Once Floyd was handcuffed, he and Officer Lane walked to the sidewalk. Floyd sat on the ground in Officer Lane's direction. In a short conversation, the officer asked Floyd for his name and identification, explaining that he was being arrested for passing counterfeit currency, and asked if he was "on anything". According to the report, officers Kueng and Lane attempted to help Floyd to their squad car, but at 8:14 p.m., Floyd stiffened up and fell to the ground. Soon, MPD Officers Derek Chauvin and Tou Thao arrived in a separate squad car. The officers made several more failed attempts to get Floyd into the squad car. Floyd, who was still handcuffed, went to the ground face down. Officer Kueng held Floyd's back, and Lane held his legs. Chauvin placed his left knee in the area of Floyd's head and neck. A Facebook Live livestream recorded by a bystander showed officer Derek Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck. Floyd repeatedly tells Chauvin "Please" and "I can't breathe", while a bystander is heard telling the police officer, "You got him down. Let him breathe." After some time, a bystander points out that Floyd was bleeding from his nose while another bystander tells the police that Floyd is "not even resisting arrest right now", to which the police tell the bystanders that Floyd was "talking, he's fine". A bystander replies saying Floyd "ain't fine". A bystander then protests that the police were preventing Floyd from breathing, urging them to "get him off the ground ... You could have put him in the car by now. He's not resisting arrest or nothing." Floyd then goes silent and motionless. Chauvin does not remove his knee until an ambulance arrives. Emergency medical services put Floyd on a stretcher. Not only had Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for about seven minutes (including four minutes after Floyd stopped moving), but another video showed an additional two officers had also knelt on Floyd while another officer watched. Although the police report stated that medical services were requested prior to the time Floyd was placed in handcuffs, according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Emergency Medical Services arrived at the scene six minutes after getting the call. Medics were unable to detect a pulse, and Floyd was pronounced dead at the hospital. An autopsy of Floyd was conducted on May 26, and the next day, the preliminary report by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office was published, which found "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation". Floyd's underlying health conditions included coronary artery disease and hypertensive heart disease. The initial report said that "[t]he combined effects of Mr. Floyd being restrained by the police, his underlying health conditions and any potential intoxicants in his system likely contributed to his death." The medical examiner further said that Floyd was "high on fentanyl and had recently used methamphetamine at the time of his death". On May 26, Chauvin and the other three officers were fired. He was charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter; the former charge was later changed to second-degree murder. On June 1, a private autopsy which was commissioned by the family of Floyd ruled that Floyd's death was a homicide and it also found that Floyd had died due to asphyxiation which resulted from sustained pressure, which conflicted with the original autopsy report which was completed earlier that week. Shortly after, the official post-mortem declared Floyd's death a homicide. Video footage of Officer Derek Chauvin applying 8 minutes 15 seconds of sustained pressure to Floyd's neck generated global attention and raised questions about the use of force by law enforcement., On June 3, Chauvin was charged with unintentional second-degree murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter related to the incident, and officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder. On April 20, 2021, Chauvin was found guilty of all charges by a 12-person grand jury. Two months later, on June 25, he was sentenced to 22.5 years in prison. Officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao are set to stand trial in March 2022. Major protests Breonna Taylor protests, May 26, 2020–ongoing; jury verdict protests, September 23, 2020 On March 13, Breonna Taylor was shot and killed. Demonstrations over her death began on May 26, 2020, and lasted into August. One person was shot and killed during the protests. Protest erupted again on September 23, the night after the grand jury verdict was announced, protesters gathered in the Jefferson Square Park area of Louisville, as well as many other cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago, Seattle. In Louisville, two LMPD officers were shot during the protest and one suspect was kept in custody. George Floyd protests, May 26, 2020–ongoing The major catalyst of the unrest was the murder of George Floyd on May 25. Though it was not the first controversial killing of a black person in 2020, it sparked a much wider series of global protests and riots which continued into August 2020. As of June 8, there were at least 19 deaths related to the protests. The George Floyd protests are generally regarded as marking the start of the 2020 United States unrest. In Minneapolis–Saint Paul alone, the immediate aftermath of the murder of George Floyd was second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Over a three night period, the cities experienced two deaths, 617 arrests, and upwards of $500million in property damage to 1,500 locations, including 150 properties that were set on fire. Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, June 8, 2020–July 1, 2020 Established on June 8 in Seattle, CHAZ/CHOP was a self-declared autonomous zone established protesting the murder of George Floyd after police abandoned the East Precinct building. Groups like the Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club provided security while the protesters themselves provided either resources or assisted the PSJBGC in security. Multiple people were killed in altercations with security and on July 1 the autonomous zone/occupied protest was officially cleared by the Seattle Police Department. Kenosha unrest and shooting, August 23 and 25, 2020; 2020 American athlete strikes The shooting of Jacob Blake on August 23 sparked protests in a number of American cities, mostly within Kenosha. Two protesters were shot and killed in an incident during the protests. Nationally, athletes from the NHL, NBA, WNBA, MLB, and MLS began going on strike in response to the police shooting of Jacob Blake. On October 14, prosecutors announced that Kyle Rittenhouse, who was charged with killing the two protesters, would not face gun charges in Illinois. On November 19, 2021, Kyle Rittenhouse was acquitted of all charges related to the incident in Wisconsin. Minneapolis false rumors riot, August 26–28, 2020 A riot occurred in downtown Minneapolis in reaction to false rumors about the suicide of Eddie Sole Jr., a 38-year-old African American man; demonstrators believed he had been shot by police officers. Surveillance video showed that Sole Jr. shot himself in the head during a manhunt for a homicide suspect in which he was the person of interest. Controversially, the police released the CCTV camera footage of the suicide in attempts to stop the unrest. Overnight vandalism and looting of stores from August 26 to 27 reached a total of 77 property locations in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, including five businesses that were set on fire. State and local officials arrested a total of 132 people during the unrest. Three Minnesota residents were later convicted of federal charges for an arson attack on the Target Corporation headquarters building the night of August 26. A Minneapolis man pled guilty to a state assault charge for striking an officer with an object during the riot. Red House eviction defense protest, December 8, 2020 On December 8, protesters in Portland gathered to blockade parts of the Humboldt Neighborhood in order to protect a family who had been evicted after living in said house for 65 years. Protesters blockaded the area similar to the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest. Dolal Idd protests, December 30, 2020–January 4, 2022 Dolal Idd was a 23-year-old Somali-American man who was killed in an exchange of gunfire with Minneapolis police officers at approximately 6:15 p.m. CST on December 30, 2020, after he shot at them from inside the car he was driving. The fatal encounter happened in the U.S. state of Minnesota during a police sting operation. The shooting took place in the parking lot of a busy Holiday gas station at the intersection of Cedar Avenue and East 36th Street in the Powderhorn Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, from the location where George Floyd was murdered by a Minneapolis police officer on May 25, 2020. Idd's death was the first killing by a Minneapolis police officer since that of Floyd. The shooting affected the local community still in mourning over Floyd's murder seven months prior, and reignited local debate over police brutality and race relations. In several rallies, protesters questioned the police narrative of the December 30 incident and if police officers could have used better de-escalation tactics to prevent an exchange of gunfire. Trial of Derek Chauvin protests, March 7, 2021–June 25, 2021 Approximately a thousand protesters outside a downtown Minneapolis courthouse as Chauvin's trial commenced on March 8, 2021, to call for justice for Floyd and raise broader issues of racial injustice. Officials surrounded the facility with a concrete barrier, metal fencing, and barbed wire in anticipation of unrest. Protests and rallies planned for the George Floyd Square were halted for several days after a fatal shooting there on March 6, 2021. On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Derek Chauvin, several rallies and protests were held in Minneapolis. Separately, protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis to demand justice for Floyd and rallied at the Hennepin County Government Center and City Hall, and some demonstrators parked cars on the Metro light-rail tracks, which closed train traffic for several hours. At 38th and Chicago Avenue, the street intersection where Floyd was murdered, a group of people held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police. Atlanta shooting protests, March 16, 2021-ongoing On March 16, 2021, a series of mass shootings occurred at three spas in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Eight people were killed, six of whom were Asian women. A suspect, 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long, was taken into custody later that day. Several anti-Asian violence rallies have been held across the United States in 2021 in response to the recent rise of racism against Asian Americans. Several of the rallies are named "Stop Asian Hate". Daunte Wright protests, April 11, 2021–December 23, 2021 On April 11, 2021, at 1:48 p.m., 20-year-old Daunte Wright was shot and killed during a traffic stop by Kim Potter, an officer with the police department of Brooklyn Center, a suburb of Minneapolis. His girlfriend, a passenger in his car, was also injured. An initially peaceful demonstration at the scene of the shooting turned violent following a strengthened police presence, and looting was reported. On April 13, 2021, Potter resigned, as well as Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon, who said that Potter accidentally fired her gun. The next day, Potter was charged with second-degree manslaughter. Winston Boogie Smith protests and Uptown unrest, June 3, 2021–November 3, 2021; vehicle-ramming attack June 13, 2021 Winston Boogie Smith, a 32-year-old black man, was shot and killed by law enforcement authorities on June 3, 2021, as they attempted to apprehend him at a parking ramp in the Uptown neighborhood of Minneapolis. Protests following the killing began on June 3 and continued for several days, primarily in Uptown. Soon after the shooting, Smith's family demanded greater law enforcement transparency and the release of any surveillance footage that might have captured the incident. Civil rights activists and Smith's friends and family disputed the law enforcement accounts of the incident. Local organization Communities United Against Police Brutality held a press conference near the shooting site on June 4 to call for officials to release video footage and other details of the shooting. Family and friends of Smith held a peaceful vigil the evening of June 4 at the parking ramp where he was killed, and participated in a protest march on June 6. Activist Nekima Levy Armstrong led a protest on June 8 outside the home of Minnesota's U.S. Marshal, Ramona Dohman, calling for her resignation. Armstrong alleged that Dohman, a Trump administration appointee, had a conflict of interest due to a past working relationship with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. Kyle Rittenhouse protests, November 1, 2021–November 19, 2021 Several protests took place outside the Kenosha County Courthouse in Kenosha, Wisconsin during the trial of Kyle Rittenhouse between November 1, 2021, and November 19, 2021. Following Rittenhouse's acquittal on November 19, rioting broke out in Portland, Oregon. Large protests also occurred in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis during the month. Amir Locke protests, February 2–ongoing On February 2, 2022, Minneapolis Police Department officer Mark Hanneman fatally shot Amir Locke, a 22-year old black man, while police officers were executing a search warrant at an apartment in downtown Minneapolis. The shooting occurred 9 seconds after police entered the apartment while Locke was lying on a couch while wrapped in a blanket and holding a gun. Several protests were held in Minneapolis and Saint Paul over the subsequent weeks. A protest over Locke's death was held in Chicago on February 11. In Portland, Oregon one person was killed and five others were wounded in a shooting on Saturday night during a protest in Portland against killings by police officers. Portland protest shooting, February 20 In Portland, Oregon, protesters planned a demonstration for February 20 over the police killings of Amir Locke and Patrick Kimmons, who was fatally shot by Portland police in 2018. As people were gathering for a demonstration in the Rose City Park neighborhood, a conflict between an armed portlander and armed protesters resulted in six people being injured by gunfire, with one woman succumbing to her injuries. Themes and demands "Defund the police" Unlike recent racial protests in the United States before it, the 2020 protests frequently included the slogan "defund the police", representing a call for divestment in policing. The degree of divestment advocated varied, with some protesters calling for the elimination of police departments and others for reduced budgets. Supporters of partial or complete defunding of the police argued that budgets should be directed instead towards community-driven police alternatives, investment in mental health and substance abuse treatment services, job-training programs, or other forms of investment into black urban communities. In June 2020, New York City mayor Bill De Blasio responded to calls for divestment by cutting $1billion of the New York City Police Department (NYPD)'s $6billion budget and directing it instead to city youth groups and social services, a reduction of 17%. The cut mostly involved shifting some responsibilities to other city agencies, with the size of the force barely changing. The city council in Minneapolis voted in June to "end policing as we know it" and replace it with a "holistic" approach to public safety, but by September 2020, the pledge collapsed without implementation. An increasing number of community groups had opposed the pledge, a poll from the Minneapolis Star-Tribune showed that a plurality of residents, including 50% of black people, opposed decreasing the size of the police force, and city councilors cited alarm from business owners and residents in more affluent areas of their wards who feared for their safety, as beliefs anticipating an immediate end to the police department proliferated. Incremental reforms of a type that the city's progressive politicians had denounced were pursued in lieu of the pledge. The Black Visions Collective, an activist group seeking police abolition, called past reforms "weak" and stated, "It is the nature of white supremacy, capitalism, patriarchy or any of these other systems of oppression to want to do what is necessary to save themselves." Nationwide, defunding the police has not received broad support from congressional Democrats. Senator Bernie Sanders, a former Democratic presidential candidate, and Democratic President Joe Biden, both support police reform instead. During the 2020 campaign, President Donald Trump heavily criticized the "defund the police" movement; Trump and his campaign, as well as Trump allies, repeatedly and falsely claimed that Biden supported police defunding. According to a report released by Movement for Black Lives, the US federal government deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters with heavier penalties in an attempt to disrupt the movement. Monument removals Protesters have called for the removal of statues commemorating historical figures, such as Confederate war veterans and politicians as well as Christopher Columbus, who are perceived as racist by modern standards. Often those depicted in the statues were responsible for human rights violations. A number were either removed by authorities, or vandalized and toppled by protesters. Statues of United States presidents, including the Emancipation Memorial featuring Abraham Lincoln, have also been vandalized and attacked by protesters. Some pro-Union or anti-slavery monuments were also targeted, as they were seen to embody disrespectful attitudes towards Native Americans or the enslaved. In one case, a statue of abolitionist Hans Christian Heg was torn down. Related racial unrest outside the United States Writing for Foreign Affairs, professor Brenda Gayle Plummer noted that "The particulars of Floyd's murder, taking place against the backdrop of the pandemic, may well have been the dam-break moment for the global protest movement. But they are only part of the story. International solidarity with the African American civil rights struggle comes not from some kind of projection or spontaneous sentiment; it was seeded by centuries of black activism abroad and foreign concern about human rights violations in the United States." The Netherlands Related racial unrest in the Netherlands included widespread participation in George Floyd protests. The unrest has led to a change in public opinion on Zwarte Piet, a character used in Dutch Sinterklaas celebrations who has been historically portrayed in blackface. Leaving the appearance of Zwarte Piet unaltered has traditionally been supported by the public but opposed by anti-racism campaigners, but a June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered: 47 per cent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 per cent in a similar survey held in November 2019. Prime minister Mark Rutte stated in a parliamentary debate on June 5, 2020, that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now has more understanding for people who consider the character's appearance to be racist. United Kingdom The 2020–21 United States racial unrest has triggered protests, political gestures and policy changes in the United Kingdom, both in solidarity with the United States and in comparable protest against racism in the United Kingdom. The debate over statues of certain historical figures has been a significant feature of the unrest in Britain, following the unauthorized removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol on June 11 during a protest in the city. The Culture Secretary Oliver Dowden wrote a three-page letter to MPs, peers and councillors arguing against the removal of statues. Prime Minister Boris Johnson condemned protesters who defaced the statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square in London, and several statues were subsequently covered up as a precaution. Social impact In late May to June 2020, the high-profile murders of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery, along with the shooting of Breonna Taylor, led to a racial reckoning that greatly increased sentiment regarding systemic racism in the United States, with changes occurring in public opinion, government, industry, education and sports. This racial reckoning aimed at confronting a legacy of systemic inequality and racial injustice stemming from overt discrimination and unconscious bias in the societal treatment of black Americans, who have experienced disproportionately negative outcomes in the form of racial inequality such as in education, health care, housing, imprisonment, voting rights and wages. While most black Americans acutely felt these issues, many white Americans were insulated. Previously, there had been protests and riots over the killings of black Americans by law enforcement. The 2014 killing of Michael Brown, the 2014 killing of Eric Garner, the 2015 Charleston church shooting, and the 2017 Charlottesville rally received headlines yet did not lead to systemic change or as wide a level of support. However, the videos of Floyd's murder and police violence at protests resonated with many white Americans. White people have attended the George Floyd protests and continuing related protests in greater numbers than they had prior protests of killings of black Americans by law enforcement. Demonstrators revived a public campaign for the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials as well as other historic symbols such as statues of venerated American slaveholders and modern display of the Confederate battle flag. Public backlash widened to other institutional symbols, including place names, namesakes, brands and cultural practices. This itself has sparked conflict, between left-wing and right-wing groups, often violent. Several far-right groups, including civilian militias and white supremacists, have fought with members of "a broad coalition of leftist anti-racist groups" in street clashes. Public opinion By mid-June, American national culture and attitude towards racial injustice began to shift, including the Senate Armed Services Committee's approval of process to rename military facilities named for Confederate generals. American public opinion of racism and discrimination shifted in the wake of these protests. Polling of white Americans showed an increased belief in having received advantages due to their race and increased belief that black Americans received disproportionate force in policing. Public opinion in support of the Black Lives Matter movement greatly increased, with a surge of "am I racist" searches and a greater approval for removing Confederate statues and memorials. However, support for the Black Lives Matter movement declined by August and September 2020. Public debate Faced with civil unrest, politicians fulfilled promises to remove Confederate symbols. Mississippi voted to retire and replace its state flag. The removal of symbols caused national debate over the appropriateness of statues of figures tied to racial injustice. Public conversations on race and power extended to other cultural practices. One debate addressed racial vocabulary. Various news organizations modified their style guides to capitalize "Black" as a proper noun in recognition of the term's shared political identity and experiences. Merriam-Webster modified its definition of racism. The major sports channel ESPN began to air political commentary, reversing a longstanding mandate to separate sports from politics. The recent scrutiny on race relations in the United States brought comparisons to the Weinstein effect in which the Me Too movement put pressure on public figures for legacies of sexual assault, harassment, and systemic sexism. Similarly, the American public, under its racial injustice reckoning, pressured American industries to confront legacies of racism. The resulting symbolic divestments targeted white cultural hegemony. NPR wrote that renamed landmarks and similar gestures would not provide economic opportunities or civil rights, but signaled cultural disapproval towards symbols associated with racial injustice, including the history of racism and slavery. The New Yorker compared the dispersed national response to an "American Spring" on par with the Arab Spring and other international revolutionary waves. Global protests also focused on symbols of racial injustice, with The New Yorker also having a part on international solidarity towards police violence. Consumer behavior Anti-racist self-education became a trend throughout June 2020 in the United States, and black anti-racist writers found new audiences. During the Floyd protests, black-owned bookstores saw an influx of interest, especially for books on social justice topics. In the span of two weeks from early to late June, books about race went from composing none to two-thirds of The New York Times Best Seller list. Amazon sales saw a similar pattern. In comparison, no such surge happened after prior prominent Black Lives Matter demonstrations. Online library checkouts of anti-racist literature increased tenfold by mid-June. Some municipal libraries saw waitlists in the thousands per title. Amazon's tracking of daily e-book readers and audiobook listeners reflected the increased readership, when many of the aforementioned books entered its most-read list. American consumers sought out Black-owned businesses to support. June saw record high Google searches for "Black-owned businesses near me" and smartphone restaurant discovery apps added features for discovering Black-owned restaurants. Businesses on social media lists saw significantly increased sales. Black-owned bookstores in particular had difficulty meeting demand. Consumer concerns over hate speech on social media platforms caused some companies to implement temporary boycotts on advertising on certain platforms. Many major American corporations pursued anti-racism and diversity training workshops, particularly companies seeking to be consistent with their Black Lives Matter message. Demand for these trainings had grown over time, especially since 2016, and interest in diversity training bookings spiked during this period. Firearms The unrest precipitated an unprecedented number of firearm sales in the United States. Background checks for legally purchased firearms reached record highs starting in May, with year-on-year numbers up 80.2% and running through the rest of the summer. This represented the highest monthly number of firearms transfers since the FBI began keeping records in 1998. In May 2020, firearms retailers surveyed by the National Shooting Sports Foundation estimated that 40% of their sales came from first-time gun buyers, 40% of those first-time gun buyers were women. Gun sales have been up across the country. A rise in first-time gun buyers in liberal-leaning states like California has helped fuel the national uptick in firearms and ammunition purchases. June 2020 represented the largest month of firearms purchases in United States history, with Illinois purchasing more firearms than any other state. According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), in the last days of May and the first week of June 2020, there were more than 90 attempted or successful burglaries of gun stores. More than 1,000 guns were stolen in that window of time. On May 31 alone, the BATF reported 29 separate burglaries targeting licensed firearm retailers. Maps See also Killing of Manuel Ellis Death of Elijah McClain List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Mass racial violence in the United States Timeline of notable Black Lives Matter events and demonstrations in the United States 2020–21 United States election protests Similar unrest Ghetto riots in the United States (1964–1969) 1965 Watts riots Long, hot summer of 1967 1968 King assassination riots 1980 Miami riots 1992 Los Angeles riots 2014 Ferguson unrest 2015 Baltimore protests 2017 Charlottesville protests (Unite the Right rally) List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States References Further reading External links "America Reckons With Racial Injustice" – NPR's special series 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 protests 2020 riots 2021 controversies in the United States 2021 protests 2021 riots 2022 protests African-American-related controversies African-American riots in the United States Black Lives Matter Ongoing protests Deaths in police custody in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement controversies in the United States Police brutality in the United States Post–civil rights era in African-American history Protests against police brutality Protests in the United States Race-related controversies in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022%20Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint%20Paul%20racial%20unrest

2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest

In the early 2020s, the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in U.S. state of Minnesota experienced a wave of civil unrest, comprising peaceful demonstrations and riots, against systemic racism towards black Americans, notably in the form of police violence. A number of events occurred beginning soon after the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed black man, by a white Minneapolis police officer on May 25, 2020. National Public Radio characterized the events as cultural reckoning on topics of racial injustice. Many specific protests over Floyd's murder were described as peaceful events, however, Minneapolis–Saint Paul experienced widespread rioting, looting, and property destruction over a three-night period in late May 2020 that resulted in $500 million in property damage—the second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Local protests sparked a global protest movement about police brutality and racial justice, and had an effect on state and local policies, local economic conditions, and the well-being of residents. Unrest over Floyd's murder continued as protesters sought justice for Floyd and made broader calls to address structural racism in Minnesota and residents reacted to other incidents, with many protest events part of the larger Black Lives Matter movement. While some demonstrations were violent and generated controversy, protesters from varying backgrounds came rallied against what they perceived as the normalization of the killings of innocent black lives. Events in 2020 Arrangement is chronological by the beginning date of each notable event series; timelines for some topics overlap. George Floyd protests, May 26–ongoing Protests began in Minneapolis on May 26, the day after the murder of George Floyd and when a video of the incident had circulated widely in the media. By mid day, people had gathered by the thousands at the location of Floyd's murder and set up a makeshift memorial. Organizers of the rally emphasized keeping the protest peaceful. Protesters and Floyd's family demanded that all four officers at the scene of his arrest and death be charged with murder and that judicial consequences were swift. That evening, the protest rally turned into a march to the Minneapolis Police Department's third precinct station where the officers were believed to work. After the main protest group disbanded, a small skirmish the night of May 26 resulted in minor property damage at the station and the police firing tear gas at demonstrators. Protests were held at several locations throughout the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in subsequent days. The situation escalated the nights of May 27 to 29 where widespread arson, rioting, and looting took place, which were noted as a contrast to daytime protests that were characterized as mostly peaceful events. Some initial acts of property destruction on May 27 by a 32-year-old man with ties to white supremacist organizations, who local police investigators said was deliberately inciting racial tension, led to a chain reaction of fires and looting. The unrest, including demonstrators overtaking the Minneapolis third precinct police station and setting it on fire the night of May 28, garnered significant national and international media attention. After state officials mobilized Minnesota National Guard troops in its largest deployment since World War II, the violent unrest subsided and mostly peaceful protests resumed. Violence and property destruction in late May 2020 resulted in two deaths, 617 arrests, and upwards of $500 million in property damage to 1,500 locations, making it the second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. George Floyd Square occupation protest, May 26, 2020–present On May 26, the day after George Floyd's murder, an occupation protest emerged at the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection in Minneapolis of the arrest incident. Protesters turned the area into a makeshift memorial and erected barricades to keep automobile traffic out, and police officers largely avoided the area in the following months. Thousands of visitors protested and grieved at the site, which was adorned with public art installments and described as like a "shrine". When Minneapolis city officials attempted to negotiate the re-opening of the intersection in August 2020, protesters demanded that the city meet a list of 24 demands before removing cement barricades around the intersection. The Minneapolis Planning Commission recommend to the city council that the length of Chicago Avenue between 37th and 39th streets be named as “George Perry Floyd Jr Place” and the city designated the intersection as one of seven cultural districts in the city. The city also allocated $4.7 million to establish a permanent memorial at the site, though by the end of 2020, the city was unable to reach agreement with community organizations who had presented officials with a list of demands before opening the intersection back up. The occupation protests persisted in 2021. City crews removed cement barricades at the intersection on June 3, 2021, as part of a phased reopening process and vehicular traffic resumed several weeks later on June 20, 2021, after having being closed for over a year. Despite the street intersection reopening to vehicular traffic, by the end of 2021, the occupied protest at George Floyd Square had persisted for 19 months. Michael Freeman protests, May 27, 2020–late 2020 In the aftermath of Floyd's murder, protests were held regarding Hennepin County Attorney Michael Freeman with several taking place outside his Minneapolis home, beginning on May 27, 2020. Freeman was the attorney for Hennepin County and initial prosecutor of the four Minneapolis police officers involved in the murder of George Floyd. Protests were outraged by comments Freeman made on May 28, 2020, when he said, "There is other evidence that does not support a criminal charge", when referencing how officials were reviewing evidence about whether to charge the police officers with crimes. Freeman later said the remarks were misinterpreted, and were meant to convey a throughout review of all available evidence. Hennepin County Sheriff's Office's office deployed deputies and the county paid for private security to protect alleged threats to Freeman and his home. On May 30, 2020, more than 1,000 protesters gathered outside Freeman's home and some demonstrators caused minor damage to the house. A protest group gathered at the Hennepin County Government Center on June 12 to demand Freeman's resignation over his handling of previous officer-involved shootings in Minneapolis, such as the case involving the shooting of Jamar Clark and prosecution of former police officer Mohamed Noor in the shooting of Justine Damond. A group also launched a petition drive to have Freeman recalled. Freeman later sold his house in late 2020 at less than the assessed value. Some protesters viewed Freeman's home move as a success of their efforts to pressure him politically. Police abolition movement, June 6, 2020–November 2, 2021 Protesters over the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis and elsewhere began calling for reforms of the police forces, including defunding, downsizing, or abolishing traditional police departments. Led by local organization Black Visions Collective, thousands of protesters marched in Minneapolis on June 6, 2020. The march ended at the home of mayor Jacob Frey. The crowd demanded that he come outside and asked if he supported abolishing the city's police force. When Frey responded he did not support abolishing the police, the crowd ordered him to leave and booed him away. On June 7, 2020, at a Powderhorn Park rally organized by Black Visions Collective and several other black-led social justice organizations, nine of the 13 members of the Minneapolis City Council vowed before a large crowd to dismantle the city's police department. Activists that organized the rally wanted to replace the police department with unarmed public safety responders, but concrete details about it were less defined. The effort to replace the Minneapolis police department with a public safety department continued in 2020 and 2021. A ballot measure was put before Minneapolis voters on the municipal election on November 2, 2021. If passed, city officials would have 30 days to establish a Department of Public Safety, though the exact structure of the new department, the services it would provide, the number of police officers it employs, and its funding level would be determined through a series of city ordinances. Voters rejected the ballot measure, which required at least 51% to pass, with 80,506 or 56.2 percent of votes cast for "no" versus 62,813 or 43.8% of votes for "yes". Christopher Columbus statue toppling, June 10 An American Indian Movement group tore down a statue of Christopher Columbus outside the state capitol building in Saint Paul on June 10 as the global protest movement turned towards removing monuments and memorials with controversial legacies. Members of the American Indian Movement, led by Mike Forcia of the Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians, announced via social media their intentions to topple the statue earlier in the day. State Patrol troopers and a Department of Public Safety tribal liaison met with organizers prior to the event, encouraging them to follow a legal process for removal and warning them that they could face charges for destruction of public property. Forcia countered that they had already waited far too long, having worked through official channels for years without success. American Indian Movement members and other demonstrators, including Dakota and Ojibwe community members, looped a rope around the statue and pulled it off its granite pedestal. The group drummed, sang songs, and took photos with the fallen statue. No one was arrested at the event. State Patrol troopers watched from a distance and did not intervene. Troopers eventually formed a line to protect the statue before it was transported offsite. In December, Michael Forcia of Ramsey County agreed to a plea deal and accepted 100 hours in community service in connection with the incident. Officials estimated the cost to repair the statue would be over $154,000. Minneapolis police union protests, June 12 The Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis, the union representing Minneapolis Police Department officers, and its elected leader were the subject of several protest events. Protesters gathered at the Police Officers Federation building in Minneapolis on June 12 to demand the resignation of Bob Kroll, head of the city's police union, who had characterized the protests and Black Lives Matter as a "terrorist organization". Thousands of people stretched in every direction from the federation building and listened to speeches by community leaders. Protesters returned on June 25. Kroll had earlier said he would not step down from the post. Protesters said they would continue protesting until their demands were met. Juneteenth commemoration, June 19 On June 19, dozens of Juneteenth commemorations were held in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, including in Minneapolis near the former third precinct station and at the location where Floyd was murdered. Participants at the events connected recent instances of police brutality to the historic legacy of slavery in the United States. The Minnesota Black Lives Matter chapter that rallied at the state capitol building in Saint Paul called on state lawmakers who were meeting in a special legislative session to agree on police reform measures. Walz issued a proclamation declaring eight minutes 46 seconds of silence at 11:00 a.m. CDT on June 9, 2020, in memory of Floyd, which coincided with the beginning of Floyd's funeral in Houston, Texas He also proclaimed June 19 as "Juneteenth Freedom Day" and called on the legislature to make it an annual state holiday. Calvin Griffith statute removal, June 19 The Minnesota Twins removed the statute of former owner Calvin Griffith outside the team's Target Field baseball stadium in Minneapolis on June 19. In a statement, the team said the "statue reflects an ignorance on our part of systemic racism present in 1978, 2010 and today". Griffith's legacy was tarnished after racist comments he made in a 1978 speech at the Waseca Lions Club, but a statute of him was placed in the stadium's plaza when it opened in 2010. State capitol protest, June 24 In June, George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul broadened to issues of historic racism and police brutality, with events occurring nearly each day. Protesters gathered outside the governor's mansion in Saint Paul on June 24 and called on the governor to reconvene the legislature in a special session for the purpose of passing police reform measures. Lawmakers had recently adjourned a special session without agreeing to legislation on the topic. Breonna Taylor protests, June 26 Protesters seeking justice for Breonna Taylor held a "Red Sunday" march on June 26 and gathered at several locations in the Twin Cities. Pride parade protests, June 28 Despite cancellation of official Twin Cities Pride event, protesters on June 28 gathered in downtown Minneapolis and called for justice for Floyd, greater protections for black transgender people, community control of policing, and the freeing of "political prisoners". Restrictions on public gatherings due to the COVID-19 pandemic prevented organizers from holding a more celebratory event of LGBTQ+ people as in past years, which had been among the most well-attended Pride parade events in the United States. The 2020 Pride parade in the Twin Cities intersected with the Black Lives Matter movement and returned to the way it began, as a protest movement. Hachalu Hundessa protests, June 30 On June 30, several hundred protesters from Minnesota's Oromo diaspora gathered outside the Minnesota state capitol building in Saint Paul to protest the killing of Hachalu Hundessa, a popular musician and political activist who was shot and killed in Addis Ababa on June 28, resulting in considerable unrest in Ethiopia. In the evening of July 1, hundreds of protesters blocked Interstate 94 in Minneapolis to call for justice for Hundessa and the Oromo people. "Black 4th" rallies, July 4 Thousands took part in several peaceful demonstrations in Minneapolis and called for racial equity and justice for George Floyd on July 4. Organizers of two marches, dubbed "Black 4th", through predominately white areas of the city sought to continue the momentum for police reform and raise awareness about social justice issues. Philando Castile commemoration, July 6 Four years after the shooting of Philando Castile by a police officer in the Twin Cities' suburb of St. Anthony, several Black Lives Matter rallies were held on July 6 that commemorated Castile and connected it to the global protest movement about racism and police brutality sparked by Floyd's murder. Calvin Horton Jr. protests, July 21 On May 27, during unrest over the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Calvin Horton Jr., a 43-year-old man from Minneapolis, was fatally shot by the owner of the Cadillac Pawn & Jewelry shop who believed he was burglarizing his business. The incident took place on East Lake Street about from the main protest sites. The shop owner was arrested the night of the shooting and held in Hennepin County Jail for several days, but he was released pending further investigation. There were no new developments in the case by July 21, 2020, when family and supporters of Horton, Jr. protested outside the store and demanded the owner be charged with murder. In December 2020, Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman's office declined to file charges against the pawn shop owner after a six-month investigation due to a lack of evidence to prove the shooting was not self-defense. Powderhorn Park encampment closure, August 14 A sprawling encampment at Powderhorn Park generated controversy as it grew to 560 tents by mid July. Numerous sexual assaults, fights, and drug use at the encampment generated alarm for nearby residents. The city had made a push to connect people experiencing homeless with services, including establishing three new shelters, and shelter beds remained available. Officials adopted a de-escalation for disbanding camps due to the ongoing civil unrest, and when they attempted to remove tents at non-permitted sites, they faced opposition from a sanctuary movement and protest groups. After violence and multiple sexual assaults at Powderhorn Park camp site, the park board cleared it of tents on August 14, 2020, as police faced off with protesters and fired pepper spray. Sympathy protest for Portland, Oregon, July 23 On July 23, Minnesotans gathered at a federal courthouse and marched through downtown Minneapolis in opposition to the deployment of federal troops to protests in Portland, Oregon. Bob Kroll residential protest, August 15 A 100-person protest group led by Nekima Levy Armstrong's Racial Justice Network gathered outside Kroll's home in Hugo, Minnesota on August 15 to call for his resignation from the Minneapolis police union. Protesters also criticized Kroll's partner, WCCO television reporter Liz Collins, for having a conflict of interest in stories about police violence. Remarks by John Thompson, a Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor candidate for the state legislature from St. Paul, drew controversy. Thompson said in his speech, "You think we give a [expletive] about burning Hugo down?" and also "[Expletive] Hugo." Some of Thompson's remarks were said to be directed at children who were present. The event also featured the bashing of piñata effigies of Kroll and Collins. Several local media members condemned the symbolic display of violence against a woman journalist. Inflammatory rhetoric at the event was also condemned by leaders of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor and Republican parties, and led to an apology statement from the Thompson. Police station vandalized, August 15 Late at night in Minneapolis on August 15, a group of approximately 50 people marched to the city's fifth police precinct station in what was initially described as a peaceful protest, but it became violent when people threw rocks at windows, threw paint on the building, and shot commercial-grade fireworks at police officers, before fleeing the scene. In statements, Mayor Frey and Minneapolis City Council Vice President Andrea Jenkins said that the destruction was not the solution to issues surrounding policing. Jacob Blake protests, August 24 On August 23, Jacob Blake, an African-American man, was shot four times in the back during an arrest by police officer Rusten Sheskey. The incident occurred in Kenosha, Wisconsin as police officers were attempting to arrest Blake. In reaction to the incident, protests and unrest occurred in Wisconsin and other places in the United States. On August 24 in Minneapolis, a 100-person protest over Blake's shooting took place in the city's downtown area, and after the main protest group disbanded, some protesters became violent and broke windows and threatened to breach a jail facility, resulting in 11 arrests. One Minneapolis police officer suffered a broken hand during a confrontation with a demonstrator. Riots over false rumors of a police shooting, August 26–28 Rioting and looting in downtown Minneapolis came as reaction to false rumors that Eddie Sole Jr., a 38 year old African American man, had been shot and killed by Minneapolis police officers on August 26. Surveillance video showed that Sole Jr. had died by suicide, a self-inflicted gunshot to the head, during a manhunt for a homicide suspect in which he was the person of interest as police officers closed in to arrest him after a foot chase. Controversially, the police released the CCTV camera footage of the suicide in attempts to stop the unrest. Overnight destruction the night of August 26 led to at least 132 arrests for violence and looting, as damage to 77 properties occurred in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan region, including five buildings that were set on fire, including the Target Corporation headquarters building. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz declared a state of emergency and deployed National Guard troops, and Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey imposed on overnight curfew. Nearly 1,000 members of law enforcement and 400 Minnesota National Guard troops amassed in the metro area to prevent more lawlessness, and calmness prevailed after August 27. Wall of Forgotten Natives, September 3 Two years after a large camp was disbanded near Hiawatha and Franklin avenues in Minneapolis, on September 3 a group backed by protesters and American Indian Movement advocates re-occupied a site they referred to as the Wall of Forgotten Natives. The site had been barricaded by the state in 2018 when an encampment closed after experiencing drug overdoses, spread of disease, violence, fires, and deaths. In September 2020, reoccupation of the encampment with 40 tents came after the city closed another encampment on 13th Avenue due to health and safety concerns and after officials sought help from nonprofit organizations. Reestablishment of the Hiawatha encampment also came during time of increasing confrontation between Minneapolis officials and homeless advocates, as the city had hoped to close all encampments by October. Pretrial hearing for Chauvin, Lane, and Keung, and Thao protests, September 11 Hundreds rallied outside the Hennepin County Government Center, a downtown Minneapolis local government and court building, on September 11 during a pretrial hearing for the four police officers at the scene of Floyd's murderformer officers Chauvin, Lane, and Keung, and Thao. Confrontations between some in the crowd and the officers' attorney were described as "angry". On November 5, defense attorneys cited the exchange on September 11 and safety concerns in their arguments in court to have a change of venue to another jurisdiction for the trial, but the Peter Cahill, the presiding judge, rejected their motion. Blocking the third precinct, September 16 After the third precinct station burned down during the late May riots, police officers worked out the convention center in downtown Minneapolis. In August, officials pursued a lease agreement for a temporary police station at a privately owned building on Minnehaha Avenue in the Seward neighborhood. A neighborhood group that supported the police abolition movement pushed back against the city and organized a "Blocked the Precinct Block party" protest rally near the site. The city's lease agreement fell apart in September after opposition from community groups and threats of violence against the property owner and police officers. Police investigated threats to burn the property down and the building was tagged with anti-police graffiti, including a call for “the literal deaths of individual police officers”. Derek Chauvin bail protests, October 7 In October 7, protesters took to the streets and held rallies at several places in Minneapolis to express anger over the release of former Minneapolis Police Department officer Derek Chauvin on bail. Chauvin was the officer who murdered George Floyd on May 25 by kneeling on his neck for over nine minutes, suffocating him.. Chauvin was later arrested and charged with murder in connection with the incident, but he posted $1 million bail for his release pending trial. Governor Walz sent 100 National Guardsmen, as well as 100 state police troops and 75 conservation officers, to keep the peace. Law enforcement made 51 arrests late at night on October 7, of which 49 were for misdemeanor offences such as unlawful assembly, one arrest for assault, and one arrest for having an outstanding felony warrant. Election night demonstration, November 3 Several business in Minneapolis and Saint Paul boarded up windows and doors on November 3 preparing for possible unrest related to the election. Some of the businesses had suffered damages during the aftermath of George Floyd's murder, and wanted to be prepared for the possibility of further unrest. The Minnesota National Guard was placed on standby and police forces in the two cities activated extra staff. A group of demonstrators marching behind an "America is Over" banner made their way through Uptown in Minneapolis late at night on Tuesday. Minneapolis police officers kept their distance as the group blocked several intersections, spray painted storefronts, and threw traffic signs and debris into the street. When protesters shot fireworks at officers and refused to disburse, the police advanced and made 14 arrests for suspicion of rioting and fourth-degree assault. No injuries were reported. Anti-Trump rally on Interstate 94, November 4 Part of a national day of protests, on November 4, several social justice organizations converged for protest marches through Minneapolis with the mantra, "Don't Let Trump Steal the Election". After marching through downtown, protesters marched onto Interstate 94. As demonstrators attempted to exit the highway, Minneapolis police and Minnesota state patrol officers kettled and arrested 646 people for public nuisance and unlawful assembly, blocking traffic for several hours. Most of those arrested were initially cited and released. A 19-year-old woman from Golden Valley was charged with felony second-degree riot for pointing a laser in a police officer's eyes, and a 29-year-old woman from Minneapolis was charged with fourth-degree assault and obstructing the legal process for kicking a police officer. The charge against the 19-year old woman, who tried to take a plea deal, were later dropped by the judge. The mass arrest of 646 people was the largest in recent Minnesota state history. Activists demanded that charges be dropped against demonstrators. The Minneapolis City Attorney's Office later pursued charges for 588 of the cases, stating that the demonstration was not protected by the First Amendment as it broke several laws and endangered the safety of motorists and pedestrians. Several hundred demonstrators accepted plea agreements to suspend prosecution in lieu of a $175 fine and completion of six hours of community service. About 280 people rejected plea agreements. Thanksgiving Day statue vandalism, November 26 In the early morning hours of November 26, a statute of George Washington at Washburn Fair Oaks Park in Minneapolis was toppled and defaced with anticolonial graffiti. A few miles away at BF Nelson Park, a monument depicting three generations of pioneers was spray painted with the words "no thanks", "no more genocide", "decolonize", and "land back". The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board said they were investigating the incidents, but were aware of the controversy about the historic context of the statutes. The vandalism came six months after a protest group toppled a Christopher Columbus statue outside the Minnesota state capitol building in Saint Paul. Reaction to the killing of Dolal Idd, December 30 Protests emerged the evening of December 30 after police shot and killed a man at a Holiday gas station near the intersection Cedar Avenue and East 36th Street in Minneapolis who was later identified as Dolal Idd. The shooting happened at approximately 6:15 p.m. less than a from the location where George Floyd was murdered in May and it was the first fatal police shooting in the city since then. Few details were known about the shooting incident as approximately 100 protesters gathered at the scene. Some protesters shouted expletives and threw snowballs at police officers. Officers prepared to use pepper spray if assaulted by demonstrators. By late evening, the scene was more calm as protesters blocked an intersection and built a bonfire. Several people attended a vigil on December 31 near the intersection of Cedar Avenue and East 36th Street for Idd and other victims of police violence. New Year’s Eve riot, December 31 Seventy-five demonstrators gathered in downtown Minneapolis on December 31 to protest police brutality. Police learned of the rally from a social media posting calling on people to wear black clothing and masks and to help "burn the precincts & the prisons ". From the downtown area, demonstrators walked to Commons Park near U.S. Bank Stadium, where police observed the group shooting fireworks at motorists, painting graffiti on the walls of local government buildings, and disrupting traffic. That night, authorities gave orders for a crowd to disperse, but some people refused to leave. At least 15 people were detained for allegedly rioting and 21 people were cited and released. Five people were charged with felony riot and for being armed with a dangerous weapon. The demonstration was scheduled several weeks prior and was unrelated to the killing of Dolal Idd in Minneapolis on December 30. Events in 2021 Arrangement is chronological by the beginning date of each notable event series; timelines for some topics overlap. Dolal Idd protest march, January 3 As many as 1,000 protesters on January 3, 2021, marched peacefully in south Minneapolis to express outrage over the killing of Dolal Idd by Minneapolis police and a controversial search of the Idd family home by the Hennepin County Sheriff’s Office. Downtown Minneapolis racial justice protest, January 9 Several hundred people gathered in downtown Minneapolis on January 9, 2021, to protest racial injustice at a rally that featured speeches, hand-drawn signs, and chats. Protesters connected Dolal Idd's death on December 30, 2020, to George Floyd and Jacob Blake, a black man shot and wounded by Kenosha, Wisconsin police in 2020. The week prior to the downtown Minneapolis gathering, a Wisconsin prosecutor declined to press charges against the police officer that shot Blake, which protesters at the rally objected to. Protesters then marched from the Hennepin County Government Center to the Minneapolis Police Department's first precinct station for more speeches and chants. The protest group expressed outrage over the mob that stormed the United States Capitol building on January 6, 2021, and speakers contrasted the recent police-related homicides in Minneapolis to the mob of apparent white supremacists that overwhelmed Capitol police in Washington, D.C. who took little action to stop them. Presidential inauguration protest, January 20 On the day of the presidential inauguration of Joe Biden, nearly 120 members of several progressive organizations held a peaceful rally in Minneapolis to pressure the incoming Biden administration to commit to several left-wing policy positions during its first 100 days in office, such as to reverse Trump administration policies affecting immigrant and minority communities. Protesters gathered at South High School and marched along Lake Street past the Minneapolis Police Department's third precinct building that was set on fire in May 2020 after George Floyd's murder. The day's events were organized by the local Black Lives Matter chapter and other social justice organizations. The groups demands also included dropping criminal charges against people who were prosecuted during the 2020 George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and the 600 people who were arrested on November 4, 2020, for blocking traffic on Interstate 94. Police reform protests, March 6 Approximately 150 people marched and rallied at the governor's mansion in Saint Paul ahead of the trial of Derek Chauvin scheduled for March 8, 2021. The event, organized by Families Supporting Families Against Police Violence, sought to pressure state and local officials to enact police reform legislation and re-evaluate cases were people died under police pursuit or arrest. In another protest march, demonstrators in Minneapolis marched from the George Floyd Square to the Hennepin County Government Center and back. Trial of Derek Chauvin protests, March 7–April 19 On March 7, 2021, several hundred protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis and rallied outside the Hennepin County Government Center building to mourn George Floyd and call for reform of policing. The event, dubbed the "'I Can't Breathe' Silent March For Justice" by its organizers, came one day ahead of jury selection in the trial of Derek Chauvin slated for March 8. Protesters carried a white-colored replica coffin adorned with red flowers. Another group of faith leaders, held a "Pray for MN" gathering at the government center building later that afternoon. Approximately a thousand protesters gathered peacefully outside a downtown courthouse as Chauvin's trial commenced on March 8 to call for justice for Floyd and raise broader issues of racial injustice. Officials had surrounded the facility with a temporary concrete barrier, metal fencing, and barbed wire in anticipation of potential unrest. Protests and rallies planned for the George Floyd Square were halted for several days after a fatal shooting there on March 6, 2021. On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Derek Chauvin, several rallies and protests were held in Minneapolis. The family of George Floyd and Al Sharpton hosted a vigil at the Greater Friendship Missionary Baptist Church in Minneapolis. Separately, protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis to demand justice for Floyd and rallied at the Hennepin County Government Center and City Hall, and some demonstrators parked cars on the Metro light-rail tracks, which closed train traffic for several hours. At 38th and Chicago Avenue, the street intersection where Floyd was murdered, a group of people who self-identified as "anarchists" and "anti-fascists" held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police. Protesters claimed that the street intersection was not public property and demanded that journalists leave the area before the training workshop began. The George Floyd Square remained an important gathering place during the trial of Derek Chauvin for people protesting racial injustice and seeking justice for Floyd. The square hosted daily visitors from around the United States who made pilgrimages to the intersection. Groups of protesters also gathered outside Hennepin County Government Center in Minneapolis during the trial of Derek Chauvin and marched on the streets calling for justice. On April 6, several civil rights leaders, including Al Sharpton and former New York Governor David Paterson, led a rally outside the government building and prayed for the conviction of Derek Chauvin. The trial concluded on April 19, 2021, and the jury began deliberations. "Stop Asian Hate" rally, March 28 Hundreds of people, and more than 20 community organizations, participated in a "Stop Asian Hate" rally at the state capitol building in Saint Paul on March 28, 2021. The event was in reaction to recent Atlanta spa shootings in the U.S. state of Georgia where eight people had died, most of whom were Asian-American women. Daunte Wright protests, April 11–December 23 On April 11, 2021, at 1:48 p.m., an officer with the police department of Brooklyn Center, a suburb of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, shot 20-year-old Daunte Wright, a black man, during a traffic stop. Wright had an outstanding warrant for his arrest. As officers attempted to detain him, a struggle ensued and Wright re-entered his vehicle. An officer discharged their firearm, believing they were using their taser gun instead, striking Wright before he drove off. Wright crashed his vehicle several blocks away. Though EMS arrived and attempted to revive him, Wright was pronounced dead at the scene of the crash. Wright's girlfriend was also a passenger in the car. She sustained non-life threatening injuries from the crash and was transported to the hospital. The event unfolded as the trial of Derek Chauvinthe police officer who on May 25, 2020, knelt on George Floyd's neck for several minutes as he diedwas underway in nearby Minneapolis. Wright's death occurred approximately from the street intersection where Floyd was murdered. As news of the Brooklyn Center incident spread, family members of Wright, neighbors to the car crash, and protesters began gathering at the car crash scene in Brooklyn Center in what was initially a peaceful demonstration. Several protesters came from another rally organized by families of people who had been killed by police, that they had held earlier in the day in nearby Saint Paul, Minnesota. The crowd grew to several hundred people by evening as they demanded more information from police investigators. As tension at the scene rose over the ensuing hours, police in tactical gear arrived, formed a line, and moved in when demonstrators began climbing on police vehicles and throwing bricks. Over the proceeding days, tense protests and sporadic looting took place and resulted in the deployment of the Minnesota National Guard, Minnesota State Patrol, and Hennepin County sheriff's office. Thousands of people participated in protests and rallies in Brooklyn Center and other locations. Authorities clashed with some protesters, resulting in several dozen arrests. Demonstrations awaiting the Chauvin trial verdict, April 19 The trial of Derek Chauvin concluded in Minneapolis just after 5 p.m. on April 19, 2021, and the jury began deliberations the same evening. The trial had been one of the most closely watched cases of police brutality in the United States. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz declared a peacetime emergency and deployed 3,000 Minnesota National Guard troops and state patrol officers to assist local law enforcement. He also sought deployment of law enforcement officers from nearby states. Some schools in the metropolitan area announced plans to proactively move to distance learning and business had been boarding up out of worries of potential unrest. The killing of Daunte Wright in Brooklyn Center on April 11, 2021, and the subsequent protests, intersected with the looming verdict. Days earlier, U.S. Representative Maxine Waters' told demonstrators in Minnesota that they should "stay on the street" and "get more confrontational" if Chauvin's trial resulted in acquittal. On April 19, 2021, twenty activist groups coordinated a large demonstration and march through the streets in Minneapolis near the Hennepin County Government Center building where the trial of Derek Chauvin was held. Protesters made several demands: lengthy sentences for the officers involved in George Floyd's murder, police reform legislation in Minnesota, to have charged dropped against demonstrators in Brooklyn Center and at other recent events, and for officials to end Operation Safety Net and other counter-protest measures. Protesters and law enforcement authorities did not engage with one another and the event was peaceful. A protest group of about 40-50 people gathered outside the Brooklyn Center police station that evening. Protest events occurred without incident and officials described them as "peaceful". Officials with the Operation Safety Net also reported three business burglaries in Minneapolis and that a Minnesota Department of Natural Resources vehicle deployed for potential unrest was broken into and had a firearm stolen from it. Officials did not make any arrests connected to April 19 events. Chauvin verdict announcement demonstrations, April 20 Derek Chauvin was found guilty of murdering George Floyd on April 20, 2021. People gathered outside the Hennepin County Government Center where the trial was held and at the 38th and Chicago Avenue street intersection in Minneapolis where Floyd was murdered, to await the verdict at approximately 4 p.m. Crowds chanted in approval as the verdict was read that found Chauvin guilty on all charges. As news of the Chauvin verdict spread, thousands of people marched in downtown Minneapolis and others gathered at 38th and Chicago Avenue in elation over the outcome. Protesters also called for reforms to policing and justice for other black men killed by police. Dight Avenue name change petition, June In mid 2021, a petition drive led by disability activist Noah McCourt requested that the City of Minneapolis rename Dight Avenue, a street in the Longfellow community that had been named decades earlier for the controversial Charles Fremont Dight. After consulting with residents on Dight Avenue and offering several options, city officials decided to honor John Cheatham's legacy of racially integrating the city’s fire department by renaming Dight Avenue after him, with the change taking place in 2022. Winston Boogie Smith protests and Uptown unrest, June 3–November 3 Winston Boogie Smith, a 32-year-old black man, was shot and killed by law enforcement authorities on June 3, 2021, as they attempted to apprehend him at a parking ramp in the Uptown neighborhood of Minneapolis. Protests following the killing began on June 3 and continued for several days, primarily in Uptown. Soon after the shooting, Smith's family demanded greater law enforcement transparency and the release of any surveillance footage that might have captured the incident. Civil rights activists and Smith's friends and family disputed the law enforcement accounts of the incident. Local organization Communities United Against Police Brutality held a press conference near the shooting site on June 4 to call for officials to release video footage and other details of the shooting. Family and friends of Smith held a peaceful vigil the evening of June 4 at the parking ramp where he was killed, and participated in a protest march on June 6. Activist Nekima Levy Armstrong led a protest on June 8 outside the home of Minnesota's U.S. Marshal, Ramona Dohman, calling for her resignation. Armstrong alleged that Dohman, a Trump administration appointee, had a conflict of interest due to a past working relationship with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. Protests were held over subsequent days with demonstrators periodically occupying a street intersection near where Smith was killed. Uptown vehicle-ramming incident, June 13 On June 13, 2021, a man drove a car into a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered as a part of the ongoing, aforementioned Winston Boogie Smith protests, killing Deona M. Knajdek and injuring three others. That evening, demonstrators had blocked the intersection of West Lake Street and Girard Avenue. At approximately 11:39p.m.CDT, a man in a Jeep Cherokee drove into the crowd at a high speed, striking a parked vehicle that had been used to block off the intersection to traffic, which then collided with protesters. On June 16, 2021, the driver was charged with second-degree intentional murder and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon in relation to the crash, after allegedly telling investigators that he had accelerated towards the crowd in an attempt to clear the barricades that were protecting protesters. "Taking Back Pride" event, June 27 In a protest event referred to as "Taking Back Pride", demonstrators marched in downtown Minneapolis on June 27 as a counter to contemporary Pride parade festivities, and referenced the protest-origin of the LGBTQ movement in the United States that began with the Stonewall riots in 1969. Participants of the June 27 march said that police were not welcome at the event and that they refused cooperating with law enforcement for permits and did not invite corporate partnerships. Demonstrators demanded police accountability for the killings of Daunte Wright and Winston Smith, and called for greater protections of Black transgender people. Council President Andrea Jenkins vehicle blocking incident, June 27 A group of activists that included Donald Hooker Jr, a leader with Twin Cities Coalition for Justice 4 Jamar (referring to Jamar Clark), confronted Minneapolis Council Vice President Andrea Jenkins near Loring Park in the afternoon of June 27. Jenkinsa transgender, African American womanhad attended an earlier Pride event. For several hours, the group blocked the car she was a passenger in and presented a list of six demands that Jenkins was asked to sign her agreement to. The demands including dropping charges against protesters in recent demonstrations, calling for the immediate resignation of Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, continuing the closure of George Floyd Square, and providing more information about investigations of recent police killings. After Jenkins signed the agreement, activists moved out of the way to allow the vehicle to drive away. Hooker posted a 23-minute video of part of the encounter to Facebook. In a statement about the incident, Jenkins said she was treated inhumanely and held against her will by the demonstrators. Philando Castile commemoration, July 6 Five years after the shooting of Philando Castile by a police officer in the Twin Cities' suburb of St. Anthony, family of Castile and crowd of 200 people gathered and marched outside the governor's mansion in Saint Paul. Activists express their desire for the state legislature to enact several police reform measures, such as limiting pretextual traffic stops. Leneal Frazier demonstration, July 7 On July 7, a group of approximately 40 people who were mourning the death of Leneal Frazier, a 40-year old man from Saint Paul, blocked Lyndale Avenue in the Camden neighborhood of Minneapolis. Frazier, an uninvolved bystander, was killed on July 6 by a Minneapolis police squad car that was pursuing a robbery suspect in a vehicle that was reportedly carjacked earlier. While in pursuit, the squad car struck several vehicles, including Frazier's vehicle, near the intersection of Lyndale Avenue and 41st Avenue North at approximately 12:30 a.m. CDT. Frazier was a relative of Darnella Frazier, the then-teenager who filmed the murder of George Floyd her cellphone on May 25, 2020. Brian Cummings, the Minneapolis police officer who crashed into Laneal Frazier's vehicle on July 6, was charged with second-degree manslaughter and criminal vehicular homicide. Judge Regina Chu protest, November 6 Demonstrators gathered outside a downtown Minneapolis condominium to demand that the State v. Potter trial be broadcast live for public view. The trial of former Brooklyn Center police office Kimberly Potter was related to the April 11, 2021, killing of Daunte Wright during a traffic stop. During the November 6 protest event, a demonstrator recorded a Facebook livestream of himself gaining entry to the building and protesting outside the door of what he believed was Judge Chu's unit. Chu had no longer resided at the building at the time of the protest. Cortez Rice, a resident of Minneapolis, was later charged in Hennepin County for harassment involving retaliation against a judicial officer. Prior Lake student protests, November 11, 19 & 22 On November 11, hundreds of people participated in a protest in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul suburb of Savage to express anger the contents of a video that captured a Prior Lake High School student directing racial slurs at another Black student. Protesters, who gathered outside the school that closed early anticipation of the event, denounced the incident and what they viewed as persistent Islamophobia and racism within the Prior Lake Savage Area School District. Dozens attended a rally organized by Minnesota Teen Activists on November 19 outside U.S. Bank Stadium in downtown Minneapolis to support students who spoke out against racism at Prior Lake High School. Raucous activists confronted members of Prior Lake-Savage Area School Board at a meeting on November 22. Board members walked out when an activist interrupted the meeting with a profane outburst. Kyle Rittenhouse trial verdict protest, November 20 On November 20, hundreds protested the acquittal of Kyle Rittenhouse at a demonstration in downtown Minneapolis. Rittenhouse was charged with several crimes related to a shooting that killed two people and injured another during the Kenosha unrest on August 20, 2020, in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Protesters gathered near the Hennepin County Government Center and marched through downtown, at times blocking traffic and temporarily shutting down a street intersection. Protesters believed Rittenhouse should have been found guilty of the charges against him. Trial of Kimberly Potter protests, November 30–December 23 Trial proceedings for Kimberly Potter, the Brooklyn Center police officer shot Daunte Wright in April, began on November 30 in downtown Minneapolis. Demonstrators gathered outside the Hennepin County Government Center building, the court venue for Potter’s trial. Protests marched through the streets and temporarily blocked vehicular traffic. A vehicle drove through the crowd as protesters urged the driver to stop. A protester climbed on the vehicle as the drive slowly drove away, but was able to dismount safety one block later. No injuries were reported. The number of protesters dwindled over the course of the Potter trial as outside temperatures became colder. A lone demonstrator was protesting outside the courtroom building by December 17, 2021. Crowds grew in size during the jury deliberation that began on December 22, 2021. Potter was convicted of first-degree and second-degree manslaughter charges on December 20, 2021. The security measures at the Hennepin County Government Center were more lax than during the trial of Derek Chauvin the proceeding April, and downtown Minneapolis calmly awaited the verdict with relatively few businesses boarding up. A crowd of about 50 people that had gathered outside the court building celebrated the trial’s outcome. Cottage Grove student protest, December 20 Some students at Park High School in Cottage Grove, Minnesota, staged a walk-out style protest over "countless racially-motivated incidents” and the alleged use of the n-word slur by a school employee. The event was organized by the Park High School Black Student Union. Events in 2022 Arrangement is chronological by the beginning date of each notable event series; timelines for some topics overlap. Dolal Idd protest, January 4 Activists and family members of Dolal Idd rallied in Saint Paul on January 4, 2022, outside the official residence of Governor Walz. At the event, they called for further investigation of the incident that led to Idd's death and the release of additional evidence in the case. Civil rights trial of Kueng, Lane, and Thao protests, January 24–ongoing In early 2022, local officials prepared counter-protest measures for potential unrest ahead of the scheduled January 20 start of the federal civil rights trial of J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane, and Tou ThaoMinneapolis police officers who were at the scene of George Floyd's murder on May 25, 2020. Officials erected security fencing around the Warren E. Burger Federal Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that contained the courtroom for the trial. Ahead of the trial, protesters said they were concerned about the trial's potential outcome and were prepared to demonstrate. Protest demonstrations were held in the streets surrounding the courtroom building during the trial. Amir Locke protests, February 2–ongoing At 6:48 a.m. on February 2, 2022, Minneapolis Police Department officer Mark Hanneman fatally shot Amir Locke, a 22-year old Black man, while police officers were executing a search warrant at an apartment in downtown Minneapolis. The shooting occurred 9 seconds after police entered the apartment while Locke was lying on a couch while wrapped in a blanket and holding a gun. Local civil rights advocates had called on city officials to release video footage and additional information about the incident, and they questioned if the use of deadly force was necessary. A group of advocates held a vigil on the evening of February 2 outside the downtown apartment building where the law enforcement killing took place. Several protests were held in Minneapolis and Saint Paul over the subsequent weeks. Lake Street protest march and vandalism, February 11 On February 11, 2022, a protest of approximately 100 people marched through south Minneapolis during the evening to demand justice over the police killings of Amir Locke and Winston Boogie Smith. Along several blocks of Lake Street, several properties were vandalized and tagged with anti-police and anarchist graffiti. Some demonstrators threw rocks at the Minneapolis Police Department's fifth precinct station building. Reaction to the Kimberly Potter sentencing, February 18 Protests were held in reaction to former Brooklyn Center police officer Kimberly Potter's sentence hearing on February 18, 2022, when she received two years in custody rather than the seven years requested by prosecutors for killing Daunte Wright in April 11, 2021. Protesters gathered in Minneapolis outside the Hennepin County Government Center that was the location of the sentencing hearing. A group of about 100 people marched to what the believed to be the residence of Judge Regina Chu, who had presided over the Potter's trial and issued the sentence. In Brooklyn Center that night, people looted the Icon Beauty Supply store. See also 2020 United States anti-lockdown protest § Minnesota 2020–2022 United States racial unrest History of Minnesota List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota References External links NPR's "America Reckons With Racial Injustice" special series 2020 protests 2020 riots 2020–2021 United States racial unrest 2020–2021 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest African-American riots in the United States 2020 in Minnesota 2021 in Minnesota 2020s in Minneapolis 21st century in Saint Paul, Minnesota Minneapolis–Saint Paul George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul Riots and civil disorder in Minnesota African-American history African Americans' rights organizations Anti-black racism in the United States Anti-racism in the United States Civil rights protests in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States Criticism of police brutality History of African-American civil rights Mass media-related controversies in the United States Post–civil rights era in African-American history Race and crime in the United States Race-related controversies in the United States Black Lives Matter

65323964

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREATHE%20Act

BREATHE Act

The BREATHE Act is a proposal for a federal omnibus bill, presented by the Electoral Justice Project of the Movement for Black Lives. The bill proposes to divest taxpayer dollars from policing and invest in alternate, community-based approaches to public safety. Champions of the bill include Ayanna Pressley, Democratic Representative of Massachusetts's 7th congressional district and Rashida Tlaib, Democratic Representative of Michigan's 13th congressional district. Tlaib said in a virtual unveiling of the BREATHE Act with the Movement for Black Lives that "Our communities in the 13th and I are committed to fully engaging with this legislation seriously and with a sense of urgency." Background The drafting of the legislation was preceded by killings of Black Americans by white police officers in 2020, including George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, as well as many others including Tony McDade, Natasha McKenna, Aiyana Stanley-Jones, Elijah McClain, Pearlie Golden, Kayla Moore, Freddie Gray, Atatiana Jefferson, and Oscar Grant. The bill was unveiled on July 7, 2020 as protests and uprisings against police brutality were happening throughout the country. The Electoral Justice Project, a project of the Movement for Black Lives, drafted the BREATHE Act in response to police killings of black people in the United States. The bill is named after the phrase, "I can't breathe", a Black Lives Matter slogan associated with a number of African Americans who said the phrase multiple times before dying at the hands of police officers. Organizers of the BREATHE Act capitalized on the momentum from the summer 2020 protests and a discernible shift in public opinion to push for policy change at the level of the federal government. "We crafted this bill to be big," Gina Clayton Johnson, one of its creators and the executive director of Essie Justice Group, said during a live-streamed announcement event, "because we know the solution has to be as big as the 400-year-old problem itself." Political context After a number of highly publicized killings of Black Americans at the hands of police officers, most notably the murder of George Floyd and the shooting of Breonna Taylor, a series of protests began to spread around the country. In response to these protests, and the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) called for a series of coordinated Juneteenth actions. On July 6, just after Independence Day and on the heels of weeks of sustained protest, M4BL unveiled The BREATHE Act as a legislative intervention based on its Vision for Black Lives. In July 2020, in advance of the Democratic National Convention, Patrisse Cullors, co-founder of Black Lives Matter, spoke at the Democratic National Committee's virtual party platform meeting. Cullors called out the Party for rejecting platform amendments that included criminal justice, policing, and legal system reforms. She called on the Democratic to support the BREATHE Act, saying "without the sea changes our movement recommended for the 2020 Democratic platform, any claims to allyship and solidarity with our work to fight for Black liberation are for naught." Later in August, during the Democratic National Convention, famous actors including Jane Fonda and Kendrick Sampson, released a video reading the rejected amendments and called for them to be added to the DNC platform. On August 28, 2020, the Movement for Black Lives hosted the first virtual Black National Convention which aimed to set forth "a vision for Black Lives before the biggest election of our time, and long after." The convention, a callback to the 1962 National Black Political Convention, presented a multi-hour virtual broadcast featuring the activists like Tarana Burke, Brittany Packnett Cunningham, and hosted by Pose star Angelica Ross. During the convention, the BREATHE Act was presented as a policy solution to meet the moment addressing issues like police brutality, climate disaster, and reparations. Provisions The BREATHE Act is an omnibus bill that addresses police brutality and racial injustice by advocating for numerous reforms. The legislation is divided into 4 sections, which call for the following: Section 1: Divesting Federal Resources from Incarceration and Policing & Ending Criminal Legal System Harms Section 2: Investing in New Approaches to Community Safety Utilizing Funding Incentives Section 3: Allocating New Money to Build Healthy, Sustainable & Equitable Communities for All People Section 4: Holding Political Leaders Accountable & Enhancing Self-Determination of Black Communities The bill, in part, would "divest" federal resources from incarceration and policing, institute changes to pretrial detention, sentencing and prosecution, and also reduce the Department of Defense budget. It would establish a Neighborhood Demilitarization Program that would collect and destroy military-grade equipment held by law enforcement agencies such as armored vehicles. The bill also would end life sentences, abolish mandatory minimum sentencing laws and create a specific timeline to close federal prisons and immigration detention centers. Some of the proposals in the bill, such as the plan to abolish ICE, piggyback on similar calls dating back to 2018. The BREATHE Act's most notable diversion from past reform efforts is its explicit demand that Congress repeal the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, colloquially known as the "crime bill." For example, the BREATHE Act would repeal the "three-strikes law," which when it passed in 1994 was seen as a rule that would deter repeat criminal activity, and prohibit use of the modern Taser, which was developed in the '90s by a private company and subsequently marketed as a way to prevent police killings as an alternative to firearms. The bill's supporters argue that these practices and policies have been harmful and dangerous. References External links "The BREATHE Act Federal Bill Proposal" (version 16, September 23, 2020) Proposed legislation of the 116th United States Congress 2020 in American politics 2020 in the United States Black Lives Matter Anti-discrimination law in the United States Anti-racism in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation Omnibus legislation Liberalism in the United States

65334691

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford%20Island

Bradford Island

Bradford Island is a island of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, in Contra Costa County, California, United States. Bradford Island is inaccessible by roads, and is served by a ferry across the False River from nearby Jersey Island. Approximately 48 people lived on the island ; other uses of land include wheat farming, cattle grazing, and natural gas extraction. Bradford Island is a reclaimed peat wetland; as it lies below sea level, it is protected by flooding by levees. These, as well as a pump station and internal drainage canals, are administered by Reclamation District 2059, founded in 1921. The levees have been breached on several occasions, leading to the island becoming flooded. Bradford Island is one of eight Delta islands considered critical to the region's water quality by the California Department of Water Resources. Geography and ecology Bradford Island's coordinates are , and it is in the lower delta of the San Joaquin River. It falls within the Köppen climate classification of Csb (cool and dry summer Mediterranean). The San Joaquin River separates it from Sherman Island to the west, and Twitchell Island to the north. To its east, it is separated from the Webb Tract by Fisherman's Cut. No bridges go to the island; it is accessible only by a ferry across the False River from Jersey Island to its south. Mount Diablo, to the southwest, can be seen from Bradford Island. As a reclaimed wetland, Bradford Island has rich peat soil, which is used to grow wheat and graze cattle. Additionally, some land on the island is used for residences. Since Bradford Island is above part of the Rio Vista Gas Field, some land is used for natural gas wells. Due to the history of the island's reclamation, and subsidence in its interior caused by oxidization of the peat, Bradford Island has a saucer-shaped profile — it is lower in the center than at the edges. There is at least one lake on the island. The islands of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta prevent saltwater intrusion in the Delta; while freshwater flows into the region from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, so does saltwater from the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Islands in the Delta reduce the flow of this saltwater, and Bradford Island is one of eight Delta islands considered critical to the region's water quality by the California Department of Water Resources. As it is below sea level, it is protected from flooding by levees and pumps. In 1981, the United States Geological Survey gave its elevation as , but in 2015, the Contra Costa County Local Agency Formation Commission gave its elevation as below sea level. It is classified by the county as part of the "East County Delta Drainages" watershed. Ducks, cranes, swans and geese feed in the marshes of Bradford Island; Swainson's hawks, Cooper's hawks and red-tailed hawks have also been seen over the island. In December 2014, Reclamation District 2059's Board of Trustees approved a Project Funding Agreement for the removal and mitigation of Himalayan blackberry and other invasive weeds. Striped bass were good there in 1962. History Approximately ten thousand years ago, sea level rise at the end of the Last Glacial Period moved the Pacific Ocean inwards, creating San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay in what were once dry valleys. Glacial meltwater flowing from the Sierra Nevada mountains deposited peat and alluvium over compacted lacustrine sediment and aeolian sand fields. The Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta was built over thousands of years by the confluence of two rivers with drainage basins encompassing nearly half of California, with up to of organic matter being deposited in some places. The landmass currently constituting Bradford Island and Webb Tract, as it appears between the San Joaquin and False Rivers in an 1852 survey of the area made by Cadwalader Ringgold, was one of many naturally formed islands in the region. Shaped like "broad shallow saucers", these islands consisted of tule marsh surrounded by naturally-formed levees with woody foliage extending root networks downward into peat. However, spring tides and river floods could submerge the entirety of the Delta. This large expanse of tidal marshland was discovered by Native American tribes such as the Miwok and Wintun, who used it to fish, hunt and forage; while they did not cultivate it as farmland, they burned vegetation to "manage the landscape [...] to favor plants they used". In 1772, when Spanish explorer Pedro Fages found the Delta, the area was inhabited by large numbers of deer and tule elk, as well as a native population somewhere between 3,000 and 15,000. Attacks from Spanish and Mexican settlers, and a series of epidemics, decreased this population sharply. European settlement in the area began in the mid-19th century, and accelerated with the California Gold Rush; in 1846 there were about 150 Americans in the entire Central Valley, but after 1848 tens of thousands of people moved to California. Many turned to farming, as "they realized that surer fortunes could be gained by tilling the soil than by turning gravel". The Swamp Land Act of 1850 gave states the ability to purchase federally-owned "swamp and overflowed public lands" on the condition that they be reclaimed and put to productive use; in 1855, California's state legislature passed an act allowing citizens to purchase tracts of swampland for $1 per acre (equivalent to $ in ). In 1868, individual acreage limits for purchasers were removed, and counties were authorized to form "reclamation districts" which collected funds to administer levee improvement and maintenance; by 1871, "practically all of California's swamp and overflowed land was sold". Reclamation When reclamation began, the naturally-formed levees surrounding the tule marshes provided an obvious starting point for artificial levees to be constructed. Webb Tract's levees were constructed in 1870, and Bradford Island's in 1871, financed by a land grant. The reclamation project was carried out by a partnership run by George D. Roberts (for whom Roberts Island is named); his Tide Land Reclamation Company was one of the largest operating in the Delta at the time. Despite being the director of the company, Roberts did not develop Bradford Island in conjunction with it, instead entering in a partnership with other investors. The original levee project enclosed several now-independent tracts (Bradford Island, the Webb Tract, the Franks Tract, Bethel Island and Jersey Island) into one contiguous area, and cost approximately $4 (equivalent to $ in ) for each acre of enclosed land. The reclamation process dramatically increased the value of this land, which had been purchased for less than $2 ($ in ) per acre, to as much as $50 ($ in ) per acre. The portion of the land comprising Bradford Island and Bethel Island (called "Sand Mound Ranch" at the time) were sold to other landowners in 1872. Despite their attempts to build up and further reinforce the levees, floods in 1873 and 1874 "washed onto the pasture-land and small areas of field crops. Additional floods would occur prior to the turn of the century; John Thompson, writing in 1957, said that "probably all of" these tracts were flooded in 1878, and that "several other floodings are understood to have occurred". Fisherman's Cut, which now separates the islands, was made later; an 1887 topographic and irrigation map made by the California State Engineering Department shows them as a contiguous landmass. However, USGS maps from 1910 (surveyed from 1906 to 1908) show the cut clearly separating Bradford Island from Webb Tract. The currents in Fisherman's Cut were described as "treacherous" in 1942 press reports following a drowning there. Bradford Island would eventually be cultivated as farmland, but first found use as pasture; after reclamation was completed, it was leased as a stock range for two years by cattle barons Henry Miller and Charles Lux. By 1899 George Shima, a farmer and businessman known as the "Potato King", was reclaiming 400 acres on the island. 20th century Potatoes were grown on the island by George Shima in 1900 and 1901. In 1901, some land on Bradford Island was owned by Lester Morse; in 1903, several public officials purchased land on Bradford Island. Superintendent of Public Instruction T.J. Kirk bought , assistant superintendent and statistician Job Wood bought , and N.K. Foster, Secretary of the Board of Health, bought 240 acres. of Foster's land would be sold in 1922. By 1907, the Meek Brothers (Horry W. and William E., the latter of whom was referred to as the "Asparagus King") owned more than of land on the island. The capitalist Willis G. Witter owned nearly of land on the island when he died in July 1907. were sold in 1918 to A. B. Curtis, F. J. Coggina, and J. L. Tence. of land on the island was offered to the state prison board for use as a prison farm in 1925, which was never built. 324 acres of land was sold in 1926, by H. J. McCourt to the California Pacific Title Insurance Company, and by 1929 land on Bradford Island was being listed for as much as $250 per acre ($ in ). By 1934, much of the island was owned by the California Delta Farms Company. In May 1938, after the discovery of the nearby Rio Vista gas field, the Standard Oil Company of California began exploring Bradford Island for hydrocarbon deposits. Drilling began in 1942 for a gasser, Jordan Unit No. 1; it had multiple producers by 1954. In January 1957, the Contra Costa Gazette reported Standard Oil's announcement that "Jordan Unit Number 1, a wildcat unit, will begin operations in Section 33, 3N-3E". In 1961, there were eight wells, tended by Joe Nichols. Standard Oil, in conjunction with Gulf Oil, filed a lawsuit against Contra Costa County in a 1966 lawsuit, claiming that the county had illegally taxed state and federal governments' royalties from drilling sites in the area. Standard Oil averred that their incomes from the Bradford Island wells had been overtaxed by $6,439.64 ($ in ). A deep exploratory well previously drilled by Standard was abandoned in 1967. In March 1970, Standard Oil began directionally drill a well under Bradford Island from Sherman Island, to the west. This well (Giannini No. 1) was abandoned in April. By 1990, natural gas wells on the island were being operated by the Hess Company. In 1974, a tract of farmland on the island was sold for $185,000, or approximately $552 per acre ($ in ). On November 29, 1903, a murder occurred on Bradford Island; a man named Katsimo was stabbed in the back by his partner, "Big Jack", over a dispute regarding the growing of vegetables. The levees were inundated, and the island was flooded, on March 26, 1907. By April, repairs on the levees were "progressing rapidly" through the use of "immense" pumps. By the time another flood occurred in January 1909, inundating many islands in the area, Bradford Island was one of several reported to be safe. By this point, land on Bradford Island had appreciated considerably; in September of that year, a plot was listed for $140 per acre ($ in ). The Daily Gazette of Martinez reported in June 1912 that the entirety of Bradford Island was to be sold to Howard S. Dudley, an Oregon businessman, by Pierce & Company, a transaction which was completed in December of that year. Near the end of 1915, the wooden-hulled ship Princess caught fire at Bradford Island. In the 1910s, a floating general store, owned by Frank Bapsette, was operated out of an ark moored to the island. A "large moonshine still", with a capacity of 25 gallons, was confiscated in the Bridgeport Tract of Bradford Island in 1922. In June 1929, a fire burned large swaths of land on the island, when a high voltage power line operated by Pacific Gas & Electric over the island fell and ignited peat (in addition to damaging a pumping plant). In 1932, the island was flooded again, and in 1934, it would burn again. The fire, described as "the worst that [had] swept the delta district in many years", was caused by embers which had smoldered for several days in peat. It ruined of barley, as well as two labor camps and a pump house. The fire was spread to the Webb Tract by burning shingles, where farmland and buildings would also be destroyed; a cut in the levees was dredged to assist in quenching the flames. The peat continued to smolder after being extinguished, and peaches laid out to dry in Lodi would be ruined by soot. Several days later, a "cloud of dust and cinders" would be blown from the site of the fire into Stockton, where it added to ash and smoke from other fires that were also occurring in the city. In March 1939, the state department of public works approved $3,000 ($ in ) in emergency repairs for storm damage incurred to the levees. The island would again flood in June 1950, when it (along with the Webb Tract and nearby Franks Tract) were inundated completely. The Army sent two radio-equipped jeeps to maintain communications, and Coast Guard airplane pilots said the situation was "critical". Five families were evacuated; two hundred people were said to be in danger from the flooding. Forty prisoners, from the nearby Marsh Creek prison farm, were forced to haul sandbags all night long, and the levees were reinforced. That night, families who lived on the island "slept in the upper portions of their homes with their belongings stacked on trucks on the levee". The United States Army Corps of Engineers would work to strengthen levees during another flood in December 1950, and Bradford Island was protected from inundation (although nearby Venice Island was sunk). Subsequent work to improve the levees was carried out in 1951 A barge ran aground on Bradford Island in April 1954; while the barge itself was empty, it was filled with gasoline fumes, which exploded. The flaming barge would drift loose, eventually coming to rest on the shores of Twitchell Island. In late 1955, waters began to rise again, and the levees of Bradford Island were seeping by December 24; by December 27, four breaks were reported, which were immediately reinforced by airmen from the Parks and Travis Air Force Bases. Agricultural use Many crops have been grown on the island; in the early 1900s, these included potatoes, and celery. In the 1910s, the harvest on Bradford Island came to include onions, alfalfa, and barley. In 1923, of the island's were irrigated for agriculture—with devoted to corn, to grain, and to asparagus. Corn would be planted occasionally throughout the early 20th century (also appearing in 1938, 1945, and 1952). Asparagus farming occurred on the island as early as 1906, in which year fifteen horses were sent to the island to till asparagus fields. In 1907, the Sacramento Bee described Bradford Island as "one of the richest asparagus districts on the Sacramento", and reported that the entirety of the island was planted with asparagus, the yearly packing and shipping of which typically involved around 150 people. This was still going strong by 1915; by 1917, labor shortages caused the Meek farm to begin recruiting high school boys from nearby cities to help cut asparagus. Some of the students came from Oakland; 126 came from Berlekey. By 1920, living conditions among teenage asparagus workers on the island were found to be "alarming" by state and county officials, and arrangements were sought for some thirty of them to be sent to schools in the area. However, in 1921, the Sacramento Star said that a trip to the island "seemed to take us out of one world into another [...] where child labor laws had been forgotten", with young boys picking asparagus in weather with no trees for shade. By November of that year, arrangements were being made for a motorboat to take fifteen of them to schools on nearby Jersey Island. In 1926, the "asparagus schools" were described as a success, and "becoming so well established that some pupils have returned to them every year until they are graduated". In 1923, of asparagus was grown on Bradford Island. Asparagus farming on Bradford Island reached a peak around 1931; by 1934, however, as much as the island were planted with barley, and asparagus farming had stopped completely by 1952. For several years, students were transported to the Jersey Island school by boat. In June 1923, however, the establishment of a school on Bradford Island was being considered by the county school board. The school was to be staffed for the next term by a single "emergency teacher": Josephine Ghiggioli, a recent graduate of St. Gertrude's Academy in Rio Vista. Eighteen students on the island were of appropriate age. A meeting was held to discuss the plans on July 14, and it opened on September 11, with a class of either eleven or twelve students. The incorporation of the "emergency school" into a local school district was petitioned in January 1924; the petition was accepted, and a new school district was formed on February 4 (which included Bradford Island in addition to Sand Mound and Jersey Island). By 1930, however, just five children were enrolled in the school—the minimum number necessary for the school's operation to remain funded. In 1938, the school district was suspended, and in 1940, the Board of Supervisors would declare it lapsed, adding it to the Jersey Island school district. In April 1924, a call was made to the State Housing Commission to investigate living conditions in the workers' camp operated by the L. Scatena company, which by June had been investigated and found "disgraceful". In August, one of the camps on Bradford Island was closed by Dr. C. R. Blake, county health officer. The same camp (Camp No. 5) would again be shut down in 1949. In 1931 and 1952, large amounts of the island were used for pasture. The land is capable of supporting other crops, like cannabis; in 2012, thirty cannabis plants were found growing on private property on the north side of the island. As marijuana was illegal in California at the time (it would not be legalized until 2016), a man from Bethel Island was arrested on suspicion of growing the plants. Late 20th century onwards In December 1955, heavy rain in the Sierra Nevada caused flooding throughout the Central Valley and Delta (in Rio Vista, water rose to above sea level) and many Delta islands had their levees overrun by water. Bradford Island was among several with "soggy levees and disappearing freeboards"; on December 26, it flooded. Bradford Island was not served by electrical utilities until 1958, and in 1961 there were still no telephones; the only means of communication with the mainland were the ferry and resident Joe Nichols' radio set. In 1969, telephone lines were finally run to the island. In November 1960, a cottage on the island burned to the ground, resulting in the deaths of two infants; county sheriff's deputies were unable to get firefighting equipment on the island in time. Their 17-year-old uncle was also killed attempting to rescue them; clothes and money were gathered for a memorial fund to replace the home and personal possessions of the family. In 1970, residents presented county supervisors with plans regarding potential improvement and development of land on the island. The suggestions mostly constituted elimination of minimum parcel sizes, expansion of the reclamation board, and requests for county assistance with community services. Additionally, a tract of land on the north side of the island was under consideration to be preserved as agricultural land under the 1965 Preserve Act. In 1992, a fire burned more than half of the island, and residents were evacuated. The fire, which began on November 28, was contained within two days. In 1986, the decommissioned minesweeper was purchased by William Gardner, a scrap metal dealer, and brought to his residence on Bradford Island. Lucid, an oceangoing wooden ship that had seen use in the Vietnam War, was used as a floating warehouse. Gardner removed or sold everything of value from the ship, and used it as a storage building, cutting a hole in the hull on the port side near the waterline to use as a door. He was murdered over a property dispute in 2004. In 2005, his widow donated the ship to United States Navy veteran Mike Warren, whose "Save an MSO Foundation" began restoration by removing the large amount of scrap metal that had been stored in it and patching the hole. In 2011, the ship was moved to the Stockton Maritime Museum to be restored for use as a museum ship. Other structures formerly moored to Bradford Island include a century-old farmhouse on a barge, which was kept tied to a pier by a farmer who lived in it while working his land on the island. In 2010, the Contra Costa Sheriff's marine patrol said that it was illegally moored, and demanded it be removed. In 2010, a fire charred hundreds of acres of land and ignited peat vegetation. Bradford Island, at the time, had not been annexed to any Contra Costa County fire district; while firefighters from the East Contra County Fire District attended the fire (and performed a voluntary evacuation which took 15 people off the island), they did not help to fight it, saying the district "only responds to fires outside its jurisdiction when lives are in jeopardy". Residents did so themselves, using hoses, tractors, and "a single water truck". The fire caused an estimated $675,000 (equivalent to $ in ) in property damage and burned approximately of land, as well as homes, docks, and a pumping station. Another fire, in October 2015, was similarly not responded to by firefighting agencies; the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department, however, used a helicopter to dump water on the fire in an attempt to contain it. By the time the fire was extinguished, fourteen utility poles had burned. In 1950, approximately 30 people lived on the island, in addition to over 1,000 head of cattle; in 1961 the Oakland Tribune reported that seven families lived there, and the Contra Costa Times mentioned eight families by 1969. However, after flooding in the early 1980s, most residents left the island: while "about 25 or 30" people lived there prior to the December 1983 flood, only one family and "three or four other people" remained in January 1984. According to the United States Census, the population of Bradford Island in 2000 was 48. In 2009, the Contra Costa Times said that "roughly 100 people [called] the island home", and an article in the Silicon Valley Mercury News similarly quoted a spokesman for the Contra Costa County Sheriff as saying that "roughly 100" people lived on Bradford Island. However, the Contra Costa County Local Agency Formation Commission cites a 2009 population figure of "approximately 63" residents, and in 2010, FireFighting News said that "not much [had] changed since" the population of 48 recorded in the 2000 census. In 2010, a resident of the island said that "about 15" people lived there year-round. In 2013, the number of residents was given by Mercury News as 13, and in 2017 the island had 8 full-time residents. A 2020 newsletter from the Reclamation District gave its population as "approximately 48". Governance Bradford Island is an unincorporated area near the northeast corner of Contra Costa County, in Supervisorial District III and census tract 3010. It is not part of any public healthcare service district, mosquito abatement district, municipal water district, or wastewater district. is located in the Byron Brentwood Knightsen Union Cemetery District. It consists of 64 parcels, all of which are zoned for agricultural use; the majority are zoned A-2, and two large parcels on the north side of the island are zoned A-4. Its law enforcement jurisdiction is designated PSA-6 (county-wide police protection pervices); a municipal service review of law enforcement noted that Bradford Island and the Webb Tract were the only areas of the county identified as "difficult to serve", since they are only accessible via the ferry from Jersey Island. As late as 1960, there existed no firefighting services on the island and home insurance was prohibitively expensive as a result. While it is not part of any fire protection district, it was noted in a 2009 municipal service review that the East Contra Costa Fire Protection District had been "historically providing fire service to Jersey Island, Bradford Island and Webb Tract". Bradford Island was one of the only parts of the county meeting suburban/rural standard for dispatch times, which "[called] into question the practical relevance of the State guidelines". Reclamation District Reclamation District 2059 (whose boundaries are coterminous with Bradford Island) was formed on 21 November 1921, to provide maintenance for levees and internal drainage systems. In the original 1921 initial formation papers of Reclamation District 2059, the boundaries of the District (and of Bradford Island, then referred to as "Bradford Tract") were described as: Commencing at the junction of the East Bank of San Joaquin River with the North bank of False River, thence East along said North Bank of False River to the junction thereof with the West Bank of a North and South Dredger-Cut, thence north along said West bank of said Dredger-Cut to the junction thereof with the West Bank of Fisherman's Slough; thence along the West Bank of said Fisherman's Slough in a general northerly direction to the junction thereof with the South Bank of San Joaquin River, thence Westerly and thence Southerly along the south and east bank of said San Joaquin River to the point of commencement. In 1969, county supervisors appointed three valuation assessment commissioners for the District, who were directed to prepare an "operation and maintenance assessment roll for the district". The District is responsible for maintaining of levees around the island, one pump station, and over of internal drainage canals. It derives revenue primarily from state and federal levee subvention grants, ferry service fees, and property assessments, which landowners pay yearly in proportion to the amount of land they own. The District operates under an amended set of bylaws, adopted in May 2018, and is managed by a board of five Trustees elected from the island's landowners by a majority vote at the District's general election. Trustees serve staggered four-year terms, and regular meetings are held monthly. Prior to this, amended bylaws had been adopted by the Board and voted on by landowners in 2014 and 2006. By August 2019, the Board served a population of 15 (according to the Contra Costa County Department of Conservation & Development) and consisted of "five landowners or legal representatives of landowners elected at large for four-year terms". In 2008, the Board of Trustees determined that the Reclamation District lacked funds necessary for several maintenance tasks (including the ferry and a pump station replacement); in 2010, a majority vote approved a proposition to change assessment procedures. Whereas assessments had previously been made on an ad valorem basis, the proposition changed them to a "special benefit" basis, in which parcels' assessments were based on the amount of special benefit derived (according to the land use code). This proposition had a 5-year sunset clause, scheduled to expire in May 2015. The reclamation district has been the subject of controversy, including a protracted dispute over its management and bylaws which received extended media coverage. In the mid-2000s, 42% of the island's acreage was owned by Paul Sosnowski, who came up with various ideas for real estate developments on his land. One was a casino; a convalescent home, golf course, fire station, "Western saloon", and winery were also put forward. Some landowners resisted Sosnowski's plans, describing them as "pipe dreams" due to the island's inaccessibility and the difficulty of securing federal, state and county permits for development on an island well below sea level. Former district trustee Michael Hamman said that "everyone wanted a rural, quiet setting and nothing changed until Paul came along [...] who's going to take a ferry to play golf for Christ's sake?" The reclamation district's board requires a majority of trustees to approve plans for the management of the island. In the district's trustee elections, votes are apportioned to trustees by the acreage of their properties (each dollar of assessment equals one vote); Sosnowski was elected to the reclamation district's board of trustees in 2006; afterwards, the board hired his personal attorney as its staff lawyer. He then amended its bylaws to "broaden its powers beyond levee maintenance". In 2006, Paul Sosnowski petitioned the district to expand its board from three to five members. Subsequently, his girlfriend became a member of the board. They gifted one percent of a single parcel to a maintenance worker at Sosnowski's marina, Steve Lucas, who then became a landowner eligible for board membership; Sosnowski's ownership of large amounts of the island permitted him to cast thousands of votes (one per acre owned) and elect Lucas to the board. Sosnowski intended to use his absolute majority to develop various businesses on the island. It was later discovered that part of Sosnowski's land had been underwater, leaving him short of majority ownership; he was removed from the board as a result. Ferry The island has been accessible by boat for almost all of its history—a steamer landing was advertised as an amenity for tracts on the island as early as 1907. Chris Lauritzen, the operator of the first regular ferry service, began making runs between Bradford Island and Jersey Island in 1922. However, as the island became more densely inhabited, residents began to petition for improved access. A proposal was made in 1946 to construct a bridge from Bethel Island to the Webb Tract, via the northeastern part of Franks Tract (which had not yet been submerged); this would have allowed much easier access to Bradford Island. However, the plan did not come to fruition. In 1948, a flat-bottom dowager, the Victory II, was constructed for the specific purpose of serving as a ferry between the four islands (Jersey Island, Bradford Island, Webb Tract and Franks Tract. long and wide, with a displacement of when loaded, the ferry was built with two separate propellers at opposite ends (rather than a forward and reverse gear). It was operated by C. A. Lauritzen and his father. In 1949, residents asked the county's Board of Supervisors to improve ferry service, saying that "the area was isolated from 5pm until 8am each day" and that they "might as well be in jail". The request was taken under advisement, and a surveyor sent to make reconnaissance surveys. By 1951, ferry slips were under construction at Jersey Island, Bradford Island, and Franks Tract; upon their completion, the Victory II would begin making "hourly runs". In January 1959, a proposal for the county to purchase and operate the ferry service was rejected; its annual operating costs at the time were $30,000 (equivalent to $ in ). In October, the Contra Costa County Board of Supervisors announced that bids would open on November 10 for a five-year contract to provide ferry service between the four islands. Other options (such as forming a tax district to buy the ferry) had proven unsuccessful or undesirable. The requirements for the contract included a capacity (or twelve automobiles), and a guarantee of twelve trips per day from Monday through Saturday (as well as six on Sunday). The Victory II was scheduled to make her final voyage on October 31, and afterwards be sold for an asking price of $65,000 (equivalent to $ in ). Due to the inaccessibility of the islands without any ferry services, Lauritzen agreed to operate a "smaller boat for passengers only" until public bidding for the contract opened in November. On November 19, a contract was signed with M.W. Bartee to provide emergency ferry service for the next 30 days, with the option available for two 30-day extensions. December 1, however, was set as a deadline for residents to decide between a tax increase or future suspension of the ferry service. Residents, however, said that their tax burden was unfairly high (for example, over $34,000 in taxes was paid to county school districts annually while only one child there was of school age). At the hearing on that day, an agreement was made to create a taxing district, bids were opened for a ten-year ferry contract, and Bartee was released from his obligations on the emergency contract (for which ferry service had not actually been started yet). Instead, temporary services would be provided by John Vitale; a hearing for the formation of the taxing district was scheduled for December 22, and bids for the 10-year contract were to open on January 5. Several days later, a temporary ferry service contract was signed with Lauritzen until May 10. The lowest bid received, on January 6, was $63,000 (equivalent to $ in ), to be carried out by Jack F. Freitas. In 1969, Freitas was still operating the ferry; in September of that year, it was restricted to "only foot traffic" for two weeks, due to Coast Guard inspections. In 1972, $60,000 was approved for repair of ferry slips; 25% of the cost was paid by county service area M-1, and the remainder was paid by a special tax levy. In that same year, Daniel Pringle (who had operated the ferry for some time) died. By 1974, Freitas was the "last passenger ferry captain of Contra Costa County"; by 1975, the ferry was being operated by Louis Immethun. In 1975, legal disputes regarding the ferry began again. On September 21, the county's board of supervisors authorized legal action against Immethun by the reclamation districts of both Bradford Island and the Webb Tract, due to suspension of the day's last ferry run. The reclamation districts alleged that the contract for ferry service, which was defined as ending at 5:00 PM, included a final run at 5:00 PM (as had been the case prior to Immethun taking over the service). Landowners on the island said that they had suffered economic losses, and that schoolchildren on the island were unable to participate in after-school activities, due to the reduction in service. The Contra Costa County Superior Court subsequently issued a court order requiring Immethun to resume making the 5 PM runs until October 26, at which date a hearing was scheduled. In May 1977, the case was settled, and the Superior Court ruled that the vessel was required to make a "straggler run" at the end of each day. In 1978, the cost of operating the ferry began to "stir up a storm" for the county budget, as tax revenues had decreased significantly despite the contract being set to expire in 1988. In June, county officials were reported saying that they would "try to work out an agreement with the operator to charge tolls". By August, the county's Board of Supervisors entered an agreement to pay the ferry line with property taxes collected from the islands, as well as county gasoline taxes. Ferry service was eventually suspended in June 1980; while the Board of Supervisors met in July and committed $33,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to restore services, the county was sued by a fish farm operator in October for the service interruption. By December, litigation was dropped, as a tentative agreement had been reached for the county to purchase the ferry service from Immethun outright for approximately $170,000 ($ in ). The plan was approved in April 1981, for a final cost of $227,000 ($ in ). Ferry service, which had run for fifty continuous years prior to the 1980 interruption, resumed in November of that year. In 1987, however, the county's subsidy was halted due to a dispute with a landowner; the next year, it was determined that the ferry would shut down permanently in January 1989, with no alternative proposed. The ferry captain, Bob Landrun, said "it's like they took away the road in front of your home". A "temporary bailout" was approved in February; the shutdown was postponed until May. By March 1990, however, the Victory II remained in regular operation; funds were provided when the county "just about doubled the taxes on the land". In May 1994, the ferry became inoperable when its engines (which were 47 years old) broke; service was restored in July, after a tense period in which "tempers flared, patience grew thin and petty disputes escalated into big arguments". In 1999, stripers to six pounds were caught at Bradford Island. In 1975, a freighter (the Rice Queen) ran aground near Bradford Island. In 1959, a number of houses in Oakland, "whose only fault [was] that they lay in the path of a new freeway", were moved on barges to new locations in the Bay Area; one was sent to Bradford Island. 16 gas wells and three natural gas lines owned by PG&E, as of 2008. $21.6 million in assets, according to the Sacramento Bee in 2008. "Among those unlikely to be saved" in 2008. "Our argument is that at some point in the future, you abandon that island". Catfish were "red hot" in 1960. In December 1964, waters rose in the region, causing a "400-foot landslide" to occur at Bradford Island. However, crews "held their own" and the island was protected from total inundation. Ferry service to the island, contained within County Service Area M-1, is administered by the Delta Ferry Authority, of which the District is a part. —the ferry's service area was only formed in 1960. In 1987, a joint-power agreement was formed between Bradford Island's reclamation district (RD 2059) and Webb Tract's reclamation district (RD 2026) to split the cost of the ferry's operation. Its total operating cost is approximately $9,000 per month. The ferry, Victory II, costs $7.50 for a round trip, but landowners of record (people listed on the title of a piece of property) can obtain passes allowing them, as well as their domestic partners and family members, to take the ferry for free. The District has several part-time employees (a District Manager and Levee Superintendent), and several contract employees who carry out support services (a District Engineer and District Legal Counsel). The ferry occasionally closes for Coast Guard inspections. Levees Bradford Island's levees, initially constructed in 1871, have been monitored since their construction: in 1914, when storms threatened to flood islands of the Delta, farm owners hired watchmen to immediately report levee breaks, and dredgers were being "held in readiness to be towed to the first point of alarm by powerful tugs", and farm owners "moved all of the machinery and farm implements on [the island] to the levees where they [would] be protected as much as possible". In January 1973, the levees were protected from flooding again, as county officials sandbagged them during a period of heavy rainfall. In January 1980, during the "Battle of the Delta", three floating cranes were sent to Bradford Island to shore up levees during heavy flooding from "ocean-sized waves" (which had at that point already inundated the Webb Tract). By January 26, ninety state workers had been sent to stack sandbags. On December 2, 1983, governor George Deukmejian declared a state of emergency. In January 1984, the island was still flooded, with restoration expected to take months. The levees are now administered by Reclamation District 2059. The Contra Costa Local Agency Formation Commission estimated the annual cost of this maintenance at $2,500 per mile ($1,553 per kilometer) based on expenditures from fiscal year 2012–2013. From 1924 to 1956, they were tended by Joe Nichols, an island resident who also assisted in the construction of the schoolhouse. The levees have experienced a number of breaches and failures, and the island has been flooded as a result on numerous occasions. On 3 December 1983, a storm caused a breach in the levees, flooding the island completely. Residents were evacuated by ferry, and most did not return. While the Governor of California's request for national disaster status was rejected by the federal government in January, the Small Business Administration declared the island a disaster loan area in February, authorizing federal assistance to displaced families. Cleanup costs were expected to be approximately $6 million (equivalent to $ in ). In February 1998, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers personnel worked to restore levee damage done by storms in the area. On 27 August 2009, additional levee damage occurred when a freighter, the Tasman Resolution, ran aground on the north side of the island. The accident occurred at 8:30pm in calm, clear weather, causing of damage to the rock base and washing out a section of the levee. The damage required $800,000 (equivalent to $ in ) in repairs, performed by the Coast Guard). While 100 people were planned to be evacuated from the island the day after, deputies found only nine, of whom eight refused to leave – the single evacuee was taken by boat to nearby Bethel Island for the night. In 2014, substantial improvements were made to the levee system, which included supplementing them with rip-rap, reinforcing back slopes, and raising the levee crowns. As of these improvements, seven miles of levees met or exceeded Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) standards, with along the northern boundary with the San Joaquin River needing rehabilitation. In July 2014, an emergency drought barrier was placed across the False River, and in August 2014, a levee improvement upgrade to meet the Federal Emergency Management Agency's 100-year flood protection standard was "fast approaching [its] conclusion". In 2015, a "Muscle Wall" was placed on the low spots of the island's levees "just in time" for a high tide on July 2, and work to remove the drought barrier began in September. In 2015, during a District levee inspection, goats were found to be "running rampant" on the levee crown, slopes and neighboring properties, potentially contributing to levee erosion. As District policy forbids goats on the levees, landowners were encouraged to contact Bradford Reclamation District with any sightings of, or information in connection to, goats on the levees. In August 2018, the reclamation district declared the island in a state of emergency due to seepage occurring on a section of levee. Emergency repairs were conducted, in which holes were repaired with steel sheet piles in a "temporary fix" for an estimated cost of $200,000 (equivalent to $ in ). References Islands of Contra Costa County, California Islands of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Islands of Northern California

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Donald%20Trump%202020%20presidential%20campaign%20non-political%20endorsements

List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements

This is a list of notable individual and organizations who publicly indicated support for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election. Businesspeople Miriam Adelson, philanthropist, doctor and wife of Sheldon Adelson Sheldon Adelson, founder and chairman of the Las Vegas Sands Corporation (Deceased after 2020 Election but before Biden inauguration) Jeff Ballabon, media executive and lobbyist Ronnie Barrett, gun manufacturer and CEO of Barrett Firearms Manufacturing Jordan Belfort, former stockbroker, convicted felon, author of The Wolf of Wall Street and motivational speaker Wayne Berman, businessman and senior managing director for government relations at The Blackstone Group Blair Brandt, real estate entrepreneur Flavio Briatore, Italian businessman Herman Cain, businessman, former Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and former 2000 and 2012 Republican presidential candidate (Deceased) John Catsimatidis, chairman and CEO of Gristedes Safra Catz, banker and CEO of Oracle Corporation Dan DeVos, businessman, sports executive James L. Dolan, executive chairman and CEO of The Madison Square Garden Company and executive chairman of MSG Networks Bob Dello Russo, businessman and golf course owner Dan Eberhart, CEO of Canary, LLC Tim Eyman, businessman Frank Fertitta III, CEO of Station Casinos Lorenzo Fertitta, director of Red Rock Resorts Tilman Fertitta, chairman, CEO, and sole owner of Landry's, Inc. William P. Foley, chairman of Fidelity National Financial and Black Knight Financial Services Charlie Gerow, CEO of Quantum Communications Keith Gilkes, political strategist Michael Glassner, President of C&M Transcontinental and political advisor Harold Hamm, oil and gas tycoon Heather Higgins, businesswoman, CEO of Independent Women's Voice and chair of Independent Women's Forum William Hornbuckle, President and CEO of MGM Resorts International Charles B. Johnson, billionaire businessman Suhail A. Khan, director of external affairs at Microsoft Shalabh Kumar, industrialist Jimmy Lai, British Hong Kong entrepreneur and founder of Giordano, Next Digital and Apple Daily Mike Lindell, founder and CEO of My Pillow Nick Loeb, businessman and son of John Langeloth Loeb Jr. Howard Lorber, businessman, CEO of Vector Group and chair of Douglas Elliman and Nathan's Famous Palmer Luckey, entrepreneur and founder of Oculus VR Donald Luskin, chief investment officer of Trend Marcolytics LLC Howard Lutnick, Chair and CEO of Cantor Fitzgerald John C. Malone, billionaire businessman, landowner and philanthropist Bernard Marcus, co-founder of Home Depot Blake Masters, venture capitalist and President of the Thiel Foundation Fernando Mateo, businessman and 2021 New York mayoral candidate. (He would later lose in the Republican primary) Wendy McCaw, businesswoman and owner of Santa Barbara News-Press Scott McNealy, businessman and CEO of Sun Microsystems Tim Michels, Vice President of Michels Corporation Tom Monaghan, entrepreneur, founder of Domino's Pizza Arte Moreno, CEO of Outdoor Systems and owner of the Los Angeles Angels Robert Murray, founder and CEO of Murray Energy (Deceased) Terry Neese, businesswoman Dennis Nixon, CEO of International Bank of Commerce and chairman of International Bancshares Corporation Geoffrey Palmer, Los Angeles real estate developer Prem Parameswaran, President of Eros International’s North American operations John Paulson, hedge fund manager and founder of Paulson & Co. Nelson Peltz, businessman, chairman of The Wendy's Company and director of Legg Mason, Procter & Gamble, Sysco, and Madison Square Garden Sports John Pence, political consultant T. Boone Pickens, business magnate (Deceased) Brock Pierce, director of the Bitcoin Foundation, former actor (rescinded endorsement to start his own campaign) Andy Puzder, former CEO of CKE Restaurants Eddie Rispone, businessman and Republican candidate for the 2019 Louisiana gubernatorial election Stephen Ross, owner of the Miami Dolphins and chairman of The Related Companies Larry Rubin, Mexican-American businessman and President of The American Society of Mexico Phil Ruffin, owner of the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino and Circus Circus Hotel & Casino Ned Ryun, CEO of American Majority John Schnatter, founder and former CEO of Papa John's Pizza Jeffrey Shockey, lobbyist Lisa Song Sutton, entrepreneur and real estate investor Dean Stoecker, CEO of Alteryx Peter Thiel, entrepreneur, president of Clarium Capital and co-founder of PayPal and Palantir Technologies Donald Trump Jr., businessman, former reality television personality and son of Donald Trump Eric Trump, businessman, former reality television personality and son of Donald Trump Tiffany Trump, socialite and daughter of Donald Trump J.D. Vance, venture capitalist Kelcy Warren, businessman and CEO of Energy Transfer Partners Dana White, businessman and President of the Ultimate Fighting Championship Dede Wilsey, philanthropist and socialite Cindy Yang, businesswoman Actors and actresses Kirstie Alley Samaire Armstrong Scott Baio Stephen Baldwin Roseanne Barr Jim Breuer Dean Cain Stacey Dash Robert Davi Jimmy Failla Laurence Fox Kelsey Grammer Namrata Singh Gujral Kalani Hilliker Yaphet Kotto Lorenzo Lamas Artie Lange Brandi Love Lila Morillo Chonda Pierce Joe Piscopo Dennis Quaid Randy Quaid Antonio Sabàto Jr. Rick Schroder Kevin Sorbo Sam Sorbo Ben Stein Kristy Swanson Carolina Tejera Eduardo Verástegui Jon Voight Isaiah Washington James Woods Veronica Yip Television personalities Rachel Campos-Duffy, television personality Cepillín, Mexican clown (Deceased) Naked Cowboy, singer and street performer Jana Duggar, reality TV personality Jenelle Evans, reality TV personality Pete Evans, Australian chef, author, TV presenter Rick Harrison, reality TV personality Mary Hart, former host of Entertainment Tonight Elisabeth Hasselbeck, retired TV personality, talk show host Pete Hegseth, television host Lady MAGA, drag queen Carol McGiffin, British TV presenter Elizabeth Pipko, model, author, founder of Jexodus Carrie Prejean, model, former beauty queen Phil Robertson, reality TV personality on Duck Dynasty Willie Robertson, reality TV personality on Duck Dynasty, CEO of Duck Commander Andre Soriano, reality television star, fashion designer Chuck Woolery, former game show host, talk show host Musicians 50 Cent (switched endorsement to Biden) 6ix9ine Trace Adkins Skunk Baxter The Beach Boys Kodak Black Fivio Foreign Chingo Bling Pat Boone Jonathan Cain Eric Carmen Willie Colón Asian Doll John Dolmayan Polow da Don Terry Fator Sean Feucht Ace Frehley Richie Furay Danny Gokey Michale Graves Lee Greenwood Jaheim Kaya Jones Brian Kelley Lil Pump Aaron Lewis Lil Wayne Mike Love Lillibeth Morillo Paty Navidad Ted Nugent Styles P Ricky Rebel Kid Rock Liliana Rodríguez Johnny Rotten Yaakov Shwekey Gene Simmons Steve Souza Michael Sweet Michael Tait Travis Tritt Tommy Vext Joy Villa Waka Flocka Flame Beri Weber Kanye West (rescinded endorsement to start his own campaign) Sports figures Ali Abdelaziz, Egyptian mixed martial arts manager Andrei Arlovski, professional mixed martial artist Lanny Barnes, biathlete Todd Bertuzzi, former professional ice hockey player Bobby Bowden, retired college football coach for the Florida State Seminoles football team (Deceased) Jack Brewer, former National Football League player Jim Brown, former fullback for the Cleveland Browns Mike Brown, executive and owner of the Cincinnati Bengals Ilya Bryzgalov, former Russian professional ice hockey goaltender Jim Buss, part-owner and former executive vice president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers Henry Cejudo, Olympic medalist in freestyle wrestling and retired mixed martial artist Don Cherry, ice hockey commentator, former professional ice hockey player and head coach Richard Childress, former professional stock car racing driver and owner of Richard Childress Racing Bob Cousy, retired professional basketball player Patrick Corbin, professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals Colby Covington, professional mixed martial artist Jay Cutler, former professional football player John Daly, professional golfer Johnny Damon, former Major League Baseball player Tony DeAngelo, professional ice hockey player Mike Ditka, retired NFL coach Road Dogg, retired WWE wrestler John Elway, former professional football player, president and manager of the Denver Broncos Brett Favre, former professional football player María Gabriela Franco, Venezuelan sport shooter and Olympic athlete Dan Gable, Olympic medalist in freestyle wrestling Justin Gaethje, professional mixed martial artist Sean Gilmartin, Major League Baseball player Jake Hager, professional mixed martial artist, current AEW and former WWE wrestler Timmy Hill, professional stock car racing driver Lou Holtz, former football player, coach, and analyst Ginger Howard, professional golfer Aubrey Huff, former Major League Baseball player Richie Incognito, professional football player Chris Jericho, current AEW and former WWE wrestler Rob Jones, Paralympic medalist in rowing and U.S. Marine Corps veteran Peter Karmanos Jr., minority owner and alternate governor of the Carolina Hurricanes hockey franchise Klete Keller, Olympic medalist in freestyle swimming Ryan Kesler, professional ice hockey player Don King, boxing promoter Corey LaJoie, professional stock car racing driver Cody Law, professional mixed martial artist Rita Benson LeBlanc, former Vice Chairman of the Board of the New Orleans Saints Héctor Lombard, professional mixed martial artist Carl Long, professional stock car racing driver and owner of MBM Motorsports Jorge Masvidal, professional mixed martial artist Mike Matusow, professional poker player Pat Miletech, retired professional mixed martial artist Conor McGregor, retired professional mixed martial artist Jack Nicklaus, retired professional golfer Greg Norman, Australian professional golfer and entrepreneur Ed Orgeron, head football coach at Louisiana State University Bobby Orr, former professional ice hockey player Tito Ortiz, professional mixed martial artist Burgess Owens, retired football player and 2020 Republican nominee for the U.S. House in Utah’s 4th district. (He would later win said election) Roger Penske, businessman and entrepreneur involved in professional auto racing, retired professional auto racing driver Mike Piazza, former professional baseball catcher Ryan Poehling, professional ice hockey player Maurkice Pouncey, National Football League player Alexander Radulov, Russian professional ice hockey player Kim Rhode, Olympic medalist in double trap Mariano Rivera, former baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees Dan Rodimer, former professional wrestler and Republican nominee for Nevada's 3rd congressional district in the 2020 elections (He would later lose said election) Rick Roeber, long distance runner Jack Roush, founder, CEO, and co-owner of Roush Fenway Racing Curt Schilling, former professional baseball pitcher Mike Shula, quarterbacks coach for the Denver Broncos Quinn Simmons, cyclist Dimitrious Stanley, former professional football player Darryl Strawberry, former professional Major League Baseball player Kurt Suzuki, baseball catcher for the Los Angeles Angels Tommy Tuberville, former football player, coach, and 2020 Republican U.S. Senate Nominee in Alabama (He would later win said election) Michael Turk, punter for the Sun Devils Mike Tyson, former professional boxer Tim Viens, professional stock car racing driver Herschel Walker, former professional football player Austin Wayne Self, professional stock car racing driver David Wells, former professional baseball pitcher Joe West, Major League Baseball umpire Academic figures and scholars Mor Altshuler, Israeli scholar and author A.D. Amar, scholar, researcher and management professor at Seton Hall University Hadley Arkes, political scientist and James Wilson Institute on Natural Rights & the American Founding Larry P. Arnn, President of Hillsdale College Mark Bauerlein, professor of English at Emory University Jay Bergman, professor of Russian History at Central Connecticut State University Russell Berman, professor of German studies and comparative literature at Stanford University Sanjai Bhagat, economist and Provost Professor of Finance at the Leeds School of Business Walter Block, the Harold E. Wirth Eminent Scholar Endowed Chair in Economics at the School of Business at Loyola University New Orleans Daniel Bonevac, professor of philosophy at University of Texas at Austin Robert Bradley Jr, economist and founder of Institute for Energy Research Jennifer S. Bryson, Communication Fellow at Claremont Institute Frank H. Buckley, professor at the Antonin Scalia Law School Tony Campbell, professor of political science at Towson University Allan C. Carlson, former professor at Hillsdale College and President Emeritus of the Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society Angelo M. Codevilla, professor emeritus of international relations at Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University Christopher Demuth, lawyer and Distinguished Fellow at Hudson Institute John C. Eastman, professor of law at the Chapman University School of Law Bruce P. Frohnen, professor of law at Ohio Northern University College of Law David Gelernter, professor of computer science at Yale University and Unabomber victim Paul Gottfried, Paleoconservative philosopher, historian, columnist and former Horace Raffensperger Professor of Humanities in Elizabethtown College Paul Roderick Gregory, professor of economics at the University of Houston Earl Grinols, economist and political scientist at Baylor University Mark David Hall, Herbert Hoover Distinguished Professor of Politics and Faculty Fellow in the William Penn Honors Program at George Fox University Victor Davis Hanson, professor emeritus of classics at California State University, Fresno, the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow in classics and military history at Stanford University's Hoover Institution William Happer, professor emeritus of physics at Princeton University Steven Hayward, senior resident scholar at the Institute of Governmental Studies at UC Berkeley and Senior Fellow at the Pacific Research Institute He Qinglian, Chinese economist John D. Johnson, former professor at the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business Charles R. Kesler, professor of government at Claremont McKenna College and Claremont Graduate University Sergiu Klainerman, mathematician and professor of mathematics at Princeton University Robert C. Koons, professor of philosophy at the University of Texas Michael I. Krauss, professor of law at George Mason University Stanley Kurtz, Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center Arthur Laffer, economist Michael Ledeen, foreign policy analyst and historian Thomas K. Lindsay, former President at Shimer College John R. Lott Jr, economist and gun rights advocate Kevin MacDonald, retired professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach and conspiracy theorist Joyce Lee Malcolm, Patrick Henry Professor of constitutional law and the second amendment at the Antonin Scalia Law School Theodore Roosevelt Malloch, professor of strategic leadership and governance at the Henley Business School Javier Milei, Argentine economist and author Peter Morici, economist and retired professor of international business at the University of Maryland, College Park Robert L. Paquette, former professor of American history at Hamilton College and co-founder of the Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Ronald J. Pestritto, professor of politics at Hillsdale College James Piereson, scholar and President of the William E. Simon Foundation Juliana Geran Pilon, Senior Fellow at the Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Everett Piper, former President of Oklahoma Wesleyan University Daniel Pipes, historian, writer and President of the Middle East Forum Paul Rahe, professor of history at Hillsdale College Glenn Reynolds, Beauchamp Brogan Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee College of Law Timothy P. Roth, A.B. Templeton Professor and Chairman of the Department of Economics and Finance at the University of Texas at El Paso Paul Rubin, economist and Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Economics Emeritus at Emory University Fred Siegel, Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research and history professor at Cooper Union Barry S. Strauss, professor of history and classics at Cornell University Chin Wan, Hong Kong scholar and activist Robert Weissberg, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Illinois Peter Wood, President of the National Association of Scholars Xia Yeliang, former associate professor of economics at Peking University Activists and public figures Scott Adams, cartoonist and creator of the comic strip Dilbert (previously unendorsed Trump) Sohrab Ahmari, Iranian columnist for the New York Post Saba Ahmed, Pakistani lawyer and activist Baked Alaska, neo-Nazi, anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist and social media personality Ali Alexander, far-right activist and social media personality Jake Angeli, QAnon supporter later known for storming the United States Capitol Christopher R. Barron, cofounder of GOProud Cole Baritromo, blogger and former scammer Maria Bartiromo, television personality and author, former host of Closing Bell Glenn Beck, conservative political commentator, radio host, television producer Kaitlin Bennett, conservative and gun rights activist Josh Bernstein, talk show host Lauren Boebert, businesswoman, gun-rights activist, and 2020 Republican nominee for the U.S. House for Colorado's 3rd district (She would later win said election) Dan Bongino, conservative activist, radio host, and former Secret Service agent Deneen Borelli, conservative author, radio and television personality, columnist Peter Boykin, political commentator and founder of Gays for Trump L. Brent Bozell, founder and President of Media Research Center Michael Brown, radio host and author Tammy Bruce, radio host and political commentator Jon Caldara, libertarian activist and President of Independence Institute Kat Cammack, political advisor Tucker Carlson, political commentator and host of Tucker Carlson Tonight John Catanzara, Chicago police officer and President of the Chicago Fraternal Order of Police Madison Cawthorn, Republican nominee for North Carolina's 11th congressional district in the 2020 elections. (He would later win said election.) Chen Guangcheng, Chinese civil rights activist Piers Corbyn, meteorologist and conspiracy theorist Jeff Crank, radio host Steven Crowder, American-Canadian conservative political commentator, YouTuber and comedian Joe Dallas, conversion therapy advocate Jim Daly, President of Focus on the Family Marjorie Dannenfelser, president of the Susan B. Anthony List Mark Davis, commentator and radio host Paris Dennard, conservative political speaker John Derbyshire, writer, computer programmer and journalist Casey DeSantis, wife of Ron DeSantis Lou Dobbs, television commentator, opponent of immigration, and radio show host Dinesh D'Souza, far-right political author, filmmaker, and conspiracy theorist Larry Elder, conservative radio host and attorney Tarek Fatah, Pakistani-Canadian journalist and author Edwin Feulner, activist, founder and former President of The Heritage Foundation Yishai Fleisher, podcaster and columnist Kyle Forgeard, YouTuber and member of the NELK Ryan Fournier, co-founder of Students for Trump Mike Francesca, sports talk radio host James Freeman, journalist, author and assistant editorial page editor at The Wall Street Journal Nick Fuentes, far-right political commentator, podcaster and white nationalist Brigitte Gabriel, author, anti-Islam activist and founder of ACT! for America Day Gardner, President of The National Black Pro Life Union Duncan Garner, New Zealand journalist and radio host Rick Gates, political consultant, lobbyist and convicted felon Pamela Geller, anti-Muslim and far-right political activist and commentator, blogger, birther, and conspiracy theorist Madison Gesiotto, conservative commentator, columnist, figure skater, model, beauty queen Joey Gibson, leader of Patriot Prayer Bernard Goldberg, journalist and political pundit Alan Gottlieb, conservative activist and gun rights advocate Thomas Glessner, lawyer and president of the National Institute of Family and Life Advocates Marjorie Taylor Greene, conspiracy theorist, far-right political activist and Republican nominee for Georgia's 14th congressional district in 2020 (She would later win said election) Kimberly Guilfoyle, prosecutor, television news personality, senior advisor for Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign, partner of Donald Trump Jr., and First Lady of San Francisco (2004–2006) Greg Gutfeld, television producer, commentator, author, editor and comedian, host of The Greg Gutfeld Show (Libertarian) Marco Gutierrez, activist and founder of Latinos for Trump Sean Hannity, talk show host and conservative political commentator, host of Hannity and talk radio show The Sean Hannity Show Hugh Hewitt, radio show host and attorney Steve Hilton, political commentator and former British political advisor Josh Holstein, university student Katie Hopkins, British political commentator and columnist David Horowitz, conservative activist and author Hu Xijin, Chinese journalist and editor for the Global Times Deal W. Hudson, conservative political activist Charles Hurt, journalist, author and political commentator Carl Iannone, writer Stella Immanuel, American-Cameroonian physician and pastor Laura Ingraham, radio host and host of The Ingraham Angle Niger Innis, activist, politician Scott Jennings, conservative commentator Abby Johnson, anti-abortion activist, former clinic director at Planned Parenthood Alice Marie Johnson, criminal justice reform advocate and former federal prisoner (sentence commuted in June 2018 by Trump and then granted full pardon in August 2020) Benny Johnson, political columnist, chief creative officer at Turning Point USA, former editor at BuzzFeed Alex Jones, far-right radio show host, political extremist and conspiracy theorist Jason Jones, film producer, anti-abortion activist Rabia Kazan, Turkish author and women's rights activist (endorsement rescinded) Keemstar, YouTube personality Roger Kimball, conservative social commentator Charlie Kirk, founder and leader of Turning Point USA Amy Kremer, Tea Party activist and co-founder for Women for Trump Bob Kroll, President of the Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis Chris LaCivita, political consultant Tomi Lahren, conservative political commentator and former television host Wayne LaPierre, executive vice president of the National Rifle Association Seth Leibsohn, conservative talk show host and author Leonard Leo, lawyer, conservative activist Mark Levin, lawyer and radio host of The Mark Levin Show Corey Lewandowski, lobbyist and political commentator JT Lewis, gun rights activist David Limbaugh, political commentator and author Rush Limbaugh, political commentator and host of the radio show The Rush Limbaugh Show James Lindsay, mathematician and author Scott Lively, anti-gay activist and President of the Abiding Truth Ministries Laura Loomer, conspiracy theorist, far-right political activist and Republican nominee for Florida's 21st congressional district in 2020 (She would later lose said election) Jeffrey Lord, political commentator and strategist Gina Loudon, conservative media personality Patrick Lynch, President of the Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York Matthew Lynn, British writer and financial columnist Myron Magnet, journalist and former editor of City Journal David Mamet, playwright and screenwriter Bethany Mandel, conservative author and commentator Taylor Marshall, Catholic apologist, writer, former academic, online content producer Jenny Beth Martin, co-founder of the Tea Party Patriots Mary Matalin, political consultant (Libertarian) Robert Stacy McCain, conservative journalist, writer and blogger Mark McCloskey, personal injury lawyer Scott McConnell, journalist, founding editor of The American Conservative Gavin McInnes, Canadian far-right political commentator and founder of Proud Boys Carolyn D. Meadows, conservative activist and president of the National Rifle Association Mary Ann Mendoza, Angel mother and anti-semitic conspiracy theorist Eric Metaxas, conservative radio host and author Michael the Black Man, conservative activist Jason Miller, communications strategist and political advisor Max Miller, deputy campaign manager for Donald Trump's 2020 Campaign Blake Moore, U.S. Foreign Service Officer Stephen Moore, writer and co-founder of Club for Growth Steven W. Mosher, social scientist, anti-abortion activist, President of the Population Research Institute Deroy Murdock, political commentator Mario Murillo, author and journalist Douglas Murray, author, journalist and political commentator. Paul Murray, Australian radio and TV presenter Troy Newman, anti-abortion activist and President of Operation Rescue Malik Obama, half-brother of Barack Obama Larry O'Connor, radio host Bill O'Reilly, journalist, author and former television host, former host of The O'Reilly Factor (Independence) John O'Sullivan, British conservative commentator and President of Danube Institute Alexander Otaola, YouTube personality, activist for democratic change and human rights in Cuba Candace Owens, conservative commentator and political activist Rita Panahi, Australian conservative columnist for The Herald and Weekly Times George Papadopoulos, convicted felon and former member of the foreign policy advisory panel to Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign Sudhir M. Parikh, Indian-American doctor Brad Parscale, political advisor and digital consultant Janet Parshall, radio host C. J. Pearson, political activist Liz Peek, conservative commentator and business analyst Charlotte Pence Bond, writer and daughter of Mike Pence Karen Pence, schoolteacher, painter, Second Lady of the United States (2017–2021), and wife of Mike Pence Austin Petersen, radio host, political commentator and 2016 Libertarian candidate for president Katrina Pierson, Tea Party activist and communications consultant, national spokesperson for the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign Norman Podhoretz, pundit and writer for Commentary Andrew Pollack, author, school safety activist, entrepreneur, father of Meadow Pollack Jon Ponder, thrice-convicted bank robber, founder of the Hope for Prisoners program Tim Pool, YouTube personality and political commentator Janet Porter, anti-abortion activist Jack Posobiec, alt-right political activist and conspiracy theorist Juan D. Reyes, Republican politician, attorney Johnathan Lee Riches, professional agitator Chanel Rion, broadcaster, political cartoonist and children's book author, Chief White House correspondent for OAN Kyle Rittenhouse, later acquitted-suspect in the Kenosha Unrest Shooting, second amendment activist Geraldo Rivera, journalist, attorney, author, political commentator, and former host of Geraldo (also endorses Kanye West) Lew Rockwell chariman of the Mises Institute Rick Roberts, radio host Wayne Allyn Root, conservative activist, radio host and the Libertarian Party's vice presidential nominee for the 2008 presidential elections Joel C. Rosenberg, American-Israeli author Dave Rubin, political commentator and host of The Rubin Report Austin Ruse, conservative activist and President of the Center for Family and Human Rights Joey Salads, YouTube personality, and prankster Maria Elvira Salazar, television personality and new anchor, and 2020 Republican nominee for the U.S. House for Florida's 27th district. (She would later win said election) Michael Savage, author, conservative commentator and radio host Andrew Schlafly, lawyer and founder of Conservapedia Manny Sethi, physician and orthopedic trauma surgeon Ben Shapiro, editor-at-large of The Daily Wire Greg Sheridan, journalist and editor for The Australian Sampat Shivangi, physician Diamond and Silk, live-stream video bloggers, social media personalities and political activists Dimitri Simes, President of Center for the National Interest and publisher of The National Interest Roger L. Simon, novelist, screenwriter and analyst at The Epoch Times Vanila Singh, physician, professor Helen Smith, forensic psychologist Lee Smith, journalist and Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute Bo Snerdley, call screener, producer and engineer for The Rush Limbaugh Show Angela Stanton-King, public speaker and Republican candidate for Georgia's 5th congressional district in the 2020 elections (She would later lose said election) Todd Starnes, conservative columnist, commentator and radio host Harry Stein, author, columnist and editor at City Journal Roger Stone, conservative political consultant, lobbyist, and convicted felon (Granted pardon by Trump in July 2020) Marsha Petrie Sue, author, public speaker, motivational coach Cheryl Sullenger, anti-abortion activist and Vice President of Operation Rescue Carol M. Swain, conservative television analyst Tang Baiqao, Chinese dissident and democracy activist, student leader of the Tiananmen Square protests Enrique Tarrio, businessman, chairman of the far-right organization Proud Boys and Florida state director of the grassroots organization Latinos for Trump Leo Terrell, civil rights attorney and talk radio host (Democrat) Randall Terry, anti-abortion activist and founder of Operation Rescue Philip Terzian, journalist and writer at The Washington Examiner Cal Thomas, columnist, author and pundit Clay Travis, sports journalist Lara Trump, former television producer, senior advisor for the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign and daughter-in-law of Donald Trump Melania Trump, former model, businesswoman, First Lady of the United States (2017-2021), and wife of Donald Trump R. Emmett Tyrell, author, columnist and editor-in-chief of The American Spectator Bob Vander Plaats, President of The Family Leader Gary Varvel, editorial cartoonist for The Indianapolis Star Michael Voris, Catholic author and apologist Christian Walker, TikToker Tonette Walker, wife of Scott Walker Wang Dan, Chinese dissident and democracy activist, student leader of the Tiananmen Square protests Wang Juntao, Chinese dissident and democracy activist, student leader of the Tiananmen Square protests Jesse Watters, conservative political commentator, co-host of The Five Conservative (N.Y.) Diana West, author and columnist Liz Wheeler, conservative political commentator Bill White, former president of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum Armstrong Williams, author and commentator Lauren Witzke, far-right activist and conspiracy theorist Jacob Wohl, far-right conspiracy theorist, fraudster, and internet troll Milo Yiannopoulos, far-right political commentator, polemicist, public speaker and writer Erica Yuen, Hong Kong politician, political activist, businesswoman, actress, presenter and former beauty queen Marc Zell, Israeli-American lawyer and Vice President of Republican Overseas Religious leaders Ché Ahn, pastor Jim Bakker, televangelist and convicted fraudster Irvin Baxter Jr, Oneness Pentecostal minister and founder and President of Endtime Ministries Mark Burns, televangelist and pastor C. L. Bryant, Baptist minister Kenneth Copeland, televangelist Paul Crouch Jr, Christian broadcaster James Dobson, Christian author and founder of Focus on the Family Shmuel Eliyahu, Chief Rabbi of Tzfat Jerry Falwell Jr., President of Liberty University (2007–2020) and prominent member of the Evangelical Christian community Jentezen Franklin, pastor and televangelist Jim Garlow, former pastor of Skyline Church Paul Goulet, pastor Franklin Graham, evangelical leader and son of Billy Graham Wayne Grudem, theologian at the Phoenix Seminary John Hagee, pastor, televangelist and founder and Chair of Christians United for Israel Skip Heitzig, pastor E.W. Jackson, pastor Harry Jackson Jr, pastor and Pentecostal bishop (Deceased) Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson, Chabad rabbi Robert Jeffress, Southern Baptist pastor of the First Baptist Church David Jeremiah, pastor Bill Johnson, senior leader at Bethel Church Shmuel Kamenetsky, Haredi rabbi, co-founder and Rosh Yeshiva of Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia Dov Lior, Chief Rabbi of Kiryat Arba John MacArthur, pastor of Grace Community Church Guillermo Maldonado, pastor of the King Jesus Ministry Albert Mohler, theologian and President of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Hyung Jin Moon, pastor Johnnie Moore Jr, evangelical leader Chris Oyakhilome, Nigerian pastor and televangelist Frank Pavone, Catholic priest and anti-abortion activist Steven Pruzansky, Orthodox rabbi Yisroel Reisman, rosh yeshiva at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas Moshe Reuven Azman, Chief Rabbi of Ukraine Shlomo Riskin, Orthodox rabbi and founder of the Lincoln Square Synagogue James Robison, televangelist Samuel Rodriguez, pastor Sid Roth, televangelist Darrell C. Scott, pastor Don Stewart, Pentecostal minister and televangelist Carlo Maria Viganò, archbishop and former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States Paula White, pastor, author, televangelist Andrew Wommack, pastor and televangelist George Wood, Pentecostal minister Organizations Activist groups 60 Plus Association ACT! for America American Energy Alliance Americans for Limited Government Associated Builders and Contractors Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Brigade 2506 Veteran's Association California Republican Assembly CatholicVote.org Center for Arizona Policy Christian Civic League of Maine Citizens United Club for Growth College Republican National Committee Committee to Defend the President The Conservative Caucus Deplorable Pride Eagle Forum Empower Texans Faith and Freedom Coalition Family Policy Alliance Family Policy Alliance of Kansas Focus on the Family FreedomWorks Gays for Trump Groypers Hindu Sena Illinois Family Association Latinos for Trump Log Cabin Republicans Michigan Farm Bureau Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life National Diversity Coalition for Trump National Federation of Republican Assemblies National Federation of Republican Women National Republican Congressional Committee National Rifle Association National Right to Life Committee New York State Rifle and Pistol Association New York Young Republican Club Oath Keepers Ohio Right to Life Operation Rescue Pasadena Republican Club Patriot Prayer Pennsylvania Young Republicans Priests for Life Promise Keepers Proud Boys (endorsement rejected by Trump) Republican Hindu Coalition Republican Jewish Coalition Republican National Hispanic Assembly Republican National Lawyers Association Republicans Overseas Republican State Leadership Committee Students for Trump Tea Party Express Tea Party Patriots Texas Alliance for Life Three Percenters Virginia Women for Trump Wisconsin Family Council Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce Women for Trump Young Republicans Political Action Committees America First Action American Crossroads Campaign for Working Families Club for Growth Action Great America Committee Great America PAC Huck PAC Political Victory Fund Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund Texas Patriots PAC Trump Victory Turning Point Action Unions Amtrak Fraternal Order of Police, representing 452 Chicago Fraternal Order of Police, representing 14,086 Dallas Police Association, representing 4,000 Detectives' Endowment Association, representing 17,200 Florida Police Benevolent Association, representing 30,000 Fraternal Order of Police, representing 355,000 International Union of Police Associations, representing 19,200 Las Vegas Metro Police Managers and Supervisors Association Louisiana State Troopers Association Massachusetts Police Association, representing 18,000 Milwaukee Police Association, representing 1,868 Nassau County Police Benevolent Union, representing 2,400 National Association of Police Organizations, representing 362,000 National Border Patrol Council, representing 18,000 National Immigration and Customs Enforcement Council, representing 7,600 North Las Vegas Police Officers Association, representing 398 Pennsylvania State Troopers Association, representing 9,200 Philadelphia Firefighters and Paramedics Union, representing 4,500 (upheld endorsement after vote in October 2020) Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York, representing 24,000 Police Officers Association of Michigan, representing 12,000 Public Safety Alliance of Nevada, representing 10,000 Reno Police Protective Association, representing 330 Retired Police Association of New York, representing 5,000 Sergeants Benevolent Association, representing 11,000 St. Louis Police Officers' Association, representing 1802 Suffolk County Police Benevolent Association, representing 2,349 Tucson Police Officer's Association, representing 807 Magazines and newspapers Radio Stations WVIP WVOX Websites Church Militant Jexodus Occidental Observer Power Line TheDonald.win The Save Jersey Blog Vos Iz Neias? Native American tribes Crow Tribe of Montana See also List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign Endorsements in the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements List of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Joe Biden List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements List of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsements List of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsements News media endorsements in the 2020 United States presidential primaries References Trump, Donald, non-political Trump 2020, Donald, non-political endorsements, non-political, list 2020 presidential campaign endorsements, non-political

65551181

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Alvin%20Cole

Killing of Alvin Cole

On the evening of February 2, 2020, Alvin Cole, a 17-year-old black male, was shot by a Wauwatosa, Wisconsin black male police officer Joseph Mensah, outside Mayfair Mall in Wauwatosa. The shooting occurred after Cole refused a command from the police to drop the stolen gun he was holding and Cole fired a bullet as he tried to flee. Two shots were fired when Cole was on his hands and knees, and the remaining three shots were fired by Mensah while Cole was face down on the ground. Mensah was the only officer among the five other officers at the scene who fired his weapon. The demonstrations played out against a backdrop of protests worldwide over the murder of George Floyd. Death Black Wauwatosa officer Joseph Mensah shot 17-year-old Cole outside Mayfair Mall on February 2 after police responded to a call of a reported disturbance at the shopping center. Police said Cole fled from the scene carrying a stolen 9 mm handgun. They cited squad car audio evidence, along with testimony from Mensah and two police officers, that Cole had fired a shot at the police while fleeing and refused commands from the officers to drop the gun. It was determined that Mensah fired his weapon five times. Cole was the third person Mensah had fatally shot in the five years since he became a police officer, and his death sparked protests in Wauwatosa. Mensah is the only officer who has shot and killed anyone since 2010 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. The teenager's death sparked protests throughout the summer in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, a city located west of Milwaukee. Cole's family is being represented by the prominent attorney Kimberley Motley. Motley is also representing the families of the two other men shot and killed by Mensah: 25-year-old Jay Anderson Jr. on June 23, 2016; and 29-year-old Antonio Gonzales on July 16, 2015. Video There is video of the shooting. Police videos and video evidence from the nearby businesses seem to show police shouting "drop the gun," before shots are fired. Reactions On October 7, 2020 Milwaukee County District Attorney John T. Chisholm announced that Officer Mensah would not be charged because he had reasonable belief that deadly force was necessary. Governor Tony Evers announced earlier on October 7 that he had activated Wisconsin National Guard members as a precaution, which were later confirmed to be "hundreds" of troops. Wauwatosa Police Chief announced on social media that his police department agreed with the decision not to charge Officer Joseph Mensah with a crime. Also on October 7, 2020, an independent investigator, Steven M. Biskupic, a former federal prosecutor, released an 81-page report that stated officer Mensah should be fired. One of the reasons the report recommended termination: the investigator concluded that Mensah made less than truthful statements. The report went on to say that keeping Mensah on as a police officer would be "an extraordinary, unwarranted and unnecessary risk". Subsequent protests Protests have occurred each day since the announcement that Officer Mensah would not be charged. The Wauwatosa Police Department and Wisconsin National Guard have been the main agencies present at each protest since October 7. The city of Wauwatosa issued a nightly 7:00 p.m. curfew on October 7. Some people ignored the curfew and started marching peacefully in the city. Later that evening and past the curfew, a group of protesters confronted a police line. Police said some people were throwing rocks at law enforcement and buildings and that they used tear gas to disperse the protesters. Local media reported windows were broken at several businesses on the city's north side, including a pharmacy, coffee shop, wall coverings store, cleaners and fitness centre. In additional protests on October 8, among the most prominent people arrested were 17-year-old Alvin Cole's mother, Tracy Cole and his three sisters who claimed that they were assaulted and arrested by police according to Attorney Kimberley Motley, who is representing the family. Mrs. Cole and her daughter were taken to the hospital and 24 people were arrested for peacefully protesting, according to police. Police and the National Guard were both actively working to patrol the city. On October 10, Rapper/entertainer Jay-Z and his company Team ROC, offered to pay fines for those arrested during the Wauwatosa protests. The rapper also called for the termination of Officer Mensah. The rapper posted bond for several protesters including the mother of Alvin Cole, Tracy. In a further escalation of protests on October 9, 28 protesters were arrested in a third night of clashes between police and protesters. Police deployed tear gas to stop peaceful protestors. Two arrests were on felony charges, one was a misdemeanor arrest, and 25 were municipal arrests. An unspecified number of protesters were arrested in the fourth night of demonstrations, October 10, after the usual 7:00 p.m. curfew began. According to police, protesters occupied the Wauwatosa City Hall lawn and blocked traffic on the fourth night of demonstrations. The protests began in Washington Park where demonstrators marched to City Hall where a group of hundreds had assembled to protest. The crowd dispersed at 8 pm when National Guard troops police warned the protestors that they were violating the 7:00 pm curfew. The Wauwatosa Police Department released a statement describing incidents from the fourth night of protests and stating that no property damage was reported. On October 11, at 5:30 pm protestors gathered near 69th and North Avenue in Wauwatosa. The police arrived at 7:00 pm and told the crowd to disperse. Several protestors refused to leave and were arrested. The curfew expired on October 12. See also 2020–2021 United States racial unrest George Floyd protests George Floyd protests in Wisconsin Kenosha unrest References External links Edited video of police shooting of Alvin Cole Video from protests and unrest in Wauwatosa 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 in Wisconsin 2020 riots 2020–2021 United States racial unrest Black Lives Matter Deaths by firearm in Wisconsin February 2020 events in the United States Law enforcement controversies in the United States October 2020 events in the United States Post–civil rights era in African-American history Protests in Wisconsin Protests

65603494

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Affairs%20Press

Public Affairs Press

Public Affairs Press (c. 1939 – mid-1980s) was a book publisher in Washington, DC, owned and often edited by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1912-1999). History According to notional successor Peter Osnos of the 1997-founded PublicAffairs: For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner, Morris B. Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors... His legacy will endure in the books to come. Supreme Court Case In 1961, Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover, 369 U.S. 111 (1962), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the circuit court's decision should be vacated because the facts of the case were too unclear. Remanded to district court to create an "adequate and full-bodied record.". The case concerned whether or not speeches written by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover in the course of his duties to the federal government of the United States were copyrightable. Generally, works of the United States government are not. The case spent nine years in litigation. After the case was passed back to a district court, the Register of Copyrights, the Librarian of Congress, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of Defence, and the Atomic Energy Commissioners were all added as defendants. The court ruled in Admiral Rickover's and their favor, saying that speechwriting should be considered "private business from start to finish." Ranking In 1983, according to the Washington Post, there were three major book publishers in Washington, DC: Acropolis Books, founded 1960 by Alphons J. Hackl (owner of Colortone Press) EPM Publications, founded by Evelyn P. Metzger (formerly a Doubleday representative) Public Affairs Books, founded 1944 by Morris Bartel Schnapper Potomac Books Seven Locks Press Robert J. Brady Reston Publishing Matthew Brady Aspen Systems Congressional Information Service Bureau of National Affairs (BNA) (Note: Books below under "Works," gleaned from the Library of Congress, show publisher name "Public Affairs Press" as far back as 1940.) The Post called founder Morris B. Schnapper a "redoubtable gadfly." American Council on Public Affairs In the 1940s, Schnapper served on the staff of the American Council on Public Affairs as executive secretary and editor. The organization had "advisory assistance" in various fields from experts: Foreign Affairs: Stephen Duggan, Esther Brunauer, Clark Eichelberger, Max Ascoli, Walter H. Lockwood, Brooks Ebeny, Ralph H. Lutz, Edgar Mowrer, W. C. Johnstone Political Science: Kenneth Colegrove, W. Y. Elliott, Ernest Griffith, Lowell Mellett, Frederic Ogg, C. J. Friedrich, William E. Mosher, Ernest K. Lindley, Robert J. Harris Economics: Sumner Slichter, Paul H. Douglas, Edwin E. Witte, Leon C. Manhall, G. T. Schwenning, David Cushman Coyle, Arthur E. Burns, Jacob Viner, Eveline Bumi, Herman Somera, George Soule (George Henry Soule Jr.) Sociology: William Ogburn, R. M. Maciver, Read Bain, Bruce Melvin, Mark May, Willard Waller, Harold A. Phelps, Edward All1worth Ro11, E. S. Bogardus Social Welfare: Paul Kellogg, Walter West, Frank P. Graham, E. C. Lindeman, Clarence Pickett Labor: John B. Andrews, Leo Wolman, W. Jett Lauck, Hilda Smith, Elizabeth Christman, Willard Uphaus, Marion H. Hedges, Paul Brissenden, Frank Palmer Education: George Zook, Clyde Miller, Frederick Redefer, Floyd Reeves, Chester Williams, William G. Carr, Carl Milam Latin America: Ernest Galarza, George Howland Cox, Rollin Atwood, J. D. M. Ford, John I. B. McCulloch, Samuel Guy Inman History: Guy Stanton Ford, Harry Elmer Barnes, Sidney B. Fay, Richard Heindel, Bernadotte Schmitt Public Opinion: Harold Lasswell, Peter Odegard, Delbert Clark, Harold Gosnell, Harwood Childs Religion: Henry Smith Leiper; Guy Shipler, Frank Kingdon, L. M. Birkhead, James Waterman Wise Between 1942 and 1946, the American Council on Public Affairs published seven books through Public Affairs Press: Prelude to invasion; an account based upon official reports by Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War (1944) American policy toward Palestine by Carl J. Friedrich (1944) Economics of demobilization by E. Jay Howenstine Jr. (1944) Educational opportunities for veterans by Francis J. Brown (1946) Guide to public affairs organizations, with notes on public affairs informational materials by Charles R. Read and Samuel Marble (1946) Job guide, a handbook of official information about employment opportunities in leading industries by Sydney H. Kasper (1945) Palestine: problem and promise; an economic study by Robert R. Nathan, Oscar Gass, Daniel Creamer (1946) Location According to Library of Congress records, Public Affairs Press had offices at 2153 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, between 1940 and 1948. In 1962, Public Affairs Press had offices at 419 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington DC 20003, DC. Legacy In 1997, Peter Osnos, when founding PublicAffairs, asked and received permission from Schnapper to name his new publishing house after Public Affairs Books. Works By 1983, the Post reported, Public Affairs Press had published some 1,500 books and pamphlets on political-social-economic and historical topics. In 1983, its current catalog listed 100 titles. Public Affairs Press often had Washington insiders add introductions and similar materials to its book, e.g., prior to their presidencies, introductions by John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baynes Johnson. The most published author was Frederick Mayer (1921-2006), an educational scientist, philosopher, and proponent of global humanism who wrote more than sixty books, including eight with Public Affairs Press. The Library of Congress has the following nearly 400 books recorded as published in Washington, DC, by Public Affairs Press: 1940s: Guide to America; a treasury of information about its states, cities, parks, and historical points of interest (no date) Guide to America: pictorial supplement (no date) Manual of ancient history by Elmer Louis Kayser. (1940) Internal check and control for small companies by M. E. Murphy (circa 1940) Progress of Pan-Americanism, a historical survey of Latin-American opinion, translated and edited by T. H. Reynolds (1943) Going back to civilian life by the American Council on Public Affairs (1944) Cartels; challenge to a free world by Wendell Berge (1944) American policy toward Palestine by Carl J. Friedrich (1944) Economics of demobilization by E. Jay Howenstine Jr. (1944) Industry-government cooperation; a study of the participation of advisory committees in public administration by Carl Henry Monsees (1944) Korea: forgotten nation by Robert T. Oliver (1944) Surplus war property: official documents of the Office of war information and the Surplus war property administration (1944) Prelude to invasion; an account based upon official reports by Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War (1944) Reorganization of Congress: a report of the Committee on Congress of the American political science association (1945) National health agencies, a survey with especial reference to voluntary associations by Harold M. Cavins (1945) Post-war markets; a guide based upon official information prepared by the Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, edited by E. Jay Howenstine (1945) Job guide, a handbook of official information about employment opportunities in leading industries by Sydney H. Kasper (1945) Post-war jobs, a guide to current problems and future opportunities by Press Research, Inc. (1945) Washington's dining out guide; forthright notes about the capital's restaurants, hotel dining rooms, night clubs, cafeterias, etc. by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1945) Our American neighbors by US Office of inter-American affairs (1945) American handbook by US Office of inter-American affairs (1945) Enemy Japan by US Office of inter-American affairs (1945) Veterans information directory; a guide to national, state, and local agencies through which ex-servicemen can obtain government benefits and private aid in the fields of business, employment, education, agriculture, social service, rehabilitation, etc. (1946) Educational opportunities for veterans by Francis J. Brown (1946) Endless horizons by Vannevar Bush (1946) Palestine: problem and promise; an economic study by Robert R. Nathan, Oscar Gass, Daniel Creamer (1946) Guide to public affairs organizations, with notes on public affairs informational materials by Charles R. Read and Samuel Marble (1946) Unions and veterans by Anne Ramsay Somers (1946) American names, a guide to the origin of place names in the United States by Henry Gannett (1947) UNESCO: its purpose and its philosophy by Julian Huxley (1947) Dictionary of international affairs (1947) Full employment & free enterprise by John Herman Groesbeck Pierson (1947) Reason and rubbish about the Negro, a Southerner's view by Elta Campbell Roberts (1947) Palestine and the United Nations: prelude to solution by Jacob Robinson (1947) Fishery resources of the United States, edited by Lionel A. Walford (1947) Book publishing in Soviet Russia; an official survey based upon the data of the All-Union Book Department, translated by Helen Lambert Shadick (1948) Mineral resources of the United States (1948) Soviet views on the post-war world economy; an official critique of Eugene Varga's "Changes in the economy of capitalism resulting from the Second World War", translated by Leo Gruliow (1948) Pattern of Soviet democracy by Georgiĭ Fedorovich Aleksandrov (1948) Wool tariffs and American policy by, Donald Mayer Blinken (1948) Marketing of surplus war property by James Allan Cook (1948) Guide to American business directories by Marjorie V. Davis (1948) Ideological content of Soviet literature by Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Egolin, translated by Mary Kriger (1948) Gandhi's autobiography by Mahatma Gandhi (1948) Role of the Soviet court by Ivan Terentʹevich Goli︠a︡kov (1948) T.V.A. on the Jordan; proposals for irrigation and hydro-electric development in Palestine by James B. Hays (1948) Rise and fall of third parties, from anti-Masonry to Wallace by William Best Hesseltine (1948) Dictionary of labor economics by Byrne Joseph Horton (1948) Dictionary of modern economics by Byrne Joseph Horton (1948) British rule in Palestine by Bernard Joseph (1948) Idealogical conflicts in Soviet Russia by Sergeĭ Mitrofanovich Kovalev (1948) Citizen participation in government, a study of county welfare boards by Helen Elizabeth Martz (1948) Soviet interpretation of contemporary American literature by M. Mendelson, translated by Deming D. Brown and Rufus W. Mathewson (1948) Palestine dilemma; Arab rights versus Zionist aspirations by Frank Charles Sakran (1948) Processes of organization and management by Catheryn Seckler-Hudson (1948) Truth about communism by Dorothy Thompson (1948) Prejudice and property, an historic brief against racial covenants by Tom C. Clark and Philip B. Perlman (1948) Economy of the USSR during World War II by Nikolaĭ Alekseevich Voznesenskiĭ (Russian Translation Program of the American Council of Learned Societies) (1948) American men in government, a biographical dictionary and directory of Federal officials, edited by Jerome M. Rosow (1949) Out of the crocodile's mouth; Russian cartoons about the United States from "Krokodil," Moscow's humor magazine, edited by William Nelson (1949) What's doing in ... by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1949) Guide to women's organizations; a handbook about national and international groups by Ellen L. Anderson (1949) You can't win; facts and fallacies about gambling by Ernest Evred Blanche (1949) Western union; a study of the trend toward European unity by Andrew Boyd (1949) Control of the public budget by Vincent J. Browne (1949) People know best: the ballots vs. the polls by Morris L. Ernst and David Loth (1949) Goethe's autobiography, Poetry and truth from my own life, translated by R. O. Moon (1949) Atlantic pact by Halford Lancaster Hoskins (1949) Short history of the Middle East ; from the rise of Islam to modern times by George E. Kirk (1949) African mandates in world politics by Rayford Whittingham Logan (1949) Realities of American-Palestine relations by Frank E. Manuel (1949) Conflicting patterns of thought by Karl Přibram (1949) Dictionary of guided missile terms by US Department of Defense, Research & Development Board, Committee on Guided Missiles (1949) Conflicting patterns of thought by Karl Pribram (1949) Truman program; addresses and messages, edited by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1949) 1950s: Handy pocket map of Washington, D.C.: including a calendar of important events and historical dates of 1950 (1950) Soviet history of philosophy; the outline of a new volume to replace G. F. Alexandrov's History of western European philosophy, withdrawn from circulation as a result of a philosophical discussion organized in 1947 by the Communist Party of the USSR (1950) Story of the American automobile; highlights and side- lights by Rudolph E. Anderson (1950) Industrial management in the USSR by Artashes Arkadʹevich Arakeli︠a︡n, translated by Ellsworth L. Raymond (1950) Documentation by S.C. Bradford (1950) Soviet imperialism; Russia's drive toward world domination by Ernest Day Carman (1950) Soviet territorial aggrandizement, 1939-1948; an analysis of concepts and methods by Ernest Day Carman (1950) Principles of scientific research by Paul Freeman (1950) Epic of Korea by Adwin Wigfall Green (1950) Careers for young Americans in the Army and after by Reuben Horchow, foreword by Omar Bradley Crimes against international law by Joseph Berry Keenan and Brendan Francis Brown (1950) Lost America; the story of iron-age civilization prior to Columbus by Arlington Humphrey Mallery (1950) Washington, past and present; a pictorial history of the Nation's capital by Chalmers McGeagh Roberts (1950) Vsesoi︠u︡znyĭ leninskiĭ kommunisticheskiĭ soi︠u︡z molodezhi. T︠S︡entralʹnyĭ komitet. Otdel propagandy i agitat︠s︡ii (Young communists in the USSR; a Soviet monograph describing the demands made upon members of the Komsomol organization, translated by Virginia Rhine) (1950) Treason; the story of disloyalty and betrayal in American history by Nathaniel Weyl (1950) Crimes against international law by Joseph Berry Keenan and Brendan Francis Brown (1950) Citizen's handbook of sexual abnormalities and the mental hygiene approach to their prevention; a report of the Governor's Study Commission on Sex Deviates by Samuel W. Hartwell (1951) Washington fricassee; photos by Albin R. Meier and others by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1951) School and society in England; social backgrounds of Oxford and Cambridge students by Charles Arnold Anderson (1952) Philosophy of social work by Herbert Bisno Behind the Wall Street curtain by Edward Jerome Dies (1952) Dynamics of social action by Seba Eldridge (1952) Communism and christianity; their differences and their relation to socialism by Emil Alexander Grefthen (1952) Monopoly and social control by William Kirsch (1952) White supremacy in the United States, an analysis of its historical background, with especial reference to the poll tax by Raymond Grann Lloyd (1952) Historical development of the American flag by William Morgan Markoe (1952) American beginnings by Jarvis Means Morse (1952) American health directory by Henry Hatton (pseudonym) (for Morris Bartel Schnappes?) (1952) Republicanism reappraised by Roland N. Stromberg (1952) Understanding that boy of yours by Melbourne S. Applegate (1953) Force of women in Japanese history by Mary Ritter Beard (1953) Imperial communism by Anthony Trawick Bouscaren (1953) Shrines of the Republic: a treasury of fascinating facts about the Nation's Capital by Edward Boykin (1953) Iron Curtain and American policy by Kurt Glaser (1953) Conflicting faiths: Christianity versus communism, a documentary comparison by Charles W. Lowry (1953) Lobbyist for the people; a record of fifty years by Benjamin Clarke Marsh (1953) Racial integrity of the American Negro by Alexander Harvey Shannon (1953) Struggle for Poland by H. Peter Stern (1953) Postage stamps as propagandaby O. Carlos Stoetzer (1953) Interstate cooperation, a study of the interstate compact by Vincent V. Thursby, introduced by Carl B. Swisher (1953) Telegraphers, their craft and their unions by Vidkunn Ulriksson (1953) Freedom from insecurity by Hugo Emil Czerwonky (1954) American heroes, myth and reality by Marshall William Fishwick (1954) Measurement of marriage adjustment by Robert Martin Frumkin (1954) Gandi's Autobiography; the story of my experiments with truth (1954) Economic planning under free enterprise by Henry Grayson (1954) Germany's moral debt: the German-Israel agreement by Kurt Richard Grossmann (1954) Lincoln and the Know Nothing movement by Charles Granville Hamilton (1954) Behind the President; a study of Executive Office agencies by Edward Henry Hobbs (1954) Ethics of civilization by Arnold Herman Kamiat (1954) Free and inexpensive materials on world affairs by Leonard S. Kenworthy (1954) Israel: the emergence of a new nation by Oscar Kraines (1954) Private credit and public debt by Anatol Murad (1954) American influence on Canadian nationhood by Carl George Winter (1954) Compulsory voting by Henry Julian Abraham (1955) Dixiecrat movement by Emile Bertrand Ader (1955) Automation, a new dimension to old problems by George P. Shultz and George Benedict Baldwin (1955) Economics of employment and unemployment by Paul H. Casselman (1955) Challenge of automation; papers delivered at the national conference on automation by Joseph C. O'Mahoney et al. (Congress of Industrial Organizations) (1955) Treaties and federal constitutions by James McLeod Hendry (1955) Economics of group banking by Palmer Tobias Hogenson (1955) Woman voter; an analysis based upon personal interviews by Earl Roger Kruschke (1955) Twilight of the profit motive by Theodore Levitt (1955) Life and letters of Mary Emma Woolley by Jeannette Augustus Marks (1955) Patterns of a new philosophy by Frederick Mayer (1955) Egypt's liberation; the philosophy of the revolution by Gamal Abdul Nasser, introduced by Dorothy Thompson (1955) Social services in the school by Jean Richardson Pearman and Albert H. Burrows (1955) Tito's Yugoslavia by Eric Lionel Pridonoff (1955) Norwegians; a study in national culture by David Rodnick (1955) Grand Old Party by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1955) Crisis of the cities by Fred K. Vigman (1955) Study of public administration by Woodrow Wilson (1955) Dynamics of social interaction by Anita Yourglich (1955) Government as entrepreneur and social servant by Henry Julian Abraham (1956) Juvenile delinquency proneness; a study of the Kvaraceus scale by Joseph Kenneth Balogh and Charles J. Rumage (1956) Human relations in international affairs; a guide to significant interpretation and research by Seymour Willis Beardsley and Alvin G. Edgell (1956) Labor injunction in Hawaii by Paul Frederick Brissenden (1956) Lester Frank Ward in American thought by John Chynoweth Burnham (1956) Behind the Bamboo Curtain: the experiences of an American doctor in China by Albert Menzo Dunlap (1956) Virginia tradition by Marshall William Fishwick (1956) International law and asylum as a human right by Manuel R. Garcia-Mora (1956) Contemporary theories of union-management relations by David Charles Greenwood (1956) Essays in human relations by David Charles Greenwood (1956) Baseball player by Paul Michael Gregory (1956) Making democracy work by Francis Hankin (1956) Sociology and social work by Arthur Hillman (1956) Equality of opportunity; a union approach to fair employment by John Hope, introduced by Hubert Humphrey (1956) Ritual and cult, a sociological interpretation by Orrin Edgar Klapp (1956) Textbooks on economic thought; an analysis of some of their shortcomings by William Ernest Kuhn (1956) Education for maturity by Frederick Mayer and Frank E. Brower (1956) Social dynamics of George H. Mead by Maurice Alexander Natanson (1956) Government and art, a study of American experience by Ralph Purcell (1956) Values of Veblen, a critical appraisal by Bernard Rosenberg, foreword by Max Lerner (1956) American Bankers Association, its past & present by Wilbert M. Schneider (1956) Guide to great plays by Joseph Twadell Shipley (1956) American defense and national security by Timothy W. Stanley (1956) New frontiers of rural America by Margery Wells Steer (1956) Conservative crisis: England's impasse of 1931 by Harvey Wheeler (1956) Rise of the Vice Presidency by Irving G. Williams, introduced by Edward R. Murrow (1956) Patterns of social change; a survey of the main ideas of the greatest sociologists by Carle Clark Zimmerman (1956) New frontiers of knowledge; a symposium by distinguished writers, notable scholars & public figures by Arnold Toynbee et al. (1957) Sweden's foreign policy by Samuel Abrahamsen (1957) Shorter work week; papers delivered at the conference on shorter hours of work by the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (1957) Pioneering in industrial research; the story of the General Electric Research Laboratory by Kendall Birr (1957) One house for two; Nebraska's unicameral legislature by Adam Carlyle Breckenridge (1957) History of Sino-Russian relations by Tianfang Cheng (1957) Veblenism, a new critique by Lev E. Dobriansky, introduced by James Burnham (1957) Handbook for Americans by Thomas S. Erlenbach (1957) Charles Wesley and his colleagues by Charles Wesley Flint (1957) Crisis in higher education by Charles Pinckney Hogarth (1957) Enriching family life through home, school and community by Bess B. Lane (1957) Increasing the wealth of nations; the quest for economic development by Albert Lauterbach (1957) Egypt's role in world affairs by Emil Lengyel (1957) Flying high; anecdotes about the airways by Franklin W. Marsh (1957) Education and the good life by Frederick Mayer (1957) New directions for the American university by Frederick Mayer, introduced by Aldous Huxley (1957) Karl Liebknecht, man without a country by Karl W. Meyer (1957) Gulf of Aqaba, an international waterway: its significance to international trade by Paul Aldermandt Porter (1957) Senate qualifications and contested elections by Charles A. Povlovich (1957) Soldiers of the States; the role of the National Guard in American democracy by William H. Riker (1957) Supreme Court and State police power; a study in Federalism by Ruth Locke Roettinger (1957) Codetermination: labor's middle way in Germany by Abraham Shuchman (1957) 101 money making ideas for clubs by Nellie Zetta Thompson (1957) National communism and soviet strategy 'by Dinko Tomašić (1957) Anatomy of revolution; a condensation of the United Nations report on the Hungarian uprising condensed by Marshall Andrews (1957) Southern race progress, the wavering color line by Thomas Jackson Woofter (1957) Virginia heritage by Louis Booker Wright (1957) Adventures in the world of science by Charles Greeley Abbot (1958) Professional politicians; a study of British party agents by George O. Comfort (1958) What the businessman should know about the regulation of public utilities by John W. Coughlan (1958) Real estate in American history by Pearl Janet Davies (1958) What the businessman should know about patents and trademarks by Bartholomew A. Diggins and Robert E. LeBlanc (1958) Solving the scientist shortage by David Charles Greenwood (1958) Strangest things in the world; a book about extraordinary manifestations of nature by Thomas Robert Henry (1958) Behind the sputniks; a survey of Soviet space science by Firmin Joseph Krieger (1958) What's happened to our high schools? by John Francis Latimer (1958) Waging peace, the Swiss experience by William Bross Lloyd Jr. (1958) Budgeting your car by Cyrus A. Martin (1958) Ezra Taft Benson, a man with a mission by Wesley McCune (1958) Reform of the Office of Lieutenant Governor by Benjamin Nispel (1958) What the businessman should know about: Federal taxes and foreign investments by Stanley I. Posner and Herbert J. Allan (1958) Profile in black and white; a frank portrait of South Carolina by Howard H. Quint (1958) Rise of Khrushchev by Myron Rush (1958) Science and education at the crossroads; a view from the laboratory by Joseph William Still (1958) D.A.R.; an informal history by Martha Strayer (1958) Conformity under communism; a study of indoctrination techniques by Edward Taborsky (1958) Business planning for economic stability by Henry Thomassen (1958) Culture and personality; a study of four approaches by Samuel Kirson Weinberg (1958) Foreign aid reexamined, a critical appraisal by James Wilhelm Wiggins (1958) What the businessman should know about Federal regulation of securities by Sidney Willner (1958) Soviet influence in Latin America: the role of economic relations by Robert Loring Allen (1959) Parties and politics in modern France by Richard William Barron (1959) Voice of the deaf; a biography of Edward Miner Gallaudet by Maxine Tull Boatner (1959) American funeral; a study in guilt by LeRoy Bowman (1959) Growth of democratic government by Delbert Franklin Brown (1959) Christians in racial crisis; a study of Little Rock's ministry by Ernest Q. Campbell and Thomas F. Pettigrew (1959) Law and civilization by Palmer D. Edmunds (1959) Scientific revolution: challenge and promise, edited by Gerald W. Elbers and Paul Duncan (1959) U. S. versus the U. S. S. R.; ideologies in conflict by Robert A. Fearey (1959) Soviet image of future war by Raymond L. Garthoff (1959) Women in banking; a history of the National Association of Bank Women by Genieve N. Gildersleeve (1959) Together we stand; new perspectives on French-American relations by Sylvan Gotshal (1959) Price of survival by Linwood P. Gould (1959) Crisis diplomacy; a history of U.S. intervention policies and practices by Doris Appel Graber (1959) Turkey and the world by Altemur Kılıç (1959) Conservation fight, from Theodore Roosevelt to the Tennessee Valley Authority by Judson King (1959) Challenge to world leadership by Howard Garfield Kurtz (1959) Social work and Jewish values: basic areas of consonance and conflict by Alfred J. Kutzik (1959) Our troubled youth: education against delinquency by Frederick Mayer (1959) What the businessman should know about the Taft-Hartley Act by Thomas Joseph McDermott (1959) Gallant Pelham by Charles G. Milham (1959) Third parties in American politics by Howard Pervear Nash Jr., introduced by William B. Hesseltine (1959) Case for farmers by James G. Patton (1959) Freedom of speech by radio and television by Elmer E. Smead (1959) New horizons of higher education; innovation and experimentation at Brown University by John Rowe Workman (1959) Dictionary of social science by John Thomas Zadrozny (1959) 1960s: New horizons for college women, edited by Leo C. Muller Ouida G. Muller (1960) Soviet economic warfare by Robert Loring Allen (1960) Ordeal of the Presidency by David Cushman Coyle (1960) Fit for men by Egal Feldman (1960) Soviet coexistence strategy; a case study of experience in the International Labour Organization by Alfred Fernbach (1960) Mideast in focus by Norman D. Greenwald (1960) Engineering profession and unionization by David Charles Greenwood (1960) North Africa, nationalism to nationhood by Lorna Hahn, introduced by John F. Kennedy (1960) Scientists in government by Earl Wayne Lindveit (1960) Goals of education by Frederick Mayer (1960) Gandhi on world affairs by Paul F. Power (1960) Toward unity in Africa; a study of federalism in British Africa by Donald S. Rothchild (1960) Communism in American politics by David Joseph Saposs (1960) Constraint by copyright; a report on "official" and "private" practices by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1960) Facts of American life by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1960) Federalism in India by Benjamin N. Schoenfeld (1960) America and the Russo-Finnish War by Andrew J. Schwartz (1960) Powers of the President during crises by John Malcolm Smith (1960) For what purpose? by James P. Speer (1960) British labor and public ownership by Herbert E. Weiner (1960) Negro in American civilization by Nathaniel Weyl (1960) Politics and trade policy by Joe R. Wilkinson (1960) Methodism's challenge in race relations; a study of strategy by J. Philip Wogaman (1960) Your inalienable rights by Philip B. Yeager and John R. Stark (1960) New frontiers of the Kennedy administration; the texts of the Task force reports prepared for the President, edited by M.B. Schnapper (1961) New Frontiersmen; profiles of the men around Kennedy, introduced by M. B. Schnapper (1961) What is a college for? by John D. Millett et al. (1961) New frontiers for American youth; perspective on the Peace Corps by Maurice L. Albertson (1961) Farmer's dilemma by Stanley Andrews (1961) Race relations in international affairs by Robert S. Browne, introduced by Roger Nash Baldwin (1961) Taboo: the story of the pioneers of social hygiene by Charles Walter Clarke (1961) Role of debt in the economy by Helen J. Cooke (1961) Strategy of truth; the story of the U.S. Information Service by Wilson P. Dizard (1961) View from the White House; a study of the Presidential State of the Union messages by Seymour H. Fersh (1961) Full employment, inflation and common stock by Melvin L. Greenhut (1961) Automation in the office by Ida Russakoff Hoos (1961) Challenge of coexistence; a study of Soviet economic diplomacy by Milton Kovner (1961) High price of pornography by Richard Kyle-Keith (1961) From the Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor; Japan's entry into World War II by David John Lu (1961) Robe and the sword; the Methodist Church and the rise of American imperialism by Kenneth M. Mackenzie (1961) Pan America in crisis: the future of the OAS by William Manger (1961) In defense of American education by Frederick Mayer (1961) Toys in America by Inez and Marshall McClintock (1961) Free minds, a venture in the philosophy of democracy by Ralph Waldo Nelson (1961) How to successfully operate a knitting shop by Sonna Noble and Theodore H. Levin (1961) Race and reason, a Yankee view by Carleton Putnam (1961) First Randolphs of Virginia by Roberta Lee Randolph (1961) Graphic charts handbook by Anna C. Rogers (1961) Seapower in the nuclear age by Anthony Eugene Sokol (1961) Ambassadors ordinary and extraordinary by Ernest Wilder Spaulding (1961) Forces for freedom by Robert Stanton with Arthur Fitz-Richard (1961) World economic development; a program for utilization of full capacity production by Julius Stulman (1961) American industrial research laboratories by Frederick Andrew White (1961) Rebirth of African civilization by Chancellor Williams (1961) Biological forces in world affairs by Adolph Ancrum Williamson (1961) Politics of small business by Luther Harmon Zeigler (1961) Emergence of the modern regulatory state by James E. Anderson (1962) Economics of the postal service by Morton S. Baratz (1962) New horizons for American labor by Joseph A. Beirne (1962) Americans for Democratic Action: its role in national politics by Clifton Brock, introduced by Max Lerner (1962) Europe views America; a critical evaluation by Edward W. Chester (1962) These rights they seek; a comparison of goals and techniques of local civil rights organizations by Jacquelyne Mary Johnson Clarke (1962) Wall Street's shady side by Frank Cormier, introduced by Ferdinand Pecora (1962) Struggle for supremacy; the career of General Fred C. Ainsworth by Mabel E. Deutrich (1962) Religion in American public schools by Richard B. Dierenfield (1962) American right wing by Ralph Eugene Ellsworth (1962) Strategy of disarmament by Henry W. Forbes (1962) Hazards of atomic wastes; perspectives and proposals on oceanic disposal by Alton Frye (1962) New forces in Africa, edited by William H. Lewis (1962) Responsibilities of man Rosalie Borisow Gerber (1962) National aeronautics and space act; a study of the development of public policy by Alison Griffith, introduced by Lyndon B. Johnson (1962) Strangers in our midst; problems of the homosexual in American society by Alfred A. Gross (1962) Emerging Colombia by John Merlin Hunter (1962) New perspectives for education by Frederick Mayer (1962) Peerless patriots; organized veterans and the spirit of Americanism by Rodney G. Minott (1962) Channels of learning; the story of educational television by John Walker Powell (1962) Ku Klux Klan in American politics by Arnold S. Rice (1962) Project Plowshare, the development of the peaceful uses of nuclear explosions by Ralph Sanders, foreword by Willard F. Libby (1962) Truth about Soviet lies by Roland Herbert Shackford (1962) Wonders of nature, as seen and described by Alexandre Dumas by Esther Singleton (1962) Living overseas by Louise Winfield (1962) Educational goals for America by Norman Woelfel (1962) American immigration policies, a history by Marion Tinsley Bennett (1962) National purpose; ideology and ambivalence in America by Leonard G. Benson (1962) Party loyalty; the election process in South Carolina by Douglas Carlisle (1962) Alliance for Progress: a critical appraisal, edited by William Manger (1963) Emerging Africa, edited by William H. Lewis (1963) Union member's handbook by Albert S. Herrera (1963) Freedom of speech and press in America by Edward Gerard Hudon, foreword by William O. Douglas, introduced by Morris L. Ernst (1963) Weights and measures: an informal guide by Stacy V. Jones (1963) American learned societies by Joseph Charles Kiger (1963) Democracy and the law by Leon Ray Lewis (1963) Greater dead than alive by Curtis Daniel MacDougall (1963) Moslem nationalism in India and Pakistan by Hafeez Malik (1963) Keys to success in school by Leslie J. Nason (1963) Parents and the school; a guide to cooperation in child development by Charles Everand Reeves (1963) Religion for our times by Buel Trowbridge (1963) Dictionary of United States military terms (1963) Lincoln's boyhood; a chronicle of his Indiana years by Francis Marion Van Natter (1963) Washington Conference on Business-Government Relations in Marketing (1963) Preface to peace; the United Nations and the Arab-Israel armistice system by David Brook (1963) For humanity's sake by Clyde E. Buckingham (1963) Helping human beings by Earl C. Dahlstrom (1963) Evolution of money by Rupert J. Ederer (1964) Economic policy and war potential by Max E. Fieser (1964) Goldwater either by Barry M. Goldwater (1964) How to help adults with aphasia by Thomas Douglas Houchin and Phyllis Janes DeLano (1964) Bachelors are people too by Frederic Nelson (1964) Nuclear secrecy and foreign policy by Harold L. Nieburg, introduced by Hans J. Morgenthau (1964) Presidents and the press, Truman to Johnson by James E. Pollard (1964) Frontier life in Oklahoma by Allie B. Wallace (1964) Campaigning for President; a new look at the road to the White House by Marvin R. Weisbord (1964) American support of free elections abroad by Theodore Paul Wright, Jr. (1964) Communications-electronics terminology handbook; a manual of definitions, abbreviations, acronyms and designations (1965) South and segregation by Peter A. Carmichael (1965) Propaganda comes of age by Michael Choukas (1965) Avarice, a history by Stanton Arthur Coblentz (1965) Thailand and the United States by Frank C. Darling (1965) World trade in transition by Virginia L. Galbraith (1965) Chinese political traditions by Fu-wu Hou, translated by Franklin W. Houn (1965) Anatomy of terror by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1965) Is party line, comrade! by George Lichty (1965) Beyond sovereignty by Max Mark (1965) Vietnam and the United States by Hans J. Morgenthau (1965) Hybrids by David C. Rife (1965) Kibbutz that was by Boris Stern, foreword by Isador Lubin (1965) American enterprise and foreign trade by Oscar Robert Strackbein (1965) Politics of bureaucracy by Gordon Tullock, foreword by James M. Buchanan (1965) Regionalism and world order by Ronald J. Yalem (1965) Federalism in the Southern Confederacy by Curtis Arthur Amlund (1965) Politics of research by Richard J. Barber (1966) Chile in transition by Cole Blasier (1966) Paradox of man's greatness by Stanton A. Coblentz (1966) Presidents are people too by Frank Cormier (1966) Lobbyists by James Deakins (1966) Peace through negotiation; the Austrian experience by Blair G. Ewing (1966) Patterns of community development by Richard Franklin (1966) Chaco dispute; a study of prestige diplomacy by William R. Garner (1966) Free press and fair trial by Donald M. Gillmor (1966) America's Vietnam policy; the strategy of deception by Edward S. Herman and Richard B. Du Boff (1966) Group practice & prepayment of medical care by William A. MacColl (1966) Strategy for conquest; a study of Communist propaganda techniques by Donald Lane Miller (1966) Randolph Bourne: legend and reality by John Adam Moreau (1966) Our changing cities by Robert C. Weaver et al. (1966) China, Vietnam, and the United States: highlights of the hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1966) Creative elite in America by Nathaniel Weyl (1966) Guide to grants, loans, and other types of government assistance available to students and educational institutions (1966) Washington exposé by Jack Anderson (1967) Genesis of American patent and copyright law by Bruce W. Bugbee (1967) Prairie State politics; popular democracy in South Dakota by Alan L. Clem (1967) Action-planning for community health services (1967) Guide to opportunities for education, training, and research in the sciences by Stanley Field (1967) Lincoln vs. Douglas; the great debates campaign by Richard Allen Heckman (1967) Archives & the public interest; selected essays, edited by Ken Munden (1967) Race and reality; a search for solutions by Carleton Putnam (1967) Changing environmental hazards; challenges to community health; report; National Commission on Community Health Services (1967) Health care facilities; the community bridge to effective health services; report (1967) Health manpower: action to meet community needs; report (1967) Health administration and organization in the decade ahead; report; National Commission on Community Health Services (1967) War in Vietnam, prepared by the staff of the Senate Republican Policy Committee (1967) Realities of Vietnam; a Ripon Society appraisal, edited by Christopher W. Beal with Anthony A. D'Amato (1968) Press and the public interest, edited by Warren K. Agee (1968) Liberal in two worlds; the essays of Solomon F. Bloom, edited by Samuel J. Hurwitz and Moses Rischin (1968) Politics of community health by Ralph W. Conant (1968) Lyndon Johnson's credibility gap by James Deakin (1968) Economics of trading stamps by Harold W. Fox (1968) America and swaraj; the U.S. role in Indian independence by A. Guy Hope (1968) United States-Philippine relations, 1946-1956 by Sung Yong Kim (1968) Military occupation and national security by Martin and Joan Kyre (1968) President and public opinion; leadership in foreign affairs Manfred Landecker (1968) Quotations from the would-be chairman: Richard Milhous Nixon, edited by M. B. Schnapper (1968) Citizen's choice: Humphrey or Nixon by Nelson W. Polsby (1968) Political trends in Brazil by Vladimir Reisky de Dubnic, foreword by Adolf A. Berle (1968) Roots of international organization by J. William Robinson (1968) New mass media: challenge to a free society by Gilbert Seldes (1968) President as chief administrator; a study of Franklin D. Roosevelt by A. J. Wann (1968) Nuclear proliferation by Walter B. Wentz (1968) Community Structure and Health Action; a report on process analysis by Robert N. Wilson with Robert E. Boone (1968) Conditions for peace in Europe; problems of detente and security, edited by David S. Collier and Kurt Glaser (1969) National priorities; military, economic, and social by Kenneth E. Boulding et al. (1969) Frankly speaking; a collection of extraordinary speeches by Spiro T. Agnew (1969) Treaty trap; a history of the performance of political treaties by the United States and European nations by Laurence W. Beilenson with Bernard M. Dain (1969) Learning through games; a new approach to problem solving by Elliot Carlson (1969) Soldier's guide to the laws of war by Morris Greenspan (1969) Brass factories; a frank appraisal of West Point, Annapolis, and the Air Force Academy by J. Arthur Heise (1969) Gambling and organized crime by Rufus King, introduced by Joseph D. Tydings (1969) School prayers; Congress, the courts, and the public by John Herbert Laubach (1969) Frankly McCarthy, edited by Carol E. Rinzler, introduced by Leonard C. Lewin (1969) Walter Lippmann: philosopher-journalist by Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier (1969) Reluctant door; the right of access to the United Nations by Leif Kr. Tobiassen (1969) 1970s: Plain talk about the word business by Robert Flannes et al. (1970) William G. Milliken: A Touch of Steel by Dan Angel (1970) Student violence by Edward Bloomberg (1970) Peril on the job; a study of hazards in the chemical industries by Ray Davidson (1970) Preface to disarmament; an appraisal of recent proposals by Marion H. McVitty (1970) Students and decision making; a report by Robert S. Morison, chairman of Cornell's Commission on Student Involvement in Decision Making (1970) Story of margarine by S. F. Riepma (1970) Foundations; their use and abuse by William H. Rudy (1970) Palestine: a search for truth; approaches to the Arab-Israeli conflict, edited by Alan R. Taylor and Richard N. Tetlie (1970) Peace Corps and Pax Americana by Marshall Windmiller (1970) One life--one physician; an inquiry into the medical profession's performance in self-regulation; a report to the Center for Study of Responsive Law by Robert S. McCleery et al. (1971) Pollution of politics; a research/reporting team investigates campaign ethics, edited by Samuel J. Archibald (1971) Uncle Sam is watching you; highlights from the hearings of the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, introduced by Alan Barth (1971) Famous American trademarks by Arnold B. Barach (1971) People's instrument; a philosophy of programming for public television by Robert J. Blakely (1971) Challenges of change by Walter Cronkite (1971) Freedom from dependence; welfare reform as a solution to poverty by Stanley Esterly and Glenn Esterly (1971) Fighting progressive; a biography of Edward P. Costigan by Fred Greenbaum (1971) Courts for a new nation by Dwight F. Henderson, foreword by Tom C. Clark (1971) Engineering of restraint; the Nixon administration and the press; a report of the American Civil Liberties Union by Fred Powledge (1971) Money in politics by Herbert E. Alexander (1972) Power through subversion by Laurence W. Beilenson (1972) Movie rating game by Stephen Farber (1972) What you don't know can hurt you; a study of public opinion and public emotion by Lester Markel (1972) Public television: a question of survival; a report of the American Civil Liberties Union by Fred Powledge (1972) American labor: a pictorial social history by Morris Bartel Schnapper (1972) Why President Richard Nixon should be impeached by American Civil Liberties Union (1973) Operational conflict analysis by Norman A. Bailey and Stuart M. Feder (1973) Eclipse of excellence; a critique of American higher education by Steven M. Cahn (1973) Concise encyclopedia of the Middle East, edited by Mehdi Heravi (1973) Symbols of the nations by A. Guy Hope and Janet Barker Hope (1973) Greece: uncertain democracy by D. George Kousoulas (1973) Search for meaning; the autobiography of a nonconformist by John U. Nef (1973) Occupational licensing: practices and policies by Benjamin Shimberg, Barbara F. Esser, Daniel H. Kruger (1973) Population crisis and moral responsibility, edited by J. Philip Wogaman (1973) Language of oppression Haig A. Bosmajian (1974) Getting your money's worth; guidelines about insurance policies, health protection, pensions, and professional services by Herbert S. Denenberg (1974) Comintern in Mexico by Donald L. Herman (1974) Brazil, awakening giant by Philip Raine (1974) American symbols; the seals and flags of the fifty States by M. B. Schnapper (1974) Conscience of the Nation: the people versus Richard M. Nixon, edited by M. B. Schnapper (1974) Presidential impeachment; a documentary overview, edited by M. B. Schnapper, introduced by Alan Barth (1974) Constitutional grounds for Presidential impeachment, by the impeachment inquiry staff, Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives (1974) Inflation and monetary crisis: a symposium of the Committee for Monetary Research and Education, edited by G. C. Wiegand (1975) What's right? What's wrong?: A psychological analysis of moral behavior by Larry C. Jensen (1975) Bronze age civilization: the Philistines and the Danites by Allen H. Jones (1975) Minorities in the United States: problems, progress, and prospects by Sar A. Levitan, William B. Johnston, Robert Taggart (1975) Political science and political knowledge by Philip H. Melanson, foreword by Max Lerner (1975) New horizons for the Third World by Francisco Casanova Alvarez; foreword by Sol M. Linowitz (1976) Conversations with Eric Sevareid (1976) To save our cities: what needs to be done by Henry S. Reuss (1977) See also Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover PublicAffairs International Publishers References External links Just Law: M. B. Schnapper, Public Affairs Press (a Corporation of Thestate of Delaware), Appellants, v. William E. Foley, Director, Administrative Office of The U.S. Courts of the Supreme Court, et al, 667 F.2d 102 (D.C. Cir. 1981) Defunct book publishing companies of the United States Book publishing companies of the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November%201903

November 1903

The following events occurred in November 1903: Sunday, November 1, 1903 William Melville retired as the Superintendent of the Special Branch of Scotland Yard. He would secretly become the head of the new MO3 intelligence section in the War Office. Deputy Sheriff Tom Stewart of the Bell County, Kentucky Sheriff's Department was shot and killed while attempting to arrest a man he had arrested previously, despite the suspect's warning that he would kill Stewart if he tried to arrest him again. The steamship Discovery departed from Yakutat, Alaska with about 30 people on board and disappeared. The following year, Chief John of the Lituya Bay Native Tribe would report having seen Discovery sink on the afternoon of November 2 after a failed attempt to enter Lituya Bay. Born: Max Adrian (born Guy Thornton Bor), Northern Irish actor; in Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Ireland (d. 1973) Carji Greeves (born Edward Goderich Greeves, Junior), Australian rules footballer; in Warragul, Victoria, Australia (d. 1963) Don Robey, American songwriter and record producer; in Houston, Texas (d. 1975) Jean Tardieu, French artist, musician and author; in Saint-Germain-de-Joux, Ain, France (d. 1995) Mario Zampi, Italian film producer and director (d. 1963) Died: Theodor Mommsen, German writer and politician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1817) Monday, November 2, 1903 Alfred Harmsworth, publisher of the British Daily Mail newspaper, launched the Daily Mirror, initially as a women's newspaper run by women. A conflagration destroyed about 150 houses in Jérémie, Haiti. The Lyceum Theatre opened in the Theater District, Manhattan, with American actor E. H. Sothern starring in The Proud Prince. In Richmond, Virginia, Maggie L. Walker became the first African-American woman to charter a bank. 1903 United States gubernatorial elections: In the 1903 Ohio gubernatorial election, Republican Myron T. Herrick defeated the Democratic Mayor of Cleveland, Tom L. Johnson, for the position of Governor of Ohio. One man was killed and four injured in the collapse of a railroad bridge under demolition over the Brazos River in Brenham, Texas. Born: Travis Jackson, American Major League Baseball shortstop; in Waldo, Arkansas (d. 1987) Edgard Potier, Belgian spy; in Seraing, Liège Province, Belgium (d. 1944, suicide after torture) Died: Vsevolod Solovyov, Russian historical novelist (b. 1849) Tuesday, November 3, 1903 Count István Tisza took office as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary. Giovanni Giolitti became Prime Minister of Italy for the second time, and his new Cabinet was sworn into office. Lt. Albert M. Beecher or Berber, ordnance officer of the battleship USS Maine, fell to his death from the forward turret of the ship's handling room. His funeral would take place aboard the Maine the following day. At about 4:40 a.m., two Louisville and Nashville Railroad freight trains collided on a railroad bridge in Shepherdsville, Kentucky. Two railroad employees were killed and three injured. During an American football game in Long Branch, New Jersey, 18-year-old Raymond McVeigh, a player on the Cadillac team, sustained a head injury that did not appear to be serious. Several days later he was found unconscious at his home in Brooklyn and subsequently died. 1903 United States gubernatorial elections: Six U.S. states voted to elect governors: Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi and Rhode Island. Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaimed itself independent of Colombia. Born: Walker Evans, American photographer and photojournalist; in St. Louis, Missouri (d. 1975) Charles Rigoulot, French Olympic champion weightlifter; in Le Vésinet, Yvelines, France (d. 1962) Shizue Tatsuta (born Shizue Shiono), Japanese silent film actress; in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan (d. 1962) Died: Jean-Baptiste Brondel, Belgian-born Catholic prelate (b. 1842) Benjamin T. Frederick, member of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa (b. 1834) Wednesday, November 4, 1903 American showman and kite expert Samuel Franklin Cody made a second failed attempt to cross the English Channel from Dover to Calais in a collapsible boat pulled by a kite, having tried before on October 10. Agram Grigorian and Sigran Szmician, delegates to the Armenian convention in London, England, were shot from behind and killed near the Armenian headquarters at Peckham Rye. The assassin shot at a third delegate, Reuben Glaberiain, but missed; seeing that he would be unable to escape, he shot himself to death. The murderer was believed to be the same person who had assassinated Sagatel Sagouni, president of the Armenian Revolutionary Society, in Nunhead, London, on October 26. An explosion at the United States Navy ammunition depot on Iona Island, New York, killed six workers and blew out windows in Peekskill. Nadir of American race relations: American boxer James J. Jeffries declined an offer to fight boxer Sam McVey for a $20,000 purse, saying, "I have made up my mind never to fight a negro again as long as there are white men in the field." All but three buildings in the business district of Granite Falls, North Carolina, were destroyed by a fire that started in the Field and Smith Warehouse. The townspeople fought the fire with buckets of water. One passenger was killed and 51 injured, some seriously, in a cable car collision in Kansas City, Missouri. Born: Boris Arbuzov, Russian and Soviet chemist and politician (d. 1991) Robert Emerson, American scientist; in New York City, New York (d. 1959 in crash of American Airlines Flight 320) Watchman Nee (born Nee Shu-tsu [Chinese name]/Henry Nee [English name]), Chinese Christian preacher, church leader; in Shantou, Guangdong, Manchu China (d. 1972 in prison) Henry Milton Taylor, third Governor-General of the Bahamas (d. 1994) Died: Heinrich Brück, German Catholic church historian and bishop (b. 1831) Thursday, November 5, 1903 In Dourdan, France, Arthur Duray set a new automobile land speed record of in a Gobron-Brillié automobile, surpassing his own previous record set on July 17. Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the Wright brothers tested the engine of the Wright Flyer. The test damaged the engine's propeller shafts, which the Wrights sent back to Dayton, Ohio to be repaired by Charlie Dayton, their machinist. Hanover College football player Frank Shanklin died at an Indianapolis hospital of injuries he sustained five weeks earlier during a practice game at Hanover Field. Born: H. Warner Munn, American fantasy and horror fiction writer and poet; in Athol, Massachusetts (d. 1981) Guillermo Saavedra, Chilean Olympic and professional footballer; in Rancagua, Chile (d. 1957) Friday, November 6, 1903 The English-language South China Morning Post newspaper was first published in Hong Kong. Separation of Panama from Colombia: U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt extended de facto recognition to the new government of Panama. In Franklin, Pennsylvania, local athlete and football player Willis M. Kingsley was declared the winner of a three-round fight with Clarence C. Doolittle. Kingsley subsequently died due to a ruptured blood vessel. Authorities arrested Doolittle for murder the following day on the theory that Doolittle had punched Kingsley behind the ear after shaking his hand at the end of the fight, causing his death. Eight miners, including Superintendent R. B. Turner, died in a fire at the Kearsarge mine near Virginia City, Montana. Born: Hidemi Kon, Japanese literary critic and essayist; in Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan (d. 1984) Seymour Lipton, American abstract expressionist sculptor; in New York City, New York (d. 1986) June Marlowe (born Gisela Valaria Goetten), American film actress; in St. Cloud, Minnesota (d. 1984) Carl Rakosi, German-born American poet; in Berlin, Germany (d. 2004) Died: Giovanni de Ciotta, Hungarian politician (b. 1824) Saturday, November 7, 1903 Samuel Franklin Cody successfully crossed the English Channel in his kite-boat, this time sailing from Calais to Dover. Sir James Ritchie took office as Lord Mayor of London. American wrestler Tom Jenkins, the wrestling champion of the world, retained his title in a match with Tom Sharkey at Carnival Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. A major fire at Shaw's Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, caused $1000 in damage to buildings and $2,500 in damage to plants, with a great loss of species and varieties. The Grange Store and Opera House in Olathe, Kansas was destroyed by a fire that broke out while 700 people were watching a play in the auditorium. No civilians were seriously injured, but several firefighters were badly burned. At the county stock fair in Pomeroy, Washington, Tom Andress, assistant to aeronaut Roy Williams, fell from Williams' balloon after becoming tangled in its ropes as it took off. Andress broke both arms at the wrist. In Sacramento, California, American baseball player George Hildebrand and his wife were rushed to the hospital after being rendered unconscious by a bathroom heater that failed to ignite and filled the room with gas. Born: Ary Barroso, Brazilian composer and pianist; in Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil (d. 1964) Robert Cottrell-Hill (born Robert Charles Hill), British Army general; in Khadki, Maharashtra, British India (d. 1965) Dean Jagger, American actor; in Columbus Grove or Lima, Ohio (d. 1991) Konrad Lorenz, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (d. 1989) Died: William Lukens Elkins, American businessman and art collector, blood poisoning (b. 1832) Frank Russell, American anthropologist and ethnologist, tuberculosis (b. 1868) Silvanus Trevail, British architect, suicide by firearm (b. 1851) Sunday, November 8, 1903 At about 2 a.m. in Brinkley, Arkansas, a mob of 10 or 15 people lynched Z. C. Cadle, a white man, who had killed Policeman J. C. Cox with a bladed weapon. Born: Luigi Allemandi, Italian footballer and manager; in San Damiano Macra, Italy (d. 1978) Anton Fredrik Klaveness, Norwegian shipowner and Olympic equestrian; in Sandefjord, Norway (d. 1981) Alfred Thambiayah, Ceylon Tamil businessman and politician; in Karampon, Kayts, Velanai Island, British Ceylon (date of death unknown) Died: Vasily Dokuchaev, Russian geologist and geographer (b. 1846) Monday, November 9, 1903 Pietro Rosano, who had taken office as the new Italian Minister of Finance on November 3, took his own life at his home in Naples as a result of family problems and a campaign against him by socialist newspapers. Republican Representative Joseph Gurney Cannon of Illinois was sworn in as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. While walking his beat, Police Officer Isaac Johnston of the Donora, Pennsylvania Borough Police Department was shot from ambush by a member of a large group of people standing on the side of the road. Johnston would die of his wound the following day. At about 7:45 p.m. in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, William Thomas Smale was shot and killed through his farmhouse's dining room window by an assailant outside the house while Smale's wife and children were seated around the dining room table. The telephone lines to the house had been cut. Despite a great deal of sensational newspaper speculation, the murder would never be solved. Born: Jacques Dumesnil (born Marie Émile Eugène André Joly), French film and television actor; in Paris, France (d. 1998) Léon-Étienne Duval, French Catholic prelate and cardinal; in Chênex, Haute-Savoie, France (d. 1996) Margaret Fay Shaw, American photographer and folklorist; in Glenshaw, Pennsylvania (d. 2004) Died: Alfred Edward Rodewald, English merchant and musician, complications of influenza (b. 1862) Pietro Rosano, Italian Minister of Finance, suicide by firearm (b. 1846) Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton, , British philanthropist and public servant (b. 1838) Tuesday, November 10, 1903 Harvard University dedicated its Germanic Museum, which would later become the Busch–Reisinger Museum. Harvard Professor William James spoke at the dedication ceremony of the museum, which was initially housed in Rogers Hall. Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe, a Scottish peer, married American heiress Mary Goelet at Saint Thomas Church in New York City, in a ceremony performed by William Croswell Doane, the Episcopal Bishop of Albany. A predominantly female crowd of 10,000 lined the streets of New York to see Goelet on her way to the wedding. Prior to the ceremony, police were required to eject prominent women who had seated themselves in the church galleries. Well-dressed women crawled into a coal hole under the church to listen to the ceremony, and also had to be removed by the police. The resignation of political cartoonist Homer Davenport from the New York Journal and New York American was announced. John J. Connelly of the Louisville Division of Fire in Kentucky died in the line of duty. The passenger steamer Atlantic was destroyed by fire in Georgian Bay, Ontario. The crew and passengers were able to escape by boat to Parry Sound. Born: Rudolf Batz, German SS functionary; in Langensalza, Thuringia, Germany (d. 1961, suicide) Giuseppe Galluzzi, Italian footballer and manager; in Florence, Italy (d. 1973) Lars Theodor Jonsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier; in Frostviken, Strömsund Municipality, Sweden (d. 1998) Leandro Verì, Italian carabiniere; in San Vito Chietino, Province of Chieti, Italy (d. 1938, shot in line of duty) Died: Lester A. Beardslee, United States Navy rear admiral, apoplexy (b. 1836) Wednesday, November 11, 1903 Pope Pius X bestowed the galero on two new cardinals: Rafael Merry del Val, the Cardinal Secretary of State, and Giuseppe Callegari, the Bishop of Padua. American politician William Jennings Bryan departed New York on the RMS Majestic for a European tour. When speaking to reporters before his departure, he refused to comment on the Panama situation. Nadir of American race relations: Edward Green, an African-American man, was nearly lynched in Bronxville, New York after being accused of attempted robbery and assault on a white woman. Green would be acquitted of the crime a few days later after his alibi was confirmed. Born: Thomas Allibone, English physicist; in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England (d. 2003) Blessed Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina, Spanish teacher and religious woman; in Seville, Kingdom of Spain (d. 1936, shot) Vittorio Moccagatta, Italian World War II naval officer; in Bologna, Italy (d. 1941, killed in action) Hermanni Pihlajamäki, Finnish policeman and Olympic champion freestyle wrestler; in Nurmo, Finland (d. 1982) Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born American writer; in Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (probable date) (d. 1991) Died: Lavilla Esther Allen (born Lavilla Esther Ostrander), American author (b. 1834) William H. Hughes, American businessman and politician, suicide by hanging (b. 1864) Thursday, November 12, 1903 The Lebaudy Frères made a controlled dirigible flight of from Moisson to Paris, France. Born: Jack Oakie (born Lewis Delaney Offield), American actor; in Sedalia, Missouri (d. 1978) Died: William Doran, former Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario (b. 1834) Alfred Doten, American journalist and diarist (b. 1829) Friday, November 13, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia: De jure recognition by the United States of the independence of Panama. Born: Thomas Head Raddall, Canadian historical novelist; in Hythe, Kent, England (d. 1994) Paul Sheriff, Russian-born British film art director; in Moscow, Russian Empire (d. 1960) Virginia Tonelli, Italian World War II partisan; in Castelnovo del Friuli, Italy (d. 1944, execution by burning) Luigi Viviani, Italian engineer and soldier; in Crema, Lombardy, Italy (d. 1943, execution by firing squad) Died: Andrew Haswell Green, American lawyer, city planner and civic leader, murdered (b. 1820) Camille Pissarro, French painter (b. 1830) Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen (born Georg Zakarias Forsman), Finnish historian and politician (b. 1830) Saturday, November 14, 1903 Moro Rebellion: At 1 a.m., Moros attacked and killed four soldiers of the United States Army 28th Infantry Regiment who were guarding a boat near Marahui by Lake Lanao in the Philippines. Camp Keithley, a U.S. Army installation in the Philippines, would subsequently be named after one of the fallen soldiers, Guy Furnando Keithley. After a fierce altercation over the war budget on November 10, French politicians Henri Maurice Berteaux and Georges Berthoulat fought a pistol duel in the Paris suburbs, exchanging two shots without result and remaining unreconciled. Harvard Stadium opened in Allston, Boston, Massachusetts, with a college football game pitting Harvard against Dartmouth. Harvard lost the game by a score of 11–0. Riots caused by a strike by unionized carmen completely disrupted streetcar service in Chicago and resulted in multiple injuries. Forty people were killed and 23 injured in a rear-end collision on the Illinois Central Railroad in Kentwood, Louisiana. Many of the victims were African-American gandy dancers. Self-described anarchist John Otto, believed to be planning to kill Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody, was arrested at the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. By a vote of 88 to 77, the community of Hollywood, California, chose to be incorporated as a municipality. Born: Georg Gehring, German Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler; in Frankenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (d. 1943, killed in action in World War II) Died: John Andrew Davidson, Manitoba politician (b. 1852) Sunday, November 15, 1903 General The Viscount Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief, India, broke both bones in his left leg in a horse-riding accident in Simla, British India. The bones were not set properly, and Kitchener would limp slightly for the rest of his life. The opera Tiefland, composed by Eugen d'Albert, received its world premiere at the Neues Deutsches Theater in Prague. Born: Stewie Dempster (born Charles Stewart Dempster), New Zealand Test cricketer and coach; in Wellington, New Zealand (d. 1974) Kiyoshi Jinzai, Japanese novelist, translator and literary critic; in Tokyo, Japan (d. 1957, oral cancer) Tilly Losch, Austrian dancer, choreographer, actress and painter; in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (d. 1975) Lucien Rebatet, French author and journalist; in Moras-en-Valloire, Drôme, France (d. 1972) Died: Charles Joseph Marie, 6th Duke d'Ursel, Belgian politician, President of the Senate (b. 1848) Monday, November 16, 1903 A fire destroyed an electric railway car barn and 72 streetcars in Cleveland, Ohio. Two Cleveland firefighters were killed when a wall collapsed on them. Born: Thorold Dickinson, British film director and screenwriter; in Bristol, England (d. 1984) Väinö Liikkanen, Finnish forester and Olympic cross-country skier; in Pihlaja, Virolahti, Finland (d. 1957) Lu Kanru, scholar of classical Chinese literature; in Haimen, Jiangsu, Qing (d. 1978) Barbara McLean, American film editor; in Palisades Park, New Jersey (d. 1996) Casimir Oberfeld, Polish-born French composer; in Łowicz, Vistula Land, Russian Empire (d. 1945 in Auschwitz concentration camp) Melchior Wezel, Swiss Olympic champion gymnast (date of death unknown) Died: Shirley Waldemar Baker, English Methodist missionary, second Prime Minister of Tonga (b. 1836) Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, typhoid fever (b. 1895) Camillo Sitte, Austrian architect, painter and urban theorist (b. 1843) Tuesday, November 17, 1903 The opera Mademoiselle Fifi, composed by César Cui, received its world premiere at the Hermitage Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party split into two groups: the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and the Mensheviks (Russian for "minority"). The Sacred Congregation of Rites met to discuss the cause of Joan of Arc's canonization at the behest of Pope Pius X. In Petrópolis, Brazil, representatives of Bolivia and Brazil signed the Treaty of Petrópolis, resolving a dispute over the territory of Acre. Born: Wim Anderiesen (born Willem Gerardus Anderiesen), Dutch footballer; in Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1944, pneumonia) Teddy Bowen (born Samuel Edward Bowen), English footballer; in Hednesford, England (d. 1981) Nico Diederichs, third State President of South Africa; in Ladybrand, Ladybrand District, Orange River Colony (d. 1978) Lucien Michard, French Olympic champion and professional racing cyclist; in Epinay-sur-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, France (d. 1985) Wednesday, November 18, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia: In Washington, D.C., U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, representing the United States, and French engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla, representing Panama, signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone. Chief of Police William H. Ginter of the Blairsville, Pennsylvania Borough Police Department contracted smallpox in the line of duty while fumigating a house. He would die of the disease on December 14. At 9:30 p.m. in Denver, Colorado, Rev. Mariano Felice Lepore, the pastor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church, and Giuseppe Sorice fatally shot each other in a duel over a card game. Lepore's estate was worth $20,000, part of which would be claimed in 1907 by his wife and son. Born: Roland Anderson, American film art director; in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1989) Raul Jorge, Portuguese footballer (date of death unknown) Died: Samuel F. Phillips, American civil rights lawyer and politician, Solicitor General of the United States (b. 1824) Thursday, November 19, 1903 William Howell Clendenen, the operator on duty at Brown's Tower, a railroad telegraph tower in Wayne Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania, sent a telegraph message reading, "I am shot and dying. Please send help." Rescuers found Clendenen dead; he had been both shot and bludgeoned with a spike maul. The murder would never be officially solved, although the murderer reportedly would die a few years later. In Washington, D.C., temperance activist Carrie Nation attempted to meet with President Roosevelt at the White House and to speak to the United States Senate, but was not allowed to do either. Deputy Sheriff Henry O. Richarde of the Bradford County, Florida Sheriff's Office was shot and killed by three brothers with a grudge against him after leaving their home, where Richarde and an attorney had discussed a legal case with them. Acting Night Marshal Jeff Jones of the Starke, Florida Police Department was shot twice while investigating a disturbance at a saloon. He would die the following day. No suspect was ever charged. 66-year-old Chief of Police Thadeaus Benton Gillis of the Summit, Mississippi Police Department, a Confederate Civil War veteran and former prisoner of war, was shot and killed by one of two intoxicated men he was chastising for using profanity. 31 railroad workers were killed and at least 15 injured in a rear-end collision between a freight train and work train on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway between Mackinaw and Tremont, Illinois. Officer John W. Mahelona of the Honolulu Police Department in Hawaii was shot and killed by a one-armed chicken thief. Born: Nancy Carroll, American actress; in New York City, New York (d. 1965) Asaf Messerer, Soviet ballet dancer and teacher; in Vilnius, Lithuania (d. 1992) Fritz Schmidt, German Commissioner-General for Political Affairs and Propaganda in the occupied Netherlands during World War II; in Eisbergen, Westphalia (d. 1943, fall from train) Died: Julian Rix, American landscape artist, after operation (b. 1851) Hugh Stowell Scott (a.k.a. Henry Seton Merriman), English novelist, appendicitis (b. 1862) Friday, November 20, 1903 Moro Rebellion: American troops commanded by Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood attacked and captured a Moro position in the mountains on the island of Jolo. At least 75 Moros were killed. American soldier Martin Brennan of Troop A, 14th Cavalry Regiment, was killed; two other Americans were wounded. Edward J. Connelly of the Louisville Division of Fire in Kentucky died in the line of duty. Born: Hugo Barth, German administrative officer and Olympic decathlete; in Rodt, Loßburg, Baden-Württemberg, German Empire (d. 1976) Anton Bilek, Austrian footballer and manager (d. 1991) Alexandra Danilova, Russian-born American prima ballerina; in Petergof, Russian Empire (d. 1997) Leo Menardi, Italian screenwriter, producer and film director; in Turin, Piedmont, Italy (d. 1954) Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani historian and educator; in Patyali, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India (d. 1981) Allen Rivkin, American screenwriter; in Wisconsin (d. 1990, kidney failure) Died: Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat, French aristocrat and race car driver (b. 1866) Francis M. Drake, American Union Army general and politician, 16th Governor of Iowa (b. 1830) Tom Horn, American scout, cowboy and soldier, execution by hanging (b. 1860) Wilbur N. Taylor, United States Army soldier, Medal of Honor recipient, aneurysm (b. 1846) Saturday, November 21, 1903 The Harvard Crimson football team lost their second game in their new stadium, the annual Harvard–Yale game, by a score of 16–0. 19-year-old Eleanor Roosevelt visited her cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Harvard College student, for the game. In Tuscola, Illinois, workmen digging behind the opera house discovered the engagement ring of Mrs. Joseph Gurney Cannon, the wife of the new Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, which she had lost 31 years earlier. Mrs. Cannon had accidentally dropped the ring into a wastebasket in her husband's office in Tuscola. 35 Italian laborers were killed in a shanty fire on the Pennsylvania Railroad in Lilly, Pennsylvania. Some of those who died had escaped the building but went back inside to retrieve their life savings. Born: Étienne Lamotte, Belgian Catholic priest and Indologist; in Dinant, Belgium (d. 1983) Mikhail Loginov, Soviet weapon designer; in Ivanishinskiye Gorky, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire (d. 1940, tuberculosis) Died: Julian Marshall, English music and print collector (b. 1836) Pietro Saccardo, Italian architect (b. 1830) Willard G. Smith, Mormon pioneer, member of the Utah Territorial legislature (b. 1827) Sunday, November 22, 1903 Pope Pius X issued the motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini, ending the use of castrati as singers in the Sistine Chapel. Franklin Roosevelt visited Eleanor in Groton, Massachusetts, where she was staying with her brother Hall, and they became engaged. 65-year-old Constable William A. Russell, Jr. of the Madison, Alabama Police Department, a Confederate States Army veteran of the Civil War, was struck on the head with an axe and killed by a woman on whom he was attempting to serve court papers for failing to pay for furniture. Winfield Kimbrough, the town marshal of Wilton, Arkansas, was mortally wounded in a gunfight with Chatham, a railroad man. Kimbrough would die of his wounds the following day. Patrolman John Quinn of the Chicago Police Department in Illinois was shot and killed by a member of a robbery and murder gang who was resisting arrest. After being arrested, Quinn's killer informed on his fellow gang members. Born: Ernest Neuhard, French racing cyclist; in Troyes, Aube, France (d. 1980) David Rees-Williams, British Royal Artillery officer and politician; in Bridgend, Wales (d. 1976) Died: George H. Steuart, Confederate States Army brigadier general, stomach complications (b. 1828) Monday, November 23, 1903 Italian operatic tenor Enrico Caruso made his United States debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in a performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi. The Iroquois Theatre opened at 24–28 West Randolph Street in Chicago, Illinois. It would be the site of a devastating fire on December 30 in which 602 people were killed. Colorado Labor Wars: Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody sent the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike. Born: Kea Bouman (born Cornelia Bouman), Dutch Olympic tennis player; in Almelo, Netherlands (d. 1998) Raffaele D'Aquino, Italian footballer; in Trani, Apulia, Italy (date of death unknown) Juan Jover, Spanish racing driver; in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (d. 1960 in road accident) Joe Nibloe, Scottish footballer; in Corkerhill, Glasgow, Scotland (d. 1976) Tuesday, November 24, 1903 Sir George Sydenham Clarke retired as Governor of Victoria. Ernest Roume, Governor General of French West Africa, issued a decree establishing a free, non-compulsory federal school system for the indigenous peoples of the region. At the Bank of England in the City of London, a mentally ill man fired four shots from a revolver at Kenneth Grahame, the secretary of the Bank of England, better known as the author of The Golden Age and "The Reluctant Dragon". Grahame was unhurt. He would publish his best-known work, The Wind in the Willows, in 1908. Nadir of American race relations: In Savannah, Georgia, Edward J. McRee, a member of the Georgia General Assembly, and his brother William McRee pled guilty in United States court to 13 indictments on charges of violating the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, holding African Americans in bondage. The McRees were sentenced to pay a $1000 fine in two of the cases and received suspended sentences for the others. Five other men, including a former sheriff, a prominent attorney, farmers and manufacturers, were also indicted on charges related to the continued existence of African American slavery in the state of Georgia. Born: Milton Steinberg, American rabbi, philosopher and theologian; in Rochester, New York (d. 1950) Consuelo Vanderbilt Earl (born Consuelo Vanderbilt), socialite and dog breeder, daughter of William Kissam Vanderbilt II; in New York City (d. 2011) Died: Johann Baptist von Anzer, Bavarian Catholic bishop of the German Mission to China (b. 1851) Angelo Maffucci, Italian pathologist (b. 1847) Sir John Blundell Maple, 1st Baronet, English businessman (b. 1845) Joseph Stallaert, Belgian painter (b. 1825) Jonathan S. Willis, American minister and farmer, United States Representative from Delaware (b. 1830) Wednesday, November 25, 1903 In Florence, Italy, Count Riccardo Fabbricotti married Cornelia Roosevelt Scovel, a first cousin once removed of U.S. President Roosevelt, in a dual Catholic/Protestant ceremony. The couple had been married in a civil ceremony the previous day. Born: J. N. Findlay, South African philosopher; in Pretoria, Transvaal Colony (d. 1987) DeHart Hubbard, American Olympic champion track and field athlete; in Cincinnati, Ohio (d. 1976) Issa Pliyev, Soviet military commander; in Stariy Batakoyurt, Russian Empire (d. 1979) Died: Sabino Arana, Spanish Basque writer and nationalist, Addison's disease (b. 1865) Harriet Hubbard Ayer (born Harriet Hubbard), American socialite, cosmetics entrepreneur and journalist, pneumonia and nephritis (b. 1849) Thursday, November 26, 1903 During a Thanksgiving morning football game between Winthrop High and the Winthrop Athletics at Ingleside Park in Winthrop, Massachusetts, James Collins, a soldier from Fort Banks who was playing halfback for the Athletics, was rendered unconscious after being tackled. He would die of his injuries on November 30 at Massachusetts General Hospital. 56-year-old Town Marshal James Joshua Payne of the Fairmount, Indiana Police Department, a Union Army 140th Indiana Infantry Regiment veteran of the Civil War, was shot and killed by a burglary suspect he had arrested and was escorting to jail. Payne's Army comrades would successfully advocate for his killer to be denied parole on multiple occasions; the man would die in prison in August 1941. While fighting a Thanksgiving Day fire at the Allen Brothers Warehouse in Omaha, Nebraska, four Omaha firefighters were fatally injured when the warehouse collapsed. Born: Aubry Campbell Ingram, founder of the Asociación de Scouts de Nicaragua; in Bluefields, Nicaragua (d. 2000) Alice Herz-Sommer (born Alice Herz), Czech-British supercentenarian, pianist and teacher; in Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (d. 2014) Hans-Georg Jörger, German Olympic fencer (date of death unknown) Friday, November 27, 1903 The opera Le donne curiose, composed by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, received its world premiere in Munich in German translation (as Der Neugierigen Frauen). The information provided by the man who shot and killed Patrolman John Quinn on November 22 enabled officers to locate the other gang members near Miller station in Lake County, Indiana. Patrolman Joseph D. Driscoll of the Chicago Police Department and another officer were seriously wounded in the ensuing gun battle. Driscoll would die of his injuries on December 1. Harvey Chase of Kirkwood, Missouri died from injuries sustained in a high school football game several weeks earlier. Police Officer James Hume Smith, Jr. of the Oakland Police Department in California was shot and killed while attempting to arrest two men for suspicious activity. The mortally wounded Smith shot and killed one of the suspects. Born: Hans Hinrich, German film director and actor; in Berlin, Germany (d. 1974) Johnny "Blood" McNally, National Football League halfback; in New Richmond, Wisconsin (d. 1985) Julien Moineau, French road bicycle racer; in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France (d. 1980) Lars Onsager, Norwegian chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; in Kristiania, Norway (d. 1976) Mona Washbourne, English actress; in Sparkhill, Birmingham, England (d. 1988) Saturday, November 28, 1903 In North Carolina, the Wright brothers conducted another test of the Wright Flyers engine. A propeller shaft cracked again, causing Orville Wright to return to Dayton to make new steel propeller shafts. was wrecked on a reef outside Melbourne, Australia, causing one of the world's first major oil spills. Born: Tudor Ciortea, Romanian composer and musicologist; in Brașov, Romania (d. 1982) Willy Gervin, Danish Olympic cyclist; in Copenhagen, Denmark (d. 1951) J. Howard McGrath, United States Senator from Rhode Island and Attorney General of the United States; in Woonsocket, Rhode Island (d. 1966, heart attack) Gladys O'Connor, British-born Canadian businesswoman and character actress; in London, England (d. 2012) Stanisław Prauss, Polish painter and aircraft constructor; in Warsaw, Warsaw Governorate, Congress Poland (d. 1997) Died: Jules Levy, British-American cornetist, teacher and composer, stroke (b. 1838) Sunday, November 29, 1903 Born: E. Harold Munn, American temperance movement leader and presidential candidate; in Bay Village, Ohio (d. 1992) Dumitru Stăniloae, Romanian Eastern Orthodox priest and theologian; in Vlădeni, Dumbrăvița, Romania (d. 1993) Monday, November 30, 1903 The original Brooklyn Academy of Music building, on Montague Street in Brooklyn Heights, was destroyed by fire. One person was killed. Nadir of American race relations: Three African-American men – Phil Davis, Walter Carter and Clint Thomas – were lynched near Belcher, Louisiana for the shooting death of businessman Robert Adger. Born:' Claude Arrieu (pseudonym for Louise-Marie Simon), French composer; in Paris, France (d. 1990) Madame Grès (born Germaine Émilie Krebs), French couturier and costume designer; in Paris, France (d. 1993) References 1903 November 1903 events 1903-11 1903-11

65653548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Marcellis%20Stinnette

Killing of Marcellis Stinnette

Marcellis Stinnette, a 19-year-old Black man, was fatally shot by a Hispanic police officer in Waukegan, Illinois, United States shortly before midnight on October 20, 2020. He was the passenger in a vehicle that was stopped by police, who were attempting to arrest him on an outstanding warrant. According to police, the officer opened fire when the vehicle moved in reverse towards the officer. The driver, Tafarra Willams, was also wounded but survived. The officer has been fired, and another officer has been placed on administrative leave. Body camera, dashboard camera, and surveillance video of the incident has been publicly released, and the Illinois State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation have opened investigations. Demonstrations were held in Waukegan in the ensuing days. Initial stop On the evening of Tuesday, October 20, 2020, 19-year-old Stinnette and his 20-year-old girlfriend Williams, who had a child together, were in their parked car outside Williams's mother's house in Waukegan, Illinois, a suburb of about 86,000 people north of Chicago. According to police, a suspicious vehicle was reported shortly before midnight, and when a Waukegan police officer approached the car to investigate, it unexpectedly fled. In an October 27 statement to reporters from her hospital room, Williams disputed the official police account. According to Williams, while she and Stinnette were sitting in their parked car, an officer pulled up without activating his car's lights or siren. Williams said she opened the window and turned on her car's interior lights. The officer referred to Stinnette by name, saying "I know you from jail", and referred to Williams as Stinnette's "baby mother". According to Williams, when Williams asked the officer if they were free to leave, the officer stepped back from the car, and Williams drove away slowly; the officer did not activate his car's lights or follow Williams. Body camera footage of the initial stop by the White police officer released on October 28 shows the officer telling Stinnette that he is under arrest three times, the second time stating that Stinnette had an outstanding warrant for his arrest. The officer has his hand on the car and tells Stinnette to exit the vehicle, when the car "speeds off". It is unclear from the footage whether the car made contact with the officer. The officer does not immediately pursue Williams, instead he calls for backup, identifying Williams and Stinnette by name. Second stop A short time later, a different police officer, who was Hispanic, stopped the car about a half-mile away. According to police, when the officer approached the car, it reversed towards the officer, and the officer opened fire into the car with his semiautomatic pistol. In her October 27 statement, Williams disputed the police's account, telling the press, "There was a crash, and I lost control. The officer was shooting at us. The car ended up slamming into a building." According to Williams, she told the officer she was unarmed, but the officer "kept shooting" and told her to get out of the car. Shot and bleeding, she exited the car. According to Williams, the police covered Stinnette with a blanket while he was still breathing. According to NBC News, dashboard camera footage from the officer's vehicle released on October 28 shows Williams's car, with an officer in pursuit, turning in front of the second officer's car, before stopping on a grass embankment about twenty seconds later. According to CNN, Williams passed another police car, failed to stop at a stop sign, drove onto the opposite shoulder, and hit a telephone pole guy wire. The second officer pulled up next to Williams's car. It is unclear whether the officer exited his vehicle before yelling "get out of the fucking", at which point Williams's car begins to reverse. The car cannot be seen in the dash camera footage at this point, but the audio can be heard of an engine roaring and six or seven gunshots, followed by tires squealing and a crash. Two surveillance videos released on October 28 show Williams's car reversing and crashing into a building, but do not show the officer in the frame. The officer's body camera was not activated at the time of the shooting, and no video released on October 28 shows the shots being fired. Both Stinnette and Williams were taken to the local hospital. Stinnette died shortly thereafter. Williams survived wounds to her stomach and hand. Police said no weapons were found in the car. Investigation The Hispanic officer, who had been with the department for five years, was fired on October 23 for "multiple policy and procedure violations", including failing to activate his body camera, according to the police chief. The White officer, who also had been with the department for five years, was placed on administrative leave. Neither officer had been identified as of October 28. The Illinois State Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation are investigating the shooting. Lake County State's Attorney Michael Nerheim pledged to release the investigative file to the public if his office decides not to file criminal charges. Williams is represented by civil rights attorneys Ben Crump and Antonio Romanucci, who also represented the families of George Floyd and Daniel Prude. The attorneys said the officer's firing was "a first step in police accountability" but that they would press ahead with their own investigation. Protests A rally was held on October 22; demonstrators demanded release of the video footage and federal investigations. The mayor of Waukegan, Sam Cunningham, who is African-American and close friends with the family of the victim, asked for calm. Members of the family of Jacob Blake, who was shot by police in Kenosha, Wisconsin, north of Waukegan, attended the demonstration. The shooting occurred just days after third-degree murder charges for Derek Chauvin, the police officer who murdered George Floyd, were dismissed. Another protest had been planned for October 24. Clyde McLemore, head of the Lake County chapter of Black Lives Matter, was among those calling for a federal investigation and the release of police video of the shooting. He also said the protest and march were planned to demand a special prosecutor and the release of the name of the officer involved. He also called for the officer to be arrested and prosecuted to face murder and attempted murder charges. References 2020 controversies in the United States 2020 in Illinois 2020–2021 United States racial unrest African-American-related controversies Black Lives Matter African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Deaths by firearm in Illinois Deaths by person in the United States Deaths in police custody in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement controversies in the United States October 2020 events in the United States Waukegan, Illinois

65658053

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%201904

February 1904

The following events occurred in February 1904: February 1, 1904 (Monday) Frank Wedekind's play Pandora's Box, the second part of his "Lulu" cycle, received its world premiere in Nuremberg, Germany. Opera singer Lillian Nordica was granted an interlocutory decree of divorce from her husband, operatic tenor Zoltán Döhme. At the White House in Washington, D.C., U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt met for about 10 minutes with renowned American frontier lawman and sportswriter Bat Masterson while senators and representatives waited in an adjoining room. In a bout at the West End club in St. Louis, Missouri, American boxer Abe Attell defeated American Harry Forbes by knockout to win the world featherweight championship. City Marshal William J. Talbott of the La Crosse, Kansas Police Department, a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, was shot and killed while attempting to arrest a man for public drunkenness. Nevada duck hunters Frank Munroe and Luke Olds drowned in Mud Lake, about south of Carson, Nevada, when the ice on the lake gave way beneath them. Born: Tricky Sam Nanton (born Joseph Nanton Irish), American trombonist; in New York City (d. 1946, stroke) Pierre Naville, French Surrealist writer and sociologist; in Paris, France (d. 1993) S. J. Perelman, American humorist and author; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 1979) Joseph Asajiro Satowaki, Japanese Roman Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Nagasaki; in Shittsu, Kyushu, Japan (d. 1996, brain tumor) Died: Curtis Coe Bean, American businessman and politician, Congressional delegate from Arizona Territory (b. 1828) Mariano S. Otero, Congressional delegate from the Territory of New Mexico, apoplexy (b. 1844) Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk Thijm, Dutch academic and writer (b. 1827) February 2, 1904 (Tuesday) Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Ad diem illum, commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Pope Pius IX's definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. In Council Bluffs, Iowa, the home of the Christiensen family was destroyed by fire at 2 a.m., killing five children 11 years old and younger and critically burning their mother. Nadir of American race relations: The Kentucky House of Representatives indefinitely postponed consideration of a bill to disenfranchise African American voters, effectively killing the measure. A major fire in the wholesale district of Knoxville, Tennessee, killed fire captain William A. Maxey and John J. Dunn, a former fireman who was helping fight the blaze. The walls of a neighboring building collapsed and fell through the roof of the building where Maxey and Dunn were. Born: Bozorg Alavi (born Seyyed Mojtaba Alavi), Iranian writer, novelist and intellectual; in Tehran, Iran (d. 1997) Peter Blos, German American psychoanalyst; in Karlsruhe, Germany (d. 1997) Sonora Webster Carver (born Sonora Webster), American horse diver; in Waycross, Georgia (d. 2003) Valery Chkalov, Soviet test pilot; in Vasilyevo, Russian Empire (d. 1938, plane crash) Alexander Decker, Austrian Olympic boxer (date of death unknown) Helen Rose, American costume designer; in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1985) Andreina Sacco, Italian athletics competitor; in Turin, Italy (d. 1988) Died: Sir Edward Braddon , Cornish-born Australian politician, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1829) Ernest Cashel, American-Canadian criminal, execution by hanging (b. circa 1882) Frederick Mills, English rugby union player (b. 1849) William Collins Whitney, American politician, United States Secretary of the Navy, sepsis while under anesthesia prior to appendicitis operation (b. 1841) W. W. Woolnough, American newspaperman, abolitionist and politician (b. 1822) February 3, 1904 (Wednesday) Louisiana Purchase Exposition: In Vienna, Austria, the secessionist artists decided not to exhibit at the upcoming world's fair in St. Louis, Missouri. An intercolonial express train on its way from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Montreal and Boston derailed near Hunter's Crossing, west of Halifax, and fell into the Shuberdarie River, killing two people and seriously injuring 27. In Lexington, Kentucky, Nora Veal shot herself to death after viewing the body of her fiancé, Ellis Kinkeaid, who had taken his own life on February 1 because Veal had gone to the theater with another man. Nadir of American race relations: At a plantation in Doddsville, Mississippi, belonging to white planter James Eastland, Luther Holbert, an African American, allegedly shot and killed John Carr, also African American, and mortally wounded Eastland. Eastland, returning fire, shot and killed John Winters, an African American. When a posse arrived at the plantation another African American was shot and killed. Posses began searching for Holbert and his wife. Born: Luigi Dallapiccola, Italian composer; in Pisino d'Istria, Austria-Hungary (d. 1975, pulmonary edema) Pretty Boy Floyd (born Charles Arthur Floyd), American gangster; in Adairsville, Georgia (d. 1934, shot by law enforcement) Aleksandr Kharkevich, Soviet academician, acoustician and cyberneticist; in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (d. 1965) Mireille Perrey, French actress; in Bordeaux, Gironde, France (d. 1991) Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield, British diplomat, Ambassador to the United States of America (d. 1996) Died: Marie Firmin Bocourt, French zoologist and artist (b. 1819) Robert Ellin, English-born American stone and wood sculptor, heart failure (b. 1837) William McCleave, Irish-born Union Army officer (b. 1825) John James McDannold, U.S. Representative from Illinois (b. 1851) Benjamin Pickard, British coal miner, trade unionist and politician, heart disease (b. 1842) Newton Talbot, American publisher, politician and college administrator (b. 1815) Robert Young, Canadian businessman and politician, heart disease (b. 1834) February 4, 1904 (Thursday) The last American troops left Cuba, ending the U.S. occupation of the island. Tomás Estrada Palma, the President of Cuba, and Herbert G. Squiers, the U.S. Minister to Cuba, attended a ceremony at which the flag of the United States was lowered and the flag of Cuba was raised. Nadir of American race relations: A bill was introduced in the Maryland Senate to disenfranchise African American voters. Lake Village, Arkansas was almost completely destroyed by fire. Property losses were estimated at $250,000. The town hall of Stamford, Connecticut was destroyed by fire, with estimated losses of $180,000. Born: Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas, Jammu and Kashmir lawyer and politician; in Jammu (d. 1967, stomach cancer) Deng Yingchao, Chairwoman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, wife of Zhou Enlai; in Nanning, Guangxi, Qing Empire (d. 1992) MacKinlay Kantor (born Benjamin McKinlay Kantor), American writer and historian; in Webster City, Iowa (d. 1977) Predrag Milošević, Serbian composer and conductor; in Knjaževac, Kingdom of Serbia (d. 1988) Teo Otto, Swiss scenographer; in Remscheid, Germany (d. 1968) Georges Sadoul, French journalist and cinema writer; in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France (d. 1967) Zachari Zachariev (a.k.a. Volkan Goranov), Bulgarian military pilot and commander (Red Army and Bulgarian Air Force); in Basarbovo, Kingdom of Bulgaria (d. 1987) Died: William D. Bishop, American politician and railroad executive, member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut, chronic endocarditis (b. 1827) Walter Hill, Scottish Australian botanist, first curator of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens (b. 1819) February 5, 1904 (Friday) The National Republican Editorial association endorsed Theodore Roosevelt in the 1904 United States presidential election. Meeting with the association's delegates in Washington, D.C., Roosevelt said, "In the proper sense of the term, no man is more essentially a public servant than the editor—the man who in the public press not merely gives the news, but exercises so great a control over the thought of our country." Born: Walter Gross, German actor; in Eberswalde, Germany (d. 1989, heart failure) Frederick Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond, British peer, engineer and racing driver (d. 1989) Sammy Mandell (born Salvatore Mandala), American professional boxer; in Rockford, Illinois (may have been born February 2, 1904, in Piana dei Greci, Sicily, Italy) (d. 1967) Lawrence Wager, British geologist, explorer and mountaineer; in Batley, England (d. 1965, heart attack) Died: Thomas Wren, American lawyer, U.S. Representative from Nevada (b. 1826) February 6, 1904 (Saturday) Nadir of American race relations: Several hundred men tracking Luther Holbert and his wife for the killing of James Eastland trapped them in a swamp near Greenwood, Mississippi. A posse shot and killed two African Americans, one of whom was mistaken for Holbert, in Yazoo County, Mississippi, near Belzoni. In Salem, Virginia, Taylor Fields, an African American man who had allegedly spoken about a recent assault on a woman and child in an offensive way, was seized from his home by a mob and publicly whipped with a rope around his neck. An African American preacher and two other African Americans had been driven out of Roanoke, Virginia, due to their comments about the same assault case. In the gallery of the Princess Theater in Middlesboro, Kentucky, Policeman John Burns and a bystander, railroad switchman John Sharp, were shot and killed during a minstrel show by John White, an African American ex-convict whom Burns had threatened to arrest for vagrancy. The shooting nearly caused a human crush in the theater. White, who escaped, would be captured on February 10, and would be tried and acquitted on grounds of self-defense in January 1905. Born: Sam Leavitt, American cinematographer; in New York City (d. 1984) Raphael Tracey, American soccer player; in Gillespie, Illinois (d. 1975) Died: William Bramwell Powell, American educator and author (b. 1836) Utagawa Yoshiiku, Japanese artist (b. 1833) February 7, 1904 (Sunday) The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 31 hours. It would long be believed that no human deaths were caused directly by the fire, but in the early 21st century a historian would discover evidence that at least one man was killed. In Anderson County, Tennessee, mine guards Judd Reeder and James Colton shot and killed three men and wounded three others in a group of union members who approached them at the train station, where the guards had gone to escort non-union miners to the mine. Reeder and Colton were arrested after returning to the mine, but another guard, Cal Burton, shot and killed Deputy Sheriff Robert Harmon of the Anderson County Sheriff's Department while Harmon was trying to keep order. Nadir of American race relations: In Doddsville, Mississippi, Luther Holbert and his wife, both African American, were lynched for the February 3 killings of James Eastland and John Carr. Holbert and his wife were gruesomely tortured before being burned at the stake adjacent to an African American church and in front of a crowd of about 1000 people. The entire sequence of events had resulted in the deaths of eight people, all of whom except Eastland were African American. Born: Tom Bradshaw, Scottish footballer; in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland (d. 1986) Rocco D'Assunta, Italian actor and playwright; in Palermo, Italy (d. 1970) Ernest E. Debs, American politician, California State Assembly member; in Toledo, Ohio (d. 2002) Milton Krims, American screenwriter (d. 1988, pneumonia) Died: James Boorman Colgate, American financier (b. 1818) William Hart, English-born Tasmanian businessman and politician (b. 1825) Luther Holbert, American lynching victim (b. 1852) Joseph Powell Williams, English politician, Member of Parliament, stroke (b. 1840) Joshua Young, American Congregational Unitarian minister and abolitionist (b. 1823) February 8, 1904 (Monday) Battle of Port Arthur: A surprise attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on Port Arthur (Lüshun) in Manchuria began the Russo-Japanese War and severely disabled the Imperial Russian Navy. The steamer Tremont was destroyed by fire at its dock near Manhattan Bridge in New York City, killing one crewmember. The boat's cargo included two lions from a traveling show, who charged at firefighters aboard the ship but were repelled by water from the firemen's hoses. Born: Igor Boelza, Soviet music historian and composer; in Kielce, Poland (d. 1994) Karl, 8th Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, German nobleman and jurist; at Löwenstein Palace, Kleinheubach, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire (d. 1990) Hendrik Timmer, Dutch Olympic and professional tennis player; in Utrecht, Netherlands (d. 1998) Died: Alfred Ainger, British biographer (b. 1837) Amalia Ferraris, Italian ballet dancer (b. 1828 or 1832) Malvina Garrigues, Portuguese soprano (b. 1825) Henry W. Oliver, American industrialist and politician (b. 1840 February 9, 1904 (Tuesday) Russo-Japanese War: At the Battle of Chemulpo Bay on the northwest coast of Korea, the Russian protected cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Korietz made a futile attack on a besieging Japanese fleet. The Russians then scuttled the Varyag, the Korietz and the transport steamer Sungari. Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Nanjim Ota, the Japanese commissioner to the world's fair, received a cablegram from Kiyoura Keigo, Japan's Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, to the effect that the war would make no difference to the plans for the Japanese exhibit. Fifteen people were killed in a head-on collision between two Canadian Pacific Railway trains in Sand Point, Ontario. At about 1 p.m., 23-year-old schoolteacher Eva Belle Moak was shot and mortally wounded in the barn of her home on Butte Creek, near Chico, California. She would die at 12:02 p.m. the following day. the murder would remain unsolved. Born: Harold J. Arthur, American politician, Governor of Vermont; in Whitehall, New York (d. 1971, cancer) Karel Bossart, Belgian American astronautical engineer and rocket scientist; in Antwerp, Belgium (d. 1975) Kikuko Kawakami (born Shinoda Kikuko), Japanese author; in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan (d. 1985) Died: Mary Abbott, American author and Olympic golfer (b. 1857) Charles Frederick Williams, Scottish-Irish writer and war correspondent (b. 1838) Erastus Wiman, Canadian American journalist and businessman, paralysis (b. 1834) February 10, 1904 (Wednesday) Russo-Japanese War: The Emperor of Japan issued his country's formal declaration of war against Russia. Louisiana Purchase Exposition: The Russian commissioner general to the world's fair received a telegram announcing that, due to the war, the band of the Russian Imperial Guard would not be sent to the exposition. Prince Alexander of Teck married Princess Alice of Albany at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on what would have been the 64th wedding anniversary of Queen Victoria, the grandmother of the bride. Randall Davidson, the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated at the ceremony, and King Edward VII, the bride's uncle, gave her away. Roger Casement published the Casement Report, his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo Free State. At the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, an electric battery blew out during a performance of Lucia di Lammermoor, producing flame and smoke and causing some alarm in the dress circle. Ushers quickly reassured the audience that there was no danger. In Oswego, New York, a fire which started at about 4 p.m. in the chemical room of the Corn Products company's starch factory would not be brought under control until 2:30 a.m. on February 11. The fire destroyed one building and caused an estimated loss of $1,000,000. Two firefighters were seriously injured when they fell from a ladder; one of them, Truckman John Dougherty, fell and later died at the hospital. Deputy Sheriff Arthur A. Wight of the Cochise County, Arizona Sheriff's Department was shot and mortally wounded by a group of drunk miners whom he had arrested earlier in the evening. Wight died shortly afterwards at a hospital in Tombstone, Arizona. A posse arrested the miners. Born: Walter Boas, German-Australian metallurgist; in Berlin, Germany (d. 1982) Emil Bodnăraș, Romanian communist politician and army officer and Soviet agent; in Colomea (d. 1976) Onésime Boucheron (born Édouard Eugène Onésime Boucheron), French racing cyclist; in Meung-sur-Loire, France (d. 1996) Tito Colliander, Finnish Eastern Orthodox Christian writer; in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (d. 1989) Leland Cunningham, American astronomer; in Wiscasset, Maine (d. 1989) Otto Dannebom, German politician; in Rambsen, East Prussia (d. 1975) John Farrow, Australian film director; in Marrickville, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1963, coronary vascular disease) Henri Hébrant, Belgian Olympic boxer; in Liège, Belgium (date of death unknown) Died: Timothy E. Ellsworth, American lawyer and politician, president pro tempore of the New York State Senate (b. 1836) Nikolay Mikhaylovsky, Russian writer (b. 1842) Janet Colwell Murphy, wife of New Jersey Governor Franklin Murphy, apoplexy (b. 1842) Josiah Patterson, Confederate States Army officer, U.S. Representative from Tennessee (b. 1837) John A. Roche, American politician, Mayor of Chicago, uraemia of the heart (b. 1844) February 11, 1904 (Thursday) Russo-Japanese War: Major patriotic celebrations took place in Tokyo. The windows of the Russian legation, overlooking a square where thousands of people celebrated, were darkened. At Port Arthur, the Russian torpedo boat Yenisei struck one of her own naval mines and sank. The casualties included the Yeniseis commanding officer, Captain Stepanoff. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt issued a presidential proclamation declaring U.S. neutrality in the war. Louisiana Purchase Exposition: The management of the world's fair received notification of Korea's withdrawal from participation. Born: Keith Holyoake, 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand; in Mangamutu, New Zealand (d. 1983) Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., American diplomat; in New Orleans, Louisiana (d. 1987) Osvaldo Lira (born José Luis Osvaldo Lira Pérez), Chilean Roman Catholic priest and theologian; in Santiago, Chile (d. 1996) Roy MacNairy, English cricketer; in Barrow Island, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England (d. 1962) José do Patrocínio Oliveira, Brazilian musician and voice actor, original voice of the Disney character José Carioca; in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (d. 1987) Lucile Randon, French supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1904; in Alès, France Died: Henri-Raymond Casgrain, French Canadian Roman Catholic priest, author and historian (b. 1831) Vladimir Markovnikov, Russian chemist (b. 1838) Élie Reclus, French ethnographer and anarchist (b. 1827) February 12, 1904 (Friday) Russo-Japanese War: The Russian cruiser Boyarin was sunk by a Russian naval mine near Port Arthur, killing six of her crew. The Danish newspaper Politikens Ekstrablad, which would become Ekstra Bladet in 1905, published its first edition. Patrolman Peter MacDonald of the New York City Police Department was struck and killed by a train while on duty. Born: Donald Lambert, American jazz stride pianist; in Princeton, New Jersey (d. 1962) Ted Mack (born William Edward Maguiness), American radio and television host; in Greeley, Colorado (d. 1976, heart failure) Georges Paillard, French Olympic and professional cyclist; in Sainte-Gemmes-d'Andigné, Maine-et-Loire, France (d. 1998) Rudolf Platte, German actor; in Hörde, Westphalia (d. 1984) Died: Antonio Labriola, Italian Marxist theoretician and philosopher (b. 1843) Rudolf Maison, German sculptor, after operation for stomach ulcer (b. 1854) Sir John Voce Moore, English businessman, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1826) February 13, 1904 (Saturday) France and Siam reached a new agreement on the borders of the French protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. Born: Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta; in Athens, Kingdom of Greece (d. 1974) Erwin Canham, American journalist, editor of The Christian Science Monitor; in Auburn, Maine (d. 1982 after abdominal surgery) Lucien Debleyser, Belgian Olympic boxer (date of death unknown) Died: John Ellison-Macartney (born John William Ellison), Irish politician (b. 1818) Johan Christian Heuch, Church of Norway bishop and politician (b. 1838) William J. Lemp Sr., German American brewer, suicide by firearm (b. 1835) Émile Metz, Luxembourgish politician, industrialist and engineer, after surgery (b. 1835) February 14, 1904 (Sunday) The barque Scotia arrived at Laurie Island with the first Argentine crew for the formerly British meteorological station which would become Orcadas Base. In Lolo, Montana, Special Deputy Edmund Trudeau of the Missoula County, Montana Sheriff's Office was shot and killed by a man he had ejected from a dance hall for intoxication. Born: Hertta Kuusinen, Finnish Communist politician; in Luhanka, Finland (d. 1974) Charles Oatley, British electronic engineer; in Frome, Somerset, England (d. 1996) Jean Tschumi, Swiss architect; in Plainpalais, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland (d. 1962) Died: Charles Emerson Beecher, American paleontologist, heart disease (b. 1856) Magnus Blix, Swedish physiologist (b. 1849) Alvinza Hayward, American financier and businessman, aftereffects of paralytic stroke (b. 1822) James McCann, Irish businessman and politician, Member of Parliament for Dublin St Stephen's Green (b. 1840) Robert Milne Murray FRSE FRCPE FRSSA, Scottish surgeon and medical author, heart failure after surgery (b. 1855) February 15, 1904 (Monday) A group of students including Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren established the revolutionary Huaxinghui (China Arise Society) in Changsha, Hunan, with Huang as its first president. Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk, married Gwendolen Mary Constable-Maxwell in Everingham, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Construction workers George Ripp, Joseph Mantell and Joseph Margo fell eleven stories to their deaths in Manhattan, New York City, when a brick wall buckled and caused the scaffolding on which they were working to fall. Another man was injured. Born: Mary Adshead, English painter; in Bloomsbury, London, England (d. 1995) Antonin Magne, French cyclist and manager; in Ytrac, Auvergne, France (d. 1983) Keizo Miura, Japanese skier and mountaineer (d. 2006) Louis Robert, French historian and author; in Laurière, Haute-Vienne, France (d. 1985) George Taylor, Scottish botanist; in Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 1993) Died: Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio, typhoid fever (b. 1837) Emil Alexander de Schweinitz, American bacteriologist, uremia (b. 1866) Edmond Vergnet, French operatic tenor (b. 1850) February 16, 1904 (Tuesday) Separation of Panama from Colombia: Manuel Amador Guerrero was elected as the first President of Panama, with his inauguration set for February 20. The Republic of Panama promulgated its first constitution. Born: Ellis Achong, Trinidad and Tobago cricketer and footballer; in Belmont, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (d. 1986) Madge Addy (born Marguerite Nuttall Addy), British nurse and spy; in Rusholme, Manchester, England (d. 1970, accidental choking) James Baskett, American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney's Song of the South); in Indianapolis, Indiana (d. 1948, heart failure due to diabetes) Josef Bühler, German Nazi Party politician and Holocaust perpetrator; in Bad Waldsee, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire (d. 1948, executed by hanging) Karl-Heinz Bürger, German Schutzstaffel functionary; in Güstrow, Mecklenburg, Germany (d. 1988) George F. Kennan, American diplomat and historian; in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (d. 2005) Philip Rabinowitz, Lithuanian-born South African record-breaking sprinter (d. 2008, stroke) Died: Boris Chicherin, Russian historian and legal philosopher (b. 1828) John Christopher Columbus Hill, American Mexican mining engineer and physician, adopted son of Antonio López de Santa Anna (b. 1828) Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1824) Carl Aaron Swensson, American Lutheran minister, founder and president of Bethany College, pneumonia (b. 1857) February 17, 1904 (Wednesday) Giacomo Puccini's opera Madama Butterfly, with a background theme of Japan–United States relations, debuted at La Scala in Milan, Italy, to a catastrophically poor audience reception. On May 28 a revised version would open in Brescia, to great success. In Croton, New York, an oil lamp exploded and started a fire that killed Mrs. Jacob Antonosoa and five of her children. In Youngstown, Ohio, schoolteacher Lottie Garwood and her 7-year-old daughter, Alva, were asphyxiated by leaking natural gas which had set their house on fire. The mother died unsuccessfully trying to rescue her daughter. Nadir of American race relations: The state convention of the so-called "Lily White" Republicans, which included not a single African American delegate, was called to order in New Orleans, Louisiana. The old-style Republican Party, which had lost the federal offices in Louisiana to the "Lily Whites", was expected to hold its own convention at a later date. The "Lily White" convention adopted a platform asserting white supremacy and endorsed Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential election. Born: Luis A. Ferré, Puerto Rican engineer, industrialist and politician; in Ponce, Puerto Rico (d. 2003, pneumonia and respiratory failure after surgery) Hans Morgenthau, German-American political scientist; in Coburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Germany (d. 1980, perforated ulcer) Erna Sondheim, German Olympic fencer; in Gauting, Bavaria, Germany (d. 2008) Died: Hermann Emminghaus, German psychiatrist (b. 1845) Alexander Stewart, English first-class cricketer (b. 1858) February 18, 1904 (Thursday) Russo-Japanese War: Mexico declared its neutrality in the war. Canadian journalist Benjamin Taylor A Bell fell down an elevator shaft after walking through the wrong door in a store adjacent to the Canadian Mining Review offices. He would die of his injuries on March 1. Col. Theodore Bruback, a wealthy and well-known figure in Utah's mining industry, fell to his death from a ladder while inspecting a mine in Park City, Utah. Born: Agostino Ernesto Castrillo, Italian Roman Catholic priest (Order of Friars Minor), Bishop of San Marco Argentano Bisignano; in Pietravairano, Caserta, Kingdom of Italy (d. 1955, lung cancer) Riccardo Pacifici, Italian rabbi; in Florence, Italy (d. 1943, murdered in Auschwitz) Otto Rahn, German medievalist and Schutzstaffel officer; in Michelstadt, Hesse, German Empire (d. 1939, frozen to death) Died:''' Theodore Bruback, American businessman, broken neck due to accidental fall (b. 1851) February 19, 1904 (Friday) Firefighter Lee Howe of the Newport, Kentucky, Fire Department was thrown from a fire wagon when it was struck by a streetcar. Howe would later die of his injuries. Nadir of American race relations: In Arkansas, Glen Bays, an African American man, was burned at the stake by a mixed-race lynch mob for the murder of planter J. D. Stephens the previous day. On February 20, the Los Angeles Heralds report of Bays' death would appear immediately below a joke about duke-heiress marriages in America and immediately above an advertisement for Hood's Sarsaparilla. The town of Jackson, Utah, was destroyed in an explosion caused by a collision between a water train and a freight train carrying dynamite and giant powder. Over 20 people were killed., cited in Sergeant Augustus C. Becker of the Des Moines Police Department in Iowa, a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, died on duty of a stroke. Born: Milan Gorkić, Yugoslav communist politician and activist; in Bosanski Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary (d. 1937, executed) Havank (pseudonym of Hendrikus Frederikus van der Kallen), Dutch crime novelist and journalist; in Leeuwarden, Netherlands (d. 1964, heart attack) Maurice O'Sullivan (born Muiris Ó Súilleabháin), Irish police officer, author and memoirist; on Great Blasket Island, Ireland (d. 1950, drowned) Walter White, British Olympic and professional boxer; in Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland (d. 1984) Giovanni Zanni, Italian footballer; in Omegna, Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy (d. 1974) Died: Alice Sudduth Byerly (born Alice Lucy Sudduth), American temperance activist, complications of indigestion (b. 1855) John Malcolm Forbes, American businessman and sportsman (b. 1847) Frederick Hampden Winston, American lawyer and Minister to Persia (b. 1830) February 20, 1904 (Saturday) Russo-Japanese War: The United States Army general staff designated four officers to serve as military observers with the Imperial Japanese Army: Col. Enoch Crowder of the Judge Advocate General's Corps, artillery captains Marsh and Morrison, and Capt. Joseph E. Kuhn of the Army Corps of Engineers. A fire caused by a gas explosion at a celluloid factory in Paris, France, killed sixteen people and injured twenty. The federal assembly of Puerto Rico voted 60 to 15 to demand that Puerto Rico be granted either independence or U.S. statehood. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, four passengers were seriously injured in a fire aboard a Pittsburgh Traction Company streetcar. In Wayne, New Jersey, an explosion at the mills of the Laflin & Rand Powder Company killed employees A. L. Jackson, Frederick Weimer and James Weir and injured thirty others. Born: Herbert Brownell Jr., American lawyer and politician, Attorney General of the United States; in Peru, Nebraska (d. 1996, cancer) Bramwell Fletcher, English stage, film and television actor; in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England (d. 1988) Oliver Macdonald, American Olympic champion track and field athlete; in Paterson, New Jersey (d. 1973) February 21, 1904 (Sunday) Russo-Japanese War: In Prague, a Russian Orthodox church held a service of intercession for Russia's success in the war. Several hundred Slav students demonstrated outside the church, but the police prevented them from protesting outside the United States consulate. At the Lackawanna Steel Company plant in West Seneca, New York, a gas leak followed by an explosion asphyxiated masons George Reynolds and M. S. Smith and burned power house worker Frank Prenatt to death. Several other workers were seriously injured. Deputy Marshal Riley Bowman Wright, Sr., of the Winnfield, Louisiana Police Department was shot and killed while attempting to arrest a speakeasy operator. Police Officer William Cluff Schultz of the Paris, Texas Police Department was accidentally shot when his pistol fell from his pocket. He would die of his wound on March 6. Born: Charles F. Goodeve, Canadian chemist; in Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada (d. 1980) Heinrich Hergert, German international footballer; in Pirmasens, Germany (d. 1949) Alexei Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union; in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (d. 1980) Armand Preud'homme, Belgian composer; in Peer, Belgium (d. 1986) Died: Caroline Holt Hill, 78, widow of U.S. Senator Benjamin Harvey Hill Abrey Kamoo (born Abbredalah Kaloss), Tunisian-born American physician, Union Army drummer boy and American Civil War nurse (b. 1815) This article gives the date of Kamoo's death as February 2, 1904. February 22, 1904 (Monday) Argentina officially took control of the future Orcadas Base on Laurie Island. A 3 a.m. earthquake in San Francisco, California caused no damage. At the White House in Washington, D.C., officers of the United States Secret Service arrested Edward Reiger, a man who had repeatedly written eccentric letters to U.S. President Roosevelt. Reiger was found to be carrying a loaded revolver and a box of cartridges. His letters to Roosevelt had asserted that people's names should correspond to their professions (e.g., carpenters should be named Carpenter), and that the present manner of naming people had caused a war among the flies. In Chicago, Illinois, three people died in a fire that partially destroyed the Alhambra theater hotel. In Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, a railroad engine explosion killed three Pennsylvania Railroad employees — railroad engineer Harry Tyson, conductor John Gontz and trackwalker George Bicker — and seriously injured two others. Born: James Adams, Australian cricketer; in Toowong, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (d. 1988) Robert T. Ashmore, U.S. Representative from South Carolina; near Greenville, South Carolina (d. 1989) Del Fontaine (born Raymond Henry Bousquet), Canadian boxer and convicted murderer; in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (d. 1935, executed by hanging) Ernst Jakob Henne, German motorcycle racer and racecar driver; in Weiler, Germany (d. 2005) Juan Maglio, Argentine footballer; in Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 1964) Stéphanos I Sidarouss, Coptic Catholic cardinal, Patriarch of Alexandria; in Cairo, Egypt (d. 1987) Donald Stockton, Canadian Olympic freestyle wrestler; in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (d. 1978) Frank Tieri (born Francesco Tieri), Italian American mobster; in Castel Gandolfo, Lazio, Kingdom of Italy (d. 1981) Died: Arthur McClellan, 65, American Civil War soldier, brother of George B. McClellan and uncle of George B. McClellan Jr. John Denniston Patton, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (b. 1829) Sir Leslie Stephen , British writer, critic and mountaineer, father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell (b. 1832) Narcissa Teague Yoakum, mother of Benjamin Franklin Yoakum (president of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway), heart disease February 23, 1904 (Tuesday) Russo-Japanese War: Representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire concluded the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904. The French Navy launched the experimental submarine Aigrette. By a vote of 66 to 14, the United States Senate ratified the Panama Canal treaty, allowing the United States to gain control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million. Nadir of American race relations: Chief of Police Coffee of the Sacramento Police Department was charged with having ordered officers to decapitate an African American with clubs. The cod-fishing schooner Mary and Ida dragged her anchor during a gale and was wrecked at Unga Island off the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula. All eight crewmembers survived due to the efforts of fishermen from the nearby codfish station, who lowered themselves over a cliff in order to reach a line from the schooner. Born: Ralph Breyer, American Olympic champion freestyle swimmer; in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1991) Terence Fisher, English film director and screenwriter; in Maida Vale, County of London, England (d. 1980) Gaston Marie Jacquier, French Roman Catholic bishop in Algeria; in Évian-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie, France (d. 1976, assassinated) Anton Kaltenberger, Austrian Olympic bobsledder (date of death unknown) Ottavio Scotti, Italian art director; in Umago, Istria, Italy (d. 1975) William L. Shirer, American journalist and author; in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1993) Leopold Trepper, Polish Communist and Soviet GRU agent; in Nowy Targ, Austria-Hungary (d. 1982) Died: Friederike Kempner, German-Jewish poet (b. 1828) Albert Newton Raub, American educator, president of Delaware College (b. 1840) February 24, 1904 (Wednesday) The upper four stories of the 16-story Schiller Building in Chicago, which contained the Garrick Theater, were damaged by fire. The building was located a short distance west of the Iroquois Theater, which had burned on December 30, 1903. In Stockton, California, a fire in a Chinese laundry killed five people. Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Superintendent Frank C. Hostetter of the world's fair post office was arrested and confessed to having opened, detained and embezzled mail matter in order to obtain inside information on the fair's concessions and exhibits for his own gain or that of friends. The architect of the Russian building at the world's fair received a cablegram directing him to proceed with construction. In Waukegan, Illinois, an explosion that destroyed the Warner Sugar Refining Company's starch mill killed three workers, injured 18 and caused $250,000 in damage. Born: Giuseppe Caron, Italian politician; in Treviso, Italy (d. 1998) Giorgio de Stefani, Italian tennis player; in Verona, Province of Verona, Italy (d. 1992) Werner Nilsen, Norwegian American professional soccer player; in Skien, Norway (d. 1992) Died: Lyman G. Bennett, American surveyor, civil engineer and Union Army soldier (b. 1832) James Paris Lee, British-Canadian American inventor and arms designer (b. 1831) Charles F. Mayer, American railroad executive and businessman, former president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1826) Henry Moses Pollard, American lawyer and politician, U.S. Representative from Missouri (b. 1836) February 25, 1904 (Thursday) The Irish National Theatre Society presented the world premiere of John Millington Synge's tragedy Riders to the Sea at the Molesworth Hall in Dublin, Ireland. Engineer Mark A. Kelly of the New York City Fire Department died of pneumonia after responding to the Great Baltimore Fire. Former Major League Baseball player Hughie Jennings, the coach of the Cornell University baseball team, jumped into an empty swimming pool at the Cornell gymnasium in Ithaca, New York, and severely injured his head and both wrists., cited in Jennings would be reported to have completely recovered by March 11. A stock train collision on the Chicago Great Western Railway in Dyersville, Iowa, killed four men. Five men were killed by a cave-in on the sixth floor of the level at the Minnie Healy mine in Butte, Montana. The men were working to strengthen the walls, which were known to be in danger of collapse. Born: Gino Bonichi (a.k.a. Scipione), Italian painter; in Macerata, Italy (d. 1933) Died: I. Vernon Hill, English American architect, pneumonia (b. 1872) Charles Marshall, English first-class cricketer (b. 1843) February 26, 1904 (Friday) Dervish movement (Somali): In Somaliland, General Manning's forces killed 150 followers of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, the "Mad Mullah", and captured 200 camels. A conflagration that began at 5 a.m. in Rochester, New York would burn for 40 hours and cause about $3,000,000 in damage. The only injury from the fire was to an assistant fire chief who was bruised by a flying nozzle. The fire would become known as the Sibley fire due to the damage done to Sibley's department store. Born: Gervan McMillan (born David Gervan McMillan), New Zealand politician and physician; in New Plymouth, New Zealand (d. 1951, heart disease) Emīls Urbāns, Latvian footballer (d. 1989) Died:William Edward Dargie, Jr., 21, son of newspaper publisher William E. Dargie Prince Henry of Prussia, brain hemorrhage caused by hemophilia after accidental fall (b. 1900) February 27, 1904 (Saturday) The Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison, Wisconsin, was destroyed by a fire started by a gas jet at about 2:30 a.m. There were no fatalities. Ten crewmembers and four passengers died due to a fire aboard the steamer Queen, sailing from San Francisco to ports in Puget Sound. Three pantrymen died in their bunks; ten other deaths occurred when three lifeboats capsized, and one passenger, an 80-year-old woman, died from exposure. The Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of Black Peter" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was published for the first time in Collier's in the United States. Nadir of American race relations: Two railroad engineers were killed and seven people injured in a collision between two trains at Luzon station in Point Richmond, California. Alvin Taylor, an African American porter who was also serving as brakeman, was blamed for the accident and was arrested the following day. Samuel Pratt, a traveling companion of one of the injured passengers, stated, "When we had got out of the wrecked cars and learned the cause of the trouble there was a great deal of indignation shown for the colored porter and I think if he had been found by those that were searching for him he would have been hanged." Born: James T. Farrell, American author and poet; in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1979) Yulii Khariton, Soviet physicist; in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (d. 1996) André Leducq, French Olympic champion and professional cyclist; in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, France (d. 1980) Jacques Mairesse, French Olympic and professional footballer and World War II prisoner of war; in Paris, France (d. 1940, shot during escape attempt) Elisabeth Welch, American-born actress and singer; in New York City (d. 2003) Died: William Bannon, Irish-Australian criminal and farmer (b. c. 1826) Charles McClary, Quebec farmer and politician (b. 1833) The Tiger of Sabrodt, the last wolf shot in Lusatia Esajas Zweifel, Swiss politician, President of the Swiss Council of States (b. 1827) February 28, 1904 (Sunday) S.L. Benfica was founded in Portugal. Nadir of American race relations: James K. Vardaman, the white supremacist Governor of Mississippi, rescued Albert Baldwin, an African American man, from being lynched in Batesville, Mississippi. Baldwin had been arrested the previous day for the murder of a railroad engineer named Fogarty in Tutwiler, Mississippi, and claimed self-defense. With a mob threatening to burn Baldwin at the stake, the Sheriff of Panola County telegraphed for Governor Vardaman's assistance, and Vardaman arrived in Batesville by special train at about daybreak, in time to take Baldwin into custody, despite a collision with a freight train on the way. The collision was considered suspicious because the engine driver of Vardaman's train was not well-disposed to Baldwin's cause. Born: Alfred Bohrmann, German astronomer; in Feudenheim (now part of Mannheim), Germany (d. 2000) Anthony Havelock-Allan, British film producer and screenwriter; in Darlington, County Durham, England (d. 2003) Died: Anthony Durier, American Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1833) Henry Hooper, American college football center, appendicitis (b. 1883) Barbara MacGahan (born Varvara Nikolaevna Elagina), Russian American novelist and war correspondent (b. 1852) Sir Arthur Power Palmer, , British Indian Army general, former Commander-in-Chief, India (b. 1840) Alfred Velghe (a.k.a. Levegh), French racing driver, tuberculosis (b. 1870) February 29, 1904 (Monday) U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt established the Isthmian Canal Commission to oversee construction of the Panama Canal, nominating Rear Admiral John Grimes Walker as chairman and Major General George Whitefield Davis, William Hubert Burr, Benjamin Morgan Harrod, Carl E. Grunsky, Frank J. Hecker and William Barclay Parsons as members. Twelve people, most of them children, died in a fire that destroyed a house in Saint-Félicien, Quebec. Nadir of American race relations: The post office in Humphrey, Arkansas, was destroyed with dynamite in protest of the appointment of an African American postmaster. Anti-lynching movement: Newspapers published a letter from Booker T. Washington to the Birmingham Age-Herald, in which the African American leader stated, "Within the last fortnight three members of my race have been burned at the stake; of these one was a woman. Not one of the three was charged with any crime even remotely connected with the abuse of a white woman. In every case murder was the sole accusation. All of these burnings took place in broad daylight, and two of them occurred on Sunday afternoon in sight of a Christian church. These barbarous scenes are more disgraceful and degrading to the people who inflict punishment than to those who receive it. If the law is disregarded when a negro is concerned, it will soon be disregarded when a white man is concerned." Born: James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn (d. 1979) Rukmini Devi Arundale (born Neelakanta Shastri), Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer; in Madurai, Madras Presidency, British India (d. 1986) H. Hugh Bancroft, British-Canadian organist and composer; in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, England (d. 1988) Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader; in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania (d. 1957, throat cancer) Helmer Grundström, Swedish author and poet; in Bodum, Ångermanland, Sweden (d. 1986) Pepper Martin (born Johnny Leonard Roosevelt Martin), American Major League Baseball third baseman and outfielder; in Temple, Oklahoma (d. 1965, heart attack) Alan Richardson, Scottish pianist and composer; in Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 1978) Died:''' Jere Baxter, American businessman, lawyer and politician, kidney disease and exhaustion due to starvation (b. 1852) Antonio De Martino, Italian physician (b. 1815) Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin, French astronomer (b. 1845) References 1904 February 1904 events 1904-02 1904-02

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Floyd%20protests%20in%20the%20San%20Francisco%20Bay%20Area

George Floyd protests in the San Francisco Bay Area

There have been a series of protests in the San Francisco Bay Area related to the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while in police custody. Locations Antioch A group of protesters demonstrated outside Antioch City Hall on June 29, calling for the removal of two officers, one of whom shot a homeless man in San Francisco. Berkeley About 3,000-4,000 protesters marched in South Berkeley, on June 6. Castro Valley On June 1, protesters gathered at the intersection of Redwood Road and a driveway leading to an office of the California Highway Patrol. The demonstrators were loud, but there was no violence, vandalism, or looting. Clayton On June 2, 200–300 protesters marched from Concord to downtown Clayton, where they were met by police. Cloverdale Protests were held at Cloverdale Plaza on May 31. Concord On June 2, 200–300 protesters marched from Concord to downtown Clayton, where they were met by police. Fremont On June 2, hundreds marched several miles from Newark to the Fremont Police Department. Marin City On June 2, protesters marched from downtown Ross to Marin City. Mountain View On June 4, at Mountain View, a large crowd gathered at the intersection of San Antonio Road and El Camino Real the night of June 4 to protest police violence. The protest, which shut down El Camino Real while protesters marched to the Mountain View City Hall, was organized by several seniors at Los Altos High School with civics teacher Seth Donnelly. Napa On May 31, about 300 protesters gathered at Napa County Courthouse and Veterans Memorial Park. A previously scheduled protest in Napa was cancelled due to unfounded reports of outside groups threatening to disrupt the rally. Newark On June 2, hundreds marched several miles from Newark to the Fremont Police Department. Oakland On May 30, hundreds of protesters gathered near the Oakland Police Department headquarters in downtown Oakland. Some protesters set off fireworks and threw bottles at police. Police fired flash-bang grenades and tear gas at the crowd. Many businesses in the area were ransacked or had their windows smashed. Several dozen protesters blocked traffic on Interstate 880, stopping traffic in both directions for about half an hour. Oakland police department reported arrests but did not provide any specific details. Six police officers and seven civilians were injured in clashes. On July 25, initially peaceful protests in solidarity with Portland, Oregon against the deployment of federal agents there turned violent and saw the Oakland Police Department headquarters vandalized and the Alameda County courthouse set on fire. According to police, an estimated 700 people attended the overnight protest, with some demonstrators shooting fireworks, breaking windows, spraying graffiti, pointing lasers at officers and helicopters, chanting racial slurs at residents, and setting "multiple small fires in the downtown area". Several arrests were made. Petaluma About 300 people marched from downtown Petaluma to the Sonoma-Marin County Fairgrounds in Petaluma on May 31. Pleasanton On June 5, in Pleasanton, more than 2,000 demonstrated in a march that started at Amador Valley Community park and included an 8-minute and 46 seconds moment of silence in remembrance of the time George Floyd spent being murdered by Derek Chauvin. Redwood City On June 2, about 2,000 demonstrated in front of the old San Mateo County Courthouse in Redwood City. Police arrested seven men with guns who said they were trying to defend their property. Ross On June 2, protesters marched from downtown Ross to Marin City. San Francisco On May 30, a protest was held at UN Plaza in the afternoon. Later that night, looting occurred at Union Square stores and ten arrests on felony looting were made. San Francisco Mayor London Breed issued a curfew. On June 3, a protest of an estimated 12,000 to 16,000 people was organized at Dolores Park. On June 6, a protest on the Golden Gate Bridge drew thousands of attendees. On June 11, Nurses for Racial Justice organized a march for health-care workers from CPMC Van Ness Campus to San Francisco City Hall at 7:45pm. Another march to San Francisco Police Headquarters occurred earlier in the day. A third group of skateboarders protested at a rally called Bomb Hills 4 Black Lives at Justin Herman Plaza. On June 18, city officials removed a statue of Christopher Columbus in San Francisco's Pioneer Park (near Coit Tower) after calls had been made on social media to throw the statue into the San Francisco Bay. On June 19, demonstrators in Golden Gate Park toppled or otherwise vandalized statues of Catholic missionary Junipero Serra, Francis Scott Key (author of the lyrics to The Star-Spangled Banner), Ulysses S. Grant, author Miguel de Cervantes and his fictional characters Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. The archbishop of San Francisco, Salvatore Cordileone, described the toppling of the saint's statue as "an act of sacrilege [and] an act of the Evil One", and on June 27 performed an exorcism at the site using the Prayer to Saint Michael. San Francisco Peninsula Hundreds of protesters, including high school students, marched through Menlo Park, Palo Alto and East Palo Alto on June 1. In the morning, people knelt on the lawn for nine minutes at Burgess Park and listened to speakers including Menlo Park's first African-American female mayor before marching to El Camino Park. Picketers blocked lanes on US Route 101 and the Oregon Expressway. Fireworks hit a patrol car but the officer was not injured. About 150 demonstrators marched to Mark Zuckerberg's home and stayed briefly. San Jose On May 29, hundreds of protesters blocked traffic on Highway 101, then marched to City Hall. At Highway 101, some people in the group were seen attacking vehicles. One man was filmed smashing a car's window while a woman pulled on the doors and yelled at the occupants to get out. Protesters also blocked Interstate 880. Some threw bottles and rocks and launched firecrackers at police, injuring some officers. Many businesses and properties had their windows smashed and were ransacked. Some rioters also used graffiti to vandalize. One crowd started a fire on Broadway and fed it with debris and construction barricades. San Jose Police Department officer Jared Yuen drew national attention for aggressive behavior towards protesters, including insulting protesters, then nearly immediately firing projectiles which initiated a fight. A San Jose resident, who was seen in a viral video assisting police by carrying an officer, alleged that not long after on May 29, officer Jared Yuen shot him without cause, with a rubber bullet. A cultural bias trainer for the San Jose police was shot in the groin by a San Jose police officer, causing a testicle to rupture. Officer Jared Yuen was among the group of officers who had fired on the trainer, but it was unclear if Yuen himself had fired. The city imposed a curfew from 20:30 to 05:00, beginning on May 31. San Mateo A peaceful protest led by high school students attracted hundreds of participants took place on June 3 in San Mateo. Protesters gathered at City Hall, then walked down El Camino Real to a San Mateo police station. San Rafael Protesters lined up along Third Street in the North Bay on May 31 in San Rafael. Passing drivers honked in encouragement. San Ramon On June 3, hundreds of protesters marched from Valley View Park to San Ramon City Hall. Santa Clara On June 5, a crowd of about 200 protesters gathered at Santa Clara City Hall. They held a two-minute moment of silence for Breonna Taylor. Santa Rosa On May 30, up to 500 protesters marched from downtown Santa Rosa to Mendocino Avenue, towards the Sonoma County Jail. Later that night, downtown restaurants, banks, church, and the Santa Rosa Plaza had windows smashed and graffiti mentioning Andy Lopez, a 13-year-old killed by police in Santa Rosa in 2013. On May 31, a 33-year-old man was injured in the lower face from a stingball grenade that was fired from an officer. The protester was struck as he was kneeling in the middle of a street near the Sonoma County Sheriff's Department and Jail buildings, one hour after officers had given protesters orders to disperse. A woman had been struck over the left eye with a projectile the day prior in Santa Rosa. A total of 75 people were arrested in relation to additional protests and unrest on June 2. A 17-year-old boy was arrested for assault with a deadly weapon a week after allegedly trying to run over protesters with a pickup truck near Old Courthouse Square, and accelerating towards Fourth Street. One site reported that multiple protesters were injured, but none were reported to be major or required medical attention. Sebastopol There were about 200 protesters in downtown Sebastopol on June 3. Sonoma On May 30, more than 100 protesters gathered in Sonoma Plaza, marched around town and laid face down with their hands behind their backs in front of Sonoma City Hall to protest the murder of George Floyd. Sunnyvale On June 5, several thousand peaceful protesters gathered in downtown Sunnyvale and walked to Sunnyvale City Hall where several speakers, including Mayor Larry Klein, gave speeches in support of Black Lives Matter. Vacaville On June 1, hundreds of protesters gathered at Vacaville City Hall. Vallejo In Vallejo, about 100 protesters marched from Wilson Park to the Vallejo Police Department station on May 28 and on September 27. Walnut Creek On Sunday, May 30, groups of looters indiscriminately looted and vandalized many businesses in Walnut Creek and other East Bay communities, separate from peaceful demonstrations earlier in the day. A young woman in Walnut Creek’s Broadway Plaza was shot in the arm. An 8 p.m to 5 a.m curfew was implemented shortly after. On June 1, a few hundred protesters attempting to walk onto I-680 in Walnut Creek were almost immediately met with tear gas, rubber bullets, and dogs. Deaths On May 30, amidst the unrest in Oakland, a Federal Protective Service officer, David Patrick Underwood, was fatally shot outside a federal courthouse in a drive-by attack that also wounded another guard. Underwood had been providing security at the courthouse during a protest. The Department of Homeland Security labeled the shooting an act of domestic terrorism. Boogaloo movement member Steven Carrillo was charged with the murder on June 16. He was also implicated in the murder of a Santa Cruz County deputy. On June 2 in Vallejo, 22-year-old Sean Monterrosa was shot five times and killed by a police officer while on his knees with his hands up. When Monterrosa lifted his hands, a 15-inch hammer tucked in his pocket was revealed, which was mistaken for a handgun. The officer involved, who was not named but was identified as an 18-year veteran, fired five shots at Monterrosa through the window of the unmarked vehicle he was driving. See also List of George Floyd protests in the United States List of George Floyd protests outside the United States Racism References 2020 in California African-American history of California African-American-related controversies Arson in the 2020s Arson in the United States Attacks on buildings and structures in 2020 Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States San Francisco History of the San Francisco Bay Area Law enforcement controversies in the United States Post–civil rights era in African-American history Race-related controversies in the United States Riots and civil disorder in California

65713974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Vance%20Jr.%20Day

Gene Vance Jr. Day

Gene Vance Jr. Day is a commemorative Military Appreciation Day named for Gene Arden Vance Jr. and recognized annually during May in the United States by the State of West Virginia. Occurring during Military Appreciation Month and U.S. Armed Forces Week, it honors the legacy of American soldiers who returned home from the Global War on Terror (GWOT), the longest ongoing war in U.S. history, remembers and mourns the fallen and supports the wounded. Official observances are proclaimed annually on May 18 in the City of Morgantown, West Virginia in a citywide ceremony that includes official proclamations, state and local governmental and military leadership addresses and greetings, wreath laying memorializing the names of fallen soldiers from West Virginia, guest speakers and participation from national organizations, musical performances and events to raise awareness for those wounded in the conflict. The day is organized annually by the Gene Vance Jr. Foundation, the West Virginia Army National Guard, City of Morgantown and State of West Virginia. Framing the Gene Vance Jr. Day are two other U.S. military appreciation days that occur nationally in May, Armed Forces Day, which honors those currently serving followed by Memorial Day, a public holiday honoring and mourning the military personnel who have died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. The Gene Vance Jr. Day is distinct from other U.S. military appreciation days in that it is named for an American military hero and specifically honors American service members and their allies who served and were wounded in a single notable ongoing conflict (GWOT) as well as those who perished in the conflict. COVID-19 pandemic On May 16, 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, founder of the day Michael M.J. Minc spearheaded the 9th annual Gene Vance Jr. Day by creating a virtual event on US Armed Forces Day that also recognized everyone involved in the fight against COVID-19. Entitled ‘United in Spirit’ it brought together national government leaders like Senators Joseph Manchin III, Shelley Moore Capito, WV Governor Jim Justice, Morgantown Mayor Bill Kawecki, military leaders like Adjutant General of the West Virginia Army National Guard, Major General James A. Hoyer, education leaders E. Gordon Gee of West Virginia University and President Mirta Martin of Fairmont State University as well as those on the frontlines of the pandemic. The goal of the virtual ceremony was to inspire hope and unite people during a time of global social and economic disruption on a day which historically honors those on the front lines of the Global War on Terror. It included President David S. Goldberg, C.E.O of Mon Health System, the parent company of Mon Health Medical Center, prayer from Christian and Jewish religious leaders along with local musical performers like Davisson Brothers Band, American Idol contestant and country musician Cody Clayton Eagle, Morgantown Vox Principalis Choral Association, Singer songwriters Eric Lewis and Rick Martin. Presidential and congressional commendation On May 15, 2021 Vance’s brother-in-law and founder of the day Michael M.J. Minc, spearheaded a virtual tribute on U.S. Armed Forces Day to celebrate the 10th Anniversary of the Gene Vance Jr. Day and commemorate the 20th Anniversary year of the September 11 attacks. It also honored the memory of COVID-19 pandemic victims and encouraged COVID-19 vaccination in the United States in support of ongoing mass immunization efforts. Entitled ‘United in Spirit 2021, American Tribute 10’, it received a letter of commendation from the 46th president of the United States, Joe Biden who is also commander-in-chief of the US Armed Forces, praising the Gene Vance Jr. Foundation’s efforts aimed at improving the quality of life for wounded veterans. The 10th Gene Vance Jr. Day brought together prominent U.S. government and military leaders with commendation messages from Senators Joseph Manchin III, Shelley Moore Capito and West Virginia Governor Jim Justice. General Austin S. Miller, former commander of U.S. Army and NATO forces in Afghanistan, State Adjutant General of the West Virginia National Guard, Brigadier General William Crane, Colonel Gary M Hausman, former Commandant of the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center and Command Sergeant Major Dennis Riggs of Vance’s unit the 19th Special Forces Group (Airborne) also participated. Prayer from Christian and Jewish military chaplains from the Army and U.S. Marine Corps, a virtual wreath laying by Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Woodburn Chapter Regent, Cynthia Harper along with messages from education leader President E. Gordon Gee and the 45th President General of DAR, Denise Doring VanBuren were included in the memorial ceremony. State leaders on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic included West Virginia Coronavirus “czar”, Dr.Clay Marsh and retired Adjutant General of the West Virginia National Guard Joint Forces, Major General James A. Hoyer, Director of the WV Covid-19 Joint Interagency Task Force (JIATF) encouraged vaccination as well as unity during a time of social disruption. Local leaders included the 150th Mayor of Morgantown, WV Ron Delaney Jr. as well as Patriot Guard Riders WV Ride Captain Douglas D. Geary. The goals of the virtual ceremony, created amidst the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, gave people who may not have been able to attend in person the ability to participate. This included musical performers nationwide like Dr.Letícia Grützmann leading the Carroll University Choirs in Waukesha, Wisconsin, David Winans II of the Winans family leading his band PI in Detroit, Michigan as well as California based actor, composer, singer, songwriter Abri van Straten husband of Kristin Bauer van Straten and Oregon based blues artist Ben Rice. Musical performers from West Virginia included Chief Warrant Officer Jeremiah Bennett leading the 249th United States Army Band, Chris and Donnie Davisson of the Davisson Brothers Band, American Idol contestant and country musician Cody Clayton Eagle and singer songwriters Eric Lewis and Rick Martin who debuted their musical response to the Pandemic during the broadcast. Decade of growth and expansion The Gene Vance Jr. Day has grown and expanded since its inception ten years ago. Founder Michael M. J. Minc’s (pronounced “Mintz”) efforts collectively as Vance’s brother in-law, close friend and leader of the Gene Vance Jr. Foundation, Bud’s Bold Brew and the Gene Vance Jr. Day together with the U.S. military, local and federal organizations have kept Vance’s memory alive. The day together with buildings, a military installation, a bridge, roads and a trail in locations all over the world, are dedicated in Vance’s honor. The inaugural commemorative Gene Vance Jr. Day in 2012 was a small ceremony in Vance’s hometown, the City of Morgantown WV, that included celebrating Vance’s life as an American hero, distinguished member of the local community and WVNG during the U.S. military appreciation month of May, the month in which Vance was killed in action. Over the past 10 years, Minc spearheaded the day to include dignitaries, prominent leaders, military personnel, guests, active events, live musical performances, tributes to military, first responders and others. The COVID-19 pandemic caused both the 2020 and 2021 editions of the ceremony to become virtual further expanding the day, participation and attendance. History Gene Arden (“Buddy”) Vance Jr. was a native of the State of West Virginia, a West Virginia University alumnus, a City of Morgantown, West Virginia resident and decorated national hero who was a member of the West Virginia Army National Guard (WVARNG) 2nd Battalion, 19th Special Forces Group Airborne Forces. Vance was a cryptologic linguist who, despite being critically wounded, helped save the lives of two fellow Americans and 18 Afghan soldiers during the hunt for Osama Bin Laden in the War in Afghanistan (2001–14). Founded in the City of Morgantown on May 18, 2012, ten years following Vance's fatal shooting, it was created by the Gene Vance Jr. Foundation's founder Michael M.J. Minc, Vance's brother in-law, with support from officials representing West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia Army National Guard, West Virginia University, business and media organizations. Remembrances at select military installations bearing Vance's name throughout the United States are also held to coincide with the day. In 2019 the town of Oceana, West Virginia joined the City of Morgantown in declaring May 18 Gene Vance Jr. Day. The day often coincides with U.S. Armed Forces Day and on occasion National Police Week. Annual addresses by both military and police leadership highlight the importance of community service. In the City of Morgantown, home of West Virginia University, the former chief of police Edward Preston is also a U.S. Marine and published author. Officially designated by Congress in 1999, Military Appreciation Month takes place every year throughout the entire month of May. Every year, the president issues an annual proclamation reminding Americans to celebrate this patriotic month that pays tribute to those who have sacrificed much for freedom. Annual participants of the Gene Vance Jr. Day NATIONAL BODIES United States Senate U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)United States Army Special Forces U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Defense Language Institute (DFLI) U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Goodfellow Air Force Base (USAF) U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) West Virginia National Guard (WVNG) Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR, DAR) Patriot Guard Riders (PGR) Gene Vance Jr. Foundation (GVJF) STATE BODIES West Virginia Legislature Governors of West Virginia West Virginia University (WVU) LOCAL BODIES City of Morgantown, West Virginia Town of Oceana, West Virginia References Awareness days

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20fighters%20in%20the%20Syrian%20civil%20war

Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war

Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war have come to Syria and joined all four sides in the war. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters arriving to defend the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or join the Syrian rebels, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria (assisted by private military contractors), and leftists have become foreign fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces. Estimates of the total number of foreign Sunnis who have fought for the Syrian rebels over the course of the conflict range from 5,000 to over 10,000, while foreign Shia fighters numbered around 10,000 or less in 2013 rising to between 15,000 and 25,000 in 2017. While more than 30,000 foreign fighters heeded the call to come to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, not all of these were deployed in Syria, as the Islamic State also held a large part of Iraq for some years. Support for rebels and Islamic State Jihadists The presence of foreign jihadists, particularly in anti-government groups, grew steadily for the first half of the war. In the early insurgency phase mid-2011 to mid-2012, their presence was negligible. In the mid-2012 to late 2013 escalation phase, their numbers grew, but they were still far outnumbered by Syrian resistance fighters (only around twelve hundred foreign anti-government jihadists were killed in Syria in 2013). Throughout 2014, with the rise of the Islamic State, the Al-Nusra Front, and other groups, their numbers drastically increased and they partnered with and absorbed Syrian rebel groups, both jihadist and non-jihadist. By 2015, foreign jihadists outnumbered Syrian jihadists and other rebels in casualty rolls (16,212 anti-government foreign jihadists were killed in 2015 compared to 7,798 Syrian anti-government rebels killed that same year), a trend that carried over into 2016 (13,297 foreign jihadists and 8,170 Syrian rebels), and 2017 (7,494 foreign jihadists and 6,452 Syrian rebels). However, although the numbers of casualties remained high in this phase, arrivals slowed: according to the United States military, foreign fighters coming to Syria and Iraq in 2013-2015 averaged 2,000 fighters per month, but by 2016, this figure had dropped to less than 500 fighters per month and decreasing. By 2018, the proportion of foreign fighters had seriously decreased (following heavy losses in the bloody battles of 2015-2017 and an increase in interventions by foreign military forces), and Syrian rebels were once again the majority of anti-government casualties (2,746 foreign jihadists killed compared to 5,852 Syrian rebels). Most of the foreign fighters in Syria are drawn to the jihadist ideology, although experts note that religion is not the only motivation: From ignorant novices who view the trips as a rite of passage, die-hard militants looking for combat and martyrdom, and individuals who go for humanitarian reasons but get drawn into conflict, individuals become foreign fighters for a range of reasons: boredom; intergenerational tensions; the search for greater meaning in life; perceived adventure; attempts to impress the local community or the opposite sex; a desire for increased credibility; to belong or gain peer acceptance; revenge; or misguided conflict experience expectations. Foreign fighters are drawn both to Daesh and other Islamist fighting groups, such as al-Nusra Front, Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (which includes Chechen fighters), and (prior to 2013) Ahrar al-Sham. Jaysh al-Islam rebel leader Zahran Alloush called for foreign fighters to come to Syria, although experts report that the group does not include foreign fighters. On 31 May 2013, Yusuf al-Qaradawi called for a jihad against the Syrian government. Leftists Although they are less numerous than those joining the Syrian Democratic Forces, there have also been leftist foreign fighters joining the Syrian rebels. The most prominent group is the Trotskyist Leon Sedov Brigade, founded by Argentine leftists who had previously fought with the Free Libyan Army, which was involved in the Battle of Aleppo. Support for Syrian government Shia fighters Thousands of Shia foreign fighters are in Syria from Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bahrain, with Shia militias. They fight on behalf of the Assad government, which is dominated by minority Alawites. The largest groups are Liwa Fatemiyoun and Hezbollah. Rightists The European and North American far right is generally supportive of the Assad government in Syria, and far right foreign fighters, e.g. from the Balkans and Scandinavia, are found in pro-government militias. Mercenaries and private contractors There are several private military companies operating in Syria, such as the Wagner Group and the Slavonic Corps. Support for AANES Hundreds of leftists have become foreign fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces, with most joining the International Freedom Battalion of the People's Protection Units (YPG), out of a mixture of opposition to the Islamic State and willingness to defend the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). Passage Most fighters travel to Turkey first before crossing the border, with somewhat lesser contingents coming from Lebanon and even fewer from Jordan and Iraq; some use forged passports to avoid the attention of the authorities. The Islamist government of Turkey, which is occupying part of northern Syria and has been accused of collaboration with ISIL, has been repeatedly criticised for facilitating the transit of jihadists. In 2013, around 30,000 militants entered Syria via Turkey. Fighters arriving in Syria to support the government enter at the government-controlled crossings on the Lebanese, Jordanian, and (after the Syrian Desert campaign) Iraqi borders, or take a flight to any of the international airports (only government-controlled airports have been authorised for international flights by the International Civil Aviation Organization). SDF foreign fighters usually cross into the AANES from Iraqi Kurdistan, over the relatively porous Iraq-Syria border. Casualties According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, at least 65,726 anti-government foreign fighters (almost entirely jihadists) were killed in Syria up to May 2020, constituting nearly half of the 138,202 anti-government fighters killed by that point. Additionally, 10,045 foreign fighters on the side of the Syrian government were killed by then (1,700 Lebanese Hezbollah and 8,345 others, including 2,000+ militiamen of Liwa Fatemiyoun and 264 Russian soldiers and mercenaries), about 7% of the total casualties for the government side. 76 foreigners have died fighting for the Syrian Democratic Forces, less than 1% of the total SDF dead (although many Kurds from non-Syrian parts of Kurdistan have also died, they aren't counted as foreigners by the SDF). Reactions International organisations United Nations In November 2014, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2178, which enjoined member states to actively suppress Sunni jihadist movements and prevent the travel of their recruits. European Union In June 2014, the European Union's Director-General of Justice and Home Affairs Gilles de Kerchove estimated that there were about 500 fighters from the E.U. in Syria, with the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and France estimated to have the most citizens fighting there. He added that while "not all of them are radical when they leave, but most likely many of them will be radicalised there, will be trained. And as we've seen this might lead to a serious threat when they get back." Governments Governments have adopted a wide range of policies and measures concerning their citizens who go to fight in Syria. These differ from country to country, with some focusing on prevention, some on prosecution, some on rehabilitation and reintegration, some on deprivation of citizenship, and some tailoring their approach depending on which side their citizens fought. With a focus on more preventative measures, countries have developed programs that focus on inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue, as well the use of counter-narratives. Syrian government On 3 July 2013, it was reported that Syrian aircraft had dropped leaflets over areas in Idlib province calling on both rebels to turn themselves over to the authorities and for foreign fighters to return to their countries. Later that month, the Syrian government passed a law that would punish anyone entering the country illegally with jail time and a fine, between five and ten million Syrian pounds. Turkey Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war is considerable, especially since 2016, when it began the Turkish occupation of northern Syria. Most of the foreign jihadists who travel to Syria enter through Turkey. The Turkish state pays, trains and equips the Islamist Syrian National Army. In a 2015 nationwide poll in Turkey, 3.2 per cent of respondents said they knew someone who had joined the Islamic State. The Turkish state has been repeatedly accused of collaboration with ISIL. Of the thousands of Turks who fought for the Islamic State and then returned to Turkey, only a few have been convicted. Many Kurdish citizens of Turkey have joined the People's Protection Units (YPG), and Turkish communists make up the majority of the International Freedom Battalion. In 2013, Turkish President Abdullah Gul said Syria risked becoming "Afghanistan on the shores of the Mediterranean" and that Turkey could become a Mediterranean Pakistan. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian Civil War dates from the early days of the war, and by 2013 it was the main financier and supplier of Sunni Islamist factions. Thousands of Saudis travelled to Syria to fight, almost all for the Sunni rebels. Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh called for Syrians to be "enable[d]" to protect themselves. He also said of fighters going to the country that "this is all wrong, it's not obligatory. I do not advise one to go there ... you will be a burden to them, what they want from you is your prayer. These are feuding factions and one should not go there. I do not advise one to go there. ... Going to a land that you do not know and without experience, you will be a burden to them, what they want from you is your prayer. Muslims should be fearful of God and not deceive young Muslims and exploit their weakness and lack of insight and push them to an abyss. I advise them to advise as they would advise their sons." This was interpreted as an expression of government fear of its citizens returning home and using the skills they learnt against the Saudi state. Egypt Before being deposed in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, the Islamist Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi called for a jihad in Syria. Egyptian military sources said that Morsi's call for jihad was the deciding factor in their support for the coup against the Muslim Brotherhood government, the first democratically-elected government in the history of Egypt. The government of his replacement Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the current president, said that it had no intention of calling for such a jihad and re-established diplomatic relations with Syria. Following the coup, the plotters feared retribution from Islamists, and put travel restrictions on Syrians entering Egypt. In 2016, the Egyptian government began to support the Syrian government. Hundreds of Egyptians Islamists travelled to Syria to fight, and the el-Sisi dictatorship, which has banned elections, is fearful of a growth in Islamism on their return. Russia For much of the conflict, Russia has been the main source country of ISIL foreign fighters, in particular from its Caucasus region. Many of these were Islamist veterans of the post-Soviet conflicts in the Caucasus. Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War has seen it give probably vital support to the Syrian government, especially since 2015. Different federal subjects of Russia have adopted different methods of dealing with returned fighters, e.g. between Chechnya and Dagestan. France France announced a set of 20 measures concerning its foreign fighters, with President Francois Hollande saying "France will take all measures to dissuade, prevent and punish those who are tempted to fight where they have no reason to be," while Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius estimated that about 500 French citizens were involved in the conflict. United Kingdom In April 2014, the U.K. enacted Operation Mum that seeks Muslim women informing against family members who consider going to Syria to fight. It comes as up to 700 citizens were said to have traveled there, with 20 known deaths and more in detention. The U.K. also confirmed over 200 Syrian trained fighters had returned home with the intent to carry out attacks. Belgium Belgian Interior Minister Joelle Milquet said that his country had taken steps in 2014 to address the problem and sought to increase international cooperation in the matter because "coping with the return [of fighters], that is our main concern." It followed European Union warnings that its citizens were going to fight in Syria and countries like Somalia and Sudan and that they could return more radicalised and trained in guerrilla tactics that could prove a security risk. Milquet added that an informal ministerial group with France in 2013 year, brought together officials from the U.K., Netherlands and Spain, which, in turn, then met officials from the U.S., Canada and Australia. France and England had also announced plans to prevent their citizens from fighting in Syria. Netherlands The Netherlands' officials raised the terror threat level to "substantial" partly over concerns about radicalised citizens returning from Syria. Norway The Norwegian Police Security Service estimated that up to 40 Norwegians had gone to Syria to fight, but that the number might be higher. As of November 2013 at least five are presumed dead and some have returned to Norway. Many are recruited through Islamist groups in Norway and fight for organisations such as Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar, ISIS and al-Nusra. Both the Security Service and academics have expressed worry that returning fighters might pose a future threat to Norway. Southeast Asia The governments of Malaysia and Indonesia as well the Philippines and Thailand were also concerned about returning fighters. On at least one occasion Malaysian reports indicated that Islamic State supporter terrorist groups have emerged to stake a claim over parts of mainland Southeast Asia. While some arrests were made, some of them had fled to the Philippines to forged an alliance with Abu Sayyaf, which is one of the Filipino terrorist group notourious for kidnapping, beheading and extortion. Many of the terrorists fled from Malaysia are believed to be not a Malaysian citizens, but instead were either Filipino and Indonesian nationalities who have disguised as a Malaysians by using fake identities. Malaysia's first suicide bomber attack occurred under the auspices of ISIS (though in Iraq). United States The director of the U.S. government's National Counterterrorism Center Matthew Olsen told the Aspen Security Forum that an increasing number of foreign fighters from the West were fighting for the Nusra Front and that they were "the most capable fighting force within the opposition. Syria has become really the predominant jihadist battlefield in the world. We see foreign fighters going from Western Europe and, in a small number of cases, from the United States to Syria to fight for the opposition." He, along with other speakers, speculated that there was an increased threat of attacks should the fighters return home. The European Union's counter-terrorism coordinator, Gilles de Kerchove, said that about 600 fighters had traveled from Europe to Syria and that should the Balkans and North Africa be counted there would be thousands of fighters. Olsen added that "the concern going forward from a threat perspective is there are individuals traveling to Syria, becoming further radicalised, becoming trained and then returning as part of really a global jihadist movement to Western Europe and, potentially, to the United States." In 2014, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz introduced the Expatriate Terrorist Act which would allow the federal government go to court to revoke the citizenship of those who joins or aids a foreign terrorist group. He cited his view that it was "necessary" to prevent citizens to fight for ISIS from returning to carry out "unspeakable acts of terror here at home." Australia Australia expressed concern that veterans of the conflict posed a graver threat that those during the September 11 attacks, while another unnamed official compared the threat to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Prime Minister Tony Abbott said:This is a big issue; it's concerning people right around the world. We have an ongoing Islamist terror threat and the situation in Syria has the potential to escalate that threat as militarised radicals come back. I don’t say that there is any simple solution to this problem, but the vigilance that's been maintained since 2001 needs to be increased in these circumstances and its certainly no time to be reducing the emphasis on good intelligence which has been a very important part of Australia's response to the terror threat ever since then. Abbott signed an agreement with French President François Hollande to share intelligence on each other's citizens who had fought in Syria. He made a similar deal with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono when the met on Batam Island in early June 2014. India The ISIL flag was seen being waved thrice in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Chief Minister Omar Abdullah alleged that: "You have to understand that no ISIS group has been identified so far in the valley. The flag of the ISIS was waved by some idiots, which does not mean that ISIS has any presence in Kashmir." He further noted that legal action was taken against the tailor who made it and those who flew it. In another instance it was waved after Friday prayers. Also, the entire leadership of self proclaimed ISIL affiliate was killed by Indian security forces in June 2018, this erasing any presence of group in the area. Other Western reactions have generally been of concern about returning Islamist foreign fighters. Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton said: "The balance of power within the Syrian opposition between responsible forces and terrorists is already murky at best. If even more al Qaeda supporters are moving in, it raises the risks of supplying weapons even to 'friendly' opposition forces even higher." Former CIA official and former staff member of the White House National Security Council Bruce Riedel added: "Syria is the new epicenter for the global jihad with would be 'martyrs' arriving from across the Islamic world to fight Assad. They are getting experience in the terror arts they will bring home." Aaron Zelin of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy wrote that "not everyone who has joined the Syrian rebels is al Qaeda, and only a small number may ever become involved in terrorism after returning to Europe. That said, it would be wrong to conclude that individuals who have trained and fought in Syria pose no potential threat. Numerous studies show that individuals with foreign training and/or fighting experience have featured prominently in European based terrorist plots. [Other studies have shown that foreign-trained fighters] are far more lethal, dangerous and sophisticated than purely domestic cells." because the returning fighters are more experienced and battle hardened than those in domestic cells. Having fought and survived the war, domestic cells would most likely look up to and follow the instructions of returning fighters when carrying out violent attacks. It might be more difficult to prevent a terrorist attack from a cell headed by a Foreign fighter that have knowledge in weapons handling, constructing explosives out of improvised goods and operational planning than a cell headed by a leader without this practical training. He suggested a recurrence of roving attackers that followed the Iraq war in the 2000s, the Bosnia war in the 1990s and the Afghanistan war in the 1980s. The Free Beacon suggested the growing number of foreign fighters was indicated by the release of videos such as one showing the execution of three Christians, including a Roman Catholic priest. Other such videos are the increasing number of "martyrdom announcements." The New York Times suggested the influx of foreign Islamist fighters could make Syria a new haven for such fighters akin to Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment's Thomas Hegghammer estimated in November 2013 that between 1,132 and 1,707 Europeans from 12 such countries had gone to Syria to fight, with a majority from France (200–400), the United Kingdom (200–300) and Belgium (100–300). However, an ISIL deserter alleged that foreign recruits were treated with less respect than Arabic-speaking Muslims by ISIL commanders and were placed in suicide units if they lacked otherwise useful skills. In order to gain respect, foreign fighters may engage in far more violent actions than local fighters. Most local fighters are unwilling to terrorize their own relatives or neighbors and thus foreign fighters are deployed to violently control the locals. Turkey was said to be concerned about the presence of radical jihadists on their border with Syria. The Carnegie Middle East Center noted the "unprecedented" speed at which the numbers of fighters have mobilised in comparison to earlier modern conflicts in the Islamic world. Shahriman Lockman of the Malaysia-based Institute of Strategic & International Studies said of the return of fighters: "It is worrisome, yes. If they wanted a safe haven for their training and operations, they could easily go to the numerous failed states in Africa. But they chose to operate from Malaysia, where the risk of being under surveillance is much higher." In his 28 May 2017 Face the Nation interview, US Secretary of Defense James Mattis announced a shift from "attrition" to "annihilation" tactics in the fight against ISIS; according to Mattis, the intention is "that the foreign fighters do not survive the fight to return home to North Africa, to Europe, to America, to Asia, to Africa." Blowback Amidst concern of blowback, the first reported case of a former fighter in the conflict to attack those outside Syria occurred in May 2014 at the Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting. Though unconfirmed, ISIS reportedly claimed responsibility for the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa. Origins Fighters include those from the Gulf Arab states, Tunisia (following its own Tunisian revolution), Libya (following the Libyan Civil War), China, other Arab states, Russia, including the North Caucasus region, and Western countries. According to the Syrian Arab Army, by September 2014 a total of 54,000 foreign jihadists had come to fight, with the largest groups being from Russia (14,000), Saudi Arabians (12,000), Lebanese (9,000), Iraqis, and Tunisians. Foreign fighters tend to join different groups depending on nationality: for example, Tunisians and Western-born Muslims favor the Islamic State, while Algerians and Moroccans prefer the al-Nusra Front. Some jihadist groups are dominated by a single nationality, as is the case with the Caucasus Emirate (Chechens) and the Turkistan Islamic Party (Uyghurs), or the pro-government Afghan Shia Liwa Fatemiyoun. A 7 December 2015 report by the Soufan Group gave estimates for the number of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq by their country and region of origin based on information dated between 2014 and 2015. The study, which only included foreign fighters with ISIL, al-Nusra and other Sunni jihadist factions, listed the countries with the largest number of foreign fighters were Tunisia (6,000), Saudi Arabia (2,500), Russia (2,400), Turkey (2,100), Jordan (2,000+) while the number of fighters by region was reported to be: the Middle East (8240), the Maghreb (8,000), Western Europe (5,000), former Soviet Republics (4,700), Southeast Asia (900), the Balkans (875), and North America (289). Of Western Europe's estimated 5000 total fighters, almost 3700 fighters were produced by just four Western European countries: France (1,700), Germany (760), the United Kingdom (760), and Belgium (470). Between 2014 and 2015, the report estimated a nearly 300% increase in the number of fighters originating from Russia and Central Asia whereas the total number of fighters traveling to Syria and Iraq had become "relatively flat." The report mentioned that the flow of foreign fighters "is neither uniform by region nor by country," with some countries having distinguishable "Hotbeds of recruitment" with some hotbeds, such as the Lisleby district of Norway's Fredrikstad which is populated by only 6000 people, being small and relatively new while other cities and regions, such as Tunisia's Bizerte and Ben Gardane, Libya's Derna, Georgia's Pankisi Gorge, and Molenbeek in Brussels, "are well-established incubators and radiators of extremist behavior." The Soufan Group reported on 15 October 2016 that there has been "a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria" since 2014. The U.S. State Department reported on 2 June 2016 that their "intelligence community" estimates that possibly "in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict [in Syria] and from over 100 countries" while six months prior, the Russian Defense Ministry estimated that there were about "25-30,000 foreign terrorist mercenaries are fighting for ISIL" alone. The phenomenon causes concerns in the home countries of the foreign fighters. The phenomenon is not new, but the size and variety of origins in this case were unusual. Muslim world Arab world In 2012, it was reported that most recruits to Syria are Arabs (Lebanese, Iraqis, Jordanians, Palestinians, Kuwaitis, Tunisians, Libyans, Algerians, Egyptians, Saudis, Sudanese and Yemenis). The largest contingents of about 500-900 fighters came from Syria's neighbors: Lebanese, Iraqis, Palestinians and Jordanians, many of whom fought U.S. forces in Iraq. The second-largest contingent was from Arab countries in North Africa: around 75-300 fighters from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called for a jihad in Syria with the main target of message said to be Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. In 2013, the total number of foreign fighters in Syria with al-Qaeda was estimated to be the largest for Libyans with several hundred fighters; Saudis numbered at least 330; several hundred Egyptian Islamists; about 300 Iraqis and over 500 Jordanians. Neighbouring countries Lebanon Mostly Lebanese fighters in Syria tend to have their own groups and militias. Thousands of Lebanese fight on the pro-government side. The most significant Lebanese force in Syria is Hezbollah, which in September 2017 said it had 10,000 fighters in Syria. In 2017, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost between 1,700 and 1,800 fighters in the Syrian war. In 2018, it was reported that at least 1,232 Lebanese Shia militia fighters had been killed. On the anti-government side, members of Fatah al-Islam and the Abdullah Azzam Brigades were also present though they were fighting under independent banners. Many Lebanese fighters for the opposition come from the Sunni stronghold of Tripoli. The city's Sunni cleric Sheik Masen al-Mohammed said: "The struggle for freedom in Syria is our own struggle for freedom. We Lebanese are part of the Syrian revolution, part of the rebellion. If Syria gains its freedom, then we will also win in Lebanon." He also said of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad that he was an "infidel. ... It is the duty of every Muslim, every Arab to fight the infidels. There is a holy war in Syria and the young men there are conducting jihad. For blood, for honor, for freedom, for dignity. We know of Palestinian, Libyan and Yemen fighters who are active there." Iraq Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was active in Syria until 2013. Al-Qaeda's central command authorized the Syrian ISI member Abu Mohammad al-Golani to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda. Golani and a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released by the Assad government from military prisons in May–June 2011. Golani's group formally announced itself under the name "Jabhat al-Nusra l'Ahl as-Sham" on 23 January 2012. Since then, there have been growing rifts between the various factions of al-Qaeda and ISIS. In addition, Iraqi Shia militia have had a heavy presence on the pro-government side in Syria, in militias including Harakat al-Nujaba, Kataib Seyyed al-Shuhada, and Kataib Hezbollah. Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces militias have been heavily deployed in Syria on the side of the government, often with the stated aim of defending Shi'ite shrines. Although at the time of the formation of the PMF, most of its component groups were primarily engaged in Iraq against ISIL, after the reduction of the immediate ISIL threat in Iraq from 2015, many returned to Syria. For instance, in January 2015 Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada announced the deaths of two of its fighters in defense of Sayeda Zainab in Damascus, and the militia's involvement in the 2015 Southern Syria offensive was documented by the Iraqi TV station Al-Anwar 2. In mid-2016, pro-government media reported that Harakat Al-Nujaba announced that they were sending 2,000 fighters to the southern Aleppo front. Between January 2012 and August 2018, at least 117 Iraq Shia fighters died in Syria. According to some reports, the number of Iraqi fighters killed in Syria in that period may be as high as 1,200. Israel There has been at least one report of Israeli-Arabs found to have traveled to Syria and fought for the rebels. One returnee who briefly fought in Syria was convicted of "endangering national security." The case was described as "unprecedented", and Judge Avraham Yaakov said that "there's no legal guidance regarding the rebel groups fighting in Syria." Gulf states In 2013, Bahraini Sunni sheikh Adel al-Hamad said that his son, Abdulrahman, was killed while fighting in Syria and that he had "hoped to fall as a martyr." He added: "He visited Syria once, then he returned to Bahrain where he prepared his fighting gear and returned to Syria." In response, Interior Minister Rashid bin Abdullah al-Khalifa said that support should be given from the international community and that individuals should not be indoctrinated and radicalised. It follows calls from mosques to join the "jihad" in Syria. There are also Saudi fighters. In 2013, USA Today reported that over 1,200 death row inmates were sent from Saudi Arabia to fight against the Syrian government. Bahraini Shia youth traveled to receive Iranian training in camps and battlefronts in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria, and there have been reports that a Bahraini Shia militia, Saraya Al Mukhtar (The Chosen Brigades), was fighting in Syria on the pro-government side in 2015. North Africa Libya Libya's National Transitional Council was the first and only UN recognised entity to see the Syrian National Council as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In December 2011, it was reported in the French media that the former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group's Abdulhakim Belhadj's associate Abd al-Mehdi al-Harati was leading a Libyan group of fighters with rumours suggesting some of the Nusra Front's fighters came from this group. Arms from the recently concluded Libyan Civil War were also present in Syria. While many fighters from the civil war were reported to have gone to fight in Syria, several were said to have returned home amidst escalating violence and threats of a new civil war. Towards the end of 2014, the city of Derna reportedly swore allegiance to ISIS, the first outside Syria or Iraq. Morocco In 2017 it was estimated that Moroccans and 2000 Moroccan-Europeans had travelled to join the Islamic State caliphate in the Syrian Civil War, which along with other fighters from MENA countries contributed a significant force to ISIS. Tunisia Following the first Arab Spring uprising that led to the Tunisian revolution, many Tunisian fighters fought alongside Syrian rebels. In early 2012, Tunisia also withdrew recognition of Syria. Tunisians have been killed or captured in Syria, with at least five deaths from the town of Ben Guerdane, from where many fighters departed Tunisia for Syria. The Syrian government informed the United Nations of the arrest of 26 alleged al-Qaeda militants, 19 of whom were Tunisian. Tunisians are reportedly a large percentage of the foreign Arab fighters in the country. President Moncef Marzouki's spokesman Adnan Mancer said that the government was trying to follow up on the fate of Tunisians in Syria with the help of international organisations like the Red Cross as official ties between governments had been cut. He said: "Our youth have good intentions, but it is possible they fell into the hands of manipulators." In March 2013, an inquiry was initiated in Tunisia into the recruitment of Tunisian Islamists to fight in Syria. In May, Foreign Minister Othmane Jarandi said that there were about 800 Tunisians fighting for the opposition in Syria. He added that "the repatriation of Tunisians can be facilitated by the embassy in Lebanon after the government makes contact with the Syrian authorities about imprisoned Tunisian citizens." In 2017, it was estimated that Tunisia had contributed about 7,000 fighters to the Islamic State, forming the largest contingent among the MENA countries. Others In June 2013, a recently promoted Jordanian Air Force captain was reported to have taken leave from his job and traveled to Turkey in order to fight for the Nusra Front. Yemenis have also fought for both sides in the Syrian battle. Palestinians have also fought for both sides of the conflict with Hamas being more supportive of the opposition and the PFLP-GC supporting the government. A leading Mauritanian jihadist ideologue, Sheikh Abu al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti called in 2012 for support for the Nusra Front. Shia countries Iran Thousands of Iranian operatives—as many as 10,000 by the end of 2013—have fought in the Syrian war on the pro-government side, including regular troops and militia members. In 2018, Tehran said that 2,100 Iranian soldiers have been killed in Syria and Iraq over the past seven years. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has a largely non-observant Shia population with a Sunni minority. Some Sunni citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria. The estimated number of Azerbaijanis in Syria ranges from 200 to 300. Afghanistan Afghan Shia fighters have had a major presence in Syria on the pro-government side. In 2018, it was reported that 2,000 Afghan had been killed and more than 8000 wounded in Syria in the past five years, fighting for the Liwa Fatemiyoun, composed mainly of members of the Hazarah Afghan minority. The Brigade reportedly had 10,000–20,000 fighters in 2016-2017. Pakistan In 2013, the Pakistani Taliban said that its fighters, from a variety of countries, were fighting against the Syrian government. They were reportedly working with the Nusra Front and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The group's commanders said that they sought to fight in Syria in order to foster closer links with al-Qaeda's central leadership. An unnamed Taliban commander was quoted by Reuters in 2013 as saying that the group was fighting alongside their Mujahedeen friends: "When our brothers needed our help, we sent hundreds of fighters along with our Arab friends." He added that videos would be released showing the group's "victories" in Syria. Another commander said: "Since our Arab brothers have come here for our support, we are bound to help them in their respective countries and that is what we did in Syria. We have established our own camps in Syria. Some of our people go and then return after spending some time fighting there. The group's spokesman, Abdul Rashid Abbasi, said on 16 July 2013 that its first batch of fighters had arrived in Syria and set up a command and control centre and that another batch of at least 120 fighters were expected to join the others within a week. While a militant said that 100 fighters had reached Syria and another 20 were on the way with an untold number of volunteers waiting, the Foreign Office spokesman Aizaz Chaudhry said: "We have seen these reports in the media and the concerned authorities are verifying these claims by the militants." However, the Istanbul-based Syrian National Council released a statement that read: "We ask for clarification regarding coverage that reflects poorly on the Syrian revolution, particularly news about Taliban's office in Syria and other news items about Islamist fighters." It also cited the Taliban's Shura Council as denying the news and calling it a "rumor." Specifically, Ahmed Kamel said the reports of the Taliban's presence were a "systematic" and "rapid" campaign by pro-government outlets to "smear" the rebels. He said that these were "sick attempts to make the Syrian people look like a bunch of radical Islamists. Syria is bigger than all of these lies and we know, based on our contacts inside Syria, that no Pakistani Taliban are fighting alongside the Syrian rebels. The Taliban want to kill Americans and Israelis, so why they should go to Syria when we are fighting for freedom, democracy and justice against a tyrant?" In addition, large numbers of Pakistani Shia fighters have fought on the pro-government side, mainly in the Zeinabiyoun Brigade, which has up to 1,000 fighters in Syria. 158 Shia Pakistani fighters were killed in Syria between January 2012 and August 2018. The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) have shared a list of the names of 29 Pakistanis among who are in their custody for fighting for the Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Central Asia In September 2013, a Kazakh and two Kyrgyz returned from Syria and were arrested in Osh on terrorism charges on claims that they were sent to Kyrgyzstan by the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) to perpetrate attacks. In early February 2014, six suspects were arrested in Osh, some of whom were said to have trained in camps in Syria before returning to Kyrgyzstan. They were reportedly planning attacks in Osh and Bishkek. Some Kyrgyz fighters that were known to be in Syria joined the Al Nusrah Front. Kazakhs have joined ISIL in Syria and Iraq. ISIL released a video called "Race Toward Good" showing Kazakh children being trained as fighters. The families of Kazakh fighters have accompanied them to Syria including children and women. Families of Azeri and Kazakh members of ISIL have been reportedly massacred by the Syrian Islamist rebel group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki. A Kazakh fighter has appeared in Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar. According to the testimony of a Kazakh student who returned to Kazakhstan from Syria, the Arab Jihadist rebels in Syria were racist against the Kazakhs, assigned them the most difficult duties, and called them "Chinese" and there were little feelings of solidarity among the militants. A new video of ISIL Kazakh child soldiers being given military training was reported in the media. Kazakh passports were seized by SDF. The Shadadi emir was Abu Khatab al-Kazakhi. Abu Aisha al-Kazakhi died in Syria. Kazakh and Uzbek ISIS members invited entire families form their home countries. Uzbek foreign fighters in Syria include Imam Bukhari Jamaat (كتيبة الامام البخاري) (Uzbek: Imom al buxoriy katibasi) (Turkish: İmam Buhari Cemaati), Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (كتيبة التوحيد والجهاد) (Uzbek: Tavhid va Jihod katibasi) (Turkish: Tevhid ve Cihad Cemaati), and Katibat Sayfulla (كتيبة سيف الله), which is part of Jabhat al-Nusra. Uzbek Jihadist groups operate four training camps in Syria. Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (Тавҳид ва Жиҳод), also called Jannat Oshiklari, is a largely Uzbek group active in northern Syria that was led by Abu Saloh. It participated in the 2015 Northwestern Syria offensive, the Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015), Battle of Aleppo (2012–present) the Siege of Al-Fu'ah-Kafarya (2015), and the seizure of the Qarmid military camp. It was a former part of Jabhat al-Nusra and is still an ally of the group. Katibat al Imam al Bukhari is also called Imam Bukhari Jamaat. The Uzbek group Imam Bukhari Jamaat pledged allegiance to the Taliban and is an Al-Qaeda ally. Uzbek foreign fighters have flocked to Katibat Imam al-Bukhari. Salahuddin al-Uzbeki is the leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat and his son Umar, a 16 year old teenager, died while fighting in Aleppo against the Syrian military. A member of Imam Bukhari Jamaat defended the utilization of child soldiers. Allegiance was pledged to the Taliban and their leader Mullah Omar by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. On the VK social networking website, an illustration of a militant aiming an RPG at Santa Claus' flying sleigh was posted by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. The leader of Imam Bukhari Jamaat is Salohiddin. Child soldiers are being drilled by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. They battled in Aleppo and Latakia's Jabal al Akrad region. The Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya is participated in by Imam Bukhari Jamaat. There are separate wings in both Syria and Afghanistan of the Uzbek Imam Bukhari Jamaat. Islamic Jihad Union and Imam Bukhari Jamaat are both in Afghanistan and Uzbek in addition to being allied with Al-Qaeda. Katibat Sayfulla is part of Jabhat al-Nusra. It participated in the Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase. Uzbek fighters in ISIL have participated in suicide bombings. Uzbeks make up ISIL's Katibat Al-Ghurabaa. ISIL has recruited hundreds of Tajiks from Tajikistan. Once the Central Asians died in battle, their wives were given to other fighters. 70 Uzbeks died in Idlib after a Turkistan Islamic Party site was hit by a missile. A bombing by the Russians killed "Malhama tactical" leader Abu Rofiq. He claimed to be unaffiliated. He was called Abu Rofik Abdul Mukaddim Tatarstani. He operated in Syria. The Turkistan Islamic Party has operated with Malhama Tactical. The Turkistan Islamic Party, Ajnad Kavkaz and Nusra received instruction under Malhama tactical. Former countries which were part of the Soviet Union were sending large numbers of fighters to Syria according to Putin. However, data regarding the flow of foreign fighters from Central Asian states remains patchy, with some researchers cautioning against inaccurate reporting, commentary by lobby groups, and think tank reports which are not based on triangulated data. Southeast Asia Indonesia and Malaysia are the main source of foreign fighters from Southeast Asia with an estimated of 500 Indonesians and 200 Malaysians have travelling to Syria to fight for the Islamic State. It is also suspected that more than 200 Filipinos, mostly the members of Abu Sayyaf (ASG) and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) are training and fighting in Iraq and Syria under Islamic State. Southeast Asian countries are the origin of approximately 500 child fighters in ISIL. In March 2019, the Malaysian Government has announced that it would allow Malaysian foreign fighters to return provided that they comply with checks and enforcement and complete a one-month government-run rehabilitation programme. This rehabilitation program involves returnees being examined by psychologists and clerics. Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay, the counter-terrorism head of the Malaysian Special Branch, has confirmed that 11 Malaysians have returned including eight men, a woman, and two young children. The men were charged in court and convicted while the woman attended a rehabilitation programme. According to Ayob, 51 Malaysians remain in Syria including 17 children. Georgia According to Georgia's State Security Service, around 50 Georgian citizens, principally from the Kist (Chechen)-populated Pankisi Gorge, had joined the Islamist groups in Syria and Iraq as of June 2016. By June 2017, at least 25 citizens of Georgia have died in these conflicts. A veteran of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War and a former sergeant in the Georgian Army, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria. Another one is Muslim Shishani. China Jihadist foreign fighters The Uyghur militant group Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP) sent a large number of its fighters, operating in a unit called the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), to take part in the Syrian Civil War. They have taken part in numerous battles in Syria, including the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive. The leader of TIP (ETIM) in Syria was Abu Rida al-Turkestani. The Turkistan Islamic Party is allied to Al-Qaeda. Jabhat Fatah al-Sham included Abu Omar al-Turkistani. The death of Abu Omar al-Turkistani happened on 19 January 2017. The death of Al-Turkistani was confirmed by JFS. Iran and Russia were attacked by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Jabal al-Zawiya, Ariha, and Jisr al-shoghur are locations in Idlib where there are many Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party members. Fahd Jasim al-Furayj, a Lietenant General, Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Syria had discussions with Guan Youfei, a Rear Admiral The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video featuring an 80-year-old Uyghur man who came to join ISIL in Syria along with his grandchildren, wife, and daughter after he was inspired by his son who died in combat in Syria. Footage also emerged online of a Chinese rebel fighter in Syria, ne Bo Wang, a Muslim convert who calls himself Youssef. He appeared in a video in the northern Syrian countryside, in which he condemned the Syrian government for "butchering every Muslim here in cold blood, including children and women" and stating that "people have no freedom, no democracy, no security and no respect here, not at all." He also spoke of historical Chinese ties to Syria, claiming that the Chinese government had destroyed the "traditional friendship between the Chinese and Arab people" because they "sell weapons and provide financial assistance to the Assad government." Uyghurs were routed into Syria by way of Zeytinburnu by Turkey. Eric Draitser accused Turkish intelligence and the government of Turkey of helping transport Uighur jihadists. Uighurs have been allowed to transit to Turkey. A Uighur language version of al-Bayan was published by ISIS. After Jabal al-Arba'een was subjected to bombardment by the coalition, foreign fighters fled to Jabal al-Summaq. Homes of the Druze religious minority of Jabal al-Summaq's Kuku village were forcibly stolen and attacked by Turkistan Islamic Party Uyghurs and Uzbeks. Around Ariha, Russian plane bombs on 12 January 2017 killed the family of a Turkistan Islamic Party Uyghur leader and the leader himself. Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı said that Russians bombed the family of Uyghur fighters in Idlib and the TIP retaliated by firing rockets against Iranian militias. Chechen groups, Katibat Tawhid wal Jihad (Uzbek), Imam Bukhari Jamaat (Uzbek), and Turkistan Islamic Party (Uighur) work with Nusra in Syria's northwestern area. Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members participated in the Battle of Aleppo. Children of militant Uighurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party have accompanied them. A Frenchman died while serving in TIP ranks. A Uighur language nasheed was released by ISIS. Uighurs appeared in the film. Uighur children appeared in an ISIS video. The ISIS Uighur members attacked the "moderate Syrian rebel" members who were allied to the Turkistan Islamic Party. The Turkistan Islamic Party, linked to Al-Qaeda, was criticized by the ISIL video. Children with weapons appeared in the video. Iraq was the location of the footage. The Islamic State's number of Uighur fighters is much smaller than that of the Turkistan Islamic Party's. Katibat al-Imam Bukhari (Uzbek), Uighur Turkistan Islamic Party, and the Uzbek Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad are major Central Asian, Syria based factions. Uighur foreign fighters were urged to come to Syria by videos released by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Uyghur foreign fighters in Syria were addressed and advised by Muhaysini in a video speech released by the Turkistan Islamic Party. Footage of Muhaysini and Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi giving speeches were used alongside old footage of Hasan Mahsum in "Blessed Are the Strangers #6", a video released by the Syria based wing of the Turkistan Islamic Party. "Lovers of Paradise #20" by the Turkistan Islamic Party showed Uyghur fighters in Syria. People's Protection Units volunteers In 2015 was known that at least two men from China were fighting in Syria for the YPG. One of them calls himself Ba Si Pan and the other is a Chinese-British communist named Huang Lei born in Sichuan Province. Russia The Russian security agency Federal Security Service in July 2013 estimated that about 200 Russian citizens were fighting for the Syrian opposition, while it expressed fears the fighters could carry out militant attacks upon returning. In December 2013, the Russian media estimate for Russian citizens fighting for the rebels was increased to 400. Academic research has highlighted unprecedented levels of mobilisation by Russian-speaking volunteers, while also illustrating inherent ambiguities in official estimates. Although often cited as Chechen, due to the widespread use of the Arabic moniker al-Shishani, foreign fighters came from a wide variety of ethnic and sub-ethnic groups. At least some also came from Diaspora communities. The Chechen-led Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA), which was said to be cooperating with the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front, was mid 2013, according to The Washington Free Beacon, one of the leading recruiters of foreign fighters into the jihad in Syria to fight Assad. Its online forum was said to show an easy access route, via Turkey, to the battlefield, which brought in more fighters. The Free Beacon also reported that Chechen fighters were bringing with them Russian-made SA-7 anti-aircraft missiles which are shoulder-fired and could be used to target civilian commercial airliners. JMA cut it links to ISIL in late 2013, and continued respecting the Oath of Allegiance they had made to the Caucasus Emirate's Dokka Umarov. In September 2015, JMA joined the al-Nusra Front. Besides JMA, numerous other small factions and groups involving Russian-speaking foreign fighters, including some with links to the North Caucasus, are active in parts of Syria and Iraq. One of the more powerful Chechen-dominated militias in Syria was Junud al-Sham, but it fractured in course of 2016. Since then, Ajnad al-Kavkaz has become the most important independent rebel group led by North Caucasians in Syria. The group's leadership consists of Second Chechen War veterans. As of September 2015, according to Russian Civic Chamber's commission on public diplomacy and compatriots abroad, approximately 2,500 Russian nationals and 7,000 citizens of other post-Soviet republics were fighting alongside ISIL. As well as the large number of Russians fighting for al-Qaeda or ISIS, thousands have fought on the government side. Up until 2015, Russia provided military assistance and private contractors (at least 1,700 Russian contractors had reportedly been deployed to Syria up 2017), but from September 2015 formal Russian military intervention began, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups. Around 4,300 personnel were deployed, and by September 2018 Russia had reported 112 losses. Europe Both European converts and immigrant or immigrant's children have gone to fight for the Syrian opposition. This includes citizens from France (with the leading number of fighters), followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy. A report by the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) from April 2016 shows that there is a total of 3,922-4,294 foreign fighters from EU Member States of whom 30 percent have returned to their home countries. EU anti-terrorism coordinator Gilles de Kerchove said that this was a worrying trend as those who return could be more radicalized. EUROPOL Director Rob Wainright issued his 2013 report and said that the returning fighters "could incite other volunteers to join the armed struggle," as well as use their training, combat experience, knowledge and contacts to conduct such activities within the EU. European criminals are targeted by the Islamic State for recruitment, an estimated 50-80% of Europeans in IS have a criminal record. This is higher than al-Qaeda, where 25% of Europeans have a criminal record. The first European to fight for the Syrian opposition was reported by Der Spiegel to be a fighter for the Free Syrian Army who was "a Frenchman who had just turned 24 and comes from a wealthy family. He just turned up here with his credit card in hand." A Michigan-born U.S.-convert to Islam was also the first U.S. citizen to be killed in Syria, reportedly by the government, as she was taking part in a reconnaissance mission with two Britons near Aleppo. In July 2013, a U.S.-Egyptian man named Amiir Farouk Ibrahim (from Pennsylvania) went missing in Syria, presumed by the media to be fighting with rebel forces. His passport was discovered, amongst others, in an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant base which had been captured by Kurdish rebels. His family was aware he was in Syria, but his father did not believe that his son had gone there for humanitarian purposes. Western countries, including the U.K., have provided aid to the rebels. As of November 2013, there are believed to be approximately 600 fighters from Western countries in Syria. Norway's Thomas Hegghammer issued a report that suggested one in nine Westerners who fight in foreign jihadist insurgencies end up becoming involved in attack plots back home. The Associate Director of the Melbourne School of Government David Malet, however, suggested that while research on foreign fighters was a new field, different studies showed another view to the likelihood of blowback from returning fighters. "Other studies show that most foreign fighters simply resume their previous lives so long as they are provided amnesty." Meanwhile, France was estimated to have up to 700 of its citizens fighting in Syria. At least one pregnant Austrian indicated she wanted to return home. Balkans Muslims from the Balkans have joined the opposition in fighting against the Syrian government, and some have been killed. In 2013, it was reported that many recruits came from Serbia's Muslim-inhabited Sandžak region, particularly the city of Novi Pazar. Several hundred come from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. Many of the recruits were Salafists and, though denied by some Salafist leaders, Rešad Plojović, the deputy leader of the Sandžak muftiate, said that "some organisations and individuals [are recruiting Balkan Muslims]. There are centers or individuals who probably have connections with certain organisations, and they are motivating people. They also may know ways to transport them to the war zone. Let's be frank. Many here do not even know where Syria is. They cannot know how to go there and get involved in all that is happening there." Anel Grbović, a journalist from Novi Pazar, wrote that most fighters from the Sandžak had been removed from the country's two official Islamic communities before traveling to Syria. "The fact is, there are illegal organisations recruiting people here. The fact is, there are houses where they come together. The fact is, there are facilities where they conduct their religious rituals – which means they exclude themselves from the mosque. That means they exclude themselves from the system of the Islamic community and are more easily influenced by some individuals or organisations." As for Albanian Muslims in Kosovo and Macedonia, they fought for the rebels in order to help "Sunni brothers" in their fight. At least one Macedonian fighter said he was recruited via an intermediary in Vienna. From Bosnia and Herzegovina, many Bosniaks joined the Nusra Front as Salafists (Salafism came to Bosnia during the Bosnian War with Saudi financing, though foreign fighters in that war stayed on in the country despite controversy). Some of relatives of the fighters have said that the leader of the predominantly Salafist Bosnian village of Gornja Maoča, Nusret Imamović, recruited the fighters; however he refused to be interviewed about the allegations. The director of the Bosnian State Investigation and Protection Agency, Goran Zubac, said that his office had questioned at least eight men linked to recruiting and sending the fighters to Syria, while he said his office was monitoring the Salafists. "If our priority is to fight against terrorism and these activities are a part of this sector, then you can rest assured that nobody in the State Investigation and Protection Agency is sleeping." In 2013, FTV reported that a group of 52 Bosniak fighters went to Syria since the fighting commenced, though 32 fighters returned, while two were killed. An additional nine Bosniaks released a video tape saying they were going to fight in Homs, though they also mentioned the jihads in Iraq and Afghanistan. By April 2015, a total of 232 Kosovo Albanians had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, most commonly the IS. Forty of these are from the town of Skenderaj (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports. By September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians from several countries were killed fighting in Syria and Iraq. According to the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies, around 60 Kosovar fighters have been killed in combat as of March 2016. As of March 2016, the Albanian Government estimates that over 100 Albanian citizens have joined militant groups in Syria and Iraq, 18 of whom have been killed and 12 wounded. Macedonian citizens of Albanian descent are also fighting in Syria, and six were reported to have been killed by 2014. Belgium As an ICCT report from April 2016 shows, Belgium has the highest per-capita foreign fighter contingent. The estimated number is between 420-516 individuals. This group consists of a wide age range, with people between 14–69 years old – with an average of 25.7. Moroccan-born IS recruiter Khalid Zerkani recruited 72 young individuals with migrant backgrounds of whom most were petty criminals. He encouraged them to steal from non-Muslims in order to finance their journeys to join the caliphate. The Chief of the 'Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis', Paul Van Tigchelt, said on 28 September 2016 that there are 632 known persons designated as 'foreign terrorist fighters'. Out of these 632 people, 273 are believed to be abroad, fighting or dead. In the 2012-2016 timespan, of the about 500 individuals who left the country to fight in the civil war in Syria, the great majority were of Moroccan descent according to U.S. and Belgian authorities. In July 2020, Belgian authorities stripped eight IS fighters with dual citizenships of their Belgian citizenships, after Turkey had warned that IS supporters would be sent to their country of origin. Denmark According to the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET), up to 125 people have left the country since 2011 to travel to the Syria/Iraq war zone where the majority joined the Islamic State. Of those who went, 27 have died and some deaths were due to participating in suicide attacks. A minority of those who went to groups who opposed Islamist organizations. The great majority of those who joined the conflict were young Sunni Muslims of whom some where converts. Those who went were part of the Islamist scenes in Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Of the 22 who travelled from Aarhus, all came from the Grimhøj mosque. In March 2018, the government of Denmark changed the citizenship law so that children of Danish citizens fighting for the Islamic State will no longer automatically receive Danish citizenship. France An ICCT report shows that more than 900 people have travelled from France to Syria and/or Iraq by October 2015. There is no profile that defines a French foreign fighter, except for mostly young males with a criminal record; foreign fighters come from different regions and socio-economic environments. About 200 were female and a few were entire families who intended to settle in the caliphate. In 2015 the USMA Combating Terrorism Center identified 32 French facilitators who supported individuals intending to join jihadist groups in the Middle East. By 2015, 14 of the foreign fighters from France had either died in suicide bombings or expressed their willingness to do so. After it was revealed that a teen and other youths from Nice joined ISIS in Syria, the mother of one of the youths who was later reported dead filed a civil suit against the French government. The women accused the government of negligence for letting her son travel to a danger zone. In Iraq and Syria foreign fighters from France number around 689 according to the French government. In May 2019, four French citizens were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court for joining the Islamic State. One of the convicts had served in the French army from the year 2000, and had done a tour in Afghanistan in 2009 and left the army in 2010. Germany For Germany, the estimation is that between 720 and 760 people have travelled to Syria and/or Iraq. 40 percent of this group holds only German citizenship, while another 20 percent holds dual citizenship of which one is German. In 2017, the federal police of Germany estimated that between 60% to two thirds of IS fighters coming from Germany had a criminal record, with the vast majority (98%) being repeat offenders with an average of 7.6 crimes per individual. In February 2019, Katrin Göring-Eckardt from the Green party encouraged the government of Germany to bring German citizens who had fought for the Islamic State back to Germany. The interior minister of Bavaria, Joachim Herrmann (CSU), encouraged the government to strip IS warriors of their German citizenship. In April 2019, Germany changed the law so German citizens with dual citizenship who fight with foreign terrorist militias can be stripped of their German citizenship. The law also applies to members of the PKK, which according to the domestic intelligence agency is "the biggest and most powerful foreign extremist organization in Germany." On August 19, 2019, Kurdish-led administration in Syria handed over four children, whose parents were "Islamic State" (IS) fighters, to Germany. Among the children are three orphans, including a boy, two girls, and a 6-month-old ailing girl. This was the first time Germany repatriated children of ISIS militants. In August 2019, US President Donald Trump threatened to release over 2,000 captured ISIS Fighters into France and Germany if US’ European allies did not repatriate "their" citizens-turned-terrorists. Of 778 individuals who had travelled to the conflict zone from Germany, 504 or nearly two thirds, had criminal convictions and 32% of those had been sentenced for 5 crimes or more. On October 16, 2019, a German National going by the name Konstantin Gedig AKA "Andok Cotkar" was killed by a Turkish Airstrike while serving with the YPG International branch outside of Sere Kaniye. Ireland As of January 2015, the Department of Justice estimates that approximately 50 Irish residents have travelled to Syria to fight for rebel forces in the civil war since 2011. At least three Irish citizens are known to have been killed in combat. According to the Department of Justice, many have "participated in the conflict under the flag of fundamentalist and extreme organisations" and "may pose certain threats" upon their return to Ireland and the European Union. The Garda Síochána (Irish national police) "will continue to monitor developments in this area and take action as required," including officers from the Garda Middle Eastern Bureau of the Special Detective Unit (SDU) and Garda Racial, Intercultural and Diversity Office (GRIDO). According to The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), "per capita, Ireland is probably the biggest (contributor of fighters) of all the countries we looked at because Ireland has a small population." According to media reports, Garda and Military Intelligence are monitoring between 30 and 60 potential Islamist fighters both in the Irish state and Irish citizens fighting abroad in Syria and Iraq. Security sources estimated that some 20 fighters may have returned to Ireland as of November 2015. Italy In the 2011-July 2018 period, foreign fighters linked to Italy (among them citizens or residents) numbered 135, which was less than both France (1,900) and Germany (about 1,000). Most joined jihadist groups such as the Islamic State and Jabhat Al-Nusra, while others joined non-jihadist formations or the Free Syrian Army. Unlike in other Western European countries where most of the fighters were born in the country, only a few of those who went to the conflict zone were born in Italy. 14 had Italian citizenship and 10 had dual citizenship. It was noted that the number of Tunisian nationals living in Italy who went to the conflict zone (39) was far higher than the number of Italians. Slightly more than half (50.4%) of fighters linked to Italy came from countries in North Africa.12 of the fighters were from countries in the Balkans. The wife of Moroccan kickboxer Abderrahim Moutaharrik—who was imprisoned in 2017 for allegedly having links to the terror organization, Islamic State (ISIS)—was deported from Italy to Morocco for security concerns. The Netherlands As of April 2016, 220 people had left to go to Syria/Iraq. The majority of them were male and under 25. The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIS or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime. The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard Van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands. In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship. In 2017 the Dutch security service AIVD approximated the number of female jihadists in the Netherlands to about 100 and at least 80 women had left the Netherlands to join the conflict, the majority of whom joined ISIS. When the military pressure increased on jihadist groups in Syra and Iraq, Netherlands-originating women tried to flee the area. In the 2012 – November 2018 period, above 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen. Norway On 27 May 2014, a Somali and two Kosovars, all Norwegian citizens from Oslo, were arrested after being suspected of supporting the ISIS. The death of Kosovar, Egzon Avdyli, who grew up in Norway, was covered in the media. He had also been a spokesman for the Norway-based Prophet's Ummah and was said to have left for Syria earlier in the year. He "supported the establishment of an Islamic state in Norway or other Western countries." At least 50 were thought to have traveled from Norway to Syria to fight for the Islamists, with Norwegian intelligence groups said to be concerned of the danger of them returning. In May 2015 two men, 30-year-old Djibril Abdi Bashir and 28-year-old Valon Avdyli, were sentenced in Norway to four years in prison for joining Islamic State militants in Syria. Valon's 25-year-old brother, Visar Avdyli, was convicted of providing logistical support, and sentenced to a seven-month prison term. A month later, another man was arrested for suspected ties to the Islamic State and traveling to Syria to join jihadi militants. The 18-year-old was apprehended by the Swedish government at Göteborg Landvetter Airport at Norway's request. If convicted, the unidentified man faces up to six years in prison. About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned. It is estimated that at least 124 people have travelled from Denmark to Syria and/or Iraq since January 2011. In February 2019, Prime Minister Erna Solberg said that fighters who return to Norway will be investigated by police and face criminal charges. In May 2019 it was announced that both men and women who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway. In September 2019, 15 foreigners in Norway had their residence permits revoked. Poland In 2015, about 20–40 Polish citizens were believed to have travelled to the conflict zone, most of them at the time did not live in Poland but in other European countries. One of those carried out a suicide attack on an oil refinery in June 2015. Spain An ICCT report shows that more than 139 people have travelled from Spain to Syria and/or Iraq by November 2015 with about 10% of those being female. A detailed analysis of 20 fighters who had joined before 2014 showed that eleven of those were Spanish citizens and the remaining were Moroccans living in Spain. Most of those who joined lived in the Ceuta enclave in North Africa, but also Girona and Malaga. At the time of departure, most were married with children and were either students or low-skilled workers. Several were known to police for drug trafficking. Of those 20, three Muslim Spanish from Ceuta became suicide bombers. In a joint operation in mid-March, Spanish and Moroccan security services targeted an al Qaeda recruiting network and arrested four suspected members in Spain and three others in Morocco. The network, whose activities extend to Morocco, Belgium, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Libya, Mali, Indonesia, and Syria, is headed by Melilla resident Mustafa Maya Amaya, who funneled recruits to the ISIS, the Al Nusrah Front and AQIM. Some of those arrested had returned home from conflict zones such as Syria; and in January, a suspected jihadist returning from Syria was arrested in Málaga as a potential "threat to national security." On 30 April, Spanish security forces, working with French police, arrested Abdelmalek Tanem, a dual Algerian-French citizen, in Almeria, who had recently returned from Syria where he worked towards facilitating integration of Europeans into the Al Nusrah Front and ISIS. On 30 May 2014, Spanish security forces arrested six people in Melilla who were involved in a network that sends fighters to al Qaeda camps in Syria, Mali, and Libya. The cell leader, Benaissa Laghmouchi Baghdadi, had spent eight months in Syria and also had ties to al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) in Mali. Some of those arrested also had linked to Sharia4Spain. Sweden Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria. In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts. In February 2019, the prime minister of Sweden Stefan Löfven announced that Swedish authorities had discouraged travel to the conflict zone in Syria since 2011. The prime minister also said that Swedish authorities would offer no help or assistance to people who had joined or fought the Islamic State. In March 2019, Swedish Television conducted a survey of 41 Islamic State fighters who had returned of whom 12 were women. A third of those who returned to Sweden have since been convicted of serious crimes such as attempted murder, money laundering, extortion, drug offences, fraud, aggravated assault and tax evasion. Michael Skråmo, a Norwegian-Swedish fighter for ISIL who resided in Sweden, was killed in March 2019. On 3 August 2013, two Lebanese-Swedish brothers, Hassan and Moatasem Deeb, were killed in a rebel assault on the Abu Zeid army checkpoint near Qalaat al-Hosn, according to their cousin and a Tripoli cleric. Moatasem died as he detonated his explosive vest in a car at the checkpoint and his brother died in the ensuing fighting. This followed their other brother, Rabih's, death in Tripoli the previous year. The Syrian-born chairman of the Stockholm mosque, Haytham Rahmeh, reportedly smuggled weapons to the rebels for 18 months. Rahmeh, a member of the Syrian National Council, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of Islamic relief in Sweden was said to have bought the weapons mainly in Libya and with support from the Commission for Civilian Protection and then transported them through Turkey to Syria. In June 2019, it was reported that four foreign fighters who had returned from the conflict in Middle East had become employees of the Islamic charter school Vetenskapsskolan which is funded by tax payers. Two of them were women who followed their children to live among groups affiliated to the Islamic State. United Kingdom Robin Simcox of the Henry Jackson Society claimed that the number of British citizens who went to fight in Syria is higher than during the Iraq War and Afghanistan War combined. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation assessed that up to 366 British citizens had been involved in the war in Syria as of December 2013. However, a report from the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague from April 2016, showed that there are between 700-760 foreign fighters from the United Kingdom. Over 350 people have returned to the UK. The Rayat al-Tawheed group is composed of British combatants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Similarly, the suffix "al-Britani" was adopted by British Islamist fighters. In May 2014, a British citizen was killed in fighting. The Free Syrian Army's Abdullah al-Bashir asserted that British fighters were the largest foreign contingent of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During Ramadan 2014, over 140 Imams signed an open letter asking British Muslims not to travel to Syria (as well as ISIL conflict that had spread to Iraq at the time). Additionally, they were urged to make donations to people in the country from the U.K. itself with one such imam, Shahid Raza of Leicester Central Mosque, making the call. An ISIL video released by British-based Abu Muthanna al Yemeni claimed "We have brothers from Bangladesh, from Iraq, from Cambodia, Australia, U.K." ISIL also threatened fighters with execution for returning to Britain. In November, Regnum reported that "White Widow" Samantha Lewthwaite, who had fought in Syria the previous month, was shot dead by a Russian voluntary sniper while she was fighting for the Ukrainian volunteer battalion Aidar during the War in Donbass. Though it was not formally verified, and her father has not confirmed the reports, it was reported in the Western press. Around Mosul a suicide bombing was carried out by a past inmate of Guantanamo called Jamal al Harith. Ronald Fiddler was the original name of Jamal Al-Harith, the past inmate terrorist of Guantanamo who killed himself for ISIS. Britain had given him one million pounds over his time in Guantanamo. The Conservatives gave him the money. He also called himself Abu Zakariya. Fiddler's parents were Jamaican. He went to Tell Abyad. The United Kingdom stripped some of the fighters of their UK citizenship to prevent them from returning, as this would constitute an influx of militants. The Crown Prosecution Service warned in 2014 that "any British resident travelling to take part in fighting will face criminal charges", although Charles Farr, head of the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism, said that the government did not want to target those with humanitarian aims, and would exercise judgement in such cases. The U.K. arrested former Guantanamo Bay detention camp detainee Moazzam Begg for "attending [a] terrorist training camp" in Syria and "facilitating terrorism overseas." In October 2019, British officials initiated the repatriation of stranded children in Syria by getting in touch with local authorities to identify unattended children and create a safe passage from them to the UK. United States The numbers of fighters for ISIL from the United States is not clear. They are apparently not of single ethnicity, and include naturalized citizens, as well as some young women. On October 1, 2020, the United States Department of Justice said that they have successfully repatriated 27 Americans from Syria and Iraq. Mohammad Hamzeh Khan arrested by the United States while leaving to join ISIS, declared that ISIS had established the perfect Islamic state and that he felt obligated to "migrate" there. Ahmad Khan, an American teenager, was to meet a member of ISIS in Turkey. Another young American, of 17 years-old, acknowledged distributing nearly 7 thousand tweets in support of ISIS, as well as aiding the immigration of another youth to Syria. Australasia Australia There were also Australians and citizens of the United States fighting for the Syrian opposition camp, despite possible prosecution by their government for terrorism amid fears they could return home and carry out attacks. Australian security agencies estimated about 200 Australians to be fighting in the country with dozens said to be part of the Nusra Front. There were an estimated 50–100 Australians fighting in the country as of January 2014, with total calculations for the war reaching about 200 fighters. About six were reported to have died and the others were suggested as having returned home. In Sydney and Melbourne, in particular, opponents and supporters of the government have resorted to beatings, assaults, shootings and property, largely along sectarian lines. There were more than 15 incidents of violence involving members of the Lebanese, Turkish and Syrian communities, although in 2013 it had decreased from the previous year. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) reported at the end of the year: "The situation in Syria, with the potential for violence spilling into other parts of the Middle East, increases the possibility of associated communal violence in Australia and remains a concern for ASIO." Zaky Mallah, the first person to be charged and acquitted under Australia's anti-terrorism laws, suggested: "The majority of Australians heading to Syria are from Lebanese backgrounds. The Lebanese youth here feel disadvantaged, isolated and discriminated against. Many [are] unemployed and have turned to religion as a result." After the death of a couple from western Sydney in the country, Minister for Immigration and Border Protection Scott Morrison suggested those fighting in Syria could risk losing their citizenship, while the Australian Federal Police added that those returning from the fighting would be considered a national security threat. ASIO confiscated the passports of those it suspected of travelling to engage in "politically motivated violence;" from mid-2012 to mid-2013 18 passports were confiscated. In December 2018, Australian authorities stripped a jihadist who had fought for ISIS and was held in Turkey on terror-related charges of his Australian citizenship. He had left Australia for Syria in 2013. The jihadist had both Australian and Fijian citizenship and according to Australian law, an individual holding dual citizenship can be stripped of citizenship if convicted or suspected of terror offences. In 2013, A suicide attack on a school where Syrian troops were stationed in Deir al-Zor was said to have been perpetrated by an Australian named Abu Asma al-Australi for the al-Nusra Front. Reports indicated he was from Queensland and travelled to Syria with his wife before sending her back to Australia. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade said that the Australian government was aware of the reports that an Australian had killed himself, but could not confirm any of the speculation. He added that the government had concern about its citizens fighting in the country, including with the al-Nusra Front. New Zealand In mid-October 2014, the-then Prime Minister John Key confirmed that several New Zealand foreign fighters had joined various Middle Eastern factions including ISIS. That same month, the New Zealand Government approved "terms of references" allowing the Department of Internal Affairs to suspend the passports of prospective foreign fighters and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service to conduct video surveillance of those individuals. The Prime Minister also confirmed that the Government maintained a watchlist of 30 to 40 "people of concern in the foreign fighter context" including individuals who had traveled to Syria to engage with ISIS. In December 2014, the Fifth National Government passed a Countering Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act with the support of the Labour, ACT, and United Future parties which amended three existing laws to give the NZSIS greater powers of surveillance and the Minister of Internal Affairs greater powers to cancel and suspend passports. In October 2016, Key also confirmed that several New Zealand foreign "jihadis" and "jihadi brides" had travel to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. He confirmed that some had traveled via Australia and that some had dual citizenship. By December 2018, the New Zealand Herald reported that eight individuals had their passports cancelled, withdrawn, or applications denied under the Counter Terrorist Fighters Legislation Act. According to a TVNZ "Sunday" programme that aired on 11 March 2018, several New Zealanders including "Ashley" and "Sores" had also traveled to Syria to fight in support of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party's militias People's Protection Units (YPG) and the Women's Protection Units (YPJ), which were fighting against ISIS. One notable New Zealand citizen who had become an ISIS foreign fighter is Mark John Taylor (also known as Mohammad Daniel and Abu Abdul Rahman), who was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" by the United States Department of State in 2017. In April 2015, Taylor published a YouTube video calling on Australian and New Zealand Jihadists to attack police and military personnel on Anzac Day. In early March 2019, it was reported by the Australian Broadcasting Company that Taylor had been captured by Kurdish forces in Syria and is seeking to return home. In response, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern confirmed that New Zealand would not be stripping Taylor of his citizenship but that he would have to make his own travel arrangements. She also warned that he could face prosecution for joining a terrorist organisation should he return to New Zealand. Others Other Non-Arab fighters came from Turkey, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Though they were reported to be callous, under-trained and poor, particularly in comparison to the Chechens. Other Muslim contingents included: South and Central Asians (Afghans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis), Westerners (Belgian, British, French, U.S., Australia, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Canada and Austria), as well as Azerbaijan (members of the country's Sunni minority), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. The core foreign support lies with the Al Qaeda-linked ISIS, which is in opposition to the Islamic Front and other non-Islamist groups. Reports indicated the inclusion of Buddhist-majority Khmers fighting with ISIS, including those who studied in madrassas in the Middle East. A Turkish member of the Turkistan Islamic Party Hudhayfah al-Turki blew himself up in Aleppo. A French national named Ubeydullah was killed while fighting for the Turkistan Islamic Party in 2017. The Turkistan Islamic Party had another member from France, Reda Layachi, who was of Moroccan descent and went by the name Abu Talha. References

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cabonargi

Michael Cabonargi

Michael M. Cabonargi (born January 29, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer currently serving as a commissioner of Cook County Board of Review from the 2nd district since 2011. Since 2019, he has also served as a vice-chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois. In his early career, Cabonargi worked on the staffs of Illinois U.S. senators Paul Simon and Dick Durbin. He then worked as a law clerk to U.S. District Court judge William J. Hibbler. Thereafter, he entered the private sector, working as a lawyer concentrating in complex commercial and regulatory litigation. From 2005, until being appointed to serve on the Cook County Board of Review in 2011, Cabonargi worked as senior attorney and prosecutor at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Early life and career Cabonargi was born January 29, 1971. Cabonargi graduated from Loyola Academy high school in 1989. In 1993, Cabonargi graduated from Miami University with Bachelor of Arts in both political science and foreign affairs. From 1993 to 1997, Cabonargi worked as a staff assistant and economic development advisor in the Chicago office of U.S. senator Paul Simon. In 1997, Cabonargi worked as a staff assistant in the Chicago office of U.S. senator Dick Durbin. In 2000, Cabonorgi received his Juris Doctor from the University of Illinois College of Law with honors. Cabonorgi worked as a lawyer. From 2002 to 2004, he worked at the law firm of Gardner Carton and Douglas LLP, where he concentrated on complex commercial litigation. During his time at this firm, he defended the City of Chicago in both federal and state litigation deriving from the closure of Meigs Field. From 2004 to 2005, he worked at the law firm of Bell, Boyd, and Lloyd, LLC, where he concentrated on complex commercial and regulatory litigation. While working here, he was also appointed Special Assistant Cook County State's Attorney, defending the Cook County Sheriff's Department against claims of police misconduct. In 2000, Cabonargi received his Juris Doctor from the University of Illinois College of Law with honors. From 2000 to 2002, Cabonargi worked as a law clerk to U.S. District Court judge William J. Hibbler. During his time in this position, he initiated and helped to establish the courts first help desk for pro se litigants. For this, he was given the Award for Excellence in Public Interest Service from the Federal Bar Association and the U.S. District Court. From 2003 to 2005, he served on the Illinois Comptroller's Ethics Commission. Work at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission From 2005 until 2011, Cabonargi worked as a senior attorney and prosecutor in the Division of Enforcement at the Chicago Regional Office of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He brought a $2.8 billion private offering fraud case, at the time the largest private offering fraud case filed by the Commission. For this he was bestowed the Chairman's Award. In 2008, for his work against financial fraud targeting seniors, he was bestowed the SEC Director's Award for Excellence. Cook County Board of Review Cabonargi was appointed by Chief Justice of the Circuit Court of Cook County Timothy C. Evans to serve as commissioner of Cook County Board of Review from the 2nd district, after the position was vacated by Joseph Berrios, who had been elected Cook County Assessor. Cabonargi had been selected over several more prominent figures that had expressed interest in the position, including Joseph Mario Moreno and Eugene Schulter. Evans had picked Cabornargi from among 11 candidates. Cabonargi was sworn-in on February 10, 2011. Cabonargi was reelected, unopposed, in 2012, 2016, and 2018. In March 2018, Cabonargi's campaign was asked by the Board of Ethics to return $68,950 in funds received from 97 contributions that were in excess of limits. In 2019, Cabornargi sought more staff for his district. In 2020, Cabonargi voiced disagreement with a notion expressed by former Cook County clerk David Orr that the Cook County Board of Review has a "longtime pay-to-play culture" and needed reform. Cabonargi argued that existing ethics protocols were sufficient. Cabonargi has expressed concern over the number of appeals being filed increasing at a rate he has characterized as unsustainable. 2020 Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County campaign In 2020, Cabonargi ran to replace outgoing Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County Dorothy A. Brown. Cabonargi was regarded as a frontrunner in the primary. Cabonargi received the endorsement of the Cook County Democratic Party. He also was endorsed by the Chicago Federation of Labor and Chicago Sun-Times He additionally received endorsements from Dick Durbin, Toni Preckwinkle, and Jesse White. Cabonargi pledged, if elected, to modernize the office. During the campaign, all three of Cabonargi's opponents (Richard Boykin, Iris Martinez, and Jabob Meister) accused him of "pay to play". Cabonargi denied any wrongdoing. Jacob Meister further accused him of using his position on the Cook County Board of Review to help generate income for companies his wife worked at. Meister also alleged that he had violated the Cook County ethics ordinance on numerous occasions and had established a "backdoor entity" to get around donation limits. Meiseter filed an ethics complaint against Cabonargi in mid-January 2020 alleging that Cabonargi had accepted $120,000 in improper campaign donations from individuals who had argued property tax appeals before him at the Cook County Board of Review. Cabonargi's campaign claimed the allegations in the ethics complaint were false. Cabonargi placed second, losing to Iris Martinez, whose victory in the primary was regarded as an upset. Democratic party leadership roles In 2018, Cabonargi was elected as the Illinois Democratic state central committeeman for Illinois's 9th congressional district. Per the Chicago Tribune's Rick Pearson, as of 2021, Cabonargi was one of the more politically progressive members of the Illinois Democratic State Central Committee. In 2019, Cabonargi was appointed a vice-chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois. In 2021, Cabonargi supported Robin Kelly in her successful bid to become the chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois. Cabornargi was a delegate to both the 2012 and 2016 Democratic National Conventions. Ahead of the 2020 United States presidential election, Cabonargi, with Chicago government affairs consultant Mike Alexander, organized for more than 120 lawyers and other legal professions to travel to the swing state of Michigan, with the goal of helping to assist in enabling a potential victory for the Democratic presidential ticket of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris in the state's vote. Other work Cabonargi served on the local school council of the Brentano Elementary School from 2006 to 2008. From 2007 to 2009, he served on the 35th Ward's Zoning Advisory Committee. Cabonargi also formerly served as a member of the University of Illinois College of Law Alumni Board. Cabonargi was a member of J. B. Pritzker's Governor Elect's Budget and Innovation Transition Committee. In 2012, Cabonargi was selected to be a fellow with Leadership Greater Chicago. Cabonargi serves as a board member of the Loyola Academy Bar Association, District 39 Educational Foundation, Joint Civic Committee of Italian Americans, and Milan Committee of Chicago’s Sister Cities Program. Cabonargi served as a 2020 Democratic United States Electoral College elector from Illinois, casting his votes for Joe Biden as president and Kamala Harris as vice-president. Personal life Cabonargi is married to Erin Lavin Cabonargi and has two sons. His wife, Erin, once served as head of Chicago's Public Building Commission. She more recently served as director of construction at Sterling Bay, before leaving to start Hibernian Advisors and Hibernian Real Estate Development in 2018, a consulting firm and a development firm. In 2011, Cabonargi lived in the Logan Square neighborhood of Chicago. Cabonargi now lives in Wilmette. Electoral history Cook County Board of Review 2012 2016 2018 Illinois Democratic State Central Committeeman for the ninth congressional district Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County References Illinois Democrats Members of the Cook County Board of Review 1971 births University of Illinois alumni Miami University alumni People from Wilmette, Illinois Politicians from Chicago Illinois lawyers Lawyers from Chicago Living people 2020 United States presidential electors

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Gardner%20%28murderer%29

Joseph Gardner (murderer)

Joseph Martin Luther Gardner (January 15, 1970 – December 5, 2008) was an American fugitive and convicted criminal who was executed in South Carolina for murder. Gardner was one of several men who kidnapped and raped 25-year-old Melissa McLauchlin on December 30, 1992. McLauchlin was then fatally shot five times by Gardner before her body was dumped on the side of a road. After the murder, Gardner fled the state and remained a fugitive for nearly two years. He was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on May 25, 1994, and was captured in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 19, 1994. Murder On December 30, 1992, an intoxicated 25-year-old Melissa McLauchlin locked herself out of her house in North Charleston, South Carolina. As she crossed the street towards a grocery store, she was picked up by Gardner and two other men; Matthew Carl Mack and Matthew Paul Williams. The three men kidnapped McLauchlin and took her back to a mobile home where she was raped repeatedly and assaulted. McLauchlin was then bound with a blindfold, handcuffed, and placed on the floor inside a car. As the men drove along a highway, McLauchlin broke free from the handcuffs and tried to escape. Gardner then pushed her head back and shot her twice in the face. He then dumped her body along a highway in Dorchester County where he shot her another three times, killing her. The murder was racially motivated, with Gardner making a New Year's Resolution to kill a white woman, after watching news footage of the acquittal of police officers for the beating of Rodney King. The group planned to kill a white woman as revenge for "400 years of oppression", including slavery. Notes were found explaining the motive. Aftermath All three men fled the state after the crime. Mack and Williams were arrested in January 1993, but Gardner remained a fugitive for nearly two years. He was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on May 25, 1994. He was captured in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 19, 1994, and taken back to South Carolina to face trial. Gardner was the 437th fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted fugitives list and spent nearly five months on the list before being captured. Mack and Williams were sentenced to life in prison, while two other men who participated in the rape of McLauchlin each received less than ten years in jail as part of a plea deal. Gardner was the only person involved in the crime to receive a death sentence, as he was the one who had killed McLauchlin. Execution Gardner was executed on December 5, 2008, via lethal injection at Broad River Correctional Institution in Columbia, South Carolina. He declined to make a final statement. See also Capital punishment in South Carolina Capital punishment in the United States FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s List of people executed in the United States in 2008 List of people executed in South Carolina References 1970 births 1992 murders in the United States 2008 deaths 20th-century American criminals 21st-century executions by South Carolina 21st-century executions of American people American male criminals American people convicted of murder Criminals from Michigan Executed African-American people Executed people from Michigan Fugitives People convicted of murder by South Carolina People executed by South Carolina by lethal injection People executed for murder People from Detroit Racially motivated violence against European Americans 20th-century African-American people 21st-century African-American people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair%20Mall%20shooting

Mayfair Mall shooting

On November 20, 2020, a mass shooting occurred at Mayfair Mall in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, United States. Eight people were injured but survived. The shooter fled the scene afterwards and was later arrested during a traffic stop. Police said the shooting was not a random act and had been sparked by an earlier altercation between two groups. Two days later, several people were arrested in connection with the shooting, including a 15-year-old boy. Background On February 2, 2020, a fatal shooting had occurred at Mayfair Mall. In that shooting, Alvin Cole, a 17-year-old African-American male, was killed in an incident with police officers. Cole fired a bullet from a gun before being fatally shot five times by a black police officer Joseph Mensah. Mensah was suspended and eventually resigned after an independent investigation found that he was involved in two other fatal shootings, among other issues, and revealed that the bullet Cole fired hit his own arm before he was fatally shot by the officer. His resignation is effective as of November 30, 2020. Despite this, no charges were filed against the officer, sparking protests. Shooting At around 2:50 p.m. CST on November 20, 2020, an unidentified suspect fired between eight and fifteen shots near the entrance to the Macy's in the mall. Officers believe the shooting was in relation to a fight near the area prior to the shooting, and they do not believe that the shooting was a random act. Eyewitnesses said they heard several shots but did not realize that it was a gun being fired until they saw victims fall to the floor. Many people fled the mall and went into the parking lots, where they used cars as cover to hide from the gunfire. Others sheltered in place or dropped to the floor to avoid the gunfire. By the time the first officers arrived at the scene, the suspect had already fled. More than 100 officers from local and federal agencies ultimately responded at the mall, including agents from the FBI. A reunification site was created away from the mall for all those that got separated during the shooting. Victims Seven adults and one teenager were injured in the shooting, but all of them survived. Four of the victims were involved in the altercation that sparked the shooting, while the other four were described by police as innocent bystanders. Suspect In a press conference, the Wauwatosa police chief said that, according to eyewitness accounts, the suspect was likely "a white male in his 20s or 30s". A later report from police clarified the suspect was a 15-year-old Hispanic male who allegedly committed the shooting due to a previous altercation with a group at the mall. The suspect was arrested during a traffic stop in Milwaukee, during which the believed weapon he used was also recovered in the car. Two more arrests in connection with the shooting were announced; a person believed to have been involved and the passenger of the car at the traffic stop. The suspect's name is being withheld as authorities have identified him as a 15-year-old male. Reactions Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers said of the shooting: "We are thinking about all the customers and workers affected by this act of violence and are grateful for the first responders who helped get people to safety. As we learn more, we offer our support for the entire Wauwatosa community as they grapple with this tragedy." The Milwaukee Office of Violence Prevention issued a statement after the shooting commending the quick response of first responders to the shooting, stating; "We commend the quick actions of mall staff and first responders in assisting families to safety and the life-saving efforts of the trauma unit at Froedtert Hospital. The Trauma Response Team is a partnership between the City of Milwaukee Office of Violence Prevention and Milwaukee County’s Child Mobile Crisis team to support children and youth exposed to violent or traumatic incidents in our community." Macy's released a statement that it was working with police officers in the investigation of the shooting, and that they were saddened by the incident and the safety of their employees and customers was their top priority. References 2020 crimes in the United States 2020 in Wisconsin 2020 mass shootings in the United States Attacks on buildings and structures in 2020 Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States Mass shootings in the United States Mass shootings in Wisconsin November 2020 crimes in the United States November 2020 events in the United States Shopping mall attacks

65904803

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandidos%20MC%20criminal%20allegations%20and%20incidents

Bandidos MC criminal allegations and incidents

The Bandidos Motorcycle Club is classified as a motorcycle gang by law enforcement and intelligence agencies in numerous countries. While the club has denied being a criminal organization, Bandidos members have been convicted of partaking in criminal enterprises including theft, extortion, prostitution, drug trafficking and murder in various host nations. Australia The Bandidos are considered an outlaw motorcycle gang by the Australian Federal Police. Numerous police investigations have targeted Bandidos members, and implicated them in illegal drugs supply and other crimes. Australia's first Bandidos chapter was formed in Sydney in August 1983. The club has around 400 members and 45 chapters in the country, and has recruited members of various ethnic backgrounds. The Australian Bandidos are allied with the Diablos, Mobshitters, while their rivals include the Comancheros, Finks, Gypsy Jokers, Hells Angels, Mongols, Notorious, Rebels Rock Machine, and Red Devils. Belgium The Bandidos are designated a criminal motorcycle gang by Belgium's Federal Police. At the request of Dutch authorities, Belgian police searched a property in Borgloon in May 2015 as part of an operation against the Bandidos that also included raids carried out in the Netherlands and Germany. Bandidos members were among a number of people arrested in Limburg on 28 September 2020 as part of an investigation into a large-scale drug trafficking ring, which began after a shipment of almost 3,000 kilograms of cocaine was discovered at the Port of Antwerp in late 2019. Dozens of police raids led to the seizure of millions of euros in cash, gold and luxury cars. An investigation carried out by a joint task force consisting of agents from the Belgian Federal Police and the Spanish National Police Corps resulted in a total of twenty-six raids being carried out in Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain on 20 October 2021 in relation to a shipment of 11,497 kilograms of cocaine hidden in a consignment of scrap metal from South America to Antwerp, which was seized upon arrival at the port. Thirteen people were arrested in Belgium, and the president of the Bandidos in Spain – a Belgian national – was apprehended in Marbella on charges of drug trafficking, money laundering and belonging to a criminal organization after he was identified by police as the organizer of the shipment. Four high-end vehicles valued at more than €700,000, jewelry valued at €300,000, €17,085 in cash, encrypted mobile phones and documentation were also seized. Canada The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) has designated the Bandidos an outlaw motorcycle gang. The club operated in Canada between 2000 and November 2007, with chapters in Ontario, Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec. The Bandidos' Canadian chapters went defunct due to infighting, law enforcement efforts, and pulled status from the club's American leadership. Alberta Joseph Robert "Crazy Horse" Morin, president of the Edmonton chapter of the Rebels, contacted the Bandidos with the aim of patching over in October 2001 and the Edmonton Rebels became a Bandidos hangaround club in 2003. On 30 January 2004, Morin – by then a probationary Bandidos member – and hangaround Robert Charles Simpson were shot dead outside an Edmonton strip club. The murders have gone unsolved, although sources close to the investigation speculated at the time that Campbell and Morin were killed by a group opposed to the Bandidos' presence in the city. The Edmonton Bandidos chapter – made up of eighteen-to-twenty members – patched over to the Hells Angels' Red Deer-based nomads chapter in October 2004, effectively tripling the Angels' presence in the province. An attempt by the Bandidos to establish themselves in Calgary in 2007 ended after a violent assault at a bar by the Hells Angels. Manitoba On 8 February 2005, a motorist was run off the road and kidnapped by several men before being taken to an undisclosed Winnipeg address and tortured for several hours. Two members of the probationary Bandidos chapter in the city – Ronald Charles Burling and Jason Llewellyn Michel – and another two men – Josh Adam Curwin and Billy Jo Ducharm – whom police were unable to identify as connected to the club were charged with aggravated assault and abduction. Michel pleaded guilty in October 2006. Ontario Project Amigo, a fifteen-month joint investigation into the Bandidos in Ontario and Quebec by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), and the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) culminated in a series of raids on 5 June 2002 and led to the arrests of most club members in Ontario, including national president Alain Brunette. The operation ended the criminal influence of the club in both provinces, and left the Bandidos is Ontario with only fifteen members who were consolidated into a single chapter based in Toronto, although its members were in fact scattered all over southern Ontario. Bandidos member George "Crash" Kriarakis was assaulted by a dozen members of the Hells Angels outside a restaurant in Woodbridge in June 2003. Four Bandidos members and prospects – Cameron Acorn, Pierre "Carlitto" Aragon, Randy Brown and Robert "Bobby" Quinn – pleaded guilty to partaking in the killing of drug dealer Shawn Douse, who was beaten to death at the apartment of Bandidos prospect Jamie "Goldberg" Flanz in Keswick on 6 December 2005. In January 2008, Brown received a life sentence for second-degree murder, Acorn and Quinn were sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for manslaughter, and Aragon was sentenced to seven years' for aggravated assault. On 8 April 2006, four vehicles containing the bodies of eight murdered men were discovered in a farmer's field outside of the hamlet of Shedden. Six of the men killed in what became known as the Shedden massacre were full members of the Bandidos Toronto branch, including the president of the organization in Canada; they were Luis Manny Raposo, John Muscedere, Jamie Flanz, George Jessome, George Kriarakis, Frank Salerno, Paul Sinopoli and Michael Trotta. The suspects in the case, Michael Sandham, Marcelo Aravena, Frank Mather, Brett Gardiner, Dwight Mushey and Wayne Kellestine, were also full members or probationary members (also known as "prospects"), in what police described as an internal cleansing of the Bandidos organization No Surrender Crew Canada (NSCC). The victims were brought to the farm of Kellestine, where they were held captive before being systematically led out of his barn and murdered execution-style. On 30 October 2009, after eighteen hours of deliberation a jury in London found the six suspects guilty on forty-four counts of first-degree murder and four counts of manslaughter. These murders closed the chapter on the Bandidos Canada "No Surrender Crew" and ended any hopes of Bandido dominance in the country. Hells Angels members Remond "Ray" Akleh, of the Ottawa-based Nomads chapter, and Mark Cephes Stephenson, of the Oshawa chapter, were charged on 28 September 2006 with murder conspiracy and counsel to commit murder for an alleged plot to murder Bandidos national president Frank "Cisco" Lenti. Although Hells Angels member and police informant Steven Gault testified that he was recruited to be the hitman in the plot against Lenti, Akleh and Stephenson were ultimately acquitted on 19 January 2009. Lenti refused an offer of police protection when informed of the alleged plot, but he did start carrying around a handgun. On 2 December 2006, Lenti fatally shot Hells Angels West Toronto chapter sergeant-at-arms David "Dread" Buchanan and wounded two other club members – Dana Carnnagie and Carlos Virrili – after he was confronted at a strip club in Vaughan where he worked as a security consultant. Lenti pleaded guilty to manslaughter and two counts of aggravated assault, and was sentenced to six years in prison in June 2008. Quebec The Montreal-based Rock Machine patched over as the Bandidos Quebec chapter in December 2000 amidst the Quebec Biker War, a turf war against the more powerful and better organized Hells Angels, which was fought between 1994 and 2002. This war prompted the over-matched Rock Machine to align itself with the Bandidos. Not all members approved of the patch-over. Some defected to other clubs while others remained with the club but hoped to restore their sovereignty. The biker war, which was initiated when the much smaller Rock Machine formed an affiliation – "the Alliance" – with Montreal crime families such as the Pelletier clan and other independent dealers who wished to resist the Angels' attempts to establish a monopoly on street-level drug trade in the city, ended with mass killings by the Hells Angels, plus public outcry over the deaths of innocent bystanders resulted in police pressure including the incarceration of over a hundred bikers. The law enforcement operation Project Amigo, which began in 2001 originally as an investigation of the Rock Machine, led to the arrest of every Bandidos member in Quebec in June 2002, effectively ending the club's presence in the province. Denmark According to the National Center of Investigation, the Danish Bandidos are involved in a wide range of crimes, including drug dealing, extortion, fraud, tax evasion, robbery, weapons trafficking, money laundering, the sale of stolen goods, and violent crimes. The Bandidos have ten chapters and approximately one-hundred-and-fifty members in Denmark, and have traditionally recruited members of Danish ethnicity, although this has changed somewhat in recent years. The club has links to the country's Turkish mafia. Finland The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) defines the Bandidos as an organized criminal group. The Bandidos are the largest motorcycle club in Finland, with around two-hundred-and-forty members and fourteen chapters. Groups affiliated with the Bandidos in the country include the Diablos and X-Team. Nordic Biker War The Bandidos' predecessor in Finland was the Undertakers Motorcycle Club, founded by Marko Hirsma in August 1994. The Undertakers established relations with the Bandidos in Denmark and became a probationary chapter in August 1995 before being patched over on 5 October 1996. The Nordic Biker War, which began in January 1994 between Morbids MC and the Hells Angels in southern Sweden and later escalated into a war over control of the drug trade in the Nordic countries between the Hells Angels and Bandidos after the Morbids aligned with the latter, saw several violent incidents around Helsinki in 1995 and 1996. The vice-president of Cannonball MC, a club allied with the Hells Angels, was wounded by an Undertakers member in a shooting at restaurant on 1 April 1995. On 25 July 1995, Undertakers members fired a rocket-propelled grenade stolen from a Swedish Army weapons depot at the Hells Angels' clubhouse in northern Helsinki. Two Bandidos (former Undertakers) members were later convicted for the attack; Kai Tapio Blom was sentenced to six years' imprisonment and Antti Tauno Tapani was given four years'. When Bandidos Finland president Marko Hirsma arrived at a Helsinki court house for the trial of Blom and Tapani on 27 September 1995, he was attacked and beaten by Hells Angels and Cannonball members. A Hells Angels-owned tattoo parlour was later destroyed in retaliation. On 12 February 1996, two grenade attacks were carried out against the Hells Angels; two people were badly injured when a restaurant in Tapanila belonging to a Hells Angels members was bombed, and in a second attack a motorcycle garage in Hernesaari owned by a Hells Angels member was also targeted. On 1 March 1996, two Bandidos members were shot outside their clubhouse in Kamppi; club vice-president Jarkko Kokko died sixteen days later in hospital from his wounds, and the other survived. Two Hells Angels prospects were convicted for the murder; Ilkka Ukkonen was sentenced to twelve-and-a-half years' imprisonment and Jussi Penttinen was given six years'. An unexploded bomb was found at Hells Angels' clubhouse on 12 May 1996. Another attack on the same location a week later, 18 May 1996, also failed when two drunken men – neither of whom were Bandidos members – blew themselves up while attempting to throw hand grenades into the clubhouse. Both men survived but were badly wounded. Marko Hirsma was sentenced to nine months in prison on 12 July 1996 after being convicted of orchestrating the attempted attack. In the final public incident of the conflict, Bandidos and Hells Angels fought at a music festival north of Helsinki on 29 June 1996. Due to the imprisonment of leading bikers, the violence moved off of the streets and into prisons. Members of the Bandidos and Hells Angels were involved in a prison fight in July 1996, and in November 1996, Marko Hirsma was attacked and beaten in Sörka Prison amidst a struggle for control of the prison drug trade fought between the Bandidos and a rival group. Mass brawls also ensued at Sörnäinen Prison. Hostilities between the Bandidos and Hells Angels formally came to an end on 25 September 1997 when a truce between both groups was brokered. Since the end of the biker war, the once-rival clubs have operated in parallel rather than competing with each other. Conflict with the Rogues Gallery In October 1999, a Bandidos member and a hangaround were involved in a shootout in Lahti with a member of the Rogues Gallery gang who suffered a leg wound. On 18 January 2000, members of the Bandidos and their support club Black Rhinos MC were present at the men's trial and visited a nearby restaurant during a recess in the proceedings where they were ambushed by three gunmen. Two members of the Bandidos' "Downtown" Helsinki chapter, chapter president Björn Isaksson and Sakke Pirra, and Black Rhinos member Juha Jalonen were killed, while three others were wounded. When the trial resumed, both Bandidos charged with the shooting and wounding of the Rogues Gallery member were convicted; Kai Tapio Blom was sentenced to two years and six months in prison, and Andrei Antoni Jensko was given a sentence of two years and seven months. In April 2001, three Rogues Gallery members who were former Cannonball bikers – Pertti Hämäläinen, Sami Koivula, and Eikka Lehtosaari – were convicted of the restaurant triple murder and sentenced to life in prison. Bandidos Helsinki chapter president Pentti Tapio Haapanen and vice-president Harri Tapio Reinikainen were convicted of shooting and wounding a Rogues Gallery member and a member of the Lepakko Gang in Sörnäinen, Helsinki in July 2005. In December 2005, Reinikainen was sentenced to four years and three months' imprisonment for attempted murder and firearms possession, and Haapanen was sentenced to two years and two months' for aggravated assault and firearms possession. Police stated that the motive for the shootings was to avenge the restaurant murders in Lahti in 2000. Infighting The Finnish Bandidos came close to disbanding in 1999 due to an internal feud concerning Marko Hirsma's leadership. Membership of the club dwindled to just seven – of whom, four were imprisoned at the time – and reinforcements were required from Norway and Denmark. Hirsma reestablished his former club Undertakers MC after being expelled from the Bandidos that year, and also made contact with the Outlaws. The Bandidos continuously pursued their former president due to his consorting with other clubs after his expulsion, beating him and robbing him of his motorcycle in Germany in the spring of 2000, and strafing his home with submachine gun fire in the autumn of that year. Kai Tapio Blom and Andrei Antoni Jensko, both recently paroled from prison, killed Hirsma during a gunfight in front of his home in Helsinki on 20 October 2001. On 11 March 2002, Blom and Jesko were convicted of murdering Hirsma, attempting to murder Hirsma's wife and endangering several bystanders including Hirsma's child; they were sentenced to life in prison and ordered to pay Hirsma's widow and child a total of more than $50,000 in compensation for non-material damage. Drug trafficking In January 2008, two Bandidos and five X-Team members in Espoo were among twenty-one people charged with importing and distributing amphetamine. The Southwest Finland District Court convicted and sentenced several Bandidos members and associates to prison terms on 4 October 2013 for their part in a drug ring. The two main perpetrators were sentenced to more than seven years in prison for aggravated drug offenses, while others received varying sentences. The convictions related to a haul of over four kilos of amphetamine which was recovered in Nakkila and was to be distributed in the Turku area, as well as the illegal cultivation of cannabis. A leading member of the Bandidos in Tampere fled to Thailand in the autumn of 2016 when he became sought by authorities on suspicion of distributing twenty-five kilograms of amphetamine and cocaine. After being located by Finnish police in Thailand, he decided to relocate again to Sweden. He was arrested upon arrival at Stockholm Arlanda Airport on 20 March 2017 and was subsequently turned over to Finnish authorities. In March 2017, charges against six members of the Bandidos' Nokia chapter accused of membership of a criminal group, and importing liquid amphetamine from Germany to Finland, were dropped as the Pirkanmaa District Court did not find sufficient evidence. However, club members were convicted on lesser charges, including drug and firearms offences. Other incidents In March 2017, two members of the Bandidos' Tampere chapter – including the chapter president – and four X-Team members were prosecuted for a number of crimes relating to fraud, embezzlement and forgery which took place between 2013 and 2014. A Bandidos member, a club hangaround and a member of the X-Team were convicted in October 2016 of violently collecting a debt from a man on two occasions in Tampere in 2014. Bandidos supporter Hupu Viljo Oliver Laiti was sentenced to three years and two months' imprisonment, X-Team member Antti Niilo Raatikainen was sentenced to two years', and an unnamed Bandidos member was sentenced to one year's suspended prison sentence. France The Bandidos' first chapter in Europe was founded in Marseille on 20 September 1989 when the club patched over the Club de Clichy. This expansion provoked a war with the Hells Angels, who were already established in France. Bandidos member Jean-Pierre Debono was wounded in the arm when his tattoo parlour in Bouches-du-Rhône was targeted in a shooting attack on 3 April 1991, and Bandidos Marseille chapter president Michel "Bubu" Burel survived a shooting attempt on 29 May 1991. In June 1991, the clubhouse of the Wanted Bikers, a club in Haute-Savoie affiliated to the Bandidos but wishing to instead begin an association with the Hells Angels, was shot at and the motorcycles parked outside were destroyed. On 22 August 1991, Michel Burel was killed in a drive-by shooting by four men on motorcycles, and two other Bandidos were wounded. On 6 February 1992, police, acting on intelligence supplied by an informant in the Buccaneers – a Hells Angels support club – arrested eight Hells Angels members in Grenoble in connection with the shooting, as well as members of the Buccaneers who supplied the stolen motorcycles used in the attack. A man received injuries to the back and legs after an explosive device was detonated at the entrance to the Hells Angels chapter in Grenoble on 7 December 1991. Members of the Bandidos' Marseille, Montpellier and Metz chapters organized the 7 May 1995 shooting of two members of the Apocalypse Riders, a Hells Angels support club, in Créancey which left both men wounded and one, Jérôme Parent, paraplegic. The attack was carried out as retaliation after around thirty Hells Angels members passed through the territory of a Bandidos prospect club in Dijon the day before. The subsequent police operations disbanded the Bandidos chapter in Montpellier as well as the prospect club in Dijon. On 25 March 1999, Bandidos Metz chapter vice-president Dominique "Jésus" Colas was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to eighteen years in prison for the shooting. In 2003, two hundred kilograms of cannabis were seized aboard a boat in Saint-Malo, bound for the Channel Islands and then on to Great Britain. A Bandidos member was arrested and imprisoned in Rennes in connection with the haul. Two members of the Bandidos' Dijon chapter were incarcerated following a search of one of their homes in August 2013 in which approximately fifteen rifles, handguns and machine guns were found. The search followed a violent incident involving firearms that broke out in the corridors of a building in Dijon, pitting the Bandidos against drug traffickers. Four members of No Surrender's Metz chapter were beaten and had their colors stolen by members and associates of the Bandidos' Strasbourg chapter at a motorcycle rally in Pont-à-Mousson on 11 March 2018. Ten Bandidos members and associates were arrested in connection with the attack in Alsace and Haute-Marne in February 2019. During the arrests, a member of the Bandidos support club Bomber-Raiders was wounded after opening fire on police in Saint-Dizier; he was subsequently charged with attempted murder. Three Bandidos members, including the president of the club's Dijon chapter, were given prison sentences by the Dijon Criminal Court in July 2019 following their convictions for the violent robbery of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle from another club in Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur. Germany German police have accused the Bandidos of involvement in illegal gambling, prostitution, arms dealing, extortion, money laundering and drug trafficking. The Bandidos expanded into Germany in June 2000 when the club patched over seventeen chapters of the Ghostrider's, Road Eagles and Destroyers that had been serving as probationary chapters since the previous year. In March 2012, seventy-one Bandidos chapters were known to police in the country. The Bandidos in Germany are supported by the Chicanos, Diablos and X-Team. Conflict with the Hells Angels A gang war involving the Bandidos and the Hells Angels began around 2004 after the Bandidos moved into Hells Angels territory across northern Germany. The war also spread to the east of the country in 2006 when both clubs expanded into the Cottbus area. In March 2006, a group of Hells Angels raided a Bandidos clubhouse in Stuhr where they assaulted and robbed five Bandidos members. Three were given prison sentences and another eleven were handed down suspended sentences at a trial which took place in Hanover on 16 December 2008. In November 2006, a major police operation in Cottbus led to the arrests of 128 Bandidos members, preventing an imminent confrontation with the Hells Angels. On 27 May 2007, five Hells Angels members attacked, robbed and injured a Bandidos member in Hohenschönhausen, Berlin. Nineteen police vehicles were in use and shots were fired. According to sources, two high ranking Hells Angels members – the former president of the Angels' nomads chapter and the chapter's treasurer and former road captain – were involved in the incident. A Bandidos member left a Hells Angels member critically injured by shooting him twice after being attacked in the presence of his wife and child in Cottbus in February 2008. The Bandido was cleared of attempted manslaughter over the shooting in November 2008 as the court deemed his actions self-defense. He was, however, convicted on drug trafficking charges and of injuring two Hells Angels members with pepper spray at a disco in Forst in February 2007. He was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison. On 11 June 2008, two Bandidos members were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of a Hells Angels member in Ibbenbüren. Reports say they drove to his Harley-Davidson shop where they shot him dead on 23 May 2007. After the first day of a related lawsuit on 17 December 2007, riots between the two gangs and the police had been reported. Delegates from the Bandidos and Hells Angels met at a Magdeburg hotel on 10 December 2008 to discuss a peace treaty between the clubs, although no agreement could be concluded. On 8 October 2009, Bandidos member Rudi Heinz "Eschli" Elten was shot to death by Hells Angels prospect Timur Akbulut in Duisburg. Akbulut was convicted of manslaughter over Elten's killing and was sentenced to eleven years in prison on 30 August 2010. Around fifty Hells Angels armed with clubs stormed a bar frequented by Bandidos in Duisburg's red-light district on 31 October 2009, leaving the bar destroyed and several people injured. Around a hundred police officers were needed to stop the violence. Several hours later, a hand grenade was thrown through the window of a Hells Angels clubhouse in Solingen. The grenade failed to explode, and police later detonated the device in a controlled explosion. In February 2010, around seventy ethnic Turkish Bandidos members and supporters in Berlin in an unprecedented move defected and joined the Hells Angels, forming a sub-chapter known as "Hells Angels Nomads Türkiye". This triggered a gang war in Berlin that lasted from February to April 2010. The warring clubs formally arranged to a truce when Bandidos Europe vice-president Peter Maczollek and Hells Angels Hanover chapter president Frank Hanebuth met at a lawyer's office in Hanover on 26 May 2010. The agreement came amidst the threat of a nationwide ban on both clubs. A passer-by was left wounded after being shot in the chest during a street battle between the Bandidos and Hells Angels in Düsseldorf on 31 December 2014. The violence began when a group of Hells Angels tried to storm a club where a man associated with the Bandidos was working as a bouncer. A Hells Angels member was also wounded by gunfire. Conflicts with other gangs Bandidos and Chicanos members engaged in a large brawl with an Arab criminal family in Reinickendorf on 6 August 2007 which resulted in a biker and two Arabs being injured, one seriously. Baseball bats, machetes and knives were used in the confrontation, which escalated from a verbal disagreement. Four bikers were arrested, and Spezialeinsatzkommando (SEK) was deployed during the subsequent investigation, which included a search of a clubhouse. Conflict with the Rock Machine The Bandidos have been involved in a conflict with the Rock Machine in Ulm and Neu-Ulm which started after Suat Erköse, a former Bandidos member, formed a Rock Machine chapter in the area in early 2011. A group of Bandidos attacked the home of Rock Machine faction president Erköse in May 2011, destroying his car and firing shots into his house. A former Bandidos member was sentenced to six years and nine months' imprisonment in March 2015 after he was convicted of leading the group. An accomplice had previously been sentenced to three years and six months' in January 2014. The struggle for territorial supremacy between the clubs erupted again in March 2012 when a pub frequented by the Rock Machine was targeted in an arson attack and a Bandidos pub was burned down in retaliation two weeks later. Bandidos-Freeway Riders conflict Five members of the Hagen Bandidos chapter as well as the president of the Iron Bloods 58, a Bandidos support club, were charged in August 2019 with committing violent crimes during a conflict with the rival Freeway Riders Motorcycle Club. In June 2018, Bandidos members allegedly stormed a lounge where they pepper sprayed a man wearing a Hells Angels t-shirt. Then, on 28 September 2018, Bandidos attacked a Freeway Riders member, who escaped in his car, with batons and firearms. A Bandidos member carried out an attempted drive-by shooting on another biker the following day. Investigators also found cocaine, brass knuckles and stun guns during searches of Bandidos' residences. Anti-gang legislation On 26 April 2012, the authorities of North Rhine-Westphalia banned and disbanded the Aachen chapter of the Bandidos, and three support clubs. In the following action carried out by the North Rhine-Westphalia Police, thirty-eight properties were searched, in which firearms and stabbing weapons were found. The display of Bandidos symbols and the wearing of Bandidos regalia was also forbidden in North Rhine-Westphalia. The Northrhine-Westphalia government found its actions necessary because the Bandidos wanted to build up their criminal supremacy through racketeering and violence. A nationwide ban on wearing the emblems of the Bandidos and eight other motorcycle clubs – including the Chicanos, Diablos and X-Team – in public came into effect on 16 March 2017. Ireland On 20 June 2015, Road Tramps member Andrew "Odd" O'Donoghue was shot dead by Alan "Cookie" McNamara, a member of the Caballeros – a Bandidos prospect club. McNamara killed O'Donoghue in a revenge attack after he was knocked to the ground and stripped of his colours by three Road Tramps members outside a pub in Doon. He was convicted of O'Donoghue's murder on 31 September 2017 and was given a mandatory life sentence. The Caballeros were reportedly granted full membership to the Bandidos as a result of McNamara's actions. Road Tramps members Seamus Duggan, James McCormack and Raymond Neilon pleaded guilty to the robbery of McNamara and were given probation in October 2017. The first Bandidos chapter in Ireland was formed in Limerick in October 2016. The initiation ceremony was attended by influential Bandidos members from across Europe, and was observed by Gardai and Belgian police. Netherlands The first Bandidos chapter in the Netherlands was established in Sittard on 15 March 2014 following a patch-over of a No Surrender chapter, and the club has since been under continuous attention by the Dutch law enforcement. The Dutch Bandidos are closely allied with Satudarah, as both clubs have the Hells Angels as common enemy. The day after the chapter's formation, an attack with explosives was carried out on the home of Bandidos president Harrie Ramakers, who was previously the vice-president of the Hells Angels' nomads chapter before defecting. The explosion not only left Ramakers' house badly damaged, but also surrounding houses and parked cars. On 22 March 2014, another attack on his home damaged only a window of his house and a car window. A second Bandidos chapter, also a former No Surrender branch, was founded in Alkmaar on 26 March 2014. A fire was started at the Alkmaar chapter clubhouse located in Heerhugowaard on 29 March 2014, the first night in which there was no police surveillance on the premises. On 7 May 2014, another attack was carried out on the residence of a member of the Bandidos, this time in the town of Susteren. Five houses and a car were damaged in the explosion, which was caused by a hand grenade. Harrie Ramakers was sentenced to ten months in prison on 21 July 2014 for prohibited weapons possession and possession of drugs. He and four other men, three of whom were members of the Bandidos, were arrested in March and police discovered weapons in his car and a large quantity of drugs at his residence in Geleen. Ramakers is furthermore a suspect in several murder investigations. On 27 May 2015, a large police operation and raids on thirty locations across Limburg, Brabant and neighboring regions in Belgium and Germany, including several homes of club members, led to the discovery of five rocket launchers, many automatic weapons, explosives and illegal fireworks. The raid was part of an ongoing police investigation involving large-scale drug trafficking; twenty people were arrested and accused of synthesizing and dealing of hard drugs, extortion and money laundering. A third Dutch Bandidos chapter was formed in Nijmegen in January 2017. On 20 December 2017, the Court of Utrecht, on the application of the public prosecutor, declared the activities of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club to be contrary to public order and, on the same grounds, banned and dissolved its Dutch faction. "The prohibition will stop behavior that may disrupt or disrupts our society," was stated by the judge. The ban took effect immediately. However, on 24 April 2020, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that, while the national branch of the club remains banned, local chapters are permitted to continue. New Zealand New Zealand's first Bandidos chapter was founded in South Auckland in 2012 by club members deported from Australia. A second chapter was established after the club patched over a branch of the Rock Machine in Christchurch in November 2013(Rock Machine would reopen a chapter in Christchurch in 2015). At that time, it was reported that there were more than twenty full-patched members in the country. Three Bandidos associates – Jesse James Winter, Alvin Rivesh Kumar and Nicholas Andrew Hanson, a club prospect – were imprisoned for a combined twenty-five years and nine months in November 2017 for the assault and stabbing of a man in Christchurch on 30 August 2015. Stephanie Jane McGrath, the woman who planned the attack, was also sentenced to six years in prison. Bandidos member Adrian Le'Ca was sentenced to fifteen years and nine months' imprisonment in February 2018 after pleading guilty to charges relating to the importation and possession for supply of methamphetamine and cocaine. Another man, Fred Uputaua, was sentenced to thirteen years and nine months in prison in September 2017 while Le'Ca's sister, Queenie Anne Matthews, and nephew, Meinata Piahana, were also convicted in the case and both were sentenced to eleven months' home detention in November 2017. The convictions followed Operation Cossack, a seven-month joint operation between Counties Manukau Police and the New Zealand Customs Service which recovered 14.9 kg of methamphetamine and 1.9 kg of cocaine in October 2016. Police stated that the drugs had been imported with the help of the Thailand chapter of the Bandidos. Norway The National Criminal Investigation Service (NCIS, or Kripos) considers the Bandidos an organized criminal motorcycle club. According to figures found in the Norwegian National Police Directorate for 2014, 62% of Bandidos members in Norway had previous criminal convictions. The club has five chapters and approximately forty members in the country. The Norwegian Bandidos are affiliated with the Chicanos and X-Team, and are allied with the Outlaws. Nordic Biker War The Bandidos were founded in Norway in 1995 during the Nordic Biker War, a conflict in which they feuded with the Hells Angels over territory and control of the drug trade. The war started in southern Sweden in January 1994 when the Morbids Motorcycle Club, a small club with only six members, refused to capitulate to the Hells Angels and instead aligned themselves with the Bandidos. This affiliation drew the Bandidos into the conflict, which reached Norway on 19 February 1995 when there was a shooting involving members of Rabies MC and Customizers MC in Oslo. Customizers fired at Rabies members riding in a car, leaving one man wounded. Rabies later patched over to the Bandidos, while the Customizers joined the Hells Angels. On 17 December 1995, two leading members of the Bronx '95 – a club founded in 1995 that was given hangaround status by the Bandidos and was intended to be the precursor to a Bandidos chapter in Trondheim – were shot and wounded while riding in a car. Three Hells Angels members were indicted for the shooting, but were acquitted of attempted murder in December 1996. The incident effectively stopped the founding of a Bandidos chapter in Trondheim, a city that has since been seen as Hells Angels territory. On 15 January 1996, a bomb was detonated at the clubhouse of Hells Angels hangaround club Screwdriver MC in Hamar, and on 18 January 1996, the Hells Angels Norway headquarters in Oslo was firebombed. On 10 March 1996, the Hells Angels carried out twin attacks on Bandidos members returning from a weekend meeting in Helsinki, Finland; one attack took place at Kastrup Airport outside Copenhagen, Denmark, and the other at Oslo's Fornebu airport. The target of the ambush at Fornebu was Lars Harnes, who was shot and wounded with a handgun in the airport's arrivals lobby. Hells Angels Oslo chapter president Torkjell "Rotta" ("Rat") Alsaker was found guilty of shooting Harnes and sentenced to three years in prison in November 1998. On 15 July 1996, Bandidos Sweden members Michael Garcia Lerche Olsen and Jan Krogh Jensen were travelling to the Bandidos chapter in Drammen when they were intercepted and ambushed by Hells Angels members at Mjøndalen. Several shots were fired from a semi-automatic 7.65 caliber pistol, one of which hit Krogh Jensen in the head and killed him. It has been speculated that Lerche Olsen, a former member of the Hells Angels' Copenhagen chapter who was expelled from the club and later went on to become president of the Bandidos' chapter in Kattarp, near Helsingborg, was the intended target. A Hells Angels member was acquitted of murdering Krogh Jensen on 11 June 1998 and the investigation into the killing was closed in 2000. On 19 July 1996, four days after Krogh Jensen's death, a car occupied by a Hells Angels member and a companion was targeted in a drive-by shooting in Oslo; no one was injured. Two people associated with the Bandidos were charged in the case, and police believe the shooting was a retaliation for the killing of Jan Krogh Jensen. A car bomb exploded outside the Hells Angels clubhouse in Oslo on 30 October 1996; no persons were injured. A motorcycle shop in Alnabru, Oslo, where two Bandidos members worked, was bombed on 13 March 1997. No one was injured, and two men were charged in the case. The Bandidos' clubhouse in Drammen was reduced to rubble on 4 June 1997 when a van bomb was detonated outside, killing Irene Astrid Bækkevold, a fifty-one-year-old woman who was driving past in her car. Her husband was among twenty-two people injured, none of whom were motorcycle club members. After a four-and-a-half year investigation, seven men associated with the Hells Angels, including the Angels' national president Torkjell Alsaker, were convicted for their roles in the bombing. Irene Bækkevold was the second civilian killed in the biker war, and the subsequent public backlash and increasing scrutiny from law enforcement forced the Bandidos and Hells Angels to end their conflict. The war formally concluded on 25 September 1997, as Danish representatives from both clubs called a truce and agreed to divide territory of criminal activity into geographical areas, and to cease expansion in the Nordic countries. Since then, a cold war over territory and members has emerged in Norway, with the Bandidos allied with the Outlaws on one side, and the Hells Angels allied with the Coffin Cheaters on the other. Drug trafficking After its founding in 2003, the Bandidos chapter in Kristiansand quickly took control of the local amphetamine market by coercing the local dealers into sourcing their drugs from the Bandidos or paying a 20% tax. A wave of violence and threats was carried out against a substantial number of drug dealers in the area. The president of the Bandidos' Fredrikstad chapter was sentenced to three years in prison for drug possession in November 2007. He had been found in possession of nineteen-and-a-half kilograms of hashish in November 2005. Two Moroccan dealers whom the Bandidos president sourced the drugs from were also convicted. Police carried out a raid at the Bandidos' clubhouse in Randesund, Fredrikstad on 11 April 2014 and arrested two men and a woman. The raid was executed after another man had been found in possession of a small quantity of drugs after leaving the clubhouse. Several people were arrested following a drug raid on the Bandidos' clubhouse in Porsgrunn on 23 January 2020. Other incidents Central figures of the Bandidos in Drammen started a debt collection agency called Bandidos Kapital & Invest in September 1999. The company closed in February 2000 after it had been the subject of numerous police complaints and allegations of improper practices. Bandidos members were involved in a bar brawl that left a pub proprietor and two patrons injured in Fredrikstad on 17 April 2008. Five club members left the scene in a car which was later found at the Bandidos' clubhouse in Borge, where seven people were arrested. In April 2009, three were found guilty of partaking in the violence and sentenced to six months', one-hundred-and-twenty days' and ninety days' prison sentences, while another two were acquitted. In October 2009, five Bandidos members were among eight men convicted of the extortion of an auto shop in Fredrikstad which took place in January 2009. The five bikers had been hired by three former employees of the shop to pressure the owner for both money and assets. One of the convicted men was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, while the other seven were sentenced to six months'. After a retrial in January 2011, the five club members were again found guilty and were sentenced to a combined twenty-one years in prison. Three former Bandidos members were acquitted of anti-organized crime legislation charges, but were convicted of extortion and accepting money to carry out contract killings along with a fourth man by Jæren District Court in July 2013. Twelve Bandidos were arrested as approximately one-hundred-and-twenty club members gathered in Oslo for an international meeting in August 2013. Four Swedish bikers with criminal records were arrested and deported, three Norwegian members were arrested for drug possession, and six others – five German and one Polish – were refused entry to the country upon arrival at the airport. In October 2017, raids conducted by Norwegian police resulted in the arrest of several full-patch members of the Rock Machine on charges of distribution of narcotics and firearms, illegal possession of firearms, and murder. The raids were conducted in relation to the murder of a prospective member of the Bandidos. Portugal On 24 March 2018, a group of Bandidos members meeting at a restaurant in Prior Velho were attacked by approximately twenty members of the Hells Angels armed with knives, sticks, iron bars and hammers. Seven people were injured, including three in serious condition. One of those most seriously hurt was a German Bandidos chapter president. Authorities believe a potential target of the attack was Mário Machado, a member of the Bandidos-affiliated Red & Gold gang and former leader of the Portuguese Hammerskins, who escaped harm as he was late to the meeting. Machado previously shot in the leg and wounded Pedro "Thor" Silva, president of the Hells Angels' nomads faction on the Algarve, in 2009 after Silva did not authorize the formation of a skinhead group in the area. Spain The president of the Bandidos in Spain – a Belgian national – was arrested in Malaga on 20 October 2021 on charges of drug trafficking, money laundering and belonging to a criminal organization after he was identified by police as the organizer of a 11,497 kilogram cocaine shipment which was hidden in a consignment of scrap metal from South America and seized upon arrival at the port of Antwerp, Belgium. His arrest followed an investigation carried out by a joint task force consisting of agents from the Spanish National Police Corps and the Belgian Federal Police, which resulted in a total of twenty-six raids being carried out in Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. An additional thirteen people were taken into custody in Belgium, and four high-end vehicles valued at more than €700,000, jewelry valued at €300,000, €17,085 in cash, encrypted mobile phones and documentation were also seized in the raids. As a continuation of the operation, the president of the Bandidos in Germany, who lived in the same luxury urbanization in Marbella as the Spain president, was also arrested as had a warrant for his arrest and imprisonment decreed by the National Court for his extradition to Germany. Both detainees were placed at the disposal of the Judicial Authority to be extradited to Belgium and Germany respectively. Sweden Police in Sweden believe that the Bandidos Motorcycle Club makes money primarily through illegal activities, including drug offenses, violent crimes, protection activities, robberies, extortion, weapons offenses, illegal gambling, money laundering and other economic crimes. According to a police report from 2018, 88% of Bandidos members in the country are convicted criminals, having been convicted of a total of 2,096 crimes. The Swedish Bandidos have run extensive extortion rackets by offering restaurants and bars "protection" from other criminal gangs. The club has eight chapters in Sweden and has prominently recruited members of non-Swedish ethnicity. Affiliates of the Bandidos in Sweden include the Chicanos, Diablos and X-Team. Establishment and initial crimes The Bandidos were established in Sweden after patching over the Morbids Motorcycle Club in Helsingborg as a probationary chapter in January 1994. The chapter formally became full-patch Bandidos on 28 January 1995. The Morbids had previously acted as a Hells Angels hangaround club and vied with other clubs for the right to become the Angels' first Swedish chapter; the Malmö-based Dirty Dräggels proved victorious in that contest when they were patched over on 27 February 1993. The Morbids were later offered a path to Hells Angels membership on the condition that they merge with the Rebels, a rival club with whom they had previously clashed. Rejecting the offer, they instead aligned with the Danish Bandidos chapter. Shortly after the founding of the Helsingborg Bandidos, the Rebels – a Hells Angels support club at that point – carried out a shooting attack on the Bandidos' clubhouse. A second attack on the clubhouse was launched a week later, on 26 January 1994, when Hells Angels member Thomas Möller fired a high-caliber submachine gun from the roof of a van, resulting in a Bandidos member losing a finger. Nordic Biker War On 13 February 1994, fifteen Danish Bandidos members were ambushed by Hells Angels associates at a club in Helsingborg, resulting in 13 gunshots being fired and Hells Angels-affiliated Rednecks member Joakim Boman being shot dead. At least two others – Hells Angels hangaround Johnny Larsen and a Bandidos member – were wounded. This signaled the beginning of the Nordic Biker War, a turf war involving the Bandidos, Hells Angels and numerous support clubs which escalated into Finland, Norway then Denmark and lasted for over three years. The Bandidos and their support clubs are suspected by police in at least 36 break-ins that occurred at Swedish and Danish Army weapons depots between 1994 and 1997, resulting in the theft of at least 16 Bofors anti-tank missiles, 10 machine guns, around 300 handguns, 67 fully automatic rifles, 205 rifles of various calibres, hundreds of hand grenades and land mines, and 17 kilograms of explosives plus detonators. A Bandidos member killed a fellow inmate at Helsingborg prison in November 1994. On 17 July 1995, Bandidos Sweden president Michael "Joe" Ljunggren was shot and killed while riding his motorcycle on the E4 south of Markaryd in Småland. He had been returning from a meeting with the Undertakers Motorcycle Club – a Finnish club that became a Bandidos probationary chapter the following month before being patched over in October 1996 – in Helsinki. Ljunggren's murder remains a cold case, and there have been differing theories surrounding his killing. The Bandidos fired an anti-tank missile into the Hells Angels' clubhouse in Hasslarp on 31 July 1995. Dan Lynge, a Danish police officer who infiltrated the club, carried out surveillance on the compound with a Swedish Bandidos prospect in the days before the attack. On 6 December 1995, a shootout involving two vehicles took place on a motorway outside Helsingborg, leaving a Hells Angels member with a leg wound. Another gunfight between two cars happened in Helsingborg on 5 March 1996, resulting in a Bandidos prospect suffering serious injuries. In the early hours of 11 April 1996, the Hells Angels' compound in Hasslarp was targeted again, this time with two rockets. The clubhouse was severely damaged, but no-one was injured or killed. Bandidos Sweden president Mikael "Mike" Svensson was shot in the leg while driving near the Hells Angels' Hasslarp headquarters on 23 July 1996. His car was hit by several bullets. On 4 August 1996, a Hells Angel was injured by gunfire while driving his car in Helsingborg. On 27 August 1996, sixteen rounds were fired at the car of a Bandidos member in Stockholm, although he was not hit. The following day, the vice-president of the Hells Angels' Helsingborg chapter survived being shot three times after he was attacked by three men at his garage. Bandidos and Hells Angels are believed to have exchanged fire on a Helsingborg street on 15 September 1996. On 3 October 1996, a large explosion outside the Hells Angels clubhouse in Malmö injured four people and caused widespread damage to buildings within several hundred yards. Four bikers inside the building were not injured, and twenty families had to be evacuated from their homes. A member of the Bandidos' Helsingborg chapter was involved in a shootout outside his home on 13 January 1997 with two people who fled by car. A member of the Stockholm Hells Angels later visited a hospital with a bullet wound. The clubhouse of the Aphuset Motorcycle Club – a Bandidos support club – was bombed on 28 April 1997. A simultaneous bombing of a garage used by Bandidos supporters was also carried out. Internal pressure, as well as increased scrutiny from law enforcement and public backlash – particularly in Denmark and Norway, where innocent bystanders had been killed in attacks by bikers – brought an end to the conflict, which officially ceased on 25 September 1997 when the rival clubs established a truce. 2000s The Bandidos and Hells Angels remained the dominant gangs in Sweden until the mid-2000s when street gangs began to appear, challenging the bikers' monopoly over the country's criminal rackets. In response to the changing criminal landscape, the Bandidos formed the X-Team, a street gang whose members act as the Bandidos' foot soldiers and carry out street-level crime. Bandidos Sweden president Mehdi Seyyed was sentenced to nine years in prison on 14 January 2009 for two counts of attempted murder. He bombed two cars in Gothenburg, on 19 and 20 September 2006, with hand grenades, in acts of revenge as the victims had previously testified against him. Four other Bandidos members received shorter sentences for their involvement in the attacks. Testimony in the case was provided by a former X-Team member whom Seyyed had previously assaulted. Andreas Olsson, president of the Stockholm Bandidos, was arrested in October 2006 after 3.6 kilograms of amphetamine were found in his backpack as he returned from Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was sentenced to a ten-year prison sentence. Patrick Huisman, the president of the Ludvika Bandidos and a former member of White Aryan Resistance and the Brödraskapet, was arrested in April 2007 and charged with extortion. He was sentenced to one year and six months in prison. In July 2007, Bandidos Säffle chapter president Anders Gustafsson was charged with the attempted extortion of kr500,000 from a construction company. He was sentenced in 2008 to four years in prison after being convicted of extortion and the serious assault of a man who suffered a bleed on the brain. Ahmed "Manolo" Mohamed, a member of both the Stockholm Bandidos and the criminal Bredängs network, was convicted of grievous assault in 2013 after he stabbed a person wearing a Hells Angels jersey. 2010s The Rock Machine arrived in Sweden in the early 2010s, initially forming a nomads faction. Quickly growing in influence, the Canadian-founded club established two additional chapters and began encroaching on the territory of the established clubs in the country. A feud emerged between the Rock Machine and the Bandidos after several Bandidos members reportedly patched over to the Rock Machine. These events resulted in the Bandidos attempting to assassinate the Rock Machine Sweden president on the premises of the Rock Machine's Klippan chapter clubhouse in September 2014; he would survive the attempt, and two members of the Bandidos in Helsingborg would be arrested and charged for attempted murder after police executed searches of the headquarters of the Bandidos the Southern Bikers MC support club. In April 2018, police discovered a haul of thirty-seven firearms – including thirteen automatic rifles – and 7,400 rounds of ammunition of various kinds, seventeen plastic explosives, forty-two sticks of dynamite, remote-controlled triggers, 131 tear gas grenades, and ten kilograms of drugs – cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, cannabis and tramadol – in two stolen cars in a parking garage in Skärholmen, Stockholm. Police raided the Bandidos' Stockholm chapter clubhouse on 7 November 2018 and arrested the branch vice-president Ozan Sarikaya, who was charged with drug and weapons crimes, and violation of the Flammable and Explosive Goods Act. On 2 July 2019, Sarikaya was acquitted on all counts at Södertörn District Court. Bandidos member Aghvan Baghdasaryan, and his friends Nima Morravej and Sammy Hyväoja, were involved in a shooting of rival drug dealers in Borlänge on 11 January 2019 that left one man dead and another wounded. Although investigators were unable to prove who fired the weapon, the trio were convicted of assisting in murder and assisting in attempted murder and were each sentenced to fourteen years in prison in October 2019. Gothenburg Bandidos president Johnson Bogere and his brother, former boxer Patrick Bogere, fled the country when they became sought by authorities for the kidnapping and torture of two men in western Sweden. After several months on the run, the pair were apprehended in Malaga, Spain in July 2019 and subsequently extradited to Sweden. In December 2019, Patrick Bogere was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and Johnson Bogere was sentenced to two years', while several others were also convicted in the case. Bandidos-No Surrender gang war A gang war involving the Bandidos and No Surrender in Östergötland County has resulted in several bombings and shootings. The conflict reportedly began as the Bandidos acted to prevent the newly arrived No Surrender from establishing a presence in the drug market. An explosion at a residential building in Linköping on 7 June 2019 is believed by police to be an attack by the Bandidos on a No Surrender member. Two No Surrender bikers, including a leading member, were shot dead outside a nightclub in Norrköping on 5 December 2019. Another No Surrender member was targeted in a bombing on 22 January 2020 in the Hageby area of Norrköping. On 9 April 2020, two No Surrender members were shot in a car outside a Norrköping fast food restaurant; one was killed and the other wounded. Switzerland On 11 May 2019, Bandidos members clashed with members of the Zürich Hells Angels chapter and the Broncos – a Hells Angels support club from Bern – in Belp. A dozen Bandidos were celebrating a member's birthday when they were attacked by the Hells Angels, who summoned support from the Broncos, allegedly for wearing their colors at a motorcycle rally in nearby Murten earlier that day. Three men were injured, including one who needed emergency surgery after being shot in the chest. Thirty-four people were arrested. Thailand The Bandidos operate seven chapters in Thailand. While membership is predominantly Thai, Australian, Danish and Swedish club members are also active in the country. In June 1997, a woman was killed when a bomb exploded in the Bandidos headquarters in Bangkok. Three Bandidos members – British nationals Peter Watkins-Jones and Crispin John Grandvil Papon-Smith, and Danish national Kim Lindegaard Nielsen – were arrested by the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) in Koh Samui in July 2006, suspected of money laundering and bribery. All major charges against the men were dropped due to a lack of sufficient evidence. Nielsen was instead sentenced eighteen months in prison for coercing another person to traffic in drugs. During a crackdown on foreign gangs in the country launched by the Central Investigation Bureau (CIB) in 2014, Thai police stated that the Bandidos are active in Koh Samui and Phuket, where they are involved in illegal land development. Australian Bandidos member Derek Paul Gibson and a Dutch national, Adrianus van Gool, were arrested in Chiang Mai and charged with extortion and attempting violence in March 2017 after another Australian man informed police that the pair were threatening to kill his family over unpaid debt-recovery fees. United States The Bandidos have been designated an outlaw motorcycle gang by the U.S. Department of Justice. The club is involved in drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, prostitution, money laundering, explosives violations, motorcycle and motorcycle-parts theft, intimidation, insurance fraud, kidnapping, robbery, theft, stolen property, counterfeiting, contraband smuggling, murder, bombings, extortion, arson and assault. The Bandidos partake in transporting and distributing cocaine and marijuana, and the production, transportation and distribution of methamphetamine. Active primarily in the Northwestern, Southeastern, Southwestern and the West Central regions, there are an estimated 800 to 1000 Bandidos members and 93 chapters in 16 U.S. states. Club membership is predominantly white and Hispanic. The Bandidos are supplied with drugs by Los Zetas, and have also associated with the Outlaws in criminal ventures. The Bandidos' rivals include the Hells Angels, Mongols and Vagos. Arkansas Twenty-two members and associates of the Bandidos were arrested in Little Rock on February 22, 1985 as part of a nationwide law enforcement operation against the club. Five of those arrested were charged under the Continuing Criminal Enterprise Statute, the first time the law had been used in Arkansas. An investigation into the Bandidos' involvement in drug trafficking began sixteen months earlier and involved the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). A court-authorized wiretap was used at the Bandidos' Little Rock chapter clubhouse as part of the investigation. Colorado Bandidos chapters have been established in Denver, Pueblo and Grand Junction. The Bandidos and their support clubs in Colorado are involved in producing and distributing methamphetamine at wholesale and retail levels, in addition to smuggling, transporting and distributing cocaine and marijuana. Eight Bandidos members and associates in Colorado were indicted on September 13, 2011 on charges of trafficking methamphetamine and cocaine. Five of those – Keith P. Allison, Ronald C. Tenorio, Edward R. Goll, Adan C. Chavez and Tommy Freyta – were arrested during a series of raids in Denver, Golden, Rio Grande County and Thornton on September 27, 2011. A sixth man, Joseph P. Windsor, was already in custody, while another two remained at large. The indictments were related to a law enforcement operation against the Bandidos which resulted in drugs and firearms charges against a total of thirty-nine club members and associates in Colorado and Texas. Three high-ranking Bandidos members were among eight people indicted by a Colorado grand jury in January 2015, accused of operating a drug trafficking ring in the Denver metropolitan area. The indictments followed Operation Tick and Flea Collar, an investigation that began in September 2014 and also led to the seizure of two-and-a-half pounds of methamphetamine. National sergeant-at-arms Philip Duran, Denver "Westside" chapter president Lorenzo Sojo, and the chapter sergeant-at-arms Michael Mensen pleaded guilty to violating the Colorado Organized Crime Control Act and felony drug charges. In November 2016, Sojo was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment and Mensen to twenty-four years', but Duran escaped from custody on October 28, 2016 before his sentencing. Louisiana The Bandidos have a strong presence in Louisiana. The club's Louisiana faction, which relies on Mexican drug cartels as its primary source of narcotics supply, distributes methamphetamine and, to a lesser extent, cocaine and marijuana, in the state. Jimmy R. Graves, a member of the Bandidos' Dallas, Texas chapter, was sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty in July 1972 to the March 9, 1972 contract killing of National Guard sergeant Charles Edwin Overfield, who was shot dead on Interstate 20 near the Texas state line. Overfield was a witness against Robert Powell, a Bandidos associate charged with the attempted burglary of a Louisiana National Guard armory. Powell was sentenced to thirty years in a state penitentiary for attempted aggravated burglary and bribery of a witness in the trial. David Wall, identified by law enforcement as the president of the Bandidos in the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, was shot and killed with a shotgun outside a Bossier City lounge on September 5, 1974. A former club member was indicted in Wall's death but was never brought to trial because the only witness to the killing became a fugitive rather than testify. In December 1979, Bandidos member William S. "Wheeler" Light was convicted of second-degree murder for the July 21, 1979 killing of off-duty police officer Ronald Euell "Ron" Dean, who was shot in the head at point-blank range through a car window outside a bar in Shreveport. Light was sentenced to life in prison. Shreveport Bandidos members Lloyd Dale Randolph and James R. Shoemake were shot to death with a 9 mm caliber pistol by Dennis Baker as they beat him with an ax handle at his trailer home in Stonewall on June 1, 1986. Investigators ruled that the killings were self-defense. Randolph and Shoemake, a former Shreveport chapter president, went to Baker's home armed with two handguns and an ax handle to confront him after a dispute concerning the title to a motor vehicle. The Vernon Parish Sheriff's Office began investigating an influx of motorcycle gang members and a subsequent turf war between the Bandidos and the Mongols in 2018. A joint investigation into the Bandidos and Los Solitarios motorcycle clubs by Fort Polk officials, and state and local law enforcement agencies, which followed an assault on members of the Mongols at a business in Vernon Parish on September 11, 2021, resulted in the arrests of James Larry Birdsong, Christopher William Moore and James Allen Snyder Jr. on various charges on October 7, 2021. Montana Bandidos member Joe Cancellare was imprisoned for his role in two assaults involving shotguns in Missoula in 1994. Eleven Bandidos were arrested on May 27, 2003 after kidnapping and robbing Scott Spencer, a member of the rival Kinsmen Motorcycle Club, of his colors at gunpoint in Great Falls. A three-hour standoff ensued when an employee at Spencer's motorcycle repair shop alerted police. Nine members of the Bandidos' Missoula chapter were among twenty-six club members and associates indicted on a variety of charges at the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle, Washington on June 10, 2005 following a two-year investigation by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Bikers were arrested during a series of raids in three Northwestern states, which resulted in the seizure of narcotics, firearms, U.S. currency, evidence of trafficking in stolen motorcycles and seventy marijuana plants. Missoula chapter president Bernard Russell Ortman was apprehended in Lubbock, Texas. Several Missoula Bandidos were charged with the kidnapping of an individual that took place in May 2003. In April 2006, Ortman and another chapter member, Dale Granmo, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to kidnap. New Mexico The Bandidos are the most significant motorcycle gang involved in drug trafficking in New Mexico. The club maintains chapters in Albuquerque, Alamogordo, Las Cruces, Silver City and Roswell, and is also responsible for contract killing, extortion, welfare and bank fraud, and arson. Bandidos national president Jeffrey Fay Pike decided in 2011 to split the Bandidos' Western Hemisphere chapters from the club's international chapters in Europe and Australia, a move opposed by a faction in New Mexico and West Texas led by El Paso, Texas chapter president Ernest "Ernie" Morgas. During a meeting of around seventy club members in Roswell in March 2011, Pike loyalists ambushed Morgas' supporters. After being beaten with weapons and interrogated at gunpoint, Morgas and fifteen other members of the El Paso chapter were expelled from the club. In March 2015, members of the Wheels of Soul and Bandidos engaged in a gunfight outside a restaurant in Albuquerque, leaving a Wheels of Soul member shot and wounded. Amidst a turf war between the clubs, Vagos member David Andrew Cordova and his son David Ray Cordova fired more than twenty rounds of ammunition at the home of a Bandidos member from a pickup truck in Santa Fe on July 29, 2017. The elder Cordova suffered a gunshot wound during the drive-by shooting. Bandidos sergeant-at-arms Thomas "Mañana" Giles and club hangaround Michael John Vickery were arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in Albuquerque on October 19, 2017 during a raid in which more than twenty vehicles and trailers were seized. The arrests came as part of an investigation into the trafficking of methamphetamine, stolen firearms and stolen vehicles. Giles and Vickery allegedly sold heroin and methamphetamine to a confidential informant on four occasions between September 8 and September 29, 2017. At least five instances of violence between the Bandidos and Mongols have taken place since the Mongols founded their first chapter in Albuquerque in 2019, resulting in two killings. Oklahoma The Bandidos' first chapter in Oklahoma was established in Tulsa in May 1997, with Edward Winterhalder appointed as its founding president. The club also has a presence in Oklahoma City, Lawton, Shawnee, Elk City, Poteau and Bartlesville, and is involved in gunrunning, retail-level drug distribution and human trafficking, often in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels. Fifteen people were arrested and charged with misdemeanor obstructing justice after members of the Bandidos and the Mongols were involved in a brawl in Shawnee on December 20, 2009. The fifteen Bandidos members, their wives and girlfriends sued the city and police of Shawnee in November 2010, alleging more than a dozen state law and constitutional rights violations. Texas The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) classifies the Bandidos as a criminal street gang. As of 2008, there are 672 club members in the state. Early incidents On December 22, 1972, Bandidos members Donald Eugene "Mother" Chambers, Jesse Fain "Injun" Deal and "Crazy" Ray Vincente abducted drug dealer brothers Marley Leon Tarver and Preston LeRay Tarver in El Paso and drove them into the desert north of the city. There, the two dealers were forced to dig their own graves, after which the bikers shot them with a shotgun and set fire to their bodies. Earlier that day, the brothers had sold baking soda to the Bandidos, claiming it was amphetamine. Chambers, Deal and Vincente were convicted of the murders, with testimony given by Robert Munnerlyn, a club prospect and police informant who was an eyewitness to the event. The trio received life sentences. Chambers, the Bandidos' founder and national president, was paroled in 1983 and retired from the club. Bandidos members Gary Elsworth Lichtenwalter and Glen Alan Wilhelm assaulted Harris County Sheriff's Office deputy Rodney Scott Morgan at a bar in Houston on February 26, 1974. Wilhelm attempted to stab Morgan; the attack was stopped when Houston Police Department officer F. G. Todd drew his pistol. Morgan and Todd were working undercover, investigating a Bandidos member. Lichtenwalter was convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to five years in prison. Two seventeen-year-old girls were abducted at gunpoint from a San Antonio nightclub by three Bandidos members and taken to a motel room where two of the men beat and raped them on December 9, 1976. When police and motel security were called to investigate noise coming from the room, both men fled through a window. Charles Edward Tamminen, the Bandidos' national sergeant-at-arms, was apprehended as he fled. He was convicted of aggravated rape on March 14, 1981 and was given a ninety-nine-year prison sentence. Steven Daniel "Trapper John" Vance, a member of the Ghost Riders Motorcycle Club, was shot and wounded with a shotgun in Dallas on July 9, 1977. A police report filed on the incident indicates that he told investigating officers that he had been shot by Bandidos. The Ghost Riders were initially formed as a Bandidos support club before drifting beyond the Bandidos' control and forming an alliance with the Banshees MC. On January 26, 1979, Vance pleaded guilty to the shotgun wounding of Bandidos member "Big" Jim Bagent and was sentenced to ten years' probation. He was also charged with another two shootings of Bandidos members; the wounding of Ronald Kim Tobin and his nephew Lloyd Tobin, and the killing of Johnny Ray Lightsey. Prosecutors did not ask for his indictments on those charges, however. Members of the Bandidos were involved in a brawl with patrons of a chili cook-off in Grand Prairie in April 1978 after a young woman claimed she was raped by a Bandidos member. Seven people were hospitalized, some with stab wounds, and eight Bandidos members were arrested on charges ranging from rape to misdemeanor assault. Two were convicted; Ronald Kim Tobin was sentenced to eighteen years' imprisonment for rape, and "Weird" Larry Dale Sparks was sentenced to seven years' for stabbing. Tobin's sentence was overturned by judge Howard Fender in March 1979. On August 27, 1978, Johnny Ray Lightsey, president of the Bandidos' Fort Worth chapter, was shot six times with a .38 caliber pistol as he waited at a traffic light on his motorcycle and died a short time later at a hospital. Later that day, two Banshees members were each shot twice with a high caliber weapon while riding their motorcycles on Interstate 45 north of Madisonville. Rodney Lee died of his wounds and James Harvey Cleveland was left in a critical condition. Before he died, Lee identified his attackers as three men in a tan Lincoln Continental and claimed that Bandidos had shot him. Aside from the Banshees, Fort Worth police who had allegedly threatened to kill Lightsey on a number of occasions, were also suspects in his murder. An enquiry carried out by a Tarrant County grand jury exonerated police and the district attorney's office in his murder. Ghost Riders member Steve "Trapper John" Vance was later charged with Lightsey's murder but was not indicted by a grand jury. Shootings of James W. Kerr Jr. and John H. Wood Jr. Bandidos members were implicated in the San Antonio shootings of Assistant U.S. Attorney James W. Kerr Jr., who survived an assassination attempt when nineteen shots were fired into his car on November 21, 1978, and U.S. district court judge John H. Wood Jr., who was killed with a shot from a high-powered rifle on May 29, 1979. Kerr identified three Bandidos as his possible assailants in a police line-up, while over a hundred club members were subpoenaed to appear before a federal grand jury in the Wood case. Rudolph James "Shakey" Malo, a Bandidos chapter president, was accused of pulling a .357 Magnum pistol on federal agents who raided his apartment on February 10, 1979 as part of the investigation. The Bandidos were vindicated of Wood's murder when drug lord Jamiel Chagra pleaded guilty to hiring contract killer Charles Harrelson to assassinate the judge. Bandidos members were named by Chagra as the men he contracted to kill Kerr, although no one has ever been tried in that shooting. Conflict with the Banshees Bandidos member John Keith Bachelor was shot dead during a confrontation with members of the Banshees Motorcycle Club that also left four people hospitalized in Porter on April 30, 1983. The fight began after Bandidos ordered Banshees to remove their colors. Bandidos national president Ronald Jerome "Ronnie" Hodge ordered retaliation against the Banshees at a meeting of national officers in Houston on May 5, 1983, and club members subsequently organized plans to carry out bombings against their rivals. A team consisting of Joe Edward "Little Joe" Benavides, Crandle Phillip Lamonte Presnel, John Randal Hanson and Dale Lynn Brewer – president of the Cloverleaf chapter – planted bombs on a van and a home belonging to Banshees members, which detonated on July 5, 1983, causing property damage but no deaths or injuries. Twenty-three Bandidos were indicted on March 31, 1988 for their participation in the conspiracy, and on December 7, 1988, nine national officers and six local chapter officers of the Bandidos were found guilty of explosives violations. Hanson, Adams Otis Fisher and Raymond Douglas Shirley, president of the Longview chapter, served as government witnesses. Drug trafficking Numerous Bandidos members, including national secretary-treasurer William Jerry "Frio" Pruitt, were arrested on narcotics and weapons charges in Corpus Christi, Dallas, and Houston during a nationwide law enforcement operation against the club on February 22, 1985. Twelve arrests were reported in the Houston–Corpus Christi area, where the club's "mother chapter" is based. The operation, coordinated by the Justice Department and involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), was at the time the largest ever conducted against a motorcycle gang and led to a total of eighty-two arrests in nine states. An investigation into the Bandidos' involvement in methamphetamine and PCP trafficking had commenced sixteen months prior. Beginning in 1989, members of the Bandidos' San Antonio chapter were contracted by Daniel Nieto, a major distributor of marijuana between San Antonio and Saginaw, Michigan, in collecting payments from a number of customers in Michigan. On September 2, 1991, Bandidos members Ernest "Neto" Cortinas, Eric Wayne Green and Edward Salas carried out a drive-by shooting on the home of Forest Zudell, a delinquent debtor, in Mount Morris Township, Michigan, resulting in the death of a fourteen-year-old boy. The Zudell family were under the protection of the Outlaws and in order to prevent retaliation, the Bandidos obtained $25,000 from Nieto to pay the Outlaws in compensation. Nieto and several co-conspirators were arrested in May 1992, and Nieto and others plea bargained for reduced sentences in return for information and testimony against other members of the organization. He testified that the Bandidos eventually took over his business and that he acquiesced in the takeover as he feared for his life and the lives of his family. Cortinas and Green were among twenty-eight people indicted in January 1995 on charges of conspiracy with intent to distribute marijuana; all were found guilty. Bandidos national sergeant-at-arms Thomas Lloyd "Hammer" Gerry began trafficking in drugs as early as 1989 and was imprisoned in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice from 1990 until he was paroled on January 5, 2005. Retired from the club, he again began dealing methamphetamine in 2007 and headed an organization with links to the Aryan Brotherhood and La Familia Michoacana which operated from Fort Worth until August 20, 2009, when nineteen members were indicted and arrested by the DEA. The drug ring is believed to have generated approximately $5 million. Gerry was sentenced to thirty years in prison and died on October 15, 2010, aged sixty-two. Five Bandidos members – national president Charles Craig "Jaws" Johnston, national secretary-treasurer Terry Larque, San Antonio chapter president Ernest Cortinas, San Antonio chapter vice-president Richard Benavides and former international president James Lang – were convicted of conspiring to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine. In November 1998, Johnston, Larque, Benavides and Lang were sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, while Cortinas was sentenced to five years' because he urged his accomplices to accept a plea deal. The case began after the DEA raided a meth lab in Bexar County in October 1994, and expelled former Bandidos national officer Jay Lane Roberts assisted federal agents in linking the lab to the Bandidos. Roberts subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program. Johnston died at the age of seventy-two on January 27, 2020. Houston police discovered approximately 660 grams of methamphetamine during a search of the home of Bandidos member David Gregory Smith on October 4, 2000. The search followed an eleven-month law enforcement investigation into the club. Smith was convicted of possession with intent to deliver the drugs, and was sentenced to thirty-seven years in prison in April 2002. On September 26, 2011, three members of the Bandidos' San Antonio chapter – sergeant-at-arms Gerardo "Junior Ray" Gomez Jr, Jason Earl "Sarge" Morris and Angel Cevallos – were arrested by FBI agents and local authorities, and charged with possession with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine. The trio had previously engaged in a narcotics transaction with undercover agents. The following day, twenty-seven club members and associates were arrested in Dallas on charges of conspiracy to possess and to distribute heroin, methamphetamine and cocaine. One of those arrested was also charged with possession of a machine gun. Six others were arrested in Colorado and charged for trafficking methamphetamine and cocaine the same day. Another was arrested in San Francisco, California, while two remain at large. The Dallas charges followed of a multi-year investigation into the illicit distribution of drugs and firearms by the Bandidos MC and its affiliated support clubs. The operation involved the participation of the FBI, DEA, ATF, DPS and several local police departments. Murder of Roberto Lara Frederick "Fast Fred" Cortez and Richard Steven "Scarface" Merla, two members of the Bandidos' Southwest San Antonio chapter, shot and killed Roberto Lara after luring him to a secluded area in Atascosa County in January 2002. Lara was murdered in retaliation after he killed Javier Negrete, another member of Cortez's and Merla's chapter, in a drive-by shooting in San Antonio on October 20, 2001. Cortez, a prospect at the time, was present during Negrete's murder and returned fire at Lara's vehicle. He was subsequently made a full-patch member. Merla was serving a forty-year prison sentence for the murder of boxer Robert Quiroga when he testified that he and Cortez killed Lara on the orders of Bandidos national vice-president John Xavier Portillo. In October 2016, Cortez pleaded guilty to murder in aid of racketeering; he was sentenced to thirteen years' imprisonment on October 2, 2018. Merla was sentenced to forty years' to run concurrently with his sentence for killing Quiroga. Portillo was sentenced to two consecutive life terms plus twenty years' on September 24, 2018 after being convicted on racketeering charges. Murder of Robert Quiroga Bandidos member Richard Merla was arrested in 2006 and pleaded no contest in 2007 to murdering Robert Quiroga, International Boxing Federation super flyweight champion between 1990 and 1993, on August 16, 2004. A dispute had arisen between Merla and Quiroga concerning a Scarface poster that Merla had illegally obtained from one of Quiroga's friends, and Merla stabbed Quiroga to death later that night. A passer-by on Interstate 10 found Quiroga lying next to his car, having been stabbed multiple times, and flagged down a police car. Merla was sentenced to forty years in prison. "I don't regret it. I don't have no remorse. I don't feel sorry for him and his family. I don't and I mean that" Merla admits. In regards to the murder of Robert Quiroga (who had celebrity status as an IBF champion around the San Antonio area where the local Bandidos chapter president John Portillo was one of his biggest fans), the Bandidos Motorcycle Club denounced any involvement in the crime, stating that Merla's actions were his own and not those of the club. Merla was expelled from the Bandidos due to his actions. Murder of Anthony Benesh In March 2006 police in Austin announced that the Bandidos were the prime suspects in the March 18, 2006, slaying of a forty-four-year-old local motorcyclist named Anthony Benesh. Benesh, who had been attempting to establish an Austin chapter of the Hells Angels, was shot in the head by an unseen sniper, as he was leaving a North Austin restaurant with his girlfriend and two children. Police said that Benesh was flanked by other people and the shooter used only one bullet, fired at a distance from a high-powered rifle. The murder occurred on the same weekend as the annual Bandidos MC "Birthday Party" in Southeast Texas, marking the 40th anniversary of the club's 1966 founding. According to police, in the days before his murder, Benesh had been receiving telephone calls from Bandidos telling him to stop wearing a vest that displayed Hells Angels patches. On March 7, 2017 federal authorities announced that four members of the Bandidos gang had been arrested and charged with Benesh's murder. Conflict with the Cossacks Jack Lewis, president of the Abilene chapter of the Bandidos, was charged with the November 2, 2013 stabbing of Timothy Shayne Satterwhite, a member of the Cossacks Motorcycle Club. Lewis was acquitted of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon in December 2015 after another Bandidos member, Wesley Mason, testified he had in fact stabbed Satterwhite and another Cossacks member in self-defense. Around twenty Bandidos members ambushed members of three rival clubs – the Cossacks, Ghost Riders and Wino's Crew – at a bar in Fort Worth on December 12, 2014, resulting in Ghost Riders member Geoffrey Brady being shot dead and two others suffering injuries. The attack took place during a dispute concerning the Bandidos' taxing of smaller clubs for the right to wear a state bottom rocker. Bandidos members Howard Wayne "Dobber" Baker, Nicholas "Zombie" Povendo and Robert "Drifter" Stover were arrested in connection with the shooting. In June 2017, Baker was sentenced to forty-five years in prison after being convicted of engaging in organized crime and directing the activities of a street gang. The cases against Povendo and Stover were dismissed in August 2015 and October 2018, respectively. Approximately ten Cossacks forced a Bandidos member off Interstate 35 at Lorena on March 22, 2015 and beat him with chains, batons and metal pipes before stealing his motorcycle. Later that day, Bandidos confronted a Cossack in Mingus and demanded that he remove the bottom rocker from his colors. When he refused, he was beaten with a hammer. On May17, 2015, the Bandidos were involved in a gun battle at a Twin Peaks restaurant parking lot in Waco that killed nine people and wounded eighteen. Among the dead was a member of the Bandidos and members of the Cossacks. As of January 2016, the incident remains under investigation, and it remains unclear who fired shots. There was heavy law enforcement present at the scene before any violence erupted, which leads to the belief that it might have been a set-up. Local bikers from many motorcycle clubs (amongst them many veterans and church bike groups) were present to attend a quarterly meeting of the Confederation of Clubs (COC) which had been established over twenty-five years earlier. Twin Peaks corporate executives later revoked the franchise permit in Waco (which also included a sister location in Killeen which was part of the same Twin Peaks franchise). As a result of the Twin Peaks brawl, three high-ranking members of the Bandidos MC (national vice-president John Portillo, national president Jeffrey Ray Pike, and sergeant-at-arms Justin Cole Forster), were taken into custody by the FBI between late December 2015 and January 2016. On May 17, 2018, Portillo and Pike were both convicted on a thirteen-count indictment of a range of charges, including racketeering, conspiracy, murder, extortion and drug dealing. On September 24, 2018, Portillo was sentenced to two consecutive life terms plus twenty years in prison without the possibility of parole. On September 26, Pike was sentenced to life in prison plus ten years without parole. Conflicts with other gangs Three members of the Bandidos' El Paso chapter – president Juan Martinez, secretary Thomas Decarlo and sergeant-at-arms James Heredia – were charged with engaging in organized criminal activity-aggravated robbery after being accused of attacking and attempting to steal the colors of members of Los Traviesos Motorcycle Club in East El Paso on August 3, 2016. A man was injured after being hit on the head with a baseball bat and an extendable baton. Martinez died on August 3, 2017 after being shot in a fight with another motorcycle gang. The case against Decarlo ended in a mistrial in November 2017. In June 2021, charges against Decarlo, Heradia and Robert Farrell Grant III, sergeant-at-arms of the Bandidos support club Brass Knuckles MC, were dismissed by the El Paso County District Attorney's Office. Javier Gonzalez, vice-president of the Kinfolk Motorcycle Club's El Paso chapter, was sentenced to fifty-six years in prison in January 2019 after he was convicted of murdering Bandidos El Paso chapter president Juan "Compa" Martinez, Jr., who was shot seven times on July 30, 2017 and died on August 3. Bandidos members Ballardo Salcido and Daniel Villalobos, and Organized Chaos MC (a Bandidos support club) vice-president Juan Miguel Vega-Rivera were also shot in what began as a bar brawl between the two groups. The Kinfolk were established in 2016 by former Bandidos members critical of the leadership of the club. The Bandidos and the Mongols were involved in a shootout that left one person – Alex Canales Villarreal – dead and three wounded at a bar in Midland on February 16, 2020. A Bandidos member suffered gunshot wounds to the leg and arm after members of the Bandidos and Kinfolk exchanged gunfire at a Lubbock bar on November 12, 2020. Bandidos member Alfredo Paez, and Kinfolk members Danny Lee Gollihugh and Michael Roberts were indicted on January 5, 2021 on charges of engaging in organized criminal activity. Lubbock Kinfolk chapter president Gollihugh pleaded guilty in July 2021 to possession of an unregistered firearm, and was sentenced on November 4 to seven years in federal prison. Other incidents Two Bandidos – Thomas Lloyd "Hammer" Gerry and Jay Lane Roberts – were charged with the murder of fellow club member "Fat" Jan Colvin, who was found dead in a vacant lot in Irving in November 1978. Roberts was found guilty and sentenced to fifty-five years in prison. Additionally, Gerry and Roberts were among the suspects in the James Kerr shooting. Bobby Joe Holt, president of the Galveston chapter of the Bandidos, was shot and killed on January 15, 1983. A companion, William Edward Gwaltney, suffered two shotgun wounds to the stomach and legs. Bandidos member Steve "Panhead" Jonas was killed by a shotgun wound to the neck in a nightclub parking lot in San Antonio on July 17, 1983. Three days later, club members from across the country formed a funeral procession more than a mile in length on Interstate 10. Antonio "Tony" Marquez, vice-president and sergeant-at-arms of the Bandidos' Kerrville chapter, was involved in an altercation with an unidentified man who arrived at the Bandidos' clubhouse armed with an knife on February 24, 2007. After disarming the individual, whom police were unable to trace, Marquez fired several shots from a pistol at the fleeing man. Marquez was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to twenty-five years in prison in October 2008. Bandidos member Benito "Chamuco" Lopez III was arrested on October 4, 2019 after authorities identified him as the caretaker of a stash house for illegal aliens in Los Ebanos. Lopez pleaded guilty to his role in a conspiracy to transport undocumented aliens on February 3, 2020 and was sentenced to six years and eight months in prison on February 2, 2021. Washington There are fourteen Bandidos chapters in Washington. The club is involved in methamphetamine distribution and violent crime in the state. As part of a nationwide law enforcement operation against the club, thirteen Bandidos members were arrested in Washington on drugs and weapons charges on February 22, 1985, eleven in Bellingham and two in Everett and Puyallup. Those arrested included club officers Jack Edward Sekora, George Irving Sherman and John Jerome Francis. The arrests followed a sixteen-month investigation of the Bandidos MC that involved the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Bandidos sergeant-at-arms Frederick Entzel was killed another member, Dale Chandler, was wounded after Bandidos and members of the Iron Horsemen exchanged gunfire due to a drug dispute at a motorcycle rally near Zillah on June 18, 2000. Iron Horsemen member Darren Patrick Lumsden was also shot and left in critical condition. Chandler was charged with first-degree assault on Lumsden. Thirty-two members and associates of the Bandidos' Bellingham and Missoula, Montana chapters were indicted in the U.S. District Court in Seattle on June 10, 2005, charged with conspiracy to commit murder, witness tampering, violent crime in aid of racketeering, and drug and weapons offenses. Several weapons, including firearms and knives, methamphetamine, marijuana, stolen motorcycles and motor vehicle parts, and over $25,000 in cash were seized during subsequent raids and arrests, which resulted from a two-year investigation into a variety of criminal activity by the club. Eighteen of those charged pleaded guilty, including international president George Wegers, Bellingham chapter president Glenn Merrit and Missoula chapter president Bernard Ortman. In October 2006, Wegers reached an unusual plea agreement through representation by his attorney Jeffrey A. Lustick, under which he received twenty-two months' credit for time served and three years on supervised release. Despite this being a felony conviction, the plea agreement accepted by judge John C. Coughenour allowed Wegers to continue to participate in Bandidos events, associate with known felons, and travel worldwide with court permission. No RICO forfeitures were imposed by the court. Merritt received the longest prison term of those who pleaded guilty when he was sentenced to four years' for drug possession and trafficking in stolen property in November 2006. The others received sentences ranging from probation to thirty months in prison. FBI and local police investigators announced in January 2020 their belief that Bandidos members and associates were involved in the January 27, 2017 murders of a family of four in Seabeck. Christale Careaga and her children Jonathon Higgins and Hunter Schaap were found shot dead in their burning home while Johnny Careaga was found shot and burned to death in a truck on a rural tree farm in Mason County two days later. Bandidos associate Danie Jay Kelly, Jr. was previously named as a person of interest in the case. There is a $20,000 reward for information leading to conviction in the Careaga family murder. See also Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents References External links Official Bandidos website – listing many chartered local chapters, with links Criminal allegations and incidents Transnational organized crime Organised crime groups in Belgium Organized crime groups in Canada Gangs in Montreal Gangs in Toronto Organized crime groups in Finland Organized crime groups in France Organised crime groups in Germany Organised crime groups in Ireland Organised crime groups in the Netherlands Organised crime groups in New Zealand Organised crime groups in Norway Organized crime groups in Portugal Organised crime groups in Spain Organized crime groups in Sweden Organized crime groups in Switzerland Organised crime groups in Thailand Organized crime groups in the United States Gangs in Arkansas Gangs in Colorado Gangs in Louisiana Gangs in Montana Gangs in New Mexico Gangs in Oklahoma Gangs in Texas Gangs in Washington (state)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%20Shots

16 Shots

16 Shots is a documentary film about the shooting of Laquan McDonald. Written and directed by Richard Rowley, it is an updated and expanded version of the 2018 movie The Blue Wall. It had a limited theatrical release on June 7, 2019, and started streaming on Showtime on June 14, 2019. It was released on DVD on August 4, 2020. 16 Shots won a News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Investigative Documentary and a Television Academy Honor and was nominated for a Peabody Award. Synopsis 16 Shots uses extensive interviews, combined with news reports and scenes of Chicago, to depict the shooting of Laquan McDonald and subsequent events. On October 20, 2014, McDonald, a 17-year-old African-American youth, was shot and killed by a Chicago Police officer. The police department ruled that the shooting was justifiable self-defense. More than a year later, police dashcam videos were released to the public, showing that McDonald was walking away from police officers when he was shot 16 times. There had been a cover-up of the actual events by members of the police department and various government officials. This caused widespread outrage at a time of national reexamination of the relations between police departments and minority communities. Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel fired police commissioner Garry McCarthy, Cook County state's attorney Anita Alvarez was voted out of office, and Emmanuel himself decided not to run for reelection. Jason Van Dyke, the police officer who shot McDonald, was found guilty of second degree murder and aggravated battery. These events also led to an investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice, and a consent decree for a federal judge to oversee numerous reforms of the Chicago Police Department. Production 16 Shots is an updated and expanded version of the documentary The Blue Wall. The earlier film, with a running time of 76 minutes, premiered at the Hot Docs film festival in Toronto on May 1, 2018. Critical reception Frank Scheck wrote in The Hollywood Reporter, "The film delivers its gripping account in clear, suspenseful fashion and includes news footage from the time and contemporary interviews with many of the principal figures involved... Freelance journalist Jamie Kalven, who covered the story extensively and is one of the film's producers, figures prominently, as do several activists and community leaders.... The filmmaker's intent was obviously to concentrate on the specific incident and its aftermath, but personal details would probably have enhanced the overall emotional impact. Nonetheless, 16 Shots is a worthy addition to what has sadly become a proliferating documentary subgenre." In RogerEbert.com Brian Tallerico said, "16 Shots isn't as much about the actual shooting of Laquan McDonald as one might expect. We don't hear from his family and friends. Instead, it's about the ripple effect that transformed a city that night.... 16 Shots is a very deliberate, ominous documentary, filled with views of the Chicago skyline and a pulsing score, but Rowley makes several smart decisions as a storyteller. First, he presents both sides. McCarthy, Van Dyke's attorney, Alvarez, and a few spokespeople for the FOP are on-hand to defend their actions..." In The New York Times Ken Jaworowski wrote, "Rowley interviews activists, witnesses, jurors and police representatives. Their frustrations would be easy to inflame, yet the director and his crew listen closely to what is being said, and allow time for those interviewed to work through their thoughts.... To be sure, the case has been extensively covered in the media, leaving this film to function largely as a summary of the shooting and the trial.... Still, 16 Shots remains valuable as a record of past events that hold sway over the present." Eric Zorn said in the Chicago Tribune, "... the film shortchanges viewers when it comes to... the cover-up – the brazen, outrageous, wide-ranging and still unpunished official effort to conceal, minimize and outright lie about what happened.... Much of this story will be new for viewers outside the Chicago area, and they'll be riveted by how it unfolded from a seemingly routine news event into a crushing scandal. They'll be justifiably impressed by the range of interview subjects and the effort that director Richard Rowley and producers Jacqueline Soohen and Jamie Kalven made to give both sides of the story time on camera." In the Chicago Reader Andrea Gronvall wrote, "... by focusing primarily on the crime and its explosive aftermath and very little on McDonald himself, the filmmaker doesn't go far enough in his indictment of the CPD's so-termed "code of silence" because the problem doesn't stop with cover-ups... The fact that the circumstances of [McDonald's] upbringing match those of so many other young Black men in Chicago adds to, not detracts from, a forthright conversation about race." References External links 2019 documentary films American documentary films American films Showtime (TV network) documentary films

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Lewinski

William Lewinski

William J. Lewinski () is a retired psychology professor and expert on police use of force at his own Force Science Institute, founded in 2004. He provides training to police and serves as an expert witness in court cases. Early career Born in Canada, Lewinski started his career as a school teacher in Winnipeg, Ontario. He received his doctorate from the distance-learning Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1988, in a self-designed major of police psychology. The school isn't accredited in psychology, his police psychology major isn't recognized by the American Psychological Association, and Lewinski has never been licensed to practice as a psychologist. He was a tenured professor at Minnesota State University in Mankato, Minnesota, and founded the Center for the Study of Performance in Extreme Encounters in 2004. It was later renamed Force Science Research Center, moved off-campus, and removed its affiliation with the school. He retired from the university after 28 years. Police use of force philosophies Lewinski's career is as a researcher and expert witness in police use of force cases. In two court cases, Lisa Fournier, editor of the American Journal of Psychology, has testified that Lewinski's work lacked basic elements of legitimate research, drew conclusions unsupported by data, and was pseudoscience. In response Lewinski stated she was "naïve or her ethics are seriously compromised". He was described as an "opportunist" by Michael Haddad, president of the National Police Accountability Project. Haddad also called him "charming" but "his opinions can be pretty flaky". Paul Wright of Prison Legal News said Lewinski is "firmly in the category of junk science". Shoot first and reaction time Lewinski published three studies between 1999 and 2002 showing that test subjects could raise and fire a previously hidden gun faster than a police officer could react, termed "action/reaction". The studies were published in The Police Marksman, which is a magazine, not a peer-reviewed journal. Lewinski's has defended police on the basis of his policies, even in cases where someone was unarmed, facing away from the police, or the officer's testimony did not match video evidence. Chuck Wexler, director of Police Executive Research Forum, has objected to Lewinski's "shoot first" view. Christy Lopez, Obama Justice Department attorney and Georgetown University law professor, said "the Bill Lewinski show" was part of an insidious trend in police training that used pseudoscience to justify excessive force. Dan Handelman of Portland Copwatch dubs the "shoot first" philosophy as the "Superman theory", describing how "many suspects are shot in the back because they turn before the officer's bullet hits them". Inattentional blindness Lewinski's testimony often cites inattentional blindness for any flaws or omissions in an officer's testimony. Arien Mack, one of the psychologists who coined the term, called his use of the term "completely inappropriate", stating "I hate the fact that it’s being used in this way. When we work in a lab, we ask them if they saw something. They have no motivation to lie. A police officer involved in a shooting certainly has a reason to lie." Excited delirium Lewinski has also promoted the term "excited delirium", captured in a discussion while officer Derek Chauvin was choking George Floyd. The Los Angeles Times noted that Force Science had over 20 articles using the term on its website. The Marshall Project has noted the term is controversial despite being used frequently in use-of-force cases. Axon Enterprise has also lobbied use of the term to explain deaths, rather than from excessive use of their Taser. Cooling-off periods Lewinski is also a strong advocate for "cooling-off periods" before police officers document an officer-involved shooting, a position that is not afforded to other testimonies in a shooting and is contrary to studies. In an opinion for the Washington Post, author Radley Balko discussed the cooling-off period and called Lewinski "an unapologetic partisan who pushes pseudoscience in order to clear cops of wrongdoing", noting Lewinski advocates that officers shoot without hesitation yet should be provided time for their shooting statements. Cases Lewinski's testimony has been used in the following cases: Tycel Nelson, 1990, Minneapolis Anthony Lee, 2000, Los Angeles Police Department Willie Wilkins, 2001, undercover police officer shot to death by Oakland Police Department. City settled for $3.5 million. Timothy Thomas, 2001, Cincinnati Shooting by Officer Robert Murtha, 2003, Hartford Connecticut Darryl Hamilton, 2003, Chicago Police Department (Lewinski also provided testimony for at least six other Chicago cases by 2015) Duy Ngo, 2003, Minneapolis Police Department officer shot and killed by a follow officer. City paid Ngo's family $4.5 million. Deborah King, 2003, use of force by Minnesota's Ramsey County Sheriff's Office. Lewinski made a medical diagnosis of King from the stand, though he has no medical endorsements. City paid King $450,000. James Jahar Perez, 2004, Portland Police Bureau Devin Brown, 2005, Los Angeles Police Department Elio Carrion, 2007, wounded in shooting by San Bernardino County sheriff’s deputy Ivory Webb. Settled civil suit with the County for $1.5 million; Webb was acquitted of felony charges. Philip Miller, 2007, Los Angeles. Lewinski's testimony was disputed by expert witness Roger Clark and Lewinski's qualifications were disputed. Lewinski's testimony was thrown out. The City still won the case, however. Paul Boyd (animator), 2007, Vancouver Police Department, British Columbia. After Lewinski's bias in the case was questioned, BC's oversight board (Office of the Police Complaint Commissioner) stated they would not hire him again. Oscar Grant III, 2009, Bay Area Rapid Transit police, Oakland. Shot while face-down, hands behind his back, with another officer's knees on his neck. Lewinski bolstered the theory that the officer accidentally used his gun rather than his Taser. James Boyd, 2014, Albuquerque Police Department Andy Lopez, 13-year-old carrying a toy gun, 2014, Sonoma Countysheriff Stephon Clark, 2018, Sacramento Departments trained by Lewinski or Force Science Institute Minneapolis Police Department cadet training, 1990-1993 US Justice Department Los Angeles Police Department, further training cancelled 90 officers from 13 states for a national seminar at Madison Area Technical College, 2014 Chicago Independent Police Review Authority, 2015 Rochester Police Department, 2017, city funds for attendance of officers withdrawn after objections, was still hosted by RPD's union, the Locust Club National seminar for International Union of Police Associations, 2018 National seminar held at St. Paul Police Department, Minnesota, 2019 Ohio State University police department, 2020, cancelled after objections. The training included a description explaining how "investigators can ‘mine’ officers’ memories and avoid interviewing mistakes that can put the officer, the investigator, and the entire department in jeopardy." See also Slips and capture References 1940s births Living people Year of birth uncertain

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20April%202021

Deaths in April 2021

The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2021. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. April 2021 1 Lee Aaker, 77, American actor (The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, Hondo, Mister Scoutmaster), stroke. Isamu Akasaki, 92, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (2014), pneumonia. Chandranath Mishra Amar, 96, Indian writer and poet, complications from a fall. Klairi Angelidou, 88, Cypriot educator and politician, member of the House of Representatives (1991–1996) and minister of education and culture (1993–1997). Third Bardor Tulku Rinpoche, 71, Tibetan Buddhist teacher. Michèle Boegner, 79, French pianist. Jorge Chiarella Krüger, 77, Peruvian theatre director and actor. Antonio Delgado Palomo, 63, Spanish athlete, Paralympic champion (1976), throat cancer. Bruce Dinwiddy, 75, British diplomat, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2002–2005). Martha Lou Gadsden, 91, American restaurateur. Emmanuel Gaillard, 69, French lawyer. Giorgio Gatti, 72, Italian baritone, COVID-19. Nemam Ghafouri, 52, Iraqi-born Swedish physician, Kurdish activist and humanitarian, COVID-19. Gerald Irons, 73, American football player (Oakland Raiders, Cleveland Browns). Rayappu Joseph, 80, Sri Lankan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Mannar (1992–2016). Patrick Juvet, 70, Swiss model and singer-songwriter. Henri Marescaux, 77, French army general and deacon. Loránd Milassin, 73, Hungarian Olympic hurdler (1972). Wakio Mitsui, 78, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (2000–2012) and minister of health (2012). Angelo Perugini, 65, Brazilian politician, mayor of Hortolândia (2005–2012, since 2017) and São Paulo MLA (2015–2016), COVID-19. Hugo Portisch, 94, Austrian journalist and writer. Divo Zadi, 90, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Civita Castellana (1989–2007). 2 Valentin Afonin, 81, Russian footballer (SKA Rostov-on-Don, CSKA Moscow). Shaukat Ali, 76, Pakistani folk singer, liver failure. April, 20, American giraffe, euthanized. Simon Bainbridge, 68, British composer. H. Balasubramaniam, 88, Indian translator, COVID-19. Marek Czekalski, 67, Polish politician and engineer, mayor of Łódź (1994–1998). Pete Giesen, 88, American politician, member of Virginia House of Delegates (1964–1996). Robert Howarth, 93, British politician, MP (1964–1970). Arthur Kopit, 83, American playwright (Indians, Wings, Nine). Mykhailo Kushnerenko, 82, Ukrainian politician, deputy (1990–1994), complications from COVID-19. Clara LaMore, 94, American Olympic swimmer (1948). Gabi Luncă, 82, Romanian folk and lăutărească singer, complications from COVID-19. Mohammed Oreibi Al-Khalifa, 51, Iraqi judge (Trial of Saddam Hussein), COVID-19. Benito Orgiana, 83, Italian politician, deputy (1992–1994). Chepina Peralta, 90, Mexican chef and TV personality. Nelu Ploieșteanu, 70, Romanian fiddler and lăutărească singer, complications from COVID-19. Jean Luc Rosat, 67, Brazilian Olympic volleyball player (1976, 1980), complications from COVID-19. Quindon Tarver, 38, American R&B singer, traffic collision. Christian Tumi, 90, Cameroonian Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Yagoua (1979–1982), archbishop of Garoua (1984–1991) and Douala (1991–2009). Bernard Vallée, 76, French Olympic fencer (1968, 1972). Gordon Weaver, 84, American novelist and short story writer. Zafar Ali Zafari, 90, Pakistani field hockey player, Olympic champion (1960). 3 José Adauto Bezerra, 94, Brazilian politician, governor of Ceará (1975–1978), Ceará MLA (1959–1979) and deputy (1979–1983), COVID-19. C. Sidney Burrus, 86, American electrical engineer. Remus Câmpeanu, 82, Romanian footballer (Universitatea Cluj). Innocent Chukwuma, 55, Nigerian businessman and investor. Kathie Coblentz, 73, American librarian and author. Jill Corey, 85, American singer ("Love Me to Pieces", "Let It Be Me"). Pier Giacomo De Nicolò, 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, apostolic nuncio to Costa Rica (1984–1993). Lois de Banzie, 90, Scottish-born American actress (Morning's at Seven, Annie, Sister Act). Guram Dochanashvili, 82, Georgian writer (The First Garment). John Edgar, 70, New Zealand sculptor and medallist. Mark Elliott, 81, American voice-over artist, heart attack. Elidio Espinoza, 65, Peruvian politician, mayor of Trujillo (2015–2018), COVID-19. Hubert Gerbeau, 84, French writer and historian. Gloria Henry, 98, American actress (Dennis the Menace, Miss Grant Takes Richmond, Rancho Notorious). Ho Lien Siew, 88, Singaporean Olympic basketball player (1956), pulmonary infection. Carl Hodges, 84, American atmospheric and climate scientist, complications from Alzheimer's disease. James B. Holderman, 85, American academic, president of the University of South Carolina (1977–1990). Martin Hyman, 87, British Olympic long-distance runner (1960). Mehli Irani, 90, Indian cricketer (Mumbai). Naila Isayeva, 73, Azerbaijani teacher, co-founder of the Khazar University, cancer. Ahmad Kamil Jaafar, 83, Malaysian politician and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland, China, Japan, and Thailand (1989–1996). Herb Johnson, 92, American football player (New York Giants). N. M. Kamble, 95, Indian politician, mayor of Mumbai (1957–1962) and MP (1974–1982, 1984–1988). Willy Kurant, 87, Belgian cinematographer (Les Créatures, Masculin Féminin, The Immortal Story). Luo Ying-shay, 69, Taiwanese politician, minister of justice (2013–2016) and governor of Fujian Province (2013), breast cancer. Cyprian Kizito Lwanga, 68, Ugandan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Kampala (since 2006). Sam Obi, 59, Nigerian politician, acting governor of Delta State (2010–2011). Yinka Odumakin, 54, Nigerian human rights activist and politician, complications from COVID-19. John Paragon, 66, American actor (Pee-wee's Playhouse, UHF, Elvira: Mistress of the Dark), cardiovascular disease. Wali Rahmani, 77, Indian Islamic scholar and politician, founder of Rahmani30 and Bihar MLC (1974–1996). Brother Stair, 87, American Pentecostal evangelical pastor and radio preacher (The Overcomer Ministry). Stan Stephens, 91, Canadian-born American politician, member (1969–1985) and president (1983–1985) of the Montana Senate, governor of Montana (1989–1993). Masakazu Tamura, 77, Japanese actor (Higashi Shinakai, Onna-rō Hizu, Last Love), heart failure. Agnaldo Timóteo, 84, Brazilian singer and politician, deputy (1986–1996), COVID-19. Philippe Venault, 73, French director and screenwriter. Yevgeniy Zagorulko, 78, Russian high jump coach, complications from COVID-19. Carla Zampatti, 78, Italian-Australian fashion designer, complications from a fall. 4 António Almeida Henriques, 59, Portuguese politician, mayor of Viseu (since 2013) and deputy (2002–2011), COVID-19. Jens-Peter Bonde, 73, Danish politician, MEP (1979–2009). Thomas D. Brock, 94, American microbiologist, complications from a fall. Roberto Calero, 77, Ecuadorian bolero singer, kidney disease. Khalil Dhantejvi, 85, Indian poet. Jean Dupuy, 95, French-born American artist. Paolo Filippi, 58, Italian politician, president of the Province of Alessandria (2004–2014), heart attack. Dame Cheryl Gillan, 68, British politician, MP (since 1992), secretary of state for Wales (2010–2012). Francisco Haghenbeck, 56, Mexican writer and comics screenwriter, COVID-19. Aslamul Haque, 59, Bangladeshi politician, MP (since 2018), cardiac arrest. Sugako Hashida, 95, Japanese screenwriter (Oshin), lymphoma. Paul Humphrey, 61, Canadian musician (Blue Peter), multiple system atrophy. Digvijaysinh Jhala, 88, Indian politician, MP (1980–1989) and Gujarat MLA (1962–1972). Adolf Kabo, 61, Indonesian footballer (Perseman Manokwari, national team). Kim In, 77, South Korean Go player, Guksu champion (1965–1970), stomach cancer. Victoria Kovalchuk, 67, Ukrainian illustrator, designer and writer, complications from COVID-19. Henri Lemay, 81, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA (1981–1985). Ingela Lind, 78, Swedish art critic and writer. Robert D. Linder, 87, American historian. Eddy van der Maarel, 87, Dutch ecologist. Zygmunt Malanowicz, 83, Polish actor (Knife in the Water, Hunting Flies, Cserepek). Paddy McMahon, 87, British showjumper. Frank Mdlalose, 89, South African politician, premier of KwaZulu-Natal (1994–1997), COVID-19. Robert Mundell, 88, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (1999), cholangiocarcinoma. Chandra Nayudu, 88, Indian cricket player and commentator. Alfonso Quijano, 78, Ecuadorian footballer (Barcelona S.C., national team). Keosaychay Sayasone, 62, Laotian socialite, first lady (2006–2016), drowned. Ralph Schuckett, 73, American keyboardist (Utopia). Shashikala, 88, Indian actress (Sujata, Aarti, Anupama). Bhagwati Singh, 88, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009) and Uttar Pradesh MLA (1977–2003), heart attack. Roland Thöni, 70, Italian alpine ski racer, Olympic bronze medalist (1972). 5 Robert de Almendra Freitas, 73, Brazilian doctor and politician, mayor of José de Freitas (2005–2010) and Piauí MLA (1987–2003), COVID-19. P. Balachandran, 69, Indian actor (Gandhi, Hotel California, Operation Java) and screenwriter. Isabel Joy Bear, 94, Australian chemist. Philip K. Chapman, 86, Australian-born American astronaut (NASA Astronaut Group 6). Sir Paul Cosford, 57, British health official, medical director at Public Health England, lung cancer. Jon Michael Dunn, 79, American philosopher. Veronica Dunne, 93, Irish soprano. Robert Fletcher, 98, American costume designer (Star Trek, Fright Night, The Last Starfighter). Uri Gallin, 92, Israeli Olympic discus thrower (1952). Ulrike Gauss, 79, German art historian and professor. Vladimir Gendlin, 84, Russian television journalist and sports commentator (NTV, NTV Plus, Channel One), complications from COVID-19. Tom Gibney, 84, Canadian television journalist (CFTO). Terry Gunn, 85, English cricketer (Sussex). Haja El Hamdaouia, 91, Moroccan singer-songwriter. Socratis Hasikos, 64, Cypriot politician, minister of defence (1999–2003, 2014) and interior (2013–2017). Sarah Hughes, 48, British journalist, cancer. Joye Hummel, 97, American comic book writer (Wonder Woman). Jan-Olav Ingvaldsen, 67, Norwegian politician, MP (1985–1989). Frank Jacobs, 91, American comics writer (Mad). Krzysztof Krawczyk, 74, Polish baritone pop singer, guitarist and composer. Paulino Lukudu Loro, 80, South Sudanese Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of El Obeid (1979–1983) and archbishop of Juba (1983–2019). Izz al-Din Manasirah, 74, Palestinian poet, critic and academic, complications from COVID-19. Jaroslav Mareš, 83, Czech biologist, traveller and author. Bill Markham, 98, American politician, member of the Oregon House of Representatives (1969–1993). Antoine Martin, 66, French writer. Gene Mullin, 83, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (2002–2008), mayor of South San Francisco (1997–1998, 2001–2002). Lefteris Mytilineos, 74, Greek singer, COVID-19. Cécile Renault, French astrophysicist, traffic collision. Paul Ritter, 54, English actor (Friday Night Dinner, Chernobyl, No Offence), brain cancer. Marshall Sahlins, 90, American anthropologist (Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate). Sir Jack Shaw, 88, Scottish accountant and businessman, Governor of the Bank of Scotland (1999–2001). Malcolm Kela Smith, 77, British-Australian politician, governor of Eastern Highlands Province (2002–2012), complications from COVID-19. Susan L. Smith, 73–74, American art historian, complications from cancer. Henry Stephen, 79, Venezuelan singer, complications from COVID-19. György Vókó, 74, Hungarian criminalist and professor of law. Qabdesh Zhumadilov, 84, Kazakh author. 6 Peter Ainsworth, 64, British politician, MP (1992–2010), heart attack. Réginald Bernut, 84, French politician, vice-president of the Congress of New Caledonia (2004–2007), mayor of Le Mont-Dore (2001–2003). Alan Braden, 94, English composer. Kittie Bruneau, 91, Canadian painter and printmaker. Alice Headley Chandler, 95, American Hall of Fame horsebreeder (Sir Ivor) and racing stable owner, Eclipse Award of Merit (2009). Midwin Charles, 47, American lawyer and legal analyst (CNN, MSNBC). Charles H. Coolidge, 99, American technical sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient. Chuck Darling, 91, American basketball player (Iowa Hawkeyes), Olympic champion (1956). Rodolfo da Ponte, 82, Paraguayan Olympic fencer (1968). François de Cossé-Brissac, 92, French aristocrat, 13th Duke of Brissac (since 1993). Dante Della Terza, 96, Italian literary scholar. Prathima Devi, 88, Indian actress (Krishnaleela, Jaganmohini, Paalige Bandadde Panchamrutha). Denis Donoghue, 92, Irish literary critic. Reese Erlich, 73, American author, cancer. Firmino Filho, 57, Brazilian economist and academic, mayor of Teresina (1997–2004, 2013–2020) and Piauí MLA (2011–2012). Hans Kristian Gaarder, 60, Norwegian conspiracy theorist, COVID-19. Paul Greenberg, 84, American journalist (Arkansas Democrat-Gazette), Pulitzer Prize winner (1969). Pierre Guichard, 81, French historian and academic. K. A. Siddique Hassan, 75, Indian scholar. Alcee Hastings, 84, American politician and jurist, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 1993), judge of the U.S. District Court for Southern Florida (1979–1989), pancreatic cancer. Tim F. Hayes, 74, Irish Gaelic footballer (Clonakilty). Mattie Hetherton, 69, Irish Gaelic footballer (Cavan). Grischa Huber, 76, German actress (Under the Pavement Lies the Strand, The Serpent's Egg, The Garden). Michel Koeniguer, 49, French comic book artist, heart attack. Joe Krebs, 78, American television news anchor, cancer. Hans Küng, 93, Swiss Roman Catholic priest, theologian and author (On Being a Christian, Islam: Past, Present and Future). Julen Madariaga, 88, Spanish Basque nationalist militant and lawyer, co-founder of ETA. Alfred Leonhard Maluma, 65, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Njombe (since 2002). Packy McGarty, 87, Irish Gaelic football player (Leitrim). Al Mengert, 91, American golfer. Lily Oddie, 83, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP (1985–1990). Arcadi Oliveres, 75, Spanish economist, academic and social activist, pancreatic cancer. Walter Olkewicz, 72, American actor (Grace Under Fire, Twin Peaks, The Client). Umbu Landu Paranggi, 77, Indonesian artist and poet, COVID-19. Jan Purwinski, 86, Latvian-born Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Kyiv-Zhytomyr (1991–2011), COVID-19. Paul Rabinow, 76, American anthropologist. Bobby Schilling, 57, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2013), cancer. Louis Siminovitch, 100, Canadian molecular biologist. Sonny Simmons, 87, American jazz saxophonist. Joe Slick, 43, American mixed martial artist (UFC). Maj Britt Theorin, 88, Swedish politician, MP (1971–1995) and MEP (1995–2004). Nestor Torre Jr., 78, Filipino screenwriter, director and journalist, complications from COVID-19. Predrag Živković Tozovac, 85, Serbian folk musician and actor, COVID-19. Uci Turtusi, Indonesian Muslim cleric and preacher. Jack Veneno, 78, Dominican professional wrestler (WWC) and politician, pancreatic cancer. Anna Wasilewska, 63, Polish politician, deputy (since 2015). Gene Youngblood, 78, American media theorist and writer (Expanded Cinema), complications from a heart attack. Fatima Zakaria, 85, Indian journalist (The Times of India) and educationist, cardiac arrest. 7 Farid Alakbarli, 57, Azerbaijani historian. Ina Marija Bartaitė, 25, Lithuanian actress (Peace to Us in Our Dreams, Seneca's Day), traffic collision. Anne Beatts, 74, American humorist and television writer (National Lampoon, Saturday Night Live, Square Pegs). Mitiku Belachew, 78, Ethiopian-born Belgian surgeon. Rafael Benjumea Cabeza de Vaca, 82, Spanish aristocrat and engineer, cardiac arrest. Alfredo Bosi, 84, Brazilian literary critic, member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, COVID-19. Manfred Buder, 85, German ice hockey player (SG Dynamo Weißwasser). Antonio Calpe, 81, Spanish football player (Levante, Real Madrid) and manager. Jorge Coelho, 66, Portuguese politician, deputy (1989–2006), heart attack. Jerry Davie, 88, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers). Emmanuel Evans-Anfom, 101, Ghanaian physician and academic administrator, commissioner for health and education (1979), vice chancellor of KNUST (1967–1973). Lucyna Mirosława Falkowska, 70, Polish oceanographer. Victor Garber, 101, American politician, member of the Wyoming House of Representatives (1959–1965, 1979–1981). James Hampton, 84, American actor (F Troop, The Longest Yard, Teen Wolf) and director, complications from Parkinson's disease. Susumu Kagawa, 76, Japanese urologist. Simon Keay, 66, British archaeologist and academic. Viktor Kurentsov, 80, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion (1968). Peter Manso, 80, American author, heart attack. Paul Marland, 81, British politician, MP (1979–1997). Kai Nielsen, 94, American philosopher. Namkabuan Nongkeepahuyuth, 48, Thai Muay Thai fighter, lung cancer. Bill Owens, 85, American songwriter. Karel Pacner, 85, Czech author. Wayne Peterson, 93, American composer. Paul Popovici, 72, Romanian football player (Bihor Oradea, UTA Arad, national team) and manager, heart attack. Colette Privat, 95, French politician, deputy (1967–1968, 1978–1981). Indra Mohan Rajbongshi, 75, Bangladeshi folk singer, COVID-19. Tommy Raudonikis, 70, Australian rugby league player (Western Suburbs, Newtown, national team), cancer. Jack Smith, 85, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Braves), Alzheimer's disease. Théophile Sowié, Burkinabe actor (Les Visiteurs, Lumumba). Heinz Stübig, 81, German educator. György Szomjas, 80, Hungarian film director (Tight Quarters) and screenwriter. Éliane Thibaut-Comelade, 92, French journalist, writer and cook. Takis Vougiouklakis, 82, Greek director and producer. Howard Weitzman, 81, American entertainment and criminal lawyer, cancer. 8 Phillip Adams, 32, American football player (Seattle Seahawks, Oakland Raiders, New York Jets) and mass murderer (2021 Rock Hill shooting), suicide by gunshot. Iñaki Aldekoa, 81, Spanish politician, deputy (1986–1987) and member of the Parliament of Navarre (1979–1983), lymphoma. Michel Berson, 75, French politician, deputy (1981–1997) and senator (2011–2017), mayor of Crosne (1977–1998). Margaret Wander Bonanno, 71, American science fiction writer (Dwellers in the Crucible, Strangers from the Sky). John da Silva, 86, New Zealand boxer and Olympic wrestler (1956). Jovan Divjak, 84, Bosnian army general (Bosnian War, Siege of Sarajevo). Hester van Eeghen, 62, Dutch fashion accessory designer. Conn Findlay, 90, American sailor and rower, Olympic champion (1956, 1964). Miklós Hajdufy, 88, Hungarian screenwriter and director. Cliff Hill, 78, English rugby league player (Wigan, Oldham, national team). Doug Holden, 90, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End, national team). Ton van den Hurk, 88, Dutch footballer (FC Eindhoven, VVV-Venlo, Sittardia). Diána Igaly, 56, Hungarian sport shooter, Olympic champion (2004), COVID-19. Antal Kiss, 85, Hungarian racewalker, Olympic silver medalist (1968). Roseli Machado, 52, Brazilian Olympic long-distance runner (1996), COVID-19. Red Mack, 83, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers). Mahyuddin N. S., 73, Indonesian politician and academic, governor of South Sumatra (2008), member of the People's Representative Council (2009–2014), COVID-19. John Naisbitt, 92, American futurologist and author. Ñito, 81, Spanish footballer (Tenerife, Valencia, Granada). César Ramón Ortega Herrera, 82, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Margarita (1983–1998) and Barcelona (1998–2014). Michele Pasinato, 52, Italian volleyball player, world champion (1998). Alan Pastrana, 76, American football player (Denver Broncos), complications from COVID-19. Riyaz Punjabi, 74, Indian academic administrator, vice chancellor of the University of Kashmir (2008–2011), cancer. Richard Rush, 91, American film director (The Stunt Man, Color of Night, Freebie and the Bean). Peter Terson, 89, British playwright. Horst Trimhold, 80, German footballer (Borussia Dortmund, FSV Frankfurt, national team). 9 Raosaheb Antapurkar, 63, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (since 2019), COVID-19. Maryan Bakalarczyk, 93, Polish-Belgian footballer (R.F.C. Tilleur, R. Charleroi S.C., Standard Liège). Daniel Benítez, 33, Venezuelan footballer (Deportivo Táchira, Deportivo La Guaira), cancer. Paddy Cahill, 44, Irish filmmaker and cycling advocate. Shyama Charan Gupta, 76, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009, since 2014), COVID-19. Ramsey Clark, 93, American lawyer (Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milošević), attorney general (1966–1969) and deputy attorney general (1965–1967). Gavriel Cohen, 92, Israeli historian and politician, member of the Knesset (1965–1969). Arthur Cox, 87, British actor (Doctor Who, Yes Minister). DMX, 50, American rapper ("Party Up (Up in Here)", "X Gon' Give It to Ya") and actor (Cradle 2 the Grave), complications from a heart attack. Ralph Erskine, 87, British cryptologist and historian. Ekkehard Fasser, 68, Swiss bobsledder, Olympic champion (1988). Sandra J. Feuerstein, 75, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for Eastern New York (since 2003), traffic collision. Rudolf Furmanov, 82, Russian actor (The Circus Burned Down, and the Clowns Have Gone, I Want to Go to Prison) and stage director, People's Artist of Russia (2008). Red Gendron, 63, American ice hockey coach (Maine Black Bears, Albany River Rats, Indiana Ice). Ian Gibson, 82, British politician, MP (1997–2009). Michel Girouard, 76, Canadian journalist. Nikki Grahame, 38, English television personality (Big Brother, Princess Nikki, Big Brother Canada), anorexia nervosa. Ian Gregory, 78–79, British ceramic sculptor. (death announced on this date) Abdul Hamid Sebba, 86, Brazilian lawyer and politician, Goiás MLA (1995–2003), COVID-19. Bob Hardy, 84, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of Lincoln (1987–2002). Md Abul Hashem, 99, Bangladeshi politician, Pakistan MNA (1970–1971). Shay Healy, 78, Irish songwriter ("What's Another Year") and television broadcaster (Nighthawks). Bob Herman, 92, American urban sociologist, complications from a fall. Charles Jenkins, 69, American Episcopal prelate, bishop of Louisiana (1998–2009), pancreatic cancer. Mahesh Joshi, 82, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (1967–1972, 1980–1990). Roman Kanafotskyi, 83, Ukrainian footballer (Dnipro, Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih, Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol). Wolfgang Kaniber, 81, German footballer (Fortuna Düsseldorf, VfL Osnabrück, RC Strasbourg). Giorgos Karaivaz, 52, Greek journalist, shot. André Le Ruyet, 88, French writer and poet. Eduardo Malaquina, 84, Uruguayan politician, intendant of Salto (1985–1990, 1995–2005) and senator (2011–2015). Gervais Mendo Ze, 76, Cameroonian linguist and academic. Jack Minker, 93, American scientist. June Newton, 97, Australian photographer and model. John W. Nyquist, 88, American vice admiral, cancer. Martin Aristide Okouda, 69, Cameroonian politician, minister of economy, planning and regional development (2000–2004). Willis S. Olson, 91, American Olympic ski jumper (1952, 1956). Dahuku Péré, 68, Togolese politician, president of the National Assembly (1994–1999). Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 99, Greek-born British royal consort (since 1952). Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti, 92, Danish art historian, civil servant and essayist. Stefan Polónyi, 90, Hungarian-born German civil engineer. Konstantin Provalov, 71, Russian diplomat, ambassador to Estonia (2000–2006). Rubens Recalcatti, 72, Brazilian politician and lawyer, Paraná MLA (since 2017), heart attack. Judith Reisman, 85, American author and anti-pornography activist. Helímenas de Jesús Rojo Paredes, 94, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop (1980–1995) and archbishop (1995–2001) of Calabozo. Julien Van Roosbroeck, 85, Belgian footballer (national team). Yasumasa Shigeno, 79, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (2000–2003, 2005–2012), heart attack. Trinity, 67, Jamaican reggae toaster and producer. Ross Young, 59, Canadian politician, Prince Edward Island MLA (1991–1996). 10 Edwin E. Aguilar, 46, Salvadoran-born American animator (The Simpsons, Transformers, G.I. Joe), stroke. Sabiamad Abdul Ahad, 65, Malaysian Olympic sports shooter (1984). John Angelicoussis, 72, Greek shipping magnate, heart attack. Mehtap Ar, 64, Turkish actress. István Bérczi, 75, Hungarian Olympic gymnast (1972), complications from COVID-19. *LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, 64, American Lakota historian and Native American rights activist (Dakota Access Pipeline protests), brain cancer. Edward Cassidy, 96, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal, apostolic pro-nuncio to China (1970–1979) and Bangladesh (1973–1979), president of the PCPCU (1989–2001). Tulio Manuel Chirivella Varela, 88, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Margarita (1974–1982) and archbishop of Barquisimeto (1982–2007), COVID-19. Quinton Claunch, 99, American musician, record producer and record label owner. Chandler Davidson, 84, American academic administrator and voting rights activist, brain inflammation. Félix del Blanco Prieto, 83, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, papal almoner (2007–2012), apostolic nuncio to Equatorial Guinea (1996–2003) and archbishop of Vannida (since 1991). Rossana Di Bello, 64, Italian politician, mayor of Taranto (2000–2006), COVID-19. Lee Dunne, 86, Irish author. Fred Erdman, 87, Belgian lawyer and politician, senator (1991–1999) and MP (1999–2003). Börje Holmberg, 97, Swedish educator and writer. Bruno Iwuoha, 68, Nigerian actor, complications from diabetes. Roger Kasperson, 83, American geographer. Kas Kastner, 92, American motorsports manager and car builder. Satish Kaul, 74, Indian actor (Warrant, Shiva Ka Insaaf, Ilzaam), COVID-19. Nikolai Martynyuk, 86, Russian vice admiral. Édouard Maunick, 89, Mauritian poet. Guillaume Oyônô Mbia, 82, Cameroonian writer. Garba Mohammed, 76, Nigerian politician, governor of Sokoto State (1985–1987). Victor Mukete, 102, Cameroonian politician and traditional chief, senator (since 1959). Mike Olton, 82, Trinidadian-English cricketer (Kent, Trinidad and Tobago national team). Varghese Paul, 77, Indian writer, journalist, and priest. Max Pons, 94, French poet and editor. Bob Porter, 80, American Hall of Fame record producer, discographer and broadcaster, complications from esophageal cancer. Michel Quévit, 81, Belgian writer and Walloon activist. M. Richard Rose, 88, American academic, president of Alfred University (1974–1978) and the Rochester Institute of Technology (1979–1992). Hassan Shahriar, 74, Bangladeshi journalist (The Daily Ittefaq, Newsweek, The Indian Express). Imre Simkó, 82, Hungarian Olympic sport shooter (1960, 1964). Bosse Skoglund, 85, Swedish drummer (Peps Persson). Lynn Stevenson, 97, American physicist. Sindisiwe van Zyl, 45, South African physician and HIV activist, complications from COVID-19. Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, 84, Dominican writer, archaeologist and anthropologist, complications from COVID-19. Lin Whitworth, 87, American politician, member of the Idaho Senate (1994–2000), dementia. Ivan Zhukov, 86, Russian military pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1982). 11 Colin Baker, 86, Welsh footballer (Cardiff City, national team). Guillermo Berrío, 53, Colombian football player and coach (Atlético Huila), heart attack. Marco Bollesan, 79, Italian rugby union player and manager (national team). Nelson Bornier, 71, Brazilian politician and lawyer, deputy (1991–1996, 2003–2012) and mayor of Nova Iguaçu (1997–2002, 2013–2016), COVID-19. Todd J. Campbell, 64, American jurist, judge (since 1995) and chief judge (2005–2012) of the U.S. District Court for Middle Tennessee, multiple system atrophy. Normand Cherry, 82, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA (1989–1998). Massimo Cuttitta, 54, Italian rugby union player (national team) and manager, COVID-19. Giannetto De Rossi, 78, Italian make-up artist (Emanuelle in America, Zombi 2, Dune). Leokadiya Drobizheva, 88, Russian sociologist. Philippe Dubourg, 82, French politician and surgeon, deputy (1993–1997, 2002–2007), mayor of Illats (since 1977). Dick Fenton-Smith, 89, Australian footballer (Melbourne). Pedro Ivo Ferreira Caminhas, 68, Brazilian politician, Minas Gerais MLA (2001–2011), COVID-19. Jacques Giès, 71, French sinologist and art historian, president of the Guimet Museum (2008–2011). Mita Haque, 58, Bangladeshi singer, complications from COVID-19. Donald Henson, 64, British archaeologist and prehistorian. Milou Hermus, 73, Dutch painter. Füzuli Javadov, 70, Azerbaijani footballer (SKA Rostov-on-Don, Neftçi PFK, Daugava Riga), COVID-19. Justo Jorge Padrón, 77, Spanish poet, essayist and translator, COVID-19. Miguel López Abril, 66, Spanish basketball player. Stanislav Lugailo, 83, Ukrainian volleyball player, Olympic champion (1964). Fillipus Nandenga, 78, Namibian military officer. Artturi Niemelä, 97, Finnish homesteader and politician, MP (1970–1975). Phumlani Pikoli, 33, Zimbabwean-born South African author and journalist. (body discovered on this date) Alix Renaud, 75, Haitian-born Canadian writer. Daisuke Ryu, 64, Japanese actor (Kagemusha, Ran, Gojoe), intracranial hemorrhage. Lotte Sandberg, 64, Norwegian art historian and journalist. Enzo Sciotti, 76, Italian artist and illustrator (The Beyond, Demons, The Blood of Heroes). Syed Yahya Shah, 93, Pakistani politician, Gilgit-Baltistan MLA (1975–1980). Zoran Simjanović, 74, Serbian composer and musician (Siluete, Elipse), COVID-19. Joseph Siravo, 66, American actor (The Sopranos, American Crime Story, Oslo), colon cancer. Ady Steg, 96, Slovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor. Gerren Taylor, 30, American television personality (Baldwin Hills, America the Beautiful). K. Thippeswamy, 80, Indian politician, Andhra Pradesh MLA (1978–1983). Mauro Viale, 73, Argentine journalist and TV presenter, COVID-19. Shirley Williams, 90, British politician and life peer, MP (1964–1979, 1981–1983), education secretary (1976–1979), and co-founder of the SDP. John Williamson, 83, British-born American economist. 12 Oldemiro Balói, 66, Mozambican politician, minister of foreign affairs (2008–2017). Kunja Bojji, 95, Indian politician, Andhra Pradesh MLA (1985–1999). Thomas E. Delahanty II, 75, American lawyer and jurist, U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine (1980–1981, 2010–2017), pancreatic cancer. Roland Delmaire, 79, French historian and academic. Peter Goy, 82, English footballer (Arsenal, Southend United, Watford). Ho Yen Chye, 54, Singaporean Olympic judoka (1992), heart failure. Angèle Jacq, 83, French writer. Dhanare Paskal Janya, 49, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (2014–2019), COVID-19. Lazare Kaptué, 82, Cameroonian academic and virologist. André Maranne, 94, French-born British actor (The Pink Panther, The Square Peg, Night Train to Paris). David Mercier, 81, Canadian politician, British Columbia MLA (1986–1991). Michel Noël, 76, Canadian writer. John Pelan, 63, American editor, publisher, and author, heart attack. Yogesh Praveen, 82, Indian historian. Irondi Pugliesi, 73, Brazilian politician, Paraná MLA (1983–1991, 1995–1999), COVID-19. Ibn Abdur Rehman, 90, Pakistani human rights activist. András Serfőző, 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1994–2006). Paull Shin, 85, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1993–1995) and Senate (1999–2014). Pedro Soares Martínez, 95, Portuguese politician and lawyer, minister of health (1962–1963). Carles Trullols i Clemente, 72, Spanish roller hockey player and coach, COVID-19. Vincent Vitetta, 95, French racing cyclist. Martin Wachs, 79, American urban planner. Galen Weston, 80, Canadian food processing executive, chairman of George Weston Limited (1975–2006). Yang Xiong, 67, Chinese politician, mayor of Shanghai (2012–2017), heart attack. 13 Farid Ahmed, 60, Bangladeshi composer and music director, COVID-19. Maqbul Ahmed, 81, Bangladeshi politician, COVID-19. Patricio Hacbang Alo, 81, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Mati (1984–2014). Jean-Pierre Arrignon, 78, French historian and academic. Rachel Bakam, 38, Nigerian television presenter and actress, complications from anaemia. Harold Bradley Jr., 91, American football player (Cleveland Browns, Philadelphia Eagles) and actor (Seven Rebel Gladiators). Geoff Crowther, 77, British travel writer, complications from dementia. Yvan Daumas, 77–78, French painter. R. W. Davies, 95, British historian and writer. Rocco Filippini, 77, Swiss classical cellist, COVID-19. Vasiliy Golovanov, 60, Russian writer and journalist. Gerald Haslam, 84, American author (Straight White Male). Dewey King, 95, American college football coach (San Jose State). Bruce Larson, 94, American college basketball coach (Arizona Wildcats). Isi Leibler, 86, Belgian-born Australian-Israeli activist. Bobby Leonard, 88, American Hall of Fame basketball coach (Indiana Pacers) and player (Los Angeles Lakers, Washington Wizards). Simon Marandi, 73, Indian politician, MP (1989–1996). Jaime Mota de Farias, 95, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Alagoinhas (1986–2002), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Bernard Noël, 90, French writer and poet. Paul Oquist, 78, American-born Nicaraguan politician and presidential advisor, COVID-19. Jamal Al-Qabendi, 62, Kuwaiti footballer (Kazma, national team), complications from diabetes. George Reynolds, 84, British businessman and football club owner (Darlington). José Carlos Schiavinato, 66, Brazilian engineer and politician, deputy (since 2015) and mayor of Toledo (2005–2013), COVID-19. Ruth Roberta de Souza, 52, Brazilian Olympic basketball player (1992), world champion (1994), COVID-19. Walter Spitzer, 93, Polish-born French Holocaust survivor and painter. Hans-Dieter Tippenhauer, 77, German footballer (Fortuna Düsseldorf, Arminia Bielefeld, Borussia Dortmund). Amedeo Tommasi, 85, Italian pianist and composer. Peter Warner, 90, Australian sailor, winner of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race (1961, 1963, 1964), drowned. Helen Weaver, 89, American writer and translator. Bob Wheeler, 90, American ice hockey player. George Vande Woude, 85, American scientist, Parkinson's disease. 14 Yıldırım Akbulut, 85, Turkish politician, prime minister (1989–1991), minister of interior (1984–1987) and speaker of the Grand National Assembly (1987–1989, 1999–2000). Maamoon Sami Rasheed al-Alwani, 63, Iraqi politician, governor of Anbar (2005–2009). Frank Card, 76, American basketball player (Minnesota Pipers, Carolina Cougars, Denver Rockets). Einar Enevoldson, 88, American aviator and test pilot. Eduardo Enríquez Maya, 72, Colombian politician, senator (since 2006) and representative (1998–2006), COVID-19. Trader Faulkner, 93, Australian-born British actor (A Killer Walks, The Murder Game, A High Wind in Jamaica). Hank Huckaby, 79, American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives (2011). Bernhard Kadenbach, German biochemist. Abdul Matin Khasru, 71, Bangladeshi politician, MP (1991–2001, since 2009), minister of law and justice (1997–2001), COVID-19. Shamsuzzaman Khan, 80, Bangladeshi folklorist, president of Bangla Academy (since 2020), COVID-19. Joaquín Larroya, 83, Spanish Olympic sprint canoer (1960). Graeme Lee, 81, Australian footballer (Launceston, East Devonport). Michel Louvain, 83, Canadian singer, esophageal cancer. Bernie Madoff, 82, American investment advisor, financier and convicted fraudster (Madoff investment scandal). Oleg Marusev, 76, Russian actor (Who If Not Us, The Fall of the Empire) and TV presenter, Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (1993). Bob Maskell, 80, Canadian politician, Alberta MLA (2001–2004). Marcelo Angiolo Melani, 82, Italian-born Argentine Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Viedma (1995–2002) and Neuquén (2002–2011), COVID-19. Lindani Myeni, 29, South African rugby player, shot. Leo Nosworthy, 93, Australian rugby league player (Balmain) and coach. Sir Harry Ognall, 87, English jurist. Monique Pantel, 88, French film critic. Inga Sarri, 86, Swedish actress. Stephanie Sinclaire, 67, American painter and theatre director. Roger Soloman, 81, Canadian politician, Prince Edward Island MLA (1993–1996). Nicholas Springer, 35, American wheelchair rugby player, Paralympic champion (2008). Lynn Thomas, 61, American football player (San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Invaders), Super Bowl champion (1982). Ahmed Usman, 69, Nigerian politician, military governor of Ondo State (1994–1996) and Oyo State (1996–1998). Ewa Wawrzoń, 83, Polish actress. Rusty Young, 75, American musician (Poco) and songwriter ("Crazy Love", "Shoot for the Moon"), heart attack. Kostas Zolotas, 87, Greek mountain guide. 15 John Anthony Allan, 84, British geographer. Moshe Ber Beck, 86, Hungarian-born American rabbi and anti-Zionist campaigner, leader of the Neturei Karta, complications of COVID-19. Poul Bilde, 83, Danish footballer (Vejle, national team). Patricio Castillo, 80, Mexican actor (National Mechanics, Letters from Marusia, Amores perros). Dário de Castro, 72, Brazilian voice actor, COVID-19. Azmeera Chandulal, 66, Indian politician, MP (1996–1999), Andhra Pradesh MLA (1985–1989, 1994–1996) and Telangana MLA (since 2014), COVID-19. Aleksandr Churilin, 74, Russian diplomat, ambassador to Romania (2006–2011). Roger Dewint, 78, Belgian artist. Roscoe Dixon, 71, American politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1984–1994) and Senate (1994–2005). Clotilda Douglas-Yakimchuk, 89, Canadian nurse, COVID-19. Leon van den Eijkel, 80, Dutch-born New Zealand artist. Jorge Fitch, 87, Mexican baseball player (Tigres del México, Pericos de Puebla). Ron Giffin, 78, Canadian politician, Nova Scotia MLA (1978–1993). Vartan Gregorian, 87, Iranian-born Armenian-American academic, president of Carnegie Corporation. Eric Grove, 73, British naval historian. Knut Jøran Helmers, 64, Norwegian chess player, cerebral hemorrhage. Walter Kaufmann, 97, German-Australian writer. Leroy Keyes, 74, American Hall of Fame football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs). Mao Ayuth, 76, Cambodian film director, COVID-19. John C. McAdams, 75, American political scientist. Bill McCall, 91, British trade union leader, general secretary of the IPMS (1963–1989). Evelyn McNicol, 93, Scottish explorer. Tom Sailí Ó Flaithearta, 89–90, Irish actor (Ros na Rún, Poitín). Nikolai Olovyannikov, 98, Russian military pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Luisa Revilla, 49, Peruvian politician and LGBT rights activist, mayor of Trujillo Province (2015–2018), COVID-19. Hedley Ringrose, 78, English archdeacon of Cheltenham (1998–2009). Pat Rizzo, 79, American saxophonist (Sly and the Family Stone). Joe T. San Agustin, 90, Guamanian politician, member (1977–1996) and speaker (1989–1995) of the Senate. Kunio Shimizu, 84, Japanese playwright. Adelino Sitoy, 85, Filipino lawyer, COVID-19. Heather Spears, 86, Canadian-born Danish poet and novelist. Dimitrios Talaganis, 76, Greek architect, COVID-19. Bill Thieben, 86, American basketball player (Detroit Pistons). 16 Hussain Ahmed, 89, Indian Olympic footballer (1956), COVID-19. Ole Anthony, 82, American minister, religious investigator and satirist, lung cancer. Edwin Apps, 89, English actor (The Bargee, The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc, Vatel). Fred Arbanas, 82, American football player (Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs). Heinze Bakker, 79, Dutch sports journalist (Nederlandse Omroep Stichting). Umberto Battist, 81, French politician, deputy (1981–1986, 1988–1993). Al Bryant, 90, American football player (Edmonton Eskimos). Nader Dastneshan, 61, Iranian football player (Nassaji Mazandaran) and manager (Payam Mashad, Rayka Babol), COVID-19. John Dawes, 80, Welsh rugby union player (Barbarian, British & Irish Lions, national team). Robert Delgado, 46, American homeless man, shot. Jonathan Fryer, 70, British writer and politician, brain tumour. Charles Geschke, 81, American computer scientist, co-founder of Adobe Inc., co-developer of Interpress and PostScript. Henri Goetschy, 94, French politician, senator (1977–1995). Ludmila Guzun, 59, Moldovan politician, deputy (since 2019), COVID-19. Nelson Haggerty, 47, American college basketball coach (North Texas Mean Green, Central Missouri Mules, Midwestern State Mustangs), traffic collision. Fumio Hisamatsu, 77, Japanese manga artist (Super Jetter), mouth cancer. Bob Hodges, 77, Canadian Olympic speed skater (1968, 1972) and biochemist. Claude Jamet, 91, French footballer (LB Châteauroux). Jean Kaltenbach, 94, French politician, mayor of Eurville-Bienville (1965–2001). Daniel Kane, 73, Australian linguist. Krešimir Krnjević, 93, Croatian-born Canadian-British neurophysiologist. Ladi Ladebo, 78, Nigerian filmmaker. Lew Lewis, 65–66, English harmonica player (Eddie and the Hot Rods). Geoffrey Mains, 87, English cricketer (Gloucestershire). Barry Mason, 85, English songwriter ("Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", "The Last Waltz", "Delilah"). Helen McCrory, 52, English actress (Peaky Blinders, Harry Potter, The Queen), breast cancer. Serhiy Novikov, 71, Russian judoka, Olympic champion (1976). Richard Parry-Jones, 69, British automobile designer (Ford Motor Company). Nadežda Pavlović, 109, Bosnian-Serbian centenarian, oldest living person in Serbia (since 2019). Andrew Peacock, 82, Australian politician, minister for foreign affairs (1975–1980), leader of the opposition (1983–1985, 1989–1990) and MP (1966–1994). Johnny Peirson, 95, Canadian ice hockey player (Boston Bruins) and broadcaster. Anthony Powell, 85, English costume designer (Death on the Nile, Tess, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade), Oscar winner (1973, 1979, 1981). Eldar Quliyev, 80, Azerbaijani film director (Babek), screenwriter and actor. Kakarla Subba Rao, 96, Indian radiologist. Éric Raoult, 65, French politician, deputy (2002–2012) and mayor of Le Raincy (1995–2014). Yessengaly Raushanov, 63, Kazakh poet. Liam Scarlett, 35, British choreographer (The Royal Ballet), suicide. Paul Schneider, 93, German sculptor, recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Robert Seibert, 79, American political scientist (Knox College). Felix Silla, 84, Italian-born American actor (The Addams Family, The Black Bird, Return of the Jedi) and stuntman, pancreatic cancer. Ranjit Sinha, 68, Indian police officer, director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (2012–2014), COVID-19. Sohaib Sultan, 40, American imam, chaplain at Princeton University, bile duct cancer. Mari Törőcsik, 85, Hungarian actress (Electra, My Love, Music Box, Sunshine). Loyce W. Turner, 93, American politician, member of the Georgia State Senate (1975–1998). 17 Hisham Bastawisy, 69, Egyptian jurist. Ted Bates, 84, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals, New York Jets). Black Rob, 52, American rapper ("Whoa!", "Bad Boy for Life"), kidney failure. John Brereton, 86, Australian footballer (Footscray). Luiz Humberto Carneiro, 68, Brazilian politician, Minas Gerais MLA (since 2003), COVID-19. Vladimir Churkin, 68, Russian football player and manager. Erol Demiröz, 81, Turkish actor (The Herd, A Season in Hakkari, The Pain). Hubert Faure, 106, French World War II hero (Operation Overlord), Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. Bob Fouracre, 83, American sportscaster. Fereydoun Ghanbari, 43, Iranian wrestler, pancreatitis. Paul Helminger, 80, Luxembourgian politician, mayor of Luxembourg City (1999−2011) and deputy (1984–1989, 1994–2012). Hsu Sheng-fa, 96, Taiwanese banker, auto executive and politician, MP (1981–1990), founder of Prince Motors and chairman of KGI Bank (1992–2007). Frank Judd, Baron Judd, 86, British politician, minister of state for foreign affairs (1977–1979), MP (1966–1979) and member of the House of Lords (since 1991). Kabori, 70, Bangladeshi actress (Titash Ekti Nadir Naam, Sareng Bou) and politician, MP (2008–2014), COVID-19. Franklin Khan, Trinidadian politician, MP (since 2002). Sebastian Koto Khoarai, 91, Lesothan Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Mohale's Hoek (1977–2014). Osamu Kobayashi, 57, Japanese animator (Ani*Kuri15, Naruto, Grandia), kidney cancer. Narendra Kohli, 81, Indian novelist and academic, COVID-19. Mick Lowe, 73, Canadian journalist (The Globe and Mail, Financial Post), complications from a fall. Bir Singh Mahato, 75, Indian politician, MP (1991–2004). Justin Malewezi, 77, Malawian politician, vice president (1994–2004). Gert Metz, 79, German Olympic sprinter (1968). Bill Mogk, 89, American baseball player (Michigan Wolverines). Manoj Kumar Mukherjee, 87, Indian jurist, judge of the Supreme Court (1993–1999). Josep Mussons, 95, Spanish sports and baking executive, vice president of FC Barcelona (1979–2000), COVID-19. John Ogilvie, 89, New Zealand cricketer (Wellington). Sir Michael Oswald, 86, British horse racing manager. Mario Pini, 82, Uruguayan footballer (Montevideo Wanderers). K. C. Ramrakha, 88, Fijian lawyer and politician, member of the Legislative Council (1966–1970) and House of Representatives (1970–1982). Robert Carl Suggs, 89, American archaeologist and anthropologist, heart failure. Sándor Szabó, 70, Hungarian Olympic swimmer (1968, 1972). Wayne Talkes, 68, English footballer (Southampton, AFC Bournemouth). Vivek, 59, Indian actor (Run, Saamy, Parthiban Kanavu) and comedian, cardiac arrest. Hans-Karl von Unger, 90, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1980–1995). Harry W. Wellford, 96, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for Western Tennessee (1970–1982) and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (since 1982). Volodymyr Yavorivsky, 78, Ukrainian writer, journalist and politician, MP (1990–1998, 2002–2014), stroke. Al Young, 81, American poet, complications from a stroke. 18 Naïma Ababsa, 58, Algerian singer. Xavier Ameil, 98, French engineer and spy. Ludovico Badoy, 69, Filipino politician, executive director of the NHCP (2002–2019), COVID-19. Helmut Barbe, 93, German composer. Bhumidhar Barman, 89, Indian politician, Assam MLA (1967–2016) and chief minister (1996). Michael Bedford-Jones, Canadian suffragan bishop, COVID-19. Douglas Bell, 94, Canadian politician, commissioner of Yukon (1979–1986). Stefan Bratkowski, 86, Polish journalist and writer, opposition activist during Polish People's Republic. Jehanne Collard, 70, French lawyer and activist. Luigi Covatta, 77, Italian politician and journalist (Mondoperaio), deputy (1979–1983) and senator (1983–1994). Marva Dawn, 72, American theologian and author. Mary Earle, 91, Scottish-born New Zealand food technologist. Flavia Fontes, 60, Brazilian filmmaker and editor. Elizabeth Furse, 84, Kenya Colony-born American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1999), complications from a fall. Iain Gallaway, 98, New Zealand sports commentator and cricketer (Otago). Achyut Madhav Gokhale, 75, Indian civil servant, COVID-19. Ken Greenwood, 79, Australian footballer (Carlton, Footscray). Mohammad Hejazi, 65, Iranian military officer (IRGC), heart disease. Gazi M M Amjad Hossain, 71, Bangladeshi politician, MP (2014–2018). Choida Jamtsho, 56, Bhutanese politician, MP (since 2008), food poisoning. Jyoti Kalani, 70, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (2014–2019), heart attack. Hanna Lachert, 94, Polish architect. Frank McCabe, 93, American basketball player, Olympic champion (1952). Eric McGraw, 76, British publisher, founder of the Inside Time. S. M. Mohsin, 73, Bangladeshi actor, COVID-19. Abdullah Al-Nauri, 62, Emirati novelist and police officer, chronic heart condition. Nowa Omoigui, 62, Nigerian military historian and cardiologist. Paul Oscher, 74, American blues musician, COVID-19. Albert Papilaya, 53, Indonesian Olympic boxer (1992). Bachi Singh Rawat, 71, Indian politician, MP (1996–2009), COVID-19. Zdeněk Růžička, 96, Czech gymnast, Olympic bronze medalist (1948). Anthony Russo, 74, American politician, mayor of Hoboken (1993–2001). Richard Schmid, 86, American artist. Lucas Sirkar, 84, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Krishnagar (1984–2000) and archbishop of Calcutta (2002–2012). Tremaine Stewart, 33, Jamaican footballer (Aalesund, Waterhouse, national team). A. Pappa Sundaram, 89, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu MLA (1989–2016), lung congestion. Necdet Üruğ, 100, Turkish military officer, chief of the General Staff (1983–1987), commander of the First Army (1978–1981) and Land Forces (1983), complications from COVID-19. Wasim, 74, Bangladeshi actor. 19 Eddie Abel, 89, British chemist, president of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1996–1998). Monica Bandini, 56, Italian racing cyclist, world champion (1988), heart attack. Pedro Bastidas, 45, Venezuelan politician, mayor of Girardot Municipality (since 2008), COVID-19. Sumitra Bhave, 78, Indian film director (Doghi, Devrai, Kaasav), lung infection. Andrzej Białynicki-Birula, 85, Polish mathematician, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Rudolf Burger, 82, Austrian philosopher. Mewalal Chaudhary, 68, Indian politician, Bihar MLA (since 2015), COVID-19. Eduardo de Lázzari, 76, Argentine judge and academic, president of the Supreme Court of Justice of Buenos Aires (2004–2005, 2012–2013, 2019–2020), COVID-19. Michael Dormer, 83, New Zealand cricketer (Auckland). Nasir Durrani, 64, Pakistani police officer, inspector general of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police (2013–2017), COVID-19. Ruth Farchi, 93, Austrian-Israeli stage actress. Mario Gonzalez, 26, American chef and construction worker, homicide. Shaler Halimon, 76, American basketball player (Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers, Dallas Chaparrals). Fred Jordan, 95, American book and magazine editor (Grove Press, Evergreen Review) and free speech activist. Michel Kilo, 80, Syrian writer and human rights activist, COVID-19. Willy van der Kuijlen, 74, Dutch footballer (PSV, MVV, national team), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Bob Lanois, 73, Canadian record producer and recording engineer. Vera Lantratova, 73, Russian volleyball player, Olympic champion (1968). Walter Mondale, 93, American politician, vice president (1977–1981), senator (1964–1976), and ambassador to Japan (1993–1996). Gérard Montassier, 83, French essayist and government official. Jagdish Singh Rana, 66, Indian politician, MP (2009–2014), COVID-19. Anto Raukas, 86, Estonian geologist and science organiser. Birgitte Reimer, 95, Danish actress (We Who Go the Kitchen Route, Summer Place Wanted, Vi er allesammen tossede). Gopal Krishna Saxena, 70, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1996–2002), COVID-19. Viktor Shuvalov, 97, Russian ice hockey player and footballer (VVS Moscow), Olympic champion (1956), COVID-19. Jim Speechley, 84, British politician, leader of the Lincolnshire County Council (1997–2002). Jim Steinman, 73, American musician, composer and lyricist ("Total Eclipse of the Heart", "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", "It's All Coming Back to Me Now"), kidney failure. Nalla Thomas, 75, Indian Baptist pastor. Dieter Timpe, 89, German historian. Franklin Toker, 76, Canadian-born American architectural historian. G. Venkatasubbiah, 107, Indian lexicographer, kidney disease. Marin Voinea, 85, Romanian footballer (Progresul București, Siderurgistul Galați, national team). Robin Wood, 67, American artist, cancer. Bill Wynne, 99, American World War II veteran, photojournalist and dog trainer (Smoky). 20 Germaine Ahidjo, 89, Cameroonian socialite, first lady (1960–1982). Ruth H. Alexander, 83, American activist. Pierre Amiet, 98, French archeologist and conservator. Rex Aubrey, 86, Australian Olympic swimmer (1952). Leïla Bahria, Tunisian politician and judge, secretary of state to the minister of foreign affairs (2013–2014). Mick Burrs, 81, Canadian poet. George Dancis, 88, Latvian-born Australian Olympic basketball player (1956). Idriss Déby, 68, Chadian military officer and politician, president (since 1990), shot. Mary Beth Edelson, 88, American artist. Nasser Ramdane Ferradj, 49, French political activist. Germán Gamonal, 89, Chilean journalist and writer. Roland J. Green, 76, American author (Conan the Valiant, Janissaries II: Clan and Crown, Great Kings' War). Monte Hellman, 91, American film director (Two-Lane Blacktop, Beast from Haunted Cave, The Shooting), fall. Willi Herren, 45, German actor and singer. Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, 62, Cameroonian politician, member (since 2002) and vice president (since 2009) of the National Assembly, chair of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (since 2017). Jiří Lopata, 84, Czech football player (Spartak Plzeň) and manager (RH Cheb, Dukla Prague). Wiesława Mazurkiewicz, 95, Polish actress (Pharaoh, The Deluge, Woman in a Hat). Les McKeown, 65, Scottish singer (Bay City Rollers). Ana Lúcia Menezes, 46, Brazilian actress, voice artist and dubbing director, stroke. Shyam Bihari Misra, 82, Indian politician, MP (1991–2004), COVID-19. Kishore Nandlaskar, 81, Indian actor (Thartharat, Vaastav: The Reality, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain), COVID-19. M. Narasimham, 93, Indian economist, governor of the Reserve Bank of India (1977). Shirley Ogle, 94, Australian sprinter. Sven-Olof Olson, 94, Swedish Air Force officer. Listianto Raharjo, 50, Indonesian footballer (Pelita Jaya, national team), heart attack. José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa, 89, Spanish diplomat, ambassador to the Holy See (1980–1983), secretary general of the Royal Household (1990–1991), member of the Council of State (1997–2005), COVID-19. Tom Robson, 75, American baseball player (Texas Rangers) and coach (New York Mets). Céline Roos, 67, French-Canadian chess player. Zurab Rtveliashvili, 53, Kazakh-born Georgian poet, blood clot. John Sarna, 86, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1973–1996). Aleksander Sopliński, 79, Polish politician and physician, deputy (2005–2011), deputy minister of health (2012–2015). Tempest Storm, 93, American burlesque star and actress. Alfred Teinitzer, 91, Austrian footballer (SK Rapid Wien, LASK Linz, national team). Roland Weyl, 102, French lawyer and militant. 21 Albert Bauer, 92, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1971–1981) and Senate (1981–2001). Ljerka Belak, 73, Slovenian actress, Prešeren Award (1989). Marc Bécam, 89, French politician, deputy (1967–1978), senator (1980–1986), mayor of Quimper (1977–1989). Håkon Brusveen, 93, Norwegian cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1960). A.K. Chatterjee, 95, Indian philosopher and Buddhist scholar. Gilbert Clain, 79, Réunionese sculptor. Mercedes Colás de Meroño, 95, Argentine human rights activist (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo). Myriam Colombi, 81, French actress (The Burglars, The Weaker Sex) and theatre director (Théâtre Montparnasse). Lea Dali Lion, 47, Estonian singer, COVID-19. Bhitali Das, 51, Indian singer, COVID-19. Peter Dimond, 82, Australian rugby league player (Western Suburbs, New South Wales, national team). Marc Ferro, 96, French historian, COVID-19. Thomas Fritsch, 77, German actor (Three Men in the Snow, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Adorable Julia). Shankha Ghosh, 89, Indian poet and literary critic, COVID-19. Alfredo Graciani, 56, Argentine footballer (Boca Juniors, Racing Club, Deportivo Español), heart attack. Ada Jesus, 23, Nigerian actress and comedian, kidney disease and cardiac arrest. Bernie Kahn, 90, American screenwriter (The Barefoot Executive, Bewitched, Super Friends). Wahiduddin Khan, 96, Indian Islamic scholar (Tazkirul Quran) and peace activist, COVID-19. Kari Kemény, 71, Norwegian translator, Bastian Prize recipient (2001). Marian Kosiński, 75, Polish football player (Stal Mielec) and manager (Karpaty Krosno). Johny Lal, Indian cinematographer (Partner, Aathanka, Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein), COVID-19. Joe Long, 88, American bassist (The Four Seasons), COVID-19. Gerry Mackey, 87, Irish footballer (Shamrock Rovers). Manny Mantrana, 56, American college baseball coach (St. Thomas Bobcats, UTPA). Segismundo Martínez Álvarez, 78, Spanish-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Corumbá (2004–2018), COVID-19. Tom Michalopoulos, 71, Greek-born Canadian businessman, founder of Coffee Time. Guilherme Melo, 68, Brazilian politician, governor of Piauí (1994–1995) and Piauí MLA (1987–1991), brain cancer. Stanley A. Milner, 91, Canadian businessman and politician. Henri Mouton, 87, Belgian politician, senator (1981–1985). Antonio Palang, 77, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of San Jose in Mindoro (2002–2018). Margaret Pokiak-Fenton, 84, Canadian Inuvialuit author. James Prigoff, 93, American photographer. D. Michael Quinn, 77, American historian of the Latter Day Saint movement. Diamantina Rodríguez, 100, Spanish singer. Donald W. Sherburne, 92, American philosopher. Henrietta M. Smith, 98, American academic, librarian and storyteller. Carl Spielvogel, 92, American marketing executive and diplomat, ambassador to Slovakia (2000–2001). Erasmo Vásquez, Dominican physician and politician, minister of public health (1996–1998), COVID-19. Elizabeth von Till Warren, 86, American historian and preservationist. Wojciech Ziemba, 79, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Ełk (1992–2000), archbishop of Białystok (2000–2006) and Warmia (2006–2016). 22 Wencelito Andanar, 73, Filipino lawyer, chairman of the Philippine Coconut Authority (1982–1992), liver cancer. Adnan al-Assadi, 68–69, Iraqi politician, member of the Council of Representatives (2010–2011, 2014–2018), COVID-19. Bill Cameron, 92, Australian footballer (St Kilda). Terrence Clarke, 19, American basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats), traffic collision. Purushottam Naresh Dwivedi, 55, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (2007–2011) and convicted rapist, kidney disease. Donald W. Fox, 98, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1957–1974). Alípio Freire, 75, Brazilian writer and journalist, COVID-19. Charles Fries, 92, American producer (The Amazing Spider-Man, The Martian Chronicles, Cat People). Edmundo Galdino, 62, Brazilian politician, deputy (1989–1995) and Goiás MLA (1987–1989), cardiac arrest. Adrian Garrett, 78, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, California Angels, Hiroshima Toyo Carp), pneumonia. Edgar Godoy Samayoa, Guatemalan politician and brigadier general, minister of the interior (2020). Bogomil Gjuzel, 82, Macedonian poet, playwright, and translator. Selma Gürbüz, 61, Turkish sculptor and painter, COVID-19. Mirosław Handke, 75, Polish chemist and politician, rector of AGH University of Science and Technology (1993–1997), minister of national education (1997–2000). Thelma Harper, 80, American politician, member of the Tennessee Senate (1989–2019). Dennis Johnson, 81, Jamaican Olympic sprinter (1964), complications from COVID-19. Jean-Pierre Kress, 91, French footballer (national team). Luo Qingquan, 75, Chinese politician, governor of Hubei (2003–2007) and member of the CCCPC (2002–2012). Krystyna Łyczywek, 100, Polish photographer, translator and journalist, Golden Medal for Merit to Culture (2010), Officer of the Legion of Honour (2013). Roy Masters, 93, English-born American author, radio evangelist. Elizabeth Orr, 91, New Zealand lecturer and trade unionist. Sharon Pollock, 85, Canadian playwright, actor and director. Shravan Rathod, 66, Indian film composer (Aashiqui, Raja, Bewafaa), COVID-19. Sumila Ronghangpi, 12, Indian housemaid. Frances Rotblat, 74, British haematologist, complications from diabetes. Shock G, 57, American rapper (Digital Underground) and songwriter ("The Humpty Dance", "I Get Around"), accidental drug overdose. Roy Strandbakke, 90, Norwegian footballer (Raufoss, national team). Anthony Thwaite, 90, English poet and editor. Ashok Kumar Walia, 72, Indian politician, Delhi MLA (1993–2013), COVID-19. 23 N. A. Adjin-Tettey, 90, Ghanaian athlete. Hans Rasmus Astrup, 82, Norwegian businessman and art collector, founder of Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art. Tuncay Becedek, 78, Turkish footballer (Fenerbahçe, İzmirspor, national team). Lalit Behl, 71, Indian actor (Titli, Hotel Salvation, Judgementall Hai Kya), film director and writer, complications from COVID-19. Abderrahmane Benkhalfa, 71, Algerian economist, minister of finance (2015–2016), COVID-19. Dukha Bhagat, 67, Indian politician, MP (1999–2004), COVID-19. Charlie Black, 71, American country songwriter. J. Jon Bruno, 74, American Episcopal clergyman, bishop of Los Angeles (2002–2017). José Luis Comellas, 92, Spanish astronomer, historian and academic. Levy Fidelix, 69, Brazilian politician, president of Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (since 1994), complications from COVID-19. Fredi, 78, Finnish actor, singer and television presenter. Charlie Glotzbach, 82, American racing driver (NASCAR Winston Cup Series). James Heneghan, 90, British-born Canadian author (The Grave). Bill Johnston, 96, American golfer and golf course designer. Dan Kaminsky, 42, American computer security researcher, diabetic ketoacidosis. Mario Meoni, 56, Argentine politician, minister of transport (since 2019), mayor of Junín Partido (2003–2015) and Buenos Aires provincial deputy (1999–2003), traffic collision. Milva, 81, Italian singer and actress (La bellezza di Ippolita, Appuntamento in riviera, Via degli specchi). Amit Mistry, 47, Indian actor (Kya Kehna, Ek Chalis Ki Last Local, 99), cardiac arrest. Arun Nigavekar, 79, Indian physicist and educator, vice-chancellor of the University of Pune (1998–2000) and chairman of the UGC (2000–2005). Detta O'Cathain, Baroness O'Cathain, 83, Irish-born British businesswoman and life peer, member of the House of Lords (since 1991). Deborah Swackhamer, 66, American environmental chemist. Sirje Tennosaar, 77, Estonian actress and television presenter. Rammurti Singh Verma, 70, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (2012–2017). Bill Whittington, 71, American racing driver and convicted criminal, 24 Hours of Le Mans winner (1979), plane crash. Victor Wood, 75, Filipino singer and actor, complications from COVID-19. 24 Katherine Aaslestad, 59, American scholar, professor of history at West Virginia University. Awatef Abdel Karim, 90, Egyptian composer. Mutaib Alsaqar, 62, Jordanian singer, complications from diabetes. Kent Angus, 68, Canadian businessman and uniform supplier to the International Ice Hockey Federation Oleg Anikanov, 87, Russian military officer. Katherine Barber, 61, British-born Canadian lexicographer, brain cancer. Kalawati Bhuriya, 49, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (since 2018), COVID-19. Walter Borthwick, 73, Scottish football player (East Fife, St Mirren, Dunfermline Athletic) and manager. Vytautas Bubnys, 88, Lithuanian writer and politician, MP (1992–1996). John Coster-Mullen, 74, American photographer and nuclear archaeologist, complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Alber Elbaz, 59, Moroccan-born Israeli fashion designer (Lanvin), COVID-19. Sergio Esquivel, 74, Mexican singer-songwriter. Bob Fass, 87, American radio personality (WBAI). Marcel Gaudion, 97, French handball player (national team). Victor Golla, 82, American linguist, complications from Parkinson's disease and a stroke. Duane Hagadone, 88, American newspaper publisher. Nathan Jung, 74, American actor and stuntman (Star Trek, The A-Team, Big Trouble in Little China). Ziaur Rahman Khan, 75, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, MP (1991–2006), COVID-19. Dariyav Khatik, 75, Indian politician, Haryana MLA (1991–1996). Shunsuke Kikuchi, 89, Japanese composer (The Gate of Youth, Dragon Ball Z, Grendizer), pneumonia. La Camboria, 90, Spanish flamenco dancer, COVID-19. Marianne Lienau, 85, German presenter, radio journalist and contributing editor. Kaare Lindboe, 81, Norwegian football referee. Richard Hey Lloyd, 87, British organist and composer. Christa Ludwig, 93, German mezzo-soprano. Eddie Miller, 76, American racing driver. Sarolta Monspart, 76, Hungarian orienteering competitor, world champion (1972). Knut Magne Myrland, 73, Norwegian singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Siv Nordrum, 62, Norwegian journalist. Virgil Orr, 98, American politician and academic, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1988–1992). Allan Pietz, 95, Canadian politician, MP (1984–1988), mayor of Welland (1965–1978), complications from pneumonia. Yves Rénier, 78, Swiss-born French actor (Commissaire Moulin, The Count of Monte Cristo, Frantic), film director and screenwriter. A. M. M. Safiullah, 73, Bangladeshi academic, complications from COVID-19. Zoram Sangliana, 65, Indian politician, Mizoram MLA (2008–2018), COVID-19. Byron Seaman, 97, Canadian businessman, part owner of the Calgary Flames. Faye Schulman, 101, Polish Holocaust survivor and photographer. Mohan Shantanagoudar, 62, Indian jurist, judge of the Supreme Court (since 2017) and Karnataka High Court (2004–2016), chief justice of the Kerala High Court (2016–2017), lung infection. Robert Slavin, 70, American psychologist. Trevor Smith, Baron Smith of Clifton, 83, British politician, member of the House of Lords (1997–2019), septicaemia. Miloš Šobajić, 75, Serbian painter and sculptor, COVID-19. József Soproni, 90, Hungarian composer. Hugo Stuven Cangas, 80, Chilean-Spanish TV producer (Televisión Española), COVID-19. Riitta Vainionpää, 69, Swedish textile artist, COVID-19. John T. Ward Jr., 75, American racehorse trainer. Ashwin Yadav, 33, Indian cricketer (Hyderabad), heart attack. 25 Ali Yahia Abdennour, 100, Algerian politician, lawyer and human rights activist, member of the People's National Assembly (1962–1965), minister of public works and transport (1965–1966) and agriculture and agrarian reform (1966–1968). Genebert Basadre, 37, Filipino boxer. Pablo José Cámbar, 78, Honduran academic, researcher and physician, COVID-19. Óscar Castro Ramírez, 73, Chilean playwright, actor (There Were Days... and Moons) and director, complications from COVID-19. Mike Davis, 65, American football player (Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders). Raymond J. DeMallie, 74, American anthropologist. John Diamond, 86, British physician and author. Ben Dreith, 96, American football referee (American Football League, National Football League). Denny Freeman, 76, American blues guitarist and keyboardist. Ian Hamilton, 80, English footballer (Bristol Rovers). Ivan M. Havel, 82, Czech scientist and philosopher. John Hopkins, 82, American novelist and travel writer, fall. Hamid Jasemian, 84, Iranian footballer (Shahin, Persepolis), COVID-19. Toshiro Kandagawa, 81, Japanese chef (Iron Chef), COVID-19. Ago-Endrik Kerge, 82, Estonian ballet dancer and master. Désiré Kolingba, 64, Central African politician, member of the National Assembly (1998–2004), minister of youth and sports (2004–2009). John Konrads, 78, Latvian-born Australian swimmer, Olympic champion (1960). Joseph Maraite, 71, Belgian politician, minister-president of the German-speaking community (1986–1999). Rajan Mishra, 70, Indian khyal musician, complications from COVID-19. Cyrille Ndayirukiye, 66, Burundian politician, minister of national defence (2000–2002). Valerie Parv, 69, Australian author. Harry Setyawan, 45, Indonesian naval officer, submarine accident. Allen Taflove, 71, American electrical engineer. Zhenia Vasylkivska, 92, Ukrainian poet, translator and literary critic. Potti Veeraiah, 73, Indian actor (Aggi Veerudu, Tata Manavadu, Yugandhar) and comedian. William T. Wiley, 83, American artist, complications from Parkinson's disease. André de Witte, 76, Belgian-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Ruy Barbosa (1994–2020), septic shock and infectious cellulitis. 26 Manzoor Ahtesham, 73, Indian writer, COVID-19. José Luis Álvarez de Castro, 102, Spanish politician, member of the Cortes Españolas (1969–1971) and president of the province of Cuenca (1969–1971). Charles Beeson, 63, British television director (EastEnders, Supernatural, The Mentalist), heart attack. David Beriáin, 43, Spanish journalist and documentary filmmaker, shot. Waman Bhonsle, 89, Indian film editor (Inkaar, Dostana, Agneepath). Harold Boatrite, 89, American composer. Rao Dharampal, 79, Indian politician, Haryana MLA (1987–1996, 2000–2005, since 2019). Austin Flynn, 87–88, Irish hurler (Waterford). Roberto Fraile, 47, Spanish journalist and cameraman, shot. Dadudan Gadhvi, 79, Indian poet. Peter Gelson, 79, English footballer (Brentford, Hillingdon Borough, Hounslow). Julie Gutz, 94, American baseball player (Springfield Sallies, Muskegon Lassies, Kenosha Comets). Geno Hayes, 33, American football player (Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Chicago Bears), liver disease. Erik Heinrichs, 88, Finnish diplomat. Lia Hinten, 78, Dutch Olympic pentathlete (1964). Hirotaka Izumi, 62, Japanese keyboardist, heart failure. Cees Koppelaar, 81, Dutch athlete and field hockey coach (HC Bloemendaal). Vassos Lyssarides, 100, Cypriot politician, member (1960–2006) and president (1985–1991) of the House of Representatives, founder of EDEK. Dick Mann, 86, American Hall of Fame motorcycle racer. Florence Piron, 54, French-Canadian anthropologist and ethicist. Tamara Press, 83, Ukrainian-born Russian shot putter and discus thrower, Olympic champion (1960, 1964). Ramu, 53, Indian film producer (A. K. 47, Lockup Death, Kalasipalya), COVID-19. Al Schmitt, 91, American recording engineer (RCA Records, Capitol Studios). Pam Seaborne, 85, British Olympic hurdler (1952). Sugrib Singh, 57, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009), COVID-19. Charles de Vaulx, 59, French investor, suicide by jumping. Jan Verhoeven, 80, Dutch singer. 27 Gonzalo Aguirre Ramírez, 81, Uruguayan politician, vice president (1990–1995) and senator (1985–1990). Fawzia Al-Abbasi, 80, Egyptian television journalist. Marghoob Banihali, 84, Indian poet. Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa, 85, Indian politician, MP (1980–1996). Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk, 89, South Korean Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Cheongju (1970–1998) and archbishop of Seoul (1998–2012). Paul Couter, 72, Belgian guitarist (TC Matic). Frank Cox, 80, British television director (Doctor Who, Take the High Road). Dave Cull, 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2010–2019), pancreatic cancer. Manoj Das, 87, Indian writer. Ed Diener, 74, American psychologist and author. Miroslav Fryčer, 61, Czech ice hockey player (HC Vítkovice, Toronto Maple Leafs) and coach (Orli Znojmo). Jan Stefan Gałecki, 88, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Szczecin-Kamień (1974–2007), COVID-19. Imre Horváth, 76, Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (2014–2018). Aristóbulo Istúriz, 74, Venezuelan politician and academic, vice president (2016–2017) and minister of education (since 2018). Bleddyn Jones, 72, Welsh rugby commentator. Kakhi Kavsadze, 85, Georgian actor (White Sun of the Desert, Melodies of Vera Quarter, The Wishing Tree), complications from COVID-19. George P. Kazen, 81, American jurist, judge (1979–2018) and chief judge (1996–2003) of the U.S. District Court for Southern Texas. Anita Lane, 61, Australian singer-songwriter (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds). John Latham, 83, British climate physicist. Marie-Françoise Leclère, 79, French journalist (Elle, Le Point), cancer. Isaac Mogase, 87, South African politician, mayor of Johannesburg (1995–2000). Leela Nambudiripad, 86, Indian children's author. René Padilla, 88, Ecuadorian evangelical theologian and missiologist. Rameshwar Patidar, 82, Indian politician, MP (1977–1979, 1989–1999), heart attack. Jean-Guy Pilon, 90, Canadian poet. Karuna Shukla, 70, Indian politician, MP (2009–2014), COVID-19. Pedro Soto, 70, Spanish politician, deputy (1996–2000), stroke. Charles Strum, 73, American journalist (The New York Times) and author, glioblastoma. Thamira, 53, Indian film director (Rettaisuzhi, Aan Devathai), COVID-19. Chittoor Venugopal, 93, Indian military officer, cardiac arrest. Rory Young, 48, Irish conservationist, shot. Franklin Zielski, 80, Canadian Olympic rower (1960). 28 Mara Abrantes, 86, Brazilian-Portuguese singer and actress (A Canção da Saudade, Malandros em Quarta Dimensão). Thomas R. Berger, 88, Canadian politician and jurist, MP (1962–1963) and British Columbia MLA (1966–1969), cancer. Michael Collins, 90, American astronaut (Apollo 11), assistant secretary of state for public affairs (1970–1971), cancer. Toni Dalli, 88, Italian musician and restaurateur. Madeline Davis, 80, American LGBT activist and historian. Celso Dayrit, 69, Filipino fencer and sports executive, COVID-19. Anish Deb, 69, Indian writer, COVID-19. Joseph Pokossy Doumbe, 88, Cameroonian politician, deputy (1970–1973). Hussein Faris, 85, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1988–1992). François Fédier, 85, French philosopher and translator. Miguel Ángel Furones, 71, Spanish writer and creative director (Leo Burnett Worldwide, Publicis), COVID-19. Eknath Gaikwad, 81, Indian politician, MP (2004–2014) and Maharashtra MLA (1985–1995, 1999–2004), COVID-19. Janardan Singh Gehlot, Indian sports administrator, founder of the International Kabaddi Federation. Karl Ingebrigtsen, 85, Norwegian politician, deputy MP (1973–1981). Claude Jasmin, 90, Canadian journalist, broadcaster, and writer. Anthony Johnson, 82, Jamaican politician, diplomat, and economist, MP (1980–2008). Clyde Leon, 37, Trinidadian footballer (Arima Fire, W Connection, national team). Jason Matthews, 69, American author (Red Sparrow), complications from corticobasal degeneration. Min Guirong, 87, Chinese thermophysicist and space technologist, Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation award winner (1996). Claes Nobel, 90, Danish-born Swedish-American humanitarian and environmentalist. Steve Perks, 58, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town). Louis Pierna, 88, French politician, deputy (1988–1997). El Risitas, 65, Spanish comedian, internet meme and actor (Torrente 3: El protector, Ratones coloraos), complications from vascular disease. Federico Salas, 70, Peruvian politician, prime minister (2000), COVID-19. Kesar Singh, 64, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), COVID-19. Liuwe Tamminga, 67, Dutch organist and harpsichordist. Chelato Uclés, 80, Honduran footballer (Atlético Español) and coach (Real España, national team), heart attack. 29 Riyaz Ahmad, 62, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–1985, 1990–1991, 2002–2017), COVID-19. Mangashti Amirian, 85, Iranian Olympic weightlifter (1960). Amris, 63, Indonesian general and politician, COVID-19. C. Aranganayagam, 90, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu MLA. Hans van Baalen, 60, Dutch politician, MP (1999–2009) and MEP (2009–2019), president of the ALDE Party (since 2015), cancer. Rajendrasingh Baghel, 75, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (1985–1990, 1993–1998, 2003–2008), COVID-19. Mahinda Balasuriya, 67, Sri Lankan police officer, inspector general (2009–2012). Kunwar Bechain, 78, Indian poet, COVID-19. Martin Bookspan, 94, American music broadcaster (Live from Lincoln Center) and author. Hafid Bouazza, 51, Moroccan-Dutch writer, cirrhosis. Frank Brogan, 78, Scottish footballer (Celtic, Ipswich Town, Halifax Town). Anne Buydens, 102, German-born American philanthropist. R. S. G. Chelladurai, 84, Indian actor (Maari, Theri). Allan Cosio, 79, Filipino artist, COVID-19. Johnny Crawford, 75, American actor (The Rifleman, Village of the Giants, The Space Children) and singer, complications from Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. Hassan Dardir, 82, Saudi Arabian actor. Mantfombi Dlamini, 68, Swazi royal, queen regent of the Zulu people (since 2021). André Evrard, 85, Swiss painter. Michael W. Friedlander, 92, South African-born American physicist and skeptic. Pierce Fulton, 28, American disc jockey and record producer, suicide. Laxman Giluwa, 56, Indian politician, MP (2014–2019), COVID-19. Ronnie Govender, 86, South African playwright. Terry Groom, 76, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly (1977–1979, 1982–1993). Courtney Hall, 52, American football player (San Diego Chargers). Cate Haste, 75, English author and historian. Billie Hayes, 96, American actress (H.R. Pufnstuf, The Black Cauldron, Transformers: Rescue Bots). John Hinch, 73, British drummer (Judas Priest, Bakerloo). Kazimierz Kord, 90, Polish conductor. Pete Lammons, 77, American football player (New York Jets, Green Bay Packers), drowned. Libertad Leblanc, 83, Argentine actress (Harassed, La endemoniada, Deliciously Amoral). Michel Lejeune, 74, French politician, deputy (2002–2012) and mayor of Forges-les-Eaux (since 1995). Caleb Maduoma, 70, Nigerian Anglican prelate, bishop of Ideato (2004–2020) and archbishop of the Province of Owerri (2013–2020). Tony Markellis, 68, American bassist (Trey Anastasio Band). Willy Mckey, 40, Venezuelan poet and writer, suicide by jumping. Frank McRae, 80, American actor (*batteries not included, Licence to Kill) and football player (Chicago Bears), heart attack. Roy McWeeny, 96, English physicist and academic. Will Mecum, 48, American rock guitarist and songwriter (Karma to Burn, Year Long Disaster), fall. Filippo Mondelli, 26, Italian rower, world champion (2018), bone cancer. Kazuo Oka, 73, Japanese voice actor (Tsuki ga Kirei, Naruto, Romeo × Juliet). Andrew J. Reck, 93, American philosopher. Mary E. Rice, 94, American invertebrate zoologist. Onésimo Silveira, 86, Cape Verdean politician and writer, MP (2006–2011). Prince Muhammad bin Talal, 80, Jordanian royal. David B. Wake, 84, American herpetologist. Zhang Enhua, 48, Chinese footballer (Dalian Wanda, Grimsby Town, national team). Bogdan Žižić, 86, Croatian film director (The House, Don't Lean Out the Window, Early Snow in Munich) and screenwriter. 30 K. V. Anand, 54, Indian cinematographer (Thenmavin Kombath) and film director (Kana Kandaen, Anegan), cardiac arrest from COVID-19. Claudia Barrett, 91, American actress (A Life at Stake, The Happy Years). Aleksei Bespalikov, 73, Russian politician, Novosibirsk Oblast MLA (2005–2010) and senator (2010–2014). Eli Broad, 87, American philanthropist, art collector, and museum co-founder (The Broad). William Cain, 85, Manx lawyer, First Deemster (1998–2003). Kom Chuanchuen, 63, Thai actor (Heaven's Seven) and comedian, COVID-19. Hugh Coflin, 92, Canadian ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks). Kęstutis Glaveckas, 72, Lithuanian politician, deputy (2000–2012). Flemming Hansen, 81, Danish politician, minister of transport (2001–2007) and Nordic cooperation (2002–2005). Chris Heintz, 82, French-Canadian aeronautical engineer. John Dee Holeman, 92, American Piedmont blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Khelan Ram Jangde, 74, Indian politician, MP (1984–1989, 1991–1996), cardiac arrest. Mišo Juzmeski, 55, Macedonian writer. Neltje Doubleday Kings, 86, American artist and philanthropist. Jagdish Lad, 34, Indian bodybuilder, COVID-19. Mark Lancaster, 82, English artist and set designer. Ling How Doong, 85, Singaporean politician, MP (1991–1997) and leader of the opposition (1993–1996). Anthony Payne, 84, English composer (Symphony No. 3). Azad Rahimov, 56, Azerbaijani politician, minister of youth and sports (since 2006). Ray Reyes, 51, Puerto Rican singer (Menudo, El Reencuentro), heart attack. Rohit Sardana, 41, Indian journalist (Zee News, Aaj Tak), complications from COVID-19. Sanjay Kumar Seth, 63, Indian judge, chief justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court (2018–2019), COVID-19. Soli Sorabjee, 91, Indian jurist, attorney general (1989–1990, 1998–2004), COVID-19. Takashi Tachibana, 80, Japanese journalist, acute coronary syndrome. Chandro Tomar, 89, Indian sharpshooter, COVID-19. Jevgeni Tomberg, 72, Estonian politician, MP (1999–2003), COVID-19. Pio Vittorio Vigo, 85, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Monreale (1997–2002) and Acireale (2002–2011). Yusnan Yusof, 52, Malaysian politician, Kelantan MLA (since 2013). References 2021-04 04

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20June%202021

Deaths in June 2021

The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2021. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. June 2021 1 Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, 77, Italian royal, disputed head of the House of Savoy (since 2006), complications from surgery. Jane Bigelow, 92, Canadian politician, mayor of London, Ontario (1972–1978), complications from a fall. Steve Broussard, 71, American football player (Green Bay Packers). Leon Burtnett, 78, American football coach (Indianapolis Colts). Hichem Djait, 85, Tunisian Islamic scholar. Petr Dostál, 74, Czech geographer and professor (UJEM, Charles University). Silvio Francesconi, 68, Italian football player and manager, COVID-19. Tom Gibson, 90, Scottish-born Canadian photographer. Chris Goode, 48, British playwright, theatre director and actor, suicide. Román Hernández Onna, 71, Cuban chess grandmaster, respiratory failure. James D. Hornfischer, 55, American literary agent and naval historian. Hsing Yin Shean, 62, Malaysian politician, MP (1986–1990), COVID-19. Walter F. Huebner, 93, American astrophysicist. Khalid Jamai, 77, Moroccan political analyst, journalist and writer, cancer. Jacques Lacoursière, 89, Canadian TV host, writer and historian. Bunny Matthews, 70, American cartoonist and writer, central nervous system lymphoma. Matthieu Messagier, 71, French poet. Leonard Norman, 73, British politician, connétable of Saint Clement, Jersey (since 2008). Jovino Novoa, 76, Chilean politician and lawyer, member (1998–2014) and president (2009–2010) of the Senate, emphysema. Vince Promuto, 82, American football player (Washington Redskins). Robert Rutman, 90, German-American visual artist and musician. Paula Sémer, 96, Belgian radio and TV presenter, and actress (Thuis). Adnan Al Sharqi, 79, Lebanese football player (Al Ansar) and manager (Al Nahda, national team). Ian Shearer, 79, New Zealand politician, MP (1975–1984), minister for the environment, science and technology and broadcasting (1981–1984). Samadagha Shikhlarov, 65, Azerbaijani footballer (Khazar Sumgayit, Neftçi Baku, FK Ganca), traffic collision. Melor Sturua, 93, Russian journalist (Izvestia). Ujwal Thapa, 44, Nepalese political activist and entrepreneur, COVID-19. Tram Iv Tek, 72, Cambodian politician, MP (2003–2008, since 2018), minister of public works and transport (2008–2016) and posts and telecommunications (2016–2020). Violeta Vidaurre, 92, Chilean actress (La Colorina, Pampa Ilusión, Romané), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Faizul Waheed, 56, Indian Islamic scholar, multiple organ failure. 2 Fred Dewey, American writer and artist, prostate cancer. Raymond J. Donovan, 90, American politician, secretary of labor (1981–1985), heart failure. Odero Gon, 88, Italian footballer (Palmanova, Udinese, Vittorio Falmec). Shah Abdul Hannan, 82, Bangladeshi Islamic philosopher, economist, and academic administrator. Carl Høgset, 79, Norwegian musician and choral conductor. Fritz Hollenbeck, 91, German actor (Uncle Bräsig). Jane Kaufman, 83, American artist, lung cancer. Manas Kongpan, 65, Thai human trafficker and military officer, heart attack. Pasión Kristal, 45, Mexican professional wrestler, drowned. Stanislav Lunin, 28, Kazakh footballer (Shakhter Karagandy, Kairat), cardiac arrest. Eric Mobley, 51, American basketball player (Milwaukee Bucks, Vancouver Grizzlies), cancer. Linah Mohohlo, 69, Motswana economist, governor of the Bank of Botswana (1999–2016) and chancellor of the University of Botswana (since 2017), COVID-19. Minoru Nakamura, 82, Japanese baseball player (Yomiuri Giants). James W. Pardew, 77, American diplomat, ambassador to Bulgaria (2002–2005). Luiz Pedro de Oliveira, 68, Brazilian journalist and politician, Maranhão MLA (1983–1987, 2003–2007), chief secretary of the cabinet (2007–2009). Giuseppe Perrino, 29, Italian footballer (Ebolitana, Battipagliese, Bellaria Igea Marina), heart attack. Evelyne Porret, 81, Swiss potter. Les Rackley, 92, British-born New Zealand boxing trainer. G. Ramachandran, 73, Indian film producer, COVID-19. David Rehling, 72, Danish lawyer and journalist. Bijayshree Routray, 67, Indian politician, Odisha MLA (since 1990), complications from COVID-19. Hasan Saltık, 57, Turkish record producer and free speech activist, heart attack. Ottorino Sartor, 75, Peruvian footballer (Defensor Arica, Atlético Chalaco, national team). Bill Scanlon, 64, American tennis player, cancer. Ganga Stone, 79, American social activist, founder of God's Love We Deliver. Yamazaki Tsutomu, 74, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1995–2007, 2010–2017) COVID-19. 3 Afemata Tunumafono Apelu Aiavao, 90, Samoan journalist. F. Lee Bailey, 87, American attorney (Sam Sheppard, O. J. Simpson, Patty Hearst). Lakshmi Nandan Bora, 89, Indian author, complications from COVID-19. Marcel Czermak, 79, French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Alajos Dornbach, 85, Hungarian politician and lawyer, member (1990–2002) and deputy speaker (1990–1994) of the National Assembly. Georgios Drys, 77, Greek politician, MP (1989–2004) and minister of agriculture (2001–2004). Wilfried Feichtinger, 70, Austrian gynaecologist. Cathal Flynn, 87, Irish Gaelic footballer (Leitrim). Willemijn Fock, 78, Dutch art historian and professor (Leiden University). Robert Gordy, 89, American musician and music publishing executive. Damaris Hayman, 91, English actress (Doctor Who, Steptoe and Son, The Young Ones). B. Jaya, 76, Indian actress (Nyayave Devaru, Devaru Kotta Thangi, Sampathige Savaal). Sir Anerood Jugnauth, 91, Mauritian politician, prime minister (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017) and president (2003–2012). Vladimir Kadannikov, 79, Russian businessman and politician, deputy prime minister (1996). Fernando Lima Bello, 89, Portuguese Olympic sailor (1968, 1972) and administrator. Ernie Lively, 74, American actor (The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Fire Down Below, The Dukes of Hazzard), heart failure. Anne van der Meiden, 91, Dutch theologian, professor (Utrecht University) and translator. Alan Miller, 51, English footballer (Arsenal, Middlesbrough, West Bromwich Albion). James Norris, 91, American Olympic water polo player (1952). Ezio Motta, 90, Italian football referee (Serie A). G. N. Rangarajan, 90, Indian film director (Meendum Kokila, Ellam Inba Mayyam, Kadal Meengal). Murat Šaran, 71, Bosnian footballer (Sarajevo, Rijeka, Levante). Tim Tolman, 65, American baseball player (Houston Astros, Detroit Tigers), Parkinson's disease. Yoshio Yatsu, 86, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (1986–1990, 1992–2009) and minister of agriculture, forestry and fisheries (2000–2001). John Sacret Young, 75, American television writer and producer (China Beach, The West Wing, Firefly Lane), brain cancer. 4 Jacques Amalric, 82, French journalist, editor-in-chief (Le Monde). Karla Burns, 66, American opera singer and actress (Show Boat), stroke. Rafael Castillejo, 68–69, Spanish researcher, cultural activist, and writer. Władysław Ciastoń, 96, Polish state official, general of MO, chief of SB and Deputy Interior Minister (1981–1987). Santiago Cid Harguindey, 76, Spanish politician, mayor of Verín (1983–1991). Douglas S. Cramer, 89, American television producer (Wonder Woman, Dynasty, The Love Boat) and art collector, heart and kidney failure. Roberto Depietri, 55, Argentine footballer (Club Olimpo, Deportivo Toluca), COVID-19. Roberto Derlin, 78, Italian football player (Genoa, Spezia Calcio) and manager (Sestri Levante). Loris Dominissini, 59, Italian football player (Udinese, Reggiana) and manager (Reggiana), COVID-19. David Dushman, 98, Danzig-born Russian Red Army soldier and fencing trainer. Richard R. Ernst, 87, Swiss physical chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (1991). Tom Fink, 92, American politician, member (1967–1975) and speaker (1973–1975) of the Alaska House of Representatives, mayor of Anchorage (1987–1994). Vilen Galstyan, 80, Armenian ballet dancer and actor (The Color of Pomegranates). Yosef Govrin, 90, Israeli diplomat, ambassador to Romania (1985–1989) and to Austria, Slovakia, and Slovenia (1993–1995). Tilly Hirst, 79, New Zealand netball player (national team), world champion (1967). Dumitru Ivanov, 75, Moldovan politician, deputy (2005–2009). Vadim Kapranov, 81, Russian basketball player (Soviet team, CSKA, Dynamo Moscow) and coach, Olympic bronze medalist (1968). Friederike Mayröcker, 96, Austrian poet. Barbara Mertens, 53, Belgian journalist and TV presenter (Bel RTL, RTL-TVI), cancer. John M. Patterson, 99, American politician, attorney general (1955–1959) and governor (1959–1963) of Alabama. Kalipatnam Ramarao, 96, Indian poet and writer. Nikolai Serdtsev, 73, Russian military officer, commander of the Russian Engineer Troops (1999–2008). Wolfgang Strödter, 73, German Olympic field hockey champion (1972). Clarence Williams III, 81, American actor (The Mod Squad, Purple Rain, The Butler), colon cancer. 5 Lucette Aldous, 82, New Zealand-born Australian ballerina. Bikram Keshari Barma, 81, Indian politician, Odisha MLA (2004–2009), complications from COVID-19. Narinder Bragta, 68, Indian politician, Himachal Pradesh MLA (since 2017), complications from COVID-19. William F. Burns, 88, American major general. Jean-Claude Caron, 77, French actor (Navarro). Philippe Courtot, 76, French-American entrepreneur, chairman and CEO of Qualys (since 2001). Fred Foldvary, 75, American economist. Grace Griffith, 64, American folk and Celtic singer, complications from Parkinson's disease. F. Gerald Ham, 91, American archivist. Maksim Ishkeldin, 30, Russian bandy player (Sibselmash, Zorky, SKA-Neftyanik), stroke. S. B. John, 87, Pakistani singer. T. B. Joshua, 57, Nigerian televangelist, founder of Synagogue, Church of All Nations. Ann Russell Miller, 92, American socialite and nun. George Murphy, 58, Canadian politician, Newfoundland and Labrador MHA (2011–2015), heart attack. Nguyễn Thu Thủy, 44, Vietnamese beauty pageant winner, Miss Vietnam (1994), stroke. Kelvin Odenigbo, 20, Nigerian footballer (NAF Rockets, Vitebsk), drowned. Irena Ondrová, 71, Czech politician, senator (1996–2002), mayor of Zlín (2006–2010). Atal Bihari Panda, 92, Indian actor (Sala Budha, Aadim Vichar), playwright, and lyricist. Dina Recanati, 93, Israeli artist. Richard Robinson, 84, American businessman and educator, president and CEO of Scholastic Corporation (since 1975). Surekha, 66, Indian actress (Mulamoottil Adima, Chekkeranoru Chilla, Idhuthanda Sattam), heart attack. Pedro Taberner, 74, Spanish footballer (RCD Mallorca, Celta de Vigo). Paulo Thiago, 75, Brazilian film director (Sagarana: The Duel, The Long Haul), screenwriter and producer. William Joseph Whelan, 96, British-born American biochemist. Galen Young, 45, American basketball player (Charlotte 49ers, Yakima SunKings, Perth Wildcats), injuries sustained from car accident. 6 Camilla Amado, 82, Brazilian actress (Cordel Encantado, Prime Time Soap). Gwyn Arch, 90, British composer and choir director. Addo Bonetti, 95, American politician, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1967–1979). James B. Brennan, 95, American politician, member of the Wisconsin Senate (1959–1961), U.S. attorney of the Eastern District of Wisconsin (1961–1969). Lewis J. Clarke, 94, English-American landscape architect. Leonard Crow Dog, 78, American Lakota medicine man. Jovan I. Deretić, 82, Serbian publicist and writer. John Ernest Ekuban, 84, Ghanaian politician, MP (1993–1997). Murray Enkin, 97, Canadian physician and writer. Revaz Gabriadze, 84, Georgian screenwriter (Mimino, Kin-dza-dza!, Passport), writer and sculptor. Aby Har Even, 84, Romanian-Israeli engineer, complications from arson injuries. Rolf Hellem, 97, Norwegian politician, MP (1965–1981). Jacques Behnan Hindo, 79, Turkish-born Syrian Syriac Catholic hierarch, archbishop of Al-Hasakah-Nisibis (1996–2019). Michel Host, 83, French writer, COVID-19. Ann Hraychuck, 69, American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (2007–2011), cancer. William L. Joyce, 79, American archivist and academic administrator, cancer. Kim Yun-sim, 98, North Korean admiral, commander of the Korean People's Navy (1997–2007). Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, 92, Indonesian diplomat, minister of justice (1974–1978) and foreign affairs (1978–1988). Philip McCracken, 92, American visual artist. Michele Merlo, 28, Italian singer-songwriter, complications from cerebral hemorrhage. Julio Miranda, 74, Argentine politician, governor of Tucumán Province (1999–2003), senator (1992–1999, 2003–2009), and president of Atlético Tucumán (1997–1999). Kiyoo Mogi, 91, Japanese seismologist, aspiration pneumonia. Rick Mohr, 61, American football player (Toronto Argonauts, Saskatchewan Roughriders), heart attack. Maciej Morawski, 91, Polish journalist (Radio Free Europe). Betty Mpeka, 67, Ugandan physician, COVID-19. Ei-ichi Negishi, 85, Japanese chemist (Negishi coupling), Nobel Prize winner (2010). Mansour Ojjeh, 68, French-Saudi Arabian entrepreneur. Guaçu Piteri, 86, Brazilian politician, mayor of Osasco (1967–1970, 1977–1982), São Paulo MLA (1971–1975), and deputy (1975–1977). Chanie Rosenberg, 99, South African-born British activist and artist. (death announced on this date) Sanyika Shakur, 57, American criminal, member of Crips and author (Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member). Frances Stein, 83, American-French fashion designer, lung cancer. Gérard Vergnaud, 88, French mathematician and philosopher. Philip Wong, 82, Hong Kong politician, MLC (1991–2012), brain cancer. Vera Zelinskaya, 76, Russian film production designer (Of Freaks and Men), Russian Guild of Film Critics winner (1988). 7 Abd Rahman Yusof, 64, Malaysian politician, MP (1999–2004), lung cancer. Paul Cahill, 65, English footballer (Portsmouth, California Surf). Vadim Cojocaru, 60, Moldovan politician, deputy (since 2009). Dixie Dansercoer, 58, Belgian explorer, endurance athlete and photographer, fall. Iluminado Davila Medina, 102, Puerto Rican musician. Guglielmo Epifani, 71, Italian trade unionist and politician, general secretary of CGIL (2002–2010) and deputy (since 2013), pulmonary embolism. Jim Fassel, 71, American football coach (University of Utah, New York Giants) and player (The Hawaiians), heart attack. Larry Gelman, 90, American actor (The Bob Newhart Show, The Odd Couple, Maude), complications from a fall. Gertrud Herrbruck, 94, German Olympic swimmer (1952). Renato Iturrate, 99, Chilean Olympic cyclist (1948). Mikhail Karpeyev, 98, Russian military officer. Mumtaz Ali Khan, 94, Indian politician, Karnataka minister for minority affairs, haj, and wakf (2008–2013). David C. Lewis, American keyboardist (Ambrosia), brain cancer. John McDonnell, 82, Irish-born American athletics coach. Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur, 74, Iranian politician, MP (1990–1992, 2000–2004), minister of the interior (1985–1989), co-founder of Hezbollah, complications from COVID-19. Moon In-soo, 76, South Korean poet. Richard Nunns, 75, New Zealand traditional Māori instrumentalist. Pete Ohler, 80, Canadian football player (BC Lions, Winnipeg Blue Bombers). Risuke Otake, 95, Japanese martial artist. Ben Roberts, 70, British actor (The Bill, Jane Eyre, A Little Chaos). Martin Schechter, 90–91, American mathematician. Tom Stechschulte, American actor (The Clairvoyant, What About Bob?, The Manchurian Candidate). Su Yiran, 102, Chinese revolutionary and politician, governor of Shandong (1979–1982), member of the Central Advisory Commission (1987–1992) and CCP Central Committee (1977–1987). Shaleen Surtie-Richards, 66, South African actress (Mama Jack, Fiela's Child, Egoli: Place of Gold). Fulvio Varglien, 85, Italian footballer (Triestina, Livorno, Pordenone). Yoo Sang-chul, 49, South Korean footballer (Ulsan Hyundai, Yokohama F. Marinos, national team), pancreatic cancer. John Zampieri, 80, American politician, member of the Vermont House of Representatives (1965–1985). 8 John Angus, 82, English footballer (Burnley, national team). Sylvain Ducange, 58, Haitian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Port-au-Prince (since 2016), complications from COVID-19. Farhad Humayun, 42, Pakistani singer and drummer (Overload). Karen MacLeod, 63, British Olympic long-distance runner (1996). Joseph Margolis, 97, American philosopher. Édith Moskovic, 89, French Holocaust survivor and activist. Dean Parrish, 79, American soul singer. Desanka Pešut, 79, Serbian Olympic sport shooter (1976). Tim Pickup, 72, Australian rugby league player (Canterbury-Bankstown, St Helens, national team). Dave Reid, 87, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs). Ivy Ruckman, 90, American author (Night of the Twisters). K. Sornam, 88, Indian journalist and film director (Ulagam Sutrum Valiban, Thangathile Vairam). Gennadi Syomin, 53, Russian football player (FShM Torpedo Moscow, Fakel Voronezh) and manager (Dynamo Voronezh). Ilpo Tiihonen, 70, Finnish writer. C. M. Udasi, 84, Indian politician, four-time Karnataka MLA. Kamla Verma, 93, Indian politician, Haryana MLA (1977–2000), mucormycosis. 9 Rabi Banerjee, 70, Indian cricketer (Bengal), complications from COVID-19. Jan Bieleman, 72, Dutch historian. Gottfried Böhm, 101, German architect (Maria, Königin des Friedens) and sculptor, Pritzker Prize winner (1986). Edward de Bono, 88, Maltese philosopher (lateral thinking) and author (Six Thinking Hats, The Mechanism of Mind). Saul B. Cohen, 95, American human geographer. Dale Danks, 81, American politician, mayor of Jackson, Mississippi (1977–1989), complications from a stroke. Claude Dufau, 75, French rugby union player and manager. Jon Hameister-Ries, 37, Canadian football player (BC Lions). Cynthia Hargrave, 64, American film producer (Bottle Rocket, Perfume). Helmud Hontong, 58, Indonesian politician, vice regent of the Sangihe Islands (since 2017), heart attack. Abdul Latif Ibrahimi, 62, Afghan politician, governor of Kunduz (2002–2004), Faryab (2004–2005), and Takhar (2009–2010, 2013–2015), COVID-19. Robert Katzmann, 68, American jurist, judge (since 1999) and chief judge (2013–2020) for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Buddhika Kurukularatne, 77, Sri Lankan politician, MP (1989–1994). Kirkland Laing, 66, Jamaican-born British boxer, European welterweight champion (1990), British welterweight champion (1979–1980, 1987–1991). Steve Mrkusic, 92, New Zealand architect. Diogo Correa de Oliveira, 38, Brazilian footballer (Flamengo, Kalmar, Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo), traffic collision. Alejandro Orfila, 96, Argentine diplomat and winemaker, secretary general of the Organization of American States (1975–1984). Libuše Šafránková, 68, Czech actress (The Salt Prince, Tři oříšky pro Popelku, Kolya). Valentina Sidorova, 67, Russian fencer, Olympic champion (1976) and silver medalist (1980). Dakota Skye, 27, American pornographic film actress. 10 James E. Alderman, 84, American jurist, justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (1978–1985). Alexander, 68, Azerbaijani Russian Orthodox prelate, archbishop of Baku and Azerbaijan (since 1999), COVID-19. Douglas Cagas, 77, Filipino politician, member of the House of Representatives (1998–2007), governor of Davao del Sur (2007–2013, since 2016), COVID-19. Buddhadeb Dasgupta, 77, Indian film director (Bagh Bahadur, Tahader Katha, Uttara) and poet, kidney disease. Henry Ford, 89, American football player (Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers). Elizabeth French, 90, English archaeologist. Getatchew Haile, 90, Ethiopian-American philologist. Willem Konjore, 75, Namibian politician, member (1989–2010) and deputy speaker (2000–2005) of the National Assembly. Bob Leaf, 89, American public relations executive, cancer. Douglas Ley, 62, American academic and politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (since 2012). Frank Lobman, 67, Surinamese-Dutch kickboxer. Ray MacDonnell, 93, American actor (All My Children). Joyce MacKenzie, 95, American actress (Tarzan and the She-Devil). Neno, 59, Portuguese footballer (Vitória de Guimarães, Benfica, national team), heart attack. Duncan Pegg, 40, Australian politician, Queensland MP (since 2015), cancer. Sir Dai Rees, 85, British biochemist, chief executive of the Medical Research Council (1987–1996). Haico Scharn, 75, Dutch Olympic middle-distance runner (1972). Dingko Singh, 42, Indian Olympic boxer (2000), complications from liver cancer. Larisa Shoygu, 68, Russian politician, deputy (since 2007), complications from COVID-19. Gheorghe Staicu, 85, Romanian football player (Steaua București) and manager (Olimpia Satu Mare, Universitatea Cluj). Enzo Tonti, 85, Italian physicist and mathematician. John Wingard, 93, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1963–1972). 11 Ivo Baldi Gaburri, 74, Italian-born Peruvian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Huaraz (1999–2004) and Huarí (since 2004), COVID-19. Heribert Beissel, 88, German conductor. Valentín de la Cruz, 92–93, Spanish monk and historian, member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Husin Din, 68, Malaysian politician, Perak MLA (2008–2018). Art Ditmar, 92, American baseball player (New York Yankees, Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics), World Series champion (1958). Walter Michael Ebejer, 91, Maltese-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of União da Vitória (1976–2007). Geoffrey Edelsten, 78, Australian medical entrepreneur. Jerald Ericksen, 96, American mathematician. John Gabriel, 90, American actor (Ryan's Hope, Stagecoach, The Mary Tyler Moore Show), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Mudcat Grant, 85, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Minnesota Twins, Oakland Athletics). Haji Gora Haji, 88, Tanzanian poet. Hash Halper, 41, American street artist, suicide by jumping. Sando Harris, 58, Sri Lankan actor (Seethala Gini Kandu, A Common Man, Singa Machan Charlie) and stunt director. Kay Hawtrey, 94, Canadian actress (Funeral Home, Max & Ruby, Trapped in Paradise). Hessley Hempstead, 49, American football player (Detroit Lions), heart attack. Leroy Jones, 70, American football player (Edmonton Eskimos, San Diego Chargers). Taha Karaan, 52, South African Islamic scholar, complications from COVID-19. Dame Georgina Kirby, 85, New Zealand Māori leader and women's advocate. Jon Lukas, 72, Maltese musician. Surat Mathur, 90, Indian Olympic long-distance runner (1952). Bernardo Mercado, 69, Colombian boxer, cardiac arrest. Vern Miller, 92, American politician, attorney general of Kansas (1971–1975). David Naugle, 68–69, American religious philosopher and author. Ashok Panagariya, 71, Indian neurologist and medical researcher, complications from COVID-19. Lewis Pickles, 88, English cricketer (Somerset). Paola Pigni, 75, Italian middle-distance runner, Olympic bronze medallist (1972), heart attack. Lucinda Riley, 55, Northern Irish author and actress (Auf Wiedersehen, Pet), oesophageal cancer. Ron Sang, 82, Fijian-born New Zealand architect and art collector. Howard Sattler, 76, Australian radio host, progressive supranuclear palsy. Siddalingaiah, 67, Indian poet, COVID-19. Karel Štogl, 48, Czech lawyer, bureaucrat and diplomat. Andrzej Szczytko, 65, Polish actor and stage director. Bob Tata, 91, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1984–2014). Quarto Trabacchini, 71, Italian politician, deputy (1987–1994). Sara Wedlund, 45, Swedish Olympic long-distance runner (1996). Zhang Zuoji, 76, Chinese politician, minister of labour and social security (1998–2003), governor of Heilongjiang (2003–2007) and MP (2008–2018). 12 Jack Adams, 34, English rugby union player (Gloucester, Moseley, Bristol), cancer. Dennis Berry, 76, American-French film director (The Big Delirium, Chloé, Highlander: The Raven). Anatoly Chukanov, 67, Russian racing cyclist, Olympic champion (1976). James Cohn, 93, American composer. Larry Giles, 73, American historical preservationist, leukemia. Chad Hundeby, 50, American long-distance swimmer, heart attack. Piyong Temjen Jamir, 87, Indian literary scholar. Witold Kieżun, 99, Polish economist and Warsaw Uprising insurgent. Marco Maciel, 80, Brazilian politician and academic, president of the Chamber of Deputies (1977–1979), minister of education (1985–1986), and vice president (1995–2002), COVID-19. John Marinatto, 63, American college athletics commissioner, commissioner of the Big East Conference (2009–2012). Jesús Martín-Barbero, 83, Spanish-born Colombian communication scientist. John Millman, 90, American-born Canadian-English Olympic cyclist (1952). Robert Edgcumbe, 8th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, 82, New Zealand-British peer, member of the House of Lords (1982–1999). Fazlullah Mujadedi, 64, Afghan politician, governor of Logar (2001–2002) and Takhar (2017–2019), COVID-19. (death announced on this date) Ash Riser, 31, American musician and music producer. Slavko Špan, 83, Slovene Olympic steeplechaser (1964). Nergüin Tümennast, 54, Mongolian Olympic wrestler (1992). Gert Watzke, 98, Austrian Olympic rower (1948). Igor Zhelezovski, 57, Belarusian speed skater, Olympic silver (1994) and bronze medalist (1988), COVID-19. 13 Ned Beatty, 83, American actor (Network, Deliverance, Superman). Hans Breuer, 90, German politician, mayor of Augsburg (1972–1990). Ken Burgess, 76, British-Israeli musician. Georges Cadoudal, 91, French sonneur. Siegfried Jost Casper, 92, German biologist. Hryhorii Chapkis, 91, Ukrainian dancer and choreographer, complications from COVID-19. Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz, 84, Polish naval engineer and sailor. Raul de Souza, 86, Brazilian trombonist (Sérgio Mendes, Baden Powell, Milton Nascimento), throat cancer. Sven Erlander, 87, Swedish mathematician. Ashley Henley, 40, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (2016–2020), shot. Toeti Heraty, 87, Indonesian poet. Indira Hridayesh, 80, Indian politician, Uttarakhand MLA (2002–2007, since 2012), heart attack. Viktor Ivankov, 96, Russian military officer. Carol Jarecki, 86, American chess organizer. Maurice Joncas, 84, Canadian writer. Sir John Kemball, 82, British air marshal, deputy commander of RAF Strike Command (1989–1993). Deona Knajdek, 31, American activist, traffic collision. David Lightfoot, 61, Australian film producer (Wolf Creek), heart attack. Nikita Mandryka, 80, French comics artist (L'Écho des savanes, Pilote). Nirmal Saini, 82, Indian volleyball player (national team), COVID-19. Su Dongshui, 89, Chinese economist. Margarita Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, 88, Russian Orientalist and academic. Saadi Youssef, 87, Iraqi poet and author, complications from lung cancer. Ziona, 75, Indian sect leader and polygamist. 14 Paul Alexander, 83, American illustrator. Lisa Banes, 65, American actress (Cocktail, Young Guns, Gone Girl), traffic collision. Gunnar Birgisson, 73, Icelandic politician, MP (1999–2006). Enrique Bolaños, 93, Nicaraguan politician, president (2002–2007) and vice president (1997–2000). Livio Caputo, 87, Italian politician and journalist, senator (1994–1996), director of Il Giornale (since 2021). Chen Shijun, 23, Chinese student, stabbed. Manuel Clavero, 95, Spanish politician, assistant minister of the regions (1977–1979) and minister of culture (1979–1980). Sir Eion Edgar, 76, New Zealand businessman and philanthropist, chancellor of the University of Otago (1999–2003), pancreatic cancer. Sir Ian Hassall, 79, New Zealand paediatrician, commissioner for children (1989–1994). Schang Hutter, 86, Swiss sculptor. Robert D. Keppel, 76, American police officer (HITS database, investigations of Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgway). Mburumba Kerina, 89, Namibian politician and academic, deputy speaker of the Constituent Assembly (1989) and coiner of country's name, COVID-19. Markis Kido, 36, Indonesian badminton player, Olympic (2008) and world champion (2007, 2010), heart attack. Chris Kirubi, 80, Kenyan industrialist, cancer. Jean-Baptiste Libouban, 86, French syndicalist (Community of the Ark). Washington Jakoyo Midiwo, 54, Kenyan politician, MP (2007–2017), heart attack. Tuono Pettinato, 44, Italian comics writer and illustrator. Horst Rittner, 90, German chess grandmaster. Moira Roth, 87, British art historian. Dinah Shearing, 95, Australian actress (Farscape, Family and Friends, E Street). Edmund Sieminski, 88, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1979–1982). Adam Smelczyński, 90, Polish trap shooter, Olympic silver medalist (1956). Selçuk Tekay, 68, Turkish composer, heart attack. Facinet Touré, 87, Guinean politician, soldier and coup leader, minister of foreign affairs (1984–1985) and co-founder of the CMRN. Ivan Vertelko, 94, Russian military officer. Wang Chiu-Hwa, 95, Taiwanese architect, heart failure. Qazi Amin Waqad, 73–74, Afghan politician, leader of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, minister of communications (1994–1997). Robert C. Witcher, 94, American bishop. 15 Aleksandr Averyanov, 72, Russian football player (Lokomotiv Moscow) and manager (Okean Nakhodka, Dynamo Saint Petersburg). Sheldon Bach, 96, American psychologist. Warren Barker, 92, Canadian journalist. Hridayeshwar Singh Bhati, 18, Indian chess variant inventor, cardiac arrest. Yves Dassonville, 73, French civil servant and statistician, high commissioner of New Caledonia (2007–2010). Thomas B. Day, 89, American scientist, president of San Diego State University (1978–1996). Silvio De Florentiis, 86, Italian Olympic long-distance runner (1960). Pavel Galkin, 98, Russian military pilot. Howie Glover, 86, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings). M. A. Hannan, 86, Bangladeshi politician, MP (2014–2018), cancer. Allan Kiil, 57, Estonian swimmer. Paul Alois Lakra, 65, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Gumla (since 2006). Nikolai Lukashevich, 80, Russian military officer. Benon Magezi, 60, Ugandan Anglican prelate, bishop of North Kigezi (since 2017), COVID-19. Jim Phelan, 92, American college basketball coach (Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers). Ron Saul, 73, American football player (Houston Oilers, Washington Redskins). Jackie Shako Diala Anahengo, 62, Congolese actress. Vladimir Shatalov, 93, Russian cosmonaut (Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10), twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Thaika Shuaib, 90, Indian Islamic scholar. James Jim Skosana, 59, South African politician, member of the National Assembly (2009–2018). Vince Steckler, 62, American businessman, CEO of Avast, traffic collision. Tim Thorney, 66, Canadian guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. William vanden Heuvel, 91, American attorney and author. Anna C. Verna, 90, American politician, member (1975–2012) and president (1999–2011) of the Philadelphia City Council. Sanchari Vijay, 37, Indian actor (Harivu, Naanu Avanalla...Avalu, Killing Veerappan), traffic collision. Gustavo Villapalos, 71, Spanish academic and politician, rector of Complutense University of Madrid (1987–1995). Lily Weiding, 96, Danish actress (Lady with the Light Gloves, Be Dear to Me, Martha). Jack B. Weinstein, 99, American jurist, judge (since 1967) and chief judge (1980–1988) of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern New York. 16 Edward Baldwin, 4th Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, 83, British hereditary peer, member of the House of Lords (1977–2018). Byrd Baylor, 97, American author. Renate Blank, 79, German politician, MP (1990–2009). Frank Bonner, 79, American actor (WKRP in Cincinnati, Just the Ten of Us) and television director (City Guys), complications from Lewy body dementia. Michael Champion, 74, American singer and actor (Beverly Hills Cop, Total Recall, Pink Cadillac). Chandrashekhar, 98, Indian actor (Surang, Cha Cha Cha, Ramayan). Chou Ching-chun, 77, Taiwanese social activist and politician, president of the Patriot Alliance Association (since 2018), COVID-19. Bill Dotson, 80, American middle-distance runner, cancer. Laila Hirvisaari, 83, Finnish author. Huang Xiling, 94, Chinese geotechnical specialist, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. A. Santha Kumar, 52, Indian playwright and screenwriter, complications from COVID-19. Jabu Mabuza, 63, South African utilities executive, chairman of Eskom (since 2018), COVID-19. Janet Malcolm, 86, Czech-born American journalist (The New Yorker, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession, The Journalist and the Murderer), lung cancer. Allen Midgette, 82, American actor (La commare secca, Before the Revolution, Lonesome Cowboys). Mogens Møller, 86, Danish minimalist artist. J. Peter Neary, 71, Irish economist. K. S. Nijhar, 85, Malaysian politician, MP (1999–2008). John Osmers, 86, New Zealand anti-apartheid activist and Anglican cleric, bishop of East Zambia (1995–2002), complications from COVID-19. Joel Otim, 49, Ugandan Olympic sprinter (1992), COVID-19. Bhekiziziwe Peterson, 60, South African writer and academic. Norman Powell, 86, American television producer (24) and executive, acute respiratory failure. Cyril Ranatunga, 91, Sri Lankan military officer. Swatilekha Sengupta, 71, Indian actress (Ghare Baire, Bela Seshe, Bela Shuru), kidney disease. Dwight Siebler, 83, American professional baseball player (Minnesota Twins). Richard Stolley, 92, American journalist and editor (People), heart disease. Boris Tarasov, 89, Russian military officer and politician, member of the Supreme Soviet (1990–1993). Vance Trimble, 107, American journalist (The Kentucky Post), Pulitzer Prize winner (1960). Romulo Yanes, 62, Cuban-born American photographer (Gourmet), peritoneal cancer. Novica Zdravković, 73, Serbian folk musician, prostate cancer. 17 Pier Nicola Attorese, 91, Italian Olympic rower (1952). Halvard Bjørkvik, 96, Norwegian historian. Ulrich Bremi, 91, Swiss politician, member (1986–1989) and president (1990–1991) of the National Council. Mike Burgess, 89, Canadian-born English footballer (AFC Bournemouth). Kamil Ferkhanov, 56, Russian footballer (Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda, Turbostroitel Kaluga, Volga Ulyanovsk), heart attack. Fane Flaws, 70, New Zealand musician, songwriter, and artist (Blerta, The Crocodiles, The Spats). Billy Fuccillo, 65, American car dealer. Alex Harvill, 29, American motorcycle stuntman, crash during practice. Kenneth Kaunda, 97, Zambian politician, president (1964–1991), prime minister of Northern Rhodesia (1964) and chairperson of the NAM (1970–1973), pneumonia. Robert Lima, 48, Uruguayan football player (Peñarol, Chacarita) and manager (Juticalpa), cardiac arrest. Mary Frances McDonald, 91–92, Irish feminist. Shaman Mithru, 43, Indian actor (Thorati) and cinematographer (Huchudugaru), COVID-19. Clive Murphy, 85, British author and social historian. John Mutwa, 60, Namibian military officer. Tubilandu Ndimbi, 73, Congolese footballer (AS Vita Club, national team). Teddy Parker, 83, German singer. Eric Pike, 84, South African Anglican prelate, bishop of Port Elizabeth (1993–2001). Deniz Poyraz, 38, Turkish political operative, shot. Juha Siira, 75, Finnish Olympic sailor (1976, 1980). B. Vijayakrishna, 71, Indian cricketer (Karnataka). Xu Yuanchong, 100, Chinese literary translator. Giacomo Zani, 89, Italian conductor and musicologist, traffic collision. 18 Lamia Abbas, 92, Iraqi poet. Jeannette Altwegg, 90, Indian-born English figure skater, Olympic champion (1952). Giampiero Boniperti, 92, Italian footballer (Juventus, national team) and politician, MEP (1994–1999), heart failure. Boris Borovsky, 82, Russian tennis player and sports journalist. Ron Buxton, 72, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1993–2012), lung disease. John Bertrand Conlan, 90, American politician, member of the Arizona Senate (1965–1973) and U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1977). Gérard Fromanger, 81, French artist. Gift of Gab, 50, American rapper (Blackalicious, Quannum Projects). Joralf Gjerstad, 95, Norwegian faith healer. Sir Ronald Halstead, 94, British businessman, heart failure. Ian MacGillivray, 100, Scottish doctor. John Martyr, 89, Australian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1975–1980) and Senate (1981–1983). Edward Mortimer, 77, British civil servant, journalist and academic, cancer. Rodrigo Munilla, 44, Argentine sports journalist, COVID-19. S. Ramesan Nair, 73, Indian poet and lyricist, COVID-19. Andrés Ortiz-Osés, 78, Spanish philosopher. S. R. Ramaiah, 102, Indian politician, Karnataka MLA (1957–1962). Hélène Ramjiawan, 69, Surinamese children's book author. Emma Roca Rodríguez, 47, Spanish ski mountaineer, vulvar cancer. Vekuii Rukoro, 66, Namibian lawyer, politician and traditional leader, MP (1989–2000), attorney general (1995–2000), and chief of the Herero people (since 2014), COVID-19. Milkha Singh, 91, Indian Olympic sprinter (1956, 1960, 1964) and writer (The Race of My Life), COVID-19. Takeshi Terauchi, 82, Japanese rock guitarist and actor (Ereki no Wakadaishō), pneumonia. Hans Toch, 91, Austrian-born American social psychologist. Joan Ullyot, 80, American physician and marathon runner. Andrew Welsh, 77, Scottish politician, MP (1974–1979, 1987–2001), MSP (1999–2011). 19 Dhiraj Bora, 69, Indian physicist. Freimut Börngen, 90, German astronomer. Champ, 12, American dog, presidential pet (since 2021). Ove Emanuelsson, 80, Swedish Olympic sprint canoer (1960, 1964, 1968). Isaac Fola-Alade, 87, Nigerian architect (1004 Estate). Armin Franulic, 77, Bolivian rally driver. Winfried Gottschalk, 77, German racing cyclist. Leon Greene, 89, English actor (A Challenge for Robin Hood, Flash Gordon, The Return of the Musketeers) and opera singer. Éric Guglielmi, 51, French photographer and photojournalist. Richard C. Howe, 97, American politician, member of the Utah House of Representatives (1951–1959, 1969–1973) and Senate (1973–1979), chief justice of the Utah Supreme Court (1998–2002). Carel Knoppers, 91, Dutch politician, mayor of Abcoude (1963–1974) and Ommen (1974–1990). Colin Loader, 90, New Zealand rugby union player (Wellington, national team). Juan Alberto Merlos, 76, Argentine Olympic cyclist (1964, 1968). Tapu Mishra, 36, Indian Ollywood playback singer (Mate Ta Love Helare, Dream Girl, Love Dot Com), complications from COVID-19. Roger Mpanano, 58, Congolese politician, member of the National Assembly (2007–2018). Jayanta Naskar, 73, Indian politician, West Bengal MLA (since 2011), COVID-19. Arnold Odermatt, 96, Swiss police photographer. Philousports, 49, French internet personality, heart attack. Alaa al-Siddiq, 33, Emirati human rights activist, traffic collision. Lennox Stewart, 71, Trinidadian Olympic middle-distance runner (1972). Boryana Straubel, 38, Bulgarian business executive (Tesla, Wikimedia Foundation), traffic collision. Stanislav Tomáš, 46, Czech Romani citizen, drug overdose. Glenn Watkins, 94, American musicologist. Spencer Whelan, 49, English footballer (Chester City, Shrewsbury Town). 20 Mike Bailey, 71, Australian television presenter (ABC, Seven News), stroke. Harry Cameron, 73, Australian rugby league player (Eastern Suburbs, Queensland). Thomas Cleary, 72, American author and translator. Marianne Debouzy, 91, French historian. Isla Dewar, 74, Scottish novelist and screenwriter (Women Talking Dirty), heart attack. Gordon Dunne, 62, Northern Irish politician, MLA (2011–2021). David Edwards, 56, Welsh musician (Datblygu) and writer. Bernette Ford, 70, American author, cancer. Juan Forn, 61, Argentine writer and translator. Alex Hesegem, 63, Indonesian politician, vice governor of Papua (2006–2011), complications from diabetes, pneumonia and COVID-19. Daniel Ivin, 89, Croatian writer, politician and human rights activist, co-founder of the Croatian Social Liberal Party. Jeanne Lamon, 71, American-Canadian violinist and conductor. Lionel Leroy, 65, French singer. Joanne Linville, 93, American actress (A Star Is Born, Scorpio, James Dean). Anatoly Lysenko, 84, Russian television personality, journalist and producer. Irene Mambilima, 69, Zambian jurist, chief justice (since 2015) and deputy chief justice (2008–2015) of the Supreme Court. Mark Peel, 66, American chef (Campanile), cancer. Lucas Pereira, 39, Brazilian footballer (AC Ajaccio), COVID-19. Peter Rock, 79, German footballer, Olympic bronze medalist (1964). Gianna Rolandi, 68, American operatic soprano. Herbert Schnoor, 94, German politician and lawyer, minister of the interior of North Rhine-Westphalia (1980–1995). Neville Sillitoe, 96, Australian athletics coach. Luis del Sol, 86, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Juventus, national team) and coach. Ike Stubblefield, 69, American organist, cancer. Herbert Titus, 83, American lawyer and politician. Bernard Van Der Linde, 75, Dutch-born French cyclist, leukemia. Laura Yasán, 60, Argentine poet, suicide. 21 Amarasigamani, 70, Indian poet and actor (Raman Abdullah, Julie Ganapathi, Rendu). Jack Bertolini, 87, Scottish footballer (Workington, Brighton & Hove Albion, Stirling Albion). Gabriele Boscetto, 76, Italian politician and lawyer, senator (2001–2006, 2008–2013), president of the Province of Imperia (1995–2001). Diego Cortez, 74, American art curator, kidney failure. Nina Divíšková, 84, Czech actress (Morgiana, Shameless). Mark Doumit, 59, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1997–2002) and Senate (2002–2006), heart attack. Jean Guéguinou, 79, French diplomat, ambassador to the United Kingdom (1993–1998), Czechoslovakia (1990–1993) and the Holy See (1993–1998). Nobuo Hara, 94, Japanese jazz saxophonist, pneumonia. Haribhushan, Indian politician and guerrilla, COVID-19. Masatomi Ikeda, 81, Japanese aikidoka. Usman Kakar, 60, Pakistani politician, senator (2015–2021), brain hemorrhage. Mamady Keïta, 70, Guinean drummer. Tom Kurvers, 58, American ice hockey player (New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils), Stanley Cup champion (1986), lung cancer. Tiit Madisson, 71, Estonian activist, writer and politician, mayor of Lihula (2002–2005). Harry Prosen, 90, American psychiatrist. Reshma, 42, Indian actress (Ennai Thalatta Varuvala, Kizhakku Mugam, Vadagupatti Maapillai), complications from COVID-19. Tamanofuji Shigeru, 71, Japanese sumo wrestler, liver cancer. Hatiro Shimomoto, 85, Brazilian politician, São Paulo MLA (1971–1999), COVID-19 and diabetes. Jeffrey Steele, 89, British abstract painter. Richard S. Stein, 95, American scientist. Tuufuli Uperesa, 73, American football player (Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Ottawa Rough Riders, Philadelphia Eagles). 22 Mohiuddin Ahmed, 77, Bangladeshi publisher. Patrick Allen, 59, American football player (Houston Oilers). Giancarlo Amadeo, 87, Italian football player (Pro Patria) and manager (Borgosesia). Jim Bessman, 68, American music journalist (Billboard). Winsford Devine, 77, Trinidadian songwriter. Hans Drewanz, 91, German conductor. Yaroslav Dumanskyi, 61, Ukrainian footballer (Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk, Karpaty Lviv, Dynamo Kyiv). Patricia Reilly Giff, 86, American author (Lily's Crossing, Pictures of Hollis Woods). Horacio González, 77, Argentine teacher and essayist, director of the National Library of the Argentine Republic (2005–2015, since 2019), COVID-19. Poovachal Khader, 72, Indian lyricist (Chuzhi, Criminals, Utsavam), complications from COVID-19. Mzilikazi Khumalo, 89, South African composer. Masatake Kuranishi, 96, Japanese mathematician (Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem). Richard H. Kyle, 84, American jurist, justice of the U.S. District Court for Minnesota (since 1992). Hugh Lowther, 8th Earl of Lonsdale, 72, British aristocrat. Pandukht Manukyan, 70, Armenian politician, governor of Vayots Dzor Province (1997–2003), deputy (1995–1999). Hamid Mojtahedi, 79, Iranian film director (Iran Documentary), liver cancer. Chloe Munro, Australian public servant. Giulia Niccolai, 86, Italian poet and translator. Zbigniew Pełczyński, 95, Polish-British political philosopher and academic. Parassala B. Ponnammal, 96, Indian Carnatic musician. Reisen Ri, 79, Japanese actress and theater director, pneumonia. René Robert, 72, Canadian ice hockey player (Buffalo Sabres, Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Rockies), heart attack. Antonio Salines, 84, Italian actor (Monella, The Gamecock, Senso '45) and director. Vitaliy Shalychev, 74, Ukrainian football player (Shakhtar Donetsk, Kolhozchi Aşgabat) and coach (FC Ocean Kerch). Sergei Shaposhnikov, 98, Russian football player (Ska-Khabarovsk) and manager (CSKA Moscow, SKA Odessa). Gordana Suša, 75, Serbian journalist (Blic). Tsevi E. Tal, 94, Polish-born Israeli judge, justice of the Supreme Court (1994–1997). Per Inge Torkelsen, 68, Norwegian comedian, complications from surgery. Leopoldo Torres, 80, Spanish jurist and politician, deputy (1979–1989) and attorney general (1990–1991). Jean-Pierre Vallat, 69, French historian and archeologist. Ad van 't Veer, 80, Dutch music director and music group founder (Xenakis Ensemble). Derek Fuller Wrigley, 97, English-born Australian architect. 23 Paul Auerbach, 70, American physician and author, brain tumor. Viktor Balashov, 96, Russian radio and television presenter. Johannes Baumgartner, 93, Swiss Olympic runner (1952). Mike Brooks, 66, American journalist (CNN). Kulasiri Budawatta, 71, Sri Lankan dancer and choreographer. Bill Byrne, 80, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles). Cassandra Go, 25, Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. Melissa Coates, 50, Canadian professional wrestler (DSW, NWWL), bodybuilder and actress (Extreme Dodgeball). Eldon Danenhauer, 85, American football player (Denver Broncos). Diana de Feo, 84, Italian journalist and politician, senator (2008–2013). Wojciech Karolak, 82, Polish musician. Jackie Lane, 79, British actress (Doctor Who, Compact). Alan Lewis, 75, British music journalist and editor. Tomáš Lom, 96, Czech World War II veteran. Brian London, 87, English heavyweight boxer, British and Commonwealth champion (1958–1959). John McAfee, 75, British-American computer programmer and businessman (McAfee Associates), suicide by hanging. Ellen McIlwaine, 75, American-born Canadian guitarist and blues singer, cancer. Mike McLachlan, 75, American politician, member of the Colorado House of Representatives (2013–2015). Morton Myles, 92, American fashion designer. Beryl Penrose, 90, Australian tennis player. Clare Peploe, 79, British-Italian film director (High Season, The Triumph of Love) and screenwriter (Zabriskie Point). Viktor Potapov, 87, Russian military aviator, commander of Soviet Naval Aviation (1988–1991) and Russian Naval Aviation (1991–1994). Raymond, 32, Burmese singer-songwriter, cerebral malaria. Jean-Pierre Renevier, 92, Swiss Olympic sailor (1964). Med Reventberg, 73, Swedish actress (Ronia, the Robber's Daughter). Ramón Romero Roa, 55, Paraguayan lawyer and politician, deputy (since 2013), COVID-19. Pentti Saarman, 79, Finnish Olympic boxer (1972). Robert Sacchi, 89, Italian-born American actor (The Man with Bogart's Face, Casa d'appuntamento, Funland). Barbara Sargeant, 81, Australian Olympic swimmer (1956). Bev Scalze, 77, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (2005–2013) and Senate (2013–2017), cancer. Arturo Schwarz, 97, Italian art historian, poet, and writer. Martine Segalen, 80, French ethnologist. Yuriy Sevenard, 85, Russian politician, deputy (1991–1999), COVID-19. Shalala, 61, Filipino television host (Juicy!, Hey It's Saberdey!, Good Morning Club) and comedian, cardiac arrest. Vyacheslav Shverikas, 60, Russian politician, senator (2004–2017). René Sylvestre, 58, Haitian jurist and lawyer, president of the Supreme Court (since 2019), COVID-19. Ngarikutuke Tjiriange, 77, Namibian politician, member of the Constituent Assembly (1989–1990) and National Assembly (1990–2010), minister of justice (1990–2003). Bart Van Lancker, 48, Belgian football coach (KV Kortrijk, Sint-Truiden, OH Leuven), cancer. Daniel Vélez, 47, Colombian footballer (DIM, Atlético Bucaramanga, Santa Fe), COVID-19. Mila Ximénez, 69, Spanish journalist, writer, and television personality, lung cancer. Darius Young, 83, American Olympic shooter (1988, 1992). Peter Zinovieff, 88, British engineer (EMS VCS 3) and composer. 24 Benigno Aquino III, 61, Filipino politician, president (2010–2016), senator (2007–2010) and member of the House of Representatives (1998–2007), diabetic nephropathy. Francis X. Archibald, 89, American politician, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1981–1986). Brian Baker, 47, American politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (2002–2008), complications from COVID-19. Nizar Banat, 42, Palestinian human rights activist. Mohamed Boucha, 54–55, Nigerien politician, minister of employment, labor and social protection (2020–2021). Sonny Callahan, 88, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1985–2003), Alabama Senate (1979–1985) and House of Representatives (1971–1979). Misheck Chidzambwa, 66, Zimbabwean football player (Dynamos, national team) and manager (Chapungu United). Stephen Dunn, 82, American poet, Pulitzer Prize winner (2001), complications from Parkinson’s disease. Tom Flaws, 89, New Zealand cricketer (Otago). Neil Hirsch, 74, American businessman, founder of Telerate. Paul B. Huber, 86, American-Canadian economist. Frederick S. Humphries, 85, American educator, president of Florida A&M University (1985–2001). David Lee Hunter, 87, American mathematician. Alain Paul Lebeaupin, 76, French Roman Catholic prelate, apostolic nuncio to the European Union (2012–2020), heart attack. Dick Leonard, 90, British writer, journalist and politician, MP (1970–1974). Paul Mea, 81, I-Kiribati Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Tarawa and Nauru (1978–2020). Juliette Minces, 83, French sociologist. Ludwig Müller, 79, German footballer (1. FC Nürnberg, Hertha, West Germany national team). Zedekia Ngavirue, 88, Namibian diplomat. Isabel Pallarès, 57, Spanish teacher and trade unionist. Thomas G. Plaskett, 77, American business executive. Bachir Qamari, 70, Moroccan literary critic. Keith Rutter, 89, English footballer (Queens Park Rangers, Colchester United). (death announced on this date) Edna Schmidt, 51, Puerto Rican journalist. Sivan, 89, Indian photographer, cinematographer and film director (Yagam, Abhayam). Eleazar Soria, 73, Peruvian footballer (Universitario, Independiente, national team) and lawyer. Ronald I. Spiers, 95, American diplomat, Ambassador to the Bahamas (1973–1974), Turkey (1977–1980) and Pakistan (1981–1983). Trần Thiện Khiêm, 95, Vietnamese military officer and politician, prime minister of South Vietnam (1969–1975). LaMetta Wynn, 87, American politician, mayor of Clinton, Iowa (1995–2007), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Petr Zuman, 95, Czech chemist. 25 Brian Bamford, 85, English professional golfer. Olga Barnet, 69, Russian actress (Solaris, The Flight of Mr. McKinley, Takeoff). Oliva Blanchette, 92, American philosopher. Serge Buttet, 66, French Olympic swimmer (1976). Luis Cáceres Velásquez, 90, Peruvian politician, mayor of Juliaca (1964–1970, 1975, 1981–1983) and Arequipa (1987–1992), congressman (2000–2001). Harry deLeyer, 93, Dutch-born American equestrian. Juergen B. Donges, 80, German economist. John Erman, 85, American television director (My Favorite Martian, Peyton Place, That Girl), Emmy winner (1983). Marcos Ferrufino, 58, Bolivian football player (Club Bolívar, national team) and manager (San José), COVID-19. José Nino Gavazzo, 81, Uruguayan military officer and convicted criminal. Antonio Helguera, 55, Mexican cartoonist (La Jornada). Jack Ingram, 84, American Hall of Fame racing driver, NASCAR Busch Grand National Series champion (1982, 1985). Jack Melick, 91, American bandleader and pianist. Rinaldo Rafanelli, 71, Argentine singer (Sui Generis, Color Humano). Yuri Raizer, 94, Russian theoretical physicist. Umberto Riva, 93, Italian architect, designer and academic. Kostas Sarantidis, 94, Greek-Vietnamese guerrilla fighter. Ahmed Bilal Shah, 67, Pakistani-Zimbabwean physician and television presenter, COVID-19. John Sigley, 89, New Zealand cricketer (Wellington). Andy Wells, 75–77, Canadian politician, mayor of St. John's (1997–2008). Peter Willis, 54, British journalist and newspaper editor (Sunday Mirror, The Sunday People). Wes, 57, Cameroonian singer ("Alane"), complications from surgery. 26 Antoine Bailly, 76, Swiss geographer, recipient of the Vautrin Lud Prize (2011). Joseph Behar, 94, American television director (From These Roots, Days of Our Lives, General Hospital). José Paulo Bisol, 92, Brazilian politician, deputy (1983–1987) and senator (1987–1995), multiple organ failure. Arnold H. Buss, 96, American psychologist. Marcelo Campo, 63, Argentine rugby union player (Club Pueyrredón, national team), heart attack. Sow-Hsin Chen, 86, Taiwanese physicist. Edward Crowther, 92, British-born South African-American Anglican prelate, bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman (1965–1967). Dennis Good, 94, English cricketer (Worcestershire, Glamorgan). Dave Gorsuch, 82, American Olympic alpine skier (1960). Mike Gravel, 91, American politician, senator (1969–1981), member (1963–1967) and speaker (1965–1967) of the Alaska House of Representatives, myeloma. Abdalelah Haroun, 24, Sudanese-born Qatari Olympic sprinter (2016), Asian Games 400m champion (2018), world junior 400m champion (2016), traffic collision. Jon Hassell, 84, American trumpeter and composer. Paula Jacobs, 88–89, English actress (Albion Market, An American Werewolf in London, The Remains of the Day). S. Kameswaran, 98, Indian surgeon. Mir Hazar Khan Khoso, 91, Pakistani jurist and politician, chief justice of the Federal Shariat Court (1992–1994) and caretaker prime minister (2013), cardiac arrest. John Langley, 78, American television producer (Cops), heart attack. José Antonio Morales Ehrlich, 85, Salvadoran politician, mayor of San Salvador (1974–1976, 1987–1988). Lebogang More, 41, South African politician, Gauteng MPL (since 2013). Josip Osti, 75, Bosnian-born Slovenian poet and translator. Jhon Mario Ramírez, 50, Colombian football player (Boyacá Chicó, national team) and manager (Patriotas), COVID-19. Frederic Rzewski, 83, American composer (The People United Will Never Be Defeated!) and pianist, heart attack. Johnny Solinger, 55, American singer-songwriter (Skid Row), liver failure. David Yale, 93, British legal historian. 27 Donald Arnold, 85, Canadian rower, Olympic champion (1956), heart failure. Silvano Bertini, 81, Italian boxer, Olympic bronze medallist (1964). Big Jake, 20, American Belgian gelding, tallest living horse (since 2010). (death announced on this date) Reuven Bulka, 77, Canadian rabbi, leader of Machzikei Hadas (since 1967), liver and pancreatic cancer. Lellia Cracco Ruggini, 89, Italian historian. Jean-Claude Dionne, 86, Canadian geographer and professor. Jack G. Downing, 80, American CIA field officer, colon cancer. Jevgeņijs Drobots, 74, Latvian politician, member of the Supreme Council (1990–1993). Kolbein Falkeid, 87, Norwegian poet. Noel Furlong, 83, Irish poker player and carpet distributor. Erwin Carl Gangl, 83, American electrical engineer, fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Gao Shangquan, 92, Chinese economist. Alison Greenspan, 48, American film and television producer (Monte Carlo, The Best of Me, For Life), cancer. Steven Horwitz, 57, American economist. Jiang Jingshan, 85, Chinese aerospace engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. José Luis Liso, 86, Spanish politician, mayor of Soria (1979–1987) and senator (1986–2000). Jean Macdonald, 101, Scottish archaeologist and museum curator. Lambert Mascarenhas, 106, Indian journalist (The Navhind Times, Goa Today) and independence activist. Dominick Montiglio, 73, American mob associate (Gambino crime family). Andrew Moody, 60, British journalist (China Daily, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hiroaki Nakanishi, 75, Japanese electronics executive, president (2010–2014) and chairman (since 2014) of Hitachi, lymphoma. Kenneth Ogba, 54, Nigerian politician, Delta State MHA (since 2019). Peps Persson, 74, Swedish musician, heart failure. Khursheed Shahid, 95, Pakistani actress, cardiac arrest. Greg Sizer, 55, Australian footballer (Melbourne). Bill Weigand, 92, Canadian politician, mayor of Whitehorse (1991–1994). Ian White, 76, British politician, MEP (1989–1999). 28 Lázaro Barbosa de Sousa, 32, Brazilian murderer and kidnapper, shot. Lauren Berlant, 63, American scholar and writer, cancer. Ivan Bordi, 83, Romanian Olympic water polo player (1956). Maurice Buffière, 87, French Olympic basketball player (1956). Burton Greene, 84, American jazz pianist. Harry Johnston, 89, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1989–1997), member (1974–1986) and president (1984–1986) of the Florida Senate. Richard H. Jefferson, 90, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1987–1999). Liliane Kerjan, 81, French author. Jeannot Mwenze Kongolo, 61, Congolese politician, minister of interior affairs (1997–1998). Paul Koulak, 78, French composer. Vera Nikolić, 72, Serbian Olympic middle-distance runner (1968, 1972). Greg Noll, 84, American surfer. Fernand Ouellet, 94, Canadian author. Sergio Víctor Palma, 65, Argentine boxer, WBA super bantamweight champion (1980–1982), complications from COVID-19. Menelik Shabazz, 67, Barbadian-born British film director (Burning an Illusion), producer and educator, complications from diabetes. John C. H. Spence, 75, Australian-born American physicist. Joe Winston, 77, Irish Gaelic footballer (St Eunan's, Donegal). 29 Dalenda Abdou, 92, Tunisian actress (El Icha), COVID-19. Jock Aird, 94, Scottish footballer (Burnley, national team). William S. Anderson, 102, British-American businessman, president of NCR (1972–1984). Fintan Aylward, 93, Canadian jurist and politician, Newfoundland and Labrador MHA (1972–1975). Evgeni Bakardzhiev, 66, Bulgarian politician, MP (1997–2005). Gordon Brooks, 81, Barbadian cricket photographer (national team) and sports journalist. Stuart Damon, 84, American actor (General Hospital, The Champions, Port Charles), kidney failure. Abu Deraa, Iraqi militant, shot. Maxime Ferrari, 91, Seychellois politician, minister of labor (1975–1978), planning and development (1978–1982), and planning and external relations (1982–1984). Émile-José Fettweis, 93, Belgian architect. Delia Fiallo, 96, Cuban author and screenwriter (Lucecita, Estrellita mía, Cristal). Ramlan Hutahaean, 65, Indonesian Lutheran priest. Carolyn Tanner Irish, 81, American Anglican prelate, bishop of Utah (1996–2010). Xavier Lacroix, 74, French philosopher and theologian. John Lawton, 74, English hard rock singer (Uriah Heep, Lucifer's Friend). Petros Leventakos, 75, Greek footballer (Panachaiki, Ethnikos Piraeus, PAS Giannina). Norman Lowe, 93, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers). Elizabeth Martínez, 95, American Chicana feminist. Vicky Peretz, 68, Israeli football player (Maccabi Tel Aviv, national team) and manager (Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan). Goolam Rajah, 74, South African cricket administrator and manager (national team), COVID-19. Scott Reid, 74, American baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies) and scout (Detroit Tigers). Jane, Lady Roberts, 71, British librarian and curator, royal librarian (2002–2013). Donald Rumsfeld, 88, American politician, secretary of defense (1975–1977, 2001–2006) and member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1963–1969), multiple myeloma. Onsi Sawiris, 91, Egyptian businessman, founder of Orascom Construction. Carlos Vilar, 91, Argentine sailor, world champion (1948, 1951), COVID-19 and heart disease. César Virguetti, 66, Bolivian politician and academic, deputy (since 2020), COVID-19. Robert Wykes, 95, American classical composer and flautist. Xue Yuqun, 89, Chinese hydrogeologist, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 30 Bonfoh Abass, 72, Togolese politician, member (1999–2013) and president (2005–2013) of the National Assembly, acting president (2005). Silvia Alessandri, 94, Chilean politician, deputy (1969–1973). Bart Bartholomew, 85, American Olympic weightlifter (1968). Skippy Blair, 97, American ballroom dancer. Jean Botham, 86, British Olympic swimmer (1952). Vic Briggs, 76, English blues and rock guitarist (Steampacket, Eric Burdon and the Animals), cancer. Ruth Budd, 97, Canadian bassist. Inge Danielsson, 80, Swedish footballer (Helsingborg, Ajax, national team). Richard Dolley, 61, South African cricket player (Eastern Province) and administrator, COVID-19. Antoinette Duclaire, 33, Haitian feminist and political activist, shot. Joel Edwards, 70, Jamaican-born British writer and broadcaster, general director of the Evangelical Alliance, cancer. Jimmy Fitzmorris, 99, American politician, lieutenant governor of Louisiana (1972–1980). Abdur Razzaq Iskander, 85, Pakistani Islamic scholar, chancellor of Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia (since 1997), emir of AMTKN (since 2015) and president of Wifaq ul Madaris (since 2017). Raj Kaushal, 49, Indian film director (Anthony Kaun Hai?, Shaadi Ka Laddoo, Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi) and producer, heart attack. K. V. Sampath Kumar, 64, Indian newspaper editor (Sudharma), heart attack. Janet Moreau, 93, American track and field athlete, Olympic champion (1952). Rafael Moreno Rojas, 84, Chilean politician, senator (1972–1973, 1998–2006). Barbara Murphy, 56, Irish nephrologist, glioblastoma. Paul Musso, 89, French Olympic sports shooter (1968). Bob Newland, 72, American football player (New Orleans Saints). Yasunori Oshima, 70, Japanese baseball player (Chunichi Dragons, Nippon Ham Fighters), colorectal cancer. The Patriot, 59, American professional wrestler (AWA, AJPW, WWF), heart attack. John L. Pearson, 95, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1966–1980). Arthur M. Poskanzer, 90, American experimental physicist. Märt Ringmaa, 83, Estonian serial bomber, stroke. William St Clair, 83, British historian. Sharad Tripathi, 49, Indian politician, MP (2014–2019). Alain Viala, 73, English literary scientist. Tim Webster, 71, American football player (Green Bay Packers). References 2021-06 06

66199508

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cassius%20McDonald

Michael Cassius McDonald

Michael "Mike" Cassius McDonald (1839–August 9, 1907) was a crime boss, political boss, and businessman based out of Chicago. He is considered to have introduced organized crime to the city, and to have also established its first political machine. At the height of his power, he had influence over politicians of all levels in the state of Illinois. McDonald permanently settled in Chicago as an adult sometime after the American Civil War. McDonald ran gambling parlors in the city. As a crime boss, he developed a system in which he would guarantee the city's gambling dens and brothels protection from interference in exchange for payment. A Democrat, McDonald was involved in the city's politics, and, at his peak, wielded massive influence over it. McDonald was also involved in numerous business ventures. He was one of the principal figures behind the Lake Street Elevated Railroad Company, which built the Lake Street Elevated rapid transit line in Chicago. In the mid-1890s, McDonald retired from the gambling business, and his gambling circuit deconsolidated under the leadership of several different crime bosses. Early life and family McDonald was born in Niagara Falls, New York in 1939. McDonald and his family lived in an Irish enclave of Niagara County, New york. McDonald father was Edward "Ed" McDonald. As a young man, Ed McDonald had immigrated to Canada from County Cork, Ireland as a stowaway. The elder McDonald then worked in Quebec as a laborer, before immigrating again into the United States, settling in Niagara County in 1937. Ed McDonald became a loyal member of the Democratic Party which was relatively new at the time. McDonald's mother was born in Limerick, Ireland with the maiden name of Mary Guy. She was a religious woman. She wed Ed McDonald in Niagara, and had three children, Michael, Mary, and Edward Jr. Functionally illiterate, she would required her children to attend parochial school during the week and mass on Sundays. McDonald's father was a strict disciplinarian who regularly administered corporal punishment to his children for misbehavior. The younger McDonald, despite his father's urging, refused to pursue a job as a bootmaker's apprentice. In the autumn of 1854, a fifteen year old McDonald traveled to Chicago on a two-week trip. He returned to Chicago two years later along with four friends from school. In Chicago he worked as a "train butcher", selling candy and goods to train passengers. He committed a number of swindles while working. In 1860, he quit train butchering, and moved to New Orleans. In New Orleans he took note of the gambling culture there. During the American Civil War, he organized groups of fraudulent enlistees who enlisted under false aliases multiple times to collect the $500 bounties. In this scheme, he colluded with army deserters, who had agreed to turn themselves in, to then reenlist, and then split the commission which McDonald received for recruiting them. Return to Chicago Sometime after the American Civil War he returned to Chicago. After having spent some time financing a traveling faro bank, in 1867, McDonald opened his first gambling establishment at 89 Dearborn street. In November 1868, the Chicago Tribune reported McDonald's arrest, along with national billiards champion John McDevitt and two other gamblers, for criminal conspiracy and the running of gambling dens after having apparently fleeced an intoxicated man out of more than $400 while playing faro. In 1869, he was arrested for allegedly stealing $30,000 from an assistant cashier of the Chicago Dock Company. The cashier had given the money to McDonald to finance his gambling operations. McDonald was unable to afford bail, and, consequentially, spent three months in prison prior to being acquitted at his trial. Because of the expense spent on his criminal trial, McDonald had trouble paying protection payments to the police, and, as a result, his gambling operation was frequently raided, and McDonald was repeatedly arrested and fined. This fostered McDonald's lifelong distain for police. McDonald had a common-law marriage, until his common-law wife ran away to join a convent in St. Louis. In the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, McDonald lost the entirety of his real estate and businesses, which were uninsured. Within a few weeks of the fire, McDonald managed to raise enough funds to establish a saloon at State Street and Harrison Street, where illegal card games were featured. On December 5, 1871, McDonald married Mary Ann Noonan, a divorcee with two children from her previous marriage. Criminal and political rule in Chicago In the mid-1870s, McDonald would engage in a number of ventures which would make him a multi-millionaire by the mid-1880s. In 1873, McDonald opened a gaming parlor named "The Store". It was a four-floor building located at the northwest corner of the intersection of North Clark Street and West Monroe Street. This was McDonald's first major business venture. “The Store” proved to be an instant success. The games were rigged, but it became a gambling mecca and a major attraction in the city. It contained a saloon, hotel, and a fine dining establishment in addition to its games. Some sources attribute the origin of the famous phrase "there's a sucker born every minute" to McDonald, who reportedly said it in response to concerns a crony voiced about whether the parlor could attract enough costumers to fill the large number of gaming tables in the venue. McDonald developed a system under which he was paid tribute by the city's gambling establishments and brothels, and, in exchange, would use his influence to ensure that they could operate without police interference. McDonald's criminal activities in the 1870s and 1880s are considered to mark the beginning of organized crime in the city of Chicago. He is considered to have been Chicago's first mob boss. His crime syndicate would make him significant amounts of revenue. He would also receive regular critical press from many of the city's newspapers, contributing to his notoriety. Another profitable venture which McDonald ran was a bail bond business. Through this business, he was also able to garner connections with many of the city's criminals. McDonald became involved in Chicago's politics, forming a political organization that was dubbed the "gambler's trust". This is considered to have been Chicago's first political machine. Some consider his political activities to have laid the base upon which the city's modern Democratic Party was built. In 1873, by which time McDonald was well-established in the criminal underbelly of Chicago, he organized the successful mayoral campaign of his close friend Harvey Doolittle Colvin. Colvin's victory garnered McDonald great influence in the city. McDonald, thus, gained a friend in the mayor's office, as opposed to the previous anti-gambling mayor Joseph Medill, who had made many efforts at reform in the City. McDonald's political influence experienced a setback when Chicago elected reform mayor Monroe Heath in 1876. However, a McDonald-backed candidate would soon return to the mayor's office. Appreciating his liberal views on liquor consumption and gambling, McDonald supported Carter Harrison Sr. for mayor in the 1879 Chicago mayoral election, playing a major role in Harrison's election as mayor. McDonald would come to have many of the city's politicians under his influence. By the peak of his influence, he would receive the nickname "King Mike", and would brag that he "ran the town" and had the city's police department "under his thumb". McDonald established an alliance between the city's gambling interests and its politicians which saw some illegal gaming revenue used to fund Democratic Party political operations. As a political boss, he became so powerful in the city's Democratic Party, that, for some time, he held an effective veto over the selection of candidates to be the party's nominees for election in the city. While mayor, Monroe Heath ordered raids on McDonald's gambling operations. On November 23, 1878, there was a police raid on McDonald's personal apartment, located on the third floor of "the Store". McDonald was not home, but his wife Mary was. Mary hated cops, and fired a gunshot from a pistol that killed a police officer conducting the raid. She was arrested, but McDonald used his influence to secure her release. The shooting was ultimately ruled a justifiable homicide after McDonald bribed a judge. Amid these raids, he had his saloon license briefly revoked, but it was restored within a week. After the shooting incident, McDonald moved his wife and two children out of “The Store” and into a mansion that was built for them on Ashland Avenue, near Mayor Harrison's own residence. However, months later, Mary McDonald left her husband to pursue a relationship with a notable minstrel singer in San Francisco. McDonald went to San Francisco to pursue them, and this was treated as an item of great amusement by Chicago's newspapers. Ultimately, he found his wife and her lover, and Mary asked McDonald to take her back. The two returned to Chicago. In 1882, McDonald was indicted for running a gaming house, but was able to get off, in part due to bribed witnesses. In 1882, McDonald bought the short-lived newspaper the Chicago Globe. He sought to utilize the newspaper to influence both elections and to persuade the passage of municipal ordinances that he favored. At a private meeting held at the White House, McDoanld was able to convince Chester A. Arthur to pardon a colleague of his who had been convicted in a pyramid scheme. Around the year 1885, McDonald created a book-making syndicate which held control of gambling at race tracks in Chicago and Indiana. The most notable race track was Garfield Park Racetrack. In 1885, McDonald claimed to be retiring from the gambling business. In early 1885, McDonald also said he was going to retire from politics. Both would prove not to be the case, and he would remain involved in politics until his death, and would not retire from the gambling business until roughly a decade later. In February 1885, a month before the 1885 Chicago mayoral election, a grand jury found McDonald's right-hand man Joseph Mackin and others with connections to Harrison guilty of election fraud in the 1884 elections, creating a scandal for Harrison ahead of being up for reelection. Despite the fact that no personal wrongdoing on Harrison's part was involved in these charges, the charges against Mackin and others compounded with the preexisting rumors relating to Harrison to foster a public sentiment that challenged Harrison's popularity. While he won a narrow reelection in 1885, the loss popularity from these scandals contributed to Harrison's decision to not seek reelection to a fifth term in the 1887 Chicago mayoral election. Various contracting firms which McDonald owned would receive sweetheart deals from the city government, thanks to a number of alderman popularly dubbed “Mike McDonald's Democrats”. Often, these services were never even rendered by the shell companies which McDonald owned. In the 1880s, McDonald and a business partner were awarded the contract to supply the stone for the new city hall structure being built to provide a permanent replacement to the courthouse and city hall annex which had been lost during the Great Chicago Fire. In 1887, McDonald successfully bribed the Chicago City Council and Cook County Board of Commissioners to give him a contract to paint the city's court house with a compound that, in actuality, was only chalk and water. He charged $128,250 for this work. Some went to prison for participation in this fraud, but the powerful McDonald did not even face any prosecution for his role. However, this created scandal after a newspaper investigation discovered this, and it tarnished McDonald's image, leaving him with the local title of "King of the Boodlers". In 1887, as a result orf this scandal, former General Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department Wiliam J. McGargile was convicted of complicity in a Cook County graft ring, including bribes from McDonald. He escaped to Canada, and, two years later, would return to Chicago two years later, exonerated of all 23 pending indictments following the payment of a token $1,000 fine. In the aftermath of the scandal, McDonald largely withdrew for a while, even selling “The Store”. The tarnish of scandal in which McDonald had found himself in was another contributing factor to Carter Harrison's decision not to run in the 1887 mayoral election. During the 1887 mayoral election, in which there was resultingly no Democratic nominee, the capitalist McDonald supported Republican John A. Roche over the Socialist Labor Party's nominee Robert S. Nelson. By the mid-1880s, McDonald had invested in the transit company of Charles Yerkes. In 1888, partnering with Yerkes and Colonel Alberger, McDonald began to push plans for the Lake Street Elevated, being involved in the Lake Street Elevated Railroad Company. While not one of the official incorporators of the company, he was a key figure in it. In December of that year, after McDonald bribed thirteen members of the Chicago City Council, it approved an ordinance allowing construction of the rapid transit line by approving a 25-year franchise. Construction began that same month. Regular passenger service began on the Lake Street Elevated on November 6, 1893. Gambling circles nicknamed the rapid transit line "Mike's Upstairs Railroad". Since they reunited, McDonald had become distant from his wife Mary, being away on business much of the time. Mary busied herself with religion, even building an altar in their Ashland Avenue home and having a private priest hired to administer sacred rights and say mass. On August 9, 1889, McDonald's wife Mary departed to elope to Paris with Reverend John Moysant, the priest at Notre Dame de Chicago, who McDonald had hired to be Mary's personal chaplain. In the aftermath of this, McDonald would renounce his Catholic faith. On September 11, 1889, McDonald filed in Superior Court of Cook County for divorce from Mary. He requested full custody of their two children, arguing that Mary was "unfit". McDonald and his wife Mary had two children together, Guy Cassius and Cassius Michael, who were, respectively, the ages of 9 and 4 at the time the divorce was filed. In the divorce suit, A. S. Trude served as his solicitor and A.B. Jenks as his counsel. In the 1891 Chicago mayoral election, ahead of the Democratic nominating convention, McDonald supported incumbent mayor DeWitt Clinton Cregier for re-nomination over Carter Harrison, the latter of whom was seeking to make a comeback and win a fifth nonconsecutive term as mayor. Cregier would win renomination, but would lose the general election after Harrison ran an independent campaign, helping to split the Democratic Party vote. In October 1892, McDonald came out in support of Benjamin Harrison for reelection as president. By the time of the 1893 Chicago mayoral election, McDonald had a longstanding feud with Carter Harrison Sr., who was again seeking election to a fifth nonconsecutive term. In the Democratic mayoral primary, McDonald backed Washington Hesing against Harrison. Harrison won the Democratic nomination. In the general election, McDonald attempted to reconcile with Harrison, who refused McDonald's overtures. Despite this, during the election, rumors arose that arose that Harrison had received McDonald's support in exchange for agreeing that, as mayor, he would provide McDonald a license to operate the Garfield FPark Racetrack. Harrison won election, but was assassinated months later by a disgruntled office-seeker named Patrick Eugene Prendergast. During the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, McDonald made the demand that pickpockets and hustlers avoid the area near to the world's fair in order to avoid tarnishing the city's image. In the mid-1890s, McDonald retired from the gambling business. After he retired from gambling, the gambling circuit deconsolidated, and became divided between numerous bosses governing different territories. Later years McDonald's last decade saw much family turmoil. In the winter 1895, McDonald's father Ed McDonald passed away. Around New Years 1895, McDonald married the 25-year old Flora "Dora" Feldman McDonald. The daughter of a rabbi, she was burlesque dancer before marrying McDonald. Born Flora Feldman, McDonald had known her when she was a child as she had been a schoolmate of McDonald's sons. At the time McDonald began a public affair with her, she was married to professional baseball player Sam Barkley. McDonald gave Barkley $30,000 to help persuade him to agree to divorce her. McDonald and Dora wed in a Catholic church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, McDonald, at Flora's urging, renounced his lifelong Catholic faith and converted to Judaism. They initially kept their marriage a secret until Chicago newspapers learned of it after they attended a show together at Hooley's Theatre. McDonald also adopted her son Harold Barkley. There were disputes within McDonald's blended family. McDonald's sons did not appreciate that their childhood playmate had become their stepmother and that a complete stranger had been adopted as their stepbrother. At the age of 19, McDonald's son Guy, wanting to escape the drama-filled household, married his girlfriend over his father's objections and threats to disinherit him if he did. Additionally, McDonald's ex-wife Mary reentered the picture. Dora took Guy to court over improper letters she believed he had written her, but the court dropped the case when it was revealed that Mary was actually the author of these letters. McDonald's wife Dora had begun began a sexual affair with a thirteen year old high school student (fifteen years her junior) named Webster Guerin. After a decade long affair with Guerin, she suspected Guerin of seeing other women. On February 21, 1907, Dora Feldman McDonald went to Guerin's picture studio in Chicago Loop, where an argument broke out between the two. She fired single gunshot into Guerin. When people, having heard the gunshot, arrived at the studio, she attempted to claim that he had shot himself. Guerin died from the gunshot. Five minutes after she shot Guerin, police officer Clifton Woodridge (one of Chicago's top detectives) arrived at the studio, having, unrelatedly, come to investigate reports of questionable business practices. Dora Feldman McDonald was arrested for murder. She admitted to police that she had murdered him, but told McDonald she had only done so because she was being blackmailed. He claimed she had told him the morning she shot Guerin that she was being blackmailed, and that she intended to resolve it. McDonald stood by his wife, and used his influence to delay the trial. The killing became international news. The trial was anticipated by some in the media to be even more sensationalized than the murder trial of Harry Kendall Thaw for the killing of Stanford White. Dora Feldman McDonald's mental health condition worsened while she was in jail awaiting trial, and some close to her feared her to be suicidal. She had previously experienced frequent psychotic episodes in her youth. Dora Feldman McDonald's mental health evaluated multiple times while in jail. Death McDonald died on August 9, 1907. At his side when he died was his ex-wife Mary. He owned $2 million in assets at the time of his death. He had set up a $25,000 legal defense fund to pay for his widow Dora's legal defense, a significant amount of money in that day. This paid for a legal team with notable lawyers, led by Alfred Trude. Her lawyers argued that she had shot Guerin in self-defense. Ultimately, in January 1908, his widow would be acquitted after only five hours of deliberation by a jury. Portrayal in pop culture McDonald's elegant and flamboyant dress inspired the appearance of the character Gaylord Ravenal in Edna Ferber's 1926 book Show Boat. The book was quickly adapted into the musical of the same name, and the musical has seen several film, radio and television adaptions. References Sources cited 1839 births 1907 deaths Criminals from Chicago Political bosses Illinois Democrats Businesspeople from Chicago People from Niagara Falls, New York Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism

66203129

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Azure

Deep Azure

Deep Azure is a 2005 play written by Chadwick Boseman, using lyrical verse. It tells the story of Azure, a young black woman with an eating disorder, in the wake of her fiancé's death through an act of black-on-black violence. Development The director Derrick Sanders met playwright Chadwick Boseman at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where they were involved in the Hip-hop theater movement. Sanders then co-founded the Congo Square Theatre Company in Chicago, while Boseman continued to write, direct, and teach theater in New York City. After Sanders saw a production of Boseman's play Hieroglyphic Graffiti they began discussing a commission for Boseman to write for Congo Square, with both drawing on William Shakespeare's lyricism and relationship between story and character as an influence, as well as their hip hop background. Boseman had studied Shakespeare while at Oxford University with the British American Drama Academy, and had wanted to "take urban prose and poetry and kind of lift it up like Shakespearean verse". He had also been friends with Prince Jones, a Howard student who was killed by a police officer in 2000, and wanted to depict a similar story. He combined the killing with a relationship drama, to focus on a woman with an eating disorder. Prince Jones is alluded to in the play when the deceased character Deep is referred to by saying: "This Prince left us dense and went home to God too soon." The play was first written by Boseman as a poem. Sanders commissioned it in 2004 as Congo Square's first production; he told The Guardian that Boseman intertwined ancestry and spiritual elements in the work, "not exactly magical realism but the spirits and the motivations for the characters are intertwined". Daniel Banks directed the play at the Folger Theatre in Washington, D.C., and said it "was written as a ritual of community healing." Boseman said at the time that it was "a fusion and progression of [his] previous plays", which he did not feel fit wholly in the Hip Hop theater genre. In 2008, Boseman turned his script into a screenplay, which Sanders later said Boseman always wanted to direct. Characters Banks said that the "characters are invested in the cultural side of hip-hop, and the community knowledge and ancestral connection to the power of the word. They are members of the global culture of hip-hop and view themselves as having a responsibility to their community and to their origins as people of African heritage." The characters' stories deal with "self-hate and self abuse" originating in personal perceptions. Azure, originated by Bakesta King. She suffers from anorexia-bulimia, which is contrasted with her fiancé, Deep's, death. Boseman said that her central story "points to a woman's struggles of body image and beauty, issues that are often ignored by the misogynistic brand of Hip Hop". Deep, originated by Terrance Watts. Deep is a victim of racial profiling and police brutality, and was Azure's fiancé before he was shot and killed by Tone. Boseman wrote that the main tragedy of Deep's death was his youth and unfulfilled potential, that "he is a Prince – a would-be king, a would-be husband, a would-be father, and a would-be leader – whose development has been aborted before he could serve out his true purpose." Tone, originated by Javon Johnson. Tone is a friend to Deep and Azure who tries to help her find out what really happened. Johnson and Boseman's families knew each other in Anderson, South Carolina, and following the original production the two collaborated on works and remained friends until Boseman's death. Roshad, originated by Ron Conner. Boseman described this character as "vengeful". The chorus is called Street Knowledge, characters that use popping and locking and beatboxing in their storytelling. The heightened hip hop style allows for the elements of magical realism needed to have a classical chorus "without such pricey bells and whistles". Performances Congo Square premiered Deep Azure at the Chernin Center for the Arts in Chicago in September and October 2005. It was workshopped by Congo Square during the Hip-Hop Theatre Festival at the Apollo Theater in New York City, prior to the full production premiere. The Chicago Tribune Chris Jones "got a kick out of [this because it was] a reversal of the usual power structure in the theater". It was also workshopped at the Folger Theatre in Washington, D.C. Reception The play was nominated for a 2006 Jeff Award for Best New Work. The play is mainly about police brutality, a daring subject in 2004. Chris Jones called Boseman a "fresh talent – new, young, sophisticated, African-American writer with all of the flaws that flow from youth and inexperience and all of the excitement that draws from those very same places", and highly praised the work for its rhythm; cultural references to properties as diverse as Shakespeare and Spider-Man; and exploration of black-on-black violence, but criticized that it needed better focus. He concluded that even so, he would "hand Boseman a [playwriting] commission. Several commissions." Kris Vire for Time Out said that "one gets the sense that Boseman is making the excited young playwright's mistake of trying to cram everything he ever wanted to say into one play [but] is plainly a talented writer, and there's a lot to admire here." Reflecting on it in 2020, Chris Jones added that the play has elements similar to the popular musical Hamilton, which Sanders and others also suggested it was a cultural precursor to. References 2005 plays African-American plays American plays Plays set in Washington, D.C.

66209364

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Champaign%20v.%20Madigan

City of Champaign v. Madigan

City of Champaign v. Madigan, 2013 IL App (4th) 120662, 992 N.E.2d 629 (2013), is a case decided by the Illinois Appellate Court in 2013 concerning the state's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The court ruled that messages sent and received by elected officials during a city council meeting are subject to public disclosure, even when those communications are stored on personal electronic devices. The case addressed a public records request from a reporter for The News-Gazette in Champaign, Illinois, who observed Champaign city council members and the mayor using their personal electronic devices to send messages, outside the public's view, during a city council meeting. After city officials denied the reporter's request for the private messages, the reporter requested administrative review by the Public Access Counselor, part of the office of the Attorney General. The Attorney General's office, led by Lisa Madigan, issued a binding opinion, finding that records pertaining to the transaction of public business are subject to disclosure under FOIA, even if they are stored on an official's personal electronic device or account. On appeal, the Appellate Court upheld the Attorney General's opinion, but on more limited grounds, finding that officials would have to disclose their records only when acting as a "public body". The court found that members of a city council do not constitute a public body when acting individually. However, because the city council members in question had convened a public meeting, they were acting collectively as a public body, and their messages were therefore subject to disclosure under FOIA. The court's decision left room for interpretation regarding the disclosure requirements for employees, rather than elected members, of a public body. This matter was clarified in subsequent litigation, including Public Access Opinion 16-006, which found that emails of employees are subject to disclosure if they pertain to public business, regardless of whether they are stored on personal devices. The General Assembly has considered legislation to clarify the disclosure requirements under FOIA concerning private devices, but the bills have expired. Background Patrick Wade, a reporter for The News-Gazette in Champaign, Illinois, observed members of the Champaign city council and the mayor using their personal electronic devices to send messages during a public meeting. Curious about the contents of their private discussions, Wade filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the city on July 15, 2011, for the following records: City officials provided Wade with records held by the city or its subsidiary public bodies. However, it denied his request for records from personal devices, responding that "private citizen’s communications to the Council member’s or the Mayor’s privately owned electronic devices is not within the scope of the Freedom of Information Act." An attorney for the city also advised that the Appellate Court had previously held, in Quinn v. Stone, that only a public body is subject to FOIA, not individual public officials such as the mayor or city council members. On August 1, 2011, Wade requested administrative review with the Public Access Counselor, an attorney in the office of the Illinois Attorney General who is responsible for enforcing FOIA. Wade maintained that the requested records, even when privately held, are subject to disclosure because the officials were each communicating "in their role as a member of that public body during an ongoing public meeting". Attorney General opinion The Attorney General's office, led by Lisa Madigan, issued a binding opinion titled "Public Access Opinion 11-006" on November 15, 2011. The Attorney General ruled that electronic communications, whether on publicly or privately-owned devices, may be subject to disclosure under FOIA. The opinion referred to FOIA's definition of "public records", which includes documents "pertaining to the transaction of public business, regardless of physical form or characteristics, having been prepared by or for, or having been or being used by, received by, in the possession of, or under the control of any public body". The Attorney General concluded that the city was narrowly focused on the phrase "in the possession of" when determining whether the requested communications were subject to disclosure. When construing FOIA as a whole, the opinion concluded that records "in the possession of" the city are only one type of public record. The opinion further added: "Whether information is a 'public record' is not determined by where, how, or on what device that record was created; rather the question is whether that record was prepared by or used by one or more members of a public body in conducting the affairs of government." The key factor in determining what constitutes a "public record" is whether the record relates to "public business". The Attorney General also rejected the city's reliance on Quinn. In Quinn, the Appellate Court determined that a FOIA request cannot be directed at an individual official, but rather must be submitted to a public body. Here, the opinion concluded that it is consistent with the court's ruling in Quinn, by finding that the communications of city officials are not records of the officials themselves, but rather the city. Lastly, the city raised concerns that disclosure of private information could potentially implicate First Amendment rights. However, the opinion stated that records needed to be produced only when they relate to public business, and there was no evidence that such disclosure would violate the First Amendment. Family matters, political business, and other personal issues would not be subject to disclosure. Court opinion The city appealed the Attorney General's opinion to the circuit court of Sangamon County, which affirmed the decision in June 2012. The city then appealed to the Fourth District of the Appellate Court later that summer. On July 16, 2013, the Appellate Court upheld the opinion that the messages were public records, but on more limited grounds. The court's opinion was written by Justice Carol Pope. Justices Thomas R. Appleton and Lisa Holder White, the other members of the appellate panel for this matter, agreed to Pope's opinion. First, the court clarified that messages concerning personal matters were not subject to disclosure, since FOIA addresses only records "pertaining to the transaction of public business". Communications relating to community interests, rather than private affairs, constitute "public records" under FOIA. The city admitted that some of the communications related to this case were related to public business. The court found that members of a city council do not constitute a "public body" when acting individually. Rather, they act as a collective body, after convening a meeting with the other members of the city council. By this interpretation, if a constituent sends a message to a city council member at home on their personal device, that message would not be subject to FOIA even if it pertains to public business. On the other hand, if the message was created during a council meeting, then it would also be subject to FOIA because the members were acting collectively as a public body. Additionally, the court noted that a quorum of individual members constitutes a public body, since a quorum can make binding decisions. Therefore, a communication would become a record of the public body if it were forwarded or sent to enough members to establish a quorum. Lastly, the record may also become subject to disclosure when forwarded or sent to a government-owned account. Because Wade's FOIA request was narrowly tailored to records created during city council meetings, the court did not have to consider other tangential issues. The court's decision was the first in Illinois to find that private messages were subject to disclosure under FOIA, reflecting a growing consensus interpreting freedom of information laws elsewhere in the United States. The city announced that it intended to comply with the court's ruling, noting that there were "very few documents" to release. It did not plan to appeal the case any further. Reactions and subsequent developments Illinois Policy praised the ruling as "a victory for increased transparency in government", noting that the Open Meetings Act also requires transparency on what takes place during public meetings. Frank LoMonte, of the Student Press Law Center, regarded the court's decision as "a positive step for accountability", but noted that its effects are meaningful only if public officials follow retention guidelines for any government-related messages on their personal devices. Because of the ambiguity in FOIA, the court recommended that the General Assembly expressly amend FOIA if it intended messages stored on personal devices to be subject to disclosure. It also urged local governments to enact their own rules prohibiting city council members from using their personal devices during public meetings. Legal experts noted that the ruling's implications on local governments remain uncertain. John M. O'Driscoll, a local government attorney, advised public bodies throughout Illinois to review their practices and ordinances to minimize their risk of having to disclose communications intended to remain private. He also urged public officials to refrain from using their phones during public meetings, but this advice may prove difficult to enforce as officials heavily rely on their personal devices. O'Driscoll said that responding to FOIA requests for electronic communications remains difficult, and subsequent scenarios may be addressed by future litigation on a case-by-case basis. The court's decision left room for interpretation in other contexts. The disclosure requirements for aldermen was limited because a city council technically is not acting as a public body until it has convened a meeting to conduct its business. Regarding employees (rather than elected members) of the public body, the applicability of City of Champaign was unclear, as a legal expert noted that "executive branch employees" act on the public body's behalf. In May 2016, the Circuit Court of Cook County clarified the matter when it ruled that personal emails of Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel may be subject to disclosure, even when stored on private devices. Later that year, the Attorney General's office revisited this issue by issuing Public Access Opinion 16-006, deciding that officers of the Chicago Police Department were required to release their private emails about the police-involved murder of Laquan McDonald. Journalists also pointed towards similar public access issues during the administration of Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner and the Hillary Clinton email controversy. In 2020, the First District of the Appellate Court ordered the release of correspondence held on private devices of several Chicago officials, including the mayor, his staff, and the public health commissioner. In that ruling, the court noted that City of Champaign held “that personal communications are at least sometimes public records”. In 2017, the General Assembly considered two bills, which appeared to be in response to City of Champaign and Public Access Opinion 16-006. One bill would have made it more difficult to obtain records not already in the control of a public body. Another bill would have amended the Local Records Act to explicitly state that all emails sent or received by government officials and employees are public records "regardless of whether the email is sent or received on a personal or agency-provided email address". The bill also would have required public officials and employees to use government-issued email addresses, and forward any emails related to public business on personal accounts to their governmental accounts. Both bills expired in January 2019. Notes References External links Full text of Public Access Opinion 11-006 Full text of the Appellate Court's opinion Illinois state case law Freedom of information in the United States

66231839

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graham%20%28clergyman%29

John Graham (clergyman)

John Graham (1774–1844) was a Church of Ireland clergyman, a senior officer of the Orange Order, and a prolific author of poetic and historical works. He opposed Catholic Emancipation and was for more than two decades a prominent champion of the Protestant cause in Ireland. Early life and Church appointments He was the eldest son of James and Anne (née Hart) Graham of Clones, County Monaghan, born in the parish of Shruel, County Longford, on 21 April 1774. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he joined both the College’s corps of yeomanry and the recently formed Orange Institution, graduating in July 1798, the year of the United Irishmen’s uprising. In August he set out from Dublin to be ordained at Killala but, finding that district occupied by French insurgents, he joined a troop of dragoons and remained in active service until on 9 September he "saw by the light of the rising sun on the ensanguined field of Ballynamuck the dead bodies of seven hundred Irish rebels and the entire of their French allies prisoner". Returning to Dublin, he was ordained a priest of the Church of Ireland on 24 February 1799. He held successive curacies in the Ulster parishes of Kilrush, Maghera, Tamlaght O’Crilly and Lifford, until in 1824 he was appointed Rector of Tamlaghtard, otherwise Magilligan, where he remained until his death twenty years later. While at Lifford he was inspector of the local gaol and kept a school where his pupils included James MacCullagh, future Fellow of the Royal Society and recipient of its Copley Medal. Visiting Graham in 1822, Dr Thomas Reid found he had charge of Lifford’s lunatic asylum and was "fraught with information on almost every topic ... and distinguished for learning and talents of the first order". Reid recorded his surprise that, after twenty-three years as a curate, this "excellent individual" had yet to be rewarded with his own parish. Five years earlier Earl Whitworth, the Lord Lieutenant, had regretted the lack of opportunity to give Graham the preferment he desired. Graham considered the faith of the Church of Ireland was "in sum and substance" the same as that practised in Ireland from the sixth century until Roman Catholicism arrived from England in the twelfth. As a boy of fourteen he had witnessed the centenary celebrations of the Apprentice Boys’ closure of the gates of Londonderry against the army of the Catholic James II, a key moment in the conflict which brought eventual victory to William of Orange. Graham believed the proper legacy of the Orange victory should be the expulsion of Popery from Ireland and comprehensive restoration of the faith established there a millennium earlier. Supremacy for Protestantism and respect for the Orange achievement were the mainsprings of his life’s work. Early literary work His early writing concerned social, economic and topographical matters and was first published in 1808 as part of Hely Dutton’s Statistical Survey of the County of Clare. Dutton’s preface included the observation that the Survey would have been a superior publication if uniform in quality with John Graham’s contributions. Commencing in 1813, he produced detailed accounts of the parishes of Maghera and Shruel and of the Kilrush Union for William Shaw Mason’s three-volume Statistical Survey of Ireland, and in 1823-25 he contributed the chronological section of the Statistical Account of the City and County of Londonderry and the Counties of Tyrone and Donegal published in the North West of Ireland Society’s Magazine. For this latter work he was made an Honorary Member of the Society and presented with a gift of silver plate. From 1816 onward he wrote a series of articles entitled "Annals of Irish Popery by John De Falkirk", tracing Ireland’s ecclesiastical, civil and military history from 1535 to 1691. These appeared in the Dublin Journal and were subsequently published in collected form to counter what Graham described as Denis Taaffe’s "false and traitorous History of Ireland" of which a compendium had been circulated "when the true reformed faith of this realm was assailed by the Popish demagogues of Ireland". During the same period he composed numerous poems and ballads, examples of which regularly appeared (generally anonymously though often credited as originating in Lifford) in the Anti-Jacobin Review and sometimes reached a wider audience in the columns of newspapers and journals such as the Morning Post, The Sun, and the Gentleman's Magazine. Increasingly his work contained material hostile to "the Romish persuasion" and Catholic emancipation. Sometimes this was expressed in verse but it also appeared in argumentative tracts such as his 1820 Defence of the Orange Society in Ireland and in articles written for The Warder under the pseudonym "An Apprentice Boy". These works were praised by Sir Harcourt Lees, who lamented that his own writing in protest at Jesuit political activity in Ireland was "unsupported except by the Rev. John Graham, the learned but humble Curate of Lifford".In 1823, at the request of the Editor of the Dublin Evening Herald, Graham wrote "Sir Harcourt’s Vision, An Historical Poem", containing a fictional account of Lees returning to his grotto at Howth and having a vision of various post-1641 historical scenes. Graham subsequently had this printed in 14-page booklet form. Conversely, Graham’s writing attracted the vitriol of the poet Thomas Furlong, an advocate of Catholic Emancipation who dubbed him "crazy Graham", dismissed his poetry as "vile doggerel" and "ribald rhymes", and enjoined his readers to "mark how he stoops laboriously to drain the last low oozings of his muddy brain". Derriana In 1823 he published Derriana, being an account of the siege of Londonderry and defence of Enniskillen in 1688-89. Sometimes referred to as the New Derriana it succeeded another Derriana, compiled by George Douglas in 1794, which had reproduced early accounts of the siege and related matters. Graham wove these accounts into a single diary of the events of 1688-89 incorporating dialogue excerpts from an "old historical dramatisation" of such events (traditionally ascribed to Colonel John Mitchelburne) and adding his own lyrical catalogue of significant figures in the siege (based on an ancient poem discovered at Armagh) with accompanying biographical notes on the individuals named. Imprisonment By the time of his appointment to Magilligan, Graham was widely known as a senior member of the Orange Order, and he was soon called "Orange Graham" or "the Orange Rector" by locals hostile to his sympathies. Over a period of months prior to February 1826 his family and servants were repeatedly disturbed late at night by sounds of fife music and of footsteps passing and re-passing his glebe-house. Graham and his sons eventually confronted a party of men engaged in the disturbance, Graham snatching the fife from its player and pistol-whipping three of the party. He was accused and convicted of assault, for which he was sentenced to one month’s imprisonment and bound over to keep the peace for three years. While he was imprisoned, an "immense number" of intruders entered upon his glebe and pitched tents there for the purposes of holding a so-called "ribbon fair" (an event supposedly organised by Ribbonmen). The police were summoned and, after a long stand-off, were attacked. Four of the attackers, including the owner of the fife seized by Graham, were subsequently sentenced to a year’s imprisonment. One report of the matter implied that local hostility towards Graham followed his exposure of the "kissing priest", a Catholic clergyman in Magilligan accused of attempting to seduce the wife of a parishioner while she knelt in confession before him. Orange Order and political activities He was Chaplain (sometimes styled Senior Grand Chaplain) of the Orange Institution by January 1820 and was reappointed as such, reportedly "for the nineteenth time", in 1838. In 1825 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of the City and County of Londonderry and was still such in 1842, the position giving him considerable influence over district lodges in the county, which in 1831 numbered 120 with an approximate total membership of 17,000. In 1829 he presided when the Orangemen of Tyrone, Donegal and Londonderry met together, and in 1832 he was said to be "now the Father of the Orangemen of Ireland". Following dissolution of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1844 he was elected first Master of the Grand Lodge of Ulster, but died within a month of his election. In 1830 the Londonderry Sentinel reported "general belief" that Graham had identified himself with Orangeism as a means to preferment within his church and had expected nothing less than a bishopric if the Duke of York, Grand Master of the Order, became king. If such had ever been Graham’s design, by 1830 his Orange connection spoke more plausibly of his "willingness to renounce high prospects". At his death his association with the Order was said to have been "distinguished for his uncompromising principles and for the wholesome spirit of religious confidence which he infused into Its councils", and he was remembered for "increasing the use of his influence with the Orangemen to preserve them from infringing in the least the laws" by which their activities had become circumscribed. It was Graham’s representation of the general Protestant rather than the particular Orange interest that brought him the civic recognition evident when his health and work were regularly toasted at anniversary celebrations of the Shutting of the Gates of Derry. In 1827 the toast was proposed by Sir George Hill, Member of Parliament (MP) for the city, who declared that Graham had "for a series of years back, been reckless of selfish considerations, devoted his time and his talents to the maintenance of the Protestant interest, and possessed a strong claim on the gratitude of the citizens of Londonderry". Hill had just proposed the health of George Robert Dawson, MP for County Londonderry, who like Hill had promised implacable opposition to Catholic emancipation and had benefited from Graham’s energetic support at elections. But in the following year Dawson turned coat and helped pave the way for passing of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which Graham regarded as the moment "the sun of England’s glory went down". Graham met Dawson’s apostasy with venom. He perambulated Derry’s streets in a dogcart with a dead rodent labelled "Rat Dawson" suspended from it and commenced a vigorous campaign to prevent Dawson’s re-election. Recognising the hopelessness of his position, Dawson resigned the Londonderry seat in July 1830 and looked elsewhere for a constituency. Graham’s exertions won him the admiration of Dublin’s Common Councilmen who voted him the freedom of their city — which was withheld on the intervention of its Board of Aldermen (the Commons retaliating by blocking the Aldermanic nomination of Archdeacon Thomas Singleton). When the poll for the County Londonderry Election opened in August 1830, a procession of 400 mounted freeholders entered Derry to cast their votes, Graham riding at their head "on a white charger and bearing a wand". An element of theatre seems to have attended his later political appearances. In February 1831, "with William the Third set in gold suspended from his neck by an Orange collar", he took control of a public meeting in Coleraine, pulling a respected local figure from his platform and knocking off the man’s hat. He then mounted the platform where he allegedly "danced, pranced, made signs and grimaces". Acquitted on a charge of assault resulting from this affair, he was shortly afterwards reported as behaving, at an election meeting in the Court House in Derry, in a manner "indescribably ludicrous and pantomimical" and "affording a triumph to the impugners of Protestantism by his wretched buffoonery". Later publications During the 1820s, Graham was a prolific author of verse. This was composed, he said, "in the leisure hours of a life actively engaged in the defence of the Protestant religion and constitution of the realm", and his conduct of politics through poetry found space in both metropolitan and provincial English newspapers in compositions such as "Roman Catholic emancipation: a warning voice to the people of England". In 1829 a 368-page collection of his poetry was published as Poems, Chiefly Historical, dedicated to Lord Kenyon, Deputy Grand Master of the Orange Society, and containing "specimens of almost every kind of English Versification - the Italian stanza of Spenser, the Heroic Lines of Goldsmith, the Hudibrastics of Butler, and the Peter Pindarics of Lord Byron, with a great variety of Lyric measure, adapted to the music of popular Sonnets". In 1829 there also appeared his A History of the Siege of Derry and Defence of Enniskillen, in the year 1688 and 1689, being a second edition of Derriana, and he advertised for subscription a proposed history of the City of Londonderry and North-West District of Ireland covering the period 1689-1829. The proposed book did not materialise but some of its intended content reached print in the series of articles "Desiderata Curiosa Derriana", which he wrote (under the pseudonym "Statisticus") for the Londonderry Sentinel and Londonderry Standard in 1840-43. 1839 saw the publication of his A History of Ireland: From The Relief of Londonderry in 1689 to the Surrender of Limerick in 1691. He intended that this should form part of a four-volume History of Ireland, the remaining three volumes to consist of new editions of Annals and Derriana and other material he had "in readiness". Two years later came Ireland Preserved, in which he reworked Mitchelburne’s "old historical drama" (from which he had borrowed in 1823) and Robert Ashton’s Battle of Aughrim, revised the lyrical catalogue from Derriana, and expanded the related biographical notes. Parish and domestic matters Although Graham’s annual income at Magilligan was £300 or more, he lived modestly: "he never furnished his glebe-house except with the worthless furniture which he had when a curate and his personal habits were always the most simple and frugal". But he was "hospitable beyond his means", gave generously for widows and orphans, travelled frequently, and personally bore the costs of initiatives such as his relentless prosecution of Father Boyle, the Catholic priest in Magilligan, for officiating at the marriage of a Catholic and a Protestant who, contrary to an Act of 1725, had not previously been married by the Church of Ireland. In consequence, at his death he was said to leave no more to his family than "the great principles of the Protestant religion". In 1842, when a letter appeared in the press suggesting he neglected his parish, the Bishop of Derry was promptly presented with an address signed by 134 members of Graham’s Church of Ireland congregation attesting to his reliability as a minister in every respect and to his care for the poor of all denominations. This was accompanied by a letter signed by 100 Roman Catholics from within the parish, praising his courtesy and kindness and saying there had been no clergyman of any persuasion more constantly present among them. His relationship with the Presbyterian community seems to have passed unrecorded, beyond it being said that he displayed "a growing zeal for unity and harmony amongst the Protestants of Ireland".. Death, memorial and family Graham died at Magilligan on 9 March 1844 and was buried in the churchyard there. In 1856, twelve years having elapsed without a stone being placed over his grave, an appeal was made for funds to erect a suitable memorial to him. The conduct of the appeal and implementation of its objective were slow, and in 1861 Graham’s tomb was still incomplete. In response to criticism, the trustees of the project passed to Magilligan’s new rector a sum regarded as sufficient for completion, retaining the surplus to put up a proposed tablet to Graham’s memory in St Columb's Cathedral. A further appeal for funds was made in the latter connection and raised some sixty or seventy pounds. However, in 1863 the tomb remained unfinished, its foundation had given way, and no tablet for Graham had been erected in the Cathedral. In the 1870s, the funds in hand were applied to the cost of various installations in the Apprentice Boys’ Memorial Hall in Derry, including a mural tablet for Graham in the upper assembly room. Graham had married Elizabeth Johnson of Carrigaholt, County Clare, in 1802. Robert Young’s "Song, on hearing Mrs Elizabeth Graham play the piano surrounded by her family" was printed in The Orange Minstrel of 1832. She died on 7 March 1845. The couple had numerous children, the youngest being born in 1832, thirty years after their marriage. Their eldest son, Rev. James Graham (1804–45), was appointed his father’s curate at Magilligan in 1827 and was a Deputy Grand Chaplain of the Orange Order. He was later Clerical Secretary of the non-denominational Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in Ireland (otherwise known as the Kildare Park Society) before becoming Senior Curate of St Columb's Cathedral, Londonderry. He was the father of the noted Victorian journalist Charlotte Eliza Humphry. John Graham’s younger sons included Rev. Richard Graham (1807–76) who died while a chaplain at Chaguanas, Trinidad, where he was noted for his eccentricity and charitable acts, and William Graham (1811–58) who was admitted a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1833. The latter was ship’s doctor on board the Hannah when she struck ice in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1849; he broke an ankle attempting to prevent the ship’s captain leaving the stricken vessel and suffered serious frostbite before being rescued. Contrary to some reports, he recovered and returned to Ireland, where he became "a sottish drunkard" and led "a precarious vagrant existence" until his death in Londonderry Lunatic Asylum. Legacy Graham’s accounts of the Williamite War in Ireland are of enduring importance, because he researched the subject at a time when there existed written records and oral traditions that have since been lost. As early as 1829, an Irish commentator observed that he had "rescued from oblivion important facts of our general and local history, long buried among nearly forgotten records of our country and which but for his indefatigable research must have been lost to posterity". And in 1861 it was doubted that the Siege of Derry "would ever have supplied the magnificent episode devoted to the subject in Macaulay’s History had the labours of the humble Rector of Tamlaghtard not gone before to facilitate the researches and kindle the enthusiasm of the noble historian". In Graham’s lifetime he was recognised as "the Poet Laureate of the Northern Orangemen", The popularity of his anthems in the mid-19th century is recorded, for instance, in the Preface to William Shannon’s The United Empire Minstrel, while David O'Donoghue later called him "the best of the Orange poets". His Orange sympathies and the sectarian character of many of his ballads resulted in his skill with rhyme and rhythm being rejected by many of his contemporaries and overlooked by subsequent generations. In 1861 the Londonderry Sentinel opined that his works would "hereafter hold a place incomparably beyond any accorded to them during his lifetime", and when, in 1892, his Poems, Chiefly Historical, were republished under the title Loyal Lays of Ancient Derry, they were promoted with the recommendation that "In years to come when ancient forms of party strife have died out they will take their place in Irish literature beside the National Ballads". Perhaps such predictions still await their ultimate fulfilment. External links Text of Graham's poem "An Epistle to Lord Byron" Links to other poems by Graham Notes References 1774 births 1844 deaths Irish poets Church of Ireland clergy Orange Order Protestantism in Ireland History of Catholicism in the United Kingdom History of Ireland (1801–1923) History of Catholicism in Ireland History of Christianity in the United Kingdom People from County Longford History of Derry (city) Fredericton

66531904

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Place%20Inside%20of%20Me

A Place Inside of Me

A Place Inside of Me: A Poem to Heal the Heart is a 2020 picture book written by Zetta Elliott and illustrated by Noa Denmon. Written in verse, it explores the emotions of a young Black boy after a girl in his community is killed by police. The book was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux on July 21, 2020. Critics praised its accessible approach to serious topics including police brutality and Black Lives Matter, as well as its illustrations, for which Denmon received a 2021 Caldecott Honor. Synopsis A young Black boy describes "a place inside of me" that holds all of his emotions, such as happiness as he plays basketball with his friends. He feels sorrowful one day when he is at a barbershop and the news on the television reports that a girl has been shot by the police. Later, the boy is afraid when he sees the light from a police siren outside his home, and angry as protestors holding Black Lives Matter signs face off against the police. He feels a yearning to be free, pride in his heritage, and peace as he meditates with his classmates. Finally, he feels compassion and hope as he attends a candlelight vigil, and love for his community. Reflecting on all of his emotions that he has experienced throughout the year, the boy resolves to love himself most of all. Background and publication In an essay for The Horn Book Magazine, the Canadian-American poet Zetta Elliott wrote that she composed the poem that forms the basis of A Place Inside of Me twenty years before the book was published. In the aftermath of the unrelated killings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castle in July 2016, she decided to turn the poem into a children's book. In 2019, she worked with the American illustrator Noa Denmon to develop the imagery for the book. Denmon initially created a younger female protagonist for the first-person narrator; after further deliberations with Elliott, the protagonist was modified to be an older boy. The book's illustrations are in shades of blue, pale yellow, and mauve. The book was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux on July 21, 2020. Elliott dedicated it to the nephew of Atatiana Jefferson, a Black woman who was shot and killed in her home by a policeman in Fort Worth, Texas, in October 2019. Reception Denmon received a 2021 Caldecott Honor for her illustrations. A Place Inside of Me was recognized as a notable poetry book of 2021 by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). A reviewer for Language Arts, a journal published by the NCTE, wrote that "the poem and artwork will speak to all ages", favorably comparing Elliott's poem to jazz and applauding Denmon's "street-inspired art". The book was similarly praised by other critics. Several reviewers commented that it would be an effective aid for starting discussions about police brutality and the Black Lives Matter movement with younger children. Michelle H. Martin, writing for The Horn Book Magazine, described the book as a "well-crafted, twenty-first-century love poem" and applauded its positivity given the serious subject matter. A reviewer for Publishers Weekly praised Denmon's "textured, dynamic illustrations" of a diverse Black community and her depictions of influential Black figures throughout history. References External links Official website Zetta Elliott reads A Place Inside of Me 2020 children's books American picture books Children's poetry books English-language books Caldecott Honor-winning works Farrar, Straus and Giroux books Literature by African-American women

66569125

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Commission%20on%20Animal%20Magnetism

Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism

The Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism involved two entirely separate and independent French Royal Commissions, each appointed by Louis XVI in 1784, that were conducted simultaneously by a committee composed of four physicians from the Paris Faculty of Medicine (Faculté de médecine de Paris) and five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences (Académie des sciences) (i.e., the "Franklin Commission", named for Benjamin Franklin), and a second committee composed of five physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine (Société Royale de Médecine) (i.e., the "Society Commission"). Each Commission took five months to complete its investigations. The "Franklin" Report was presented to the King on 11 August 1784 – and was immediately published and very widely circulated throughout France and neighbouring countries – and the "Society" Report was presented to the King five days later on 16 August 1784. The "Franklin Commission's" investigations are notable as a very early "classic" example of a systematic controlled trial, which not only applied "sham" and "genuine" procedures to patients with "sham" and "genuine" disorders, but, significantly, was the first to use the "blindfolding" of both the investigators and their subjects. "The report of the ["Franklin"] Royal Commission of 1784 . . . is a masterpiece of its genre, and enduring testimony to the power and beauty of reason. . . . Never in history has such an extraordinary and luminous group [as the "Franklin Commission"] been gathered together in the service of rational inquiry by the methods of experimental science. For this reason alone the [Report of the "Franklin Commission"] . . . is a key document in the history of human reason. It should be rescued from obscurity, translated into all languages, and reprinted by organizations dedicated to the unmasking of quackery and the defense of rational thought." – Stephen Jay Gould (1989). Both sets of Commissioners were specifically charged with investigating the claims made by Charles d’Eslon for the existence of a substantial (rather than metaphorical) "animal magnetism", "le magnétisme animal", and of a similarly (non-metaphorical) physical "magnetic fluid", "le fluide magnétique". Further, having completed their investigations into the claims of d'Eslon – that is, they did not examine Franz Mesmer, Mesmer's theories, Mesmer's principles, Mesmer's practices, Mesmer's techniques, Mesmer's apparatus, Mesmer's claims, Mesmer's "cures" or, even, "mesmerism" itself – they were each required to make "a separate and distinct report". "Before the ["Franklin" Commission's] investigations began, [Antoine Lavoisier] had studied the writings of d'Eslon and [had] drawn up a plan for the conduct of the inquiry. He decided that the commissioners should not study any of the alleged cures, but [that] they should determine whether animal magnetism existed by trying to magnetize a person without his knowledge or making him think that he had been magnetized when in fact he had not. This plan was adopted by the commissioners, and the results came out as Lavoisier had predicted." – Frank A. Pattie (1994). From their investigations both Commissions concluded (a) that there was no evidence of any kind to support d'Eslon's claim for the substantial physical existence of either his supposed "animal magnetism" or his supposed "magnetic fluid", and (b) that all of the effects that they had observed could be attributed to a physiological (rather than metaphysical) agency. Whilst each Commission implicitly accepted that there was no collusion, pretence, or extensive subject training involved on the part of d'Eslon, they both (independently) concluded that all of the phenomena they had observed during each of their investigations could be directly attributed to "contact", "imagination", and/or "imitation". "For clearness of reasoning and strict impartiality [the "Franklin" Commissioners' report] has never been surpassed. After detailing the various experiments made, and their results, they came to the conclusion that the only proof advanced in support of Animal Magnetism was the effects it produced on the human body – that those effects could be produced without passes or other magnetic manipulations – that all these manipulations, and passes, and ceremonies never produce any effect at all if employed without the patient's knowledge; and that therefore imagination did, and animal magnetism did not, account for the phenomena." – Charles Mackay (1841, emphasis added to original). Reasons for the investigation "The rise of mesmerism [was] symptomatic of several philosophical and psychological conflicts: spirit/mind vs. body; science and philosophy vs. psychology and the imagination; rationalism and empiricism vs. the irrational and unknown; [and] consciousness vs. the unconscious" (Faflack, 2009, p. 53). According to Armando & Belhoste (2018, pp. 6–8), the true history of Mesmer, of Mesmer's version of 'animal magnetism', and of the rationale, conduct, investigations, experimentation, and findings of the 1784 Royal Commissions has been seriously distorted by the modern ("cherry picking") concentration upon "the transformations of animal magnetism after 1820 [in relation to] hypnotism", and, especially, upon "the elements of continuity and analogy between mesmerism [sic] and the various versions of psychoanalysis". Consequently, to accurately understand the contemporary significance of the Commissions' work, and the matters that they severally and collectively examined (and, as well, those which they did not) it is important to identify the wide range of significant tensions, disputes, and circumstances prevailing at the time, which prompted the need for an official investigation of the particular nature and type that was undertaken, and the sort of (implicit) issues – in addition to the more specific questions of medicine and of science – that their inquiries would, hopefully, address. Moreover, in order to gain a balanced understanding of the contemporary significance of the Commissions – as stand-alone historical events – appointed at a specific time, in specific circumstances, with specific goals and, further, in order to apprehend the nature of their investigations, their findings, and the immediate consequences of their reports, a complex of different factors need to be examined (as has been suggested by Craver & Darnden, 2013): "From the perspective of a given phenomenon, one can look down to the entities and activities composing it. One can look up to the higher-level mechanisms of which it is a component. One can look back to the mechanisms that come before it or by which it developed. One can look forward to what comes after it. [And, finally] one can look around to see the wider context with which it operates." (p. 163) Tensions within the Royal family Prior to his arrival in Paris in 1777 – with a letter of recommendation from Chancellor von Kaunitz of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Austrian Ambassador to France, the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau (who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy (1720–1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) – Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette. At the urging of her two closest friends, Marie-Paule Angelique d’Albert de Luynes (1744–1781), "the Duchesse de Chaulnes" and Marie Thérèse Louise de Savoie Carignan (1749–1792), "the Princess of Lambelle", both of whom "had benefited from Mesmer's treatment", Marie Antoinette had been able to arrange for both Mesmer and d'Eslon to be officially "interviewed" by (an otherwise unidentified) representative of the King on 14 March 1781 (Walmsley, 1967, p. 267). At the conclusion of the interview, Mesmer reluctantly agreed to the proposed conditions: that a number of his (previous and current) patients be examined by a team of "commissioners" – it was also stipulated that, as a "requirement" of the King, Mesmer was to "remain in France", until his "doctrines" and his "principles" had been thereby "established", and that he was "not [to] leave except by permission of the King" – and that, if the commissioners' reports were "favourable", the government would issue "a ministerial letter" to that effect (Pattie, 1994, p. 110). Within two weeks Mesmer had rescinded his agreement, on the grounds that it had been made under duress, and a new "interview" was conducted, involving Mesmer, d'Eslon, the unidentified bureaucrat, and the Minister of State, . The Minister . . . began by saying that the King, informed of Mesmer's dislike of being investigated by commissioners, wished to excuse him from that formality and would grant him a life annuity of 20,000 French livres and pay 10,000 livres a year for the instruction of students, of whom three were to be selected by the government. 'The rest of the benefits would be granted when the government's students recognize the utility of the discovery'." (Pattie, 1994, p. 111). Once again, Mesmer rejected the offer made on behalf of the King; and, having been told that the King's decision was final, and given that the impetus for the first interview had come from the Queen, Mesmer wrote an extraordinary letter (translated at Pattie, 1994, pp. 112–115), the nature of which would have meant imprisonment in the Bastille, if it had been written 20 years earlier. "Meditating [on the Minister's use of the word "final",] Mesmer returned to his clinic and put his name to what would surely be one of the most extraordinary letters ever written to a queen of France [who also shared his "native land"] even if he had sent it privately. Instead, he had it printed, [be]rating her in public about the offer [that had been] made in her name and giving her an ultimatum." So, there were many reasons for the 1784 Commission to satisfy the (French) interests of the King, rather than the (Austrian) interests of his queen. Social impact It is already more than six years since Animal Magnetism was announced to Europe, particularly in France and in this Capital. But it is only over about the last two years that it has been of particular interested to a considerable number of citizens and that it has become the object of public discussion. Never had a more extraordinary question divided the opinions of an enlightened nation. – The Franklin Commission's Report to the Royal Academy of Sciences (September 1784, emphasis added) Mesmer's overall stress on the quest for "harmony" as a therapeutic outcome and, especially, given the demonstrated fact that the effects of his 'animal magnetism' – predicated upon the presence of a force analogous to gravity – were equally demonstrated by all, regardless of age, gender, class, race, intellect, etc., was an important influence on many of the moves (and 'movers') within French society towards democracy and greater equality. Festering political issues The increasingly unpopular "Ancien Régime" was under considerable pressure from many quarters; and, within five years of the Commissions' Reports, the French Revolution had broken out. The storming of the Bastille took place on 14 July 1789; and four years later, King Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793, and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, and the sister of Emperor Joseph II, was executed on 16 October 1793. Professional tensions Apart from the wider issue of having to evaluate and decide how to deal with those within the medical profession "who saw animal magnetism as an interesting therapeutic resource" (Armando & Belmonte, 2018, p. 13) – namely, the boundary disputes between the conventional therapeutic practices of the sorts that Brockliss and Jones (1997) usefully identify as lying within the established "medical penumbra" (pp. 230–283) and the novel and innovative practices at the "frontier" that were (potentially) responsible for the "expansion of the medicable" (pp. 441–459) – there were also significant tensions, differences, and boundary disputes between the more theory- and principle-centred Paris Faculty of Medicine (formed some five centuries earlier), and the more practitioner-centred Royal Society of Medicine (formed just 5 years earlier), the "primary function" of which was "to evaluate patent medicines and, by extension, new forms of therapy" (Forrest, 1999, pp. 18–19). Scientific issues In a prevailing atmosphere of "[an overall] redefinition of frontiers in the legitimacy of knowledge" – and, in relation to Mesmer's claims, a redefinition "which did not necessarily match the public popularity that they attracted" (Zanetti, 2018), p. 59) – the issue of the existence (or not) of a substantial "magnetic fluid" and/or "animal magnetism" required resolution. Medical issues At a time when, in relation to "healers and healing", the conglomerate of "physicians, empirics, surgeons, apothecaries, folk healers, and religious personalities all vied with each other (as well as worked together) for medical legitimacy and patients" (Broomhall, 2004, p. 5), Mesmer was not only a "foreign national", but also one that had no affiliation of any kind with any known professional medical association within France (or elsewhere in Europe); and, as a consequence, his professional conduct, his medical practice, his medico-commercial enterprises, and his therapeutic endeavours were not regulated in any way. Moreover, the efficacy of Mesmer's interventions had never been objectively tested, neither the agency nor the (pre- and post-intervention) veracity of his supposed "cures" had ever been objectively verified, and, finally, in relation to the presenting conditions of those with (supposedly) 'real' ailments, the question of whether the pre-intervention conditions of each case were of "organic" or "psychogenic" origins had never been objectively determined. Religious issues As discussed at considerable length by Spanos and Gottlieb (1979) there were not only a wide range of controversial secular and religious issues relating to the similarities and differences between the induction, manifestations, and immediate and long-term consequences of the "crises" that were (sporadically) produced by the 'magnetic' interventions, and the exorcisms of the Roman Catholic Church, but, also, of greater significance, to the occasional (apparently veridical) reports of post-magnetic "clairvoyance" – a condition that was one of the classic indications for an exorcism whenever it was considered to be "demonically inspired" (as distinct from those cases in which it was considered to be "divinely inspired" (Spanos and Gottlieb, 1979, p. 538)). The two Commissions The Commissions were appointed in early 1784 by the Baron de Breteuil, Secretary of State for the King's Household and Minister of the Department of Paris at the command of King Louis XVI. "At length [the matter of Animal Magnetism] was thought to deserve the attention of government, and a committee, partly physicians, and partly members of the royal academy of Sciences, with doctor Benjamin Franklin at their head, were appointed to examine it. M. Mesmer refused to have any communication with these gentlemen; but M. Deslon, the most considerable of his pupils, consented to disclose to them his principles, and assist them in their enquiries." – William Godwin (1785). "Franklin Commission" The first of the two Royal Commissions, usually referred to as the "Franklin Commission", was appointed on 12 March 1784. It was composed of four physicians from the Paris Faculty of Medicine – the physician and chemist Jean d'Arcet, the physician and close friend of Franklin, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin(1738–1814), the Hôtel-Dieu physician, Michel-Joseph Majault (1714–1790), and the Professor (of physiology and pathology) Charles Louis Sallin – and, at the request of those four physicians, five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences – the astronomer (and first mayor of Paris) Jean Sylvain Bailly(1736–1793), the geographer, cartographer, and former governor of St. Domingue, , Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), the chemist and biologist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), and the physicist (and expert on things electrical), Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, the Director of the Academy of Sciences. "If the effects of magnetism . . . can be as well explained by the effects of an excited or exalted imagination, all the efforts of the Commissioners must be directed to distinguishing in "magnetism" . . . [per medium of] a single conclusive experiment [viz., une seule expérience concluante] . . . those things that are related to physical causes [viz., causes physiques] from those that are related to [psychological] causes [viz., causes morales], [that is,] the effects of a real agent [viz, les effets d'un agent réel] from those due to the imagination. . . .By magnetising people without their knowledge and by persuading them that they are being magnetised when they are not . . . one will obtain separately the effects of magnetism and those of the imagination and, from this, one will be able to conclude what should be attributed to the one and what to the other." – Antoine Lavoisier (1784). It is important to note that, despite the contemporary and modern salience given to Benjamin Franklin – who, as the most eminent of the Commission's eleven members, was recognized as its titular head – it is a matter of record that Franklin, now aged 78, and otherwise engaged in his duties as the U.S. Ambassador to France, had little involvement in any of the Commission's investigations. In particular, this was because his own ill-health prevented him from leaving his residence in Passy and participating in the Paris-centred investigations – although the Commission's Report does note that several experiments were conducted at Franklin's Passy residence in Franklin's presence. In addition to his general scientific interests in electricity and (terrestrial) magnetism, "Franklin had known Mesmer for some years prior to the investigation and was familiar with the practice of animal magnetism", and, on occasion, he and Mesmer had even "dined together" – and, also there was "no doubt [that] Franklin's curiosity was aroused by the mere connotation of the term animal magnetism, for it implied something in connexion with electricity, and [Franklin] himself had already made [25 years earlier] a number of experiments on the effect of electric discharges on paralytics, epileptics, etc." (Duveen & Klickstein, 1955, p. 287). "Society Commission" The second of the two Royal Commissions, usually referred to as the "Society Commission", was appointed on 5 April 1784. It was composed of five eminent physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine – the physician and one of the first members of the Royal Society, , the physician Claude-Antoine Caille (1743-), the botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836), the physician, Collège de France professor, one of the original directors of the Royal Society, and committed advocate of the therapeutic applications of electricity, , and the physician and Professor of chemistry in the Collège de France, – and, as Pattie remarks (1994, p. 156), "the impression given by [their] report is that the commissioners were busy practitioners who wanted to devote no more time to the project than was necessary". Although the investigations of the "Society Commission" were less thorough and less detailed than those of the "Franklin Commission" they were essentially of the same nature, and it is a matter of fact that neither Commission examined Mesmer's practices – they only examined the practices of d'Eslon. Franz Mesmer Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815), born in Swabia, having first studied law at Dillingen and Ingolstadt universities, transferred to the University of Vienna and began a study of medicine, graduating Medicinae Doctor (M.D.) at the age of 32, in 1766: his doctoral dissertation (Mesmer, 1766) had the official title A Physico-Medical Dissertation on the Influence of the Planets. Although he was made a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1775, and, despite his M.D. qualification, there is no record of Mesmer ever having been accepted as a member of any medical "learned society" anywhere in Europe at any time. Mesmer left Austria in 1777, in controversial circumstances, following his treatment of the young Austrian Pianist Maria Theresia von Paradis for her blindness, and established himself, in Paris, in February 1778. He spent several years in Paris itself – during which time he published his Précis Historique (i.e., Mesmer, 1781) – interspersed with time spent in various parts of France, a complete absence from France (1792–1798), a return to France in 1798, and his final departure from France in 1802. While in France it was his habit to travel to the town of Spa, in Belgium to "take the waters"; and he was enjoying an extended stay at Spa when the reports of the two Royal Commissions were released. Mesmer lived for another 31 years after the Royal Commissions. He died at the age of 80, in Meersburg, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, on 5 March 1815. Positioner of a concept Rather than being the "inventor" of "a technique", as some (mis)represent the circumstances, it is clear that Mesmer's significance was in his "positioning" of an overarching "concept" (or "construct") through his creation and development – using analogies with gravity, terrestrial magnetism, and hydraulics (as they were understood at the time) – of "an explanatory model to represent the way that healers had been healing people for thousands of years" (Yeates, 2018, p. 48). The (oft-forgotten) value and long-term significance of Mesmer's "positioning", according to Rosen (1959, pp. 7-8), is that "Mesmer's theory [in] itself . . . diverted attention from the phenomena produced by animal magnetism to the agent alleged to produce them"; yet, both 1784 Commissions side-stepped this issue, and "simply ascribed the magnetic cures to imagination, but never bothered to ask how imagination can produce a cure". Mesmer's "protoscience", rather than "pseudoscience" According to Tatar (1990, p. 49), rather than Mesmer's proposal being some sort of "occult theory", "[Mesmer] actually remained well within the bounds of eighteenth-century thought when he formulated his theories" and "the theories [that Mesmer] invoked to explain [the agency of "animal magnetism"] fit squarely into the frame of eighteenth-century cosmology": and, moreover, "to consider animal magnetism independently of the tradition out of which it emerged is to magnify its distinctively occult characteristics and to diminish in importance those features that mirror the scientific and philosophical temper of the age in which it flourished." Rosen (1959, pp. 4-5) noted that, it was clear that Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism . . . [within which] he employed the term magnetism to characterize a reciprocal relationship between the forces of nature and the human body, and [which] conceived of nature as the harmony of these relations in action . . . contains a number of themes and theoretical concepts common to the medical world of the eighteenth century . . . [which] is evident, for example, in his interpretation of disease as a disharmony attributable to a functional disturbance of the nervous fluid . . . [which is a] concept . . . derived from the ancient humoral pathology with its doctrines of dyscrasia and critical days, from the irritability theory of Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777), and from the excitation theory of John Brown (1735–1788). In other words, as a product of its time, Mesmer's enterprise was one of protoscience, rather than being one of pseudoscience – or, even, one of fringe science. A concept that must not be reified It is clear from his Mémoire (1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity – in the normal, conventional use of language (la langue de convention) – to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", illusions de la méthaphysique), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", substantisia les propriétiés (Mesmer 1799, pp. 15–17). – in other words, "reification", in the manner of Whitehead's "fallacy of misplaced concreteness". Mesmer was also well aware of the extent to which, through the "distortion" caused by these "substantive words" (mot substantif) – which inappropriately "personified" (personnifia) these metaphysical abstractions (p. 16) – one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself. Given these observations, Mesmer was most emphatic in his continuous warnings that his abstract "principles" should not be "substantivised" It is significant that Mesmer (1799) describes how, once he had formulated the abstract, overarching (metaphorical) construct/concept of "animal magnetism" as the therapeutic agent (a quarter of a century earlier) – and with his hope that this newly described "principle of action" (principe de action), when considered as an agent, "could become a means of healing and, even, one of preserving/defending oneself against disease" (p. 7, Mesmer's emphasis) – the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: (a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means – and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p. 48); (b) (given that the agent's therapeutic effects were observed to be gradual, rather than instantaneous) the "obstacles" that typically divert, disturb, or impede the agent's capacity to attain the optimal treatment outcomes – and, once these "obstacles" had been identified, determine appropriate ways to "clear them away" ("de connoître et lever les obstacles qui peuvent troubler ou empêcher son action", p. 48); and (c) the natural pathway along which the agent's therapeutic effects are realized, so that, in its application, these outcomes can be systematically anticipated – meaning that, with this knowledge, the (otherwise random) clinical applications can be controlled, regulated, and incrementally applied in a systematic way, until the target goal of a "cure" is attained (p. 49). Based on natural principles Mesmer held the materialist position – that his therapies, which involved easily understood, systematic natural principles, were "physiological", rather than "psychological" interventions – in contrast to the supernatural positions of, say, the exorcist Johann Joseph Gassner (1727–1779), By contrast with many "faith healers", [Gassner] had a quasi-scientific method of diagnosis, according to which he separated diseases that should be treated by a physician from those that he should treat. He first admonished the patient that faith in the name of Jesus was essential. He then obtained consent to use the method of "trial" exorcism. He entreated the Devil to defy Jesus by producing the patient's symptoms. If the convulsions or other symptoms appeared, Gassner believed they were the work of the Devil; he proceeded to exorcise the responsible demon. If symptoms failed to appear, he could not attribute them to a demon and sent the patient to a physician. – Ernest Hilgard, (1980). the mystic José Custódio de Faria, a.k.a. "Abbé Faria" (1756-1819), and the magnetists, such as d'Eslon, and, later, Charles Lafontaine (1803-1892), whose demonstrations of "animal magnetism" were attended by James Braid in November 1841, "Mesmer's approach to healing and his healing theory were physically oriented. His explanation of the phenomena of animal magnetism was consistently formulated in terms of matter and motion, and he believed that every aspect of animal magnetism could sooner or later be verified through physical experimentation and research." (Crabtree, 1993, p. 51) "When Mesmer took a patient, his first concern was to determine whether the ailment was organic or functional. If it was organic, the result of physical damage to the tissue, he considered it, following [his] Proposition 23, beyond the aid of animal magnetism. If it was functional, a physiological disorder affected by the nerves, it fell within the class of diseases he felt uniquely qualified to handle with his therapeutic technique." (Buranelli, 1975, pp. 107-108). Charles d'Eslon , "a disciple of the [eminent French] surgeon J.L. Petit", was a docteur-régent of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, and the one-time personal physician to the King's brother, Charles Philippe, Comte d’Artoir – who, later (following the Bourbon Restoration in France) became King Charles X. Association with Mesmer d’Eslon, a one-time patient, pupil, and associate of Mesmer, published a work on Mesmer's version of animal magnetism (while still associated with Mesmer), Observations sur le Magnétisme Animal (1780), which presented details of 18 cases (10 male, 8 female) treated by Mesmer. In stressing the efficacy of Mesmer's "animal magnetism" interventions, d'Eslon defended (at p. 124) the absence of clear explanations (from Mesmer) of the mechanism through which "animal magnetism" effects its "cures" with an observation that, although the purgative actions of rhubarb and Shir-Khesht manna (a.k.a. purgative manna) are well known to the medical profession, the mechanisms involved are not; and, so, in these cases, "facts" and "experience" are "our only guides" – and, in a similar fashion, asserts d'Eslon, "in relation to Animal Magnetism, it is the same, I don't know how it works, but I do know that it does work". d'Eslon also directly addressed the charge that Mesmer had "discovered" nothing, and that the "extraordinary things" (des choses extraordinaires) that Mesmer had demonstrably effected were due to his "captivation of the imagination" (en séduisant l’imagination), with the comment that, "If [it were to be true that] Mesmer had no other secret than that he has been able to make the imagination exert an influence upon health, would he not still be a wonderful doctor? If treatment by the use of the imagination is the best treatment, why do we not make use of it?" (1780, pp. 46-47). Ostracism On 7 October 1780 – still associated with Mesmer and still a member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine – d'Eslon made an official request "that an investigation of the authenticity and efficacy of Mesmer's claims and cures be made. The Faculté rejected his plea, and in refusing accused [d'Eslon] personally of misdemeanour". On 15 May 1782, d'Eslon presented the Faculty with his arguments in the form of a 144-page pamphlet; and then, "on 26 October 1782, [d'Eslon] was finally struck from the [Faculty's] roster and forbidden to attend any meeting for a period of two years" (Duveen & Klickstein, 1955, p. 286). Post-Mesmer In late 1782, and eighteen months before the Royal Commission, d'Eslon had (acrimoniously) parted ways with Mesmer; and, despite a brief reconciliation, the relationship was terminated in late 1783. On 28 December 1783, d'Eslon wrote a letter to the Journal de Paris, which not only described the difficulties he had experienced with Mesmer, but also announced that he was opening his own (entirely independent) clinic. Following his break with Mesmer, d’Eslon not only launched his own clinical operation – on his break with Mesmer, d'Eslon took all of the patients he had brought to Mesmer with him – but also began teaching his own theories and practices (i.e., rather than those of Mesmer). According to d'Eslon's own account (d'Eslon, 1784b, pp. 25-26), Mesmer had taught 300 students, 160 of whom were medical men (Médecins), and d'Eslon himself had taught 160 medical men (this group included 21 members of the Paris Faculty of Medicine). Given that many of those who had privately paid Mesmer for details of "the secret" were greatly dissatisfied, and "[justifiably] accused [Mesmer] of having enunciated a theory which was merely a collection of obscure principles" (Binet & Féré, 1888, p. 13), it seems that d'Eslon's version was little better. Greatly confused by d'Eslon's version of "the secret", d'Eslon's student and associate, François Amédée Doppet, is said to have remarked that those to whom d'Eslon had revealed "the secret" doubted it even more than those to whom it had not been revealed. It was under these circumstances that a decision was made to investigate the work of d'Eslon – although he was already ostracized from the Paris Faculty of Medicine – when "d’Eslon, through influential friends, and tact, and other favourable circumstances, procured [the commissions'] establishment [specifically] to investigate animal magnetism as practised in his own clinic" (Gauld, 1992, p. 7, emphasis added). Last days Once d'Eslon had been expelled from the rank of docteur-régent, his membership of the Faculty of Medicine was never reinstated; and unlike Mesmer, he remained in Paris following the publication of the reports of the two Commissions. Although apparently in good health in the preceding months, he died somewhat suddenly in Paris, on 21 August 1786, at the age of 47, from a complex of disorders including pneumonia, a malignant fever (une fièvre maligne), and renal colic. Aspects of Mesmer's evolving practices Mesmer's early experiments with magnets It is significant that Mesmer, initially impressed by the therapeutic enterprises of the Jesuit astronomer, explorer, and healer Maximilian Hell (1720–1792) – which involved the application of steel magnets that had been specifically shaped either to fit particular body contours, or to match the actual dimensions of a specific organ (e.g., the liver) – and, immediately recognizing the "prima facie plausiblity" of Hell's approach, purchased a number of steel magnets from Hell in 1774 and began applying them to his patients; however, as Pattie reports (1994, p. 2), Mesmer "had [entirely] abandoned the use of magnets" by 1776, because his own clinical experimentation had proved them to be utterly useless. By 1779, Mesmer (1779, pp. 34-35) was expressing his concern that many had "confused" – such as the "Berlin Academy" in 1775 – and were continuing to "confuse" the "properties" of his (abstract/theoretical) "Magnétisime animal" with those of an actual physical magnet (l'aimant): objects of which, he stressed, he had only ever spoken of as possible "conductors" of "animal magnetism". And, he argued, from this "confusion" of his "animal magnetism" with "[[Lodestone|mineral magnetism]]", his use of magnets – which, although "useful", were always "imperfect', unless they had been applied according to "la théorie du Magnétisime animal" – was being consistently misrepresented and misunderstood. The glass armonica Mesmer developed particular theatrical therapeutic rituals, often accompanied by the sounds of the Glass Armonica"Mesmer regarded animal magnetism as a matter of "sympathetic vibration" just as much as music, and argued that it could be communicated, propagated and reinforced by sounds" (Kennaway, 2012, p. 273) -- Mesmer's assertion is in his Proposition 19 (at Mesmer, 1779, p. 79). – an instrument invented by Benjamin Franklin himselfFranklin was most emphatic that his device was an Armonica (and not, as many modern writers suppose, a Harmonica), having named it "in honour of ["armonia",] the Italian word for "Harmony"." (Meyer & Allen, 1988, p. 185. – that were associated with a wide range of (figurative) magnetic connotations, such as the use of "magnetic wands", and the treatment tub known as "the baquet", which, in the view of Yeates (2018, p. 48), were "obviously, designed to amplify each subject's "response expectancy" (Kirsch, 1997, etc.) via impressive "metonymical acts" (Topley, 1976, p. 254)". The "baquet" The "baquet" (lit. 'a tub') was a device of Mesmer's design, that he had constructed by analogy with the newly invented "Leyden Bottle" – i.e., "the first electric condenser [viz., capacitor] in history" (Morabito, 2019, p. 90) – which was "supposed by analogy to 'store' animal magnetism" (Forrest, 1999, p. 20). In its initial conception, Mesmer's "baquet" was "a vat containing bottles of magnetized water from which steel bars escaped through which the 'magnetization’ took place in the [subjects or patients], who were arranged around the tub holding their hands" (Morabito, loc.cit.). According to Mesmer's own description, in the (undated) "Catechism" that he had delivered exclusively to his followers, "[The baquet] is a vat about six to seven feet, more or less, in diameter by eighteen inches in height. There is a double bottom in the interior of this vat, in which fragments of broken bottles, gravel, stones, and sticks of pounded sulfur and iron filings are placed. All of this is filled with water and covered up with a floor nailed into the vat. On the surface of the lid, six inches in from the rim, one makes various holes in order to allow the passage of iron rods which are arranged so that one end penetrates the bottom of the vat and the other is directed, by means of a curve, over the pit of the stomach of the patient or other affected parts of the body." Mesmer specifically stressed the primary importance of the patients' hand-holding as a factor in the "augmentation" of the force/quality of the power of the "animal magnetism". Moreover, and significantly, Mesmer (separately) acknowledged that, if it was ever to come to pass that he had a suitable "establishment" – i.e., one with sufficient space available for all the assembled patients to hold hands – he would "abolish the use of baquets" (je supprimerois les baquets) and, as well, also significantly remarking (loc. cit.) that, "In general, I only use these little devices [sc. "baquets"] when I am forced to do so" (En general, je n'use des petits moyes que lorsque j'y suis forcé). The "magnetic crisis" "One feature of Mesmer's methods . . . was the "mesmeric crisis". Some patients, especially those suffering from more serious symptoms, experienced nervous trembling, nausea, occasionally delirium or convulsions. Mesmer regarded these as an inevitable accompaniment of the process of normalization of the flow of animal magnetism, and had special padded "crisis rooms" [salle de crises] in which patients could throw themselves about without hurting themselves, while Mesmer or his assistants gave them individual attention. The depth of the crisis naturally varied from case to case, but Mesmer insisted that some degree of crisis, no matter how slight or transient, would always be found if it was looked for carefully enough." — (Anthony Campbell, 1988, p. 36) Given Mesmer's regular (analogical) references throughout his works to the efficient grinding activities of smoothly functioning mills – speaking of how the windmills are driven by the wind, and watermills by the flow of water. – he usefully extended those analogies to explain the circumstances in which "crises" occur, especially in relation to the magnitude of the "crises": i.e., the dramatic circumstances of the sudden restoration of the lost function of a watermill installation – a direct consequence of the magnitude of the force of the flow of water that has been applied (through the currently stationary waterwheel) to the milling mechanism, which is, in and of itself, directly related to the extent to which the (now-operative) milling mechanism was formerly stationary, out of order, or, even, jammed: "Mesmer states that magnetism is to the bodily organs as the wind is to the windmill . . . If the wind ceases to blow, the milling process comes to a halt, and should the cessation continue for long enough, the windmill may fall into disrepair or even ruin. The salvation of the miller comes when the wind begins to blow again, making the machinery of the windmill work again. . . . [A] greater effort is required to start a windmill after it has stopped than to keep it going, especially if disrepair has set in. . . . [In a similar fashion,] when animal magnetism ceases to course freely through the nervous system, the organs begin to malfunction and the whole physiology slows down. Fluids become stagnant and viscous and begin to block the blood vessels and other canals of the body. . . . The symptoms become worse because the organs grow weaker as the obstructions grow larger and larger and vice versa. Mesmer thought the organs then must be galvanized into a greater effort than ever before to push the fluids through the natural channels, and it is animal magnetism that galvinizes them." – (Buranelli, 1975, p. 108) The Commissions' observations and description of d'Eslon's "magnetic crises" The Commissions' remarks on d'Eslon's "magnetic crises" Noting that some of those who were "magnetized" by d'Eslon over an extended time "fell into the convulsive movements that have been called Crises" – and noting that these "convulsive movements" (mouvemens convulsifs) were "viewed [by d'Eslon] as evidence of the particular agent to whom they are attributed" – the "Society" Commissioners' Report, in its discussion of the "Crises", identified a number of common characteristics among the majority of those who displayed these "convulsive movements": (a) Only "the most sensitive subjects" – i.e., who were "sensitive" either as a consequence of "their constitution" or of "their illness"In 1972, Ronald Shor concluded (1972, p. 20) that, overall, the patients' "agitated reactions" were probably due to three factors: (i) "expectations deriving from medieval demonic exorcism rites, the dancing manias (St. Vitus's Dance, for example), and possibly epilepsy"; (ii) "a probable aftereffect of anxiety release after direct symptom suppression" (Shor drew particular attention to the case of Maria Theresia von Paradis); and (iii) "a derivation of the ‘’vapeurs’’, the hysterical fainting and nervous fits fashionable among society women at that time". – displayed these "convulsive movements". (b) In the majority of cases, "convulsive movements" were only displayed after extended exposure to "magnetic procedures that involved direct physical contact" (procédés du Magnétisme animal, par contact immédiat) – there were, also, they noted, rare examples of "convulsive movements" due to the operator's action at a distance, where no direct physical contact had been involved. (c) Even the "weakest" of patients very rarely displayed "convulsive movements" if they were "magnetized separately". (d) Compared with individual treatments, group treatments – when given to the same subjects – always produced a greater number of "convulsive movements", of greater magnitude, in a greater number of patients, with less treatment, and in a shorter time. (e) Female patients were far more likely to display "convulsive movements" than male patients. (f) Rich female patients (de femmes riches) were far more likely to display "convulsive movements" than poor female patients (de femmes indigentes). (g) The majority of those who displayed "convulsive movements" only did so after an extended exposure to group treatment at the one treatment location. The Commissions' remarks on the perceived dangers of the "magnetic crises" In the last section of its Report, the "Franklin" Commission, in addition to its remarks on the impact of the phenomena associated with a "crisis", made a number of significant observations on the perceived dangers of experiencing, or simply observing, a "crisis" in a number of domains, including: (a) the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of experiencing a "crisis" upon the "animal economy" of an already seriously ill person, (b) the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of experiencing a "crisis" upon the "animal economy" of an otherwise completely healthy person, (c) (given the considerable impact of the onlooker-consequences of issues such as behavioral contagion, Vicarious trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder. etc.), the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of observing another individual manifest a "crisis" upon the "animal economy" of an individual observer (regardless of whether the observer in question was healthy or not), and, on, a larger scale, (d) the detrimental effects of the "crises" on society as a whole. Observations of the frequency of "crises" One interesting aspect of a number of the pro-d'Eslon and pro-Mesmer responses to the Commissions' Reports, collectively, was that they provided figures on the level to which the author in question had observed individual patients manifest full-blown "magnetic crises" as a consequence of their exposure to an extended sequence of standard "magnetic" treatments. In his response to the Reports (d'Eslon, 1784b, pp. 21-22), d'Eslon complained that the Commissioners' emphasis on "convulsions" was not justified: among those who received group treatment during the Commission's investigations (i.e., involving "50 to 60 individuals"), he wrote, there were never more than six or seven who displayed "convulsions" to any degree – and, further, of the more than 500 patients he had treated over the preceding three years, only 20 of those had manifested "convulsions" (and almost all of those had been suffering from "convulsions" before presenting for any treatment from d'Eslon). He also rejected the suggestions of any connection between the "convulsions" of epilepsy and those of the "crises", citing the cases of two of his patients, who were epileptic and "frequently had seizures at home", who never had a single "attack" during their treatment at his clinic (p. 23). Joseph Michel Antoine Servan, the one time Advocate-General to the Parlement of Grenoble, who reported (at Servan, 1784, p. 3) that, in "the Provinces" – where the various social classes were not kept apart around "the baquet", as they were in Paris – that, in relation to the concerns that the Commissioners expressed in relation to the "seizures" they had observed (and identified as one of the principal "dangers of magnetism"), he (Servan) had only observed "barely a few convulsions" ("not at all annoying in themselves") in only five or six individuals out of the fifty whose sequential treatments (and responses) he had observed in person. Jean-Baptiste Bonnefoy (1756–1789), a member of the Royal College of Surgeons at Lyon, and an associate of Mesmer, rejected the notion that Animal Magnetism was "the art of arousing convulsions" (l'art d'exciter des convulsions) (Bonnefoy, 1784, pp. 87-88); and, although he chose not to comment on d'Eslon's treatments, he stated that, from his own direct observation of Mesmer's treatment of more than 200 patients, he had only seen eight of them display "crises" – and, further, that only six of the more than 120 patients treated in his own clinic had displayed a "crisis". "Mesmerism" vs. "Animal Magnetism" In order to understand the significance of the two Commissions' concentration on their examination of d'Eslons' claims for the existence of "animal magnetism" (rather than, that is, conducting an examination of the clinical efficacy of Mesmer's actual therapeutic practices) – and, in order to clarify certain ambiguities, and correct particular errors that persist in the literature – a number of basic facts need to be addressed (see, for example, Yeates, 2018, pp. 48-52), it is useful to isolate what later, subsequent to the publication of Wolfart's Mesmerismus (1814), became known as "Mesmerism" from other "animal magnetism" practices in general. Similarities and differences The materialist "mesmerists" and the metaphysical "animal magnetists" each held that all animate beings (i.e., "living" beings: humans, animals, plants, etc.), in virtue of being alive, possessed an invisible, natural "magnetic" or "gravitational force" – thus magnetismus animalis, "animal magnetism", or gravitas animalis, "animal gravity" – and the therapeutic interventions of each were directed at manipulating the ebb and flow of their subject's "energy field". That constant flux and reflux of the vital principles and corporeal humours in man (without which both motion and life are stopped) produce those effects of sympathy and antipathy which become more natural and less miraculous; the atmospherical particle to each individual receives from the general fluid the proper attraction and repulsion. In the divers crossings of those individual atmospheres, some emanations are more attractive between two beings, and others more repulsive; so again, when one body possesses more fluid than another, it will repel; and that body which is less will make an effort to restore itself into equilibrium or sympathy with the other body. — Ebenezer Sibly (1820). Despite these fundamental similarities, there were many (even more fundamental) differences between the two. The "mesmerists" In order to foster and promote orthopraxia, the materialist "mesmerists" used qualitative (rather than quantitative) constructs – centred on Mesmer's abstract and metaphorical overarching analogies with gravity, terrestrial magnetism, and hydraulics – to explain the application of their techniques and to describe their therapeutic rationale. “When we call this principle magnetic fluid, vital fluid, we are using a figurative expression. We know that something emanates from the magnetizer: this something is not a solid, and we call it a fluid.” – Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze (1814), p. 233. The "animal magnetists" In contrast to the mesmerists, the metaphysical "magnetists" – who (mistakenly) reified (i.e., "substantivised") the magnetic/fluidic metaphors of Mesmer – firmly believed that they were channeling a substantial "fluidium" and were manipulating a particular, substantial "force". What Thomas Brown(e), writing in the seventeenth century, deemed a vulgar error was the belief in sympathy as a unifying force working outside the human state, in this instance between two magnetically charged needles that of themselves are clearly incapable of having feelings, sensibilities, and affections. This alternative use of sympathy experienced a resurgence in the early 1780s, particularly in the field of animal magnetism, a practice that drew on the study of magnetism and electricity and fused these with the language of magic and the occult, blurring the boundaries between superstition and rational experimental philosophy. The "higher" and "lower" phenomena of the magnetists By the time of James Braid's (1841) Manchester encounter with the "magnetic demonstrator" Charles Lafontaine, those who were still committed to the existence of a substantial 'magnetic fluid", etc., maintained that the phenomena produced by their acts of "magnetization" were of two general classes – lower phenomena, and higher phenomena – the distinction being "that, while there might be natural explanations for 'lower' phenomena, 'higher' phenomena could only be explained in terms of a paranormal or metaphysical agency" (Yeates, 2018, p. 52). The investigations The substantial existence of "animal magnetism" and "magnetic fluid" were investigated Rather than being concerned with the applications, utility, and clinical efficacy of d'Eslon's "animal magnetism", the primary concern of each Commission was the significant, crucial, and exclusive question of whether or not d'Eslon's (supposed) "animal magnetic fluid" actually existed in some substantial physical way – for the simple reason that, as the two sets of Commissioners each noted in their independent reports, "Animal magnetism may well exist without being useful but it cannot be useful if it does not exist." Mesmer's earlier refusal to have his "magnetic" interventions scrutinized Already, in his earlier (18 September 1780) interaction with the Paris Faculty of Medicine, Mesmer had refused to have his therapeutic interventions on a set of entirely "new" patients directly scrutinized, claiming that his already-achieved "cures" were an objective matter of record. Mesmer justified his refusal as follows: "Here is what I said to M. de Lassonne; however bizarre [it may seem] at first sight it is nevertheless entirely serious and very much applicable to the question. When a thief is convicted of theft he is hanged: when a murderer is convicted of murder he is executed on the wheel. But to exact these terrible penalties the thief is not required to thieve again to prove that he is a thief, and the murderer is not required to murder a second time to prove that he is a murderer. One is content to establish by testimony and by material evidence that the theft or the murder was committed and then one hangs or executes on the wheel in good conscience.Very well! It is the same with me. I ask, kindly, to be treated like a man to be executed on the wheel or hanged and that an effort should be made to establish that I have cured [patients] without asking me to perform new cures to prove that I am to be regarded as someone who cures." Mesmer's "cures" were never investigated In relation to the question of the agency/cause of Mesmer's supposed "cures" – and in the process of constructing the protocols for their investigations into d'Eslon's "animal magnetism" – both Commissions were well aware that "an effect's objective reality does not substantiate [any of the] proffered explanations [for its existence]" (Yeates, 2018, p. 61). Notwithstanding Mesmer's earlier refusal to co-operate, and aside from the fact that the two Commissions were specifically charged with investigating d’Eslon's claims for the existence of "animal magnetism", there were two additional, significant reasons for not investigating the veracity of the "cures" attributed to Mesmer. (1) They had no persuasive evidence to suggest that the reports of Mesmer's "cured patients" were false. (2) The Commissioner's took the entirely reasonable and non-controversial step of accepting the existence of Mesmer's "cured patients" as a given. In support of this decision, and noting that "observations over the centuries prove & Physicians themselves recognize, that Nature alone & without the help of medical treatment cures a great number of patients", the Commissioners agreed with the previously-expressed observations of Mesmer – namely, that, even if significant improvements in his patients' presenting conditions had been objectively verified, the existence of those "cures", in and of themselves, would not have provided conclusive evidence of (metaphorical) "animal magnetism" – and, in support of their decision, the Commissioners cited Mesmer's own statements: viz., that “nothing conclusively proves that the Physician or Medicine heals the sick”, and because of that, it was (in Mesmer's own words), "a mistake to believe that this kind of proof is irrefutable".Godwin (1785), pp. 37-38, translates the relevant passage as follows (citing Mesmer (1781), pp. 35, 37):Upon this head the commissioners are of the opinion of M. Mesmer. He rejected the cure of diseases, when this method of proving the magnetism was proposed to him by a member of the academy of sciences: "It is a mistake", replied he, "to imagine that this kind of proof is unanswerable; it cannot be demonstrated that either the physician or the medicine causes the recovery of the patient." Further, as Kihlstrom (2002) observed, even though the "Franklin Commission" had accepted that "Mesmer's cures were genuine", and that "he was able to succeed where conventional approaches had failed", "evidence of efficacy was not sufficient for academic approval. The scientific revolution had made physicians increasingly dissatisfied with purely empirical treatments, which were known to be effective but whose underlying mechanisms were unknown. In the emerging profession of scientific medicine, theories of treatment, like theories of disease, had to conform to what was known about anatomy and physiology. Then, as now, this scientific basis distinguished medicine from quackery and so was an important source of the physician's professional authority. While Mesmer wanted approval for his technique, the academy wanted verification of his theory." (p. 414) The efficacy of "magnetic" treatments and the agency of (supposed) "magnetic" cures were not investigated The two Reports also (separately, and in some detail) explained why the nature of the "effects" of (supposedly efficacious) treatments were not being examined, and why the agency of the (supposed verified) "cures" were not being investigated. In noting that there were two different ways that "the action of magnetism on animate bodies" ("l’action du Magnétisme sur les corps animés") could be observed: (a) from the long-term curative effects of "magnetic" treatments on disease, or (b) from the changes produced by its temporary effects on the individual's "animal economy" (l’économie animale), and, despite d'Eslon's insistence that its investigations principally (and, almost, exclusively) concentrate on the "prolonged" effects of his (d'Eslon's) treatments on disease, the "Franklin Commission" firmly stated that its investigations would exclusively concentrate on the "momentary" effects of d'Eslon's procedures on the "animal economy". Problems with objectively determining the precise agency of any supposed "cure" The Commissioners (Bailly, 1784, p. 15) stressed that, because they had been specifically charged with determining whether (or not) d'Eslon's "magnetic fluid" actually existed in some substantial form, and because it was obvious that, in order to unequivocally settle the "uncertain" and "misleading" issue of whether there were real "cures" of "real" diseases from d'Eslon's therapeutic interventions, and whether any such "cures" were entirely the "effects" of d'Eslon's treatment, and nothing else – and even if the Commissioners were able "to strip from these therapeutic effects all of the illusions which might be involved with them" – any such determination would require an "infinity of cures", supported by the "experience of several centuries". And, further, given the specified goal of the Commission, the significance of whatever its findings might be, and the obligation to produce its Report "promptly", the Commissioners considered that, "it was [their] duty . . . to confine themselves to arguments purely physical, that is, to the momentaneous [sic] effects of the fluid upon the animal frame, excluding from these effects all the illusions which might mix with them, and assuring themselves that they could proceed from no other cause than the animal magnetism." Problems with objectively determining the precise therapeutic action of any supposed "efficacious remedy" In support of its decision, the "Franklin Commission" produced a cogent, extended argument, consistent with the medical knowledge of the day, that is equally relevant to similar investigations in the present day: The majority of diseases have their seat in the interior part of our frame. The collective experience of a great number of centuries has made us acquainted with the symptoms, which indicate and discriminate them; the same experience has taught the method in which they are to be treated.What is the object of the efforts of the physician in this method? It is not to oppose and to subdue nature, it is to assist her in her operations. Nature, says the father of the medical science [viz., Hippocrates], cures the diseased; but sometimes she encounters obstacles, which constrain her in her course, and uselessly consume her strength.The physician is the minister of nature; an attentive observer, he studies the method in which she proceeds. If that method be firm, strong, regular and well directed, the physician looks on in silence, and [is careful of not] disturbing it by remedies which would at least be useless; if the method be [hindered], he facilitates it; if it be too slow or too rapid, he accelerates or retards it.Sometimes, to accomplish his object, he confines himself to the regulation of the diet: sometimes he employs medicines.The action of a medicine, introduced into the human body, is a new force, combined with the principal force by which our life is maintained: if the remedy follow the same route, which this force has already opened for the expulsion of diseases, it is useful, it is salutary [viz., conducive to health]; if it tend to open different routes, and to turn aside this interior action, it is pernicious.In the mean time it must be confessed that this salutary or pernicious influence, real as it is, may frequently escape common observation.The natural history of man presents us in this respect with very singular phenomena.It may be there seen that regimens the most opposite, have not prevented the attainment of an advanced old age. We may there see men, attacked according to all appearance with the same disease, recovering in the pursuit of opposite regimens, and in the use of remedies totally different from each other; nature is in these instances sufficiently powerful to maintain the vital principle in spite of the improper regimen, and to triumph at once over [both] the distemper and the remedy. If it [viz., "the vital principle"] have this power of resisting the action of medicine, by a still stronger reason it must have the power of operating without medicine.The experience of the efficacy of remedies is always therefore attended with some uncertainty; in the case of the magnetism the uncertainty has this addition, the uncertainty of its existence.How then can we decide upon the action of an agent, whose existence is contested, from the treatment of diseases; when the effect of medicines is doubtful, whose existence is not at all problematical? – Bailly (1784a, pp. 11-13). Other highly significant, but unassociated "causative" factors In addition to reflecting the position of the "Franklin Commission" in these matters, the "Society Commission" also noted that there were other equally significant causative factors, concomitant with, but unassociated with, the treatment delivered, in relation to the circumstances of the patients themselves; namely, "the hope [of being cured] that they conceived, the exercise that they took every day, [and especially, whilst under the "magnetic" treatment] the suspension of the remedies they were previously using – the quantity of which is often so harmful in such cases – these are, in themselves, multiple and sufficient causes for the results that have been said to have been observed in similar circumstances". – Poissonnier, et al. (1784, p. 36). Common misrepresentation of fact The preceding facts expose the error – a classic example of equivocation due to lexical ambiguity – in the commonly expressed (in modern literature) and extremely misleading misrepresentation of affairs; namely, the (historically incorrect, and mistaken) implication that, rather than simply having, for convenience, accepted Mesmer's assertions at face value (and left it at that), both Commissions had objectively verified that: (a) prior to Mesmer's intervention, all of those who had been supposedly "cured" by Mesmer had, indeed, been suffering from a "real" medical disorder, (b) subsequent to Mesmer's intervention, all of those who had been supposedly "cured" by Mesmer had been genuinely "cured" of their "real" pre-intervention disorders; and (c) it was Mesmer himself that had "cured" those patients. Consequently, "Although it is entirely correct to assert that both sets of Commissioners accepted [in a manner of speaking] that Mesmer's "cures" were, indeed, "cures", it is completely wrong to suggest that any of the Commissioners accepted that any of those "cured" individuals had been "cured" by Mesmer. Procedures The "Franklin" Commission's investigations were conducted at a number of different locations, including d’Eslon's clinic (which they visited once a week), Lavoisier's home, and the gardens of Franklin's Passy residence. The intricate structure and detailed procedures of the investigations were designed by Lavoisier;For a specific example of Lavoisier's experimental design, see Lavoisier's "Plan d'Experiemces" at Lavoisier (1865, pp. 511-513); also, see the English translation ("Lavoisier's Plan of Experiments") at Donaldson (2017, pp. 167). and great care was taken to eliminate what James Braid would later identify as "sources of fallacy". In the process of examining d'Eslon's claims, the "Franklin Commissioners" not only tested the influence of a wide range of situations, circumstances, variables, but also, from time-to-time, individually presented themselves as experimental subjects, because, they reported, "they were very curious to experience through their own senses the reported effects of this agent". When they visited d’Eslon's establishment, the Commissioners discovered that, not only did d’Eslon's standard therapeutics involve (his version of) Mesmer's "baquet", but also a musical (and, from time to time, vocal) accompaniment as a standard part of his treatment: "They saw in the centre of a large apartment a circular box, made of oak, and about a foot or a foot and an [sic] half deep, which is called the bucket [viz., the "baquet"]; the lid of this box is pierced with a number of holes, in which are inserted branches of iron, elbowed and moveable. The patients are arranged in ranks about this ["baquet"], and each has his branch of iron, which by means of the elbow may be applied immediately to the part affected; a cord passed round their bodies connects them one with the other: sometimes a second means of communication is introduced, by the insertion of the thumb of each patient between the forefinger and thumb of the patient next him; the thumb thus inserted is pressed by the person holding it; the impression received by the left hand of the patient, communicates through his right, and thus passes through the whole circle.A piano forté is placed in one corner of the apartment, and different airs are played with various degrees of rapidity; vocal music is sometimes added to the instrumental.The persons who superintend the process, have each of them an iron rod in his hand, from ten to twelve inches in length." – "Franklin" Report (pp. 3-4.) And, moreover, given that the overarching metaphorical "principle" of Mesmer had been (inappropriately) reified ("substantified") by d'Eslon – and, also, given that "the existence of [d'Eslon's] alleged magnetic fluid was only based on the effects on the patients: in other words, the existence of a [substantial] physical entity [was being] inferred not from instrumental measurements and/or quantitative considerations, but by the psychophysical reaction of a living body" (Bersani, 2011, p. 61) – it is significant that, the commissioners in the progress of their examination discovered, by means of an electrometer and a needle of iron not touched with the loadstone, that the ["baquet"] contained no substance either electric or magnetical; and from the detail that M. Deslon [sic] has made to them respecting the interior construction of the ["baquet"], they cannot infer any physical agent, capable of contributing to the imputed effects of the magnetism." – "Franklin" Report (p. 5.) The conduct and rationale of the Commission's investigations is described in considerable detail in its Report. In the process of their investigations they discovered that many non-"magnetised" subjects – wrongly believing themselves to have been "magnetised" – displayed a wide range of "magnetic" phenomena; and, by contrast, supposedly "magnetised" subjects, believing themselves to be non-"magnetised", displayed no "magnetic" phenomena at all. For instance, during the investigations conducted at Franklin's residence, d'Eslon "magnetized" one of five trees in Franklin's garden and, when a "sensitive" subject was brought to the trees, he fainted at the foot of one of the other four; and, on another occasion, during the investigations undertaken at Lavoisier's house, a normal cup of water swallowed by a subject (who believed the water to be "magnetized") immediately produced "magnetic" phenomena. The Commission's procedures were, obviously, "[specifically designed] to give unequivocal answers to clearly defined hypotheses" (Donaldson, 2017, p. 166): (1) "they tested subjects from all classes of society in both group and one-to-one treatment settings"; (2) "(given claims that "animal magnetism" affected 'the infirm' differently from 'the healthy'), they tested d’Eslon's procedures on genuine 'healthy', genuine 'infirm', and sham 'infirm' subjects"; (3) "they observed and compared the responses of subjects when blindfolded and when not" – and, as Jensen, et al. (2016, pp. 13) observe, the Commissioner's use of blindfolding very strongly suggests that, rather than "[being] interested in proving [something that] they believed to be true", their investigations concentrated on "disproving, rather than proving, the efficacy of [d'Eslon's] treatments"; and (4) "they observed the responses of all varieties of subject to genuine and sham 'magnetisation'; and, as well, their responses to genuine and sham 'magnetised' locations, objects, apparatus, and equipment". The Report(s) of the "Franklin Commission"L'imagination fait tout, le Magnétism est nul ('Imagination is everything, magnetism nothing') – "Franklin Commission" Report. "Rather than introducing a problem – the Franklin report . . . provided a language for addressing one that already existed, forcefully articulating the suspicion that mechanical imagination could plague natural philosophers and religious "fanatics" alike" (Ogden, 2012, p. 149). The "Franklin Commission's" investigations produced three separate reports. The issue of d'Eslon vs. Mesmer At the head of their principal report, the Commissioners directly summarize Mesmer's 27 Propositions, as expounded in Mesmer's 1779 Memoire (1779, pp. 74-83). They also quote Mesmer's own "characterization" of his principle – namely, that "In the influence of the magnetism, Nature holds out to us a sovereign instrument for securing the health and lengthening the existence of mankind". They clearly state (p. 3) that, on the basis of a presentation given to the Commissioners, by d'Eslon (at his residence), on 9 May 1784 – at which d'Eslon had not only described his version of the "theories" of "animal magnetism", but also described and demonstrated his therapeutic procedures – the Commissioners were more than satisfied that d'Eslon's theories, principles, methods, and practices were consistent with those that Mesmer had made known through his publications; and, moreover, having acquired this thorough understanding of the "theory and practice of animal magnetism", the Commissioners then concentrated their efforts on determining the effects of its application – and, in order to do so, they visited d'Eslon's establishment on several occasions. In an extended footnote to the last paragraph of their principal report, the Commissioners justified their investigative approach, and the appropriateness of their conclusions, in some detail. The Commission's report The first (66 page) report was presented to the King on 11 August 1784. "Knowing that their report would be published and that the task of convincing the public lay wholly in their hands, the authors produced an account that was both scientifically sound and accessible, making for compelling reading. Chronology was unimportant; few dates were specified. The rationale for every decision and the details of every experiment, however, were explained in terms that anyone could understand. Immediate publication and dissemination The report was immediately published by the government printer; and at least 20,000 copies were rapidly and very widely circulated throughout France and neighbouring countries. Within four months (16 December 1784), the London publishing house of Joseph Johnson was announcing the publication of a complete English version, translated by William Godwin (i.e., Godwin, 1785),More recent translations at Anon (1911/1912), pp. 79-84, 133-137; Salas & Salas (1996); Franklin, et al. (2002); and Donaldson (2014), pp. 39-67. and, in between February and July 1785, four different "periodical abridgements of the Franklin report, each printed multiple times in the Atlantic coast publications" were published in the United States (Ogden, 2012, p. 167); and, in 1837, Godwin's complete translation was published, in Philadelphia, as part of a collected work. Touch, imagination, and imitation Clearly "recogniz[ing] that publicly endorsing the curative effects of a technique that had no demonstrable basis in the science of the late 18th century could lead to a proliferation of medical quackery" (McConkey & Perry, 2002, p. 328) and, based on their own "experiments" and "observations", the Commissioners concluded that "the true causes of the effects attributed to this new agent known by the name of animal magnetism, [and] to this fluid which is said to circulate in the body and to communicate itself from one individual to another" were "touch, imagination, [and] imitation":These conclusions are consistent with the declaration made on 1 May 1784 by the eminent French chemist, Claude Louis Berthollet -- both a member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine and the Royal Academy of Sciences -- when leaving Mesmer's training in 1784 (halfway through the course of instruction that he had undertaken at the specific request of his patient, the Duke of Orléans, in the hope of learning Mesmer's "secret"), that everything that he had observed could be attributed to "the imagination", "touch", and "imitation" (declaration reprinted at Figuier, 1860, pp. 177–178; translations at Podmore, 1908, p. 55, and at Pattie, 1994, p. 133). ... having demonstrated by decisive experiments, that the imagination without the magnetism produces convulsions, and that the magnetism, without the imagination produces nothing; [the Commissioners] concluded with an [sic] unanimous voice respecting the existence and the utility of the magnetism, that the existence of the fluid is absolutely destitude of proof, that the fluid having no existence can consequently have no use, that the violent symptoms observed in the public process are to be ascribed to the compression, to the imagination called into action, and to that propensity to mechanical imitation, which leads us in spite of ourselves to the repetition of what strikes our senses. – George Winter (1801). No evidence to support d'Eslon's claims The Commission found no evidence of any kind to support d'Eslon's claim for the existence of a "magnetic fluid": "The most reliable way to ascertain the existence of Animal-magnetism fluid ["l’existence du fluide magnétique animal'] would be to make its presence tangible; but it did not take long for the Commissioners to recognize that this fluid escapes detection by all the senses. Unlike electricity, it is neither luminescent nor visible. Its action does not manifest itself visibly as does the attraction of a magnet; it is without taste or smell; it spreads noiselessly & envelops or penetrates you without your sense of touch warning you of its presence. Therefore, if it exists in us & around us, it does so in an absolutely undetectable manner." – Bailly (1784a), p. 9. The Commission's secret report ("for the King's eyes only") A second (brief) report – which had been presented privately to the King on 11 August 1784, but not made public until 1800 (i.e., in the time of The Consulate period of French First Republic) – specifically addressed the perceived moral dangers occasioned by the physical practices of the animal magnetists: "The uniformly critical tone of this private document was in stark contrast to the scrupulously evenhanded voice of the official report; . . . [and its] message was blunt: the practice of animal magnetism was a threat not only to health . . . but also to morality, especially in the case of weak, virtuous women. . . . [It] provided an explicit description of a certain kind of prolonged "convulsion" that resulted not from the alleged healing power of animal magnetism but rather from the close physical contact and mutual arousal of male magnetizers and female patients who did not fully understand what was being done to them. Deslon [sic] himself had admitted, under interrogation by [the Chief of Paris Police] Lenoir [who was present at a number of the Commission's investigations], how easy it would be to abuse a woman in such a state. Many women had been in treatment for years without being cured. Most of them were not ill to begin with, but had been drawn to the clinic for the amusement it provided, attending regularly as a relief from boredom. Around the tub, the ease with which symptoms spread from person to person was striking. The commissioners reiterated the health risks of inducing full-blown crises, a dangerous practice that any responsible physician would shun. They [also] implied [in this secret report] the possibility that magnetic seances were a deliberate fraud." In concluding their report, they stress that they had not observed any "real cures" (guérisons réelles) from d'Eslon's treatments – which were, they noted, both "very long" and "unfruitful" – and, also, stress that, among d'Eslon's patients, those who had been under his treatment for 18 months to 2 years, without any benefit, ceased to present for any further treatment, having exhausted their patience (p. 152). Finally, they noted (pp. 153-155) that, although charged with investigating d'Eslon's claims and d'Eslon's methods alone, they were satisfied that – offering essentially the same explanation as that in their for-public-consumption report (see "The Report's final footnote" in the Gallery above) – although they had not examined any of Mesmer's methods, etc., their findings applied equally to Mesmer and his methods, especially in relation to the attribution of all observed phenomena to "contact", "imagination", and/or "imitation" (p. 154). The Commission's brief "courtesy report" to the Royal Academy of Sciences On 4 September 1784, Bailly presented a third, brief (15 page) courtesy report to the Royal Academy of Sciences (Bailly, 1784b) on behalf of himself, Franklin, Le Roy, de Bory, and Lavoisier (i.e., those Commissioners who were also Academy members), which provided their Academy colleagues with a brief account of the Commission's proceedings, the rationale behind its investigations, and the results. Noting that all of their investigations were jointly conducted with the four members of the Paris Faculty, and that all nine shared the same "interest in [discovering] the truth", they stressed that all the findings of their combined efforts were "unanimous" (p. 2). The importance of "the Sciences" Further (p. 4), given that the understanding of the Sciences – "which [collectively] are increased by [establishing] the truth" (qui s’accroissent par les vérités) – is increased by "the suppression of error": i.e., given that "error" is always "a bad leaven that ferments and, in the long run, corrupts the mass into which it has been introduced". By contrast, however, in those cases wherein the "error" has been generated by "The Empire of Science", and has spread to "the multitude" – not only to divide and agitate minds, but also, in deceptively presenting a means of curing the sick, prevent them from seeking their cures elsewhere – "good Government has an interest in destroying it". Moreover, anticipating the later remarks of Louis Brandeis ("Publicity is justly commended as a remedy for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the best policeman": Brandeis, 1913, p. 10), the Commissioners (p. 4) remarked that, in terms of the "good Government" of an "Enlightened nation", "the distribution of light is a fine use of authority!" (C'est un bel emploi de l’autorité, que celui de distribuer la lumière!). Not only did they endorse the Administration's decision to conduct an Inquiry, but they also "embraced the honour [implicit in] its choice" of their own appointment as Commissioners. Physics Noting that the "greater" and "more extraordinary" a discovery, the more difficult it was to settle on suitable proof, they reported that, as physicists, they were unable to detect the presence of d'Eslon's supposed (substantial) "fluid" (p. 6). From this absence of "physical evidence", they were forced, instead, to "examine the affections of the spirit and the ideas of those who had been exposed to the action of 'Magnetism'"; and, from this, ceased to be "physicists", and became nothing more than "philosophers" (p. 8). Chemistry However, having been unable to operate as physicists, they had decided to follow the standard procedures of "chemists" – who, having "decomposed substances" and thereby discovered their "principles", assured themselves of the "exactness" of their findings by "recomposing" the same substances from their "reunited" constituents (p. 9). Imagination Given their inability to detect any (substantial) 'magnetism' – and, from their observations that the "effects" (that were attributed by d'Eslon to the supposed 'magnetism' and the supposed 'fluid') were only manifested when the subjects believed they were 'magnetised' (and were not manifested when they were unaware that they had been 'magnetised') – the Commissioners concluded that the "principle" involved was the subject's "imagination"; and, therefore, as a consequence of their investigations, they were well satisfied that they had been "fully successful" in experimentally proving that the observed "effects" had been produced "by the power of the imagination alone" (p. 9). More than a century later, and entirely consistent with the Commissioners' findings, both Jean-Martin Charcot (of the "Hysteria School" of hypnosis at the Salpêtrière hospital), and his rival, Hippolyte Bernheim (of the "Suggestion School" of hypnosis at Nancy in Alsace-Lorraine), were united in their views that all of the supposed “miracle cures” at Lourdes were due to "auto-suggestion". The Report(s) of the "Society Commission" The "Society Commission's" investigations produced two separate reports. The report of four of the five Commissioners The first of the two reports, made by four of the five Commissioners (of 39 pages) – namely, Charles-Louis-François Andry, Claude-Antoine Caille, Pierre Jean Claude Mauduyt de La Varenne, and Pierre-Isaac Poissonnier – was presented to the King on 16 August 1784. Given that the "Society" Commissioners' investigations were far less complex than those conducted by the "Franklin Commission" – and, also, given that the (smaller number of) experiments that they described "duplicate[d] similar ones in the ["Franklin Commission's"] Report" (Pattie, ibid., p. 156) – the report itself is briefer (39 pages), far less complex, and, therefore, far less influential. The Report was divided into two sections: Part One (pp. 2-21), discussing the theories of the practices known as "Animal Magnetism". It commences with d'Eslon's definition of "animal magnetism"; namely that it is "the action which one man exercises on another, either through immediate contact or at a certain distance by the mere pointing of a finger or any kind of conduct", and that "this action", according to d'Eslon, "is the effect of a fluid that is distributed throughout the universe" Part Two (pp. 22-37), discussing the procedures and practices of "Animal Magnetism", as well as addressing the issues of their therapeutic efficacy (or not), and those of whether (or not) the procedures/practices should be admitted to conventional medical practice ("doivent-ils être admis en Médecine!": p. 22). The conclusions drawn (pp. 37-39) were, in brief, that they had found no evidence of d'Eslon's "magnetic fluid", that there were "no grounds for any belief in animal magnetism", that "the effects attributed to it are due to known causes", including not only the influence of "contact", "imagination", and/or "imitation", but also the influence of "the environment of the treatment room with its closed windows, fetid air, dim light, and the sight of other patients [and their responses to their treatments]" – and, as Laurence notes, that "the [observed] results . . . were not due to animal magnetism but to the patients‘ rest, exercise, abstinence from medication, and hopes for a cure!" (2002, p,316) – and that, from this, there was no reason for "the procedures to which the name "animal magnetism" has been given [to be] introduced into the practice of medicine" (Pattie, 1994, p. 157). The (later) representations of Burdin and Dubois Although the "Society" Commission did not directly investigate the clinical efficacy of d'Eslon's therapeutic interventions, and did not examine the circumstances of any earlier (i.e., pre-Commission) "cures" claimed by d"Eslon, two members of the Royal Academy of Medicine, Charles Burdin (1778-1856) and , writing in 1841, drew attention to the fact that, in the process of their (1784) investigations, the "Society" Commissioners identified three categories of patient treated by d'Eslon – (a) those with an "obvious ailment" with "a known cause", (b) those with "mild" and "vague" ailments with no known cause, and, finally, (c) the melancholics ("Les mélancoliques") – and, significantly, having followed the collective progress of d'Eslon's patients over a period of four months, the Commissioners found no evidence of any kind that any members of the '(a) group' (many of whom had been receiving d'Eslon's treatment "for more than a year") had been "cured" (guéris), or, even, "noticeably relieved" (notablement soulagés) of their ailment. de Jussieu's "dissenting" report The second of the two reports, made by de Jussieu alone (of 51 pages) was independently published on 17 September 1784. In de Jussieu's dissenting view, "[and] despite d’Eslon's "magnetic fluid" claims having been debunked [he felt that] there were sufficient “effects” (such as, for instance, ‘post-magnetic amnesia’) unattributable to "imagination" that still required further investigation into their exact nature; and, therefore, he argued, the continued use of animal magnetism was justified" (Yeates, 2018, p. 50). Noting that, in his view, "a longer use of this agent will make its real action and degree of usefulness to be better understood", de Jussieu concluded: The theory of magnetism cannot be admitted so long as it will not be developed and supported by solid facts. The experiments instituted to ascertain the existence of the magnetic fluid prove only that man produces on his like a sensible action by friction, by contact, and more rarely by simple approximation at some distance. This action, attributed to a universal fluid not demonstrated, certainly appertains to animal heat [la chaleur animale] existing in bodies, which constantly emanates from them, is carried to a considerable distance, and is capable of passing from one body into another. Animal heat is developed, increased, or diminished in a body by moral as well as by physical causes. Judged by its effects, it participates in the property of tonic remedies, and like them produces salutary or injurious effects according to the quantity communicated, and according to the circumstances in which it is employed. – de Jussieu, 1784, pp. 50-51. Responses to the Commissions' conclusions A measure of the influence of . . . the claims investigated, the methods employed, and the conclusions reached . . . [by] the Franklin Report is seen in the changing fortunes of Mesmer during the months of 1784. Prior to the submission of the Report, Mesmer had been the toast of Paris, dealing with many wealthy patrons . . . Following publication of the Report, Mesmer was a focus of public scorn and ridicule . . . – McConkey & Barnier (1991, pp. 77-78) The release of the reports generated a proliferation of publications, many of which were simply addressing issues relating to either "mesmerism" or "animal magnetism" in general – such as, for instance, those of Jean-Jacques Paulet (1784), and (1784) – while others, such as those of Charles Joseph Devillers, himself a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences – who (at Devillers, 1784, pp. 165-166) compared the "cures" of Mesmer, with those supposed to have been effected at the tomb of François de Pâris in Saint-Médard, some forty years earlier – and Jacques Cambry (1784) – who provided details of beliefs similar to those of Mesmer previously held by the ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans – strongly supported the findings of the Commissions. Response of the Paris Faculty of Medicine Immediately following the release of the reports of the two Commissions, the Paris Faculty of Medicine "pressure[d] its own members to renounce animal magnetism" (Crabtree, 1993, p. 32). The Faculty identified some thirty of its docteurs-régent, including François Louis Thomas d'Onglée and Charles-Louis Varnier, who "openly favored animal magnetism or were suspected of so doing".d'Eslon had already been expelled, for essentially the same reasons, a year earlier. According to the contemporary account of Thomas d'Onglée (1785, passim), the thirty "magnetic physicians" were subjected to "abuse" and were presented with a declaration, of which it was demanded that they sign. Both Thomas d'Onglée and Varnier, among others, refused to sign the declaration (and were, thereby, immediately expelled). The declaration in question read: "No Doctor may declare himself a partisan of animal magnetism, through writings or through practice, under penalty of being removed from the role of docteurs-régents". d'Eslon's response d'Eslon immediately published an attack on the Commission's reports, in which he criticized their failure to investigate the longer-term effects of his treatments, and their refusal to accept his (alleged) "cures" as proof of the existence of "animal magnetism", as well as noting that, "the commissioners' recommendation that the practice of magnetism should be prohibited . . . would hardly be possible [to implement]", because, apart from those within the medical profession who had been trained by himself and by Mesmer, "a large number of other people had, as a result of their own study, begun to practice it" (Pattie, 1994, p. 171). In addition to his specific criticisms of the reports of the two Royal Commissions – and to emphasize the significance of the Royal Commissions' refusal to investigate either the alleged efficacy of his treatment procedures (i.e., investigate d'Eslon's actual practices, rather than just the veracity (or not) of his theoretical claims, and that alone), and the alleged curative effects of his standard, extended regimens of "magnetic" treatment – d'Eslon published an 80-page supplementary volume (i.e., d'Eslon, 1784c), that provided the case histories of 115 individuals (the majority of whom were identified by name), that had been successfully treated by d'Eslon's procedures for a very wide range of diseases. On 10 December 1784, and in support of d'Eslon, one of his associates (and a former student), Louis Caullet de Veaumorel, published a set of Mesmer's class notes that he (Caullet de Veaumorel) had acquired from one of Mesmer's "disloyal" students.All who Mesmer taught were required to sign a contract declaring that they would not reveal any of Mesmer's doctrines, teach mesmerism to others, or open a mesmeric clinic without Mesmer's express permission: see Forrest (1999, pp. 37-38) for a translation of a (typical) contract -- in this case, the contract signed by the Marquis de Lafayette on 5 April 1784. Caullet de Veaumorel's work, which made no mention of d'Eslon's theories, teachings, or clinical procedures, went into three editions. Caullet de Veaumorel stressed that although, as a "disciple of d'Eslon", he was bound by his "word of honour" not to reveal any of d'Eslon's teachings, he was entirely free to publish Mesmer's material – and, in doing so, he had not altered one word of Mesmer's "maxims" – and, moreover, he was certain that, given Mesmer's dissemination of his ideas through his already published works, Mesmer would not be "offended" by the publication of his aphorisms. Although Mesmer protested to the Journal de Paris that Caullet de Veaumore's Aphorismes "were a distorted account of his lectures", according to Pattie (1994, p. 213), "they [were] accurate" and, moreover, "they agree[d] with later writings of Mesmer". Mesmer's response In his own responses to the Commissions' Reports, Mesmer stressed that – simply because he had not been involved in any of their investigations – the Commissioners' conclusions had nothing whatsoever to do with his (metaphorical) "animal magnetism"; and, because their conclusions only applied to d'Eslon's theories and practices, any responses to those conclusions were entirely the concern of d'Eslon alone. Further, and immediately following the publication of the Reports of the two Commissions, both Nicolas Bergasse (1750-1832) (Bergasse, 1784) and Antoine Esmonin, Marquis de Dampierre (Esmonin, 1784) wrote strong criticisms of the Commissions' orientation, investigations, and findings; and, separately, a number of Mesmer's followers published a composite volume (i.e., Mesmer, et al., 1784) of 478 pages, which included a number of previously published items written by Mesmer, as well as a number of shorter and up-to-date contributions from a range of various authors describing their continued success with animal magnetism. The "Franklin" Commissions' investigations considered to be a "classic" example of a controlled trial "[T]his is the first scientific investigation that we know of into what would today be considered a paranormal or pseudoscientific claim. . . . [And it is clear that] the control of intervening variables and the testing of specific claims, without resort to unnecessary hypothesizing about what is behind the "power", is the lesson modern skeptics should take from this historical masterpiece." – Michael Shermer (1996, emphasis added to original). The detailed studies of Stephen Jay Gould (1989) and John Kihlstrom (2002), drew disciplinary attention to nature and the form of the Commission's extended examination as a watershed moment in the history of science – subsequent to which things were never the same. If the Commission was not the first, it was, at least, one of the very earliest examples of a controlled trial; and, in particular, one that included the use of physical (rather than metaphorical) blindfolds – which were used from time to time on both the experimenters and their experimental subjects – as well as testing both "sham" and "real" procedures on both "sham" and "real" patients. Inspired by these studies, a number of other scholars, in other scientific domains – such as, for example, Shermer (1996), Kaptchuk (1998), Green (2002), Best, Neuhauser, and Slavin (2003), Herr (2005), Lanska & Lanska (2007), Kaptchuk, Kerr & Zanger (2009), Davies Wilson (2014), Jensen, Janik & Waclawik (2016), Zabell (2016), Donaldson (2017), and Rosen et al. (2019) – have also identified the Commission's examination as a previously unrecognized "classic" example of a controlled trial. The "Franklin" Commissions' legacy The "classic" structure of the investigations undertaken by the "Franklin" Commission inspired – among many others over the ensuing years – the (1799) investigations of Chester physician John Haygarth (1740-1827) into the efficacy of Perkins' "tractors".See Haygarth (1801), Booth (2005), and Lanska (2019). In the process of discussing the experiments he had conducted (with medical colleagues as witnesses) with (dummy) "wooden tractors" on 7 January 1799, and with Perkins' "true metallick tractors" on 8 January 1799, Haygarth emphasized his considerable debt to the (earlier) "Franklin Commission" enterprise: "It need not be remarked, how completely the trial illustrates the nature of this popular illusion, which has so wonderfully prevailed, and spread so rapidly; it resembles, in a striking manner, that of Animal Magnetism, which merited the attention of Dr. Franklin, when ambassador from America, and of other philosophers at Paris. If any person would repeat these experiments, they should be performed with due solemnity. During the process, the wonderful cures which this remedy is said to have performed ought to be particularly related. Without these indispensable aids, other trials will not prove as successful as those which are above reported. The whole effect undoubtedly depends upon the impression which can be made upon the patient's Imagination.This method of discovering the truth, distinctly proves to what a surprising degree mere fancy deceives the patient himself; and if the experiment had been tried with the metallick Tractors only, they might and most probably would have deceived even medical observers. Yet this test of truth was perfectly candid. A fair opportunity was offered to discover whether the metallick Tractors possessed any efficacy superior to the ligneous Tractors, or wooden pegs." – John Haygarth (1801). Four vestiges of the magnetization-by-contact practice In relation to the findings of both Commissions – viz., that there was no evidence for d'Eslon's claims, and that d'Eslon's magnetization-by-contact practices had no place within the "medical penumbra" – and despite the consequent, and widespread demedicalization of both d'Eslon's magnetization-by-contact and of animal magnetism in general, there remained a small number of historically significant vestigial remnants of d'Eslon's magnetization-by-contact, the boundary-work of which, for a short while, operated at the frontier of the "medical penumbra" (Brockliss and Jones, 1997) in the (vain) hope of producing an "expansion of the medicable" (such that they would be admitted to conventional medical practice), which were (later) abandoned by their original advocates. Phreno-magnetism In 1843, Robert Hanham Collyer (1814-1891), an American physician and former pupil of John Elliotson, announced that he had discovered the existence of phreno-magnetism in November 1839; and, prior to Collyer's later retraction, two others claimed to have independently confirmed the veracity of Collyer's "discovery": the architect, Henry George Atkinson (1812-1890), at London, in November 1841, and the chemist, Charles Blandford Mansfield (1819-1855), at Cambridge, in December 1841. Phreno-magnetism, as a practice, involved the physical activation (termed "excitation") of specific "phrenological organs", via the operator's 'magnetisation', directly through the particular cranial area supposedly corresponding to that specific phrenological "organ". It was claimed that, in a suitable subject, whenever an operator "excited" a particular phrenological "organ" the subject would manifest whatever sentiments were considered appropriate to that "organ". Four years later, by mid-1843, further experiments that had been conducted by Collyer himself had conclusively proved to his own satisfaction that he was mistaken, and Collyer concluded that there was no such thing as phreno-magnetism at all. Unaware, at the time, of Collyer's retraction, James Braid made a careful examination of “phreno-hypnotism” in December 1842; and continued his comprehensive experimentation until August 1844 – when he concluded, along with John Campbell Colquhoun (Colquhoun, 1843), that there was no foundation for phrenology, in general, and for phreno-magnetism, in particular. As a consequence of the debunking by Colquhoun, Braid, and others, phreno-magnetism – which, in yet another case of "prima facie plausiblity", had (initially) seemed to promise such a wide range of valuable therapeutic and moral applications – "soon morphed into theatrical performances demonstrating the ‘reality’ of phrenology to credulous audiences, with lecturers pressing specific locations on the cranium of their [magnetised] subjects, and their subjects immediately displaying responses appropriate to the characteristics of each phrenological zone" (Yeates, 2018, p. 56) [see, for example, figure at right]. The "zones" of Albert Pitres Around 1885, the neurologist Albert Pitres – the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Bordeaux, and an associate of Charcot at the Salpêtrière hospital – claimed that he had discovered a system of "zones" on the surface of the body, the stimulation of which induced (or terminated) the hypnotic state; namely: zones hypnogènes, or "hypnogenetic zones" which, he said, when stimulated, threw people into the hypnotic state, and zones hypno-frénatrices, or "hypno-arresting zones", which, he said, when stimulated, abruptly threw people out of that same hypnotic state. Pitres further claimed that, despite the location of the specific "zones" differing from individual to individual, the location of the relevant "zones" remained constant for each individual: viz., they had a "position habituelle" (Pitres (1891), p. 497). There is no evidence that there was ever any independent verification of Pitres' claims. The psychoanalytic couch of Sigmund Freud The noted neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud not only studied and wrote about "hypnosis" (e.g., Freud, 1891, and 1966), but he also actively used "hypnosis" in his clinical practice for some time. However the (à la Salpêtrière) "hypnosis" that Freud employed – quite unlike the conventional "hypnotism" of James Braid (that was induced by Braid's standard "upwards and inwards squint") – relied upon an induction process that often involved rubbing the top of a patient's head. This requirement, of course, demanded that Freud sat at the end of the therapeutic couch – in order to gain easy access to his subject's head – a practice that Freud continued to follow for his entire (post-"hypnosis") professional career. Another vestige of phreno-magnetism that demanded that Freud position himself at the patient's head was Freud's application of the "head pressure" technique that he had, in person, observed Hippolyte Bernheim use, on one of his visits to Bernheim's clinic, at Nancy, in 1899. Freud had discontinued this "head pressure" practice by, at least, 1904 – and, possibly, by 1900. Mistaken identification of Esdaile's Jhar-Phoonk with d’Eslon's magnetization-by-contact Due, to a large extent, to the (mistaken) enthusiastic promotion of Esdaile's (otherwise) valuable work in India as "mesmerism" by John Elliotson (1791-1868), and William Collins Engledue (1813-1858) – especially by Elliotson – in their influential journal, The Zoist, over its fifteen years of existence (i.e., March 1843 to January 1856), the entirely mistaken, generally held, and (at the time) widely published view that (the otherwise highly significant) James Esdaile used "mesmerism" to produce the condition under which he conducted completely pain-free surgery is still being repeated in many of the modern accounts of the history of mesmerism, anaesthesia, and hypnotism. It is clear, however, that – having noticed a vague, and superficial similarity between Esdaile's (Islamic/exorcism derived) Jhar-Phoonk procedures and the (secular/healing derived) "magnetization-by-contact" procedures of d’Eslon – in Esdaile's Jhar-Phoonk, Elliotson and his associates had, to use a biological analogy, (mis)identified in "mesmerism à la d'Eslon" what was a clear case of "homoplasy" (i.e., similar entities descended from an entirely separate lineage) as if it were, instead, a case of "homology" (i.e., similar entities descended from a common ancestor). See also Abstract and concrete Animal magnetism Blinded experiment Causality Clinical study design Construct (philosophy) Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard Correlation does not imply causation Design of experiments Élan vital Emotional contagion Exorcism Experimentum crucis Fallacy of misplaced concreteness Iatrophysics Mill's Methods Natural history of disease Necessity and sufficiency Placebo-controlled study Protocol (science) Protoscience Randomized controlled trial Research design Scientific control Scientific method Sham surgery Signs and symptoms Spurious relationship The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare Therapeutic effect Vis medicatrix naturae Vitalism Footnotes References Note that "many pamphlets on magnetism bear false imprints; they purport to have been printed in London, The Hague, Philadelphia, Peking, etc. In this way they evaded French censorship" (Pattie, 1994, p. 179). Anon (1837), Animal Magnetism: Report of Dr. Franklin and other Commissioners, charged by the King of France with the Examination of the Animal Magnetism as practised at Paris: Translated from the French, with an Historical Outline of the "Science", an Abstract of the report on Magnetic Experiments made by a committee of the Royal Academy of Medicine in 1831, and remarks on Col. Stone's pamphlet, Philadelphia: H. Perkins: includes (at pp. 1-44), a reprint of Godwin (1785), pp. 1-108. Anon (1843), "Recent Demonstrations of Animal Magnetism", Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, Vol. 12, No. 598, (Saturday, 15 July 1843), pp. 205-207. Anon (1844), "Conversazione on "Hypnotism" -- At the Royal Manchester Institution", The Medical Times, Vol. 10, No. 243, (18 May 1844), pp. 137-139. Anon (1911/1912), "Nova et Vetera ('New and Old '): Modern Faith Healing: F. 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(1945), "The Musical Glasses and Glass Harmonica", Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 72, No. 1, (1943), pp. 97-122.. James, C.D. (1975), "Mesmerism: A Prelude to Anaesthesia, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 7, (July 1975), pp. 446-447. Jensen, M.B, Janik, E.L., and Waclawik, A. (2016), "The Early Use of Blinding in Therapeutic Clinical Research of Neurological Disorders", Journal of Neurological Research and Therapy, Vol. 1, No. 2, (2016), pp. 4-16. Kaptchuk, T.J. (1998), "Intentional Ignorance: A History of Blind Assessment and Placebo Controls in Medicine", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 72, No 3, (Fall 1998), pp. 389-433. Kaptchuk, T.J., Kerr, C.E. & Zanger, A. (2009), "Placebo Controls, Exorcisms, and the Devil", The Lancet, Vol. 374, No. 9697, (10 October 2009), pp. 1234-1235. Kennaway, J. (2010), "From Sensibility to Pathology: The Origins of the Idea of Nervous Music around 1800", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 65, No. 3, (July 2010), pp. 396-426. Kennaway, J. (2012), "Musical Hypnosis: Sound and Selfhood from Mesmerism to Brainwashing", Social History of Medicine, Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012), pp. 271–289. Kerr, Robert (1790), Elements of Chemistry, etc., Edinburgh: William Creech: a translation of Lavoisier (1789). Kihlstrom, J. F., "Mesmer, the Franklin Commission, and Hypnosis: A Counterfactual Essay", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 407-419. Kirsch, I., "Response Expectancy Theory and Application: A Decennial Review", Applied and Preventive Psychology, Vol. 6., No. 2, (1997), pp. 69-79. Kovach, F.J., "The Enduring Question of Action at a Distance in Saint Albert the Great", The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 3, (November 1979), pp. 161-235. Landefeld, Seth, "LE BACQUET DE Mṛ MESMER: Paris, circa 1780", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 3, (July 1976), p. 368. Lanska, D.J. (2019), "The Assessment of Perkins' Patent Metallic 'Tractors': Abandonment of an 18th-century Therapeutic Fad following Trials using Sham Instruments", Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, Vol. 28, No. 2, (April-June 2019), pp. 147–175. Lanska, D.J., & Lanska, J.T. (2007). "Franz Anton Mesmer and the Rise and Fall of Animal Magnetism: Dramatic Cures, Controversy, and Ultimately a Triumph for the Scientific Method", pp. 301-320 in H. Whitaker, C.U.M. Smith, and Stanley Finger (Eds), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience, Boston, MA: Springer. Laurence, J.-L. (2002), "1784", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 309-319. Lavoisier, A. (1789), Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, &c. (Tome Premiere) ('Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, Volume One'), Paris: Chez Cuchet: English translation at Kerr (1790). Lavoisier, A. (1865), "Sur le Magnétisme Animal", pp. 499-527 in A. Lavoisier, Oeuvres de Lavoisier Publiées par les Soins de S. Exc. le Ministre de l’Instruction Publique, Tome III, Paris: J.-B. Dumas, E. Grimauxm and F.A. Fouqué: for a complete English translation, see Donaldson (2014), pp. 18-38. Ludwig, A.M. (1964), "An Historical Survey of the Early Roots of Mesmerism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. 12, No. 4, (October 1964), pp. 205-217. Mackay, Charles (1841), "The Magnetisers", pp. 283-404 in Charles Mackay, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, Volume III: Philosophical Delusions, London: Richard Bentley. McConkey, K.M. & Barnier, A.J. 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Ouvrage traduit de l’Allemand ('Historical Summary of the facts relating to animal magnetism until April 1781. By Monsieur Mesmer, Doctor of Medicine of the Faculty of Vienna. Book translated from German'), London. Mesmer, F.A. (n.d.), "Catéchism du Magnétisme Animal" ('Catechism on Animal Magnetism'), reprinted at pp. 113-120, Jean-Jacques Paulet (1784), L'antimagnétisme, ou origine, progrès, décadence, renouvellement et réfutation du magnétisme animal ('Antimagnetism, or the origin, progress, decadence, renewal and refutation of animal magnetism'), London: n.p.: translation at Bloch (1980), pp. 81-86. Mesmer, F.A. (1784a), Lettres de M. Mesmer, à Messieurs les auteurs du Journal de Paris, et à M. Franklin (20 Août 1784). (Paris). Mesmer, F.A. (1784b), Lettre de M. Mesmer à M. le Comte de C*** (31 Août 1784). (Paris). Mesmer, F.A. (1785), "(Letter to the Editors, dated 4 January 1785)", Journal de Paris, Vol. 9, No. 6, (6 January 1785), p. 22. Mesmer, F.A. (1799), Mémoire de F. A. Mesmer, Docteur en Médecine, sur ses Découvertes" ('Dissertation by F.A. Mesmer, Doctor of Medicne, on his Discoveries'), Paris: Fuchs: for an English translation, see Bloch (1980), pp. 87-132. Mesmer, F.A., et al. (1784), Recueil des Pièces les plus intéressantes sur le Magnétisme Animal ('A collection of the most interesting pieces on Animal Magnetism'}, Paris: Gastelier. Meyer, Vera & Allen, Kathleen J., "Benjamin Franklin and the Glass Armonica", Endeavour, Vol. 12, No. 4, (January 1988), pp. 185-188. Moll, A. (1890a), Der Hypnotismus (Zweite vermehrte und umgearbeitete Auflage), Berlin: Fischer. Moll, A. (1890b), Hypnotism (Second Edition), London: Walter Scott. Morabito, Carmela, "Rethinking Mesmerism and its Dissemination in the 19th Century: at the Intersection between Philosophy, Medicine and Psychology", Medicina nei Secoli—Arte e Scienza, Vol. 31, No. 1, (June 2019), pp. 71-92. Mulford, Carla J. (2018), "Benjamin Franklin in Passy, 1784", Reviews in American History, Vol. 46, No. 4, (December 2018), pp. 573-578. Newnham, W. (1845), "Of Phreno-Magnetism", pp. 374-411 in W. Newnham, Human Magnetism; Its Claims to Dispassionate Inquiry: Being an Attempt to Show the Utility of Its Application for the Relief of Human Suffering, London: John Churchill. Ogden, Emily (2012), "Mesmer's Demon: Fiction, Falsehood, and the Mechanical Imagination", Early American Literature, Vol. 47, No. 1, (2012), pp. 143–170. Pattie, F.A. (1956), "Mesmer's Medical Dissertation and Its Debt to Mead's De Imperio Solis ac Lunae", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, (July, 1956), pp. 275-287. Pattie, F.A. (1994), Mesmer and Animal Magnetism: A Chapter in the History of Medicine, Hamilton, NY: Edmonston Publishing. Paulet, Jean-Jacques (1784), L'antimagnétisme, ou origine, progrès, décadence, renouvellement et réfutation du magnétisme animal ('Antimagnetism, or the origin, progress, decadence, renewal and refutation of animal magnetism'), London: n.p. Pick, D. (2000), Svengali's Web: The Alien Enchanter in Modern Culture, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Pitres, A., Leçons Cliniques sur l'Hystérie et l'Hypnotisme: Faites à l'Hôpital Saint-André de Bordeaux: Tome 2 (Ouvrage précédé D'une Lettre-Préface de M. le Professeur J.-M. Charcot), Octave Doin (Paris), 1891. Podmore, F. (1909), Mesmerism and Christian Science: A Short History of Mental Healing, Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs. Poissonnier, P.-I., Caille, C.-A., Mauduyt de La Varenne, P.-J.-C., & Andry, C.-L.-F. (1784), Rapport des commissaires de la Société royale de médecine nommés par le Roi pour fair l’examen du magnétisme animal, Imprimé par ordre du Roi, Paris: Imprimerie royale. Pollitt, Ben, (2019), "Sympathy, Magnetism, and Immoderate Laughter: The Feather in Cook's Last Voyage", The Art Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4, (October 2019), pp. 70-94, Rance, K. (trans. J. Johnson) (2018), "Between Enlightenment and Romanticism: A Counter-Revolutionary Mesmerism?", Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 177-196. Ridgway, E.S. (1993), "John Elliotson (1791-1868): A Bitter Enemy of Legitimate Medicine? Part I: Earlier Years and the Introduction to Mesmerism", Journal of Medical Biography, Vol. 1, No. 4, (November 1993), pp. 191-198. Ridgway, E.S. [1994], "John Elliotson (1791-1868): A Bitter Enemy of Legitimate Medicine? Part II: The Mesmeric Scandal and Later Years", Journal of Medical Biography, Vol. 2, No. 1, (February 1994), pp. 1-7. Rosen, G. (1946), "Mesmerism and Surgery: A Strange Chapter in the History of Anesthesia", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 4, (October 1946), pp. 527–550. Rosen, G. (1959), "History of Medical Hypnosis", in Schneck, J.M. (ed.), Hypnosis in Modern Medicine, (Second Edition), Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1959. Rosen, G.M., Lilienfeld, S.O. & Glasgow, R.E. (2019), "Psychiatry's stance towards scientifically implausible therapies: Are we losing ground?", The Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 6, No. 10 (October 2019), pp. 802–803. Salas D. & Salas, D. (trans.), "The First Scientific Investigation if the Paranormal Ever Conducted, Commissioned by King Louis XVI. Designed, Conducted, & Written by Benjamin Franklin, Antoine Lavoisier, & Others", Skeptic, (Fall 1996), pp. 68-83: a translation of Bailly (1784a)'. Schneck, J.M. (1959), "The History of Electrotherapy and its Correlation with Mesmer's Animal Magnetism", Vol. 116, No. 5, (November 1959), pp. 463–464. 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Spillan (1843), A Practical Manual of Animal Magnetism; Containing an Exposition of the Methods Employed in Producing the Magnetic Phenomena; with its Application to the Treatment and Cure of Diseases, London : Hippolyte Bailliere. Thomas d'Onglée, François Louis (1785), Rapport au Public, de quelques Abus Auxquels le Magnétisme animal a donné lieu ('Report to the public on some abuses occasioned by Animal Magnetism'), Paris : Widow of Hérissant. Thouret, M. (1784), Recherches et Doutes sur le Magnétisme Animal ('Researches and Doubts about Animal Magnetism'), Paris : Chez Prault. Tinterow, M.M., Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud, Charles C. Thomas, (Springfield), 1970. Topley, M. (1976), "Chinese Traditional Etiology and Methods of Cure in Hong Kong", pp. 243-265 in C. Leslie (Ed.), Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Townshend, C.H. (1840), Facts in Mesmerism, With Reasons for a Dispassionate Inquiry into It, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. Tsouyopoulos, N. (1988), "The Influence of John Brown's Ideas in Germany", Medical History, Vol. 32, Supp. 8, (1988), pp. 63-74. von Haller, A. (1753a), "De Partibus Corporis Humani Sensilibus et Irritabilibus", Die 22 April 1752, Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Tomus II, pp. 114-134.] [https://archive.org/details/s4id13296710 von Haller, A. (1753b), "De Partibus Corporis Humani Sensilibus et Irritabilibus", Die 6 Maii 1752, Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, Tomus II, pp. 114-134. von Haller, A. (1755) (trans. M. Tissot), A Dissertation on the Sensible and Irritable Parts of Animals, London: J. Nourse. Vinchon, J. (1936), Mesmer et son Secret, Paris: A. Legrand. Walmsley, D M. (1967), "Mesmer, Marie Antoinette and a Royal Commission", History Today, Vol. 17, No. 4, (1 April 1967), pp. 264-270. Winter, George (1801), Animal Magnetism: History of its Origin, Progress, and Present State: Its Principles and Secrets Displayed, as delivered by the late Dr. Demainauduc, etc., Bristol: George Routh. Wolfart, K.C. (1814), Mesmerismus: Oder System der Wechselwirkungen, Theorie und Anwendung des thierischen Magnetismus als die allgemeine heilkunde zur Erhaltung des Menschen von Dr. Friedrich Anton Mesmer ('Memerism: or The System of Interactions, Theory and Application of Animal Magnetism as General Medicine for the Preservation of Man by Dr. Friedrich Anton Mesmer'), Berlin: Nikolaischen Buchhandlung. Wyckoff, J. [1975], Franz Anton Mesmer: Between God and Devil, Prentice-Hall, (Englewood Cliffs), 1975. Yapko, M.D. (1994), Suggestions of Abuse: True and False Memories of Childhood Sexual Trauma, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Yeates, L.B., James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013. Yeates, L.B. (2018), "James Braid (II): Mesmerism, Braid's Crucial Experiment, and Braid's Discovery of Neuro-Hypnotism", Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Autumn 2018), pp. 40–92. Younger, D. (1887), The Magnetic and Botanic Family Physician, and Domestic Practice of Natural Medicine: With Illustrations Showing Various Phases of Mesmeric Treatment, including Full and Concise Instruction in Mesmerism, Curative Magnetism, Massage, and Medical Botany, London: E.W. Allen. Zabell, S. (2016), "The Virtues of Being Blind, Chance, Vol. 29, No. 1, (January 2016), pp. 32-36. Zanetti, F. (trans. J. Johnson) (2018), "The Setbacks and Counterpoints of Mesmerism: Knowledge and Personalities on the Margins at the End of the Old Regime", Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 57-80. External links Museum of the History of Medicine and Pharmacy, at Lyon. Museum of the History of Medicine and Pharmacy, at Lyon: Mesmer's Baquet. Glass Armonica by Benjamin Franklin, The Bakken Museum Artifact Collection'', (catalog no. 81.064): 1784 in science History of science History of medicine History of medicine in France French medical research Scientific method Clinical trials Design of experiments Benjamin Franklin Louis XVI Concepts in metaphysics Obsolete scientific theories Obsolete medical theories Phrenology Animal magnetism Energy therapies Vitalism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow%20%28surname%29

Marlow (surname)

Marlow is a surname of English origin, derived from the town of Marlow in Buckinghamshire. People with the surname Alex Marlow (born 1986), editor of Breitbart News Bobby Marlow (c. 1930–1985), American football running back Charles Marlow (jockey) (1814–1882), English jockey Donny Marlow, ring name of Tanga Loa, wrestler Ellen Marlow (born 1994), American actress Francis Marlow (1867–1952), English cricketer Frank Marlow (1869–1935), Australian rules football administrator Fred Marlow (1928–2013), English (soccer) footballer Geoff Marlow (1914–1978), English (soccer) footballer George Marlow born Joseph Marks (1876–1939) Australian theatre entrepreneur Ian Marlow (born 1963), English rugby union and rugby league footballer Janet Marlow (born 1958), British middle-distance runner Jess Marlow (1929–2014), American journalist Jesse Marlow (born 1978), Australian photographer John Marlow (1829–1903), police officer in Queensland, Australia Joseph Marlow (1854–1923), English cricketer Ken Marlow (born 1960), American realist painter Lucy Drake Marlow (née Drake 1890–1978), American artist Max Marlow (disambiguation) Max Marlow, pseudonym of British writing team Christopher Nicole and Diana Bachmann Max Marlow (filmmaker) (born 1995), British filmmaker, writer and producer Max Marlow (musician), British musician Michael Marlow (died 1828), Anglican priest and Oxford University administrator Michael Marlow (economist), professor at California Polytechnic Mitch Marlow, sometime guitarist with He Is Legend Peter Marlow (disambiguation) Peter Marlow (athlete) (born 1941), British racewalker Peter Marlow (photographer) (1952–2016), British news photographer Ric Marlow (born Sanford Phillip Schafler 1925–2017), American songwriter and actor Richard Marlow (1939–2013), English choral conductor and organist Robert Marlow (born 1961), UK musician also performing as "Marlow" Simon Marlow, British computer programmer Thomas Marlow (1878–1954), English cricketer Tim Marlow (born 1962), British writer, broadcaster and art historian Toby Marlow (born 1994), English writer, composer and actor Tony Marlow (born 1940), British Conservative MP William Marlow (1740–1813), English landscape and marine painter and etcher William Marlow (cricketer) (1900–1975), played for Leicestershire Fictional characters Marlow series of books by Antonia Forest Charles Marlow, a character created by Joseph Conrad Philip Marlow, protagonist of The Singing Detective TV miniseries See also Marlow (disambiguation) Marlowe (name) English toponymic surnames

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell%20House

Cromwell House

Cromwell House is a Grade I listed building built in 1638 in Highgate Village, now a suburb of London. It is currently owned by the Republic of Ghana and used as its visa section. The builder of the house Cromwell House was commissioned by Sir Richard Sprignell, who was born about 1603, the eldest son of Robert Sprignell, Esquire (1560–1624) and Susan Daniell, and was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matriculated in January 1620 aged seventeen and graduated BA in February 1622. On the death of his parents in 1627, Sprignell inherited some houses in Whitefriars Street, two manors in Essex, Great and Little Maldon, and one in Yorkshire, Copmanthorpe, and some property in Middlesex, described as "dwelling house, yards, backsides, gardens, Palefield and four other fields adjoining... in the parish of Harringay alias Hornsey". In 1634, Sprignell was commissioned as a Captain of Train-Bands and in 1639 became a governor of Highgate grammar school. In 1641, Charles I created him a Baronet. Sprignell married firstly Anne Delaune, whose father, Gideon Delaune, was the apothecary to Queen Anne, wife of James I. Sometimes called the founder the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, Sprignell was by far its most important member. Although he was a foreign national, at the urging of Charles I he was granted the freedom of the City of London. In 1628 he became Master of the Apothecaries in a contested election and was elected again in 1636. He married secondly Judith Chamberlaine of London, whose father was Henry Chamberlaine, and together they had at least seventeen children. Architecture and history The identity of the original architect of Cromwell House remains unknown, but it is certainly a tour-de-force on the part of a highly skilled brick-layer/contractor. Built in 1637–38, it infers the influence of Inigo Jones in the regularity of its seven-window frontage. It is recognised as one of the finest examples, along with Kew Palace, of the 17th-century "artisan mannerist" style of domestic architecture in London to have survived virtually intact. Behind the elaborately carved red-brick facade, it has an oak staircase of national importance, the design of which may have been influenced by that at Blickling Hall, built twenty years earlier, the country house of Sir Henry Hobart, whose other home was Lauderdale House, which directly faces Cromwell House on the other side of Highgate Hill. Sir Richard commissioned wooden carvings of military figures of the Stuart period to stand on each newel post of the staircase; and in 1639, when he obtained his grant of arms, he had them incorporated into the centre of the elaborate plaster ceiling of the principal room. In 1678–79, the da Costa family built a new wing to the north of the house and added the carriageway entrance to the south, with two rooms above it, one of which has the da Costa crest on a fine fireplace surround. During its period as a school in the mid-19th century, a gabled rear extension was added for use as a dining hall, and in 1865 a serious fire destroyed the roof, the old dome, and the second floor. In the 20th century, a large rear wing was constructed on the north-east side, which is now used as offices. In 1951 the building was listed Grade I, a category reserved for buildings of exceptional interest. Sadly, while the house stood empty in the 1980s a number of architectural antiques were stolen from it, including most of the important carved wooden figures lining the staircase and a marble chimneypiece in an upstairs room. Many of the missing carved figures were later replaced by plaster copies moulded from earlier casts taken from the originals. The listing particulars call the house a "splendid example of Renaissance brickwork". They note the mansard roof in slate has seven dormer windows, the fourth with a pediment, in the centre a flat roof with a balustrade and a lead cupola standing on a tall octagonal column. As well as its two main storeys, the building has a basement and an attic. A three-bay brick centre stands a little forward of the main front, and the brickwork has stone quoins at the angles. At first floor level are entablatures, with a parapet above, and brick-eared window architraves. The sash windows and their glazing bars date from the early 19th century. The front door with six panels is round-headed, the top panel glazed to let in light, and is set in a moulded architrave. The Tuscan doorcase dates from the 18th century. Inside the house, the important staircase rises from the ground floor to the second floor, and many doors and doorcases, carved stone chimneypieces, and plaster ceilings also date from the 17th century, with 18th-century features added. One large room is completely panelled, from floor to ceiling. The brick forecourt walls of the house, topped with brick balustrading, also date from the 17th century and are listed separately, also at Grade I. Their stone coping, and the stone gate piers with cornices and finials flanking the entrance, are from a later period. The walls and gates of Cromwell House form an architectural group with others in front of the houses on each side. Name of the house In connection with 104, Highgate Hill, the earliest mention of the name Cromwell which has been found is in the Holden London Directory of 1809, which lists George Ranking as living at Cromwell House, so it is probable that Ranking gave the name to the house after he bought it in 1797. Earlier, during the ownership of the da Costa family, there is some evidence that it may have been called Highgate House. Cromwell House dates from the lifetime of Oliver Cromwell, and its name has led to a widespread belief that he or his son-in-law General Henry Ireton at some point owned or lived in it, or in an earlier building. However, the owners throughout the seventeenth century are well documented, and neither the Protector nor his son-in-law are among them. Nothing even demonstrates that either was ever at Highgate. John Ireton, a brother of the General, was a leading resident of Highgate and was a friend of the Sprignells, and one of them married a daughter of one of those who signed the death warrant of Charles II. The name of Cromwell has also been applied to other houses near London, none of which is connected with him. Owners and occupiers Sir Robert Sprignell (1622–1690) the eldest son of Sir Richard Sprignell, was the second owner of the house. On the Parliamentary side during the Civil Wars, he is said to have "deliberately run away" from the fighting at Cheriton Down. At the Restoration in 1660, he ran away again to the Low Countries, and in 1664 sold the house to George Hill, a member of Clifford's Inn, with its garden, and sold nineteen acres (7.7 hectares) of land adjacent to it to Robert Young, a scrivener in the City of London. Five years later, the house and garden were sold to Sir Thomas Hooke of Lincoln's Inn, who in turn sold it to Alvares da Costa in 1675. Escaping the inquisition, Alvares (or Alvaro), a wealthy merchant of Portuguese Jewish origins, had arrived in England in 1661 as part of the entourage of Charles II's wife, Catherine of Braganza. Other members of his family joined him in the country, including Fernando Mendes, his cousin and brother-in-law, who became the Queen's physician. Because of the anti-Catholic fervour of the late 1670s, the family came out openly as Jewish, and thus Cromwell House became the first Jewish-owned property in England since the 1290 Jewish expulsion. The building became the suburban hub of the large da Costa clan, and during their 74-year ownership the house was expanded to meet their needs. Other distinguished family members included the banker Moses da Costa and the miniaturist Catherine da Costa. In 1705, Alvares da Costa bought back the nineteen acres of adjoining land sold by Sir Robert Sprignell, eighteen acres (7.2 hectares) of which was subsequently sold in 1742 by his son who had inherited the estate, but had been in financial difficulties ever since losing heavily in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. He kept only the acre to the east adjoining the garden of the house. In 1749, the House was bought by Sir John Thompson, alderman of the City of London, who died in 1750. On the death of his widow, Dame Catharine Thompson, in 1766, it was sold to Thomas Saunders, who sold it to Samuel Provey, after whose death it was sold in 1797 to George Ranking, a merchant in Cheapside. The next owner, from 1811, was William Higgins of Mill Hill who ten years later sold to Richard Cumberlege Ware, who after just two years sold it to Thomas Hurst, a print seller and publisher. He subsequently became bankrupt, and so in 1833 the house passed to Richard Nixon of 4 The Grove, who brought its use as a private house to an end. From 1834, Cromwell House was used as a boys' school, run first by William Addison, then from 1843 by Gerrit Van der Linde (1808–1858), a Dutch poet and scholar, who ran a college français, and after his death in 1858 by the Rev. Stretton until the School's closure in 1867. Thomas Bedggood, the owner from 1841, passed the property in trust to his four daughters, who in 1868 granted a 70-year lease to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children to use as a Convalescent Hospital, with an annual intake of some four hundred young patients. The Hospital moved out of the building in 1924, and the remainder of the lease was bought by the Mothercraft Training Society, founded by Dr Truby King, who espoused a strict method of infant care and nutrition. In the late 1930s the freehold was acquired from the grandchildren of Thomas Bedggood (the Russell family). Between 1928 and 1930 the Society built a residential annex, called The Princess Elizabeth of York Hostel, on the remaining acre of land originally acquired by Alvares da Costa in 1705, and in 1939 the buildings became the Truby King Home for Children. In 1951 the Mothercraft Training Society closed and The Princess Elizabeth of York Hostel (now listed Grade II) was sold separately to the Metropolitan Police Service as accommodation for police officers, and is now student accommodation, accessed from Winchester Place, called Princess Elizabeth House. Cromwell House was sold to the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (absorbed into the Church Missionary Society in 1957), to be followed in 1970 by the Roman Catholic Montfort Fathers who vacated in 1983. The building stood empty for several years, which worried local residents to such an extent that an Independent Cromwell House Working Group was formed to campaign for the preservation of the house. In 1988, it was sold to a developer who undertook renovations and it was subsequently sold to its current owner, the Republic of Ghana, which uses it as the Visa Section of its High Commission in Belgravia. Gallery References Bibliography 1638 establishments in England Country houses in London Brick buildings and structures Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Haringey History of the London Borough of Haringey Houses in the London Borough of Haringey Scheduled monuments in London Grade I listed buildings in London Highgate

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Christian%20Hall

Killing of Christian Hall

Christian Joseph Hall (October 31, 2001 – December 30, 2020) was a 19-year-old Chinese American man from Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania who was shot and killed by Pennsylvania State troopers on December 30, 2020. The police had been responding to a report about Hall, who was suspected to be suicidal and found with a firearm. Though he appeared to surrender, Hall was shot while his hands were up. Background Hall was born Chen Zhi Bo on October 31, 2001, in Shanghai, Mainland China. Shortly before age one, he was adopted by Gareth J. Hall and Fe Hall, who are of African-American and Asian-American descent respectively. He had his name officially changed to Christian Joseph Hall. Incident On December 30, 2020, Pennsylvania State Police arrived on the Pennsylvania Route 33 overpass above Interstate 80 responding to a call about a distraught man, later identified as Christian Hall. Footage of the scene showed him pacing around and clutching what appears to be a gun. Initial reports said Hall placed it on the ground after being ordered to do so, and began negotiating with the officers, but soon picked it back up. Around 1:38 p.m., Hall was shot seven times by the troopers. Hall was carrying a pellet gun with his hands raised when he was shot. He was taken to the Lehigh Valley Hospital-Pocono in East Stroudsburg, where he later died from his injuries. Investigation Initial reports from authorities stated that when the officers told Hall to put the gun on the ground, he complied, but at one point during negotiations, he picked up the gun and pointed it in the direction of the police, causing them to shoot him. A video of the incident with evidence contradicting the claims surfaced in February 2021. The video shows Hall raising his hands before he is shot and falls. Hall's adoptive parents reported that he had been experiencing a mental health problem. Fe Hall told WNEP-TV, "He needed help. He was looking for help, but instead of getting help, he was killed in cold blood by those who were supposed to help him." Civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump also stated that Hall was in need of help and seemed to be contemplating suicide. Hall's family has started a petition to reopen the investigation of his shooting, with a goal of 150,000 votes. On February 12, 2021, Hall's death was protested by people outside the Philadelphia City Hall. Twitter users have demanded #JusticeforChristian after the video of the incident emerged. In March 2021, Michael Mancuso, an assistant district attorney, called Hall's death a "classic suicide by cop scenario" at a news conference. In November 2021, a new video was released which shows Hall holding the pellet gun with his hands raised at the time of his killing. The video is unblurred, unlike video previously released by the Monroe County district attorney, and was obtained through subpoena by a lawyer representing Hall's parents. References 2020 deaths 2020 in Pennsylvania 2020–2021 United States racial unrest Asian-American-related controversies Deaths by firearm in Pennsylvania Deaths by person in the United States December 2020 events in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Filmed deaths in the United States Law enforcement controversies in the United States People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States

66962249

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20deaths%20in%20the%20United%20States%20%28January%E2%80%93June%29

2021 deaths in the United States (January–June)

Deaths in the first half of the year 2021 in the United States. For the last half of the year, see 2021 deaths in the United States (July–December). January January 1 Ben Chafin, 60, politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (2014) and Senate (since 2014) (b. 1960) Ron Dominguez, 85, business and theme park executive, vice-president of Disneyland (1974–1990) and of Walt Disney Attractions, West Coast (1990–1994) (b. 1935) George Gerdes, 72, singer, songwriter and actor (Hidalgo, L.A. Noire, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo) (b. 1948) Floyd Little, 78, Hall of Fame football player (Syracuse Orange, Denver Broncos) (b. 1942) Misty Morgan, 75, country music singer (Jack Blanchard & Misty Morgan) (b. 1945) Paige Rense, 91, writer and editor, editor-in-chief of Architectural Digest (1975–2010) (b. 1929) George Whitmore, 89, mountaineer and conservationist (b. 1931) January 2 Mary Catherine Bateson, 81, writer and cultural anthropologist (b. 1939) Brad Cox, 76, computer scientist (b. 1944) Carrie Dann, 88/89, Western Shoshone indigenous rights activist and spiritual leader (b. 1932) Robert Livingston, 87, Zen Buddhist teacher (b. 1933) W. B. Park, 84, cartoonist and illustrator (b. 1936) Mike Reese, 42, politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (since 2009) (b. 1978) Don Salls, 101, football player (Alabama Crimson Tide) and coach (Jacksonville State Gamecocks) (b. 1919) Gary Staples, 80, politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1988–1992, 2004–2020) (b. 1940) Paul Westphal, 70, Hall of Fame basketball player (Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, New York Knicks), coach (Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, Sacramento Kings) and commentator (b. 1950) January 3 Lee Breuer, 83, academic, educator, filmmaker, lyricist, playwright (The Gospel at Colonus), poet and theater director (b. 1937) Eric Jerome Dickey, 59, author (b. 1961) Dick Kulpa, 67, cartoonist (Cracked, Weekly World News) (b. 1953) George F. Regas, 90, Episcopal priest, rector of All Saints Episcopal Church (Pasadena) (1967–1995) (b. 1930) James C. Renick, 72, academic administrator, 4th Chancellor of the University of Michigan-Dearborn (1993–1999) and 9th Chancellor of the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (1999–2006) (b. 1948) January 4 Tom Acker, 90, baseball player (Cincinnati Redlegs/Reds) (b. 1930) Ronnie Burgess, 57, football player (Green Bay Packers) (b. 1963) Seymour Van Gundy, 89, nematologist (University of California, Riverside) (b. 1931) Sandra Hutchens, 65, law enforcement officer and official, Sheriff-Coroner of Orange County, California (2008–2019) (b. 1955) Jonas Neubauer, 39, Tetris player, seven-time world champion (b. 1981) Bernard P. Randolph, 87, general (b. 1933) Tanya Roberts, 65, actress (Charlie's Angels, A View to a Kill, That '70s Show), producer and model (b. 1955) Gregory Sierra, 83, actor (Sanford and Son, Barney Miller, The Other Side of the Wind) (b. 1937) January 5 Jerry Berger, 87, public relations practitioner, press agent and journalist (St. Louis Globe-Democrat, St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (b. 1933) C. George Boeree, 68, Dutch-born American psychologist (Shippensburg University) (b. 1952) Christina Crosby, 67, scholar and writer (b. 1953) Thereasea Elder, 93, public health nurse (b. 1927) Patricia C. Frist, 81, banker and philanthropist (b. 1939) Don Leppert, 90, baseball player (Baltimore Orioles) (b. 1930) Pat Patrick, 91, racing team owner (Patrick Racing) (b. 1929) Donald Perry Polsky, 92, architect (b. 1928) January 6 Jonathan Aldrich, 84, poet and educator (b. 1936) Kenneth Z. Altshuler, 91, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (Columbia University, UT Southwestern Medical Center) (b. 1929) Thomas G. Carpenter, 94, educator and academic administrator, President of the University of North Florida (1969–1980) and University of Memphis (1980–1991) (b. 1926) Peter S. Eagleson, 92, hydrologist (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and author (b. 1928) Bobby Few, 85, jazz pianist and vocalist (b. 1935) Eldon Fortie, 79, football player (BYU Cougars, Edmonton Eskimos) (b. 1941) Donald Frith, 96, ceramic artist and academic (b. 1924) Jim Haynes, 87, American-British underground and avant-garde theatre producer, co-founder of the Traverse Theatre and International Times (b. 1933) Gerald Hiken, 93, actor (Car 54, Where Are You?, Invitation to a Gunfighter, Reds) (b. 1927) Laurence H. Kedes, 83, scientist (Stanford University, University of Southern California) (b. 1937) Antonio Sabàto Sr., 77, Italian-American actor (Grand Prix, One Dollar Too Many, Due volte Giuda) (b. 1943) Barry Schwartz, 83, sociologist (b. 1938) Burt Wilson, 87, philosopher, writer, jazz musician, playwright, political activist and advertising executive (b. 1933) January 7 Robbins Burling, 94, anthropologist and sociolinguist (University of Pennsylvania, University of Michigan) (b. 1926) Deezer D, 55, rapper and actor (CB4, ER, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion) (b. 1965) Grant Gondrezick, 57, basketball player (Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Clippers, Limoges CSP) (b. 1963) Taky Kimura, 96, Japanese-American martial artist (b. 1924) Tom LaBonge, 67, politician, member of the Los Angeles City Council (2001–2015) (b. 1953) Tommy Lasorda, 93, Hall of Fame baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers, Kansas City Athletics), manager (Los Angeles Dodgers) and coach (Los Angeles Dodgers) (b. 1927) Jamie O'Hara, 70, country musician and songwriter ("Older Women", "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Old Days)"), Grammy winner (1987) (b. 1950) Lonnie Perrin, 68, football player (Denver Broncos, Chicago Bears, Washington Redskins) (b. 1952) Marion Ramsey, 73, actress (Police Academy, Return to Babylon, Lavalantula) and singer (b. 1947) Neil Sheehan, 84, journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner (1989) (b. 1936) Brian Sicknick, 42, police officer (U.S. Capitol Police) (b. 1978) Mel Weitsman, 91, Buddhist priest, founder of the Berkeley Zen Center (b. 1929) January 8 Meredith Anding, 79, civil rights activist (b. 1941) William H. Barbour Jr., 79, judge (1983–2006), chief judge (1989–1996) and senior judge (since 2006) of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi (b. 1941) Harold Bornstein, 73, gastroenterologist (b. 1947) Ed Bruce, 81, country music singer-songwriter ("Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys", "You're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had") and actor (Bret Maverick) (b. 1939) David Buchsbaum, 91, mathematician (Brandeis University) (b. 1929) Steve Carver, 75, film director (Big Bad Mama, Capone, Lone Wolf McQuade), producer and photographer (b. 1945) John Corcoran, 83, logician, mathematician and philosopher (University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Pennsylvania) (b. 1937) David Darling, 79, cellist and composer (b. 1941) Steve Hendrickson, 54, football player (San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers, Houston Oilers, Philadelphia Eagles) (b. 1966) Mike Henry, 84, football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Los Angeles Rams) and actor (Tarzan films, Smokey and the Bandit) (b. 1936) Peter W. Huber, 68, lawyer and non-fiction writer (b. 1952) Steve Lightle, 61, comic book artist (Doom Patrol, Legion of Super-Heroes, The Flash) (b. 1959) Diana Millay, 85, actress (The Secret Storm, Street of Sinners, Dark Shadows) (b. 1935) Samuel L. Myers Sr., 101, economist, educationist and civil rights advocate (b. 1919) Deborah Rhode, 68, legal scholar (b. 1952) Don Robertson, 92, television announcer (CBS Sports) (b. 1928) Shirley Wilson, 95, football player and coach (Elon University, Duke University) (b. 1925) January 9 Jerry Douglas, 85, director and writer (b. 1935) John Lutz, 81, mystery writer (b. 1939) John Reilly, 86, actor (b. 1934) John Joseph Ryba, 91, politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (1993–2003) (b. 1929) Caroly Wilcox, 89, puppeteer (b. 1931) Jeannette Wood, 88, politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1988–1994) and Senate (1994–1999) (b. 1932) January 10 Harry Brown, 72, basketball player (b. 1948) Nancy Walker Bush Ellis, 94, philanthropist (b. 1926) Tom Gannon, 77, politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1979–2006) (b. 1943) Wayne Radford, 64, basketball player (Indiana Pacers) (b. 1956) Dee Rowe, 91, college basketball coach (b. 1929) Julie Strain, 58, actress and model (b. 1962) January 11 Sheldon Adelson, 87, businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist (b. 1933) Edward Beard, 80, politician, member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives (1972–1974) and the U.S. House of Representatives (1975–1981) (b. 1940) Lionel Gossman, 91, Scottish-American literary scholar (b. 1929) Ronald J. Hays, 92, admiral (b. 1928) Howard Johnson, 79, jazz musician (b. 1941) Tetsuo Najita, 84, historian (b. 1936) Prentice E. Sanders, 83, police officer (b. 1937) Margo St. James, 83, women's rights activist and sex worker (b. 1937) Paul Taylor, 81/82, engineer (b. 1939) William E. Thornton, 91, astronaut (b. 1929) Stacy Title, 56, film director, screenwriter, and producer (b. 1964) January 12 Bruce Bennett, 77, football player (Saskatchewan Roughriders) (b. 1943) Carlos Joseph, 40, football player (b. 1980) Tim Lester, 52, football player (b. 1968) Fred Levin, 83, lawyer (b. 1937) Barry Lewis, 75, architectural historian (b. 1945) Christopher P. Monkhouse, 73, architectural historian (b. 1947) Keith Valigura, 63, politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1985–1991) (b. 1957) January 13 Howard Andrew, 86/87, poker player (b. 1934) Tim Bogert, 76, rock bassist and vocalist (b. 1944) Duke Bootee, 69, rapper and songwriter (b. 1951) Sir Robert Cohan, 95, American-born British dancer, choreographer, and artistic director (b. 1925) Frank J. Coppa, 83, historian, author, and educator (b. 1937) Siegfried Fischbacher, 81, German-American magician and entertainer (b. 1939) Benjamin F. Gibson, 89, judge (1979–1996), chief judge (1991–1995) and senior judge (1996–1999) of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan (b. 1931) Ben Hines, 85, baseball coach (b. 1935) Bryan Monroe, 55, journalist, editor, and educator (b. 1965) Lisa Marie Montgomery, 52, convicted murderer (b. 1968) Sylvain Sylvain, 69, Egyptian-born American rock guitarist (b. 1951) January 14 Eiji Hashimoto, 89, Japanese-American harpsichordist, orchestra conductor, and professor (b. 1931) Shirley Johnson, 83, politician, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1981–1992, 1993–1998) and Senate (1999–2004) (b. 1937) John LaRose, 69, baseball player (b. 1951) Harold Lawrence McPheeters, 97, psychiatrist (b. 1923) Peter Mark Richman, 93, actor (b. 1927) Joanne Rogers, 92, pianist and puppeteer (b. 1928) Ron Samford, 90, baseball player (b. 1930) Larry Willoughby, 70, country singer-songwriter and music executive (b. 1950) January 15 William R. Allen, 96, economist, professor and author (b. 1924) Dale Baer, 70, animator (b. 1950) Wilbur Brotherton, 98, politician, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1975–1988) (b. 1922) Tyrone Crawley, 62, boxer (b. 1958) Bruce Headley, 86, thoroughbred trainer and owner (b. 1934) Kathleen Krull, 68, children's writer and book editor (b. 1952) Lệ Thu, 77, Vietnamese-American singer (b. 1943) Thomas V. Miller Jr., 78, politician, member of the Maryland House of Delegates (1971–1975), member (1975–2020) and President (1987–2020) of the Maryland Senate (b. 1942) J. Michael Schweder, 71, politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1975–1980) (b. 1949) Jon Westling, 78/79, educator and academic administrator, 8th President of Boston University (1996–2002) (b. 1942) Gerald Wiegert, 76, automotive businessman and engineer (b. 1944) James White, 78, politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (2009–2014) and Senate (2016–2021) (b. 1942) January 16 Jon Arnett, 85, football player (Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Bears) (b. 1935) Sharon Begley, 64, journalist (b. 1956) Jerry Brandt, 82, club owner and manager (b. 1938) Little Walter DeVenne, 73, radio host (b. 1948) Dustin Higgs, 48, convicted murderer (b. 1972) Jim MacGeorge, 92, voice actor and writer (b. 1928) Jimmy Powell, 85, golfer (b. 1935) Phil Spector, 81, record producer, musician, songwriter and convicted murderer (b. 1939) Paul Varelans, 51, mixed martial artist (b. 1969) January 17 Dave Arnold, 49, politician, member of the Pennsylvania Senate (2020–2021) (b. 1971) Robert Cheezic, 82, martial artist (b. 1939) Brian Christie, Unk, television news journalist, talk show host and anchor (b. Unk) Barbara Gronemus, 89, politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (1982–2008) (b. 1931) Muriel Grossfeld, 80, Olympic gymnast (b. 1940) Marlin Kuykendall, 86, politician (b. 1934) Gerald Locklin, 79, poet and lecturer (b. 1941) Junior Mance, 92, jazz pianist, composer and educator (b. 1928) Sammy Nestico, 96, jazz composer and arranger (b. 1924) Vincent M. Rizzotto, 89, Roman Catholic prelate and Auxiliary Bishop of Galveston–Houston (2001–2006) (b. 1931) Maynard Wallace, 77, politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (2003–2011) (b. 1943) January 18 Lubomir Kavalek, 77, Czech-American chess player (b. 1943) Don Sutton, 75, baseball player (b. 1945) Perry Botkin Jr., 87, composer and musician (b. 1933) Jimmie Rodgers, 87, pop singer (b. 1933) January 20 Mira Furlan, 65, Croatian-American actress (b. 1955) Lonnie Nielsen, 67, golfer (b. 1953) Ted Thompson, 68, football player and executive (b. 1953) January 21 Bob Avian, 83, choreographer and theatre producer (b. 1937) Randy Parton, 67, singer-songwriter, actor, businessman, and younger brother of Dolly Parton (b. 1953) January 22 Hank Aaron, 86, baseball player (b. 1934) Tony Jones, 54, football player (b. 1966) Sharon Kay Penman, 75, historical novelist (b. 1945) January 23 Walter Bernstein, 101, screenwriter and movie producer (b. 1919) Hal Holbrook, 95, actor (b. 1925) Larry King, 87, talk show host (b. 1933) Andrew Brooks, 51, medical researcher (b. 1969) January 24 Sonny Fox, 95, television host (b. 1925) Bruce Kirby, 95, actor (b. 1925) Barry Le Va, 79, sculptor and installation artist (b. 1941) Frank Shankwitz, 77, philanthropist and co-founder of the Make-A-Wish Foundation (b. 1943) January 25 Mike Bell, 63, Hall of Fame motorcycle racer and mountain bike rider (b. 1957) Marie Harmon, 97, actress (b. 1923) January 26 Ron Johnson, 64, baseball player and coach (b. 1956) Cindy Nemser, 83, art historian and feminist (b. 1937) Sekou Smith, 48, sportswriter and journalist (b. 1972) Margaret C. Snyder, 91, social scientist and feminist (b. 1929) January 27 Cloris Leachman, 94, actress (b. 1926) Carmen Vázquez, 72, LGBT activist and writer (b. 1947) Corky Lee, 73, photojournalist (b. 1947) Goddess Bunny, 61, drag queen and actress (b. 1960) January 28 Cicely Tyson, 96, actress (b. 1924) Heidi Weisel, 59, fashion designer (b. 1961/1962) January 29 John Chaney, 89, college basketball coach (b. 1932) Grady Gaines, 86, blues saxophonist (b. 1934) Richard L. Feigen, 90, gallery owner (b. 1930) Flory Jagoda, 97, Bosnian-born musician and songwriter (b. 1923) January 30 Allan Burns, 85, television producer and screenwriter (b. 1935) Double K, 43, rapper (b. 1977) Eugenio Martínez, 98, Cuban-born operative and convicted criminal in the Watergate case (b. 1922) Marc Wilmore, 57, comedian and screenwriter (b. 1963) January 31 Benedict J. Fernandez, 84, educator and photojournalist (b. 1936) Abraham J. Twerski, 90, American-born Israeli Hasidic rabbi and psychiatrist (b. 1930) February February 1 Dustin Diamond, 44, actor and comedian (b. 1977) Emil J. Freireich, 93, hematologist and oncologist (b. 1928) Arlon Lindner, 85, politician (b. 1935) Ricky Powell, 59, photographer (b. 1961) Jamie Tarses, 56, television executive (b. 1964) Robert C. Jones, 84, film editor and screenwriter (b. 1936) John Sweeney, 86, labor leader, president of the AFL–CIO (b. 1934) Jack Palladino, 76, private investigator and attorney (b. 1944) February 2 Millie Hughes-Fulford, 75, astronaut and molecular biologist (b. 1945) Albert Hale, 70, politician (b. 1950) Grant Jackson, 78, baseball player (b. 1942) Harry Mark Petrakis, 97, author (b. 1923) Rennie Davis, 80, antiwar activist, member of the Chicago Seven (b. 1940) February 3 Joann Aalfs, 85, women's rights and LGBT rights activist (b. 1923) Anne Feeney, 69, folk singer (b. 1951) Willard Hunter, 87, baseball player (b. 1935) Tony Trabert, 90, tennis player (b. 1930) Wayne Terwilliger, 95, baseball player (b. 1925) Jim Weatherly, 77, Hall of Fame singer-songwriter (b. 1943) February 4 Dianne Durham, 52, gymnast (b. 1968) Josh Evans, 48, football player (b. 1972) David Shepard, 73, politician (b. 1947) Robert A. Altman, 73, video game executive (b. 1947) Hy Cohen, 90, baseball player (b. 1931) February 5 Susan Bayh, 61, attorney, first lady of Indiana (b. 1959) Julio Canani, 82, horse breeder and trainer (b. 1938) Rob Kane, 53, politician and auditor (b. 1967) Charlie Krueger, 84, professional football player in the NFL (b. 1937) Christopher Plummer, 91, Canadian actor (The Sound of Music, Beginners, All the Money in the World), Oscar winner (2012) (b. 1929) Leon Spinks, 67, boxer (b. 1953) February 6 Thomas Rutherford Brett, 89, judge (b. 1931) Rajie Cook, 90, graphic designer (b. 1930) Maria Guarnaschelli, 79, cookbook editor and publisher (b. 1941) Burwell Jones, 87, Olympic swimmer, doctor (b. 1933) George Shultz, 100, politician, diplomat and economist (b. 1920) February 7 Billy Brown, 68, television celebrity and Alaskan Bush People patriarch (b. 1952) Marshall Cassidy, 75, sportscaster (b. 1945) Cathy Cochran, 76, judge (b. 1944) Roz Cron, 95, saxophonist (b. 1925) Pedro Gomez, 58, sports journalist (b. 1962) Karen Lewis, 67, educator and labor leader (b. 1953) J. Hillis Miller, 92, literary critic and scholar who advanced theories of literary deconstruction (b. 1928) Ron Wright, 67, politician (b. 1953) February 8 Davey Armstrong, 64, Olympic boxer (b. 1956) Claude Crabb, 80, football player (b. 1940) Marty Schottenheimer, 77, football player and coach (b. 1943) Anthony Sowell, 61, serial killer (b. 1959) Mary Wilson, 76, singer and founding member of The Supremes (b. 1944) February 9 Chick Corea, 79, jazz keyboardist (b. 1941) John Hora, 80, cinematographer (b. 1940) February 10 Larry Flynt, 78, porn publisher (b. 1942) Billy Conigliaro, 73, baseball player (b. 1947) Fanne Foxe, 84, Argentine-born stripper (b. 1936) February 11 S. Prestley Blake, 106, restaurateur (b. 1914) Rusty Brooks, 63, wrestler and trainer (b. 1958) Leslie E. Robertson, 92, structural engineer (b. 1928) Isadore Singer, 96, mathematician (b. 1924) Joan Weldon, 90, actress (b. 1930) February 12 Frederick K. C. Price, 89, pastor and televangelist (b. 1932) Milford Graves, 79, drummer (b. 1941) Lynn Stalmaster, 93, casting director (b. 1927) February 13 Bud Estes, 75, politician (b. 1946) Dave Nalle, 61, political writer, game author and font designer who was active in the early history of the development of the internet (b. 1959) Peter G. Davis, 84, music critic (b. 1936) James Ridgeway, 84, investigative journalist (b. 1936) February 14 Zachary Wohlman, 32, boxer (b. 1988) Lorenzo Washington, 34, football player (b. 1986) Robert R. Glauber, 81, academic (b. 1939) Ari Gold, 47, singer-songwriter (b. 1974) February 15 Florence Birdwell, 96, educator, musician and singer (b. 1924) Vincent Jackson, 38, football player (b. 1983) Derek Khan, 63, Trinidadian-American fashion stylist (b. 1957) Johnny Pacheco, 85, Dominican-American musician and label executive (b. 1935) Arne Sorenson, 62, hotel executive (b. 1958) February 16 Bernard Lown, 99, Lithuanian-born inventor and cardiologist, developer of the defibrillator (b. 1921) Jessica McClintock, 90, fashion designer (b. 1930) Carman, 65, contemporary Christian music singer, songwriter, television host, life coach, and evangelist (b. 1956) February 17 Rush Limbaugh, 70, radio personality (b. 1951) Christine McHorse, 72, ceramics artist (b. 1948) Martha Stewart, 98, actress and singer (b. 1922) February 18: Prince Markie Dee, 52, rapper (b. 1968) Frank Lupo, 66, television writer and producer (b. 1955) February 19 Arturo Di Modica, 80, Italian-American sculptor best known for Charging Bull (b. 1941) Lawrence Otis Graham, 59, attorney and best-selling author (b. 1961) Dianna Ortiz, 62, Roman Catholic nun and anti-torture advocate (b. 1958) Jerold Ottley, 86, music director and longtime choral conductor of the Tabernacle Choir (b. 1934) Naomi Rosenblum, 96, photography historian (b. 1922) LaVannes Squires, 90, basketball player (b. 1931) February 20 Douglas Turner Ward, 90, playwright, actor, director, and theatrical producer (b. 1930) Stan Williams, 84, baseball player and coach (b. 1946) February 21 – Doug Wilkerson, 73, football player (b. 1947) February 22 Lawrence Ferlinghetti, 101, poet (b. 1919) Dick Witcher, 76, football player (b. 1944) February 23 Margaret Maron, 82, mystery writer (b. 1938) Geoffrey Scott, 79, actor (b. 1942) February 24 Phoebe Liebig, 87, academic and gerontologist (b. 1932) Alan Robert Murray, 66, Oscar-winning sound editor (b. 1954) February 25 John Geddert, 63, gymnastics coach (b. 1957) Ivy Bottini, 94, artist and civil rights activist (b. 1926) Joseph Duffey, 88, academic, anti-war activist and government official (b. 1932) Darrius Johnson, 47, professional football player in the NFL (b. 1973) Peter Gotti, 81, mobster and onetime leader of the Gambino family (b. 1939) February 26 Bob James, 68, rock music singer-songwriter (b. 1952) Johnny De Fazio, 80, professional wrestler (WWWF) (b. 1940) Mo Forte, 73, football coach (Denver Broncos) (b. 1947) Philip Ray Martinez, 63, federal judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas (since 2002) (b. 1957) Des McAleenan, 53, Irish-American soccer player (Connecticut Wolves, Albany Alleycats) and coach (New York Red Bulls) (b. 1967) John Mendenhall, 72, football player (New York Giants) (b. 1948) Joel A. Pisano, 71, federal judge, U.S. District Court for New Jersey (2000–2015) (b. 1949) Bill C. Davis, 69, playwright best known for Mass Appeal (b. 1951) February 27 Louis Nix, 29, football player (b. 1991) Russ Martin, 60, radio broadcaster (KEGL, KLLI-FM) (b. 1960) Erica Watson, 48, actress (b. 1973) February 28 Michael J. Barron, 87, former chief judge of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court and a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (b. 1933) Irv Cross, 81, football player and sportscaster (b.1939) Tom Green, 72, Mormon polygamist (b. 1948) Roger Kibbe, 81, serial killer (b. 1939) Ian North, 68, punk and new wave musician (Milk 'N' Cookies) (b. 1952) March March 1 Flex-Deon Blake, 58, pornographic actor (Niggas' Revenge) (b. 1962) Ann Casey, 82, professional wrestler (GCCW, JCP, WWWF) (b. 1938) Vernon Jordan, 85, attorney, business executive, civil rights activist and non-profit executive (National Urban League, United Negro College Fund) (b. 1935) Ralph Peterson Jr., 58, bandleader and jazz drummer (The Jazz Messengers, Out of the Blue) (b. 1962) March 2 George Bass, 88, archaeologist (b. 1932) Luciano Capicchioni, 74, Sammarinese-American sports agent (b. 1946) Mark Goffeney, 51, musician and guitarist (b. 1969) Louise McBee, 96, politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives (1993–2005) (b. 1924) Gil Rogers, 87, actor (All My Children, Guiding Light) (b. 1934) Edward C. Waller III, 95, vice admiral (b. 1926) March 3 Joe Altobelli, 88, baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Minnesota Twins), manager (San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago Cubs), coach and color commentator (b. 1932) Marianne Carus, 92, editor and publisher, founder of the children's magazine Cricket (b. 1928) Jim Crockett Jr., 76, professional wrestling promoter (Jim Crockett Promotions), president of the NWA (1980–1982, 1985–1986, 1987–1991) (b. 1944) Kelly Flynn, 66, politician, member of the Montana House of Representatives (2011–2019) (b. 1954) Duffy Jackson, 67, jazz drummer (b. 1953) Earl Renneke, 92, politician, member of the Minnesota Senate (1969–1993) (b. 1928) John Sackett, 76, politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1967–1971) and Senate (1973–1987) (b. 1944) Edward Sandoval, 74, politician, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1983–2015) (b. 1947) March 4 Colby Chandler, 95, business executive, CEO of Kodak (1983–1990) (b. 1925) Barbara Ess, 76, photographer and musician (Disband, The Static, Y Pants) (b. 1944) Heinrich Guggenheimer, 96, German-born Swiss-American mathematician (Washington State University, University of Minnesota, Polytechnic University) (b. 1924) Hugh Newell Jacobsen, 91, architect (b. 1929) Gerald Kogan, 87, jurist, justice (1987–1998) and chief justice (1996–1998) of the Supreme Court of Florida (b. 1933) Moses McCormick, 39, polyglot and YouTuber (b. 1981) Paul McMullen, 49, competition and Olympic middle-distance runner (1996) (b. 1972) Bhaskar Menon, 86, Indian-born American music industry executive, chairman and CEO of EMI Group Limited (b. 1934) Mark Pavelich, 63, ice hockey player (New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars, San Jose Sharks) and Olympic champion (1980) (b. 1958) David Schindler, 80, American-Canadian limnologist (b. 1940) Jonathan Steinberg, 86, American-born British historian (b. 1934) March 5 Buddy Colt, 81, professional wrestler and pilot (b. 1936) Paul Foster, 89, playwright, theater director and producer, founding member and first president of the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club (b. 1931) Don Gile, 85, baseball player (Boston Red Sox) (b. 1935) Frank J. Kelley, 96, politician, Attorney General of the State of Michigan (1961–1999) (b. 1924) Samuel J. Scott, 82, engineer (NASA) (b. 1938) Michael Stanley, 72, musician, singer-songwriter and radio personality (b. 1948) March 6 Jude Patrick Dougherty, 90, academic administrator, philosopher and editor (b. 1930) Wilhelmina Holladay, 98, art collector and patron (b. 1922) Marion Lewenstein, 93, academic and journalist (b. 1927) Allan J. McDonald, 83, aerospace consultant, engineer and author (b. 1937) Bill O'Connor, 94, football player (Cleveland Browns, Toronto Argonauts) (b. 1926) Carmel Quinn, 95, Irish-American actress and singer (b. 1925) March 7 Thaddeus M. Buczko, 95, politician and jurist, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1959-1964), Massachusetts State Auditor (1964-1981) (b. 1926) Janis Hape, 62, competition and Olympic swimmer (1976) (b. 1958) Janice McLaughlin, 79, Catholic nun, missionary and human rights activist (b. 1942) Yechezkel Roth, 84/85, Romanian-born American rabbi (b. 1936) Charles Scontras, 91, historian, educator and author (b. 1929) Carl J. Shapiro, 108, businessman and philanthropist, president, chairman of the board and director of VF Corporation (1971–1976) (b. 1913) Frank Thorne, 90, comic book artist and writer (Red Sonja) (b. 1930) Jack Welborn, 88, politician, member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1973–1974) and Senate (1975–1982, 1985–1994) (b. 1932) March 8 Tom Bland, 83, football player (Wheeling Ironmen, Fort Wayne Warriors, Orlando Panthers, Toronto Argonauts) and coach (b. 1937) Rhéal Cormier, 53, Canadian-American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Red Sox, Montreal Expos, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds) (b. 1967) Leon Gast, 84, documentary film filmmaker (When We Were Kings, The Grateful Dead Movie), cinematographer, director, editor, producer and Oscar winner (1997) (b. 1936) Norton Juster, 91, academic, architect, author and writer (The Phantom Tollbooth, The Dot and the Line, The Hello, Goodbye Window) (b. 1929) Terrence F. McVerry, 77, politician and federal judge, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1979-1990), judge (2002-2013) and senior judge (since 2013) of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (b. 1943) Norm Sherry, 89, baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets), manager (California Angels) and coach (b. 1931) Mark Whitecage, 83, jazz musician and reedist (b. 1937) March 9 Joan Walsh Anglund, 95, children's author, illustrator and poet (b. 1926) Boston Harbor, 26, Thoroughbred racehorse (b. 1994) Richard Driehaus, 78, businessman, fund manager and philanthropist, founder, chairman and chief investment officer of Driehaus Capital Management LLC. (b. 1942) Walter LaFeber, 87, historian (Cornell University) (b. 1933) James Levine, 77, conductor and pianist (Metropolitan Opera) (b. 1943) Michael McDermott, 67, politician and real estate broker, Libertarian Party candidate for Governor of New York (2014) (b. 1953) Biff McGuire, 94, actor (Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Thomas Crown Affair, Serpico) (b. 1926) Roger Mudd, 93, television news anchor, broadcast journalist and correspondent (CBS Evening News, Meet the Press, NBC Nightly News) (b. 1928) Steve Ortmayer, 77, football coach (Kansas City Chiefs, Oakland Raiders, Green Bay Packers) and executive (San Diego Chargers, Los Angeles Rams) (b. 1944) Cliff Simon, 58, South African-born American actor (Stargate SG-1), athlete and pilot (b. 1962) Jim Snyder, 88, baseball player (Minnesota Twins) and manager (Seattle Mariners) (b. 1932) Blanquita Valenti, 87, politician (b. 1933/1934) March 10 Bruce Abel, 84, bass singer (b. 1936) Eugene Hughes, 86, academic administrator, president of Northern Arizona University (1979-1993) and Wichita State University (1993-1998) (b. 1934) Robert Middlekauff, 91, historian (University of California, Berkeley) (b. 1929) Scott Pilarz, 61, Jesuit academic administrator, president of Marquette University (2011–2013) and the University of Scranton (2003–2011, since 2017) (b. 1959) Albert Resis, 99, historian (Northern Illinois University) (b. 1921) Stephen Scott, 76, composer (b. 1944) Joe Tait, 83, sports broadcaster (Cleveland Cavaliers, Cleveland Indians, Cleveland Rockers) (b. 1937) March 11 Ray Campi, 86, rock and roll musician and double bassist (b. 1934) Carola B. Eisenberg, 103, Argentine-American psychiatrist (b. 1917) Jewlia Eisenberg, 50, singer (Charming Hostess), bassist, cantor, composer and educator (b. 1970/1971) Lin Emery, 94, visual artist (b. 1926) Sally Grossman, 81, model and music label executive (Bearsville Records) (b. 1939) Peter W. Hall, 72, attorney and federal judge, United States Attorney for the District of Vermont (2001–2004), judge (2004-2021) and senior judge (since 2021) of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (b. 1948) Curtis Lovejoy, 63, competition and Paralympic swimmer, Paralympic champion (2000) (b. 1957) Isidore Mankofsky, 89, cinematographer (The Muppet Movie, Somewhere in Time, The Jazz Singer) (b. 1931) Skip Mercier, 66, costume, puppet and set designer (b. 1954) Luis Palau, 86, Argentine-born American evangelist and author (b. 1934) George Reihner, 65, football player (Houston Oilers) (b. 1955) Jack Sandner, 79, business executive (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) and community leader (b. 1941) March 12 Robina Asti, 99, flight instructor and advocate for women's and transgender rights (b. 1921) Gaynor Cawley, 79, politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1981–2006) (b. 1941) Ronald DeFeo Jr., 69, mass murderer (b. 1951) Daphne Gail Fautin, 74, professor of invertebrate zoology (University of Kansas) (b. 1946) Andrew Majda, 72, mathematician (New York University) (b. 1949) John Albert Nordberg, 94, federal judge, judge (1982-1994) and senior judge (since 1994) of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (b. 1926) Dion Payton, 70, blues guitarist and singer (b. 1950) Tapan Kumar Sarkar, 72, Indian-American electrical engineer (Syracuse University) (b. 1948) Bob Walkup, politician, 84, Mayor of Tucson (1999–2011) (b. 1936) March 13 – Marvin Hagler, 66, boxer (b. 1954) March 15 Stephen Bechtel Jr., 95, businessman and engineer (b. 1925) Henry Darrow, 87, character actor of stage and film (b. 1933) Calvin Jackson, 49, professional football player in the NFL (b. 1972) Yaphet Kotto, 81, actor (b. 1939) March 16 – Amaranth Ehrenhalt, 93, painter, sculptor, and writer (b. 1928) March 17 Dick Hoyt, 80, athletic competitor. He competed with his son Rick, who has cerebral palsy, in marathons and Ironman Triathlons (b. 1940) Freddie Redd, 92, hard-bop pianist and composer (b. 1928) March 18 J. Michael Boardman, 83, British mathematician specializing in algebraic and differential topology (b. 1938) Richard Gilliland, 71, television and movie actor (b. 1950) Paul Jackson, bassist and composer (b. 1947) W. Kent Taylor, 65, businessman; founder and CEO of the Texas Roadhouse restaurant chain (b. 1955) Bill Young, 74, football coach at the high school, college, and professional levels (b. 1946) March 19 Andy Haman, 54, professional bodybuilder and actor (b. 1966) Melvin L. Kohn, 92, sociologist and past president of the American Sociological Association (b. 1928) Gary Leib, 65, underground cartoonist, animator, and musician (b. 1955) Glynn Lunney, 84, aerospace engineer (b. 1936) Barry Orton, 62, actor and professional wrestler (b. 1958) Dan Sartain, 39, musician (b. 1981) March 20 Fred Wyant, 86, professional football player and NFL official (b. 1934) Dale E. Wolf, 96, businessman and politician (b. 1924) March 22 – Elgin Baylor, 86, basketball player, coach and executive (b. 1934) March 23 Connie Bradley, 75, music executive (ASCAP) (b. 1945) Benny Dees, 86, college basketball coach (b. 1934) Ethel Gabriel, 99, Grammy winning record producer and music executive (b. 1921) Don Heffington, 70, drummer (Lone Justice, Watkins Family Hour) (b. 1950) George Segal, 87, actor (b. 1934) Houston Tumlin, 28, child actor (Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby) and United States Army veteran (b. 1992) Granville Waiters, 60, professional basketball player (b. 1961) March 24 Morris Dickstein, 81, literary scholar (b. 1940) Jessica Walter, 80, actress (b. 1941) March 25 Stan Albeck, 89, college and professional basketball coach (b. 1931) Rick Azar, 91, broadcaster (WKBW-TV) (b. 1929) Bill Brock, 90, politician, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, and U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1930) Bobby Brown, 96, professional baseball player, executive, and physician (b. 1924) Beverly Cleary, 104, children's author (b. 1916) Joe Cunningham, 89, professional baseball player (b. 1931) Larry McMurtry, 84, Academy Award-winning novelist and screenwriter (Lonesome Dove, The Last Picture Show, Brokeback Mountain) (b. 1936) Gail Phillips, 76, politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (b. 1944) Paul W. Whear, 95, composer, conductor, double-bassist and music educator (b. 1925) March 26 Mike Bell, 46, professional baseball player and coach (b. 1974) Paul Polansky, 79, writer and Romani activist (b. 1942) March 27 Howard Schnellenberger, 87, college and professional football coach (b. 1934) Leon Hale, 99, journalist and author (Houston Chronicle, Houston Post) (b. 1921) March 28 – Joseph Edward Duncan, 58, serial killer and child molester (b. 1963) March 30 – G. Gordon Liddy, 90, lawyer, FBI agent, talk show host, actor, and one of the seven conspirators convicted of the 1972 Watergate burglary (b. 1930) March 31 Paul Feinman, 61, attorney, associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals (2017–2021) (b. 1960) Ron Greene, 82, college basketball coach (b. 1938) Cleve Hall, 61, special effects artist (Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn, Alienator), make-up artist and actor (b.1959) Jerry McGee, 77, golfer (b. 1943) Mary Mullarkey, 77, jurist, member (1987–2010) and chief justice (1998–2010) of the Colorado Supreme Court (b. 1943) Ken Reitz, 69, MLB baseball player (b. 1951) Gregory K. Scott, 72, state judge, member of the Colorado Supreme Court (1992–2000) (b. 1948) April April 1 Lee Aaker, 77, actor (The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, Hondo, Mister Scoutmaster), producer, carpenter and ski instructor, (b. 1943) Martha Lou Gadsden, 91, chef and restaurateur (Martha Lou's Kitchen), (b. 1930) Gerald Irons, 73, football player (Oakland Raiders, Cleveland Browns), (b. 1947) April 2 April, 20, reticulated giraffe, (b. 2000) Morris "B.B." Dickerson, 71, funk bassist and singer (War), (b. 1949) William Evans, 41, (police officer), killed in the April Capitol attack, (b. 1980) Pete Giesen, 88, politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1964–1996), (b. 1932) Arthur Kopit, 83, playwright (Indians, Wings, Nine), (b. 1937) Clara LaMore, 94, competition and Olympic swimmer (1948), (b. 1926) Quindon Tarver, 38, singer and songwriter (b. 1982) Gordon Weaver, 84, novelist and short story writer, (b. 1937) April 3 Kathie Coblentz, 73, author and librarian, (b. 1947) Jill Corey, 85, singer ("Love Me to Pieces", "Let It Be Me"), (b. 1935) Mark Elliott, 81, voice-over artist, (b. 1939) Gloria Henry, 98, actress (Dennis the Menace, Miss Grant Takes Richmond, Rancho Notorious), (b. 1923) Carl Hodges, 84, atmospheric physicist and climate scientist, (b. 1937) James B. Holderman, 85, academic administrator, president of the University of South Carolina (1977–1990), (b. 1936) Herb Johnson, 92, football player (New York Giants), (b. 1928) Brother Stair, 87, Pentecostal evangelical pastor and radio preacher (The Overcomer Ministry), (b. 1933) Stan Stephens, 91, Canadian-born American politician, member (1969–1985) and president (1983–1985) of the Montana Senate, Governor of Montana (1989–1993), (b. 1929) April 4 Thomas D. Brock, 94, microbiologist, (b. 1926) Elizabeth Davis, 70, trade unionist, (b. 1930/1931) Jean Dupuy, 95, French-born American artist, (b. 1925) Ralph Schuckett, 73, rock keyboardist (Utopia, Todd Rundgren) and composer (Pokémon: The First Movie), (b. 1948) April 5 Philip K. Chapman, 86, Australian-born American astronaut (NASA Astronaut Group 6), (b. 1935) Jon Michael Dunn, 79, philosopher (Wayne State University, Yale University, Indiana University Bloomington), (b. 1941) Robert Fletcher, 98, costume and set designer (Star Trek, Fright Night, The Last Starfighter), (b. 1922) Joye Hummel, 97, comic book ghostwriter (Wonder Woman), (b. 1924) Frank Jacobs, 91, comics writer (Mad), (b. 1929) Bill Markham, 98, politician, member of the Oregon House of Representatives (1969–1993), (b. 1922) Gene Mullin, 83, politician, member of the California State Assembly (2002–2008) and Mayor of South San Francisco (1997–1998, 2001–2002), (b. 1937) Marshall Sahlins, 90, anthropologist (Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate), (b. 1930) Wilber Shirley, 90, restaurateur (Wilber's Barbecue), (b. 1930) April 6 Alice Headley Chandler, 95, Hall of Fame horsebreeder (Sir Ivor) and racing stable owner, (b. 1926) Midwin Charles, 47, lawyer and legal analyst (CNN, MSNBC) (b. 1973) Charles H. Coolidge, 99, technical sergeant and Medal of Honor recipient, (b. 1921) Reese Erlich, 73, author and journalist, (b. 1947) Paul Greenberg, 84, journalist (Arkansas Democrat-Gazette) and Pulitzer Prize winner (1969), (b. 1937) Alcee Hastings, 84, jurist and politician, judge of Florida's 17th Circuit Court (1977-1979), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (1979-1989), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 1993), (b. 1936) Joe Krebs, 78, television news anchor, (b. 1943) Al Mengert, 91, golfer, (b. 1928) Walter Olkewicz, 72, actor (Grace Under Fire, Twin Peaks, The Client), (b. 1948) Paul Rabinow, 76, anthropologist (University of California, Berkeley), (b. 1944) Bobby Schilling, 57, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2013), (b. 1964) Sonny Simmons, 87, jazz musician and saxophonist, (b. 1933) Gene Youngblood, 78, media theorist and writer (Expanded Cinema), (b. 1942) April 7 Anne Beatts, 74, humorist, comedy and television writer (National Lampoon, Saturday Night Live, Square Pegs), (b. 1947) James Hampton, 84, actor (F Troop, The Longest Yard, Teen Wolf) and director, (b. 1936) Peter Manso, 80, author, writer and journalist, (b. 1940) Kai Nielsen, 94, philosopher (University of Calgary), (b. 1926) Bill Owens, 85, songwriter, (b. 1935) Wayne Peterson, 93, composer, pianist and educator, (b. 1927) Jack Smith, 85, baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Braves), (b. 1935) Howard Weitzman, 81, lawyer, (b. 1939) April 8 Phillip Adams, 32, football player (San Francisco 49ers, New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks, Oakland Raiders, New York Jets, Atlanta Falcons) and mass murderer (2021 Rock Hill shooting), (b. 1988) Margaret Wander Bonanno, 71, science fiction writer (Dwellers in the Crucible, Strangers from the Sky), ghostwriter and publisher, (b. 1950) Lee Delaney, 49, business executive, CEO of BJ's Wholesale Club, (b. 1971/1972) Conn Findlay, 90, Olympic rower and sailor, (b. 1930) Red Mack, 83, football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers), (b. 1937) John Naisbitt, 92, author, futurologist and public speaker, (b. 1929) Alan Pastrana, 76, football player (Denver Broncos) and coach (Anne Arundel Community College, Severn School), (b. 1944) Richard Rush, 91, film director (Freebie and the Bean, The Stunt Man, Color of Night), scriptwriter and producer, (b. 1929) April 9 Ramsey Clark, 93, activist, lawyer and federal government official, attorney general (1966–1969) and deputy attorney general (1965–1967), (b. 1927) DMX, 50, rapper ("Party Up (Up in Here)", "X Gon' Give It to Ya"), songwriter and actor (Cradle 2 the Grave), (b. 1970) Sandra J. Feuerstein, 75, federal judge, judge (2003-2015) and senior judge (since 2015) of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York (since 2003), (b. 1946) Red Gendron, 63, ice hockey coach (Albany River Rats, Indiana Ice, Maine Black Bears), (b. 1957) Charles Jenkins, 69, Episcopal prelate, 10th Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana (1998–2009), (b. 1951) Jack Minker, 93, computer scientist (University of Maryland, College Park), (b. 1927) Judith Reisman, 84, author, (b. 1935) April 10 Edwin E. Aguilar, 46, Salvadoran-born American animator and director (G.I. Joe, The Simpsons, Transformers), (b. 1974) LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, 64, Lakota historian and Native American rights activist (Dakota Access Pipeline protests), (b. 1956) Quinton Claunch, 99, musician, songwriter, record label owner and producer, (b. 1921) Roger Kasperson, 83, geographer (Clark University), (b. 1938) Bob Petric, 56, guitarist (Thomas Jefferson Slave Apartments), (b. 1964) (death announced on this date) Bob Porter, 80, Hall of Fame record producer, discographer, writer and radio broadcaster, (b. 1940) M. Richard Rose, 88, academic administrator, president of Alfred University (1974–1978) and the Rochester Institute of Technology (1979–1992), (b. 1933) Lin Whitworth, 87, politician, member of the Idaho Senate (1994–2000), (b. 1933) April 11 Todd J. Campbell, 64, federal judge, judge (1995-2016), chief judge (2005–2012) and senior judge (since 2016) of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, (b. 1956) Kas Kastner, 92, motorsports manager, racing driver, car builder and author, (b. 1928) Joseph Siravo, 66, actor (The Sopranos, American Crime Story, Oslo), producer and educator, (b. 1955) Gerren Taylor, 30, television personality (Baldwin Hills, America the Beautiful), (b. 1990) John Williamson, 83, British-born American economist (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University), (b. 1937) Daunte Wright, 20, arrestee (Killing of Daunte Wright), (b. 2000) April 12 Thomas E. Delahanty II, 75, jurist and lawyer, judge (1983-2010) and chief judge (1990-1995) of the Maine Superior Court, United States Attorney for the District of Maine (1980-1981, 2010-2017), (b. 1945) John Pelan, 63, author, editor and publisher, (b. 1957) Paull Shin, 85, politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1993–1995) and Senate (1999–2014), (b. 1935) Martin Wachs, 79, urban planner (University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Berkeley), (b. 1941) April 13 Harold Bradley Jr., 91, football player (Cleveland Browns, Philadelphia Eagles) and actor (Seven Rebel Gladiators) (b. 1929) Bobby Leonard, 88, Hall of Fame basketball player (Los Angeles Lakers, Washington Wizards) and coach (Indiana Pacers) (b. 1932) April 14 Hank Huckaby, 79, politician (Georgia House of Representatives) (b. 1941) Bernie Madoff, 82, financier and convicted fraudster who ran the world's largest Ponzi scheme (b. 1938) Lynn Thomas, 61, professional football player in the NFL (San Francisco 49ers) and USFL Oakland Invaders; (1982 Super Bowl champion) (b. 1959) Rusty Young, 75, guitarist, vocalist and songwriter, co-founder of the band Poco (b. 1946) April 15 Moshe Ber Beck, 86, Hungarian-born American rabbi and anti-Zionist campaigner (b. 1934) Roscoe Dixon, 71, politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1984–1994) and Senate (1994–2005) (b. 1949) Vartan Gregorian, 87, Iranian-born American academic, president of Carnegie Corporation (b. 1934) Leroy Keyes, 74, College Football Hall of Fame football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs) (b. 1947) John C. McAdams, 75, political scientist (b. 1945) April 16 Charles Geschke, 81, computer scientist, co-founder of Adobe Inc. (b. 1939) Nelson Haggerty, 47, college basketball coach (North Texas Mean Green, Central Missouri Mules, Midwestern State Mustangs) (b. 1973) Felix Silla, 84, actor (Cousin Itt on The Addams Family) and stuntman (b. 1937) April 17 Fred Arbanas, 82, football player (Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs) (b. 1939) Black Rob, 51, rapper ("Whoa!", "Bad Boy for Life") (b. 1969) April 18 Elizabeth Furse, 84, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1999) (b. 1936) Frank McCabe, 93, basketball player, Olympic champion (1952) (b. 1927) Paul Oscher, 71, blues singer (b. 1950) Anthony Russo, 74, politician, mayor of Hoboken (1993–2001) (b. 1947) Al Young, 81, poet, novelist, essayist, screenwriter, professor, and former Poet Laureate of California (b. 1939) April 19 Shaler Halimon, 76, professional basketball player (NBA & ABA) (b. 1945) (announced on this date) Walter Mondale, 93, politician, 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–1981), senator (1964–1976), ambassador to Japan (1993–1996) (b. 1928) Jim Steinman, 73, Grammy Award-winning composer, lyricist, record producer, and playwright (b. 1947) Robin Wood, 67, artist specializing in game art and fantasy (b. 1953) April 20 Monte Hellman, 91, film director, producer, writer, and editor (b. 1929) Tom Robson, 75, baseball player and coach (MLB) (b. 1946) Tempest Storm, 93, burlesque star and actress (b. 1928) Bill Wynne, 99, World War II veteran, photojournalist and dog trainer (Smoky) (b. 1922) April 21 Joe Long, 88, musician (The Four Seasons) (b. 1932) D. Michael Quinn, 77, historian of the Latter Day Saint movement and member of the September Six (b. 1944) Henrietta M. Smith, 98, academic, librarian and storyteller (b. 1922) Carl Spielvogel, 92, marketing executive and diplomat, ambassador to Slovakia (2000–2001) (b. 1928) April 22 Terrence Clarke, 19, basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats) (b. 2001) Charles Fries, 92, producer (The Amazing Spider-Man, The Martian Chronicles) (b. 1928) Adrian Garrett, 78, baseball player (Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs, Hiroshima Toyo Carp) (b. 1943) Thelma Harper, 80, politician, member of the Tennessee Senate (1989–2019) (b. 1940) Shock G, 57, rapper (Digital Underground) and songwriter ("The Humpty Dance", "I Get Around") (b. 1963) April 23 Charlie Glotzbach, 82, racing driver (NASCAR Winston Cup Series) (b.1938) Dan Kaminsky, 42, computer security researcher (b. 1979) Bill Whittington, 71, racing driver and convicted criminal, 24 Hours of Le Mans winner (1979) (b. 1949) April 24 Bob Fass, 87, radio host (WBAI) (b. 1933) Duane Hagadone, 88, newspaper publisher (b. 1932) Nathan Jung, 74, actor and stuntman (b. 1946) Robert Slavin, 70, psychologist (b. 1950) John T. Ward Jr., 75, racehorse trainer (b. 1945) April 25 Mike Davis, 65, professional football player and defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) (b. 1956) Denny Freeman, 76, blues guitarist and keyboardist (Stevie Ray Vaughan, Jimmie Vaughan, Bob Dylan, others) (b. 1944) April 26 Geno Hayes, 33, professional football player and linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) (b. 1987) Dick Mann, 86, Hall of Fame motorcycle racer (b. 1934) Al Schmitt, 91, Grammy Award winning recording engineer (RCA Records, Capitol Studios) (b. 1930) April 27 George P. Kazen, 81, jurist, judge (1979–2018) and chief judge (1996–2003) of the U.S. District Court for Southern Texas (b. 1940) Charles Strum, 73, journalist (The New York Times) and author (b. 1948) April 28 Michael Collins, 90, astronaut (Apollo 11), Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs (1970–1971) (b. 1930) Jason Matthews, 69, author (Red Sparrow) (b. 1951) April 29 Martin Bookspan, 94, music broadcaster (Live from Lincoln Center) and author (b. 1926) Anne Buydens, 102, German-born American philanthropist and widow of Kirk Douglas (b. 1919) Johnny Crawford, 75, actor (The Rifleman, Village of the Giants, The Space Children) and singer (b. 1946) Pierce Fulton, 28, disc jockey and record producer (b. 1992) Courtney Hall, 52, professional football player in the NFL (b. 1968) Billie Hayes, 96, actress (H.R. Pufnstuf, The Black Cauldron, Transformers: Rescue Bots, Li'l Abner) (b. 1924) Pete Lammons, 77, football player, New York Jets (1966–1971) and the Green Bay Packers (1972) (b. 1943) Tony Markellis, bassist (Trey Anastasio Band) (b. 1952) Frank McRae, 80, actor (Last Action Hero, Licence to Kill) and professional football player (b. 1941) David B. Wake, 84, herpetologist (b. 1936) April 30 Eli Broad, 87, philanthropist, art collector, and museum co-founder (The Broad) (b. 1933) John Dee Holeman, 92, Piedmont blues guitarist, singer. and songwriter (b. 1929) May May 1 Chuck Darling, 91, basketball player (Iowa Hawkeyes) (b. 1930) Olympia Dukakis, 89, actress and 1988 Academy Award winner for Moonstruck. Also known for Sinatra and Steel Magnolias (b. 1931) Helen Murray Free, 98, chemist (b. 1923) Joseph W. Hatchett, 88, attorney and judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits (b. 1932) Wondress Hutchinson, 56, singer ("Got to Have Your Love") (b. 1964) Al Jamison, 83, football player (Houston Oilers) (b. 1937) John Paul Leon, 49, comic book artist (b. 1972) Joseph Z. Nederlander, 93, theatre owner and manager (b. 1927) Ernest E. West, 89, soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1931) May 2 Bob Abernethy, 93, journalist (NBC News) and television presenter (Religion & Ethics Newsweekly) (b. 1927) Jacques d'Amboise, 86, ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Carousel) (b. 1934) Eric McClure, 42, racing driver (NASCAR Xfinity Series) (b. 1978) Sally Falk Moore, 97, legal anthropologist and professor emerita at Harvard University (b. 1924) Bobby Unser, 87, racing driver, three-time Indianapolis 500 winner (b. 1934) Tommy West, 78, music producer (Life and Times, I Got a Name) and singer-songwriter (b. 1942) May 3 Hal Breeden, 76, baseball player (Montreal Expos, Hanshin Tigers, Chicago Cubs) (b. 1944) Vinson Filyaw, 51, convicted child rapist (b. 1969) Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., 80, domestic terrorist and perpetrator of the Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting (b. 1940) Phil Naro, 63, rock vocalist (Talas) (b. 1957 or 1958) Lloyd Price, 88, Hall of Fame R&B singer ("Personality", "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", "Stagger Lee") (b. 1933) Ed Ward, 72, music writer and radio commentator (b. 1948) May 4 Jim Hagan, 83, basketball player (Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles, Phillips 66ers) (b. 1938) Ray Miller, 76, baseball coach and manager (Minnesota Twins, Baltimore Orioles) (b. 1945) May 5 Jonathan Bush, 89, banker and brother of President George H. W. Bush (b. 1931) Del Crandall, 91, baseball player (Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves) and manager (Milwaukee Brewers) (b. 1930) Lucinda Franks, 74, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Atlantic) (b. 1946) George Jung, 78, drug trafficker and smuggler, subject of the movie Blow (b. 1942) David F. Swensen, 67, investor and philanthropist (b. 1954) May 6 Jim Bertelsen, 71, football player (Los Angeles Rams) (b. 1950) David Bulow, 41, soccer player (Dungannon Swifts, Richmond Kickers) (b. 1980) David H. Gambrell, 91, politician, member of the U.S. Senate (1971–1972) (b. 1929) Pervis Staples, 85, Staple Singers Co-Founder (b. 1935) Paul Van Doren, 90, entrepreneur, co-founder of Vans (b. 1930) Karl Wirsum, 81, artist (b. 1939) Felix Zabala, 83, Cuban-born American boxing promoter (b. 1937) May 7 Ernest Angley, 99, evangelist (b. 1921) Tawny Kitaen, 59, actress, comedian, and media personality (Bachelor Party) (b. 1961) Cruz Reynoso, 90, civil rights lawyer and jurist, associate judge of the Supreme Court of California (1982–1987) (b. 1931) May 8 Bo, First Dog of the United States (b. 2008) Pete du Pont, 86, politician, governor of Delaware (1977–1985), member of the Delaware (1969–1971) and U.S. House of Representatives (1971–1977) (b. 1935) Aurelia Greene, 86, politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1982–2009) (b. 1934) Curtis Fuller, 88, jazz trombonist (b. 1932) Eula Hall, 93, healthcare activist (b. 1927) Ronald Inglehart, 86, political scientist (Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world) (b. 1934) Helmut Jahn, 81, German-American architect (Liberty Place, James R. Thompson Center, 50 West Street) (b. 1940) Cal Luther, 93, basketball coach (Murray State Racers, UT Martin Skyhawks, Longwood Lancers) (b. 1927) Spencer Silver, 80, chemist, co-inventor of Post-it Notes (b. 1941) May 9 Marye Anne Fox, 73, chemist and academic administrator, chancellor of North Carolina State University (1998–2004) and the University of California, San Diego (2004–2012) (b. 1947) George Hovland, 94, Olympic cross country skier (1952) (b. 1926) Robert Ward, 68, politician (b. 1952) May 10 Art Gensler, 85, architect, founder of Gensler (b. 1935) Froy Salinas, 81, politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1977–1985) (b. 1939) May 11 Colt Brennan, 37, football player (Hawaii Rainbow Warriors, Washington Redskins) (b. 1983) Dan W. Brown, 70, politician, member of the Missouri House of Representatives (2008–2010) and Senate (2011–2019) (b. 1950) Norman Lloyd, 106, actor (St. Elsewhere, Dead Poets Society, Limelight), producer and director (b. 1914) Richard Nonas, 85, sculptor (b. 1936) Chuck Welke, 67, politician, member of the South Dakota Senate (2013–2015) (b. 1953) Lester L. Wolff, 102, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1965–1981) (b. 1919) May 12 Jerry Burns, 94, football player (Michigan Wolverines) and coach (Minnesota Vikings) (b. 1927) Jim Klobuchar, 93, journalist and author (Star Tribune) and father of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar (b. 1928) Bob Koester, 88, music executive and founder of Delmark Records (b. 1932) Ralph Turlington, 100, politician, member (1950–1974) and speaker (1967–1969) of the Florida House of Representatives, Florida education commissioner (1974–1986) (b. 1920) May 13 Norman Simmons, 91, pianist, arranger and composer (b. 1929) Jack Terricloth, 50, musician (The World/Inferno Friendship Society) (b. 1970) May 14 Jay Barbree, 87, space travel news correspondent (NBC News) (b. 1933) Otto Beatty Jr., 81, politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives (1980–1999) (b. 1940) New Jack (Jerome Young), 58, professional wrestler (SMW, ECW, XPW) (b. 1963) Bobby Jones, 81, college basketball coach (Kentucky Wesleyan Panthers) (b. 1939 or 1940) May 15 Felicia Elizondo, 74, transgender activist (b. 1946) Fred Martinelli, 92, Hall of Fame college football coach (Ashland University) (b. 1929) May 16 – Mike Carter, 67, politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (since 2003) (b. 1953) May 17 Patsy Bruce, 81, country music songwriter ("Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys") (b. 1940) Don Kernodle, 71, professional wrestler (Jim Crockett Promotions) (b. 1950) Buddy Roemer, 77, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1981–1988), Governor of Louisiana (1988–1992) (b. 1943) May 18 Joe J. Christensen, 91, Mormon leader, president of Ricks College (1985–1989), general authority (since 1989) (b. 1929) Robert V. Cullison, 84, politician, member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1973–1979) and Senate (1979–1995) (b. 1934) Charles Grodin, 86, actor (The Heartbreak Kid, Midnight Run, Beethoven) and comedian, Emmy winner (1978) (b. 1935) Arthur Hills, 91, golf course designer (b. 1930) Terence Riley, 66, architect and museum curator, chief curator of architecture and design at the Museum of Modern Art (1992–2006) (b. 1954) Corinne Wood, 66, politician, lieutenant governor of Illinois (1999–2003) (b. 1954) May 19 Gary Blodgett, 83, politician, member of the Iowa House of Representatives (1993–2001) (b. 1937) Alix Dobkin, 80, folk singer-songwriter, lesbian feminist activist and memoirist (b. 1940) Esther A. Hopkins, 94, chemist, environmental lawyer and civil servant (b. 1926) David Anthony Kraft, 68–69, comic book writer (The Defenders, Captain America) (b. 1952) Paul Mooney, 79, actor (The Buddy Holly Story, Bamboozled), comedian (Chappelle's Show) and writer (b. 1941) Lee Evans, 74, sprinter, double Olympic champion (1968), coach, and activist (b.1947) Charles C. Hagemeister, 74, soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1946) Quintin Jones, 41, convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection (b. 1979) May 20 Glen E. Conrad, 71, lawyer and jurist, U.S. District Court for Western Virginia (since 2003) (b. 1949) Roger Hawkins, 75, drummer (Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section) and recording studio owner (Muscle Shoals Sound Studio) (b. 1945) John Powless, 88. college basketball coach (Wisconsin Badgers) (b. 1932) May 21 Margherita Marchione, 99, Roman Catholic nun and writer (b. 1922) Stephen Zappala Sr., 88, judge, member (1983–2002) and chief justice (2001–2002) of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (b. 1932) Harvey Schlossberg, 85, police officer (b. 1936) May 22 Joe Beckwith, 66, baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Kansas City Royals), World Series champion (1981, 1985) (b. 1955) David Danielson, 73, politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (since 2013) (b. 1947) May 23 Dewayne Blackwell, 84, songwriter ("Friends in Low Places", "Mr. Blue") (b. 1936) Charles Boutin, 79, politician and administrative law judge, mayor of Aberdeen, Maryland (1994–1998), member of the Maryland House of Delegates (1999–2005) (b. 1942) Eric Carle, 91, writer and illustrator (The Very Hungry Caterpillar, The Grouchy Ladybug, Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?), (b. 1929) May 24 Robert Green Hall, 47, makeup artist (Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer) and film director (Laid to Rest) (b. 1973) Paul Christy, 82, professional wrestler (NWA, ICW, WWF) (b. 1939) Samuel E. Wright, actor and singer (The Little Mermaid, The Lion King) (b. 1946) Anna Halprin, 100, choreographer (b. 1920) Desiree Gould, 76, actress (Sleepaway Camp) (b. 1945) May 25 J. D. Roberts, 88, football player and coach (New Orleans Saints) (b. 1932) John Warner, 94, politician, U.S. Senator from Virginia (1979–2009) and 61st United States Secretary of the Navy (1972–1974) (b. 1927) Lois Ehlert, 86, children's author and illustrator (Chicka Chicka Boom Boom) (b. 1934) May 26 – Rusty Warren, 91, comedian and singer (Knockers Up!) (b. 1930) May 27 Foster Friess, 81, investment manager (b. 1940) Robert Hogan, 87, actor (b. 1933) Robbie McCauley, 78, playwright and actress (b. 1942) May 28 Albert Kookesh, 72, politician, member of the Alaska Senate (2005–2013) and House of Representatives (1997–2005) (b. 1948) Jim Beirne, 74, football player (Houston Oilers, San Diego Chargers) (b. 1946) William F. Clinger Jr., 92, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1997) and chair of the House Oversight Committee (1995–1997) (b. 1929) May 29 Gavin McLeod, 90, actor (McHale's Navy, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Love Boat) (b. 1931) B. J. Thomas, 78, singer ("Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song", "Hooked on a Feeling"), Grammy winner (1981), (b. 1942) Floyd McClung, 75, clergyman, Protestant missionary, and writer (b. 1945) Joe Lara, 58, actor (American Cyborg: Steel Warrior, Steel Frontier, Tarzan: The Epic Adventures) (b. 1962) Gwen Shamblin Lara, 66, writer and dietician (Christian diet programs) (b. 1955) May 31 Arlene Golonka, 85, actress (Mayberry R.F.D., The Andy Griffith Show, Hang 'Em High) (b. 1936) Lil Loaded, 20, rapper and Internet personality (b. 2000) Leon Burtnett, 78, football coach (Purdue University) (b. 1943) June June 1 Mike Marshall, 78, baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, Minnesota Twins) (b. 1943) Bunny Matthews, 70, cartoonist and writer (b. 1951) June 2 Bill Scanlon, 64, tennis player, cancer (b. 1956) Eric Mobley, 51, basketball player (Milwaukee Bucks, Vancouver Grizzlies), (b. 1970) June 3 F. Lee Bailey, 87, criminal defense attorney (Sam Sheppard, O. J. Simpson) (b. 1933) Karla Burns, 66, operatic mezzo-soprano (b. 1954) Ernie Lively, actor (The Man in the Moon, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Looking Glass) (b. 1947) June 4 John Malcolm Patterson, 99, politician, Governor of Alabama (1959–1963) (b. 1921) Tom Fink, 92, politician, mayor of Anchorage (1987–1994) and speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives (1973–1975) (b. 1928) Clarence Williams III, actor (Purple Rain, The Legend of 1900, The Butler) (b. 1939) June 5 Galen Young, 45, basketball player (Charlotte 49ers, Yakima Sun Kings, Perth Wildcats) (b. 1975) Richard Robinson, 84, businessman and educator, president and CEO of Scholastic Corporation (since 1975) (b. 1937) June 7 Douglas S. Cramer, 89, television producer (Wonder Woman, Dynasty, The Love Boat) and art collector (b. 1931) Jim Fassel, 71, football player (The Hawaiians) and coach (Utah Utes, New York Giants) (b. 1949) June 8 Joseph Margolis, 97, philosopher (b. 1924) Dean Parrish, 79, soul singer (b. 1942) June 9 Dale Danks, 81, politician, mayor of Jackson (1977–1989), complications from a stroke (b. 1939) Robert Katzmann, 68, jurist, judge (since 1999) and chief judge (2013–2020) for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (b. 1953) Dakota Skye, 27, pornographic film actress (b. 1994) June 10 Douglas Ley, 62, academic and politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (since 2012) (b. 1958) Joyce MacKenzie, 95, actress (Broken Arrow, Tarzan and the She-Devil, Rails Into Laramie) (b. 1925) June 11 Vern Miller, 92, politician, Kansas Attorney General (1971–1975) (b. 1928) John Gabriel, 90, actor (Ryan's Hope, Stagecoach, The Mary Tyler Moore Show) June 12 Dennis Berry, 76, film director (The Big Delirium, Chloé, Highlander: The Raven) (b. 1944) Mudcat Grant, 85, baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Minnesota Twins, Oakland Athletics) (b. 1935) Christopher Sign, 45, television journalist (KNXV-TV, WBMA-LD) (b. 1975) John Marinatto, 64, college athletics commissioner, commissioner of the Big East Conference (2009–2012) (b. 1957) June 13 – Ned Beatty, 83, actor (Network, Deliverance, Toy Story 3) (b. 1937) June 14 Hessley Hempstead, 49, football player (Detroit Lions) (b. 1972) Lisa Banes, 65, actress (Cocktail, Young Guns, Gone Girl) (b. 1955) Philip Gannon, 98, educator, founder and president (1957–1989) of Lansing Community College. Deona Knajdek, 31, social activist (b. 1969/1970) June 15 Jack B. Weinstein, 99, jurist, judge (since 1967) and chief judge (1980–1988) of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York (b. 1921) Anna C. Verna, 90, politician, member (1975–2012) and president (1999–2011) of the Philadelphia City Council (b. 1931) June 16 Frank Bonner, 79, actor (WKRP in Cincinnati, Just the Ten of Us) and television director (City Guys), (b. 1942) Janet Malcolm, 86, journalist (The New Yorker, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession, The Journalist and the Murderer), (b. 1934) Norman Powell, 86, television executive and producer (24, Washington: Behind Closed Doors, Rafferty) (b. 1934) Richard Stolley, 92, journalist and editor (People), (b. 1928) Vance Trimble, 107, journalist (The Kentucky Post), Pulitzer Prize winner (1960) (b. 1913) June 17 – Alex Harvill, 28, motorcycle stuntman (b. 1992) June 18 – Billy Fuccillo, 64, car dealer and owner of Fuccillo Automotive Group (b. 1957) June 19 – Champ, 12, dog, presidential pet of Joe and Jill Biden (b. 2008) June 20 – Joanne Linville, 93, actress ("The Enterprise Incident" episode of Star Trek, A Star Is Born, Scorpio) (b. 1928) June 21 Diego Cortez, 74, art curator (b. 1946) Mark Doumit, 59, politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives and Senate (b. 1961) Tom Kurvers, 58, ice hockey player (New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils), Stanley Cup champion (1986) (b. 1962) June 22 Patrick Allen, 59, football player (Houston Oilers) (b. 1961) Jim Bessman, 68, music journalist (Billboard) (b. 1952) Patricia Reilly Giff, 86, author (Lily's Crossing, Pictures of Hollis Woods) (b. 1935) Richard H. Kyle, 84, judge, U.S. District Court for Minnesota (since 1992) (b. 1937) June 23 Mike Brooks, 66, journalist (CNN) (b. 1955) John McAfee, 75, British-American computer programmer and businessman (McAfee Associates) (b. 1945) Ellen McIlwaine, 75, American-born Canadian guitarist and blues singer (b. 1945) Mike McLachlan, 75, politician, member of the Colorado House of Representatives (2013–2015) (b. 1946) Bev Scalze, 77, politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (2005–2013) and Senate (2013–2017) (b. 1943) June 24 Sonny Callahan, 88, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1985–2003), Alabama Senate (1979–1985) and House of Representatives (1971–1979) (b. 1932) Stephen Dunn, 82, poet, Pulitzer Prize winner (2001) (b. 1939) Frederick S. Humphries, 85, educator, president of Florida A&M University (1985–2001) (b. 1935) June 25 John Erman, 85, director (My Favorite Martian, Peyton Place, That Girl), Emmy winner (1983) (b. 1935) Jack Ingram, 84, Hall of Fame racing driver, NASCAR Busch Grand National Series champion (1982, 1985) (b. 1936) June 26 Mike Gravel, 91, politician, member (1963–1967) and speaker (1965–1967) of the Alaska House of Representatives, U.S. Senator (1969–1981) (b. 1930) Jon Hassell, 84, trumpeter and composer (b. 1937) John Langley, 78, television producer (Cops) (b. 1943) Frederic Rzewski, 83, composer and virtuoso pianist (The People United Will Never Be Defeated!) (b. 1938) Johnny Solinger, 55, singer-songwriter (Skid Row) (b. 1965) June 27 Alison Greenspan, 48, film and television producer (Monte Carlo, The Best of Me, For Life) (b. 1972) Steven Horwitz, 57, economist (b. 1964) June 28 Lauren Berlant, 63, scholar and writer (b. 1957) Burton Greene, 84, jazz pianist (b. 1937) Harry Johnston, 89, politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1989–1997) (b. 1931) Greg Noll, 84, surfer (b. 1937) June 29 Stuart Damon, 84, actor (General Hospital, The Champions, Port Charles) (b. 1937) Elizabeth Martínez, 95, Chicana feminist (b. 1925) Donald Rumsfeld, 88, politician, U.S. Representative (1963–1969), White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975), and two-time Secretary of Defense (1975–1977, 2001–2006) (b. 1932) June 30 Jimmy Fitzmorris, 99, politician, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (1972–1980) (b. 1921) Janet Moreau, 93, track and field athlete, Olympic champion (1952) (b. 1927) Bob Newland, 72, football player (New Orleans Saints) (b. 1948) References 2020s in the United States United States United States Years of the 21st century in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gardiner%20%28rugby%20league%29

George Gardiner (rugby league)

George Gardiner was a New Zealand rugby league representative player. He played for New Zealand in 1926 becoming the 185th New Zealand representative. He was also a Bay of Plenty rugby representative as well as playing for the first ever Bay of Plenty rugby league team. After he finished his rugby league career he became a professional wrestler fighting mainly in Australia. He fought in World War 1 for New Zealand and fought and died serving in the Australian forces in World War 2. Early life It is difficult to know George Gardiner's precise date of birth as it was given as 1 February 1894 on his enlistment papers for World War 1. However, this was a fake date which enabled him to be accepted into the forces. Later when he enlisted in the Australian forces for World War 2 he gave his date of birth as 3 August 1903. In an article from the Bay of Plenty Times on 16 April 1917 about his special medal during World War 1 he was said to be 19 years old. His obituary also stated that he was playing rugby for Matakana seniors in 1914 aged 16. Both of these articles suggest his birth year would have been around 1898. Gardiner was born at Rangiwaea, Tauranga. His father was Karehana Gardener, and his mother was Rewa Gardiner. He belonged to the Ngāi Te Rangi iwi and was a member of the Catholic faith. He was a member of the Tauranga cadets until he left the Matakana Native School and became a mechanical engineer, and worked for Herbert Clark of Tauranga before the outbreak of World War 1. Playing career Junior rugby beginnings Gardiner began playing rugby at a young age, first playing for the Matakana juniors in 1912 aged around 14. He played for them against Star on 25 May 1912 in a 0–13 loss and was mentioned as being "conspicuous" in the losing side. He was a well known local athlete and competed at many local athletic events. In the 1913 season he began playing senior rugby for United and in 2 games for them in June he scored a try in each match against Paengaroa and Rangiuru respectively. He was then selected to play for the Te Puke sub-union representative team aged around 15. He played 3 matches for them, the first being in a 6–0 win against Tauranga. He then appeared in 2 losses against Rotorua (3-23, and 6-10). It was said that he played a "good defensive game… but appeared to be rather weak on attack". The 1914 season saw him starting for the Matakana seniors in a 7-aside competition on 5 June, and then in the forwards for the full side against Rangataua on 22 June in a Jordan Cup match. Then on 8 October he played in a match for the Tauranga sub-union team against the visiting Waihi. Gardiner scored a try in an easy 22–3 win. World War 1 World War 1 had broken out and Gardiner enlisted for the army. He served in the 1st Maori Contingent. He left Tauranga for Auckland on board the Ngapuhi to go into camp on 20 October. he commenced his duty on 2 February 1915 and spent 1915–16 in Egypt before moving to the Egyptian Eastern Front in 1916, and was at Gallipoli in 1915. He spent time on the Western Front from 1916, 17 and 18. Gardiner sent a letter home dated 2 December 1915 from the Dardanelles saying "we are doing fine here; slow but sure. Mr Turk occasionally breaks out with fresh energy, but it is no use. What we have we hold, and I think the Turks are fed up with it. There have been a lot of prisoners taken including German officers, and if you take anything by looks they seem to be glad to be taken. They are a motley crowd, young and old. Some of them you would think hardly had enough strength to fight, but of course they are driven to it. We are all hoping that the war here will not last much longer, as the Turks are being hemmed in, and their casualties are heavy. I expect everybody at home is quite gloomy in finding no time for holidays, but I cannot see why they should be so. They ought to come out here for a week or two and see the antics of some of the boys. It would liven them up. I went to an open air concert behind the firing lines, and I can tell you there were some good turns, only every now and then the bag of a French battery would upset the programme". He was wounded twice while at war in 1916 and 1917. Word was received in July 1916 by his father George Gardiner (snr) from the Minister of Defence, the Hon. James Allen that he had been "slightly wounded in the head and face on 27 June" but was remaining with his unit. In April 1917 Gardiner's father received word from the Minister of Defence once again however this time it was regarding an award he had won. He was "awarded the Cross of Karageorge, First Class, for gallantry on the Field of action". The cross was awarded by the King of Serbia. Late on in the war when he "slipped over in a trench and hit his elbow so hard he was forced to recover in hospital". Then in 1918 with the war drawing to a close Gardiner was selected to play in the New Zealand Maori Pioneer Battalion rugby team which played 7 matches in Egypt, 17 in continental Europe, and 7 in England with 29 wins and only 2 losses. Gardiner returned from the war on the Westmoreland in early April, 1919. After it arrived in Auckland he caught the Ngapuhi to the Bay of Plenty on 8 April where they were welcomed home by the mayor. Lieutenant Gardiner was in charge of the men and after the Reverend Waaka spoke to them Gardiner replied "briefly". Many relatives and friends of the men had travelled to Auckland to meet the men and travelled with them back to Tauranga. He was awarded the 1914-1915 Star "for distinguished services rendered during the course of the campaign", the British War Medal (1914-1920), the Victory Medal, the Cross of Karageorge, 1st Class with Swords (Serbia), and the ANZAC Commemorative Medallion. Post war club and representative rugby career New Zealand Māori Pioneer Battalion tour of New Zealand In mid May the New Zealand Māori Pioneer Battalion team embarked on a nine match tour of New Zealand. Their first match was against Hawkes Bay at McLean Park, Napier on 17 May. They won the match 8 to 3 with Gardiner playing in the forwards. They then travelled to Otago and Southland though Gardiner not play in either of these two matches lost 6-9 and won 18-6 respectively. Their next match was against Canterbury on 31 May with Gardiner resuming his position in the forwards and leading the side. They lost the game 6–16 at the Addington Showgrounds in Christchurch. He didn't play in their drawn match with Wellington before next taking the field in Auckland against the local side. They again went down 11–22. He played again against Manawatu at Palmerston North where the Pioneers were 22-9 winners. He then scored his first try of the tour crossing the line to give them a 17–6 lead in an eventual 25–6 win over Hawke's Bay in Napier. Their final match of their tour was on 21 June against Poverty Bay at Childers Road Reserve in front of 3,000 spectators. Gardiner scored in the corner from a scrum and he converted his own try with the Pioneer side finishing with an entertaining 24–12 win. United, Te Puke, and Bay of Plenty Following the Pioneer teams tour Gardiner joined the United club and played against Paengaroa on 30 June. In the meantime he had gone into business with Davis as tobacconist and billiard saloon proprietors. Their business was named simply ‘Davis & Gardiner’ and they were based at the Alliance Hall in Te Puke. He played for United again against Rangataua before being selected for Te Puke to contest the Kusabs Cup against Whakatāne. The home team Te Puke won the match 5-0 meaning they would play Rotorua in the final. The Kusabs Cup final was played on the Arawa Park racecourse ground in Rotorua in front of a large crowd. Gardiner was heavily involved in many of Te Puke's attacks and he kicked a conversion in their comfortable 22–0 win. Gardiner then played against Rotorua again on 6 September at Te Puke. He scored their only try in a 3–6 loss where "from loose play [he] forced his way across and touched down" and was said to have played a "slashing game". His final appearance for Te Puke for the season came in a 29–3 win over Tauranga on 20 September. Te Puke won easily by 29 points to 3. Gardiner was then selected to make his debut for the Bay of Plenty team in their match against Auckland on 27 September in the "supports" position. The match was played at Eden Park and saw Bay of Plenty upset the local side by 25 to 16 with Gardiner kicking a conversion. In April 1920 he competed as a runner for Te Puke at the Tauranga sports meeting and was said to be "the most successful athlete at the gathering". He won the ‘sheaf tossing’ event in a field of nineteen, was second in the Returned Soldiers’ 100 yard race, second also in the ‘stepping the chain’ event, and first in the Returned Soldiers’ Maori only race. He began the 1920 season playing in the Te Puke club competition for Rangataua in a match with Maketu on 8 May. His appearances for them appear limited to the start of the season as the majority of his season was spent playing representative rugby for Te Puke and Bay of Plenty. He played for Rangataua against the Te Puke club side on 29 May and was then selected to play for the Te Puke sub-union team against Tauranga on 12 June. Gardiner shone for Te Puke in the ‘rover’ position, and scored all of their points in a 13–12 win with 2 tries, 2 conversions, and a penalty. It was said in the Bay of Plenty Times that he was "one of the greatest forwards in the Dominion". He captained the Bay of Plenty side for their match against Poverty Bay at Whakatane on 18 June. They won 8 to 0 in torrential rain. They then played a trial match with Rotorua and won 9–6 with Gardiner kicking 2 penalties. The purpose of the match was to prepare for their southern tour where they would play Wellington for the Ranfurly Shield followed by a match with Wanganui. The match with Wellington resulted in a 23 to 3 loss on Athletic Park in Wellington. The match against Wanganui on 3 July at the recreation ground there saw a 0–0 draw. Gardiner's next match was for Te Puke against the Grafton club side from Auckland. The match saw another draw, this time 3-3. He played for Bay of Plenty against Auckland on 31 July with the Bay side winning 17-10 and Gardiner scoring a try at the Tauranga Domain in front of a crowd of 2,000. His try came about after he "secured the ball forty yards out and running at top speed outpaced the Auckland backs and scored the best try of the day, grounding between the posts". A match for Te Puke against Tauranga followed on 14 August which was lost 6–9. Sometime soon after this Gardiner's business interests changed with his business in Te Puke with Mr W. Davis moving solely into Davis’ hands. Gardiner then moved back to the Tauranga area as on 22 October he turned out for Tauranga in their match with Te Puna in the Jordan Cup final. He scored a try, and kicked a penalty and a goal from a mark to score all 9 of their points in a 9–17 loss. He then finished his season with another match for Tauranga against Whakatāne on 29 October which was also lost 6–9. Disqualification and boxing Controversy marred the beginning of the 1921 season for Gardiner as he had played for Tauranga while under suspension by the Te Puke Union and without a clearance to play for Tauranga at the end of the previous season. Te Puke had disqualified him from playing for 12 months but Tauranga had asked for full evidence. Te Puke then wrote a letter requesting that his disqualification be lifted. On 28 June it was reported that a boxing school was being started in Te Puke with Gardiner one of those who would be joining it. He was already being coached by Mr W.A. Voice and Mr B. Treweek who were to be the schools coaches. On 11 July he fought A. James in Auckland as part of the Auckland provincial amateur boxing championships at the Auckland Town Hall. Gardiner was weighed in at 13st 2lb while his opponent was 11st 9lb. Gardiner lost the fight after going down for a six count after taking a right punch, while earlier in the fight he had fallen through the ropes after backing away from James’ punches. Return to rugby field with Rovers (Te Puke) Gardiner began the year competing at an athletics meeting at Matatā. He won the hop, step, and jump event, and placed first in the 100 yards handicap. He also won the ‘maiden race’ but was disqualified having previously won a race. Gardiner had begun playing rugby again but was once again playing for a new team. He was named to captain the Rovers side in Te Puke in their match against Tauranga Football Club on 22 April. He was well involved in an 8–3 win. He played further matches for them against Rangiuru, Railway, and United where he scored 2 tries in a 28–5 win. This was to be his last ever official rugby union game. Rugby league playing career New Zealand Māori tour In April Jim Rukutai had sent George Iles, based in Tauranga a letter telling him that he wished to establish the league code in the area. He said that he had heard a lot about Gardiner (amongst others) and was organising a team of Māori footballers to go to Australia later in the year. Gardiner was indeed selected and agreed to go on the tour as vice-captain. They had assembled in Auckland in late May and he was joined by his Rovers teammate Fred Harawira. Their first match was against Auckland at Carlaw Park on 20 May prior to their departure and saw New Zealand Māori win 28 to 16. After arriving in Australia they played a very powerful Sydney Metropolis side and were thrashed 12–77 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of an enormous crowd of 35,000. Gardiner played in the loose forward position and kicked 2 conversions. He then played lock in a 32–14 loss to New South Wales 2nd XIII. He kicked 2 conversions and a penalty before 30,000 spectators once again at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Gardiner than played in the centres in an upset 23–22 win over Queensland in Brisbane on 10 June. The Māori side trailed by 22 to 5 before a huge late surge saw them score 4 tries to take the match. Three days later he played centre again against Toowoomba, this time they went down 26-6 before 2,000 spectators. Further losses followed to Ipswich (3-20), and then Queensland (19-31). Gardiner had been moved to the wing and he scored 2 tries there against Queensland in their narrow loss. Gardiner then played in match 8 of the tour against Stanthorpe which they won 6–3, and Orange on 28 June which they also won by 25 points to 15 with Gardiner scoring 3 tries. This was the final match of the tour. Overall the tour was regarded as somewhat of a failure, especially compared to previous New Zealand Māori rugby league tours. As a result, the crowds dwindled and financially the tour lost money. Application for reinstatement and Bay of Plenty rugby league A month after the last match was played Gardiner applied for reinstatement to rugby. Rugby league was not played in the Bay of Plenty at this time which is where he had returned to. However, the Rotorua Rugby Union declined the application. Fortunately for Gardiner moves were underway in the Bay of Plenty to establish the league game there thanks largely to the efforts of former New Zealand player George Iles. Gardiner was selected to play for Tauranga against Rotorua on 16 September. The match was the first rugby league game ever played in Tauranga and saw the visiting side win 29–28 with Gardiner scoring a try under the posts after a breakaway. He was then picked to play for the Bay of Plenty side against a very powerful New South Wales touring side. The match was played at Arawa Park before 2,000 spectators in Rotorua, and Gardiner scored Bay of Plenty's only try in a 29–5 loss. His try was from 30 metres out beating the opposition fullback along the way. His next league match was for Te Puke (their first ever league side), though this time he was playing against Tauranga. Te Puke won by 26 points to 20 in Te Puke. Gardiners final game of the season came in another appearance for Bay of Plenty against the touring Auckland team. The Auckland team won 33–26 on the Tauranga Domain with Gardiner scoring a try, and kicking 2 conversions and a penalty. Marist Old Boys and Auckland debut Unfortunately for Gardiner the league game did not become established in the Bay of Plenty area and the 1923 season saw him playing no football whatsoever. He applied for reinstatement to rugby union again in May 1924 but was turned down once more, though this time by the New Zealand Rugby Union. Gardiner then moved to Auckland and was named to play in the Athletic side for a 24 May game in the Auckland rugby league competition however the match was postponed. There was then mention of him possibly being included in the pack for the Marist Old Boys side against Richmond Rovers, and he did indeed make his debut in this match on 31 May. He was extremely impressive in his early matches for Marist scoring a remarkable 61 points in his first 7 matches. He was picked during this period for Auckland where he played in the second row against the touring England side. Auckland lost 24–11 in front of an enormous crowd of 20,000 at Carlaw Park. Gardiner finished the season scoring 71 points which was the second highest of any player. Marist won the senior competition defeating Devonport United in the final. Transfer to Ponsonby United The 1925 season was an extremely busy one for Gardiner. He was having financial issues, declaring bankruptcy and blaming Marist for not meeting promises they made that led to him coming to Auckland. Gardiner had three children by this point and the Auckland Star detailed his statement to the office of the Official Signee on 17 March. There was then talk of him moving to the Ponsonby United club prior to the season starting. A transfer was then put in but not initially granted before it was eventually approved on 13 May. There he played 14 games including the finals of both the Roope Rooster and Stormont Shield with both matches resulting in wins. In an 8 August match against Athletic, Gardiner scored 3 tries and kicked 7 conversions for 23 individual points which was a record individual points haul in Auckland club league to this point. During the season he also made 3 appearances for Auckland against New Zealand, South Auckland, and then New Zealand again, where he scored 3 tries and kicked 1 conversion in total. He then played for the Auckland Provincial team against the touring Queensland side on 10 October. New Zealand debut The 1926 season saw Gardiner selected for the New Zealand team to tour England and Wales. He played 7 matches for Ponsonby and was then picked to play for an ‘A Team’ as part of a series of New Zealand trial matches. He kicked 6 conversions in a 30–28 win for his side, and then came on as an injury replacement for the New Zealand Possible side who played immediately afterwards. Gardiner was then named in the New Zealand side and prior to their departure he made his debut for New Zealand against Auckland. New Zealand did not take the match seriously and lost 52–32 with Gardiner kicking 3 conversions. New Zealand tour of England and Wales On 3 August the New Zealand team departed on board the Aorangi. They travelled to Suva, Fiji where an exhibition match was played before moving on to Hawaii. During that part of the voyage three of the Māori players on tour (Gardiner, Lou Brown, and Craddock Dufty) dressed in traditional Māori costume for a fancy dress ball onboard and were the "hit of the evening. Their effort evoked one continuous roar of laughter from the passengers". When in Hawaii the team held canoe races with a crew led by Gardiner comprising himself, Stan Webb, Frank Delgrosso, Alphonsus Carroll winning. After arriving in England, he played in the first tour match on 11 September against Dewsbury which New Zealand won 13–9 with Gardiner's play described as being "excellent". A crowd of 16,000 had been on hand to watch the match at Dewsbury's Crown Flatt stadium ground with Gardiner leading the haka. Gardiner who was playing on the wing was said to have "proved a strong-running wing and handled and kicked well all day". At one point he made a good run and crossed the try line but could not pull up fast enough before crossing the dead ball line in the very short in goal areas. Gardiner then played in New Zealand's 23–16 win over Leigh on 15 September. He was once again on the wing and scored two tries after finishing off "excellent pieces of concerted play". The first came after Ben Davidson put in a strong run before sending on a pass to Gardiner who went over in the corner. The second came after Gardiner made a strong fending run down the touch line and eventually received the ball back from Davidson to score again. Three days later Gardiner again found himself on the win for their match against Halifax. However, this time New Zealand lost, by the score of 19–13. Gardiner wouldn't play again until 6 October when he scored 12 of New Zealand's 19 points in a 19–11 win over York. He scored a try, kicked 3 conversions, and 2 penalties. His try was the final one for New Zealand and his goal kicking was a flawless 5 from 5. His try was described as "the finest try [to that point] on the tour, and [his was] admitted by Yorkites to be the best individual wing effort they had seen on their ground". He received the ball "on the touch line at halfway, raced down at top speed, brushing all opposition and scoring a magnificent try". Gardiner led the haka before their match with Warrington on 9 October but New Zealand played poorly and went down 17–5 with Gardiner converting New Zealand's only try by Len Mason. He again kicked a solitary conversion in New Zealand's easy win over Bramley on 13 October. They won 35–12 in front of 2,000 spectators. Around this point of the tour it became marred by several players, predominantly forwards going on strike. They refused to play under the coaching and managing of Ernest Mair due to his selections, coaching methods and other financial and management issues from very early in the tour. As a result, several backs had to move into the forwards and Gardiner was one of these partly due to his size. He was alongside Ernie Herring and Bert Avery in a "meritorious" win over Hull on 13 October by 15 points to 13 with a last minute conversion winning the match. Hull had not lost at home for 25 matches. He was again in the forwards for the match with Oldham on 23 October which was lost 15–10. It was commented on in the New Zealand Herald the strangeness with the selections with Gardiner and now Dufty being picked in the forwards ahead of other forwards who were not playing. The news of the fall out between some players and management had not reached the New Zealand shores. Gardiner played in the second row for the next three matches against Leeds (27 October), St Helens (30 October), and Salford (3 November). Leeds were defeated 13–11 with Gardiner involved in some passing which led to a try to Ben Davidson. New Zealand then lost to St Helens 28 to 14. Gardiner scored a try in the win over Salford by 18 points to 10. He played despite "still suffering" from influenza but was rested after this to help him recover more fully. In December a letter was received in Auckland by an Auckland member of the touring side complaining about selections and he specifically mentioned how Gardiner "has been up in the forwards, and has proved the right man in the right place for the ‘mixed stuff’ that has to be faced in some of these game". Gardiner's next game was against Wigan Highfield on 17 November where he found himself back on the wing with many of the striking forwards now back playing. He scored two tries in a 14–2 win. His first try came after a scrum where the ball reached him via Jack Kirwan and he scored in the corner after "using his weight to his advantage". His second came after he fell on a kick in the in goal from Wally Desmond. On 20 November Gardiner was part of the side defeated by Batley 19–17. He set up a try in "atrocious" conditions due to "heavy rain and a wet ground" scored by Frank Henry. He then scored an unconverted try which had given New Zealand a 15–14 lead at the halftime break. The match against St Helens saw Gardiner involved in a remarkable incident. New Zealand lost 22–12 with Gardiner scoring a try. However, the match was marked by the sending off of Gardiner after he struck the touch judge near the end of the match. Gardiner admitted striking the blow and said it was due to the touch judge using an insulting expression with the touch judge refusing to make a statement. When interviewed later Gardiner said "the touch judge signalled a try when Ellaby crossed. I disagreed and said so. The judge said: Keep your eyes open, you dirty dago’. I lost my temper and struck him". The Daily Mail then reported that Gardiner "was disinclined to leave the field, but eventually he and the referee went off arm in arm amid cheers". Gardiner played 3 days later on 11 December against Wigan with New Zealand losing heavily by 36 points to 15 in front of 8,000 spectators. Four days later a hearing was held into Gardiner's earlier sending off and he was suspended by the English Rugby League for three matches. After his suspension ended Gardiner again appeared on the wing for New Zealand in a 32–8 win over Broughton Rangers on 27 December. This was followed by a 29–24 win over Wakefield Trinity on just a day later on 28 December before a crowd of 7,000. Gardiner scored a try in a team performance described as the "best display of attacking seen in Wakefield for a long time". This was followed on New Years Day with a 20–15 loss to Hull Kingston Rovers before 8,000 spectators with Gardiner again on the wing. Gardiner's penultimate match of the tour was against Cumberland and saw New Zealand win 18–3. He scored a try and kicked 2 conversions and a penalty giving him a tour haul of 10 tries and 10 goals from what was to end up at 20 appearances. He had been moved back into the second row, because there had been more trouble between the same group of players and coach Mair. His final match of the tour was against England in the third and final test. New Zealand had lost the first two tests and they would again lose, going down 32–17 with Gardiner in the second row. It was played in wet weather with 8,000 in attendance in Leeds on 18 January. Continuation with Ponsonby After returning to New Zealand the returning members of the side who were from Auckland played a match against an Auckland side. The match at Carlaw Park saw the returning NZ players go down 24–21 with Gardiner kicking a penalty before a crowd of 14,000. He then resumed his playing career at Ponsonby United and played 16 matches for them including in the championship final against Newton Rangers which they lost 6–3. He scored 6 tries and kicked 13 goals for 44 points total over that 1927 season which meant he was the third highest scorer. In 1928 he played 14 matches for Ponsonby, scoring 6 tries and kicking 3 goals. It was notable by this point that he was no longer being selected for representative football. In 1929 he played 16 matches for Ponsonby scoring 3 tries and kicking 5 goals. One of his tries came in the championship final when his Ponsonby side defeated Devonport United by 5 points to 0 before a crowd of 11,000. He also played in the side which lost the Roope Rooster final to Marist Old Boys 17-9 and the side which lost to Marist 28–14 in the Stormont Shield final. In October the South Sydney side toured New Zealand and Gardiner taught them a haka whilst on a picnic with the team which was said to mean they were "the first Sydney team to possess a Māori war cry". The 1930 season was to be Gardiner's last full season for Ponsonby but it was one of his more successful ones with them. He played 15 matches and scored 2 tries and kicked 3 goals. He was part of the team which comfortably won the championship and then defeated Richmond Rovers 15–7 to win the Roope Rooster with Gardiner scoring a try. They then went down to Devonport United 17–5 in the final of the Stormont Shield. Their final match of the season was in a provincial ‘club championship’ match with the winners of the South Auckland competition, Ngaruawahia with Ponsonby winning 32-29 and Gardiner scoring a try. In 1931 Gardiner just played 2 matches for Ponsonby after there had earlier been doubts that he would play at all. Then on 15 July he turned out for the Waterside Workers team in the midweek competition which was played between various business league teams. He ultimately played for them at least six times and scored 2 tries and kicked 5 goals including 1 in their final win over Stonex and Stormont. He was then drawn back into the Ponsonby side to play their Roope Rooster semi-final with Richmond Rovers which saw them win 28-20 after extra-time. Followed by the final where he scored a try in a 34–17 loss. His final ever appearances for Ponsonby came at the end of the 1932 when he was pulled into the side again for their Roope Rooster round 1 match with Newton Rangers which they won 36 to 10 with Gardiner scoring 2 tries. He then travelled to New Plymouth to play Devonport United in an exhibition match at Pukekura Park. The match was drawn 28–28 with Gardiner scoring a try in what was to be the final ever official football match of his career. Professional wrestling career New Zealand matches In 1931 Gardiner had begun professional wrestling. On 14 July he wrestled E.A. Brown, the amateur heavyweight of Wellington in a three-minute round fight which resulted in a draw at the Auckland Town Hall. Gardiner was said to weigh 15 stone. In August 1932 he wrestled Limutkin a Russian wrestler, and Ike Robin. He was defeated in both bouts but "was responsible for a very creditable display". Move to Australia to wrestle In 1933 Gardiner had moved to Australia to embark on a more serious professional wrestling career. By this stage he was around 35 years of age. He was wrestling under the name of “George Tiki” or “Hori Tiki”. In a February 27 bout with Tom Lurich of Poland he lost by two falls to one in five rounds of wrestling at Leichhardt Stadium. Then in June he lost to fellow New Zealander Charlie Pollard. In July he fought “Nugget” Potaka in Queensland and it was described as featuring “such and amount of horseplay, frivolity and synthetic roughness that the police stopped the bout”. Then on October 3 he wrestled George Pencheff of Bulgaria in Perth and lost by two falls to one. Pencheff weighed in at 97.5 kilograms while “Tiki” was 93.4 kilograms. Then he fought Leon Labriola in Perth on November 26 in an “all-in wrestling match at the stadium after the latter had refused to shake hands. Tiki then attacked Labriola with his bare fists, but the fight was stopped by the police”. His next fight was against Ali Bey in Perth and he lost failing “to break his very persistent run of bad luck”. In July he wrestled the Chinese-American fighter Wong Buck Cheong who weighed in at 14st 3lb. Near the end of the fight Tiki stopped wrestling and was merely warding off Cheong. It was later discovered that he had broken a rib. He did however win the fight after both wrestlers had earlier won a fall but Tiki was the stronger overall. He fought Billy Meeske in September at Fitzroy Stadium and by this time his weight had increased significantly to 102.5 kilograms. They battled to a draw in a match described as a “wild ten-round contest and resulted in a draw after the Māori had exercised his right to demand two extra rounds, each man securing a fall”. The match was unpopular with Sydney patrons with “the throwing of pennies into the ring”. In March 1939 he fought Fred Atkins at Leichhardt Stadium and lost after crashing through the ropes in the fifth round. He hit his head on the press benches and was injured badly enough where he was unable to continue fighting. Then in late June he fought King (Kingsley) Elliot of Auckland (though he had been living in the USA) in an exhibition described as “fast, open, and scientific” at the City Hall in Hobart. Tiki won the eight round fight after forcing Elliot to submit with a “crucifix” hold in the seventh round before the judges awarded him the fight at its conclusion. World War II Following the outbreak of World War II, Gardiner, now aged over 40, enlisted in the Australian Forces. He was part of the Australian 2/23rd Battalion. He left Australia for the Middle East in November 1940. In early 1941 a German advance in Libya pushed British and Commonwealth forces back towards the Egyptian border. In early May the Germans captured part of Tobruk’s outer area and this area became known as the Salient. In “the early hours of 17 May the 2/23rd Battalion participated in an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the lost ground”. They made some gains but ultimately most of the Australian attacking forces were forced back and they suffered heavy casualties. After the operation there were 95 Australians reported missing including Gardiner amongst six other officers. There were conflicting reports of what had happened to him including him being taken to a hospital in Egypt, or that he had been captured. It was later determined after an inquiry that he had been shot “through the abdomen and died of his wounds the day after the battle”. His death occurred in fighting at Cyrenaica near Tobruk with the cause of death recorded as peritonitis. George Gardiner was buried in the Knightsbridge War Cemetery in Acroma, west of Tobruk in Libya. On May 13, 1942 the Bay of Plenty Times published an obituary for George Gardiner. On 10 April 2016 the Australian War Memorial held a ceremony to commemorate Lieutenant George Gardiner's life and service. Gardiner was survived by his wife Mary Gardiner and a son, Parata Ngatai Gardiner. References 1898 births 1941 deaths Auckland rugby league team players Bay of Plenty rugby league team players Bay of Plenty rugby union players Marist Saints players New Zealand male professional wrestlers New Zealand Māori rugby league players New Zealand national rugby league team players New Zealand rugby league players Ponsonby Ponies players Rugby league players from Tauranga Rugby union players from Tauranga

67008259

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha%20Land

Orisha Land

Orisha Land was an occupation protest and self-declared autonomous zone in Austin, Texas, established on February 14, 2021, by the 400+1 collective, in response to the killing of Jordan Walton by an Austin Police officer on February 10 of the same year. As of March 5 the zone consisted of a section of Rosewood Park (which the group renamed "Jordan's Place"). Jordan Walton's death On February 10, 2021, an Austin Police officer shot and killed Jordan Walton. 400+1's account of Walton's death varies significantly from local news reports thus far. They claim Walton was experiencing a mental health crisis after running his car into an East Austin home and seeking refuge in another. "On the day he was murdered, Jordan’s parents utilized the mental health crisis resources provided by the state to no avail." 400+1 notes that the police responding to the scene did not deescalate the crisis nor deliver care to Walton. Walton's death occurred one month after the killing of Alex Gonzales Jr. and two days after the four year anniversary of David Joseph's death, both at the hands of the police. Police were called after a report of black jeep crashing into a house. Soon after, another call was received of someone forcing them into a home. When police arrived they heard a disturbance and forced themselves inside. Jordan Walton then allegedly shot at officers and held a child hostage. He was shot by a SWAT officer. Orisha Land's creation Four days after Walton's death, on February 14, 400+1 staked ground on a portion of Rosewood Park to protest the incident. At nine in the morning that day, they initiated a car caravan in Jordan's memory with the intent to establish a no-cop-zone within the perimeter. Orisha Land is a part of 400+1's campaign to #MartialtheBlock, which is a call to action for Black communities to reclaim their power. The group claims autonomy and rejects the authority of the state within Rosewood Park and an eleven miles perimeter around the park in East Austin, including the location in which Walton was killed. End On March 11, 2021, the occupation was evicted, apparently without resistance. In the course of the eviction, the erected tents and other objects were taken away with garbage trucks. References Black Lives Matter Cooperatives in the United States Counterculture communities Far-left politics in the United States Protest camps Protests in Texas Urban politics in the United States

67376993

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Daunte%20Wright

Killing of Daunte Wright

On April 11, 2021, Daunte Wright, a 20-year-old Black man, was fatally shot by police officer Kimberly Potter during a traffic stop and attempted arrest for an outstanding warrant in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, United States. After a brief struggle with officers, Potter shot Wright in the chest once at close range. He then drove off a short distance, but his vehicle collided with another and hit a concrete barrier. Officers administered CPR to Wright, but were unable to revive him, and he was pronounced dead at the scene. Potter said she meant to use her service Taser, shouting "Taser! Taser! Taser!" just before firing her service pistol instead. The shooting sparked protests in Brooklyn Center and renewed ongoing demonstrations against police shootings in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, leading to citywide and regional curfews. Demonstrations took place over several days, and spread to cities across the United States. Two days after the incident, Potter and Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon resigned from their positions. Potter was convicted of first-degree manslaughter and second-degree manslaughter on December 23, 2021, at a jury trial in Hennepin County. On February 18, 2022, she was sentenced to two years in prison, with credit for time served. The events led to several police reforms in Brooklyn Center, Minneapolis, and in several other states. People involved Daunte Wright Daunte Demetrius Wright was a 20-year-old, living in Minneapolis, having recently moved there from Chicago. He was the son of a Black father and a White mother. Wright played basketball in high school, but according to his father, he dropped out due to a learning disability about two years before the shooting. He worked in retail and fast-food jobs to support his almost-two-year-old son, and had enrolled in a vocational school. Kimberly Potter At the time of the shooting, Kimberly Ann Potter, a White woman from Champlin, Minnesota (born June 18, 1972), was a 48-year-old police officer in the Brooklyn Center Police Department, and a mother of two children. She had worked for the department since 1995, shortly after finishing Saint Mary's University of Minnesota a year prior in 1994. Potter, a field training officer, was training a new officer at the time of the incident. Other people Wright's girlfriend, who was sitting in the passenger's seat of the vehicle, was injured in the crash. Besides Potter, two other Brooklyn Center police officers participated in the traffic stop, of whom one also participated in the attempted arrest. One of the officers was a trainee who was being field trained by Potter. Incident Traffic stop On April 11, 2021, Wright was driving with his girlfriend in a white 2011 Buick LaCrosse that was registered to his brother. They were on their way to a car wash. Kimberly Potter was a passenger in a patrol car with a trainee officer who observed Wright's vehicle signaling a right turn while it was in a left-turning lane. The trainee officer also noticed that the vehicle had an expired registration tag on its license plate and had an air freshener hanging from the car's rearview mirror, a violation of Minnesota state law. At 1:53p.m. local time, the trainee officer initiated a traffic stop of Wright's vehicle on 63rd Avenue North and called for backup. After pulling the vehicle over, the trainee officer approached Wright's vehicle. Wright provided his name but did not have a driver's license or proof-of-insurance card. The trainee officer returned to his squad car. Meanwhile, Wright phoned his mother. Potter's supervisor arrived on the scene, and the officers ran Wright's name through a police database. They learned he had an open arrest warrant for failing to appear in court on a gross misdemeanor weapons violation for carrying a gun without a permit, and that there was a protective order against him by an unnamed woman. The officers decided to arrest Wright and ensure the passenger was not the same woman who had the protective order against him. Police body camera footage showed Potter, her supervisor, and the trainee officer approaching the car. The trainee officer approached the driver's side door and the supervisor approached the passenger's side door. Potter, who was acting as a field training officer, initially stood back. The trainee officer informed Wright that there was a warrant for his arrest. He opened the driver's side door and Wright stepped out of the car. The car door remained open while Wright put his hands behind his back and the trainee officer attempted to put on handcuffs. After several moments, Potter approached Wright and the trainee and unsnapped her handgun holster. She grabbed a piece of paper from the trainee with her right hand, then moved it to her left hand. Wright, who was unarmed, began to resist arrest, struggled with the officers, broke free, and stepped back into his car. The supervisor had the passenger's side door open, and reached inside to grab the gear shift to prevent Wright from driving away. The trainee officer on the driver's side attempted to prevent Wright from obtaining control of the steering wheel. Potter, who had her Taser holstered on her left side and her gun on her right, said, "I'll tase you," and then yelled, "Taser! Taser! Taser!" The supervisor released his hands from attempting to restrain Wright. Potter then discharged her firearm, instead of her Taser, a single time using her right hand, and subsequently said, "Oh shit, I just shot him." Potter's pistol, a Glock 9 mm model, was entirely black, partially made of metal, and weighed when loaded. Her Taser, made of plastic, was mostly yellow, and weighed . Potter was holding her gun for 5.5 seconds before discharging it. Immediately after shooting Wright, she was still holding the piece of paper with her left hand. Car crash Wright drove off after being shot at close range. The vehicle travelled for about when it collided with another vehicle near the intersection of 63rd Avenue North and Kathrene Drive. Officers administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but Wright was pronounced dead at the scene at 2:18 p.m. Wright's girlfriend was hospitalized with non-life-threatening injuries, and no one in the other vehicle was injured. Investigations and criminal charges Autopsy The Hennepin County medical examiner's office released a report on April 12 that determined the manner of death to be homicide and concluded that Wright had "died of a gunshot wound of the chest." Brooklyn Center police response On the morning of April 12, Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon held a press conference and played a clip of the body camera footage. He said Potter intended to use a Taser on Wright, but pulled out and discharged her gun instead. Potter was placed on administrative leave by the Brooklyn Center police pending further investigation. On April 13, Potter and Gannon submitted their resignations from the Brooklyn Center police department, with Potter's resignation stating it was in the "best interest of the community" and effective immediately. The Brooklyn Center City Council had recommended their firing during an emergency meeting on April 12. According to The Independent, Potter fled her home for safety reasons after her address was leaked on social media. State and county investigation The Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) launched an investigation into the killing of Wright on April 12, per standard procedure, and released Potter's name as the officer who shot Wright. In order to avoid conflicts of interest, although the incident took place in Hennepin County, it was reviewed by the Washington County Attorney's Office per an agreement with metropolitan counties to handle officer-involved shootings. Brooklyn Center Mayor Mike Elliott called on Governor Tim Walz to reassign the case to the office of the State Attorney General Keith Ellison. On April 13, Washington County Attorney Pete Orput said he was planning to complete a "thorough yet expedited" review of potential criminal charges in the case. Arrest and criminal charges On April 14, Potter was charged by the Washington County Attorney's Office with second-degree manslaughter, pursuant to Minnesota Statutes Section 609.205, a felony offense entailing "culpable negligence creating unreasonable risk" that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years incarceration and/or a $20,000 fine. The criminal complaint against Potter stated that she caused Wright's death "by her culpable negligence," whereby she "created an unreasonable risk and consciously took a chance of causing death or great bodily harm" to Wright. After her indictment, Potter was arrested, booked into the Hennepin County Jail and released a few hours later after posting a $100,000 bail bond. Potter briefly made her first court appearance via Zoom on April 15 before Hennepin County Judge Regina Chu. Potter was represented by Earl Gray, a Saint Paul-based attorney who also defended Thomas Lane and Jeronimo Yanez, who were involved with the killings of George Floyd and Philando Castile, respectively. Attorney General Ellison's office took over the prosecution on May 21. On May 24, Imran Ali, the assistant criminal division chief at the Washington County Attorney's Office, resigned from his job after several activist groups demonstrated outside Orput's home demanding that the charges be raised to murder. Ali's resignation letter cited "vitriol" in public discourse about the case that made his job difficult. Ali had been serving as the prosecution's Washington County co-counsel, with Orput, prior to the state Attorney General's office taking over the case. On September 2, Ellison's office added the charge of first-degree manslaughter, predicated on reckless use/handling of a firearm, a more serious charge than second-degree manslaughter and carrying a maximum penalty of 15 years in prison and a $30,000 fine. Protests and unrest Following the shooting, mourners and protesters gathered near the scene to demand justice for Wright. Several protesters came from another rally against police violence, organized by families of people who had been killed, earlier in the day in nearby Saint Paul, Minnesota. Officers with riot control equipment arrived, formed, a line, and moved in when demonstrators began climbing on police vehicles and throwing bricks. Police fired tear gas into the crowd and used non-lethal ammunition. There were also reports of looting, damaged property, and vandalized police vehicles. After the crowd moved to outside a police precinct, the police announced that the gathering was an unlawful assembly, and threatened arrest for anyone who did not leave. When the people did not disperse, police fired tear gas, flashbangs, and rubber bullets. Mayor Mike Elliott imposed a curfew until 6 a.m. the next morning and closed schools for the following day. The next day, April 12, protests spread to nearby locations in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area and then to other cities in the United States. Governor Tim Walz implemented another curfew in several counties spanning the night of April 12 through the morning of April 13 and deployed the Minnesota National Guard while Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey declared a state of emergency and a citywide curfew. Protests, civil unrest, curfews, and clashes with police continued for the next several days in Brooklyn Center and around Minneapolis-Saint Paul. Law enforcement in Brooklyn Center established a heavily fortified barrier area and periodically clashed with demonstrators over several days. Air fresheners became a symbol at protests and rallies over Wright's death, referring to one of the violations police alleged Wright committed the day of the shooting. Protesters demanded justice for Wright's death and made several demands of public officials, including a murder charge for Potter, an independent investigation of the shooting, and enactment of police reform measures. In media interviews, Wright's family thanked people for protesting and advocating for justice and encouraged people to protest peacefully. Protest demonstrations resumed during the trial of Kimberly Potter in late 2021. Trial Prosecutors filed the criminal case in Hennepin County District Court on April 14 as the State of Minnesota vs. Kimberly Potter. Prior to the start of the case, on November 2, Judge Chu ruled that defense attorneys will be allowed to introduce evidence of "slip and capture" errors, a kind of human error that occurs in times of high stress. Trial proceedings began on November 30 in Minneapolis, at a Hennepin County Government Center courtroom Chu presiding. The Minnesota Attorney General's office served as the prosecution with Matthew Frank, an assistant attorney general, as the lead prosecutor. Frank was also the lead prosecutor for the trial of Derek Chauvin. Erin Eldridge, an assistant attorney general who also participated in the Chauvin trial, joined Frank. Amanda Montgomery, Paul Engh and Earl Gray represented Potter. Engh and Gray were part of the legal defense fund supplied by the Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association. Courtroom cameras Minnesota Statutes required that all parties in a trial to agree to the use of courtroom cameras. At the request of Potter's attorneys, Chu ruled on August 5 that cameras would not to be permitted in the courtroom. On November 9, Chu reversed her earlier ruling to ensure "meaningful access" to the trial, as the courtroom was subject to attendance restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Chu also said her revised ruling was unrelated to a November 6 demonstration that occurred outside a house that protesters believed was Chu's. Trial proceedings Selection for the trial's twelve jurors and two alternative jurors took place from November 30 to December 3. Nine of the twelve jurors seated were White, similar to the demographics of Hennepin County, one was Black and two were Asian, with the jury evenly split between men and women. Opening statements in the trial began on December 8. Throughout the trial, the prosecution argued that Potter neglected training on use of her Taser and discharged her gun recklessly when she killed Wright. The defense argued that Wright resisted arrest, which contributed to a "slip and capture" error. Expert witnesses for the defense testified that Potter had the legal authority to fire either a gun or Taser. Potter testified in her defense, claiming that she mistook her gun for a Taser and admitting to fatally shooting Wright. She also said that she never observed Wright with a gun and that he was not being violent or making verbal threats during the arrest. Attorneys gave closing arguments on December 20 and the jury, which was ordered to be sequestered, began deliberations by midday. Verdict and sentencing After deliberating for 27 hours over four days, the jury found Potter guilty of first-degree manslaughter and second-degree manslaughter on December 23. Following the verdict, Potter was taken into custody and transferred to the state's Women's Correctional Facility in Shakopee. Potter's sentencing hearing began at 9 a.m. on February 18, 2022. Wright's mother, father, two siblings and the mother of his only child gave victim impact statements prior to Potter's sentencing being read. Wright's mother, Katie, said, "she [Potter] never once said his name. And for that I'll never be able to forgive you," addressing Potter. She continued, "I'll never be able to forgive you for what you've stolen from us." Potter, during her statement prior to the sentencing being read, apologized to Wright's family and to the community of Brooklyn Center, saying Wright "is not more than one thought away from my heart, and I have no right for that, for him to be in my heart." Potter was sentenced to two years in prison, serving sixteen months with eight months of supervised release. The typical sentence for first-degree manslaughter in Minnesota is more than seven years in prison, with a maximum set at fifteen years. To pursue a longer sentence than what is typical requires the prosecution to demonstrate Blakely factors, or elements of a crime which make it particularly egregious. Despite initially arguing that the case had such factors which would justify a longer sentence, the prosecution stated in court on the day of the sentencing that the typical sentence would be appropriate. In explaining her sentencing decision, Chu said the case was unusual, and that Potter made a "tragic mistake" of thinking that she drew her taser instead of her firearm while in a chaotic situation. Chu expressed that it was "one of the saddest cases I’ve had on my 20 years on the bench". Reactions Public officials Brooklyn Center Mayor Mike Elliott said in a tweet the evening of April 11, "The officer shooting in Brooklyn Center today is tragic. We are asking the protesters to continue to be peaceful and that peaceful protesters are not dealt with with force." Elliott said on April 12 that Potter should be fired. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz said in a tweet at 10:00 p.m. on April 11, "I am closely monitoring the situation in Brooklyn Center. Gwen and I are praying for Daunte Wright's family as our state mourns another life of a Black man taken by law enforcement." Minnesota Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan said, "As a child advocate, I am grappling with the stark reality: Minnesota is a place where it is not safe to be Black." Senator Tina Smith of Minnesota said on the morning of April 12, "A difficult night in Minnesota. We mourn with Daunte Wright's family as another Black man's life is lost at the hands of law enforcement." Brooklyn Center Police Chief Tim Gannon said at an April 12 press conference, "I have watched the video myself, and there is nothing I can say to lessen the pain of Mr. Wright's family, friends loved ones of that feeling of loss they must have. That pain is shared by the community and all those involved in the incident." On April 13, Gannon announced his resignation, alongside that of Potter. City manager Curt Boganey, speaking at a April 12 BCPD press conference: "All employees working for the city of Brooklyn Center are entitled to due process with respect to discipline." The same day, the Brooklyn Center City Council fired Boganey and gave Mayor Elliott command authority over the city police force President Joe Biden said about the incident and unrest, "Peaceful protest is understandable. And the fact is that we do know that the anger, pain and trauma that exists in Black community in that environment is real – it's serious, and it's consequential. But that does not justify violence. We should listen to Daunte's mom who is calling for peace and calm." Vice President Kamala Harris said "Daunte's family ... needs answers" on Twitter. Public figures and institutions The NAACP released a statement saying "Whether it be carelessness and negligence, or a blatant modern-day lynching, the result is the same. Another Black man has died at the hands of police." Referring to controversy surrounding traffic stops due to small objects dangling from rear-view mirrors, the American Civil Liberties Union said it had "deep concerns that police here appear to have used dangling air fresheners as an excuse for making a pretextual stop, something police do all too often to target Black people." Former President Barack Obama said of the incident, "Our hearts are heavy over yet another shooting of a Black man, Daunte Wright, at the hands of police. It's important to conduct a full and transparent investigation, but this is also a reminder of just how badly we need to reimagine policing and public safety in this country." Archbishop Bernard Hebda of the Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis offered prayers and condolences to all parties concerned, adding: "While early indications point towards the shooting being accidental, I encourage allowing investigators from the [BCA] to complete a thorough investigation before coming to any personal judgments as to what occurred." Al Sharpton said: "You can die for having expired tags or for a phony 20 dollar bill or you may have not even known it was a phony 20 dollar bill. It wouldn't happen in any other community." Although earlier in the day the Minnesota Twins had issued a statement postponing their Target Field home game, after the announcement of the curfew, the Wild postponed their home game in Saint Paul's Xcel Energy Center and the Timberwolves postponed their game in the Minneapolis Target Center. The Minnesota Vikings released a statement which said in part: "This avoidable situation is yet another tragic reminder of the drastic need for change in law enforcement." At their game back on April 13, the Timberwolves and the visiting Brooklyn Nets observed a moment of silence for Daunte Wright before the game while most players wore shirts that read "With Liberty and Justice FOR ALL". Chuck Valleau, head of the Brooklyn Center police union, said, "The death of Daunte Wright is terrible. And the loss of our co-worker Kimberly Potter is also terrible for what she's going through as well." Family Soon after the incident, Wright's mother spoke with reporters and said her son had phoned her during the traffic stop. She said she had overheard what sounded like a scuffle and an officer saying, "Daunte, don't run" before the phone hung up, and that her son said he had been pulled over for having an air freshener hanging from his rear-view mirror. Wright's mother talked about seeing her son's body over FaceTime at a press conference on April 13. The girlfriend of George Floyd was also one of Wright's former teachers, and attended the press conference for support. Floyd had been murdered during an arrest by Derek Chauvin of the Minneapolis police department on May 25, 2020. Relatives of at least six Black men killed by the police and a family member of Emmett Till, who had been lynched in Money, Mississippi, in 1955, were also present. Earlier that day, both parents appeared on Good Morning America, his father saying: "I lost my son, he's never coming back ... I can't accept that—a mistake, that doesn't even sound right," he added. "This officer has been on the force for 26 years. I can't accept that." The mother of Wright's son said: "His dad won't get to see him for his second birthday or for any of his birthdays. And I'm just so messed up about it because I feel like they stole my son's dad from him." Civil lawsuit On April 12, 2021, Wright's family hired civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump. They also obtained representation from attorneys Tony Romanucci and Jeff Storms. Memorials and funeral The evening of April 11, 2021, mourners and protesters held an evening vigil for Wright near the Brooklyn Center location were he was killed. On April 14, 2021, protesters put up a large, wooden sculpture of a raised fist at the 63rd Avenue North and Kathrene Drive intersection where car driven by Wright collided with another vehicle. The sculpture had been displayed previously at George Floyd Square in Minneapolis, but it was replaced there by a version made of metal. People also placed memorials for Wright at the location he was shot and the location where he was pronounced dead. Wright's funeral was held in Minneapolis on April 22, 2021. In attendance were relatives of Breonna Taylor, Philando Castile, and Oscar GrantBlack Americans who had been killed by police over the past dozen yearsand the family of Emmett Till, a Black American who was lynched in 1955. The eulogy was delivered by Al Sharpton. Jazz musician Keyon Harrold played an instrumental piece. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz, U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar, and U.S. Representative Ilhan Omar attended the service. Walz issued a Minnesota proclamation that declared a moment of silence to coincide with the 12 p.m. start of the funeral. Impact on policing Taser and handgun confusion Wright's death was one of several instances in which a police officer admitted to firing a handgun when intending to draw and discharge a Taser, such as a 2002 shooting in Rochester, Minnesota, the fatal 2009 shooting of Oscar Grant by a Bay Area Rapid Transit officer in Oakland, California, and the deadly 2015 shooting of Eric Harris by a volunteer reserve deputy in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 2018, an officer coming to assist a policeman being assaulted during a traffic stop shot and wounded the arrestee in Lawrence, Kansas. After discharging her gun, startled, she yelled, "Oh, shit, I shot him." Though that officer was charged, a judge dismissed the charges. In 2019, a scuffle in a jail cell led to another accidental shooting by a backup officer in New Hope, Pennsylvania. The Bucks County, Pennsylvania District Attorney declined to press charges against the officer, saying state law excused the officer's conduct from criminal prosecution because of his "honest but mistaken" belief he was firing his Taser when he shot the wounded prisoner. In both cases, the officers shouted "Taser" before firing. Including Potter's killing of Wright, there had been 16 known cases when a police officer in the United States fired a pistol at someone but claimed to have intended to use a Taser instead. Changes to policies The killing of Daunte Wright led to several changes in policing policies in Brooklyn Center and elsewhere. In Brooklyn Center, the city council passed an ordinance in May 2021 named after Daunte Wright and Kobe Dimock-Heisler, another Black man who had been killed in an encounter with city police prior to Wright. The ordinance created unarmed traffic enforcement and community response teams, and it prohibited arrests or vehicle searches in certain traffic-related encounters. Wright's family believed that had the policy been in place when he was stopped by police, he would not have been killed. In September 2021, Brooklyn Center officials announced a new policy to cite and release criminal offenders for misdemeanor and gross misdemeanor charges rather than take people into immediate custody. Under the policy, police officers would still be able to make an arrest if an offender posed a safety threat. In December 2021, the city council passed a $1.3 million plan for alternative public safety programs, such as the use of unarmed workers to enforce nonmoving traffic violations and mental health response teams. $303,114 of the programs' budget came from eliminating three police officer positions. Local officials in Minnesota called for measures to better distinguish Tasers and firearms, as part of comprehensive police reform. In August 2021, Minneapolis, Minnesota, police announced they would not make traffic stops for minor infractions, such as expired vehicle tabs or having objects hanging on mirrors. Several other policing changes were made outside of the U.S. state of Minnesota in response to Wright's death. The police departments of Roeland Park, Kansas, and St. Ann, Missouri, made changes to their Taser policies, with Roeland Park police saying they would cross draw Tasers with "no exceptions", and St. Ann police saying they would only use yellow Tasers and require officers to carry them opposite their main weapon. The Washington State Legislature passed House Bill 1267, which will create a statewide office to investigate use-of-force incidents by July 2022, and Senate Bill 5259, which will create a statewide database of use-of-force incidents. See also 2020–2021 United States racial unrest List of killings by law enforcement officers in Minnesota Notes References Further reading McKinney, Matt and Kim Hyatt (August 22, 2021). "Forced to grieve in the spotlight: Daunte Wright's parents feel public support but also vilification of their son after his shooting death by a police officer in Brooklyn Center". Star Tribune. Retrieved August 22, 2021. External links Body camera footage posted by KARE-11, via YouTube City of Brooklyn Center, official website Minnesota Statutes § 609.20 Manslaughter in the First Degree Minnesota Statutes § 609.205 Manslaughter in the Second Degree 2020s in Minneapolis 2021 controversies in the United States 2020–2021 United States racial unrest African-American-related controversies April 2021 events in the United States Black Lives Matter African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States Deaths by firearm in Minnesota Deaths by person in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Law enforcement in Minnesota

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Adam%20Toledo

Killing of Adam Toledo

On March 29, 2021, Adam Toledo, a 13-year-old Latino American boy, was shot and killed by Chicago Police Department (CPD) officer Eric Stillman in the Little Village neighborhood on the West Side of Chicago at 2:38am local time. A few hours after the shooting, the CPD described the incident in a tweet as an "armed confrontation." On April 10, Cook County Assistant State's Attorney James Murphy alleged in court that Toledo was armed when the officer shot him. On April 15, Stillman's body cam video recording was released, appearing to show Toledo running away and dropping a handgun before he turned towards Stillman and raised his empty hands. According to the Chicago Police Department, Stillman shot at the boy less than a second after he dropped the gun. An area resident who said she witnessed the shooting from her apartment window across the street said that Toledo was complying with the officer's requests when he was shot, and the Toledo family's lawyer said in an interview that "Adam died because he complied." The handgun recovered at the scene by investigators was a 9mm semi-automatic pistol with an empty magazine. The release of the body cam video sparked protests in Chicago and around the country, and Murphy was placed on administrative leave for the misleading description that he delivered in court. Toledo was one of the youngest people killed by the police in the state of Illinois in years. His death has been connected by some analysts to a broader pattern of disproportionate police violence against Latinos and other children of color. It also occurred as the United States was grappling with several high-profile cases of police killing unarmed people of color. People involved Adam Toledo Adam Toledo (May 26, 2007 – March 29, 2021) was Mexican American. At the time of his death, he was a seventh-grader in the special-education program at Gary Elementary School from the Little Village neighborhood in Chicago. He had no prior criminal record and was 13 years old when he was killed. Ruben Roman Ruben Roman is a 21-year-old who was with Toledo. He was arrested by the CPD at the scene. Eric Stillman Eric Stillman is the 34-year-old police officer who shot Toledo. He has worked for the CPD since 2015. He was placed on administrative leave for 30 days following the incident. On May 6, 2021, it was announced Stillman had not returned to the CPD, though his routine leave had already ended. Incident Initial reports Prosecutors alleged that at around 2:30 a.m., Toledo and Roman were walking toward 24th Street when Roman fired multiple rounds as a vehicle passed. Police ShotSpotter detector technology registered shots fired and a squad car arrived at the scene. According to a statement from prosecutors, Toledo ran away from the officers that arrived, was chased into an alleyway, turned back to the officers with a gun in his hand, and was then shot by officer Eric Stillman in the chest. The police said that a handgun was recovered at the scene from behind a fence. Around 5:00 a.m., a CPD spokesman tweeted "one subject fled on foot which resulted in an armed confrontation." Around 4:00 p.m., the department released an official press release stating, "One armed offender fled from the officers. A foot pursuit ensued which resulted in a confrontation," which differed from the tweet that had referred to it as an "armed confrontation." Several days later, Cook County prosecutor James Murphy issued a statement in court alleging that Toledo was armed when he was killed. Following the public release of body cam footage, Murphy was placed on administrative leave over the statements, and the Cook County State's Attorney opened an internal investigation into the matter, including into whether or not Murphy had access to the footage at the time he made them. Body cam footage Body cam footage of Toledo's shooting, released on April 15, 2021, showed that Toledo was unarmed at the moment he was shot. The video shows officer Stillman chasing Toledo into the alleyway and yelling at him to stop. Toledo slows down and stops as Stillman catches up to him. In footage taken from another angle, Toledo appears to throw a pistol behind a fence just before turning to face the officer (body cam footage shows a pistol being recovered behind the fence two minutes after the shooting). Stillman yells "Show me your fucking hands" and "drop it" while flashing a strobe flashlight at him. Toledo turns around with his empty hands in the air, and Stillman then shoots Toledo as he does so. According to the CPD, there were 838 milliseconds (0.838 or 5⁄6 of a second) "between gun shown in hand and single shot". An eyewitness who saw the shooting through the living room window of her second floor apartment across the street said Toledo was unarmed and complying with Stillman's orders when he was shot, stating "Even if the kid had a gun and tossed it, you still shot him with no gun in his hands while he is following your orders." After shooting Toledo, officer Stillman called for medical assistance and began to perform CPR on him. Toledo was pronounced dead at the scene. Investigations and legal proceedings Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot called for reforms to how police pursue individuals on foot and called for a "thorough, expeditious" investigation. Officials have said they are in the "very early stages" of interviewing witnesses and officers. Autopsy On May 6, a Chicago medical examiner concluded Adam was killed by "a single bullet which entered the left side of his chest and exited the right side of his back". Stillman investigation On April 19, 2021, it was reported that Stillman had been interviewed by Cook County prosecutors as a part of their review of Toledo's death. That same day, it was reported Stillman had been listed as a victim on an incident report, which one law-enforcement expert said was a tactic used to shift the "focus of culpability and blame onto the actual victim of the police deadly-force incident, i.e., the person who the police killed." Roman charges Ruben Roman, the 21-year-old who was arrested on the night of Toledo's death, was charged with felony counts of child endangerment, aggravated unlawful use of a weapon and reckless discharge of a firearm. He was released on bail on April 19, 2021, after the Chicago Community Bond Fund paid his bond. A representative of the organization stated, “We are aware that the city will continue to use him as a scapegoat for the killing of Adam Toledo, which was committed by the Chicago Police Department.” State's Attorney investigation On April 17, 2021, Kim Foxx, the Cook County State's Attorney, announced an investigation into why prosecutor's earlier descriptions of the shooting of Adam Toledo hadn't matched the video. Later that day, Foxx's office announced James Murphy, the prosecutor who had provided the "misleading" description of the video, would be placed on administrative leave. During a press conference on April 22, Foxx addressed the investigation, saying, "This is about the expectation of law enforcement to be forthright and transparent. There is no sacrificial lamb here. This is about making sure that we get it right and when we don't get it right, owning it doing what we need to do to make sure that it doesn't happen again." After Foxx admitted that she had neither watched the full video nor reviewed Murphy's statements prior to the court hearing, individuals such as a former-Representative Luis Gutierrez criticized her office. Gutierrez stated, "I would’ve spoken out earlier. I would've reached out. But you know what I thought? I said, the kid had a gun. He pointed it at the police officer. And then I saw the video. I didn't see a gun. What I saw was a frightened 13-year-old kid getting shot by a police officer." On May 5, Foxx' office announced it had concluded its investigation, stating that Murphy "did not intend to give the impression that Adam Toledo was holding a gun when shot," that he had returned to his assignment, and is no longer on leave. First Assistant State's Attorney Jennifer Coleman announced she would be resigning following the office's investigation. Calls for DOJ investigation On April 20, 2021, a group of Latino law associations, including the Hispanic Lawyers Association of Illinois, the American Bar Association's Commission on Hispanic Legal Rights & Responsibilities, the Pilsen Law Center, and the Puerto Rican Bar Association of Illinois, called on the Department of Justice to launch a formal investigation into Toledo's death. The founder of the Pilsen Law Center stated, "Faith and trust in the police department are in short supply in the Latino community. An objective investigation conducted by the Justice Department would send a message to our community that this time is different." Reactions Protests Protests erupted in Chicago in the days following Toledo's death. In the lead up to the release of the body cam footage, all Chicago police officers' days off were cancelled to "ensure public safety". During the press conference releasing the body cam footage, Mayor Lightfoot stated that the city would be putting into place plans to prepare for unrest. In Chicago, protests in response to the video were peaceful. On April 15, several protests took place following the release of the body cam footage, one of which shut down traffic on northbound Michigan Avenue, and another of which occurred at Union Park. On April 16, protests of thousands of people were reported in Logan Square. Protestors chanted slogans like "Hands Up, Don't Shoot", "No justice, no peace", "Justice for Adam Toledo", and "Stop Racist Police Terror". Protestors called for Stillman's arrest, and for Lightfoot's resignation, citing her slow response to release information about the incident publicly. Lightfoot announced she would not resign. Protests and vigils for Toledo spread to other major cities in the United States. Family The Toledo family released a statement on April 16 that implored "everyone who gathers in Adam’s name to remain peaceful, respectful and nonviolent and to continue to work constructively and tirelessly for reform." Toledo's mother also said, "Adam was a sweet and loving boy. He would not want anyone else to be injured or die in his name." Toledo's older brother said Adam "wasn't a bad kid like everyone says he was. Us being little kids, we all made mistakes... kids will be kids and will make mistakes, but will learn from them– something my little brother didn't get the chance to do." Media In the aftermath of the shooting, Toledo and his family became targets of criticism by some commentators. In an interview with CNN, a police union representative described Toledo as a gang member and his killer as "heroic". Some attacked Toledo's mother. After implications were made that Toledo was a street kid, his family stated, “We want to correct the hurtful and false mischaracterization of Adam as a lonely child of the street who had no one to turn to. This is simply not true.” Eddie Bocanegra, of READI Chicago, criticized those attacking Toledo's mother, telling The New Yorker, “It’s bullshit... People ask, ‘What was he doing out at two-thirty,’ or they talk shit about his mom. Everyone’s so quick to judge." Some media commentators, such as John Oliver, criticized Chicago's changing characterizations of the shooting; Oliver stated, "We couldn’t even finish writing about what happened to Daunte Wright before the city of Chicago released video of one of their officers killing a 13-year-old unarmed child, Adam Toledo—footage which clearly contradicted the picture of an armed confrontation painted by the police and the mayor, as well as a prosecutor who said Toledo had a gun in his hand when he was shot, which he did not." Columnist Eric Zorn wrote an op-ed in the Chicago Tribune on April 6, 2021, saying it was "too early to say with confidence" what happened and thus Toledo should not be portrayed as a "martyr" until more facts come out. His comments were received with outrage. Days later in another op-ed, Zorn wrote that the "less supportive response" to his comments "took fair exception to my chilly, analytical tone... I regret that tone. In focusing on details and marshaling evidence and arguments, I can neglect the emotional resonance in situations, as though I’ve forgotten or don’t care that a child who was loved has died... I should have done better." In a CNN op-ed, the attorney Raul A. Reyes wrote, "Much of what we know so far is unacceptable... There has been a disproportionate focus on the circumstances surrounding the shooting, rather than on the fact that a police officer killed an unarmed child. Sadly, this kind of violence is familiar to Latino communities– and that should disturb all Americans." Public officials Congressman Joaquin Castro wrote on Twitter, "Adam Toledo was 13-years-old. He complied and had his hands up. Chicago police killed him with a shot to the chest and then lied that he posed an imminent threat. The Toledo family deserves justice and accountability." His brother, former-Secretary Julian Castro, wrote, "Chicago PD shot Adam Toledo with his hands in the air instantaneously after ordering him to do so—then lied about it. They executed Adam, a boy who was not yet in high school. Indict this officer, then pass a national use of force standard immediately." Former-U.S. Secretary of Labor Robert Reich wrote, "Sean Hannity called Adam Toledo a '13-year-old man'. On Hannity’s show, Pam Bondi called Kyle Rittenhouse a 'little boy'. This tells you everything you need to know about the state of white supremacy in this country." Senator Elizabeth Warren wrote on Twitter, "My heart goes out to the loved ones of Adam Toledo and Daunte Wright and everyone who’s reeling from these horrifying killings. We must reimagine our criminal justice system and root systemic racism out of every institution." Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer wrote, "Adam Toledo was just 13 years old. He was a child. This is heartbreaking. He deserves justice. His family deserves justice." Lori Lightfoot, mayor of Chicago, made an emotional call for peace after a video of Toledo's death was released on April 15. Illinois state Rep. Edgar Gonzalez, whose district includes Little Village, stated on the capitol floor on April 16, "If you put your hands up, they shoot. If you put your hands down, they shoot. If you walk, you run, you hide, you sleep, you do exactly as they say, they still shoot. What are we supposed to do?" Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker held a press conference about Toledo's death, stating it was “abundantly clear that our entire system failed Adam,” and that authorities need to move to “investigate and adjudicate what happened that night in Little Village in the interest of justice and accountability.” On Twitter, Illinois senator Tammy Duckworth wrote, "If we're to truly be the Land of the Free, every single American must feel safe, must be able to live." Public figures and institutions Domingo García, the president of LULAC, stated, “Words promising disciplinary action or possible court justice are not sufficient. Fire this officer now and make it clear that it is not open season on Latinos! This is a bad cop who acted out of anger and wanted to get even while Adam, barely a teenager, turned around and was trying to obey the officer’s orders to show his hands. The video shows an execution, nothing less. LULAC demands accountability and anything short of that is unacceptable.” Referring to controversy surrounding Chicago's foot pursuit policy, the American Civil Liberties Union released a statement saying, "The anger and frustration expressed by many in viewing the video is understandable and cannot be ignored. Now is a moment to truly embrace impacted communities in a critical discussion about needed changes to policing – including the adoption of a long-overdue foot chase policy that emerges from true, face-to-face community dialogue." Access Living, a disability rights organization in Chicago, released a statement, saying, "We continue to see the lives of people of color being the target of our criminal system. A high proportion of people involved... with law enforcement are people of color; of these, many are also disabled. Adam’s young life was another example of how we must continue to push for change and transparency within the systems that are failing us. All students of color with disabilities like Adam, deserve safety and full support from our society." Chicago Police Department On April 1, 2021, the CPD alerted its officers that Latin Kings gang members were allegedly instructed to open fire at unmarked police cruisers to retaliate for the shooting of Toledo. Aftermath Comparisons to other cases Toledo's death has been compared to the 2014 death of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald, who was murdered by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke in 2014 as he was walking away from police during a foot pursuit. Others have compared the shooting to the 2012 killing of 22-year-old Rekia Boyd, who was shot in the back of the head by off-duty Chicago Police Officer Dante Servin (Servin claimed he thought he saw a gun, though it turned out to have been a cellphone). Toledo's death has also been connected to other police killings of Black and Latino children in the United States, including 12-year-old Tamir Rice, 7-year-old Aiyana Stanley-Jones, 13-year-old Andy Lopez, and 18-year-old Andrés Guardado. Toledo’s death has also drawn comparisons to the killing of Anthony Alvarez, a 22-year-old Latino man who was killed in a foot pursuit by CPD two days after Toledo. Impact on the Latino community Toledo's death sparked discussion within the Latino community about police brutality, which is a major issue affecting U.S. Latino communities that's not often discussed. According to Roberto Rodríguez, a professor of Mexican-American studies at the University of Arizona, many people in the Latino community still view police violence as an African American issue, stating, "It’s like, when you think about Latinos, it’s immigration, and if we’re gonna talk about police brutality, law enforcement abuse, we’re talking about the African-American community". Patrisia Macias-Rojas, a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago further stated, “there’s a real opportunity here to link up what’s been happening in Latino communities around immigration and the criminalization of youth with what’s happening around Black Lives Matter.” Little Village In Toledo's hometown of Little Village, some have noted a generational divide between older and younger Latinos in their attitudes toward police in response to the shooting. In an interview with the Chicago Tribune, Doris Hernandez, a mother who lost her son to violence in 2012, said many older Latino immigrants and refugees in Little Village "come from rural towns with strong conservative values that are reflected in their opinions about religion and policing." In the same interview, Hernandez commended younger Latinos for trying to change the narrative for their parents and elders. According to Dolores Castañeda, a community organizer in Little Village, fears of intra-community violence sometimes leads to a failure "to focus on the root causes of crime, such as a lack of investment in the community, discriminatory policing and police brutality." Others have also noted the complexity of the issues facing the Latino community surrounding immigration status and language, in addition to stressors related to police brutality and poverty. Some in the community also expressed fears the CPD had stopped responding to calls in the neighborhood in retaliation for protests against Toledo's shooting; one resident stated, "The police used to take a while before they showed up when people called them for anything. Now they won’t show up at all." Reform proposals After the release of the video, Illinois state Rep. La Shawn Ford, the co-sponsor of a bill titled the Law Enforcement Accountability Act of 2021, called for a revamp of foot chase policies and the end of qualified immunity. Some community organizers in Chicago, meanwhile, have called to "defund the police and invest in our communities.” Students in the Chicago School District have called for the removal of armed officers from public schools. One student stated, “After I saw what happened to Adam, it made me feel more strongly. It makes you kind of nervous to be in school. It makes you think whether you should go to school." Foot pursuits Toledo's death led to a call from the mayor's office for a review of Chicago's foot pursuit practices. Lightfoot and Chicago Police Superintendent David Brown said that changes to the city’s foot-pursuit policy would be in place by the end of the summer of 2021. In response to these proposed policy changes, Latino community activists called for an immediate moratorium on foot pursuits in Chicago, the development of procedures outlining when an officer can engage in a chase, when lethal force may be used, and what disciplinary action should be taken for violations. Consent decree The CPD is currently operating under a court-ordered consent decree, which requires the city to implement hundreds of reforms to its policing practices. Because consent decrees are monitored by the U.S. Department of Justice, a group of Latino law associations called on the DOJ to open an investigation into Toledo's death, with a focus on three potential areas of reform: establish clear procedures about foot pursuits, develop oversight on how officers interact with children, and establish policies on how officers engage in car chases in densely populated neighborhoods. Police video In response to the wide circulation of Stillman's body camera footage, the American journalist Allissa Richardson called for an amendment to the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 to ban such video from being circulated on television and online without the victim’s family consent. Richardson wrote, "I now believe that circulating videos of Black and brown death at the hands of police reinforces white supremacy. It does not deter it. These videos are no longer exposing a corrupt police system. They are a reminder of a social hierarchy that privileges police with qualified immunity, rewards racist vigilantes with internet fame and money, and punishes communities of color with death if they question that order." See also Killing of Anthony Alvarez Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Police violence against Mexican Americans References External links Body camera footage posted by WLS-TV, via Youtube Chicago Police Consent Decree, per Illinois Attorney General The Story of Little Village, PBS history of Little Village, Chicago 2020s in Chicago 2021 controversies in the United States 2021 in Illinois Chicago Police Department Deaths by person in the United States Filmed killings by law enforcement Latino people shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States March 2021 events in the United States

67495935

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Danks

Joseph Danks

Joseph Martin Danks (born June 17, 1962), known as The Koreatown Slasher, is an American spree killer who killed six homeless men in January 1987 in Los Angeles' Koreatown neighborhood. Convicted of the six killings and sent to serve his life sentence at the California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi, he was sentenced to death in 1990 for the murder of his cellmate, 67-year-old Walter Holt. Biography Danks was born on June 17, 1962 in Bay City, Michigan. His birth was the result of an intimate relationship between 42-year-old Edward White, the son of a successful entrepreneur, and his 17-year-old nanny Karen. Despite the White family being well-off financially and lived in a prestigious area of the city, Edward's older children - Joseph's half-brothers, one of whom, Earl, was a schizophrenic - grew up impoverished, since their father was a drug-addicted alcoholic suffering from memory loss. Joseph's mother also drank alcohol while pregnant with him, resulting in his premature birth two months earlier, with the baby weighing only two kilograms and having to spend four weeks in an incubator. Even after he was born, Joseph's parents continued to abuse alcohol, as a result of which he was looked after by his older half-sister and the housekeeper. According to the housekeeper, his mother was in a constant state of duress due to the baby's whining, actively trying to avoid it; on at least two occasions, the housekeeper found the crying Joseph locked up in a drawer. In addition, it has been alleged that both of Joseph's parents were seen giving him sedatives to make him sleep most of the day, but his mother denied the claim. In early 1964, Edward beat up his wife and broke her nose, causing Karen to leave together with her child. A year later, Karen met Leroy Danks, whom she married in 1966, with Leroy formally adopting Joseph. After that, the family left the state and moved to South Dakota, before moving to live in Wyoming seven months later. During this period, two more boys were born, but after the birth of the second child, the couple began arguing, leading to Leroy abandoning the family in December 1970 and Joseph's mother remarrying to another man, Jean Walls. In 1976, Danks returned to Bay City with his mother and stepfather, whereupon he got back into contact with his biological father and two stepbrothers, Michael and Peter. By that time, the debt-ridden Edward White had lost his home and income because of his lifestyle, because of which the family lived in a trailer, using various narcotics such as marijuana, LSD and phencyclidine and living off of thefts. In 1977, Danks suffered two traffic accidents within several months, during one of which he received an injury to the head. While he was rehabilitated successfully, upon release, he began to show signs of mental illness. A year later, Joseph was arrested on charges of drug possession while in Mexico, but escaped only with an administrative fine. Upon learning of this, his father forbade him from entering the trailer or communicating with his stepbrothers. Later on, both Michael and Peter would be arrested and sentenced for drug trafficking. The year after, Danks dropped out of school, left home for several months and became a vagrant, hitchhiking from various cities to neighboring states. During this period, his mental state deteriorated rapidly, with him showing signs of hypochondriasis and clinical delirium: he would constantly move furniture around the house and deliberately short-circuited the electrical wiring in his home, claiming that he was being watched from the TV. He accused his mother and other relatives of trying to poison him, because of which he refused to eat any food prepared in the house and washed the dishes several times a day before consuming the food placed on them. Aside from this, Danks also seemingly suffered from auditory hallucinations, as he claimed that he had been in contact with his deceased grandparents. He refused any medical help, claiming that drug addiction was something normal in society, as he was convinced that President Ronald Reagan smoked 10,000 blunts a day. As he was jobless, Danks lived off of money provided by his mother, whom he believed was engaged in printing counterfeit money together with his aunt, which he threatened to expose to the police. In his free time, Danks associated with local homeless people, and with time, he stopped taking care of his physical appearance, becoming untidy and uncleanly. In October 1982, Danks showed up at a New Jersey elementary school with torn clothes, for which he was taken to the police station. Upon returning to Michigan, he again complained of having visions and committed several petty offences, for which he was forcibly confined to a mental hospital, from which he escaped two weeks later. A few days after his flight, he was found in Florida and returned to the facility, where he received treatment until early 1984. At the end of his treatment, Danks was released and returned home to his mother. At this time, his stepfather, Leroy Danks, who worked as a truck driver, offered him a job in an effort to rekindle his relationship with his stepson. However, beginning in 1985, Joseph's mental state began to deteriorate again, with him displaying misanthropic characteristics, refusing to visit any fast food restaurants or other public places with his stepfather, demanding that food be brought to him in the truck, and also claiming that he was being chased by an unidentified malevolent entity. After a while, Danks left his stepfather and again began to hitchhiker around the country. In 1986, he went to his half-brother, Peter, with whom he lived for several weeks. However, after his release from prison two years prior, Peter had become a Jehovah's Witness, had married and ceased any criminal activities, resulting in quarrels between the two and Joseph's eventual departure. In June 1986, Danks was arrested for illegally possessing a sawed-off shotgun. While imprisoned in the county jail, he displayed signs of OCD, as he was constantly maintaining cleanliness in his cell, cleaning and washing his belongings several times a day. In September, he plead guilty to attempted theft, for which he received a lenient sentence of five years probation. After his release, Danks once again left Michigan and at the end of 1986, resurfaced in Los Angeles, California. Murders Following his arrival in Los Angeles, Danks began killing homeless men in the Koreatown neighborhood, whom he stabbed in the back with great force. The first death was 40-year-old Christopher Michael Forsblade, whom Danks stabbed to death on January 6 on Vermont Avenue. Eight days later, Danks committed a double murder, first stabbing 58-year-old Isaac Davis on South Menlo Avenue and then, less than three hours later, attacked 55-year-old John Charles Coble on West 9th Street, inflicting several stabs with the knife, killing him. Two days later, Danks killed again, stabbing a homeless man on West 8th. The man, believed to be around 43, has never been identified. The day after, he attacked 64-year-old Almond Lord on South Kenmore Avenue, who fiercely resisted and caused his assailant to flee. Lord survived the ordeal and, during the investigation, gave the police a description of the man's appearance which was used to develop a facial composite. On January 20, Danks attempted to kill 58-year-old James Lyons at Manhattan Place, who was stabbed but managed to survive. A few hours after the attempted murder of Lyons, Danks killed another homeless man in his 50s on South Western Avenue, whose identity was never established. During the last murder, Danks was seen by a witness who ran after him for five blocks before calling the police. On the morning of January 20, Danks was cornered into an alley by police, after which he surrendered without resistance. Before being arrested, he wrapped the murder weapon, a kitchen knife, in a newspaper and made an attempt to get rid of it by throwing it away, but it was found during a search. Once at the police station, Danks renounced his Miranda rights and confessed to the six killings in a recorded confession. His arrest was announced at a press conference held by Police Chief Daryl Gates. In addition to his confessions, the main piece of evidence incrminating Danks in the killings was his knife, the width and length of the blade of which coincided with the depths and wounds of the victims. Following this, 34-year-old Christopher John Riegel, who had been considered the main suspect until Danks' arrest, was released from custody. During his interrogation at Parker Center, Danks claimed that he had stabbed to death a homeless man named Edwin Trujillo in Santa Monica in a fit of anger on Christmas Day, after he was not allowed to sleep in a homeless shelter due to overcrowding. The police were unable to substantiate whether such an incident had occurred. According to Danks' statement, his motive for the murders was a personal enmity towards those whom he considered "dirty, filthy bums". First trial In March 1988, Joseph Danks was asked by the prosecutor's office to accept a plea deal, but he refused. During his trial, he was kept in the Men's Central County Jail, where he displayed signs of paranoia and a tendency to espouse conspiracy theories surrounding his detainment: he complained that his prison food was poisoned and was confident that famous actor Burt Reynolds and TV host Johnny Carson were with him in the jail cell, defecating in his food. He accused the administration of psychologically manipulating him through music broadcast through the prison camera, and constantly kept his cell tidy, brushing his teeth on average of six to ten times a day. In one of the court hearings, he attacked one of his lawyers, Larry Rivetz, with a makeshift knife made from a toothbrush and razorblades, inflicting several superficial wounds on him. In December of that year, on the advice of his new lawyer, he accepted the plea deal in exchange for the removal of the death sentence, on the basis of which on December 23, 1988, he was convicted of the six murders and sentenced to life imprisonment with a chance of parole after 156 years. Due to his worsening mental health, Danks was transferred to Atascadero State Hospital, where he remained from June 1989 to March 1990. While housed there, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder following a psychiatric evaluation. When he took an IQ test, he scored a total of 106 points. Danks also underwent a neurological examination for a suspected cyst in his brain, however, no such thing was found. After undergoing treatment, his mental state improved, due to which he was transferred out of the hospital on August 23, 1990 to serve his life sentence at the California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi. Murder of Walter Holt and second trial At about 1 AM on September 21, 1990, Danks attracted the attention of a prison guard by claiming that he had killed his cellmate. While inspecting his cell, authorities found the body of 67-year-old Walter Holt. Early that same morning, while being interviewed on what had happened, Danks stated that he had strangled Holt with a rope made from a sheet late at night, just three hours after he had been placed in his cell and Holt had fallen asleep. His reason for the killing was that until now, he had a cell solely for himself. He feigned insanity, claiming that voices of divine origin had ordered him to kill the man, but this claim was not believed and he was charged with first degree murder. While awaiting trial, he remained in the Institution, where he continued to commit crimes: on November 12, 1991, a correctional officer searched through his cell and found a sharp plastic shank, about five inches long, hidden in the mattress of his bunk. On January 23, 1992, correctional officer Albert Carter conducted strip searches on several inmates, one of whom was Joseph Danks. During the search, Carter forced the prisoners to undress, and when he removed the handcuffs off of Danks and another prisoner, Renaldo Navarez, Danks stabbed Navarez in the head with a piece of metal. On January 26, 1992, another correctional officer, James Lundy, noticed smoke coming out of Danks' cell. He took the prisoner out and then extinguished the fire, which Danks had lit up with papers and newspapers he had been collecting. On April 17, correctional officer Monte Gould searched Danks cell and found another plastic shank hidden inside, and on May 12, yet another, shorter shank, was found in his bunk. On July 12, at lunchtime, Danks attacked one of the guards, David Goodman, hitting him and trying to splash a cup of hot coffee on his face. In early 1993, Danks' trial for the murder of Holt began. At one of the court sessions, he attacked one of his lawyers, stabbing him with a sharpened piece of wire, which he was able to carry into the courtroom. On April 2, 1993, Joseph Danks plead guilty to the murder, for which he was sentenced to death. In his final statement, Danks expressed no remorse for his actions, claiming that he was "doing God's work" when he killed the elderly man. He also threatened the judge and prosecutors, and told members of the jury that he openly welcomed being executed. Aftermath Following his verdict, Joseph Danks was transferred to San Quentin State Prison's death row, where he remains to this day. Over time, his mental health was deteriorated, as he has frequently complained about hallucinations and pain caused by rats, no traces of which were found in his cell. He also suffered from insomnia, screaming at night and keeping other inmates awake, and frequently attacked prison guards, whom he doused in his own urine. Despite his erratic behavior, Danks was untreated until 2011. In 2004, his lawyers drew up an appeal to overturn his death sentence and asked for a retrial based on the fact that two of the jurors at his second trial in 1993 had sought advice from clergy members of their parish. Offences of this kind were contrary to the rules which juries are supposed to adhere to, as it was prohibited for them to discuss the case outside of court, but the appeal was dismissed. In 2012, his family hired lawyers to make an appeal against Danks' death penalty, asking that it be replaced with medical treatment for his insanity, but the final decision on this appeal has not been made yet. On March 13, 2019, the Governor of California, Gavin Newsom, ordered a moratorium on the death penalty in the state, which dismantled the chambers at San Quentin indefinitely. As of 2021, the 59-year-old Danks is still alive and remains incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison. See also List of death row inmates in the United States References External links People v. Danks Supreme Court v. Danks Supreme Court v. Danks CDCD Inmate Locator 1962 births Living people 20th-century American criminals American male criminals American spree killers American people convicted of murder American people convicted of theft Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California Prisoners sentenced to death by California People convicted of murder by California People with antisocial personality disorder Prisoners and detainees of California American prisoners and detainees Violence against men in North America Criminals from Michigan People from Bay City, Michigan

67510147

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20incidents%20and%20protests%20of%20the%202020%E2%80%932022%20United%20States%20racial%20unrest

List of incidents and protests of the 2020–2022 United States racial unrest

This is a list of protests and unrest in the United States in 2020 and 2021 against systemic racism towards black people in the United States, such as in the form of police violence. Following the murder of George Floyd, unrest broke out in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, 2020, and quickly spread across the country and the world. Further unrest quickly spread throughout the United States, sometimes including rioting, looting, and arson. By early June, at least 200 American cities had imposed curfews, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C, had activated over 62,000 National Guard personnel in response to unrest. By the end of June, at least 14,000 people had been arrested at protests. Polls have estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people have participated at some point in the demonstrations in the United States, making them the largest protests in United States history. It was also estimated that between May 26 and August 22, around 93% of protests were "peaceful and nondestructive". According to several studies and analyses, protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful. In protests that involved violence, violence was variously instigated by protesters, counter-protesters, or police, and police sometimes escalated confrontations. 2020 Dreasjon Reed and McHale Rose protests, May 6–November 2020 On May 6, Dreasjon Reed was shot and killed by an Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department officer; Reed was livestreaming during the incident and his phone captured a second officer remark "I think it's going to be a closed casket, homie." Demonstrations over his killing erupted at the site that afternoon and continued into the night. Hours later, McHale Rose was shot and killed by four IMPD officers just three miles away. In a third incident that same night, an IMPD officer hit and killed a pregnant woman with his police cruiser. Hundreds of people gathered at the site of Reed's killing the next day. In November, a grand jury decided not to indict the officer who killed Reed. Ahmaud Arbery protests, May 8, 2020 On February 23, Ahmaud Arbery was murdered in Brunswick, Georgia. Protests ensued in early May after a video surfaced that captured his shooting. NFAC protests, May 12, 2020 Armed members of the Not Fucking Around Coalition (NFAC) have demonstrated in separate protests across the US, making their first appearance on May 12. On July 4, 100 to 200 NFAC members marched through Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta, Georgia, calling for the removal of the Confederate monument. On July 25, more than 300 members were gathered in Louisville, Kentucky, to protest the lack of action against the officers responsible for the March shooting of Breonna Taylor. On October 3, over 400 members of the NFAC along with over 200 other armed protesters marched in downtown Lafayette, Louisiana. Breonna Taylor protests, May 26, 2020; jury verdict protests, September 23, 2020 On March 13, Breonna Taylor was shot and killed. Demonstrations over her death began on May 26, 2020, and lasted into August. One person was shot and killed during the protests. Protest erupted again on September 23, the night after the grand jury verdict was announced, protesters gathered in the Jefferson Square Park area of Louisville, as well as many other cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago, Seattle. In Louisville, two LMPD officers were shot during the protest and one suspect was kept in custody. George Floyd protests, May 26, 2020–ongoing The major catalyst of the unrest was the murder of George Floyd on May 25. Though it was not the first controversial killing of a black person in 2020, it sparked a much wider series of global protests and riots which continued into August 2020. As of June 8, there were at least 19 deaths related to the protests. The George Floyd protests are generally regarded as marking the start of the 2020 United States unrest. In Minneapolis–Saint Paul alone, the immediate aftermath of Floyd's murder was second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Over a three night period, the cities experienced two deaths, 617 arrests, and upwards of $500million in property damage to 1,500 locations, including 150 properties that were set on fire. George Floyd Square occupied protest, May 26, 2020–June 20, 2021 George Floyd Square is a memorial site and former occupied protest at the intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The street intersection is where Derek Chauvin, a White police officer with the Minneapolis Police Department, murdered George Floyd, an unarmed 46-year-old Black man, by kneeling on his neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds after Floyd was handcuffed and lying face down outside the Cup Foods convenience store on May 25, 2020. Soon after Floyd's murder, people left memorials to him there. The intersection was held for over a year as an occupation protest by people who had erected barricades to block vehicular traffic and transformed the space with amenities, social services, and public art of Floyd and that of other racial justice themes. Sean Monterrosa protests, June 5, 2020–October 2, 2020 On June 5, protests broke out regarding the June 2 killing of Sean Monterrosa, calling for racial justice. These protests continued sporadically but prominently all the way into at least October, resulting in some arrests. Capitol Hill Occupied Protest, June 8, 2020–July 1, 2020 Established on June 8 in Seattle, CHAZ/CHOP was a self-declared autonomous zone established to protest the murder of George Floyd after police abandoned the East Precinct building. Groups like the Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club provided security while the protesters themselves provided either resources or assisted the PSJBGC in security. Multiple people were killed in altercations with security and on July 1 the autonomous zone/occupied protest was officially cleared by the Seattle Police Department. Rayshard Brooks protests, June 12, 2020 Further unrest occurred as a result of the killing of Rayshard Brooks on June 12, largely in Atlanta, where he was killed. An 8-year-old girl was shot and killed during the protests. Andrés Guardado protests, June 18, 2020 Local protests emerged in response to the killing of Guardado on June 18 and involved protesters and media reporters being tear gassed and shot by rubber bullets at the sheriff's station in Compton. The incident was widely reported as the second police killing involving the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department deputies within two days of one another, the other being Terron Jammal Boone, who was identified as the half-brother of 24-year-old Robert Fuller. Hakim Littleton protests, July 10, 2020 Hakim Littleton was a 20-year-old African-American man who was fatally shot by police officers in Detroit, Michigan. In the morning hours of July 5, 2020, police officers were in the process of detaining another individual. Littleton was approached by the officers, pulled out what appeared to be a firearm and shot at one of the officers. An officer tackled him as more shots were fired, and officers responded by shooting Littleton. The incident sparked protests in Detroit which lasted several days, with many protesters disputing the officer's accounts and the body camera footage. Eight individuals were arrested at these protests. Colorado Springs protest, August 4, 2020 In Colorado Springs, a mixture of armed and unarmed Black Lives Matter protesters gathered to mark the one year anniversary of the shooting of De'Von Bailey, protesting in the neighborhood of the officer who shot and killed him. After threats of an armed counterprotest, protesters showed up armed. The protest was largely peaceful, except for multiple cases of heated shouting matches between protesters and residents. Later, on September 11, three people who attended the protest were arrested for various charges in a series of raids. Stone Mountain incident, August 15, 2020 In Stone Mountain, armed Neo-Confederate demonstrators affiliated with the Three Percenters arrived to allegedly protect the Confederate monument, with their operation dubbed "Defend Stone Mountain". They were met with a larger group of anti-racist protesters, some armed, who began pushing them out of the town before the DeKalb County Police Department dispersed both parties. Several minor injuries were reported. Portland "Back the Blue" Rally, August 22, 2020 The Downtown Portland "Back the Blue" Rally, organized by members of the Proud Boys and QAnon Movement, sparked violence between right-wing protesters and left-wing counter-protesters. Within an hour of meeting, both sides began pushing, punching, paint-balling, and macing each other. There was one incident in which a right-wing Proud Boys protester pointed a gun at left-wing protesters, with no shots fired. Kenosha unrest and shooting, August 23 and 25, 2020; 2020 American athlete strikes The shooting of Jacob Blake on August 23 sparked protests in a number of American cities, mostly within Kenosha. Two protesters were shot and killed in an incident during the protests. Nationally, athletes from the NHL, NBA, WNBA, MLB, and MLS began going on strike in response to the police shooting of Jacob Blake. On October 14, prosecutors announced that Kyle Rittenhouse, who was charged with killing the two protesters, would not face gun charges in Illinois. Minneapolis false rumors riot, August 26–28, 2020 A riot occurred in downtown Minneapolis in reaction to false rumors about the suicide of Eddie Sole Jr., a 38-year-old African American man; demonstrators believed he had been shot by police officers. Surveillance video showed that Sole Jr. shot himself in the head during a manhunt for a homicide suspect in which he was the person of interest. Controversially, the police released the CCTV camera footage of the suicide in attempts to stop the unrest. Overnight vandalism and looting of stores from August 26 to 27 reached a total of 76 property locations in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, including four businesses that were set on fire. State and local officials arrested a total of 132 people during the unrest. Portland Trump Caravan, August 29, 2020 On August 29, a large group of pro-Trump counterprotesters, arrived in downtown Portland by a vehicle convoy. They were met with opposition from the protesters, resulting in multiple instances of physical clashes. 1 counterprotester was shot and killed in an incident during the protest. Dijon Kizzee protests, August 31, 2020 Dijon Kizzee, an armed cyclist, was shot and killed in the unincorporated Los Angeles neighborhood of Westmont on August 31 by deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. For days, protesters gathered outside the heavily guarded South Los Angeles sheriff's station in tense but peaceful demonstrations. By September 6, those demonstrations escalated to clashes, with deputies firing projectiles and tear gas at the crowds and arresting 35 people over four nights of unrest. Daniel Prude protests, September 2, 2020 On March 22, Daniel Prude was killed by Rochester, New York police officers in what was found by the county medical examiner to be a homicide caused through "complications of asphyxia in the setting of physical restraint". On September 2, the release of a police body camera video and written reports surrounding his death provoked protests in Rochester. Deon Kay protests, September 2, 2020 On September 2, Deon Kay, an 18-year-old man, was shot and killed by a police officer in Washington, D.C. Later that day, protesters started gathering outside of the Seventh District Metropolitan Police Department building. Ricardo Munoz protests, September 13, 2020 On September 13, Protests erupted in Lancaster, Pennsylvania after a police officer shot and killed Ricardo Munoz who allegedly ran at them with a knife. Police later deployed tear gas on a crowd of protesters, saying demonstrators had damaged buildings and government vehicles and thrown bottles. Deja Stallings protests, October 1, 2020 On September 30, Police arrested 25-year-old Deja Stallings at gas station and convenience store in Kansas City, Missouri, in relation to an alleged 15–20 individuals fighting on the business's property. Video footage showed an officer kneeling on the back of Stallings, who is nine months pregnant. In response to the video, demonstrators began protesting outside city hall demanding the resignation of Kansas City Police Department Chief Richard Smith and for the city to redirect 50% of the police department's budget to social services. Jonathan Price protests, October 5, 2020 On October 5, 31-year old Jonathan Price was killed by a police officer in Wolfe City, Texas, after allegedly trying to break off a fight. Protests broke out in major cities to which New York City and Los Angeles faced property damage after night of vandalism. Shaun David Lucas, a police officer who shot Price, was arrested and charged with murder. Alvin Cole protests, October 7, 2020 On the afternoon of October 7, the district attorney in Milwaukee County decided to not press charges in relation to the fatal shooting of Alvin Cole, 17 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, back in February. Protests subsequently occurred since October 7, leading to the arrest of 24 protesters on October 8 and 28 protesters on October 9. Marcellis Stinnette protests, October 22, 2020 On October 22, 19-year old Marcellis Stinnette was shot and killed by an officer in Waukegan, Illinois. His girlfriend, 20-year old Tafarra Williams, was also wounded, but is expected to survive. Protests occurred in Waukegan on October 22. The family of Jacob Blake, who was shot 16 miles north of Waukegan in Kenosha, Wisconsin, were also in attendance. Walter Wallace Jr. protests, October 26, 2020 On October 26 Walter Wallace Jr. was killed by Philadelphia police officers while holding a knife and ignoring orders to drop it. A march for Wallace occurred in West Philadelphia, while other areas of the city reported looting and vandalism. Police also said 30 officers were injured, many struck by bricks and other debris and that 91 protesters were arrested. Kevin Peterson Jr. protests, October 30, 2020 On October 29, Kevin Peterson Jr. was shot and killed by three Clark County sheriff's deputies in Hazel Dell, Washington, near Vancouver. Hundreds gathered in Hazel Dell for a vigil the following evening with protesters carrying signs saying “Honk for Black lives. White silence is violence” and “Scream his name,” and confronting right-wing counter-protesters. That night, hundreds of protesters marched through Downtown Vancouver, resulting in property damage and a confrontation with federal agents. At least one person was arrested after the protest was declared an unlawful assembly and a dispersal order was issued by police. Protests against LA Mayor Eric Garcetti, November 23, 2020 On November 23, protesters gathered outside Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti's home due to his refusal to further defund the LAPD. Protests increased when news was released regarding president-elect Joe Biden's consideration of adding Garcetti to his cabinet. Red House eviction defense protest, December 8, 2020 On December 8, protesters in Portland gathered to blockade parts of the Humboldt Neighborhood in order to protect a family who had been evicted after living in said house for 65 years. Protesters blockaded the area similar to the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest. Casey Goodson protests, December 11, 2020 On December 4, police were finishing an unsuccessful search for a fugitive in Columbus, Ohio, when Casey Goodson "drove by and waved a gun" at an officer. A witness heard the officer command Goodson to drop his gun, and when he did not comply, Goodson was shot shot five times outside his home. Police recovered a gun from the scene. Bennie Edwards protests, December 11, 2020 On December 11, Bennie Edwards, a schizophrenic homeless man, was killed by Oklahoma City police while wielding a knife. Demonstrations were held later that evening. Andre Hill protests, December 24, 2020 On December 22, Andre Hill (also identified as Andre' Hill) was killed by a Columbus Police officer as he left a house where he was a guest. On Christmas Eve, protests were held in response to the shooting. The shooting was the second police killing in Columbus in the month, following the shooting of Casey Goodson. Dolal Idd protests, December 30, 2020–January 4, 2022 On December 30, Dolal Idd, a 23-year old Somali-American man, was shot and killed by Minneapolis police officers during a felony traffic stop. Idd's death was the first killing by a Minneapolis police since the murder of George Floyd on May 25. Activists and family members of Dolal Idd rallied in Saint Paul on January 4, 2022, outside the official residence of Minnesota Governor Tim Walz. At the event, they called for further investigation of the incident that led to Idd's death and the release of additional evidence in the case. 2021 Rochester protests, February 1, 2021 About 200 protesters marched in Rochester, New York, on February 1 after a nine-year-old girl was handcuffed and pepper-sprayed by police. Community outrage swelled following release of footage the previous day showing officers restraining and scolding a girl, who was screaming for her father. At one point, an officer is heard telling her to "stop acting like a child," to which she cried, "I am a child." Protesters ripped away barricades protecting a Rochester police precinct as hundreds took to the streets in outrage. Manhattan protests, February 12, 2021 A Black Lives Matter march through Midtown Manhattan became violent with clashes between protesters and authorities on February 12, leading to the arrest of 11 protesters. The authorities arrested 11 people around Times Square in which two officers and a news reporter were also injured. Protesters clashed with police at W. 54th Street and Sixth Avenue around 9 p.m. Trial of Derek Chauvin protests, March 7, 2021–June 25, 2021 Approximately a thousand protesters outside a downtown Minneapolis courthouse as Chauvin's trial commenced on March 8, 2021, to call for justice for Floyd and raise broader issues of racial injustice. Officials surrounded the facility with a concrete barrier, metal fencing, and barbed wire in anticipation of unrest. Protests and rallies planned for the George Floyd Square were halted for several days after a fatal shooting there on March 6, 2021. On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Derek Chauvin, several rallies and protests were held in Minneapolis. Separately, protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis to demand justice for Floyd and rallied at the Hennepin County Government Center and City Hall, and some demonstrators parked cars on the Metro light-rail tracks, which closed train traffic for several hours. At 38th and Chicago Avenue, the street intersection where Floyd was murdered, a group of people held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police. Atlanta shooting protests, March 16, 2021–ongoing On March 16, 2021, a series of mass shootings occurred at three spas in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Eight people were killed, six of whom were Asian women. A suspect, 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long, was taken into custody later that day. Several anti-Asian violence rallies have been held across the United States in 2021 in response to the recent rise of racism against Asian Americans. Several of the rallies are named "Stop Asian Hate". Daunte Wright protests, April 11, 2021–December 23, 2021 On April 11, 2021, at 1:48 p.m., 20-year-old Daunte Wright was shot and killed during a traffic stop by Kim Potter, an officer with the police department of Brooklyn Center, a suburb of Minneapolis. His girlfriend, a passenger in his car, was also injured. An initially peaceful demonstration at the scene of the shooting turned violent following a strengthened police presence, and looting was reported. On April 13, 2021, Potter resigned, as well as Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon, who said that Potter accidentally fired her gun. The next day, Potter was charged with second-degree manslaughter. Adam Toledo protests, April 15, 2021–ongoing On March 29, 2021, at 2:38 a.m., a 13-year-old Mexican American boy, Adam Toledo, was shot and killed by Eric Stillman, a Chicago Police Department officer, in the Little Village neighborhood on the West Side of Chicago. After the incident, the Chicago Police Department stated Toledo had been killed after an "armed confrontation" with police. Several days later, Cook County prosecutor James Murphy alleged in court that Adam was holding a gun the instant when Stillman shot him. When Stillman's body cam footage was released on April 15, 2021, Toledo could be seen raising his hands unarmed immediately prior to being killed. The release of the footage sparked protests in Chicago and around the country. Ma'Khia Bryant protests, April 20, 2021–ongoing On April 20, 2021, Ma'Khia Bryant, a 16-year-old African-American girl, was fatally shot by Columbus police officer Nicholas Reardon in Columbus, Ohio. Bryant was transported to Mount Carmel East hospital, where she was pronounced dead. The killing sparked protests in Columbus and around Ohio. A few dozen protesters would hold a sit-in protest outside the Colorado state capitol starting on the evening of April 23 and ending on the afternoon of April 24. Andrew Brown Jr. protests, April 24, 2021–ongoing On April 21, 2021, 42-year-old Andrew Brown Jr. was fatally shot in the back of the head by police as he drove away. Protesters gathered in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, where the shooting occurred, demanding for body camera footage to be released. David McAtee protests, May 26, 2021–ongoing On June 1, 2020, business owner David McAtee was shot and killed by two Louisville Metro Police Department officers and by two Kentucky Army National Guard soldiers. In May 2021, the state of Kentucky announced that there will not be chargers file against the officers and soldiers involved in the shooting. Shortly after the announcement was made people in Kentucky began to protest. Several demonstrators were arrested including the brother of David McAtee. The brother of David McAtee was charged with unlawful assembly and obstructing the highway. Tulsa Race Massacre Anniversary protests, May 31, 2021 Hundreds of African-American gun owners from around the US marched in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to remember those murdered in the massacre on the eve of its 100th anniversary. The Elmer Geronimo Pratt Gun Club of Austin, Texas, and New Black Panther Party organized the event. Slogans of "Black Power" and "Black Lives Matter" were heard during the rally. Winston Boogie Smith protests and Uptown Minneapolis unrest, June 3, 2021–November 3, 2021; vehicle-ramming attack June 13, 2021 Winston Boogie Smith, a 32-year old black man, was shot and killed by law enforcement authorities on June 3, 2021, as they attempted to apprehend him at a parking ramp in the Uptown neighborhood of Minneapolis. Protests following the killing began on June 3 and continued for several days, primarily in Uptown. Soon after the shooting, Smith's family demanded greater law enforcement transparency and the release of any surveillance footage that might have captured the incident. Civil rights activists and Smith's friends and family disputed the law enforcement accounts of the incident. Local organization Communities United Against Police Brutality held a press conference near the shooting site on June 4 to call for officials to release video footage and other details of the shooting. Family and friends of Smith held a peaceful vigil the evening of June 4 at the parking ramp where he was killed, and participated in a protest march on June 6. Activist Nekima Levy Armstrong led a protest on June 8 outside the home of Minnesota's U.S. Marshal, Ramona Dohman, calling for her resignation. Armstrong alleged that Dohman, a Trump administration appointee, had a conflict of interest due to a past working relationship with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. On June 13, a demonstrator was killed and three others were injured when a vehicle rammed into a protest at the intersection of Lake Street and Girard Avenue. On June 13, 2021, a man drove a car into a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered as a part of the ongoing Winston Boogie Smith protests, killing Deona M. Knajdek and injuring three others. That evening, demonstrators had blocked the intersection of West Lake Street and Girard Avenue. At approximately 11:39p.m.CDT, a man in a Jeep Cherokee drove into the crowd at a high speed, striking a parked vehicle that had been used to block off the intersection to traffic, which then collided with protesters. On June 16, 2021, the driver was charged with second-degree intentional murder and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon in relation to the crash, after allegedly telling investigators that he had accelerated towards the crowd in an attempt to clear the barricades that were protecting protesters. Kyle Rittenhouse protests, November 1, 2021–November 19, 2021 Several protests took place outside the Kenosha County Courthouse in Kenosha, Wisconsin during the trial of Kyle Rittenhouse between November 1, 2021, and November 19, 2021. Following Rittenhouse's acquittal on November 19, rioting broke out in Portland, Oregon. Large protests also occurred in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis. 2022 Jason Walker protests, January 10, 2022–January 20, 2022 On January 8, 2022, Jason Walker was shot and killed by an off-duty police lieutenant in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Police claim Walker jumped on the lieutenant's truck. Walker was unarmed during the incident. Protests were held after the shooting and on Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Civil rights trial of Kueng, Lane, and Thao protests, January 24, 2022–ongoing In early 2022, local officials prepared counter-protest measures for potential unrest ahead of the scheduled January 20 start of the federal civil rights trial of J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane, and Tou ThaoMinneapolis police officers who were at the scene of George Floyd's murder on May 25, 2020. Officials erected security fencing around the Warren E. Burger Federal Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that contained the courtroom for the trial. Ahead of the trial, protesters said they were concerned about the trial's potential outcome and were prepared to demonstrate. Protest demonstrations were held in the streets surrounding the courtroom building during the trial. Amir Locke Protests, February 2, 2022–ongoing On February 2, Amir Locke was shot and killed by a police officer in Minneapolis. As a result of Locke's death, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey announced a moratorium on no-knock warrants. A group of advocates held a vigil on the evening of February 2 outside the downtown apartment building where the law enforcement killing took place. On February 5, hundreds of people in Minneapolis protested Locke's death. References 2020 controversies in the United States 2021 controversies in the United States 2020–2021 United States racial unrest Lists of protests

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homan%20Square%20facility

Homan Square facility

The Chicago Police Department's Homan Square facility is a former Sears Roebuck & Co. warehouse on the city's West Side. The facility houses the department's Evidence and Recovered Property Section. In 2015, the facility gained worldwide notoriety when the American journalist Spencer Ackerman wrote a series of articles in The Guardian comparing it to a CIA Black site. After publication, some activists described it as a "secret torture site." The Guardian series In February 2015, Ackerman published a series of articles in The Guardian describing the Homan Square facility as "an off-the-books interrogation compound, rendering Americans unable to be found by family or attorneys while locked inside what lawyers say is the domestic equivalent of a CIA black site." Ackerman asserted that the Homan Square facility was the "scene of secretive work by special police units," where the "basic constitutional rights" of "poor, black and brown" Chicago city residents were violated. Ackerman asserted that "Chicagoans who end up inside do not appear to have a public, searchable record entered into a database indicating where they are, as happens when someone is booked at a precinct. Lawyers and relatives insist there is no way of finding their whereabouts. Those lawyers who have attempted to gain access to Homan Square are most often turned away, even as their clients remain in custody inside." NATO 3 According to the Chicago Tribune, Ackerman's series, and much of the online activism against the Homan Square facility, emerged initially as a response to several people who were arrested at the 2012 Chicago summit, who became known as the "NATO 3." Claims that the men had been "disappeared" emerged after Superintendent Garry McCarthy denied any arrests had been made, while the men were being held at Homan Square. Lawyers for the NATO 3 challenged the handling of their clients at Homan Square and filed a motion for statements made at the facility to be withdrawn as trial evidence. The incident of the NATO 3 was a crucial moment for the development of Homan Square's reputation. Reception Ackerman's characterization of the Homan Square facility as a Black site was met with resistance by some defense attorneys and legal researchers in Chicago. According to University of Chicago law professor Craig Futterman, the problems described in Ackerman's article were widespread throughout the city of Chicago, rather than being particular to the one facility. Futterman stated, "If there’s a risk, I think it’s elevating this facility. And making it look like there’s a problem in one particular station, as opposed to there’s a broader systemic problem to people who are very vulnerable who are denied their basic fundamental constitutional right." Richard Dvorak, a longtime criminal defense attorney also said he was unaware of any issues unique to Homan Square; he stated, "Everything that was described (in the Guardian story) was something that happens every day. I think it's pretty systemic throughout CPD." Eliza Solowiej, the executive director of First Defense Legal Aid stated, "It's not just this facility. This is a citywide problem." CPD Response In response to The Guardian series, the Chicago Police Department denied any wrongdoing. In a statement, the Department stated, "CPD abides by all laws, rules and guidelines pertaining to any interviews of suspects or witnesses, at Homan Square or any other CPD facility. If lawyers have a client detained at Homan Square, just like any other facility, they are allowed to speak to and visit them. It also houses CPD's Evidence Recovered Property Section, where the public is able to claim inventoried property. There are always records of anyone who is arrested by CPD, and this is not any different at Homan Square." Some Chicago defense attorneys, however, called this response "laughable," with one stating, "The denial that the police spokesman made was way over the top and unjustified because we do know from those terrorism cases that there were abuses. Whether or not it's some (black site) plot? OK, I might be skeptical of that." Burge reparations In 2015, as Chicago was experiencing activist pressure resulting from outrage over the Homan Square reporting and the murder of Laquan McDonald, the city under Mayor Rahm Emanuel announced a reparations deal for the 1970s survivors of torture and detention under former Chicago Police Commander Jon Burge. The deal included a $5.5 million fund for torture survivors, free city college tuition for survivors and their families, a memorial, and inclusion of the torture cases in eighth- and tenth-graders history courses in the Chicago School District. A coalition of Chicago activists, including Project NIA and We Charge Genocide, were major backers of the deal. References History of Chicago Chicago Police Department

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%20activism%20at%20Columbia%20University

Student activism at Columbia University

Columbia University in New York City, New York, has seen numerous instances of student protests, particularly beginning in the late 20th century. History 1936 protest against Nazis In 1936, Robert Burke, CC '38 led a rally outside President Butler's mansion to protest Columbia's friendly relationship with the Nazis. Burke was expelled, and was never readmitted. The university has never apologized for expelling him. Protests of 1968 Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park, perceived as a segregated facility, with limited access by the black residents of neighboring Harlem. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon's weapons research think-tank, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students. The protests achieved two of their stated goals. Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym, building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead. A popular myth states that the gym's plans were eventually used by Princeton University for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but as Jadwin Gymnasium was already 50% complete by 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this was clearly not correct. At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests. Many of the Class of '68 walked out of their graduation and held a counter-commencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, the place where the protests began. The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school. Protests against racism and apartheid Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall and the Business School during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa. A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978, when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968, students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa. The Committee Against Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university. The initial (and partial) Columbia divestment focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime. It followed a year-long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the university in 1977. Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach-ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa. Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business. Columbia Unbecoming In the early 2000s, professor Joseph Massad, held an elective course called Palestinian and Israeli Politics and Societies at Columbia. Students felt the views he espoused in the course were anti-Israel and some of them tried to disrupt his class and get him fired. In 2004, students got together with the pro-Israel campus group the David Project and produced a film called Columbia Unbecoming, accusing Massad and two other professors of intimidating or treating unfairly students with pro-Israel views. The film led to a committee being appointed by Bollinger which exonerated the professors in the spring of 2005. However, the committee's report criticized Columbia's inadequate grievance procedures. Ahmadinejad speech controversy The School of International and Public Affairs extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 2007, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007, as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum. The invitation proved to be highly controversial. Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide. University President Lee C. Bollinger tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadinejad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger). This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus. Columbia students, though, turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn. An estimated 2,500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion. During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized Israel's policies towards the Palestinians; called for research on the historical accuracy of the Holocaust; raised questions as to who initiated the 9/11 attacks; defended Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the UN's policy of sanctions on his country; and attacked U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran and that "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country… In Iran, we do not have this phenomenon. I don't know who told you this." The latter statement drew laughter from the audience. The Manhattan District Attorney's Office accused Columbia of accepting grant money from the Alavi Foundation to support faculty "sympathetic" to Iran's Islamic republic. ROTC controversy Beginning in 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university did not allow the U.S. military to have Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs on campus, though Columbia students could participate in ROTC programs at other local colleges and universities. At a forum at the university during the 2008 presidential election campaign, both John McCain and Barack Obama said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus. After the debate, the president of the university, Lee C. Bollinger, stated that he did not favor reinstating Columbia's ROTC program, because of the military's anti-gay policies. In November 2008, Columbia's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite ROTC back to campus, and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue. ROTC lost the vote (which would not have been binding on the administration, and did not include graduate students, faculty, or alumni) by a fraction of a percentage point. In April 2010 during Admiral Mike Mullen's address at Columbia, President Lee C. Bollinger stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to campus if the admiral's plans for revoking the don't ask, don't tell policy were successful. In February 2011 during one of three town-hall meetings on the ROTC ban, former Army staff sergeant Anthony Maschek, a Purple Heart recipient for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq, was booed and hissed at by some students during his speech promoting the idea of allowing the ROTC on campus. In April 2011 the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program back on campus. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to reinstate Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) program at Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26, 2011. The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board the , docked in New York for the Navy's annual Fleet Week. Divestment from private prisons In February 2014, after learning that the university had over $10 million invested in the private prison industry, a group of students delivered a letter President Bollinger's office requesting a meeting and officially launching the Columbia Prison Divest (CPD) campaign. , Columbia held investments in Corrections Corporation of America, the largest private prison company in the United States, as well as G4S, the largest multinational security firm in the world. Students demanded that the university divest these holdings from the industry and instate a ban on future investments in the private prison industry. Aligning themselves with the growing Black Lives Matter movement and in conversation with the heightened attention on race and the system of mass incarceration, CPD student activists hosted events to raise awareness of the issue and worked to involve large numbers of members of the Columbia and West Harlem community in campaign activities. After eighteen months of student driven organizing, the Board of Trustees of Columbia University voted to support the petition for divestment from private prison companies, which was confirmed to student leaders on June 22, 2015. The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first campaign to successfully get a U.S. university to divest from the private prison industry. Tuition strike In January 2021, more than 1000 Columbia University students initiated a tuition strike, demanding that the university lower its tuition rates by 10% amid financial burdens and the move to online classes prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Tuition for undergraduates is $58,920 for an academic year, and the total costs eclipse $80,000 when expenses including fees, room and board, books and travel are factored in. It is the largest tuition strike at the university in nearly 50 years. Students have stated they have won a number of concessions, as the university announced it would freeze tuition, suspend fees on late payments, increase spring financial aid and provide a limited amount of summer grants. A university spokesperson, however, stated that the decisions occurred several months prior to the strike. Students have also asked the university to end its expansion into and gentrification of West Harlem, defund its university police force, to divest from its investments in oil and gas companies, and bargain in good faith with campus unions. The university in February 2021 announced that the Board of Trustees had finally formalized its commitment to divest from publicly traded oil and gas companies. The strike had been largely organized by the campus chapter of Young Democratic Socialists of America, which had partnered with other student groups to support the action. Starting in March 2021, members of the Student Workers of Columbia–United Auto Workers (a student employee union) have been on strike over issues related to securing a labor contract with the university. References Columbia University Student protests in New York (state) Student politics

67771237

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe%20Berliner%20Kunstausstellung

Große Berliner Kunstausstellung

Große Berliner Kunstausstellung (Great Berlin Art Exhibition), abbreviated GroBeKa or GBK, was an annual art exhibition that existed from 1893 to 1969 with intermittent breaks. In 1917 and 1918, during World War I, it was not held in Berlin but in Düsseldorf. In 1919 and 1920, it operated under the name Kunstausstellung Berlin. From 1970 to 1995, the Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (Free Berlin Art Exhibition) was held annually in its place. The exhibition Wilhelminian Era Until the 1890s, with the exception of the International Art Exhibition of 1891, for more than a hundred years the Fine Arts Section of the Royal Academy of Arts organised and ran the Academic Art Exhibitions. The first Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1893 on the basis of the statutes of a reorganisation of its internal relations, which was approved by Kaiser Wilhelm II. From then on, the entirety of the Berlin artistic community was to take over the art exhibition, represented by the Cooperative of the Members of the Royal Academy of Arts (Genossenschaft der Mitglieder der Königlichen Akademie der Künste) and the Berlin Artist's Association (Verein Berliner Künstler). The Düsseldorf artists' association was also granted a share in the management of the exhibition. On 14 May 1893, the Prussian Minister of Culture opened the first Great Berlin Art Exhibition. This and subsequent exhibitions were held in the Glass Palace, the exhibition building of the State Exhibition Park at Lehrter Bahnhof. In 1896, to celebrate the bicentenary of the Royal Academy of Arts, the International Art Exhibition and the Berlin Trade Exhibition were held in the exhibition building, the adjacent building and the State Exhibition Park instead of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition. It is disputed whether in 1898, the jury of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition had rejected the landscape painting Grunewaldsee by the painter Walter Leistikow and whether this had been, among other things, the reason for the founding of the Berlin Secession. In order to raise the long-lamented average standard of this exhibition, the jury had rejected around 1500 works, i.e. one-third of the works submitted. Walter Leistikow's pictures, however, were not affected by this. All of his submitted paintings were accepted. At the beginning of May 1898, 65 artists founded the Berlin Secession, as a consequence of current and earlier discord with the Verein Berliner Künstler. For the most part, the members did not take part in the Great Berlin Art Exhibition for a while from 1899 onwards and showed their works in a building in Kantstraße in secession-owned exhibitions. The artist and printmaker Käthe Kollwitz was nominated for a gold medal by the jury of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition for her cycle A Weavers' Revolt, but Kaiser Wilhelm II probably considered the works too socially critical, and he prevented the medal from being awarded in 1898. In 1900, 16 of the 24 works by the sculptor and painter Gustav Eberlein on display, fell victim to censorship and were removed from the exhibition by "the highest instruction", including the works Adam and Eve at the End of Life, The Spirit of Bismarck, and Workers (also Sack Bearers). In 1905, the Berlin Association of Artists (Werkring) and the Association for House and Apartment Art (Vereinigung für Haus und Wohnungskunst) were represented in the exhibition, and in 1908 the Dresden artists' group Die Elbier. In 1912, the opening speech was given by Max Schlichting, who used the situation to draw attention to artistic freedom: "In contrast to private exhibitions, an exhibition supported by the state has the obligation to promote all artistic endeavors equally, and its assistance is open to anyone who wishes to call upon it for his or her person. In 1913, on the occasion of the Emperor's jubilee, the exhibition entitled Große Berliner Kunstausstellung zum Regierungsjubiläum Seiner Majestät des Kaisers (Great Berlin Art Exhibition on the Anniversary of the Reign of His Majesty the Emperor) was held. The wish to include the Berlin Secession in this Great Berlin Art Exhibition, with its own jury and halls, was not fulfilled. The Berlin Secession declined the invitation. As the exhibition building of the Landesausstellungspark was used for military purposes due to the First World War, the Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1915 in the exhibition building at the Palais Arnim of the Royal Academy of Arts on Pariser Platz with a smaller exhibition area. In order to be able to show at least about 600 works, the exhibition was divided into two stages. 300 works were on display during the first half of the exhibition period and 300 more during the second half. The exhibition in 1916, again in the Glaspalast, was almost entirely dominated by the war. There were three categories: The War Pictures Exhibition, the Portrait Gallery: "Great Men from Great Times" and the General Art Exhibition, whereby in the latter, which was divided into five groups, the Association of German illustrators (Verband Deutscher Illustratoren) also had "Political Caricature and War Humour" as its leading theme. On 15 September, Herwarth Walden criticised this exhibition in his article Der Vergessene Kern (The Forgotten Core) in the journal Der Sturm, which he edited. On 1917 as well as in 1918, the Great Berlin Art Exhibition was moved to the Kunstpalast Düsseldorf. Artists of the Berlin Secession and artists of the Free Secession were also included. In 1917, new acquisitions from the municipal art collections in Düsseldorf were also exhibited and in 1918, on the occasion of the 80th birthday of the painter and professor at the Düsseldorf Art Academy, Eduard von Gebhardt, his works from collections and private collections were exhibited. Konrad Haenisch and Max Schlichting worked on a reform of the exhibition in 1918. Weimar Republic In 1919, at the beginning of the Weimar Republic, the exhibition was held under the name Kunstausstellung Berlin in the newly renovated Glaspalast (Glaspalast) in the Landesausstellungpark, as it was in 1920, but in 1921 it was again called the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung. The exhibition was now sponsored by the government of the new republic and had been reorganised. The Association of Berlin Artists (Verein Berliner Künstler), Berliner Secession, Freie Secession and the Novembergruppe were represented, but separately, each with its own jury and its own rooms. On 14 May 1921, Reich President Friedrich Ebert opened the Great Berlin Art Exhibition. The Berlin Secession was not represented at this exhibition. In September 1922, the lithograph Sentimental Sailor and the watercolour Patriotic Travelling Theatre by the artist Georg Scholz were declared "lewd" in the November Group section and confiscated. The following year, Ebert and Hans Baluschek spoke at the opening event. In 1927, the exhibition was run for the first time by the Kartell der vereinigten Verbände Bildender Künstler Berlin. The Cartel had been founded to do justice to the interests of all artists. The exhibition commission was composed of one representative each from various groups and associations, namely the Allgemeine deutsche Kunstgenossenschaft, Ortsverein Berlin (General German Art Cooperative, Berlin chapter), the architects' association Der Ring, the Berlin Secession, the international association of expressionists, futurists, cubists and constructivists Die Abstrakten, the Freie Vereinigung der Graphiker zu Berlin (Association of Graphics Artists of Berlin), the Künstlervereinigung Berliner Bildhauer (Artists' Association of Berlin Sculptors), the November Group, the Verein Berliner Künstler, the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen (Association of Berlin Women Artists) and the Frauen-Kunstverband (Women's Art Association). There was also a representative for the artists who did not belong to any of the cartel's associations. The 1927 exhibition included a special exhibition of paintings by Kazimir Malevich. Since Malevich had to return to the Soviet Union early, he gave the pictures to Hugo Häring for safekeeping in his function as treasurer of the exhibition. On the one hand, Malevich hoped for further sales, on the other for a return to Berlin. The pictures embarked on an "odyssey" and never returned to Russia. Of the 73 paintings exhibited, 18 works are now considered lost. On 12 July 1928, the "Führer" of the Nazi Party and former art painter Adolf Hitler visited the exhibition, where Expressionist, Futurist, Cubist, Constructivist and New Objectivity works were shown, among others, works that ran counter to his understanding of art, therefore did not correspond to the Nazi ideal of German art and were later branded as Degenerate Art when the Nazi Party seized power in 1933. Due to the dilapidation of the Glass Palace in the Exhibition Park, Bellevue Palace served as the exhibition venue from 1929. The director of the exhibition from then on was Hans Baluschek. In 1930, most of the works submitted by the Dadaist and painter of Berlin nightlife Christian Schad were rejected. A year later, the painting § 218 by Alice Lex-Nerlinger, the wife of Oskar Nerlinger, was confiscated by the police during the exhibition. The controversial painting Selig sind die geistig Armen by Horst Strempel was removed from the exhibition in 1932. German Reich 1933 to 1945 Already in the early days of National Socialism, the Nazis removed Hans Baluschek from his post as exhibition director in 1933 as a so-called "Marxist artist" and later banned him from working and exhibiting. They ostracised his works as "degenerate". In 1933 and 1934, however, his paintings were still exhibited at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition. The opening speech was given by the Prussian Minister of Culture Bernhard Rust. Excluded from the board of the Association of Berlin Women Artists, prominent Jewish artist Harriet von Rathlef withdrew her works from the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in Bellevue Palace as a consequence of the increasing anti-Semitic riots and the art policy of the Nazis. The exhibition of the year 1934 was presented in the exhibition rooms of the Prussian Academy of Arts, and works by Gustav Wunderwald were rejected. In 1936, was banned from exhibiting because of "political unreliability". In 1940, During the Second World War, the exhibition was shown in the new exhibition hall of the Haus der Kunst at Hardenbergstraße 21-23. The previous Haus der Kunst at Königsplatz 4 had been demolished. In 1942, the exhibition was held in the Nationalgalerie. For the propagandistic documentary film Sommersonntag in Berlin of 1942, produced by the Die Deutsche Wochenschau and lasting about thirteen minutes, about thirty seconds of footage were shot in and in front of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in 35mm film format. After about two minutes of the film, the shots of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition follow. The sculpture shown in close-up in it is the Water Bearer by . Federal Republic of Germany On 25 May 1956, the first Great Berlin Art Exhibition since the war, was opened in the exhibition halls at the Berlin Radio Tower. The exhibition was organised by the Berufsverband Bildender Künstler Berlin (Professional Association of Visual Artists Berlin). The artist, colour designer, the avant-garde author of children's books, Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was from then on jointly responsible for the design of the exhibitions. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Waldemar Rösler's death, works by him were shown. In 1958, the then Mayor of West Berlin Willy Brandt and Federal President Theodor Heuss were present at the opening. In 1961, was awarded the Grand Prize of the Berlin Art Exhibition for his complete works by Willy Brandt in the presence of former Federal President Theodor Heuss. The last Great Berlin Art Exhibition took place in 1969. Selection of exhibiting artists Wilhelminian Era 1893: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Mark Antokolsky, Peter Janssen and Hermann Prell and one small gold medal for each of Franz Eisenhut, Josef Flossmann, Johannes Götz, James Guthrie, Eduard Kaempffer and Heinrich von Zügel.[34] Other exhibiting artists included , Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, Ludwig Brunow, Eugène Carrière, Lovis Corinth, Hans Dahl, , Wilhelm Feldmann, Anna Gerresheim, Gustav Graef, Hugo von Habermann, Otto Heichert, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Hermann Hirsch, Adolf Hölzel, Adolf Jahn, Max Klein, Max Klinger, Käthe Kollwitz, Max Koner, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Carl Malchin, Adolph von Menzel, Otto Modersohn, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Rheinhold, Fritz Roeber, Franz Skarbina, Franz Stuck, Hans Thoma, Fritz von Uhde, Max Unger, Theodor Wedepohl, Julius Wengel, and Emil Zschimmer. 1894 Each received a large gold medal: Max Koner, Elisabeth Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy and José Villegas Cordero and a small gold medal each for Peter Breuer, Ludwig Dettmann, Rudolf Eichstaedt, Rudolf Maison, Franz Schwechten, Paul Wallot and Bertha Wegmann. Other exhibiting artists included Olga Boznańska, Ludwig Brunow, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Wilhelm Feldmann, Johannes Götz, Georg von Hauberrisser, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, , Adolf Jahn, Eduard Kaempffer, Walter Leistikow, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Carl Malchin, Gabriel von Max, Adolph von Menzel Otto Modersohn, Karl Josef Müller, , Karl Lorenz Rettich, , Franz Skarbina, Franz von Stuck, , Max Unger and Theodor Wedepohl 1895: One large gold medal each was awarded to Jules Clément Chaplain, Ferdinand von Harrach, Wilhelm Leibl and Ferdinand Roybet and a small gold medal each for each of Emilio Bisi, Giovanni Boldini, Wilhelm Feldmann, Arthur von Ferraris, T. Alexander Harrison, Georg von Hauberrisser, Otto Heichert, Franz Roubaud, John Singer Sargent and Paul Schroeter. Other exhibiting artists included Alfred Agache, Mathilde Block, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Olga Boznańska, Edward Burne-Jones, Eugène Carrière, Józef Chełmoński, Walter Crane, Wilhelm Dürr, Elisabeth von Eicken, , Julian Fałat, Henri Fantin-Latour, Wilhelm Feldmann, Hermann Hendrich, Adolf Hölzel, , Arthur Illies, Adolf Jahn, Eduard Kaempffer, Albert von Keller, Hugo Lederer, Frederic Leighton, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Robert Macbeth, Frederick William MacMonnies, Carl Malchin, Adolph von Menzel, John Everett Millais, Max Nonnenbruch, Fritz Prölß, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, James Sant, Franz Skarbina, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Hans Thoma, Max Unger, Carl Vinnen, John William Waterhouse, Theodor Wedepohl and Julius Wengel. 1896: Internationale Kunstausstellung. One large gold medal each was awarded to: George Hendrik Breitner, Évariste Carpentier, Adolf Echtler, Edward Onslow Ford, Pietro Fragiacomo, Oskar Frenzel, Gotthardt Kuehl, Jef Lambeaux, Michel Lock, Ludwig Manzel, Carl von Marr, Josef Václav Myslbek, Kazimierz Pochwalski, Agustí Querol Subirats, Julius Carl Raschdorff, Georg von Rosen, Otto Sinding, Joaquín Sorolla, Julius LeBlanc Stewart and Anders Zorn and a small gold medal each for Verner Åkerman, Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Aleksander Augustynowicz, Rudolf Bacher, Hans Bachmann, Fritz Baer, Carl Bantzer, Carl Becker, Willy von Beckerath, Carl Blos, Minca Bosch Reitz, Franz Bunke, Vincenzo Caprile, Filippo Cifariello, , Alois Delug, Arturo Faldi, Fritz Fleischer, , Walter Gay, Thomas Cooper Gotch, Willy Hamacher, George Hitchcock, Jean de la Hoese, , Ludwig von Hofmann, Ernst Josephson, George William Joy, Sophie Koner, Alfred Kowalski, , Carl Larsson, Cornelius Van Leemputten, , Bruno Liljefors, Ricardo de los Ríos, Fritz Mackensen, Adolf Maennchen, Vladimir Makovsky, Alfred Messel, Ludwig Michalek, Carl Moll, Rudolf Otto von Ottenfeld, , Charles Johann Palmié, Hans von Petersen, Otto Petri, George Poggenbeek, Ilya Repin, Caspar Ritter, Augusto Rivalta, Léo-Paul Robert, Veloso Salgado, , , Stefan Schwartz, Adalbert Seligmann, Viktor Simov, António Teixeira Lopes, Hans Temple, Frits Thaulow, Friedrich von Thiersch, Eduard Veith, Ernest Waterlow and Henry Woods. Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Ernst Bernardien, Marie Bilders-van Bosse, Olga Boznańska, Józef Chełmoński, John Collier, Lovis Corinth, Walter Crane, Elisabeth von Eicken, Ernst Eitner, Eugen von Schweden, Johannes Götz, Julian Fałat, Henri Fantin-Latour, Hugo Lederer, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Fernand Khnopff, Walter Leistikow, Madeleine Lemaire, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Edvard Munch, Max Nonnenbruch, Franz Skarbina, Max Unger and Theodor Wedepohl. In the Historical Department, among others, works by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Arnold Böcklin, Peter von Cornelius, Friedrich Geselschap, Ferdinand von Harrach, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Adolph von Menzel, Franz Skarbina and Karl Friedrich Schinkel were shown. 1897: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Peter Breuer, Richard Friese and Max Liebermann and a small gold medal each for Fritz Heinemann, Albert Hertel, Otto March, Georg Ludwig Meyn, Hugo Mühlig and René Reinicke.[35] Other exhibiting artists included , Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, , Hans Dahl, Gustav Eberlein, Elisabeth von Eicken, Henri Fantin-Latour, Anna Gerresheim, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Carl Langhein, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Ascan Lutteroth, Carl Malchin, Otto Modersohn, Fritz Overbeck, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, Martha Rose-Grabow, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Theodor Wedepohl. 1898: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Bruno Schmitz and Pierre Charles van der Stappen and a small gold medal each for Hans Everding, Luděk Marold, , Martin Wolff and Karl Ziegler. Other exhibiting artists included: Hans am Ende, Ernst Barlach, Olga Boznańska, Lovis Corinth, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Ferdinand Hodler, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Käthe Kollwitz, Carl Larsson, Hugo Lederer, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Fritz Mackensen, Carl Malchin, Max Nonnenbruch, Fritz Overbeck, Hermann Prell, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Franz Skarbina, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Max Unger and Heinrich Vogeler. 1899: (collective exhibition) and (collective exhibition) each received a large gold medal and Gonzalo Bilbao, Isidor Kaufmann, Wojciech Kossak, (collective exhibition), Julius Schmid, Louis Tuaillon, Hermann Vogel and Vollmer & Jassoy (architectural community) each received a small gold medal. Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Mathilde Block, Hans Bohrdt (Kollektivausstellung), Olga Boznańska, Carl Breitbach (Collective exhibition), Hans Dahl, Louis Douzette, , Carl Gehrts (Kollektivausstellung), Karl Gussow, Stanisław Grocholski, Ernst Hausmann (Collective exhibition), Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Adolph von Menzel, Francesco Paolo Michetti (Kollektiv-Ausstellung), Max Nonnenbruch, Max Rabes (Collective exhibition), Karl Lorenz Rettich, Hugo Richter-Lefensdorf, , Teutwart Schmitson (Collective exhibition), Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm, Hans Thoma and Theodor Wedepohl. 1900: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Hans Hermann, Cornelius Van Leemputten and Hugo Vogel (Special Exhibition) and a small gold medal each for Luigi Bazzani, Ludwig Cauer, , , Carl Jacoby, Paul Joanovits, Ludwig Kühn and Emil Oestermann. Other exhibiting artists included: Ernst Barlach, Ernst Bernardien, Olga Boznańska, Eugen Bracht (Special Exhibition), Fanny Brate, Moritz Coschell, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Jean Delville, Gustav Eberlein, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Franz von Lenbach, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Anders Montan, Max Nonnenbruch, Karl Rudolf Sohn, Fritz Sturm, Heinrich Vogeler, (Special Exhibition) and Emile Wauters (Special Exhibition). 1901: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Robert Diez, Wilhelm Haverkamp and Fritz Schaper and jeweils eine kleine Goldmedaille Albert Aublet, Hans Bohrdt, Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl, Ludwig Hoffmann, Ferdinand Schmutzer and Ernst Wenck. Other exhibiting artists included: August Achtenhagen, Ernst Barlach, Mathilde Block, Olga Boznańska, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Max Frey, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, Franz von Lenbach (Special Exhibition), Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Adolph von Menzel, Alfred Mohrbutter, József Rippl-Rónai, Karl Lorenz Rettich, , Franz von Stuck, Fritz Sturm, Heinrich Vogeler and Hedwig Weiß. 1902: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Arthur Kampf and Wilhelm von Rümann and a small gold medal each for Karl Theodor Boehme, Pietro Canonica, , Hans Grässel, Hermann Hartwig, Alexander Koester and Jules Lagae. Other exhibiting artists included: Mathilde Block, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Franz von Lenbach, Emmy Lischke, Rudolf Marcuse, Alfred Mohrbutter, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Max Nonnenbruch, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Heinrich Schlotermann Fritz Sturm and Julie Wolfthorn. 1903: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Carl Bantzer, Adolf Brütt and John Singer Sargent and a small gold medal each for Edwin Austin Abbey, Fritz Burger, von Hoven & Neher (Bauräte), Hugo Lederer, Ferdinand Lepcke and Carl Vinnen. Other exhibiting artists included: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Hans am Ende, Ernst Bernardien, , Paul Cézanne, William Merritt Chase, Moritz Coschell, Walter Crane, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, James Ensor, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Fernand Khnopff, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Claude Monet, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Camille Pissarro, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Karl Lorenz Rettich, Heinrich Schlotermann, Alfred Sisley, Franz Skarbina, Paul Vorgang, Julie Wolfthorn, Heinrich Vogeler and Theodor Wedepohl. 1904: One large gold medal each was awarded to: (The Younger), Erich Eltze, Heinrich Hermanns, , Hugo Poll, , Alfred Schwarz, and Constantin Starck. Other exhibiting artists included: Eugen Bracht, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Alexander Essfeld, Lyonel Feininger, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, , Franz von Lenbach, Ascan Lutteroth, Paul Müller-Kaempff, , Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm, Theodor Wedepohl and . 1905: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Franz Skarbina and Ferdinand Schmutzer and a small gold medal for each of Moritz Röbbecke, Hermann Schaper, Eduard Beyrer (Son of Josef Beyrer) and Arthur Lewin-Funcke. Other exhibiting artists included:Ernst Bernardien, Eugen Bracht, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Elisabeth von Eicken, Ernst Eitner, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Jahn, Hermann Kauffmann, Fritz Lang, Carl Langhein, Walter Leistikow, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Paul Nauen, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, Fritz Sturm, Paul Vorgang and Willy Werner. 1906: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Louis Tuaillon and Franz Schwechten and a small gold medal each for Franz Hoffmann-Fallersleben, Josef Hinterseher, Paul Oesten and Wilhelm Wandschneider. Other exhibiting artists included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Mathilde Block, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Heinrich Giebel, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Rudolf Hermanns, Samuel Hirszenberg, Adolf Jahn, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, , František Kupka, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, Franz Skarbina, Paul Vorgang and . The retrospective exhibition, which was part of the exhibition, featured among others Werke von Arnold Böcklin, Peter von Cornelius, Hans Dahl, Anselm Feuerbach, Friedrich Geselschap, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Wilhelm Leibl, Franz von Lenbach, Max Liebermann, Ascan Lutteroth, Hans Makart, Adolph von Menzel, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Carl Spitzweg shown. 1907: A large gold medal was awarded to: Fritz Burger and a small gold medal each for Fritz Boehle, Karl Hilgers, Julius Paul Junghanns, Josef Pallenberg, Bruno Paul, Martin Schauß, , Rudolf Schulte im Hofe, Paul Schulz, Friedrich Stahl and . Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, , Mathilde Block, Arnold Böcklin, Gustave Courbet, Hans Dahl, Anthonis van Dyck, Ernst Eitner, , Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Samuel Hirszenberg, Arthur Illies, Käthe Kollwitz, Fritz Lang, Hugo Lederer, Franz von Lenbach, Maria Lübbes, Ascan Lutteroth, Hans Makart, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Paul Nauen, Hermann Nolte, George Romney, John Singer Sargent, Franz Skarbina, Fritz Sturm and Hans Thoma. 1908: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Otto Heinrich Engel and Friedrich Kallmorgen and a small gold medal each for Hermann Fenner-Behmer, Wilhelm Hambüchen, Hermann Hosaeus, Wilhelm Kimbel, Hans Looschen, Alfred Scherres and Otto Stichling. Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema, Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, Johann Michael Bossard, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ernst Eitner, , Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Arthur Illies, Erich Kips, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Wilhelm Leibl, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Otto Modersohn, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Fritz Overbeck, Paul Paede, Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, Heinrich Schlotermann, Johannes Rudolphi, Franz Skarbina, Hans Thoma, Carl Vinnen, Heinrich Vogeler, Paul Vorgang, Willy Werner and Heinrich Zille. 1909: One large gold medal each was awarded to: Ludwig Dettmann and Ludwig Hoffmann and a small gold medal each for Franz Eichhorst, and Joseph Wackerle. Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Hans am Ende, Arnold Böcklin, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ferdinand von Harrach, Heinrich Hermanns, Erich Kips, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Rudolf Marcuse, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Johannes Rudolphi, Heinrich Schlotermann, John Singer Sargent, Franz Skarbina, Carl Vinnen, Paul Vorgang, James McNeill Whistler, Heinrich Zille and Oskar Zwintscher. 1910: Among others, a gold medal was awarded to August von Brandis. Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, , Ferdinand von Harrach, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Rudolf Marcuse, Heinrich Schlotermann, Max Stern, Paul Müller-Kaempff, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, József Rippl-Rónai, Franz Skarbina, Lesser Ury, Carl Vinnen and Paul Vorgang. 1911: Among others, August von Brandis and Max Schlichting received a gold medal. Other exhibiting artists included Ernst Barlach, Eugen Bracht, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Fritz Discher, Ernst Eitner, Max Frey, Heinrich Hermanns, Erich Kips, Ascan Lutteroth, Rudolf Marcuse, Hermann Nolte, Heinrich Schlotermann, Paul Vorgang and Heinrich Zille. 1912: Exhibiting artists and artists whose works were shown retrospectively included: Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Hans Dammann, Ferdinand Dorsch, , Sophus Hansen, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Hölzel, Adolf Jahn, Carl Larsson, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Rudolf Marcuse, Max Schlichting, Heinrich Schlotermann, Joaquín Sorolla, Otto Modersohn, Franz Skarbina, Max Stern, Hans Thoma, Carl Vinnen, , Paul Vorgang and Heinrich Zille. 1913: Among others, a large gold medal was awarded to: Wilhelm Haverkamp. Other exhibiting artists and artists whose works were retrospectively shown included: Hans am Ende, Carl Arp, Ernst Bernardien, Mathilde Block, , Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Ferdinand Dorsch, Albin Egger-Lienz, Friedrich Geselschap, Karl Gussow, Ferdinand von Harrach, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Adolf Hölzel, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Erich Kips, Max Klinger, Hugo Lederer, Wilhelm Leibl, Emmy Lischke, Fritz Mackensen, Rudolf Marcuse, Adolph von Menzel, Charles Johann Palmié, Kurt Schwitters, Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, Franz Skarbina, Franz von Stuck, Hans Thoma, Max Unger, Lesser Ury, Carl Vinnen and Paul Vorgang. 1914: Willy ter Hell, among others, received three gold medals. Other exhibiting artists included: Rudolf Bacher, , Martin Brandenburg, Moritz Coschell, Hans Dahl, Edgar Degas, Ferdinand Dorsch, Ernst Eitner, Max Frey, Hermann Hendrich, Heinrich Hermanns, Theodor Hummel, Adolf Jahn, Fernand Khnopff, , Louis Legrand, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Fritz Mackensen, Rudolf Marcuse, , Fryderyk Pautsch, Odilon Redon, József Rippl-Rónai, Paul Schad-Rossa, Max Schlichting, Heinrich Schlotermann, Max Unger, Paul Vorgang, Julie Wolfthorn and Heinrich Zille. 1915: Exhibiting artists included: August von Brandis, Ernst Eitner, Otto Heinrich Engel, Willy ter Hell, Adolf Jahn, Friedrich Kallmorgen, Erich Kips, Christian Landenberger, Aenny Loewenstein, Otto Modersohn, Alfred Mohrbutter, Martin Erich Philipp, , Leo Putz, Adolf Schlabitz, , Raffael Schuster-Woldan, Julie Wolfthorn and . 1916: Exhibiting artists and artists whose works were shown retrospectively included: Mathilde Block, Edward Cucuel, Hans Dahl, Ferdinand Dorsch, Ernst Eitner, Nikolaus Friedrich, Gerhard Janensch, Franz von Lenbach, Bror Lindh, Emmy Lischke, Ascan Lutteroth, Erich Kips, Rudolf Marcuse, Otto Modersohn, Richard Müller, Paul Plontke, József Rippl-Rónai, Max Schlichting, Heinrich Schlotermann, Carl Vinnen, Paul Vorgang and Gertrud Zuelzer. 1917: Exhibiting artists included: Theo von Brockhusen, Lovis Corinth, Erich Heckel, Franz Heckendorf, Heinrich Hermanns, Ulrich Hübner, Willy Jaeckel, , Wilhelm Kohlhoff, , Gertrud von Kunowski, Hugo Lederer, Max Liebermann, Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther, Oskar Moll, Otto Mueller, Max Pechstein, Paul Plontke, Paul Schad-Rossa, Max Schlichting, Max Stern, Carl Vinnen, Paul Vorgang and . New acquisitions from the Düsseldorf municipal art collections on display included works by Arnold Böcklin, Anselm Feuerbach, Louis Gurlitt, Max Klinger, Max Liebermann, Hans von Marées, Mihály von Munkácsy, Hermann Nolte, Eduard Schleich der Ältere, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Moritz von Schwind, Hans Thoma, Wilhelm Trübner and Fritz von Uhde. 1918: Exhibiting artists included: Hans Baluschek, Gregor von Bochmann, Martin Brandenburg, , Erich Büttner, Max Clarenbach, Lovis Corinth, Ludwig Dettmann, August Deusser, Ferdinand Dorsch, Franz Eichhorst, Otto Heinrich Engel, , Eduard von Gebhardt (Special exhibition), Theodor Hagen, Emanuel Hegenbarth, , Heinrich Hermanns, Hans Herrmann, Ulrich Hübner, , Willy Jaeckel, Georg Jahn, , Friedrich Kallmorgen, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, César Klein, Fritz Klimsch, Gertrud von Kunowski, Max Liebermann, Hubert Netzer, Walter Ophey, Heinrich Otto, Max Pechstein, Ernst te Peerdt, Max Rabes, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Karli Sohn-Rethel, Otto Sohn-Rethel, Willy Spatz, Eugene Spiro, Lesser Ury, Adolf Uzarski and Max Volkhart. Weimar Republic 1919: Exhibiting artists included Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann, Ernst Barlach, Rudolf Belling, Eugen Bracht, , Marc Chagall, Lovis Corinth, , Otto Freundlich, Fritz Friedrichs, August Gaul, , Erich Heckel, Bernhard Hoetger, Karl Hofer, Willy Jaeckel, Leopold von Kalckreuth, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Paul Klee, César Klein, Oskar Kokoschka, Georg Kolbe, Otto Lange, Max Liebermann, Hans Looschen, Gerhard Marcks, , , Otto Möller, Otto Mueller, Emil Orlik, Max Pechstein, Adolf Schlabitz, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Rudolf Schulte im Hofe, Eugene Spiro, Georg Tappert, Wilhelm Trübner, Lesser Ury, Erich Waske, Emil Rudolf Weiß, Julie Wolfthorn and Augusta von Zitzewitz. 1920: Exhibiting artists included Otto Antoine, Albert Aereboe, Rudolf Belling, Eugen Bracht, Georges Braque, , Otto Dix, Max Esser, Fidus, , Albert Gleizes, Paul Goesch, Hannah Höch, Bernhard Hoetger, Alexej von Jawlensky, Wassily Kandinsky, Erich Kips, César Klein, , Fernand Léger, Sabine Lepsius, Hans Looschen, , Moritz Melzer, Paul Peterich, Christian Rohlfs, Hans Scharoun, Rudolf Schulte im Hofe, Franz Stassen, Fritz Stuckenberg, Georg Tappert, and Julie Wolfthorn. 1921:Exhibiting artists included Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann, Ernst Barlach, , Georges Braque, Peter August Böckstiegel, , Heinrich Campendonk, Marc Chagall, André Derain, Fritz Discher, Otto Dix, Juan Gris, , , Raoul Hausmann, Werner Heuser, Hannah Höch, Karl Hofer, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Max Klinger (Memorial exhibition), Oskar Kokoschka, Erich Kips, Marie Laurencin, Fernand Léger, Max Liebermann, , Otto Möller, Emil Orlik, Pablo Picasso, Max Pechstein, Paul Plontke, Hans Purrmann, Christian Rohlfs, Maurice de Vlaminck, Max Peiffer Watenphul, Emil Rudolf Weiß and Julie Wolfthorn. 1922: Exhibiting artists included Georg Curt Bauch, Hermann Busse, , Max Ernst, , Werner Graeff, Hugo Häring, Erich Kips, Fritz Köhler, El Lissitzky, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Otto Möller, Ivan Puni, Christian Rohlfs, Heinrich Schlotermann, Georg Scholz, Franz von Stuck, Hans Unger and Paul Vorgang. 1923: Exhibiting artists included Otto Altenkirch, Otto Antoine, Hans Baluschek, Willi Baumeister, Franciska Clausen, Moritz Coschell, Walter Dexel, Theo van Doesburg, Max Dungert, Werner Graeff, , Otto Hitzberger, Vilmos Huszár, Alexej von Jawlensky, El Lissitzky, Hans Looschen, Hans Luckhardt and Wassili Luckhardt, Rudolf Marcuse, Ewald Mataré, M. H. Maxy, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Möller, Peter Laszlo Peri, Ivan Puni, Max Schlichting, Arthur Segal, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Julie Wolfthorn. 1924: Exhibiting artists included Hans Baluschek, Ernst Barlach, Georg Curt Bauch, Willi Baumeister, Hermann Busse, Lovis Corinth, Heinrich Maria Davringhausen, Lyonel Feininger, Otto Griebel, Walter Gropius, George Grosz, Hugo Häring, Gustav Hilbert, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, César Klein, , Alfred Kubin, Otto Lange, Melchior Lechter, Max Liebermann, Ewald Mataré, Adolf Meyer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, László Moholy-Nagy, Albert Müller, Oskar Schlemmer, Fritz Schumacher, Max Slevogt, , Christoph Voll und Julie Wolfthorn. Retrospectively shown works were among others: von Lovis Corinth, Friedrich Kallmorgen, Walter Leistikow, Max Liebermann, Hans Looschen, Otto Mueller, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Max Slevogt and Hans Thoma. 1925: Exhibiting artists included Georg Curt Bauch, Ferdinand Dorsch, Eduard von Gebhardt (Memorial exhibition), Georg Gelbke, , Hugo von Habermann, Hermann Hendrich, Gustav Hilbert, , Erich Kips, Rudolf Marcuse, Ewald Mataré, Wilhelm Schnarrenberger, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Kasia von Szadurska, Paul Vorgang, Erich Waske, Julie Wolfthorn and Gustav Wunderwald. 1926: Exhibiting artists included Alexander Archipenko, Hans Arp, Hans Baluschek, Willi Baumeister, Marc Chagall, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay-Terk, Max Ernst, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Hugo Häring, , Jacoba van Heemskerck, Gustav Hilbert, Hannah Höch, Adolf Hölzel, Karl Holtz, Johannes Itten, Béla Kádár, , Arthur Kampf, Wassily Kandinsky, Edmund Kesting, Erich Kips, Paul Klee, César Klein, Max Köcke-Wichmann, Käthe Kollwitz, Fernand Léger, , Max Liebermann, El Lissitzky, Jean Lurçat, Rudolf Marcuse, Ewald Mataré, Otto Möller, László Moholy-Nagy, Piet Mondrian, Gabriele Münter, , Emil Orlik, , , Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Lothar Schreyer, Kurt Schwitters, Franz Skarbina, Max Slevogt, Franz von Stuck, Lesser Ury, Erich Waske, Vincent Weber, Julie Wolfthorn, and Gustav Wunderwald. 1927: Exhibiting artists included Lou Albert-Lasard, , Willi Baumeister, Walter Bondy, Carl Buchheister, , Erich Büttner, Erich Feyerabend, George Grosz, Gustav Hilbert, Willy Jaeckel, , César Klein, Wilhelm Kohlhoff, Käthe Kollwitz (Collective exhibition), Max Liebermann (Collective exhibition), Casimir Malevich (Special exhibition), Ewald Mataré, Otto Möller, Otto Mueller, Paul Plontke, Heinrich Richter, Lothar Schreyer, Clara Siewert, Maria Slavona, Max Slevogt, Eugene Spiro, Kasia von Szadurska, Lesser Ury, Heinrich Vogeler, Erich Waske, William Wauer, Hedwig Weiß, Julie Wolfthorn and Gert Heinrich Wollheim. 1928: Exhibiting artists included Hans Baluschek, Georg Curt Bauch, Peter Behrens, Eduard Gaertner (Special exhibition), Anna Gerresheim, Walter Gropius, , Gustav Hilbert, Adolf Hölzel, Arthur Illies, Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann, Erich Kips, Louis Lejeune, El Lissitzky, Casimir Malevich, Rudolf Marcuse, Ewald Mataré, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Otto Möller, Gabriele Münter, Emil Orlik, Doramaria Purschian, Thomas Ring, Otto Rodewald, Kurt Schwitters, Clara Siewert, Erich Waske, Friedrich Wield and Julie Wolfthorn. 1929: Exhibiting artists included Hans Baluschek, Olga Boznańska, Gustav Hilbert, Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann, Louis Lejeune, Ury, Max Liebermann, Rudolf Marcuse, Emil Orlik, Clara Siewert, Erich Waske and Julie Wolfthorn. 1930: Exhibiting artists included: Hans Baluschek, Gustav Hilbert, Alexej von Jawlensky, César Klein, , Louis Lejeune, Walter Lemcke, Ury, Otto Möller, Emil Orlik, Joachim Ringelnatz, , Christian Schad, Clara Siewert, Max Slevogt, Erich Waske and Julie Wolfthorn. 1931: Exhibiting artists included: Hans Baluschek, Elsa Haensgen-Dingkuhn, Gustav Hilbert, Hannah Höch, Alexej von Jawlensky, César Klein, Louis Lejeune, Walter E. Lemcke, Otto Möller, László Moholy-Nagy, Joachim Ringelnatz, Johannes Friedrich Rogge, Christian Schad, Clara Siewert und Julie Wolfthorn. 1932: Exhibiting artists included: , , Doramaria Purschian and Harriet von Rathlef. German Reich 1933 to 1945 1933: Exhibiting artists included: Otto Antoine, Hans Baluschek, , Carl Blechen, Ernst Böhm, August von Brandis, Erich Büttner, Emil Cauer, Emma Cotta, Erich Feyerabend, Werner Gilles, Emil van Hauth, , , Karl Hofer, Willy Jaeckel, , , , Ernst Wilhelm Nay, , Max Pechstein, Harriet von Rathlef, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Clara Siewert, Franz Skarbina, Milly Steger, , Emil Rudolf Weiß, , Gustav Wunderwald and . 1934: Exhibiting artists included: , Otto Antoine, Hans Baluschek, Arno Breker, Ernst Böhm, Hans Bohrdt, August von Brandis, Erich Büttner, Ludwig Dettmann, Otto Herbig, Karl Hofer, Willy Jaeckel, Franz Lenk, Erich Kips, Hermann Joachim Pagels, Max Pechstein, , Christian Schad, Milly Steger, , Emil Rudolf Weiß, Gustav Wunderwald and Magnus Zeller. 1940: Exhibiting artists included: Adolf Abel, , Emma Cotta, Ludwig Dettmann, , Fritz Koelle, Ekke Ozlberger, , Hermann Joachim Pagels, Alfred Roloff, Leonhard Sandrock, and Milly Steger. 1942: Exhibiting artists included:Adolf Abel, , Hans Bohrdt, Arno Breker, Hans Adolf Bühler, Max Clarenbach, Hanna Cauer, Ludwig Dettmann, , , Karl Gatermann, , Wilhelm Hempfing, Arthur Illies, Georg Kolbe, , Paul Mathias Padua, Alfred Roloff, and Elisabeth Voigt. Federal Republic of Germany 1956: Exhibiting artists included: Karl Hartung, Fritz W. Kliem, Fritz Kuhr, Waldemar Rösler (Retrospective), Heinrich Schwarz and A. Paul Weber. 1957: A prize was awarded to: Waldemar Otto und einen Förderpreis Karl Hermann Roehricht. Other exhibiting artists included: Andreas Brandt, Karl Hartung, Fritz W. Kliem, Fritz Kuhr, Werner Kunkel, Doramaria Purschian, Heinrich Schwarz and Tom Sommerlatte. 1958: Exhibiting artists included:n Fritz W. Kliem, Hans Körnig, Fritz Kuhr, Werner Kunkel, Hans Laabs, Max Lachnit, Otto Möller, Doramaria Purschian, Gertrude Sandmann, Heinrich Schwarz and A. Paul Weber. 1959: A Grand Prize was awarded to: Paran G’schrey. Other exhibiting artists included: Jürgen Draeger, Hermann Glöckner, Karl Hartung, Fritz Kuhr, Hans Laabs, Otto Möller, Heinrich Schwarz and Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern. 1960: A Grand Prize was awarded to: Paul Kuhfuss and one prize each were awarded to: Achim Freyer, Matthias Koeppel und Katharina Szelinski-Singer. Other exhibiting artists included: Jürgen Draeger, Werner Kunkel, Kurt Mühlenhaupt, Heinrich Schwarz and A. Paul Weber. 1961: A Grand Prize was awarded to: Paul Ohnsorge for his body of work. Other exhibiting artists included: Jürgen Draeger, Eva-Maria Geisler, Heinrich Richter, Emy Roeder, Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern, Elfriede Stegemeyer, A. Paul Weber und Augusta von Zitzewitz (Gedächtnisschau). Einen Studienpreis erhielt Karl-Heinz Herrfurth. 1962: Exhibiting artists included: Jürgen Draeger, Siegfried Kühl and Peter Sorge. 1963: Exhibiting artists included: Siegfried Kühl and Peter Sorge. 1964: Exhibiting artists included: Peter Benkert, Siegfried Kühl, Hans Laabs, Doramaria Purschian and Peter Sorge. 1965: Exhibiting artists included: Jan Bontjes van Beek, Peter Robert Keil, Siegfried Kühl, Heinrich Richter, Eugen Schönebeck and Peter Sorge. 1966: Exhibiting artists included: Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann, Eva-Maria Geisler, Peter Robert Keil, Siegfried Kühl, Gisbert Pupp and Peter Sorge. 1967: Exhibiting artists included: Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann, Karl Hartung, Siegfried Kühl, Peter Sorge and Hermann Waldenburg (Special show). 1968: Exhibiting artists included: Fred Bandekow, Siegfried Kühl and Peter Sorge 1969: Exhibiting artists included: Siegfried Kühl, Christiane Maether (Special show), Klaus Müller-Klug (Special show), Michael Schwarze (Special show) and Peter Sorge. Digitised exhibition catalogues References External links Art exhibitions in Germany

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Dedham%2C%20Massachusetts

Timeline of Dedham, Massachusetts

This is a timeline of the history of the town of Dedham, Massachusetts. 17th century 1630s 1635 May 6, 1635 - The General Court granted permission to residents of Watertown to set off and establish new towns. 1636 March 1636 - The General Court ordered that the bounds of what would become Dedham be mapped out. April 1636 - The committee appointed to map out the bounds reported back. August 18, 1636 - The colonial settlers met for the first time in Watertown. The Town Covenant was signed. August 18, 1636 - Thomas Bartlett was ordered to begin surveying the land of the new plantation. August 18, 1636 - The Old Village Cemetery was set apart with land taken from Nicholas Phillips and Joseph Kingsbury. August 29, 1636 - The original proprietors requested additional land on both sides of the Charles River from the General Court. September 7, 1636 - The General Court incorporated Dedham. September 5, 1636 - The number of proprietors grew from 18 at the first meeting to 25 proprietors willing to set out for the new community. November 25, 1636 - So few people had actually moved to Dedham that the proprietors voted to require every man to move to Dedham permanently by the first day of the following November or they would lose the land they had been granted. November 1636 - A loophole was closed to ensure that those who were not committed to the same ideals were not admitted as townsmen. 1637 1637 - There are 31 men, plus their families, living in Dedham. 1637- The Fairbanks House was constructed. 1637 - Abraham Shaw arrived in Dedham. He was granted of land as long as he erected a watermill, which he intended to build on the Charles River near the present day Needham Street bridge. March 1637 -Many settlers moved to their new village. March 23, 1636–37 - The first town meeting held. April 1637 - The Town voted to begin keeping watch to prevent Indian attacks. May 1637 - Residents were lamenting the time and resources they were spending on patrols. June 3, 1637 - Ruth Morse was the first child born to white parents, John and Annis, in Dedham. July 18, 1637 - John Allin, Michael Metcalf, Robert Hinsdale, Eleazer Lusher, Timothy Dalton, and Allin's brother-in-law, Thomas Fisher, and others were admitted to town. August 11, 1637 - A total of 46 house lots had been laid out and it was voted to stop admitting new residents. August 11, 1637 - The Town voted to invite Peter Prudden and 15 or more of his followers to join them, but since Dedham was not geographically situated to become a center of commerce the invitation was declined. Late 1637 - Meetings are held to consider forming a church. 1638 1638 - First survey of the town is undertaken. 1638 - Abraham Shaw died before he could complete his mill. 1638 - Seven-year-old John Dwight disappeared in the woods near Wigwam Pond, an area known to be particularly infested with wolves. January 1, 1638 -The Town voted to construct a meetinghouse. November 1638 - The meeting house is complete. November 8, 1638- The church covenant was signed and the First Church and Parish in Dedham was gathered. 1639 1639 - Thomas Bartlett had stopped surveying land, work for which he was not paid. Late 1639 - John Phillips, though he had earlier rejected a call to be minister, decided to settle in Dedham after all. March 25, 1639 - Mother Brook was ordered to be dug at public expense by the Town, and a tax was levied on settlers to pay for it. April 24, 1639 - John Allin was ordained as pastor. John Hunting was ordaind Ruling Elder. May 3, 1639 - The first seven selectmen were chosen "by general consent" and given "full power to contrive, execute and perform all the business and affairs of this whole town." May 17, 1639 - The first Town Clerk was elected. 1640s 1640s - The town began permitting residents to fence in their strips of land in the common field. 1640 - There are more than 200 residents. 1640- Thomas Bartlett sold his holdings in Dedham and left town. 1641 -The first corn mill was erected by John Elderkin at a dam on East Brook next to the present day Condon Park and near the intersection of Bussey St and Colburn St. January 1, 1644, by unanimous vote, Dedham authorized the first U.S. taxpayer-funded public school; "the seed of American education." July 14, 1641 - First recorded instance of water running through Mother Brook. October 1641 - John Phillips became unsatisfied in his new pulpit and returned to his old church in England. 1642 - Only months after opening his mill, John Elderkin moved out of town. He sold half of his rights to Whiting and the other half to John Allin, Nathan Aldis, and John Dwight. 1643 - A common tillage field of 200 acres was laid out and each man was assigned a specific length of fence to build to enclose it. 1644 - A sawmill was opened in Tiot. 1645 - Needham Street was laid out. 1646 - An addition is ordered to be built on the meetinghouse. 1646 - Jonathan Fairbanks joined the First Church and Parish in Dedham. 1648 - A vote is taken to purchase a bell for the meetinghouse. 1648 - There are approximately 400 residents. 1648 - John Thurston was commission by the town to build the first schoolhouse; he received a partial payment of £11.0.3 on December 2, 1650. 1648 to 1688 - The number of family names in town decreased from 63 to 57. 1649 - Joshua Fisher started Fisher's Tavern. October 23, 1649 - The General Court granted additional lands in what is today Medway so long as they established a separate village there within one year. 1650s 1650- Dedham agreed to give up of what is today Natick to the "praying Indians. 1651 - There are approximately 100 families in Dedham. January 11, 1651 - Town Meeting voted to release Medfield. May 1651 - The General Court agreed to release Medfield. 1651 - A one shilling fine was imposed for taking a canoe without permission. January 1652 - Town Meeting voted to dig the "Great Ditch," creating the island of Riverdale. 1652 - Nathaniel Whiting sold his mill and all his town rights to John Dwight, Francis Chickering, Joshua Fisher, and John Morse for 250 pounds, but purchased it back the following year. 1652 - A bell is hung in the meetinghouse. January 1653 - The Town offered land to Robert Crossman if he would build a mill on the Charles where Shaw had originally intended. 1653 - Gunpowder begins to be stored in the meetinghouse roof. Disputes began arising with the Praying Indians of Natick. 1656 - Only three percent of the land, 3,000 acres, had been distributed, with the rest being retained by the town. Between 1656 and 1667, over 15,000 acres were allotted to townsmen. 1658 - A committee was appointed to look into setting up an ironworks within the town. 1658 - Jonathan Fairbanks served as selectman. 1657 1657 - Henry Phillips, a former selectman, was so upset by his allotment that he took off and moved to Boston. He led a group of dissatisfied settlers in a rare public complaint. He brought his complaint before the General Court, which was an action even more rare in a community whose covenant called for disputes to be resolved by local mediation. 1657 - The plastering work in the meetinghouse is complete. 1657 - There was still 125,000 acres remaining to be distributed to settlers. January 23, 1657 -The growth of the town was further limited to descendants of those living there at the time. Newcomers could settle there, so long as they were like-minded, but they would have to buy their way into the community. Land was no longer freely available for those who wished to join. Late 1650s There are more than 150 men, plus others, living in Dedham. 1660s 1660 - New residents were not invited to sign the Dedham Covenant. 1660 - Five men were sent to explore the lakes near George Indian's wigwam in Wollomonopoag and to report back to the selectmen what they found. March 1661 - It was voted to start a new settlement at Wollomonopoag. The Town sent Richard Ellis and Timothy Dwight to go negotiate with King Phillip to purchase the title to the area. 1661 - Dedham gave up attempts at friendly solutions and took the Praying Indians to court, suing for title to the land the Indians were inhabiting. 1661 - Richard Ellis refused to serve as Town Clerk. 1663 - A committee dispatched to evaluate land granted in return for 2,000 acres given to the "praying Indians" of Natick submitted a bill for their expenses. 1663 - A decline in church membership meant nearly half the men in town were not members. January 1663 - A meeting was called, and the 10 men who volunteered to go to Wollomonopoag raised several concerns about their ability to establish a village there. June 24, 1665 - Deadline given to Daniel Pond and Ezra Morse to erect a new corn mill on Mother Brook. August 1669 - The Town Fathers received an odd letter from King Phillip offering to negotiate for more land if they would quickly send him a "holland shirt." 1670s 1670s - As the Utopian spirit of the community waned, it became necessary to impose a tax to ensure the minister was paid. 1670 - Less than half of residents were church members. May 23, 1670 - The drawing of lots took place in what is today Deerfield. 1671 1671 - Five men attempt again to start a settlement at Wollomonopoag. April 12, 1671 - Zachariah Smith was passing through Dedham. He was found dead the next morning. August 1671 - John Allin dies. December 1671 - William Adams has been apprached several times about becoming Dedham's new minister. 1672 February 17, 1672 - William Adams agrees to preach in Dedham. 1673 February 3, 1673 - A referendum to build a new meetinghouse was held with voters casting a piece of white corn if they were in favor and a piece of red corn if they were opposed. The vote was nearly unanimous in favor. May 7, 1673 - The General Court separated the town of Deerfield, with additional lands, provided they establish a church and settle a minister within three years. May 27, 1673 - William Adams moves to Dedham. June 16, 1673 - The new meetinghouse was erected. September 1673 - William Adams begins preaching on a trial basis. October 16, 1673 The General Court separated the new town of Wrentham, Massachusetts. December 3, 1673 - William Adams is ordained. 1674 1674 - People began sitting in places other than those assigned for them in the meetinghouse. 1675 1675 - Laws that restricted the presence of strangers were rarely enforced. 1675 - The Colony took the Town to court for failing to establish a grammar school. 1675 - Taxpayers paid more the county and colony than they did to the town, reflecting a growing importance of the regional bodies and the cost of the colony expanding westward. June 26, 1675 - Captain Daniel Henchmen and a company of militiamen arrived in Dedham after the raid on Swansea. December 8, 1675 - Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow and Captain Benjamin Church rode from Boston to Dedham to take charge of the 465 soldiers and 275 cavalry assembling there and together departed on for the Great Swamp Fight. 1676 February 1676 - During the battle in Lancaster, Jonas Fairbanks and his son Joshua both died. Richard Wheeler, whose son Joseph was killed in battle the previous August, also died that day. July 25, 1676 - Pomham, one of King Phillip's chief advisors, was captured in Dedham. 1677 September 1677 - John Plympton and Quentin Stockwell were captured in Deerfield and marched to Canada. November 1677 - When a great black boar, eight feet long, walked into town, nearly every man was assembled around it with his musket before they could subdue it. Eventually it would take 13 bullets before it was killed. 1678 1678 - Oldest known instance of the name "Mother Brook" being used. 1678 - Town Meeting voted not to hear any more complaints from Nathaniel Whiting about his mill. 1680s 1680s - The Town fathers sought out and purchased the rights to the land from every native person who claimed to own land or hold title. 1681 - Residents were supposed to inform the selectmen of any worker who was expected to stay in town for more than two weeks, though the law was largely ignored. 1681 - The first accounting of servants took place. There were 28 servants serving in 22 of the 112 households in town. 1681 - The town voted to collect all deeds and other writings and store them in a box kept by Deacon John Aldis in order to better preserve them. 1682 - A fulling mill was opened at Saw Mill Lane by Nathaniel Whiting and James Draper. 1685 - William Adams dies. 1685 to 1692 - The church is without a minister. 1686 - Much of the overt Utopian spirit the founders had instilled 50 years prior had been destroyed. 1686 - There are more than 600 residents in town. 1690s 1691 - As the county grew more powerful, the town began more closely following the law lest they get fined. 1691 - The Colony took the Town to court for failing to establish a grammar school. Late 1691 - The church voted again to accept the half-way covenant and declared that Allin was right to have tried to get them to accept it. March 1692 - Joseph Belcher began preaching. November 29, 1693 - Joseph Belcher was installed as the minister. 1699 -The Morse dam at present day Maverick Street was removed, and Morse was given 40 acres of land near the Neponset River at Tiot in compensation. 18th century 1700s 1700 - There were between 700 and 750 residents in Dedham. 1700 - One of Whiting's mills burned, so the Town loaned him 20 pounds to rebuild. 1704 - The election of 1704 saw multiple members of the Board of Selectmen voted out of office, which was then followed by court cases and two new elections. 1706 - Some members of outlying areas were attending church in other towns. Town Meeting voted to grant the selectmen the power, on a case by case basis, to allow those individuals to deduct the money they paid for ministers outside Dedham from the taxes they paid for Dedham's minister. 1709 - A group who lived north of the Charles River asked to increase the tax rate by £8 so that they might hire a minister to preach to them. 1710s 1711 - The first poorhouse opened. 1711 - Needham became its own town. 1713 - There was no more free land to be distributed. Anyone who wished to own land from that point forward would have to purchase it. 1717 - Joseph Ellis became the first moderator from outside the village center. 1717 -Town Meeting voted to exempt residents from paying the minister's salary if they lived more than five miles from the meetinghouse. May 13, 1717 - Town Meeting voted to allow those in outlying areas to stop paying for the central village's minister and to move the school around town seasonally. November 27, 1719 - Bellingham became its own town. 1720s 1721 - Belcher came down with a "dangerous paralysis" and went to Roxbury to the home of his son-in-law, Rev. Thomas Walter. 1721 - Town Meeting voted to periodically move the school from place to place around the town, relieving the burden of students who lived in outlying areas. March 7, 1721- The sawmill village asked to establish their own church, but, the Town voted not to allow it. May 15, 1721 - The sawmill village asked to break away and become their own town. Town Meeting voted no. Autumn 1721 - Joseph Belcher became too ill to preach. March 6, 1722 - The residents of the Clapboardtrees section of town asked Town Meeting to be set off as a parish or their own town. After the election of 1726, when those from the central village recaptured the entire board of selectmen, they went directly to the General Court asking to be set off as a new town. The Court referred it to their net session, at which time they dismissed it. 1723 - Snow fell so deep that residents could not access their woodlots and had to cut the branches off of live trees to survive. 1723 - Samuel Dexter, was hired as the minister. May 1724 - The sawmill village broke away as the Town of Walpole. July 1725 - Displeased with the minister, a number of congregants walked out of the church. March 6, 1727 - The Town Meeting was so contested it took two days to finish. A secret ballot was used to elect men to fill individual seats, as opposed to voting for the entire board at the same time. Every incumbent lost their seat, the first time since 1690. November 1727 - Joseph Ellis, a resident of the Clapboardtrees section of town, was elected as representative to the General Court. Following the election, 49 men from the central village petitioned the General Court to say that his election was illegal but were unsuccessful; Ellis went on to serve six terms. 1728 - A majority of residents, which had thirty family names between them, could trace their ancestors back to 1648. March 1728 - The Town meeting descended into chaos when the moderator was struck by three men with muskets after he tried to adjourn a potentially illegal meeting. 1728 - After the brawl of 1728, and the large number of petitions sent to it, the General Court sent a committee to Dedham to investigate. They refused to consider independence, but set aside Clapboardtrees and South Dedham as a separate precinct. 1729 - The tax rolls stopped listing the names of the most prominent citizens first, as had been done by the rank conscious first settlers, and instead listed names alphabetically. 1730s 1731 - A group of Anglicans, the future St. Paul's Church began meeting in Clapboardtrees. 1732 - Nathaniel Ames moved to Dedham and developed a reputation as the village eccentric. 1734- A 20 shilling bounty per bobcat was established in 1734, and the last person to claim it did so in 1957. 1735 - Residents of Clapboardtrees hired Rev. Josiah Dwight along with some like minded residents of the village. 1736 - There were 1,200 residents. 1736 - The General Court ratified the legally dubious action of Dwight's hiring. 1736 - Some farm land had already been worn out. 1737 - Clapboardtrees became the Third Precinct. 1740s April 26, 1745 - George Whitefield preached in Dedham. 1750s 1750 There were between 1,500 and 1,600 residents. 1750 - The outer precincts contained 60% of the population but 75% of the poor. 1756 - Samuel Colburn died in the Crown Point Expedition. Though he was not an Anglican, he left almost his entire estate to the Anglican community in Dedham to establish St. Paul's Church. 1756 - With the town growing and multiple schoolhouses being built, the school was essentially split into districts. 1756 - Following Braddock's Defeat, Colonel George Washington passed through Dedham along East Street on his way to see Governor William Shirley to obtain a military commission. 1758 - The first St. Paul's Church was built on Court Street, diagonally across from where the current church stands. 1758 - Eleven Acadians arrived in Dedham in 1758 after the British deported them from what is today Nova Scotia. Though they were Catholics, the officially Protestant town accepted them and they "were allowed harbor in town as 'French Neutrals.'" 1760s 1761 - There were less than 1,900 residents. 1761 - St. Paul's Church was dedicated. October 12, 1763 - Benjamin Franklin stayed at the Ames Tavern. 1765 - There were 1,919 residents. 1765- Stagecoach service between Boston and Providence began stopping in Dedham four days a week. October 21, 1765 - Town Meeting instructed Samuel Dexter to opposed the Stamp Act 1765. July 22, 1766 - Nathaniel Ames and the Sons of Liberty erected the Pillar of Liberty on the church green at the Corner of High and Court streets. Seven months later, a 10' pillar was added with a bust of William Pitt the Younger. December 1, 1766 - Town Meeting voted to condemn the mob action in Boston that destroyed property. 1767 - Mill owners in Newton and Watertown petitioned officials for relief from the Mother Brook diversion. 1767 - A sill was installed where the Charles River is diverted into Mother Brook to control the flow. 1767 - The powder house was completed and stands today at 162 Ames Street. November 16, 1767 - After Parliament adopted the Townshend Acts, Town Meeting voted to join in the boycott of imported goods: 1770s 1770 1770 - Anglican minister William Clark commented with disdain on the republican sensibilities of Dedhamites. He found their notions of liberty to be more akin to licentiousness, and asked to be transferred to congregations in Georgetown, Maine or Annapolis, Nova Scotia, but was refused by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. March 5, 1770 - On the same day Parliament voted to repeal the Townshend Acts, Town Meeting that "we will not directly or indirectly have any commerce or dealing with those few traders... who have had so little regard to the good of their country" as to oppose the boycott. It also voted that "we will not make use of any foreign tea, nor allow the consumption of it in our respective families." 1771 1771 - St. Paul's Church was plastered and permanent seats were installed. 1772 1772 - There was a severe measles outbreak. 1773 1773 - There was a severe measles outbreak. 1773 - Martin Draper's house fell into the river. December 27, 1773 - Eleven days after the Sons of Liberty dumped tea into Boston Harbor, Town Meeting gathered to "highly approve" the actions taken by the mob and to create a Committee of Correspondence to keep in touch with other communities. 1774 1774 - The year after the Boston Tea Party, the Town outlawed India tea and appointed a committee to publish the names of any resident caught drinking it. May 1774, Eliphalet Pond signed a controversial letter with several other addressed to Governor Thomas Hutchinson that was, in the opinion of many in Dedham, too effusive in praise given the actions the British crown had recently taken on the colonies. September 6, 1774 - Richard Woodward, a member of the Committee of Correspondence, hosted the gathering that later adopted the Suffolk Resolves at the Woodward Tavern. October 18, 1774, the first parish met to choose military officers. 1775 1775 - There were more than 2,000 residents. January 1775 - There was a "long debate" about whether the Town should raise a militia company at but, unable to come to a consensus, the matter was deferred until March. March 6, 1775 - A company of 60 minutemen was established and bound to serve for nine months. April 19, 1775 - A messenger came "down the Needham road" with news about the battle in Lexington. Within an hour of the first notice, the "men of Dedham, even the old men, received their minister's blessing and went forth, in such numbers that scarce one male between sixteen and seventy was left at home." May 29, 1775 - The Town voted to hire an additional 120 minutemen. June 17, 1775 - 17 Dedham men fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 1776 April 1776 - Residents stoned the Anglican church and then took it for use as a military storehouse. April 4, 1776 - George Washington spent the night at Samuel Dexter's home on his way to New York. May 1776 - Town Meeting voted that"if the Honourable Congress should, for the safety of the Colonies, declare their independence of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they, the said Inhabitants, will solemnly engage with their lives and fortunes to support them in the measure." 1777 March 1777 - Rev. William Clark, who held controversial Tory views, announced that he would cease preaching; such an action was easier to swallow than eliminating prayers for the king. May 19, 1777 - Clark, along with Samuel White, Tim Richards, Jr., and Daniel Webb, were charged by the Selectmen with being traitors to the American Revolution. May 21, 1977 - Clark was surrounded by a mob as he went home, but "escaped on my parole." June 5, 1777 - Clark was arrested and held for a day at the Woodward Tavern in a room with a picture of Oliver Cromwell. 1780s 1786 - Nathaniel Kingsbury, Dedham's representative in General Court, was instructed to support laws to reform the practice of law or to simply abolish the profession of lawyer all together. 1787 - Mother Brook's fourth mill was established at present day Stone Mill Drive. The school districts were officially established by law. 1790s 1790 - Nathaniel Ames was elected to the General Court but refused to serve. 1791 1791 - Nathaniel Ames was elected to the General Court. Upon his election, Ames noted in his diary that he accepted "upon their acceptance to dispense with my attendance... I consider myself as a nominal Representative only to save the Town from being fined." 1792 1792 - William Montague became pastor at St. Paul's Church. 1792 - Montague began laying out streets and house lots on the Colburn grant. The first street Montague laid out, modern day Church Street, was the first street in Dedham to be laid out with house lots on either side, as opposed to simply being a road to connect one farm to another. 1792 - St. Paul's Church offered their building for use of the courts, but it was in such poor condition that the county declined. 1793 March 26, 1793 - Norfolk County was created, with Dedham as the shiretown. 1794 January 7, 1794 - It was so cold in the Norfolk County Courthouse, which lacked any sort of heating, that they moved to the Woodward Tavern across the street. October 1794 - Timothy Gay deeded land to the county for the creation of a jail next to his tavern on Highland Street. 1795 1795- The jail was completed. February 1795 - The jail received its first prisoner. 1975 -Charles Bulfinch was hired to design a turret for the courthouse. 1795 - The first post office was established in Jeremiah Shuttleworth's West India Goods shop on High Street at the site of the present day Dedham Historical Society building. 1796 1796 - A new company was charted by the General Court granting Calvin Whiting the right to deliver water from Federal Hill to house in the High Street and Franklin Square areas using hollowed out pine logs. 1796 - The Columbian Minerva newspaper was established by Benjamin and Nathaniel Heaton. 1797 1797 - St. Paul's tried to move their church to Franklin Square, but it collapsed. Late 1797 - The Heaton brothers sold the Columbian Minerva to Herman Mann. 1798 1798 - St. Paul's was reconstructed using various portions of an abandoned church in Stoughton. July 4, 1798 - Fisher Ames hosted an Independence Day party for 60 residents that was complete with patriotic songs and speeches. The attendees wrote a complimentary letter to President John Adams, pledging their support should the new nation go to war with France. October 1798 - David Brown, Benjamin Fairbanks and about 40 others erected a large liberty pole on the Hartford Road. Brown received the harshest penalty ever imposed under the Alien and Sedition Acts while Fairbanks got the lightest. 19th century Late 1800s - First large number of Italians moved into Dedham. 1800s 1800 - A fire truck made by Paul Revere was purchased by a group of citizens and donated to the Town as "a public utility and a very great security against the calamities of fire." 1800 - A group of tinsmiths from Connecticut, including Calvin Whiting and Eli Parsons, began a business at the corner of Lowder and High Streets. They attracted additional businesses, including a dry good store. The area became known as Connecticut Corner. 1800 - Colburn Gay of Dedham wished to marry Sarah Ellis of Walpole. The laws at the time said that a wedding must take place in the town of the bride, however Gay insisted that Rev. Thomas Thatcher preside. Thatcher was the minister in Dedham's third parish, however, and could not officiate outside of the town's borders. To resolve this dilemma the couple stood on the Walpole side of Bubbling Brook, and Thatcher stood on the Dedham side. They were married across the stream. May 18, 1801 - Jason Fairbanks murdered Elizabeth Fales. August 5, 1801 - Fairbanks' murder trial begins. Interest in the case involving two prominent families was so great that the trial was moved to the First Parish Meetinghouse across the street from the courthouse. August 8, 1801 - Fairbanks was found guilty and sentenced to death. August 17, 1801 - Fairbanks escaped from jail along with several others. September 10, 1801 - Fairbanks was returned to Dedham and was hanged. In addition to the military presence, "the 10,000 people who showed up at the Town Common to witness the execution were five times the town’s population at the time." 1802 - The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike forced the moving and reorienting the Colburn family home. It originally sat across what is today the road, and was moved to a position on the new corner where the Knights of Columbus building is today on the northwest corner of the Washington Street-High Street intersection. 1802 - A local mason named Martin Marsh built his brick home at what is today 19 Court Street and was then right on one of the new turnpikes. April 1802 - Rev. Joshua Bates was called to serve as associate pastor. December 30, 1802 - Bates was offered a lifetime appointment to the Dedham pulpit, over the objections of some members. A Masonic lodge opened. March 16, 1803 - Bates was ordained "before a very crowded, but a remarkably civil and brilliant assembly." May 17, 1803 - Jason Haven died. 1805 - A vote was taken to expand the meetinghouse, but nothing came from it. August 12, 1805 - Martin Marsh saw the traffic flowing daily past his house and quickly turned his home into a tavern. 1807 - A second votes was taken to expand the meetinghouse, but nothing came from it either. 1807 - Nathaniel Ames discovered the Town was using the taxes he paid for the support of the church to pay the First Church's minister, and not his new Anglican church minister. The tax collector told him it was a bad law and refused to follow it, which prompted Ames to retort that he was as big of a tyrant as Napoleon Bonaparte. 1808 - Fisher Ames had enough with Rev. Bates and joined Dedham's Anglican church instead. 1809 - A mill at the Fourth Privlege at Mother Brook burned down but was rebuilt with a new raceway and foundation. March 1809 - The Mother Brook Mill-owners Association and their counterpart on the Charles went to the Supreme Judicial Court and petitioned for Commissioners of Sewers to determine the proper amount of water to be diverted into Mother Brook. July 4, 1809 - A group of Republicans dragged the old town cannon to just below Bates' bedroom window and blew it in the middle of the night. September 1, 1809 - The Mother Brook Mill-owners Association incorporated to protect their interests. 1810s June 4, 1810 - In an expression of public outrage, a number of Dedham citizens assembled" and founded the Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves. 1811 - A committee was formed to look into complaints that the Norfolk Cotton Manufactory did not provide enough water for downstream mills to use. 1812 - After the War of 1812 brought ruin to the Norfolk Cotton Manufactory, the mill was purchased by Benjamin Bussey. 1814 - A fifth privilege was granted on Mother Brook in what is today Hyde Park. 1814 - The Dedham Bank was founded. 1817 - During his tour of the country, President James Monroe visited Dedham and stayed at the home of future Congressman Edward Dowse. 1818 - Rev. William Montague left Dedham. 1818 - Itinerant Methodist ministers begin holding services in private homes in Dedham. 1818 - Bates asked to be dismissed from the First Church to accept the presidency of Middlebury College. It is assumed that, due to his differing political beliefs and his politically tinged sermons, that many in the congregation were glad to let him go. His last sermon was delivered February 5, 1818. March 1, 1818 - The pulpit committee at First Church introduced Alvan Lamson for the first time. July 13, 1818 - The pulpit committee held a meeting to discuss the search for a minister. The committee favored Lamson, but many congregants asked for someone else. August 31, 1818 - Two meetings were held at First Church. The first, of the parish, voted to call Lamson by a vote of 81-44. The second, of the church, rejected Lamson by a vote of 17-15. The legality of both meetings would later be called into question. September 27, 1818 - Rev. Ganet of Cambridgeport preached at the Sunday service and read a letter of acceptance from Lamson. Several members of the congregation angrily stormed out of the meetinghouse, a few fainted, and one woman threw a violent fit. October 14, 1818 - First Church sent letters to 15 other churches calling for a council to consider the situation. All those invited were either already Unitarian or soon would be. October 29, 1818 - The Council announced that, after hearing the arguments of both sides the previous day, it would proceed to ordain Lamson. At the ordination ceremony, several deacons and other congregants got up and walked out. After Lamson's ordination, the conservative members who opposed Lamson removed all of the church's portable assets, including parish records, funds, and the valuable silver used for communion with them. They also removed cash, bonds, promissory notes, leases, and accounts. The communion silver was kept in a closet within the church, but disappeared after someone entered through a window. November 18, 1818 - A second council was held, this time with congregational churches participating. It expressed a mild condemnation of the parish for appointing a minister against the wishes of the church, though some council members pushed for stronger language. 1819 - The Commonwealth sued the Town for failing to hire a grammar school teacher. January 29, 1819 - The conservative breakaway members of the church began advertising for contractors to build them a new meetinghouse. March 1819 - Judge Samuel Haven published a 100 page pamphlet outlying the argument against Lamson. In it, he used derogatory and insulting language to describe his opponents. December 1, 1819 - Haven was arrested after being sued for libel. December 30, 1819 - The dedication of the Allin Congregational Church took place in a blizzard. 1820s February 1820 - Baker v. Fales was heard. In the case, the remaining members of the First Church, brought a suit of replevin against the breakaway church. They asked a court to order that the records, funds, silver, and other items be returned. October 1820 - Baker v. Fales was appealed to the Supreme Judicial Court February 1821 - The court unanimously ruled that "[w]hatever the usage in settling ministers, the Bill of Rights of 1780 secures to towns, not to churches, the right to elect the minister, in the last resort." 1822 - Baptists begin holding services in Dedham. 1823 - Horace Mann opened a law practice in Dedham. 1824 - Holes are drilled in the side of a rock to set the proper level of Mother Brook. July 4, 1825 - Masonic ceremonies, bell ringing and cannon fire accompanied the laying of the cornerstone of the new Norfolk County Courthouse. February 20, 1827 - The new courthouse was dedicated. 1828 - A Town House was built on Bullard Street. 1830s 1832 - Moll Pitcher asked a workman for a sip of his cider. When he refused, she broke her clay pipe in two and told the worker that the same thing would happen to his neck. She also said that the Nanhattan Street house he was working on would burn to the ground, which it did years later. 1836 - Railroads arrived in Dedham. December 3, 1831 - An agreement was made where one-third of the Charles River flow would be diverted to Mother Brook, and two-thirds would remain in the Charles for use by downstream owners. 1832 - President Andrew Jackson stopped for lunch at the Norfolk House. October 30, 1832 - A fire broke out in the stables of what would become the Phoenix hotel and destroyed both. January 7, 1834 - There was another fire in the stables at the Phoenix Hotel. 1835 - The stone mill was erected on present day Stone Mill Drive. Dover broke away to become its own town. 1840s 1840s - The Irish began moving to Dedham following the Great Famine. 1842 - The last stagecoach went out of business. 1842 - The first resident Methodist pastor, Rev. Joseph Pond, arrived in Dedham. 1843 - A Methodist church was completed on Milton Street near the intersection with Walnut Street. 1843 - The first Baptist Church opened near Maverick Street. May 15, 1843 - The first Catholic Mass in Dedham was celebrated in the home of Daniel Slattery, with eight Catholics present. 1844 - The School Committee began recommending that the town establish a high school. 1845 - There were more than 500 people employed in local industries. 1845 - St. Paul's Church was consecrated. The Temperance Hall Association, which was part of the temperance movement that opposed alcohol, purchased the old Norfolk County Courthouse and set it up as an assembly hall. 1846 - A firehouse in East Dedham was constructed on Milton Street near the Old Stone Mill. 1846 - The Catholic community in Dedham was established enough that the town became part of the mission of St. Joseph's Church in Roxbury. 1848 - The Norfolk County Railroad connected Dedham and Walpole. September 20, 1848 - A young Congressman named Abraham Lincoln gave a speech at the Norfolk House while in Massachusetts to campaign for Zachary Taylor. 1849 - The hands of the clock were stopped at the hour of Daniel Slattery's wife's death. The unusual occurrence of a Catholic funeral mass elicited much interest around the town. 1850s 1850s -A proposal was made by James Tisdale to take portions of Dedham, Dover, and Walpole to create a new town of Waldeddo, but nothing came from it. 1850s - Germans began moving to Dedham in large numbers. 1850 - Under threat of a lawsuit, the town meeting voted to "instruct the Town's School Committee to hire a building and teacher, and establish a High School according to law." A sum of $3,000 was appropriated to support it. 1854 - Renovations to the courthouse added gas lights to the building and running water from an on-site well. January 7, 1850 - A third fire broke out at the Phoenix Hotel. September 15, 1851 - Dedham High School opened with 42 students. 1852 - A new Baptist church was built at the corner of Milton and Myrtle Streets. 1854 - The Boston and New York Central ran through town. 1854 - Dedham High moved to the town house on Bullard Street. December 10, 1855 - A new high school was dedicated on Highland Street. 1856 - The cornerstone of the first St. Mary's was laid on Washington Street between Spruce and Marion Streets. 1857 - St. Mary's Church was completed. It could seat 700 people. 1856 - St. Paul's Church burned down. Easter Sunday, April 12, 1857 - Father Patrick O'Beirne said Mass for the first time at St. Mary's. 1858 - A committee was complaining that the Town House was "neither in location, size, or style, sufficient to meet the reasonable requirements of the town." 1858 - The fourth St. Paul's Church was completed. May 13, 1858 - Members of the various town ball teams in the Boston area met at the Phoenix Hotel to form the Massachusetts Association of Baseball Players. The association developed a set of rules that came to be known as the Massachusetts Game. 1860s 1860 - The courthouse was fireproofed to protect county records. 1860 - A Catholic priest was available to say mass in South Dedham every other week. April 1861 - Several days after the fall of Fort Sumter, a mass meeting was held in Temperance Hall which opened with a dramatic presentation of the American flag. A total of 47 men signed up to serve in the war at that meeting, forming Dedham's first military unit since the Dedham militia was disbanded in 1846. April 1861 - The women of the town immediately began working on producing supplies for the troops at the outbreak of war. In a span of 24 hours, they sewed 100 flannel shirts, of which 60 were sent to the state and 40 were reserved for Dedham soldiers. In the next two weeks, they made an additional 140 shirts, 140 pairs of flannel underwear, 126 towels, 132 handkerchiefs, 24 hospital shirts, 70 pincushions, 70 bags, and a handful of needlebooks. June 1861 - The Dedham Company was designated as Company F of the 18th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment by the Adjunct General of Massachusetts. August 23, 1861- Dedham's troops were shipped out to the front lines near Washington, D.C. 1861-1854 - During the Civil War, the Dedham Transcript wrote that "Almost to a man," the Catholic men of Dedham "answered Lincoln's call," and sadly "no church in Dedham lost so many men in proportion to their numbers as did St. Mary's." Their patriotism and deaths did much to counter the anti-Catholic bias that existed in town. 1863 - The Norfolk County Courthouse was remodeled and a dome was added. August 3, 1863 - St. Catherine's Church in South Dedham was dedicated as part of St. Mary's parish. April 1865 - The first notice of Abraham Lincoln's death was posted on a buttonwood tree in front of the home of Jeremiah Shuttleworth, today the Dedham Historical Society. 1863 - There was an attempted burglary of the Dedham Bank with the would be thieves using gunpowder. 1866 - The Town abolished all school districts by purchasing all 11 buildings for a total of $49,180 and returned their value to the taxpayers of the respective districts. 1867 - The Farrington farm was laid out into house plots by the Elmwood Land Company and became the Endicott neighborhood. 1867 - It was decided that a new building should be erected to both house the town offices and to memorialize those who died in the Civil War. 1867 - A house was purchased on High Street by Father John Brennan and was converted into a rectory. Plans were then made for a new St. Mary's Church to be constructed at this location. 1869 - Gas streetlights were introduced in 1869. 1869 - A bell tower is added to St. Paul's Church. 1870s 1870 - The Merchant's Woolen Company was the largest taxpayer in town. 1871 - William B. Gould moved to Dedham with his wife, Cornelia. 1871 - William Whiting sold the remainder of the family farm. Charles Sanderson began laying it out in a subdevelopment to become known as Oakdale. 1872 - Norwood broke away to become its own town. 1872 - The first steam fire engine was purchased. 1872 - The Dedham Public Library was established and first occupied rented space at the corner of Court Street and Norfolk Street. 1873 - The Whiting/ Turner tract of land was developed into Ashcroft. 1873 - Lay readers from the Anglican church began ministering to Episcopalians in the Oakdale section of town who could not get to the church easily. 1876 - The Church of the Good Shepard was dedicated in 1876. 1876 -The first police officers were appointed and worked each day from 4 p.m. to 2 a.m. 1876 - Town Meeting established a committee to look into establishing a new cemetery. 1817 - Landon Moore attempted to rob the Post Office. 1877 - Albert W. Nickerson first arrived in Dedham in 1877. October 20, 1877 - Town Meeting appropriated $8,150 to purchase more than 39 acres of land to establish Brookdale Cemetery. July 1878 - St. Mary's Church was out of repair and had a mortgage debt of $3,000. October 28, 1878 - St. Raphael's Chapel was established on Thomas Street in East Dedham with the territory that had been broken off from St. Mary's. Dedicated by Archbishop Williams, St. Raphael's sat about 400 people. 1880s 1880s - Father Robert J. Johnson was publicly raising the issue of discrimination against Catholics in the public schools. In 1885, as a member of the School Committee, he claimed the principal of the Avery School ridiculed Catholic students, and several years later had a lengthy debate with a Protestant minister via letters in the Dedham Standard about the "rank misrepresentation of the Catholic Church" in a history book adopted by the School Committee. February 1880 - It was announced that A.W. Nickerson, a Protestant who had business in Boston, had paid off St. Mary's $800 debt, allowing the congregation to commence work on a new building. October 17, 1880 - The cornerstone of the present St. Mary's Church was laid by Archbishop John Williams. A crowd of between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended, and special trains were run from Boston and Norwood to accommodate all those who wished to attend. It was one of the largest gatherings in Dedham's history. December 25, 1880 - The final fire destroyed the Phoenix Hotel. 1881 - The Boston and Providence Railroad company built a station in Dedham Square out of Dedham Granite. 1882 - The Dedham Water Company was chartered. 1884 - There were 400 students in the Sunday School classes at St. Mary's. 1886 - Dedham celebrated its 250th anniversary. 1886 - The railroad built a new bridge over High Street and placed a granite plaque there to commemorate both the new bridge and the 250th anniversary of the town's incorporation. 1886 - The Old Avery Oak was donated to the Dedham Historical Society. 1886 - Albert W. Nickerson hired Henry Hobson Richardson to build him a castle on the estate and hired Frederick Law Olmsted to do the landscaping on what was John Lothrop Motley's boyhood home. 1886 - The Public Library built a permanent home in 1886 at the corner of Church and Norfolk Streets using funds left by Hannah Shuttleworth. The building, made of Dedham Granite and trimmed with red sandstone, opened in 1888. October 24, 1886 - The first mass was said in the lower church at St. Mary's. October 3, 1887 - Students moved into the new high school on Bryant Street. December 17, 1887 - St. Raphael's Church burned to the ground and the congregation was merged back into St. Mary's. 1888, the 97 farms in town produced a product valued at $5,273,965, up from only $192,294 in 1885. 1890s 1890 - Electric streetlights are introduced. 1890 - There were an estimated 2,000 parishioners at St. Mary's, including 957 Irish, 250 English-speaking Canadians, 58 French,19 Italians and 1 Portuguese. 1890 - St. Catherine's, by now in the separate town of Norwood, became its own parish with 1,500 parishioners. June 1890 - Father John H. Fleming arrived at St. Mary's and began a 33-year tenure as pastor. April 28, 1891 - Temperance Hall burned down. 1892-1895 - Following plans developed by Gridley J. F. Bryant, the courthouse was enlarged again to its present H-shaped configuration, adding wings to the southern facade that matched those added in 1863 to the north. The 1863 dome was replaced at that time with the present one, and the interior of the building was given a decorative treatment with Greek motifs. 1895 - Fairbanks Park was developed. January 11, 1895 - The citizens of the town gathered in Memorial Hall to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the founding of the first free, tax supported public school in the nation. 1896 - Hugh C. Robertson moved the Dedham Pottery plant from Chelsea to Dedham. 1897 - The firehouse on Bussey Street was constructed and the firehouse on Milton Street was discontinued. 1897 - Westwood broke away to become its own town. 1898 - The Dedham Infirmary, also known as the Poor Farm, built a home on Elm Street. 20th century 1900s Around 1900 - Dr. Harry K. Shatswell of School Street built and drove a "steam powered horseless carriage" through the streets of town. 1900 - Theodore Burgess purchased three French automobiles for himself and his wife, who is thought to be the first woman to drive in Massachusetts. 1900 Louis D. Brandeis moved into 194 Village Avenue. 1900-1901 - William B. Gould served as commander of the Charles W. Carroll Post 144 of the Grand Army of the Republic. September 9, 1900 - The upper church at St. Mary's dedicated by Archbishop Williams. In addition to Williams, Archbishop Sebastiano Martinelli, the papal delegate to the United States, attended, as did Bishop Denis Mary Bradley of New Hampshire. 1901 - An unusual double marriage ceremony took place at St. Mary's where two sisters, Frances and Mary Curtis, married two men during a single mass. 1904 - The East Street home of Henry Bradford Endicott burned to the ground. The fire department was not able to get to the estate in time as they were dealing with three other fires simultaneously, including one at the fire house. Henry cleared the ashes away and built the Endicott Estate. 1906 - A firehouse was constructed on Westfield Street, near High Street. 1906 - Firefighters began wearing uniforms. 1907 - St. John's Church opened in Oakdale Square. 1910s 1911 - The 1852 Baptist church in East Dedham added a bell tower to the church. 1913 - The old wooden rectory next to St. Mary's Church was town down so a new rectory could be built of Dedham Granite 1914 - The Riverdale Congregational Church was completed. 1914-1917 - During World War I, 642 men from Dedham served and 18 died. 1915 - A new Dedham High School opened on Whiting Ave. September 28, 1915 - Henry Weston Farnsworth was the first American to die in World War I. 1917 - William B. Gould and his sons appeared in their military uniforms in an issue of the NCAA's magazine, The Crisis. 1919 - Charles Logue, who built numerous churches in the Greater Boston area as well as Fenway Park, died in the arms of his son while inspecting the roof of St. Mary's. 1920s 1920 - The first fire chief was appointed. 1920 - A man's skeleton was found hanging from a tree in the woods near Wigwam Pond. February 12, 1920 - Henry Bradford Endicott died and left the Endicott Estate to his widow, Louise Clapp Colburn. 1921 - The local American Legion post moved into the Charles and Mary Shaw House. They purchased the house with a $35,000 donation from Henry B. Endicott. May 31, 1921 - The Sacco and Vanzetti trial opened. 1922 - The Noble and Greenough School moved from Boston to Dedham. 1923 - After the department purchased its first police motorcycle, Abe Rafferty was appointed the first motorcycle officer. 1923 - A body was unearthed on the eastern shore of Wigham Pond when workers were digging a foundation for a house. April 28, 1923 - The morning of Fr. Fleming's funeral, St. Mary's Church was packed with "throngs" of people, including scores of priests, and dignitaries from the church, state, county, and town, as well as representatives from fraternal societies. A low mass was said at 8 am for the children of the parish, and a solemn Requiem Mass was said at 10 am. May 25, 1923 - William B. Gould died and was interred at Brookdale Cemetery. The Dedham Transcript reported his death under the headline "East Dedham Mourns Faithful Soldier and Always Loyal Citizen: Death Came Very Suddenly to William B. Gould, Veteran of the Civil War." 1927 - A stone bench and memorial plaque were installed on the site where the first settlers disembarked from their canoes. 1928 - A representative town meeting was established. 1930s 1930s - The Recreation Department was established to build and staff three playgrounds around town. 1930 - The Christian Science moved from the Odd Fellows Hall, where they had been meeting since 1920, to the Masonic Hall. 1932, The Christian Science church bought Nathaniel Ames' house, moved it to the back of the lot, and built a new church. 1932 - A parochial school was started at St. Mary's by Father George P. O'Connor and run by the Sisters of St. Joseph. 1933 - The Department of Public Works was created. June 16, 1935 - The cornerstone for the new St. Mary's School was laid using the same golden trowel and ivory handle that was used in 1880 for the church. 1936 - During the tercentenary celebrations, Olympians Ellison "Tarzan" Brown and Johnny Kelley ran in a "mug hunt." 1936 - The Police Department had 18 officers. September 1936 - St. Mary's School completed construction. 1936 - St. Mary's was one of the largest parishes in the Archdiocese of Boston with 6,000 parishioners, four priests, and six nuns. The Sunday School alone had over 1,300 pupils. December 1938 - The cornerstone of the Christian Science church was laid. September 1938 - Over 450 trees on public land alone were felled by the New England Hurricane of 1938. 1940s March 3, 1940 - The first service was held in the new Christian Science church. October 19, 1940 - A fire at the Log Cafe on Bridge Street resulted in the death of Chief Henry Harrigan. 1941 - The last blacksmith in town went out of business. 1941 - The first Recreation Commission was elected. 1942 - The Dedham Pottery company closed. 1943 - Father Mark C. Driscoll became pastor of St. Mary's, and two years later became a monsignor. 1944 Katherine Endicott inherited the Endicott Estate. 1950s 1951 - The train station in Dedham Square was demolished and the stones were used to build an addition to the main branch of the Dedham Public Library. 1954 - The Rust Craft Greeting Card Company moved to Dedham from Kansas City. February 1954 - The Poor Farm closed. January 24, 1954 - It was announced that an increase in the school population at St. Mary's required more space. August 31, 1954 - Hurricane Carol knocked down the East Dedham firehouse's 80 foot bell tower. 1956 - The American Legion moved from the Charles and Mary Shaw House to 155 Eastern Avenue. The Dedham Public Schools then used the house as their administrative offices. 1957 - Joseph Demling, a resident of Macomber Terrace, walked into Town Hall with the carcass of the 35 pound bobcat. He asked for a $20 bounty on the animal, citing a by-law passed by the Town Meeting in 1734. The Town originally balked, suggesting that the animal came from Needham, but eventually paid Demling the money he requested. 1957 - The first transatlantic direct dial telephone call was made by Sally Reed in Dedham, Massachusetts to her penpal, Ann Morsley, in Dedham, Essex. 1957 Ursuline Academy moved from Boston's Back Bay to a parcel in Upper Dedham. 1958 - The new St. Mary's School was complete. 1958 - William B. Gould's diary is discovered. 1959 - A new Dedham High School is built at Stone Park. The old building became the Dedham Middle School. 1960s 1960s - There were 10 playgrounds around town. 1960 - St. Susanna's parish was established to serve the needs of Riverdale Catholics. When St. Susanna's opened it had 300 families, while 2,500 stayed at St. Mary's. 1960 - St. Luke's Lutheran Church expanded their chapel in West Roxbury in 1917 before building a new church at 950 East Street, on the site of the former Endicott School. Summer 1964 - The new convent at St. Mary's was completed. When it opened on Avery Street, 15 nuns moved in and there was space for 22. The old convent was torn down, and a parking lot was put in its place. August 18, 1964 - A 17-year-old Dedhamite was driving in the rain and missed a left hand turn from Whiting Avenue onto East Street. His car smashed into the east wing of the Fairbanks House with the rear bumper flush with the wall. The 1957 sedan remained in the house overnight until it could be removed the next day. The accident prompted a stone wall to be erected which prevented another car from hitting the house in 1973. 1965 - Town Meeting voted to declare East Dedham Square "blighted" and undertake an urban renewal project. The measured passed by a single vote more than was needed to reach the two-thirds majority required. The project was scaled back from 26 to 14 acres, but nine residential properties were taken, forcing the relocation of 42 families. March 1, 1967 - Ma Riva's Sub Shop opened in Dedham Square. It eventually would become D'Angelos. March 25, 1967 - Katherine Endicott died without any children and willed the Endicott Estate to the town for "public educational purposes, public recreational purposes, or other exclusively public purposes." June 14, 1967 - The Flag Day Parade began, which quickly became one of Dedham's most beloved traditions. 1969 - Monsignor Charles F. Dewey became pastor of St. Mary's. 1970s 1970s - The Dedham Pottery building burned to the ground. The Baptist Church in East Dedham built a new church on the same site. July 1972 - The Old Avery Oak was toppled in a storm, nearly striking Police Chief Walter Carroll's car. 1973 - It was announced that St. Mary's School would close in 1975. December 1973 - The Dedham Police Department investigated the sighting of several unidentified flying objects over town. 1975 - Father Edward Banks, S.J. arrived at St. Mary's. 1980s September 1985 - A tree in front of the Dedham Historical Society, upon which hung many important notices, was toppled during Hurricane Gloria. 1987 - The 1835 stone mill was converted into condominiums. 1990s 1990s - After sitting mostly vacant for many years, the British School of Boston, and the Rashi School, a Boston area Reform Jewish K-8 independent school, rented out St. Mary's School. 1992 - The Riverdale Congregational Church closed. 1993 - The Ames Schoolhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places. 1994 - A difficult fire broke out on Rockland Street. A woman was trapped inside, and was rescued by members of Engine Company 3. The Henry J. Harrigan Medal of Honor was established to honor the members of the engine company for their bravery. 1994 - Roslindale's Grace Baptist Church merged with East Dedham's Baptist church, and the new congregation became known as Fellowship Bible Church. 1996 - Father (later bishop) John Anthony Dooher and Father Chris Hickey arrived at St. Mary's within weeks of each other. Mass attendance increased by 50% that year alone, and in 1997 it was over 2,500. 21st century 2000s 2000 - Attendance at Sunday mass at St. Mary's was 2,614, making it the 11th most active parish of the 357 parishes then in the archdiocese. 2000 - Town Meeting created a School Building/ Rehabilitation Committee (SBRC). 2001-2002 - St. Mary's performed the 8th most sacraments in the Archdiocese of Boston. 2006 - The new Dedham Middle School was opened. 2007 - The Dedham High School Marauders changed their logo from a Native American to a pirate. August 27, 2009 - The first movie was shown at Legacy Place. The first film was Inglourious Basterds, and the first preview was for Shutter Island, a movie partially filmed in Dedham. 2010s 2010 - St. Mary's School was razed. 2010 - St. Mary's sold the parking lot across High Street to the Town of Dedham and a housing developer. The proceeds were used to demolish the old school building, and to re-purpose the lower church. Half of the lower portion of the church became a clubhouse for the LifeTeen program, and the other half became a multipurpose gathering space known as Mary Hall. Fall 2010 - The Jewish Rashi School, a $30 million building on the 162-acre campus of Hebrew SeniorLife's NewBridge on the Charles, opened. September 2011 - A 375th Birthday Party was held at the Endicott Estate with over 7,500 people attending. 2012 - A new Avery Elementary School was opened at a cost of $19,285,949. March 2012 - The Board of Selectmen created a Charter Advisory Committee to review the Town's governing document and to recommend changes. 2012 - Town Meeting created the Public Service Recognition Committee to recognize citizens who have performed outstanding acts of service to the community. 2013-2015 - Commemorating its 30th year, the James Joyce Ramble was the host for the USA Track & Field National Masters 10K Championship. 2013 - The Dedham Library Innovation Team began installing Little Free Libraries around Dedham. August 2013 - The Charter Advisory Committee presented their recommendations to the Board of Selectmen. Fall 2013 - Town Meeting approved all but one recommended changes to the charter, calling for term limits. 2014 - At the Town Election, voters approved five of six proposed amendments to the charter, with the only exception being an increase in the term of the Town Clerk from three to five years. November 2014 - Town Meeting rejected a $40 million proposal to buy a portion of the former Rust Craft Greeting Card building at 100 Rustcraft Road for use as a Town Hall, Senior Center, and Police Station. November 2014 - The Town Meeting voted to purchase the Ames Schoolhouse for $5.85 million and renovate it to be used as a Town Hall and Senior Center. 2015 - There were discussions about changing the Dedham High School logo again. 2015 - St Mary's was painted for the first time in 25 years. 2015 - Dedham Middle School Principal Debra Gatley was named the Massachusetts Secondary School Administrators' Association Principal of the Year. 2015, Declan Harris won the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association's state wrestling championship at the 145 pound weight class, and Eric Reyes won at the 160 pound weight class. Reyes had won at 145 pounds in 2014, and at 126 pounds in 2013. June 14, 2015 - The 48th annual Flag Day Parade, one of Dedham's most beloved traditions, was held with honorary Grand Marshall Bob Aldous. 2016 -St. Mary's had 2,700 families as parishioners. 2016 - Town Meeting approved an $18.9 million new Early Childhood Educational Center. May 20, 2017 - The Fairbanks House had a public celebration of the 400th wedding anniversary of Jonathan and Grace Fairbanks. June 17, 2017 - For the 50th anniversary of the Flag Day celebrations, the parade was moved from the traditional June 14, Flag Day, to Saturday, June 17 to accommodate the fireworks at Memorial Park that were part of the celebration. 2020s 2020 - A new Charter Advisory Committee was appointed. April 2020 - The James Joyce Ramble was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. June 19 and 20, 2020 - Most departments moved from the old town hall into the Ames Schoolhouse. November 9, 2020 - The Parks and Recreation Commission renamed a 1.3 acre park as the William B. Gould Memorial Park. 2021 - A grant from the Dedham Cultural Council enabled a restoration and maintenance plan for the Free Little Libraries that was to be implemented by Sal D'Antonia. March 5, 2021 - A ceremonial groundbreaking took place for the new public safety building. April 2021 - The James Joyce Ramble was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notes References Works cited See also History of Dedham, Massachusetts Timelines of other municipalities in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts: Cambridge, Haverhill, Lawrence, Lowell, Lynn, New Bedford, Salem, Somerville, Waltham, Worcester Dedham Years in Massachusetts

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Friedman

Theodore Friedman

Theodore Tuvia Zvi Friedman (January 11, 1908 – December 18, 1992) was an American and Israeli conservative rabbi, spiritual leader, and author. From 1962 to 1964, he served as the president of The Rabbinical Assembly, the international association of Conservative rabbis. During his tenure, he supported the African-American Civil Rights Movement. Biography Born in Stamford, Connecticut, United States, on January 11, 1908, to Chaim Zvi Harry (Wilkemerski) and Anna Kapit (Kapetulsky) Friedman. His parents immigrated to the United States from Lithuania (father) and from Russia (mother). He graduated from the City College of New York (1929). In 1931 he was ordained a Rabbi by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, where he served as an associate professor. He earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1952. Rabbi Friedman served the Beit El Congregation in northern Bergen, New Jersey (1931 - 1942), Beit David Congregation in Buffalo, N.Y (1942 - 1944), the Jewish Center of Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City (1944 - 1954), where he founded a Hebrew high school. In 1954 Rabbi Friedman became Rabbi of Congregation Beth El, South Orange, New Jersey (1954 - 1970). Rabbi Friedman was an authority in Jewish education and a member of the Board of Governors of the National Academy of Adult Jewish Studies; he organized an innovative adult education program at Beth El based on a four-year curriculum that he designed. Rabbi Friedman also chaired the Rabbinical Assembly's Hebrew Culture Committee (1944–46) and was President of the Long Island Region of the Rabbinical Assembly (1947). In 1948 he presented to the Rabbinical Assembly's annual convention, "Towards a Philosophy of Conservative Judaism", one of the key position papers, which led to the reorganization of the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law into the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly (CJLS). Here he effectively argued for going beyond Halakha in addressing the many problems of Jewish life. Rabbi Friedman chaired the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards from 1951 until 1954 and wrote many decisions, including on family issues, divorce, and Agunah. Rabbi Friedman co-chaired the Steering Committee and was secretary of its national Bet Din. As Vice-President of the Rabbinical Assembly (1960–62), he led the committee that revised its constitution. Rabbi Friedman headed The Rabbinical Assembly as president from 1962 until 1964. In addition to his work on behalf of the Rabbinical Assembly, he taught homiletics at the Seminary and was a member of the Jewish Book Council of America. Rabbi Friedman taught at the Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano (Latin American Rabbinical Seminary, also known as the Marshall T. Meyer Latin American Rabbinical Seminary), a Jewish religious, cultural, and academic center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In 1970 Rabbi Friedman immigrated to Israel upon his retirement from the active Rabbinate. Following his retirement in 1970, he was elected Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth El, South Orange. Since his aliya, he held a leadership role in the Israeli branch of the Rabbinical Assembly. Rabbi Friedman taught at the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies and was its first head of Va'ad Halakhah, founded In 1985 by the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel. The Va'ad Halakhah addressed halakhic questions from Israel and Europe in Hebrew. From 1970 to 1973, Rabbi Friedman served on the Executive Council of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem. Rabbi Friedman died in Jerusalem, where he lived, on December 18, 1992. Activities, attitudes, and spiritual perception Rabbi Friedman played a leading role in guiding the Rabbinical Assembly as it expanded in new directions in post-World War II. During his tenure as President of the Rabbinical Assembly, he supported the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He was among the decision-makers in May 1963, during a conference of the Rabbinical Assembly, that sent a delegation of 19 rabbis to protest against police violence in Birmingham, Alabama. As the Rabbinical Assembly's president, he worked to build bridges with the other Jewish denominations. He called upon his fellow rabbis to speak from their pulpits to encourage their congregants to embrace the causes of civil rights and Soviet Jewry. Rabbi Friedman was one of the pioneering supporters of the Soviet Jewry Movement. Rabbi Friedman opposed the definition of Judaism as racist by its very nature. His view was that the belief in a single God brought the idea of universality to the world. In his opinion, despite the harsh statements in Jewish sources against Idolatry, it should be interpreted in their historical context. His spiritual approach was that while commitment and loyalty to the Halakha are beyond doubt, the Halakha should be interpreted, as it has always been interpreted, given the social, economic, and moral conditions prevailing at the time and the need and ability to meet the needs of the hour while remaining faithful to its sources. As a member of the CJLS, Rabbi Friedman collaborated with Rabbis Morris Adler and Jacob B. Agus to allow the use of electricity on Shabbat. He also allowed community members to ride to the synagogue on Shabbat with the intention of fulfilling Shabbat mitzvot. The reasoning was that a tremendous number of American Jews were now living far from synagogues as an unavoidable consequence of modern life. Unless Jews were permitted to drive to synagogue, most American Jews would lose their connection to Jewish life. His position was adopted by the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. Rabbi Friedman was part of efforts by the Jewish Seminary to solve the long-standing crisis of the Agunah, a woman deserted by her husband and prohibited by Jewish law from remarriage. This led to establishment of a Joint Law Conference of the Rabbinical Assembly and the Seminary as the Conservative movement's sole authority for adjudicating matters involving the Jewish laws of marriage and divorce. Rabbi Friedman was concerned by attempts of the extremist religious elements to polarize the American Jewish community into two opposing groups — religious and secularist — and their claim that they and they alone represent the Jewish religious community. He was also concerned by possible legislation in Israel that would abridge religious freedom in Israel. He led a fight against the Israeli Rabbinate in an effort to recognize Jewish religious divorces granted by American Conservative rabbis. As part of that struggle, the Rabbinical Assembly engaged Gideon Hausner, Israel's former Attorney General, to represent it in Israel on the issue. Rabbi Friedman believed that anyone who claims that it is forbidden to return any part of "Eretz Yisrael hashleimah" ["the complete land of Israel"] has no basis in the Halakha and that the controversy over the question of the Greater Land of Israel is a political conflict and there is no connection between the controversy and the Halakha. He conclusively showed that there is no such concept of the complete land of Israel in Jewish tradition because Israel's borders changed countless times throughout Jewish history, both in theory and in practice. Rabbi Friedman believed that conversion for the purpose of marriage is valid, and the acceptance of the Yoke of the Mitzvot should not be a requirement where there is a fear that the converted will not keep all the mitzvos. He believed that the establishment of the State of Israel is a great salvation for the Jewish people and a decisive turning point in the history of the Jewish people. Therefore, the mourning customs should be shortened on Tisha B'Av by not completing the fast and ending with a great Mincha. Rabbi Friedman also believed that according to the Halakha, it is permissible to extradite a Jewish murderer abroad and that the best Halakhic scholars in all generations have ruled that if a criminal caused damage and sorrow to rabbis from Israel, he must be extradited. Writings Rabbi Friedman was a member of the editorial board of the Conservative Judaism journal, which dealt with Jewish thought and was published by The Rabbinical Assembly and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, between 1953 and 1961, where he published some of his articles. Conservative Judaism was one of the earliest attempts to articulate the Jewish Conservative movement's theology. Rabbi Friedman was co-editor, with Robert Gordis, of Jewish Life in America (1955), an expansion of the special issue Judaism published in 1954 to celebrate the tercentenary of American Jewry. He wrote a column called "Letters to Jewish College Students" (1965), which discusses issues of Judaism and the modern life of college students. After immigrating to Israel, he wrote a column called "Letter from Jerusalem," published in Conservative Judaism. Rabbi Friedman was an editor of Encyclopedia Judaica. During his lifetime, he published over 200 articles in English, Hebrew and Spanish. Books Rabbi Friedman authored the following books: Judgment and Destiny (1965), a selection of his sermons published to mark the tenth anniversary of his rabbinate at Beth El. The Rabbis' Bible: Later Prophets (with Solomon Simon and Abraham Rothberg). Jewish Life in America Letters to Jewish College Students Personal life In 1931 Friedman married Ruth Braunhut (1910 - 1973) and fathered three children: Rabbi Hillel Friedman, Naomi Meyer, and Judy Rotem. His son-in-law, Rabbi Marshall Meyer, was a leading American Conservative rabbi who was also known for his human rights activities during the "Dirty War" in Argentina (1976–1983). After the restoration of democracy in Argentina in 1983, Rabbi Meyer was awarded Argentina's highest honor, the Order of the Liberator General San Martín, by the new president. His other son-in-law was Rabbi David Joseph Spritzer, a Conservative rabbi who was one of the founders of the Hod Ve Hadar congregation in Kfar Saba, Israel. His grandson, Gabriel Meir Halevi, is a musician, peace activist and master of ceremonies and multicultural workshops. His granddaughter, Rachel D. Friedman, is a Professor and Chair of Greek and Roman Studies at Vasser College. His granddaughter, Dodi Meyer, is a Professor of Pediatrics at Columbia University Medical Center. Further reading Be'er Tuvia: from the writings of Rabbi Theodore Friedman / presented to him by his students and admirers ; edited by David Golinkin ; Jerusalem : Masorti Movement, 1991. Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook (By: Pamela S. Nadell) [published: September 1988] p. 91. "In the Driver's Seat: Rabbinic Authority in Postwar America," in Jack Wertheimer, ed., Jewish Religious Leadership: Image and Reality, Vol. 2 (Jewish Theological Seminary, 2004). Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997. References External links Theodore Friedman, Judaic Scholar, 84 - The New York Times. Friedman, Theodore | Encyclopedia.com. 1908 births 1992 deaths 20th-century American Jews American Conservative rabbis Israeli Conservative rabbis People from Jerusalem People from Stamford, Connecticut People from New York City Alumni by university or college in the United States Columbia University alumni City College of New York alumni Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni Israeli magazine editors American magazine editors Israeli columnists American columnists Israeli corporate directors American corporate directors

67974327

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20New%20South%20Wales

COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales

The COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first confirmed case in New South Wales was identified on 19 January 2020 in Sydney where three travellers returning from Wuhan, Hubei, China, tested positive for the virus. , there have been over 925,000 confirmed cases from PCR testing, and nearly 394,000 positive rapid antigen tests (RAT) since mid-January 2022 The 9 deaths reported that day raised to 1,912 the official number of deaths from COVID-19 in New South Wales since March 2020. The single day record high is 52 deaths reported on 29 January 2022. Previous highs were 49 deaths on 28 January, 46 on 20 January, and 37 on 2 February in 2022, up from 29 on 13 January, and 15 on 28 September 2021. New daily case numbers, after being as low as 208 on 5 December 2021, rose sharply in mid-December, jumping to 11,201 cases on 28 December, and 22,577 on 31 December 2021. New cases then fell to 18,278 on 1 January 2022, then up daily to 35,054, before falling slightly. They rose again for 2 days, to 45,098 on 7 January, then fell sharply to 30,062 on 8 January before rising again. By 21 September 2021, 55% of the state's over-16-year-old population had been fully vaccinated, and 60% on 26 September. On 30 September full vaccination reached 65% and over 87% had received one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 70% full vaccination was reached on 6 October and 75% on 11 October, while over 90% had received least one vaccine dose. 80% full vaccination was reached on 16 October, 85% on 25 October 2021, and 93.5 % on 23 December, while one dose vaccinations reached 95% that day.By 13 January 2022, 24.2% aged 16 and older had received a third 'booster' vaccination, and 47.3% on 10 February. 8.9% of 5–11 year-olds had received one dose, rising to 44.9% on 10 February. Timeline 2020 On 4 March, the first COVID-19 death in the state, the second in Australia, was reported. She was a 95-year-old resident of, and who died at, the Dorothy Henderson Lodge aged-care facility in Macquarie Park. Former premier Gladys Berejiklian formed a "war cabinet" to make decisions in relation to the pandemic. Members include herself, Treasurer Dominic Perrottet, Minister for Health and Medical Research Brad Hazzard and Minister for Police and Emergency Services David Elliott. On 15 March, Secretary of the New South Wales Department of Education, Mark Scott ordered that, effective immediately, New South Wales schools introduce social distancing measures to reduce the spread of coronavirus. The order required schools to cancel all assemblies, excursions, travel, concerts, large inter-school sporting and arts events, and other events that would require students and staff to congregate in large numbers. Schools were to stay open. Four schools in the state have been shut for periods during the crisis due to confirmed cases within their school communities. On 16 March, New South Wales Minister for Health and Medical Research Brad Hazzard announced that he was using his powers, under Section 7 of the 'Public Health Act 2010', to immediately and indefinitely cancel all public events with more than 500 attendees. The order is enforceable by NSW Police and violations of the order can carry a prison term of six months, an $11,000 fine, or both. Chief Justice Bathurst, Chief Justice of New South Wales, and Chief Judge Price of the District Court of New South Wales ordered that effective 16 March 2020, new jury trials would be suspended to limit the spread of coronavirus. The order did not apply to already empanelled jury trials. Corrective Services New South Wales implemented screening mechanisms, early flu vaccination programs and stricter hygiene requirements for staff, visitors and inmates to slow the spread of the virus. The University of Sydney cancelled all graduations, conferences, academic and student organised events. The University of New South Wales announced that it was cancelling all student and academic events until Easter, encourage staff to work from home and, where possible, shift all lectures, tutorials, demonstrations and labs to online learning. New South Wales schools were directed by the State Department of Education Secretary, Mark Scott, to cancel all assemblies, excursions, travel, and some events and conferences, including arts and initiative events, as well as whole school sporting events and inter-school sporting events with three or more involved schools. On 17 March, the New South Wales government announced a A$2.3 billion stimulus package, including A$700 million for health services. A$450 million was allocated to waive payroll tax for 3 months. $250 million so state-owned buildings and public schools could employ more cleaners. A$750 million was allocated for capital works and public asset maintenance. Even though there was a ban on gatherings of more than 500 people, huge crowds flocked to the popular Bondi Beach and other beaches across Sydney on Friday 20 March. Health Minister Greg Hunt said that such behaviour was "unacceptable" while the New South Wales Labor's Shadow Treasurer, Walt Secord urged the government to completely close off the beach. New South Wales Police Minister David Elliott later stated in a televised interview that lifeguards were instructed to keep a head count of the people at the beach and if the number exceeded 500, the beach would be closed. On 21 March, crowds built up yet again which led Waverley Council to temporarily close Bondi, and the other beaches of Bronte and Tamarama. On 22 March, a public health order was issued that declared Lord Howe Island a public risk area and directed restricted access. As of that date there were no known cases of COVID-19 on Lord Howe Island. By 27 March, NSW local council elections due in September 2020 were postponed to September 2021. They were later postponed again to 4 December 2021 due to a wave of delta COVID-19 variant infections that caused numerous lockdowns in the state. On 30 March, NSW Parliament passed the "COVID-19 Restrictions on Gathering and Movement" law, which limited public gatherings to two people and directed, "that a person must not, without reasonable excuse, leave the person's place of residence." It listed 16 reasonable excuses and took effect from midnight on 31 March. As of 15 May, some restrictions on public and private gatherings were eased. Private homes were allowed 5 visitors. Free standing cafes and restaurants, and those inside pubs and clubs, were allowed very limited sit-down dining, after being restricted to take-away only since 23 March. Bars and gaming areas remained closed. A maximum of 10 people were permitted in restaurants and cafes, while social distancing rules still had to be followed. Outdoor gatherings of up to 10 people were permitted. Up to 10 guests were permitted at weddings, and funerals could have up to 20 mourners indoors, 30 outdoors. Up to 10 people were allowed at indoor religious gatherings such as churches. From 13 June, private homes were allowed to have up to 20 guests visit, and groups of 20 were allowed to meet outside. Food courts were allowed to open, so long as the 4-square-metres-per-patron rule was kept, and no more than 50 patrons. Indoor gym classes were allowed 10 participants. Up to 100 persons were allowed inside gyms, so long as area requirements were adhered to. From 1 July, New South Wales eased restrictions further due to the limited community transmission of COVID-19, at that time. No set upper limit on patron numbers at indoor venues, but only one person per 4 square metres. Outdoor venues, with a maximum capacity of 40,000, were allowed up to 25 per cent of normal capacity. Events had to be ticketed, patrons seated and follow guidelines. Restriction on funerals eased, but the four-square-metre rule applied. Other existing restrictions, no more than 20 guests inside homes, 20 outside, remained in force. Restrictions were tightened again on 17 July. (See below) From 5 July, the Federal Government introduced restrictions on the number of passengers arriving at Sydney Airport. A maximum of 50 passengers were allowed per flight, and international arrivals were set at 450 per day. This was by request of the NSW Government to reduce pressure on hotel quarantine capacity. More than 32,000 travellers had quarantined in Sydney hotels by this date. On 6 July, the Victorian and NSW State Governments, jointly announced that their interstate border would be re-closed from the start of 8 July, following a large spike in cases in certain areas of Melbourne. As of 12:01 a.m. on 17 July, after an increase in cases, new rules for pubs were introduced. Measures included, group bookings and persons at a table were limited to 10 (formerly 20), and a maximum of 300 people allowed inside any venue. COVID Safe Hygiene Marshalls to oversee the venues COVID-19 infection prevention were also required, and venue COVID-Safe registration was compulsory. Paper-based sign-ins are allowed, but a digital record of patrons contact details, for contact tracing, must be provided on request. Breaching the rules can result in a 55,000 fine for the venue, plus another 27,500 for each day the breach is continued. As of 24 July, the tightened venue restrictions were also applied to bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants. Until 18 July, international travellers who had to undergo compulsory quarantine on arrival did not have to pay for their accommodation, at a cost of 65 million to the NSW Government. Under new rules announced on 11 July, as of 12:01 a.m. on Saturday 18 July 2020, all new arrivals are being charged for their quarantine. The charge includes meals and room costs, for which one adult will pay 3,000, additional adults 1,000, children 500, and no charge for children under 3 years. Those already quarantined will not have to pay, nor will those who purchased flights, and, had a confirmed international arrival date, before 11:59  p.m. on 12 July 2020 AEST. On 20 July, the number of daily overseas arrivals allowed at Sydney Airport was reduced to 350 from the 450 limit set on July 5. On 5 August, it was announced that as from 7 August all Victorians arriving in NSW would be required to quarantine, at their own expense, in hotels for 14 days. Air arrivals from Victoria were only allowed at Sydney Airport. Dine and Discover On 17 November 2020 the NSW Government announced the "Dine and Discover" programme in the state budget. All NSW residents over 18 years-of-age were eligible to receive four A$25 vouchers through Service NSW to help stimulate the economy. Two vouchers are for dining, Monday to Thursday only, excluding public holidays. The other two are to be spent on entertainment, excluding on public holidays. Businesses need to be COVID-safe registered, and sign-up for the scheme. The vouchers cannot be used for gambling, alcohol, cigarettes, retail purchases or accommodation. The program was originally called "Out and About". As early as mid-April 2021, the scheme was said by some regional NSW residents to be "city centric'. At this time, the vouchers had been used by less than 10% of the 5 million who could use it. There were calls by NSW opposition political parties for the scheme to be extended beyond its initial 30 June 2021 deadline to use the vouchers. On 9 June 2021, the Dine & Discover scheme was extended by a month to 31 July, and on 29 June extended again to 31 August. Use for take-away food purchases was also allowed. The vouchers were eventually extended to 30 June 2022. In November 2021, two extra vouchers were granted, one for dining and one for entertainment. From 23 November, it became mandatory for many businesses to use electronic record systems to collect details of patrons for possible contact tracing. Northern Beaches outbreak During the second week of December 2020, an outbreak of COVID-19 in Avalon began. A stay at home advisory was issued on 17 December. On 19 December 2020, a public health order was issued, locking down Sydney's Northern Beaches. Residents of the Northern Beaches LGA were required to stay at home from 5 pm on Saturday 19 December, until 11:59 pm on Wednesday 23 December unless they had a lawful reason to travel, including for: essential shopping; essential travel for work and to or from a school or educational institution; exercise; medical care, carer's responsibilities or compassionate needs. Entry to the area was similarly restricted. Public gatherings were limited to two persons. By 20 December, there were 68 cases. This prompted restrictions on admission of Sydney residents or visitors to Sydney, to other states. These ranged from 14-day quarantines (ACT, NT, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria) to no entry without an exemption (Queensland). South Australia barred entry to anyone from the Northern Beaches, while Western Australia barred everyone coming from NSW. Measures to stem the spread of COVID-19 in Sydney were again tightened. No more than 10 people were allowed in homes in Greater Sydney, Blue Mountains, Central Coast and Illawarra-Shoalhaven. New Year's Eve celebrations were restricted in Sydney city, around the harbour and suburbs. The midnight fireworks on Sydney Harbour, normally 20 minutes, were cut back to 7 minutes, with no fireworks at 9 pm. The harbour foreshores were closed to prevent crowds congregating. Only residents, guests, and those with bookings at bars, hotels and restaurants, were allowed in foreshore areas under a pass system. Vantage points in North Sydney were also closed. 2021 From 1 January, hospitality venues and hairdressers were required to use the NSW Government QR code system for patron check-in. On Saturday, 2 January 2021, it was announced that as of midnight that day, facemasks would become mandatory in many enclosed places in Greater Sydney. All public transport, shops, supermarkets, cinemas, theatres and places of worship were included. Hospitality workers also had to wear masks. Children under 12 years-of-age were exempt. An A$200 on the spot fine could be charged for non-compliance. Fines were applied from 4 January (Monday). Maximum gym class sizes were reduced from 50 to 30, worship from 300 down to 100, weddings were limited to 100, or one per 4 square metres. Outdoor performances reduced from 1,000 to 500 patrons. Events which were "seated, ticketed and enclosed" were reduced back to 2,000 maximum. Night clubs were "not permitted". February On 21 February, the first public COVID-19 vaccinations in Australia, with the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, were administered in Sydney. Up to 6:00 pm on 23 February in NSW, 3,200 people were immunised across three state-run hospitals. As of 24 February, there was no transmission of COVID-19 in the community in NSW for 38 days. On 17 March restrictions were to be "revisited". Also on 24 February, further restriction easing was announced in NSW. From 12:01 am on 26 February (Friday): Dancing and singing was allowed at gatherings At weddings, up to 30 people, including guests, could dance at one time. (previously, only the wedding party, a maximum of 20 people. The 300 person limit for wedding guests remained) Up to 50 people at their home (up from 30) Visitor number includes adults and children. Up to 50 people allowed in gym classes (4-square metre rule applies) Up to 30 singers allowed in choirs and religious congregations. Masks required, place of worship must adhere to the 4-square metre rule. March On 30 March, a Byron Bay man in his 20s was found to be infected. A number of restrictions were enacted in the Byron area as a result: Masks mandatory when shopping/using public transport including taxis and ride-sharing services Masks mandatory for hospitality staff 4 square-metre rule area rule in hospitality venues patrons must be seated home visitors limited to 30 people It was determined that a person linked to the Brisbane 'nurse cluster' visited venues in Byron, including the Byron Beach Hotel on 26 March, while unknowingly infectious. The local case also attended that hotel. As a result, on 31 March the 2021 Byron Bay Bluesfest was cancelled, for the second year, a day before it was to commence. Because of the one case of transmission in the community, a public health order was signed by the Minister for Health Brad Hazzard, banning the event. May On 5 May in Sydney, a case of COVID-19 in a man in his 50s who worked as driver for flight crew members in Sydney Airport, was detected with no known physical link to travel or border control/quarantine hotels or workers. His wife also tested positive to COVID-19. Genomic testing provided a link to an overseas (US) acquired infection at the Park Royal in Darling Harbour. The new cases are believed to have been infectious while visiting at least 20 locations in Sydney from 30 April to 4 March. Due to these community transmitted infections, COVID related restrictions in Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains and Wollongong were tightened, initially for 3 days, from 5 pm on 6 May (Friday), to 12:01 am on 9 May (Monday). Mask-wearing was again made mandatory at indoor places, including: Public transport Supermarkets Other indoor events Hospitality staff at front of house had to be masked Patrons drinking had to be seated. No singing or dancing at indoor venues, including, Places of worship and Entertainment venues. Exemptions included weddings, and dancers or singers performing in shows. Only 20 visitors allowed at private homes Maximum 2 visitors at aged care facilities On 9 May, because the "missing link" in the two community transmitted infections that caused the restriction tightening on 5 May had not been located, most of the extra restrictions were extended another seven days until 12:01 am on 17 May. The main change was mask wearing was not required indoors by patrons of shops and hospitality venues, except for gaming areas where masks are still needed. On public transport and other indoor public venues masks remained mandatory. 13,768 COVID tests were undertaken in the 24 hours to 8:00 pm that day, but NSW recorded no locally acquired COVID-19 infections. On 17 May the temporary restrictions from 5 May were lifted. The missing link in the cases of community transmission that led to these restrictions had still not been located. On 10 May, a mass vaccination hub opened at Sydney Olympic Park. The same day, registrations began for NSW residents aged 40 to 49-years to receive the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. June On 1 June, it was found that a later confirmed COVID-19 case from Melbourne had travelled to New South Wales, before Victorias' fourth lockdown was imposed on 27 May, while possibly infectious. Possible exposure sites included venues in Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Hyams Beach and Vincentia. From 16 June, NSW residents aged over 50 were able to get an AstraZeneca vaccination from selected pharmacies. 1,250 pharmacies were approved by the NSW health department to administer the vaccine under strict regulations. However, on 17 June the Commonwealth government decided, on the advice of the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), to change their previous advisory of 50 years plus, and only recommend the AstraZeneca vaccine for those over 60 years-of-age. Eastern Suburbs/Bondi cluster On 16 June, the first COVID-19 case in what became known as the Bondi cluster was confirmed. The case was a man in his 60s who worked as a limousine driver, and had been transporting crew off international flights. , what began in Bondi spread widely and new cases reported in NSW reached 6,874. There had been at least 38 deaths during the Delta variant outbreak, raising the total number of COVID deaths in NSW to 95 since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020. Greater Sydney, Wollongong, the Blue Mountains, Central and Northern NSW, the Central Coast, Far North Coast and other regions in NSW were, or had been, in lockdown, and the Delta outbreak had spread interstate causing more lockdowns including the ACT, Victoria, and South East Queensland. On 18 June from 4pm in Greater Sydney (not including the Illawarra and Wollongong regions), masks were again made mandatory on public transport for at least the next 5 days. This was after the COVID-19 cluster in Sydneys' Eastern Suburbs had grown to 4 cases. The same day it was announced that from 1:00am on 19 June, the eastern Sydney local government area of Waverley would be declared a COVID-19 hotspot by the Queensland government. By 22 June the cluster in Bondi had increased by 10 to 22 cases, 31 cases by 23 June, 36 by 24 June, 65 by 25 June, and there were 130 cases in Sydney, of which 124 were linked to the Bondi cluster, by 28 June. The cluster reached 160 cases by 30 June, 175 by 1 July, 188 by 2 July, and 207 by 3 July. Known linked cases reached 285 by 9 July, after which NSW Health did not report them separately. By 31 July there had also been 16 deaths linked to this outbreak. New movement restrictions were enacted from 4pm on 23 June. People from the NSW LGAs of: Bayside Canada Bay Inner West Randwick Waverley Woollahra were not permitted to leave the Sydney metropolitan area, except for essential purposes. Tighter social distancing restrictions were also enacted on 23 June, covering residents of Greater Sydney, Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong, and Shellharbour. Restrictions as of 24 June were scheduled to remain in force until 1 July at 12:01am, but were extended on 25 June to 11:59pm on 2 July, and the next day extended again to 11.59pm on 9 July. On 14 July, after 97 new cases were recorded, the lockdown was extended another 2 weeks to 11:59pm on 30 July. On 28 July, the lockdown in Greater Sydney, and other NSW LGAs in lockdown that day, was again extended from 31 July to 12:01am on 28 August. From 5pm on 14 August, all of regional NSW was also put into lockdown until 12:01am on 22 August. On 25 June, after 22 new cases of the delta variant brought infections linked to the Bondi cluster to 65 total, a lockdown was announced for four Sydney LGAs. The City of Sydney, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra were the affected places. From 11:59pm on 25 June those who live there, or had worked there in the previous 14 days, had to isolate at home until at least 11:59pm on 2 July. (Later extended to 11.59pm on 9 July.) The usual 'essential reasons' for leaving home apply. Up to 1 million people may be affected. Current NSW restrictions like mandatory masks indoors and on public transport were extended to the same time and date. Weddings were permitted on 26 – 27 June, but then banned until 9 July. By 26 June, infections linked to the Bondi cluster rose to 80. Of these, 20 were also connected to a birthday party in Hoxton Park. By this date 2,076,483 vaccine doses had been administered in NSW, 18,088 of them in the 24 hours to 8pm on 25 June. The lockdown area in NSW was expanded from 6:00pm to cover Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast and Wollongong, and the lockdown length was also extended until 11.59pm on 9 July. Restrictions for the rest of NSW were also increased: Only 5 visitors allowed in homes (includes children) Masks mandatory in indoor, non-residential settings The 4-square-metre space rule applies again for indoor or outdoor settings. Drinking while standing at indoor venues not permitted Dancing not permitted at indoor hospitality venues and nightclubs, Dancing is allowed at weddings for the wedding party (20 people maximum) Dance and gym classes, 20 people maximum per class, Masks mandatory People in NSW who had been in the Greater Sydney region (including Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong) on, or after, June 21 must adhere to stay-at-home orders for 14 days after they left By 28 June the outbreak in Sydney had increased to 130 cases, 124 of them linked to the cluster in Bondi. On 29 June, the Dine and Discover stimulus scheme was extended for the second time, to 31 August, and now also allowed take-away food purchases. By 30 June, the 'Bondi cluster' of delta variant COVID-19 reached 160 cases, becoming Sydney's largest cluster to this date. The previous high was 151 in the 'Northern Beaches' or 'Avalon cluster', in December 2020–January 2021. The next largest after Avalon was 116 cases in the Wetherill Park cluster of July–August 2020. Sydney had 18 clusters by this date. July Week 1 By 1 July, there were 175 reported infections linked to the Bondi cluster, 188 by 2 July, 207 by 3 July, and 222 by 4 July. On 3 July, stay-at-home orders for people in NSW who had been in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, and some Queensland local government areas were lifted. Lockdown extended On 7 July, the lockdown in Greater Sydney was extended for 7 days until 12:01am on 17 July. This followed the state having 27 new cases of COVID-19. There were more cases in Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield, and Liverpool. Over 45,000 people were tested for COVID "overnight". Also by 7 July, the Bondi cluster linked cases had reached 264. There were another 93 locally acquired cases for a total of 357 since 16 June, when the first Bondi cluster case was reported. Week 2 On 8 July, the Bondi cluster linked cases had reached 279. There were 40 hospitalised cases, 11 in intensive care with 3 on ventilation. On 9 July, Bondi cluster linked cases had reached 285. There were 43 hospitalised cases, 10 in intensive care with 4 on ventilation. 37 cases have not been linked to a known case or cluster, with another 117 linked to those 37 cases, for 439 total active cases. 44 new locally acquired cases were reported on 8 July up to 8pm. 21 were in South Western Sydney, 8 in South-Eastern Sydney and 7 in Western Sydney. Also on 9 July from 5pm, social distancing restrictions were tightened in Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong and Shellharbour: Only 2 people can gather outside (excluding those who live in the same home) May only exercise inside their local government area, or within 10 km (6 miles) from their home Must not carpool with people from different households For essential shopping, only one person, per household, per day can shop Browsing in shops prohibited From 11 July, funerals will be limited to 10 mourners. On 10 July, it was reported that there were 50 new cases in NSW to 8pm on 9 July, bringing the confirmed case total to 5,972. There were 47 hospitalised cases, 16 in intensive care with 5 on ventilation. Of the 50 new cases 29 are from south-west Sydney, 16 from south-east Sydney. On 11 July, the death of a woman in her 90s at Liverpool Hospital in Sydney, the first COVID-19 death in Australia since mid-April, was reported by NSW Health. There were also 77 new locally acquired cases reported, with 52 of them from South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 11 from Sydney LHD and 10 from South Eastern Sydney LHD. Among social distancing rule changes, also announced that day, affecting funerals (only 10 may attend, down from 100), were tightened face mask rules, which came into effect on 13 July 2021 in Greater Sydney. From then, a face mask must be worn in indoor common property areas of residential premises that have: strata title community title company title Places on the common property requiring masks include: an apartment blocks' lobby or foyer corridors, stairwells and elevators shared facilities such as laundries From 11 July, funerals in Greater Sydney were restricted to 10 people, plus those conducting the service. Also on 11 July, from 11:59pm Victoria closed its border to all New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory residents to try to prevent the Delta variant entering the state. 'Border bubble' arrangements for border towns remained in place. On 12 July, the death of a man in his 70s from Sydneys' Eastern suburbs was reported. He was a confirmed COVID-19 case. This raised the number of deaths in NSW to 58. Also on 12 July, 112 new locally acquired cases were reported, a total of 678 locally acquired cases since 16 June 2021, the start of the Bondi cluster. 84 of the new cases are from South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 16 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 7 Western Sydney LHD and 5 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. 2,703,690 doses of COVID-19 vaccine had been administered in the state. Up to 8pm this day 49,055 tests were reported, the previous day's total was 46,478. Also on 12 July, the use of QR code check-ins in retail stores, hire vehicles and many other settings, became mandatory in all NSW. By 13 July there were 89 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 767. Of the new cases, 64 are from South Western Sydney LHD, 15 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 5 Sydney LHD, 3 Western Sydney LHD, 1 Northern Sydney LHD and 1 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 65 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 21 in intensive care, 4 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,263. Also from 13 July, in Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Shellharbour and Wollongong, face masks had to be worn in indoor common property areas of rented or leased residential premises. Lockdown extended again On 14 July, the lockdown in Greater Sydney, due to end on 16 July, was extended by two weeks to 11:59pm on 30 July. There were 97 new COVID-19 cases reported, 70 of them in South West Sydney. There were 71 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 20 in intensive care, 4 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,362. Week 3 By 15 July, there were 65 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 929. There were 73 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 19 in intensive care, 5 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,429. On 16 July, one death was recorded, a man in his 80s from South West Sydney, bringing the total NSW deaths to 59. That day, there were 97 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 1,026. There were 75 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 18 in intensive care, 4 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,527. Up to 8pm, there was a record of 81,970 COVID-19 tests performed this day, up from the 77,587 on 15 July. Vaccinations in NSW reached 2,975,525. Lockdown tightened On 17 July from 11:59pm, movement restrictions in some Western Sydney LGAs were increased, and impending business shut-downs and restrictions in NSW were announced. Most workers living in Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield and Liverpool LGAs were not permitted to leave those areas for work. Exempt workers were: emergency workers health workers Included aged-care and disability workers Carpooling, except with family members is banned in those three LGAs On 19 July from 12:01am, in Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Shellharbour and Wollongong, many non-essential retail businesses will only be able to operate as take-away, home delivery, or "click and collect". From the same time: All construction work will be "paused" In residential premises, all cleaning services, repair, and non-urgent maintenance, also "paused". From 21 July, at 12.01am employees must be allowed to work from home if possible. All the new restrictions were scheduled to cease at 11:59pm on 30 July, but the lockdown was later extended to 28 August. On 17 July, one death occurred, a woman in her 90s from South Eastern Sydney. NSW COVID-19 deaths then totalled 60. In the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 16 July there were 111 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 1,137. Of those, 29 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 69 were isolated while infectious, 10 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 83 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD (60 of those from Fairfield LGA), 11 Western Sydney LHD, 8 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 7 Sydney LHD, and 2 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 75 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 18 in intensive care, 6 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,638. Also on 17 July, the same day the new stay-at-home rules were announced for some of Western Sydney, there was a protest that afternoon at Paul Keating Park in Bankstown against the added lockdown rules for Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield and Liverpool. Two people were arrested and charged. By 18 July, there were 105 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 1,242. Of those, 27 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 69 were isolated while infectious, 7 were isolated for part of their infectious period. There were also 4 overseas acquired cases. 76 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 9 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 12 Western Sydney LHD, 5 Sydney LHD, 1 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 76 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 18 in intensive care, 7 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,753. On 19 July, another death from COVID-19 was reported of a woman in her fifties at Green Valley in South West Sydney. It was the fifth in the outbreak that began in Bondi in June, and brought to 61 the number of COVID-19 deaths in NSW since the pandemic began. By 19 July, there were 98 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June 2021 to 1,340. Of those, 20 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 54 were isolated while infectious, 17 were isolated for part of their infectious period. There were also 2 overseas acquired cases. 67 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 7 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 11 Western Sydney LHD, 8 Sydney LHD, 2 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 82 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 24 in intensive care, 7 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 6,853. From 19 July, in Sydney all public transport services (train, bus and ferry) will operate on a Sunday timetable for at least 7 days. The NSW government announced grants through Service NSW of up to A$15,000 for businesses to assist them during the lockdown. Demand for the grants was enough that the Service NSW grants website crashed due to the "unprecedented demand". On 20 July, the Los Angeles to Sydney route of American Airlines (AA), their only Australian route, was announced by the airline to be cut out from 1 September until at least 28 October 2021. It was in response to COVID travel rules which resulted in AA planes flying with very few passengers. A week prior AA had stated they would fly some planes as cargo only. Lockdown area expanded On 21 July from 12:01am, stay-at-home orders came into force, until 28 July at 12:01am, in the Orange City Council, Blayney Shire Council, and Cabonne Shire Council areas of the Central West of NSW. The orders also applied to anyone who was in these areas on, or after, 17 July. masks had to be worn indoors and outdoors if social distancing couldn't be maintained schools were open after 12:01am on 23 July 2021 funeral attendance was capped at ten people The stay-at-home orders were lifted as planned on 28 July. New South Wales Ministry of Health (NSW Health) figures of 21 July showed that, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 20 July, there were 110 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 1,528. Of those, 43 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 37 were isolated while infectious, 17 were isolated for part of their infectious period. There were also 2 overseas acquired cases. 50 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 11 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 29 Western Sydney LHD, 12 Sydney LHD, 6 Northern Sydney LHD, 1 from Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1 from Western NSW LHD. There were 106 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 23 in intensive care, 11 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 7,044. Week 4 By 22 July NSW Health statistics showed that, in the preceding 24 hours to 8pm on 21 July, there were 124 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 1,648. Of those, 48 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 37 were isolated while infectious, 22 were isolated for part of their infectious period. There were no new overseas acquired cases. 54 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 8 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 40 Western Sydney LHD, 18 Sydney LHD, 2 Northern Sydney LHD, 1 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 118 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 28 in intensive care, 14 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 7,164. On 23 July the death occurred of a 89-year-old man from South West Sydney. He was the 62nd person to die in NSW after contracting COVID-19. The same day restrictions on workers leaving the Cumberland and Blacktown LGAs were tightened. Only authorised workers may leave those LGAs. Also on 23 July, Queensland closed its border with NSW from 1:00am due to locations outside Greater Sydney reporting COVID-19 cases. By 24 July NSW Health statistics showed that, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 23 July, there were 163 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 1,940. Of those, 45 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 73 were isolated while infectious, 26 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 67 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 14 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 45 Western Sydney LHD, 31 Sydney LHD, 4 Northern Sydney LHD, 1 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1 from Central Coast LHD. There were 139 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 37 in intensive care, 17 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 7,462. On 24 July 2021, there was an anti-lockdown protest in Sydney where several people were arrested, 90 infringement notices issued and 57 people were charged. The Sydney CBD was shut down for hours as several thousand people marched from Camperdown, through Broadway to George Street. A police taskforce, 'Seasoned', was established to identify people at the unauthorised march, which breached public health orders. There were also protests that day in Brisbane and Melbourne. A new record of 102,233 COVID-19 tests were reported to 8pm that day, up from the previous days' 93,910. Also on 24 July, NSW local council elections already postponed from September 2020 to 4 September 2021 were postponed again to 4 December. This was due to the wave of Delta COVID-19 variant infections that had caused numerous lockdowns in the state. On 25 July there were 2 COVID-19 related deaths early that morning. A woman in her 70s from South West Sydney, and a woman in her 30s from Sydney CBD died. By 25 July, in 24 hours to 8pm on 24 July, there were 141 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 2,081. Of those, 38 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 65 were isolated while infectious, 24 were isolated for part of their infectious period. No new cases was overseas acquired. 62 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 10 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 46 Western Sydney LHD, 19 Sydney LHD, 1 Northern Sydney LHD, and 3 from Central Coast LHD. There were 141 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 43 in intensive care, 18 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 7,603. On 26 July there were 2 more deaths. A man in his 80s died in Campbelltown Hospital, and a woman in her 80s died in Pendle Hill. This brought the number of deaths during the state's Delta outbreak to 10 and the total number of deaths from COVID-19 in NSW to 66. On 27 July the 11th death from COVID-19 during the Sydney/NSW outbreak occurred when a 90-year-old woman died at Liverpool Hospital. This was the 67th death from COVID-19 in NSW during the pandemic. By 27 July, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 26 July, there were 172 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 2,397. Of those, 60 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 61 were isolated while infectious, 19 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 3 new cases were overseas acquired. 65 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 11 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 54 Western Sydney LHD, 27 Sydney LHD, 12 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1 case each in Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, Nepean Blue Mountains LHD and Southern NSW LHD. There were 169 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 46 in intensive care, 19 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 7,928. Also on 27 July, Victoria excluded the LGAs of City of Wagga Wagga, Hay Shire Council, Lockhart Shire Council and Murrumbidgee Council from the cross-border bubble due to the Delta variant outbreak in NSW. On 28 July there were 2 more deaths. A woman in her 90s died at Liverpool Hospital, and a man in his 80s died Royal North Shore Hospital. The total number of deaths from COVID-19 in NSW reached 69. By 28 July, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 27 July, there were 177 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 2,574. Of those, 46 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 47 were isolated while infectious, 22 were isolated for part of their infectious period. No new cases were overseas acquired. 90 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 15 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 46 Western Sydney LHD, 20 Sydney LHD, 2 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1 in Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD and 3 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 165 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 56 in intensive care, 22 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 8,105. COVID-19 tests were 94,532 to 8pm for that day, up from the previous days 84,486, bringing the state total to 8,780,736. There were also 25,375 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,575,052. Also on 28 July, the stay-at-home orders in Orange City Council, Blayney Shire Council, and Cabonne Shire Council areas were lifted as planned. Since 20 July there had been no more cases of COVID-19 in those areas. Lockdown extended, again Also on 28 July, the lockdown in Greater Sydney, and other NSW LGAs (Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong, Shellharbour) in lockdown that day, was extended again by 4 weeks, from 31 July to 12:01am on 28 August. Changes to be implemented are: shopping restricted to within 10 km construction work continuing, in certain situations only outside the LGAs of concern Only non-occupied settings (no residents present) one worker per 4 square metres. cleaners and trade workers allowed in 'occupied settings' no contact allowed with residents single people living alone to get a 'support bubble' a plan for students in Year 12 to get back into classrooms from 16 August businesses and individuals get a new financial support package Parramatta, Campbelltown and Georges River joined areas now subject to an 'Authorised Workers Order'. (Only authorised workers can leave those LGAs to work) The same restriction already applied to Fairfield, Canterbury-Bankstown, Liverpool, Cumberland and Blacktown. By 29 July, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 28 July, there were 239 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 2,810. 239 was the highest daily new case number since early 2021 when the virus first arrived in NSW. Of the new cases, 61 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 81 were isolated while infectious, 22 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 104 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 14 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 58 Western Sydney LHD, 51 Sydney LHD, 3 Northern Sydney LHD, 4 in Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD and 5 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 182 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 54 in intensive care, 22 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 8,342. COVID-19 tests were 110,962 to 8pm for that day, a new record, up from the previous days 94,532, bringing the state total to 3,651,310. There were also 24,706 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 8,891,698. On 29 July, restrictions were tightened, mostly in Blacktown, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Cumberland, Fairfield Georges River, Liverpool, and Parramatta (the "8 LGAs of concern"): From 12:01am on 30 July, in those areas people: could not travel more than 5 km (3 miles) from their home including for shopping and exercise including for 'singles bubble' travel have to always wear face masks while outside their homes. The fine for not adhering to facemask requirements was increased from A$200 to $500. Construction will remain banned in the 8 nominated LGAs From 12:01am on 31 July, if they leave the LGA for work authorised workers in Canterbury-Bankstown must get a COVID-19 test every three days. In Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Shellharbour and Wollongong: essential goods shopping only allowed: within your LGA within 10 km of home One exception, if the item is not available locally. Under the 'singles bubble', people living alone may nominate a person to visit their home: Your visitor cannot be from one of the 8 LGAs causing concern, unless you live in one of those LGAs If you do, the visitor must be from within 5 km of your home The same day, NSW Police requested Australian Defence Force assistance to help them in compliance and logistics. Commissioner Mick Fuller requested 300 ADF personnel. From 2 August all non-urgent elective surgery in Greater Sydney, excepting the Illawarra Shoalhaven and Central Coast Local Health Districts, is to be postponed to ensure resources are available for medical response during the ongoing outbreak. On 30 July a man in his 60s died in South West Sydney, the 14th death of the Delta outbreak, and the 70th in NSW. By 30 July, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 29 July, there were 170 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 2,980. Of the new cases, 42 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 41 were isolated while infectious, 10 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 87 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 13 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 32 Western Sydney LHD, 32 Sydney LHD, 2 Northern Sydney LHD, and 4 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. There were 187 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 58 in intensive care, 24 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 8,514. COVID-19 tests were 95,446 to 8pm for that day, down from the previous days' record 110,962, bringing the state total to 8,987,144. There were also 26,408 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,732,331. On 31 July, 14-day stay-at-home orders were issued, effective from 6pm, for anyone in NSW who, since 21 July, had been in any of the 11 LGAs in SE Queensland locked down on 31 July. Anyone sharing such a persons' residence should also stay-at-home. By 31 July, in the previous 24 hours to 8pm on 30 July, there were 210 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 3,190. Of the new cases, 21 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 58 were isolated while infectious, 11 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 81 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 11 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 72 Western Sydney LHD, 38 Sydney LHD, 4 Northern Sydney LHD, 2 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD and 1 from Central Coast LHD. There were 203 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 53 in intensive care, 27 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 8,725. COVID-19 tests were 105,963 to 8pm for that day, up from the previous days 95,446 and bringing the state total to 9,093,107. There were also 26,872 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,816,432. August On 1 August a man aged in his 90s died at Liverpool Hospital. He was from south west Sydney and is the 15th death in the Delta outbreak and the 71st COVID-19 related death in NSW. By 1 August, to 8pm on 31 July, there were 239 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 3,427. Of the new cases, 26 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 80 were isolated while infectious, 35 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 110 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 3 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 51 Western Sydney LHD, 69 Sydney LHD, 4 from Northern Sydney LHD and 2 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. 115 cases are linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 124 were under investigation. There were 222 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 54 in intensive care, 25 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 8,964. COVID-19 tests were 87,712 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,180,819. There were also 21,342 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,893,122. By 2 August, to 8pm on 1 August, there were 207 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 3,634. Of the new cases, 51 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 89 were isolated while infectious, 21 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 83 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 17 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 53 Western Sydney LHD, 48 Sydney LHD, and 6 from Northern Sydney LHD. 105 cases are linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 102 were under investigation. There were 232 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 54 in intensive care, 25 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 9,171. COVID-19 tests were a new record of 117,009 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,297,828.There were also 14,497 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,932,108. On 3 August two people died from COVID-19 in Sydney, both were confirmed COVID cases. One was a man in his twenties with no related health conditions who died in his home. The NSW Coroner had this death referred for investigation. The other death was a woman in her eighties at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA). This brought COVID deaths in NSW to 73. By 3 August, to 8pm on 2 August, there were 199 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 3,832. Of the new cases, 50 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 70 were isolated while infectious, 32 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 3 new cases were overseas acquired. 73 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 9 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 67 Western Sydney LHD, 35 Sydney LHD, 3 Northern Sydney LHD and 12 from Nepean Blue Mountains LHD. 88 cases are linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 111 were under investigation. There were 250 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 53 in intensive care, 20 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 9,372. COVID-19 tests were 104,536 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,402,364. There were also 25,312 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for a state total of 3,968,811. On 4 August, five people died from COVID-19 in NSW. All were confirmed confirmed COVID cases. Four of the five dead were male, three in their 60s, one in his 70s, and one female in her 80s. Three of the dead were from Sydney's south west, one inner west, and the last western Sydney. This brought deaths in NSW during the Delta outbreak to 21, and the entire pandemic to 78. By 4 August, to 8pm on 3 August, there were 233 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 4,063. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW since the beginning of the pandemic reached 9,604. There were 286 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 53 in intensive care, 23 requiring ventilation. On 5 August there was one COVID-19 death, a woman in her 60s died at Liverpool Hospital. She had been admitted for kidney problems, not COVID, and was infected while in the hospital, which had an outbreak. The number of deaths in NSW reached 79. On 5 August new stay-at-home orders were issued for Cessnock, Dungog, Lake Macquarie, Maitland, Muswellbrook Newcastle, Port Stephens and Singleton from 5pm that day until 12:01am on 13 August. The orders apply to people who have been in these areas on, or after, 31 July. These restrictions were extended to 20 August, on 12 August. NSW was to receive about 180,000 doses of Pfizer COVID vaccine from the Commonwealth government to allow NSW Health to rebook vaccinations affected by reallocation of doses to year 12 students in south west and western Sydney. On 6 August, another five people died from COVID-19 in NSW. A woman in her 80s, and 2 men, one in his 80s, the other in his 90s, died at Liverpool Hospital. There were now 5 deaths linked to the outbreak at that hospital. A man in his 60s also died there, but was infected elsewhere. The fifth new death was a man in his 80s at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Four of the dead were from Sydney's south west, one from the inner west. There were then 27 COVID-related deaths in NSW during the Delta outbreak, and 84 since the pandemic started in 2020. By 6 August, to 8pm on 5 August, there were 291 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 4,610. Of the new cases, 48 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 91 were isolated while infectious, 48 were isolated for part of their infectious period. No new cases were overseas acquired. 123 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 13 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 84 Western Sydney LHD, 30 Sydney LHD, 5 Northern Sydney LHD, 24 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 8 Central Coast LHD, and 4 Hunter New England LHD. 120 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 161 were under investigation. There were 304 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 50 in intensive care, 22 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 10,157. COVID-19 tests were 109,547 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,726,443. There were 24,894 COVID-19 vaccinations administered by NSW Health, and a state total of 4,221,181. On 7 August there was one COVID-19 death, a woman in her 80s died at RPA Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 84, and 28 since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. Also on 7 August, the Armidale Regional LGA went into lockdown from 5pm that day until 12.01am on 15 August. The same rules applied as in Greater Sydney and other regions in lockdown. Until 10 August weddings and funerals will be allowed, after which they will be banned, and funeral mourners will be limited to 10. The lockdown applies to anyone who has been in the LGA on, or after, 29 July 2021. On 14 August the lockdown in Armidale Regional LGA (including Armidale and Guyra towns) was extended until 12:01am on 22 August, but from 5pm that day all of regional NSW joined Sydney in lockdown. By 7 August, to 8pm on 6 August, there were 319 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 4,929. Of the new cases, 51 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 138 were isolated while infectious, 32 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 112 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 20 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 98 Western Sydney LHD, 57 Sydney LHD, 7 Northern Sydney LHD, 23 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 2 Hunter New England LHD. 125 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 194 were under investigation. There were 345 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 56 in intensive care, 23 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 10,478. COVID-19 tests were 108,449 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,834,892. There were 26,152 COVID-19 vaccinations administered by NSW Health, and a state total of 4,316,065. On 8 August there was one COVID-19 death, a woman in her 90s died at Greenwich Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 85 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 29 in NSW since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. On 8 August, 12 suburbs in the City of Penrith LGA were identified as areas of concern due to increased community transmission and had extra restrictions applied from 5pm. The affected suburbs were: Caddens Claremont Meadows Colyton Erskine Park Kemps Creek Kingswood Mount Vernon North St Marys Orchard Hills Oxley Park St Clair St Marys By 8 August, to 8pm on 7 August, there were 262 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 5,169. Of the new cases, 51 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 138 were isolated while infectious, 32 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 6 new cases were overseas acquired. 88 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 17 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 88 Western Sydney LHD, 31 Sydney LHD, 3 Northern Sydney LHD, 21 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 12 Hunter New England LHD and 2 Central Coast LHD. 88 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 174 were under investigation. There were 362 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 58 in intensive care, 24  requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 10,728. COVID-19 tests were 95,480 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 9,930,372 tests. There were 20,612 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,657,342 doses total by NSW Health, plus another 2,742,682 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,400,024 vaccinations. Of the days 58 intensive care cases, 5 were aged in their 20s, 7 in their 30s, 4 in their 40s, 17 in their 50s, 7 in their 60s, 15 in their 70s and 3 in their 80s. On 9 August there were four COVID-19 deaths. A man in his 80s died at Liverpool Hospital, his was the sixth death linked to the outbreak at that hospital as he acquired his infection as part of it. A woman in her 80s also died at Liverpool Hospital, but her death was not linked to the Hospitals' outbreak. A man in his 70s died at Nepean Hospital, and a man in his 80s at RPA Hospital, but that death was not linked to any outbreak in NSW as his infection was overseas acquired. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 89 since the beginning of the pandemic, 32 in NSW since 16 June caused by the Delta outbreak, and 940 nationwide. On 9 August the town of Tamworth in the New England region went into lockdown at 5pm until 12.01am on 17 August. This follows an unknowingly infectious young woman travelling to Tamworth from Newcastle on 5 August and visiting several venues in the town. Stay-at-home orders applied to anyone who had been there on, or after, 5 August. The same rules applied as in Greater Sydney and other regions in lockdown The same day Ballina Shire, Byron Shire, the City of Lismore, and Richmond Valley Council Local Government Areas on the NSW north coast, went into lockdown from 6pm until 12:01 pm on 17 August. This occurred when a man from Sydney tested positive to the Delta strain after travelling to the Byron Shire and falling ill. The stay-at-home orders apply to all people who have been in these areas on, or after, 31 July. The man who caused the lockdown was charged by NSW Police with breaching public health orders. By 9 August, to 8pm on 8 August, there were 283 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 5,452. Of the new cases, 64 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 106 were isolated while infectious, 42 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. Allocation of cases to different LHDs was not reported for this day. 113 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 170 were under investigation. There were 349 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 67 in intensive care, 29 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 11,012. COVID-19 tests were 133,840 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,064,212 tests. There were 11,327 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,668,669 doses total by NSW Health, plus another 2,780,387 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,449,056 vaccinations. On 10 August there were two COVID-19 deaths. A man in his 30s, with underlying health conditions, died at Northern Beaches Hospital, and man in his 90s died at Concord Hospital (Concord Repatriation General Hospital aka CRGH). The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 91 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 34 since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. By 10 August, to 8pm on 9 August, there were 356 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 5,805. Of the new cases, 57 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 102 were isolated while infectious, 40 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 4 new cases were overseas acquired. 113 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 38 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 121 Western Sydney LHD, 40 Sydney LHD, 7 Northern Sydney LHD, 24 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 13 Hunter New England LHD. 147 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 209 were under investigation. There were 357 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 60 in intensive care, 28 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 11,369. COVID-19 tests were 95,037 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,159,248 tests. There were 29,160 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,697,829 doses total by NSW Health, plus another 2,794,543 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,492,372 vaccinations. On 11 August there were two COVID-19 deaths. A man in his 90s died at Liverpool Hospital, having acquired his infection as part of the outbreak there, the sixth deaths linked to the outbreak at that hospital. The other death was man in his 90s, a resident at Wyoming Residential Aged Care Facility in Summer Hill, died at Royal North Shore Hospital (RNSH). The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 93 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 36 since 16 June during the Delta outbreak.Also on 11 August, the town of Dubbo in the central northern Orana Region went into lockdown at 1pm until 12.01am on 19 August. Bogan, Bourke, Brewarrina, Coonamble, Gilgandra, Narromine, Walgett and Warren LGAs, also locked down from 7pm that day, until the beginning of 19 August 2021. Stay-at-home orders will apply to anyone has been in these areas on, or after, 5 August 2021. On 13 August NSW Health announced that from 16 August (Monday) non-urgent elective surgery was to be postponed at Dubbo Base Hospital to keep beds available if needed. By 11 August, to 8pm on 10 August, there were 344 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 6,149. Of the new cases, 65 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 43 were isolated while infectious, 36 were isolated for part of their infectious period. No new cases were overseas acquired. 112 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 23 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 110 Western Sydney LHD, 29 Sydney LHD, 7 Northern Sydney LHD, 43 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 14 Hunter New England LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD, 1 Northern NSW LHD, and 1 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD. 115 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 229 were under investigation. There were 357 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 60 in intensive care, 28 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 11,713. COVID-19 tests were 119,256, up on the previous days 95,037, to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,278,504 tests. There were 30,510 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,697,829 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 2,863,627 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,532,296 vaccinations. On 12 August there were another two COVID-19 deaths. A woman in her 40s, died at home in North West Sydney, and man in his 90s died died at RFBI Hawkins Masonic Retirement Village in Edgeworth, near Newcastle. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 95 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 38 since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. By 12 August, to 8pm on 11 August, there were 345 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 6,491. Of the new cases, 57 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 116 were isolated while infectious, 34 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 120 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 19 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 85 Western Sydney LHD, 61 Sydney LHD, 25 Northern Sydney LHD, 24 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 25 Hunter New England LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD, 7 Northern NSW LHD, 2 Western NSW LHD, and 2 unknown. 128 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 217 were under investigation. There were 374 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 62 in intensive care, 29 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 12,056. COVID-19 tests were 151,830, up on the previous days 119,256, to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,430,334 tests. There were 30,425 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,758,764 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 2,939,709 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,698,473 vaccinations. On 12 August, new restrictions were introduced in some Sydney and regional areas, and a number of changes were made to existing rules: the stay-at-home orders for the Newcastle and Hunter regions were extended to 20 August from 5pm additional restrictions applied to residents of Sydney's Bayside, Burwood and Strathfield Local Government Areas (LGAs) which are now "declared areas" Bayside LGA includes the suburbs: Banksia, Bexley, Botany, Brighton le-Sands, Kogarah, Mascot, Rockdale and Sans Souci. Strathfield LGA includes: Belfield, Flemington, Greenacre, Homebush, Homebush West, Strathfield and Strathfield South Burwood LGA: includes Burwood, Burwood Heights, Enfield and Enfield South those in a declared area can only obtain: food, or other goods and services; or exercise; within 5 km of their home. they may only travel outside their declared area for work if they are an authorised worker Following the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) going into lockdown on 12 August at 5pm: Anyone in NSW, who was in the ACT since 5 August, must isolate under stay-at-home rules may only leave their residence with a "reasonable excuse" On 13 August there were four more COVID-19 deaths. A man in his 70s died at Liverpool Hospital; a woman in her 40s, and a man in his 80s died at Concord Hospital (CRGH); a woman in her 70s died at Campbelltown Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 99 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 43 since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. Also on 13 August, restrictions on leaving Greater Sydney were tightened. Residents will have to obtain a permit to leave the region. Visiting holidays homes will only be permitted under "special circumstances", and limited to one person. From 16 August people who had to isolate when awaiting COVID-19 test results could be paid $320 to compensate for lost wages. By 13 August, to 8pm on 12 August, there were 390 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 6,874. Of the new cases, 58 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 98 were isolated while infectious, 43 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 123 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 30 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 138 Western Sydney LHD, 47 Sydney LHD, 7 Northern Sydney LHD, 32 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 5 Hunter New England LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD, and 6 Western NSW LHD. 140 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 250 were under investigation. There were 391 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 63 in intensive care, 30 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 12,440. COVID-19 tests were 127,988 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,558,322 tests. There were 28,198 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,786,962 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,014,348 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,801,310 vaccinations. 14 August - Regional NSW in lockdown On 14 August there were another 4 COVID-19 deaths, a woman in her 50s at Campbelltown Hospital, a woman in her 80s at RPA, a man in his 80s at Liverpool Hospital, and a woman in her 70s at RNSH. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 104 since the beginning of the pandemic, and since 16 June, 48 deaths during the Delta outbreak. Also on 14 August, all of regional NSW went into lockdown from 5pm, initially until 12:01am on 22 August (Sunday), extended on 19 August to 28 August, and again extended on 26 August to 10 September due to growing case numbers in Western NSW. By 14 August, to 8pm on 13 August, there were 466 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 6,874. Of the new cases, 68 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 76 were isolated while infectious, 19 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 106 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 30 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 166 Western Sydney LHD, 37 Sydney LHD, 15 Northern Sydney LHD, 59 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 16 Hunter New England LHD, 5 Central Coast LHD, 26 Western NSW LHD, 2 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, 4 unknown LHD. 121 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 345 were under investigation. There were 378 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 64 in intensive care, 29 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 12,903. COVID-19 tests were 129,352 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,687,674 tests. There were 29,397 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,816,359 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,092,481 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 4,908,840 vaccinations. On 15 August there were another 8 deaths of people with COVID-19: • A man in his 40s at Liverpool Hospital, and 3 men in their 80s, 2 at Campbelltown Hospital, 1 at Nepean Hospital. • One woman in her 70s at RNSH. • A man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital, a patient in the geriatric ward. His was the 8th death linked to this hospital's outbreak. • A woman in her 80s at RPA, a resident of the Wyoming Residential Aged Care Facility. She is the 3rd death linked to this facilitys' cluster. • A 15-year-old boy died at Sydney Children’s Hospital. He was a confirmed COVID case, but was also receiving treatment for a serious medical condition.The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 112 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 56 during the Delta outbreak. By 15 August, to 8pm on 14 August, there were 415 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 7,745. Of the new cases, 42 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 76 were isolated while infectious, 24 were isolated for part of their infectious period. 2 new case was overseas acquired. 98 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 31 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 167 Western Sydney LHD, 42 Sydney LHD, 6 Northern Sydney LHD, 36 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 9 Hunter New England LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD, 21 Western NSW LHD, 3 unknown LHD. 139 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 276 were under investigation. There were 381 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 62 in intensive care, 24 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 13,314. COVID-19 tests were 126,790 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,814,464 tests. There were 24,419 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,840,778 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,168,679 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,009,457 vaccinations. There was 1 death reported on 16 August of a person with COVID, a woman in her 70s at Westmead Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 113 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 57 deaths since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. By 16 August, to 8pm on 15 August, there were 478 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 8,218. Of the new cases, 61 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 97 were isolated while infectious, 30 were isolated for part of their infectious period. For 290 cases', the isolation status was under investigation. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 183 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 144 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 183 Western Sydney LHD, 43 Sydney LHD, 4 Northern Sydney LHD, 18 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 16 Hunter New England LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD, 35 Western NSW LHD, 6 not assigned to any LHD. 141 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 337 were under investigation. There were 391 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 66 in intensive care, 28 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 13,789. COVID-19 tests were 156,495 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 10,970,959 tests. There were 18,968 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,859,746 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,209,894 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,069,640 vaccinations. On 17 August there were another 3 deaths of people with COVID-19: • A man in his 60s died at Liverpool Hospital, a geriatric ward patient there, the 9th death linked to this hospitals' outbreak. • Two men, both in their 70s, died at Nepean Hospital. One of these was the first in an outbreak at Nepean. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 116 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 60 deaths during the Delta outbreak. By 17 August, to 8pm on 16 August, there were 452 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 8,654. Of the new cases, 30 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 101 were isolated while infectious, 24 were isolated for part of their infectious period. For 297 cases, their isolation status was under investigation. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 132 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 24 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 189 Western Sydney LHD, 32 Sydney LHD, 13 Northern Sydney LHD, 25 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 10 Hunter New England, 1 Central Coast LHD, 18 Western NSW LHD, 1 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, 7  not assigned to any LHD. 129 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 323 were under investigation. There were 447 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 69 in intensive care, 24 requiring ventilation. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 14,227. COVID-19 tests were 151,767 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 11,122,726 tests. There were 36,817 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,896,563 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,341,115 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,237,678 vaccinations. Also on 17 August, a Byron Bay Bluesfest event arranged for October 2021, after the usual April date was cancelled a day before it was to start, was cancelled by the organisers. The next Bluesfest is now scheduled for 15–19 April 2022. On 18 August there was 1 death reported of a person with COVID, a man in his 80s at St George Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 117 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 61 deaths since 16 June during the Delta outbreak. Also on 18 August, NSW Health announced, from 23 August (Monday), the " ... temporary suspension of non-urgent elective surgery to free up staff to support the pandemic response." at 29 private hospitals across NSW. By 18 August, to 8pm on 17 August, there were 633 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 9,280. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 14,854. Of the new cases, 62 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 94 were isolated while infectious, 30 were isolated for part of their infectious period. For 444 cases, their isolation status was under investigation. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 224 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 24 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 216 Western Sydney LHD, 52 Sydney LHD, 6 Northern Sydney LHD, 54 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 15 Hunter New England, 23 Western NSW LHD, 4 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 11 not assigned to any LHD. 158 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 475 were under investigation. There were 462 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 77 in intensive care, 25 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 102,749 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 11,225,475 tests. There were 36,175 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,932,738 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,420,626 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,353,364 vaccinations. The same day, Blacktown City Council, one of the 'LGAs of concern', closed all outdoor gym equipment and playgrounds on police advice as people were using them for recreation, rather than exercising. On 19 August there were another 4 deaths reported of people with COVID-19: • a woman in her 80s at RNSH, a resident of the Wyoming Aged Care Facility, the 4th death linked to this cluster. • a woman in her 80s at Campbelltown Hospital • a man in his 70s at St George Hospital, where he acquired his infection • a man in his 80s at Nepean Hospital, where he also acquired the infection. An outbreak at Nepean has now been linked to 2 deaths. The other was a man in his 70s who died on 17 August as reported previously. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 121 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 65 during the Delta outbreak. Also on 19 August, the end of the lockdown of regional NSW was extended from 22 to 28 August. By 19 August, to 8pm on 18 August, there were 681 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 9,950. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 15,528. Of the new cases, 59 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 135 were isolated while infectious, 28 were isolated for part of their infectious period. For 459 cases, their isolation status was under investigation. 3 new cases were overseas acquired. 172 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 29 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 291 Western Sydney LHD, 63 Sydney LHD, 14 Northern Sydney LHD, 74 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 15 Hunter New England, 25 Western NSW LHD, 5 Hunter New England LHD, 1 Central Coast LHD, 1 Mid North Coast LHD, and 1 Southern NSW LHD. 5 not assigned to any LHD. 170 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 511 were under investigation. There were 474 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 82 in intensive care, 25 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 119,310 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 11,344,785 tests. There were 42,301 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 1,975,039 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,499,517 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,474,556 vaccinations. 20 August - Sydney lockdown extended On 20 August NSW Health reported 4 deaths (from the previous day) and 644 new locally acquired COVID cases in the prior 24 hours. Changes announced that day to lockdown and isolation rules included: The lockdown of Greater Sydney was extended a month to the end of September. A curfew will be introduced in the 12 'LGAs of concern'. As of midnight on 23 August (Monday) people in the affected LGAs must remain home from 9pm to 5am. In those LGAs only one hour of outdoor exercise allowed. The areas affected are: Bayside, Blacktown, Burwood, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Cumberland, Fairfield, Georges River, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith and Strathfield NSW Police have new authority to enforce curfew restrictions • They are able to "designate a person to self-isolate for two weeks" As of midnight on 23 August, mask wearing will be mandatory outside the home everywhere in NSW • those exercising are an exception The Central Coast and Shellharbour, previously considered a part of Greater Sydney for lockdown purposes re-classified as regional areas. On 20 August there was another 3 deaths of people with COVID-19: a man in his 80s at Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital a man in his 90s also at Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital • Both were residents of Greenwood Aged Care in Normanhurst and acquired their infections at that care facility. a woman in her 90s at Liverpool Hospital, a geriatric ward patient there, the tenth death linked to the outbreak there The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 124 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 68 during the Delta outbreak. On 21 August there was also 3 deaths reported in the 24 hours up to 8pm that day: a man in his 60s at RPA, who was infected at Canterbury Hospital a woman in her 80s at Wollongong Hospital a man in his 70s at St George Hospital, where he acquired his infection and the second death linked to the outbreak there. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 127 since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, and 71 since the Delta outbreak started in June 2021. By 21 August, to 8pm on 20 August, there were 825 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 11,395. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 16,984. Of the new cases, 58 were in the community, not isolated, while infectious, 92 were isolated while infectious, 38 were isolated for part of their infectious period. For 637 cases, their isolation status was under investigation. 7 new cases were overseas acquired. 253 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 61 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 290 Western Sydney LHD, 69 Sydney LHD, 18 Northern Sydney LHD, 65 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1 Hunter New England LHD, 38 Western NSW LHD, 14 Far West LHD, 1 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 1 Central Coast LHD, and 2 Southern NSW LHD. 12 not assigned to any LHD. 149 cases were linked to a known case or cluster, the source for 676 were under investigation. There were 516 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 85 in intensive care, 29 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 124,610 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 11,596,985 tests. There were 50,212 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,071,896 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 3,670,315 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 5,742,211 vaccinations. Also on 21 August 2021 there was another anti-lockdown protest in Sydney city. The protest was countered by a pre-planned police response of over 1,500 officers and roadblocks on major roads into the central business district. About 250 protesters got into Sydney and over 45 people were arrested. One of its main organisers, a 29-year-old Victorian man, was arrested before the protest on 19 August in Hornsby for breaching public health orders by travelling to Sydney from Queensland. On 20 August he pled guilty to 4 counts of: not complying with a direction, and 1 count each of: encouraging the commission of a crime, and; making false representations resulting in a police investigation. He was sentenced to 8 months prison, 3 months non-parole. Protests were also held that day in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Melbourne and Perth. On 22 August there was again 3 deaths reported in the 24 hours up to 8pm that day: a woman in her 80s at Campbelltown Hospital a man in his 80s at Liverpool Hospital, where he was infected, the 11th death linked to an outbreak in that hospital's geriatric ward a man in his 80s at John Hunter Hospital (JHH), having been infected at the RFBI Hawkins Masonic Village, and the second death linked to an outbreak there The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 130 since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, and 74 since the Delta outbreak started in June 2021. On 23 August, as of midnight, some previously announced added restrictions came into force: a curfew from 9pm to 5am in the 12 'LGAs of concern' mask wearing became mandatory outside the home everywhere in NSW On 24 August there were 2 deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 30s in her home at Emerton in Western Sydney. Her death is under investigation by the local health district, and was also referred to the NSW Coroner. a man in his 80s at Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital• a resident of Greenwood Aged Care in Normanhurst and was infected there, the third death linked to an outbreak there after 2 deaths on 20 August. Also on that day there were 919 new cases, a record daily high in Australia. As of 24 August, the total number of confirmed COVID cases in NSW reached 20,266 cases during the entire pandemic, 14,673 of them locally acquired in the 10 weeks since 16 June 2021, when the first case of the Delta outbreak was reported in Bondi, Sydney. By 24 August 60% of the eligible state population had received their first vaccination. On 25 August there were 3 deaths reported of COVID cases who died on different days from 17 to 21 August. All were in western Sydney and died in their homes. At least 8 COVID cases have died in their homes since 16 June. None of these 3 were vaccinated, they were: a man in his 30s, a man in his 60s, and a man in his 80s The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 135 since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, and 79 since the Delta outbreak started in June 2021. In the preceding 24 hours to 8pm that day, there were 1,029 new locally acquired cases, another new record daily high in NSW and Australia. As of 25 August, the total number of confirmed COVID cases in NSW reached 21,282 during the entire pandemic, 15,684 of them locally acquired in the 10 weeks since the first case of the Delta outbreak was reported in Bondi in mid-June 2021. 26 August - Regional lockdown extended On 26 August there were 2 deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 60s at Nepean Hospital, after acquiring his infection there, the third death linked to that hospitals' outbreak a man in his 90s at Concord Hospital, having been infected at Canterbury Hospital, the fifth death linked to an outbreak there The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 137 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 81 during the Delta outbreak. Also on 26 August, the lockdown in regional NSW was extended to 10 September at midnight as COVID has continued to spread in the Western NSW LHD. On 27 August there were 2 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 70s at Nepean Hospital, after acquiring her infection there, the fourth death linked to an outbreak at that hospital. a woman in her 80s at Westmead Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW reached 139 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 83 during the NSW Delta outbreak. During the 24 hours to 8pm on 28 August, there were 6 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 80s at Nepean Hospital, after being infected there, the fifth death linked to that hospitals' outbreak a man in his 80s at Concord Hospital, infected at the Wyoming Aged Care facility, the fifth death linked to their outbreak 2 men in their 70s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 70s, and a woman in her 80s, at Westmead Hospital The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW reached 145 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 89 during the Delta outbreak. Nationally deaths were approximately 999. By 28 August there was another record high of 1,035 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 17,582. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 21,282. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 316 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 52 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 398 Western Sydney LHD, 100 Sydney LHD, 25 Northern Sydney LHD, 78 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 3 Hunter New England LHD, 42 Western NSW LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 7 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, and 2 Central Coast LHD. 8 not assigned to any LHD.There were 778 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 125 in intensive care, 52 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 129,182 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 12,800,559 tests. There were 61,778 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,417,750 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,153,879 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 6,571,629 vaccinations. There was a record total of 156,165 COVID-19 vaccinations administered this day. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 29 August, there were 4 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 50s at Dubbo Hospital ‡ a man in his 70s at Westmead Hospital woman in her 60s at Westmead Hospital, she was infected at Cumberland Hospital a man in his 70s from at Concord Hospital, and was infected at Meredith House Aged Care facility ‡ The man at Dubbo was the first death of an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander from COVID-19. He was not vaccinated. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 149 since the beginning of the pandemic, and 93 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,003. By 29 August, new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were again a new record high of 1,218, bringing the total reported since 16 June to 18,792. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 24,396. 3 new cases were overseas acquired. 421 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 67 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 466 Western Sydney LHD, 96 Sydney LHD, 28 Northern Sydney LHD, 66 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 7 Hunter New England LHD, 25 Western NSW LHD, 2 Far West LHD, 13 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, and 2 Central Coast LHD. 25 not assigned to any LHD.There were 813 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 126 in intensive care, 54 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 106,038 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 12,906,597 tests. There were 49,849 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,467,599 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,236,118 total doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 6,703,717 vaccinations. Also by 29 August, there were 31 cases of COVID at Parklea Correctional Centre in north-western Sydney. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 30 August, there were 3 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 50s, and a man in his 90s, at Campbelltown Hospital a man in his 80s at St Vincent's Hospital. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 152 since the beginning of the pandemic, 96 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,006. By 30 August, new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 set another record high of 1,290, bringing the total new cases reported since 16 June to 20,061. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 25,668. 3 new cases were overseas acquired. 434 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 70 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 449 Western Sydney LHD, 126 Sydney LHD, 38 Northern Sydney LHD, 83 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 3 Hunter New England LHD, 51 Western NSW LHD, 9 Far West LHD, 5 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 6 Central Coast LHD and 3 Justice Health Forensic Mental Health Network. 13 cases were not assigned to any LHD.There were 840 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 137 in intensive care, 48 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 157, 221 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,063,818 tests. There were 49,103 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,516,702 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,277,772 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 6,794,474 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 31 August, there were 4 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: 2 women, one her 50s, one in her 70s, at Liverpool Hospital a woman in her 80s at RPA Hospital a woman in her 60s at Concord Hospital The first 3 people were all from south western Sydney, the last from western Sydney.The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 156 since the beginning of the pandemic, 100 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,012, as there were also 2 deaths in Victoria. By 31 August, new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,164, bringing the total new cases reported since 16 June to 21,208. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 26,820. 4 new cases were overseas acquired. 379 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 73 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 417 Western Sydney LHD, 116 Sydney LHD, 15 Northern Sydney LHD, 45 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 2 Hunter New England LHD, 54 Western NSW LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 5 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 4 Central Coast LHD, and 1 Southern NSW LHD. 6 cases were not assigned to any LHD. There were 871 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 143 in intensive care, 58 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 130,027 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,193,845 tests. There were 47,429 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,564,131 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,295,148 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 6,859,279 vaccinations. Also on 31 August, there were numerous anti-lockdown protests across the state. At least 79 protests occurred, including outside the NSW Parliament building and Byron Shire Council Chambers in Mullumbimby. Protests also took place in Blacktown, Fairfield, Sutherland and Liverpool in Sydney, and Ballina, Cessnock, Dubbo, Grafton, Lake Macquarie, Lismore, Mudgee, Nowra, Orange, Port Macquarie, Shellharbour and Wagga Wagga in regional NSW. 24 of the protests were in the state's north alone. Police arrested over 150 people and issued more than 500 infringement notices in connection with the events. Several police officers were injured. September In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 1 September, there were 7 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 50s at Royal North Shore Hospital (RNSH) 2 people, a woman in her 70s, and a man in his 80s at Campbelltown Hospital a woman in her 80s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at St George Hospital a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital, he acquired his infection there, the 12th death linked to this hospitals' outbreak a man in his 80s at Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital who acquired his infection at that hospital The first 6 people were all from south western Sydney, the last from northern Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 163 since the beginning of the pandemic, 107 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,019. By 1 September there were 1,116 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total new cases reported since 16 June to 22,308. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 27,922. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. 372 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 52 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 408 Western Sydney LHD, 132 Sydney LHD, 22 Northern Sydney LHD, 68 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 6 Hunter New England LHD, 29 Western NSW LHD, 3 Far West LHD, 8 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 2 Central Coast LHD and 4 are in a correctional centre. 10 were not assigned to any LHD. There were 917 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 150 in intensive care, 66 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 173,913 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,367,758 tests. There were 50,212 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,611,205 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,366,249 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 6,977,454 vaccinations. On 1 September the NSW government announced it would cut its international arrivals into the state from 1,500 to 750 until the end of October. This was to allow resources to be moved away from hotel quarantine during the state's continuing, and worsening, Delta outbreak. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 2 September, there were 12 more deaths confirmed of COVID cases, a NSW record: a woman in her 30s at home, the source of her infection was being investigated (died on 1 September) a woman in her 70s at Westmead Hospital, where she became infected a woman in her 80s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 70s at Concord Hospital (CRGH) 4 people: 3 women, 1 in her 60s, 2 in their 70s; and a man in his 80s, at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 70s at St George Hospital a man in his 70s at Hornsby Hospital a man in his 90s at the 'Hawkesbury Living' aged care facility a man in his 70s at St George Hospital, a resident of St George Aged Care Centre in Bexley from where he acquired his infection The first 9 people were all from south western Sydney, the next three were from Sydney's north, the Blue Mountains, and south eastern Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 175 since the beginning of the pandemic, 119 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,032. (includes 1 death in Victoria) By 2 September there were 1,288 new locally acquired cases of COVID-19, bringing the total new cases reported since 16 June to 23,586. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 29,202. 1 new case was overseas acquired. 387 of the new cases were from South Western Sydney LHD, 101 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 445 Western Sydney LHD, 149 Sydney LHD, 31 Northern Sydney LHD, 82 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 4 Hunter New England LHD, 23 Western NSW LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 22 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 7 Central Coast LHD and 11 were in a correctional centre. 21 were not yet assigned to any LHD. There were 957 cases in hospital, 160 in intensive care, 64 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 127,428 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,495,186 tests. There were 45,665 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,656,870 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,445,048 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,101,918 vaccinations. Also by 2 September, 70% of the eligible NSW population had received their first dose of vaccine. NSW was the first Australian state to reach this milestone. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 3 September, there were 4 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 80s at Fairfield Hospital a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 50s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 60s at home The first 2 people were from south western Sydney, the last 2 from western Sydney. None of them were vaccinated. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 179 since the beginning of the pandemic, 123 during the NSW Delta outbreak. By 3 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 at 1,431 were again a record high, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June to 25,002. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 30,618. 1 new case was overseas acquired. Of the new cases: 508 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 102 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 424 Western Sydney LHD, 152 Sydney LHD, 32 Northern Sydney LHD, 95 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 11 Hunter New England LHD, 53 Western NSW LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 13 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 8 Central Coast LHD, 1 Southern NSW LHD, and 13 were in "correctional settings". 12 were not yet assigned to any LHD. There were 979 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 160 in intensive care, 63 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 154,654 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,649,840 tests. There were 44,248 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 7,223,164 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,522,046 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,223,164 vaccinations. Also by 3 September, the small country town of Wilcannia had 9 new cases, bringing the total to 97, around 13% of the population, which is largely indigenous. The NSW Health Minister, Brad Hazzard, said it was the second busiest day for the ambulance service in the state's history. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 4 September, there were 3 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 70s at Campbelltown Hospital a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital a woman in her 50s at Blacktown Hospital The first 2 people were from south western Sydney, the last from western Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 182 since the beginning of the pandemic, 126 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,039. By 4 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,533, yet again a record high, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June to 26,517. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 32,134. 1 new case was overseas acquired. • Of the new cases: 494 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 122 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 512 Western Sydney LHD, 150 Sydney LHD, 36 Northern Sydney LHD, 90 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 15 Hunter New England LHD, 38 Western NSW LHD, 9 Far West LHD, 17 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 15 Central Coast LHD, and 13 were in "correctional settings". 22 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,041 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 173 in intensive care (ICU), 62 requiring ventilation. Of the ICU cases, 137 were unvaccinated, 7 fully vaccinated, 29 had one dose of vaccine. COVID-19 tests were 131,174 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,781,014 tests. • There were 49,779 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,750,897 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,601,473 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,352,370 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 5 September, there were 5 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: 2 women, 1 in her 50s, 1 in her 80s at Westmead Hospital a woman in her 80s at Ryde Hospital a man in his 60s at home a man in his 90s at St George Hospital, a resident of St George Aged Care Centre in Bexley where he was infected The first 2 people were from south western Sydney, next northern Sydney, the Southern Highlands and south east Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 187 since the beginning of the pandemic, 131 during the NSW Delta outbreak. By 5 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,485, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 27,984. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 33,603. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. • Of the new cases: 518 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 116 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 479 Western Sydney LHD, 174 Sydney LHD, 31 Northern Sydney LHD, 80 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 12 Hunter New England LHD, 32 Western NSW LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 11 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 7 Central Coast LHD, and 15 were in "correctional settings". 15 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,030 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 175 in intensive care, 72 requiring ventilation. COVID-19 tests were 115,495 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 13,896,509 tests. • There were 46,502 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,797,399 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,676,147 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,473,546 vaccinations. Also by 5 September, 40% of the NSW population was fully vaccinated. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 6 September, there were 8 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: 2 people, a man in his 50s, and a woman in her 70s, at Nepean Hospital a man in his 60s at home a man in his 90s at St George Hospital a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 90s at Campbelltown Hospital– a resident of 'Advantage Aged Care at Prestons Lodge', where he acquired his infection a woman in her 70s at Dubbo Hospital The people were from western, south west and south east Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, and Dubbo. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 195 since the beginning of the pandemic, 139 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,052. By 6 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,281, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 29,253. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 34,873. 1 new case was overseas acquired. • Of the new cases: 483 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 118 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 348 Western Sydney LHD, 137 Sydney LHD, 22 Northern Sydney LHD, 67 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 5 Hunter New England LHD, 44 Western NSW LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 21 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 8 Central Coast LHD, 5 Southern NSW LHD and 7 were in "correctional settings". 9 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,071 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 177 in intensive care, 67 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 136,455 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,032,964 tests. • There were 31,903 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,829,302 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,714,220 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,543,522 vaccinations In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 7 September, there were 9 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 20s at Nepean Hospital – he was not vaccinated, and had underlying health conditions a woman in her 60s at Nepean Hospital a man in his 70s at St Vincent's Hospital a man in his 80s at Prince of Wales Hospital a man in his 40s at Liverpool Hospital – with underlying health conditions a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 90s at St George Hospital – a resident of St George Aged Care Centre in Bexley who acquired his infection there a man in his 60s at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA) - from Dubbo The people were from western, south western and south eastern Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, and Dubbo. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 204 since the beginning of the pandemic, 148 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,061. By 7 September, there had been 3 deaths of indigenous Australians, none of whom were vaccinated. Also by 7 September, new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,220, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 30,456. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 36,078. 2 new cases were overseas acquired. • Of the new cases: 392 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 89 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 422 Western Sydney LHD, 128 Sydney LHD, 20 Northern Sydney LHD, 74 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 5 Hunter New England LHD, 27 Western NSW LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 14 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 22 Central Coast LHD, 2 Southern NSW LHD and 7 were in "correctional settings". 12 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,151 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 192 in intensive care, 75 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 100,745 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,133,709 tests. • There were 28,812 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,858,114 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,729,728 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,587,842 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 8 September, there were 5 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 40s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at Nepean Hospital a woman in her 70s at Ryde Hospital a woman in her 70s at Concord Hospital (CRGH) a man in his 80s at Westmead Hospital The people were 2 from western, 2 south western and 1 north western Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 209 since the beginning of the pandemic, 153 during the NSW Delta outbreak. By 8 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,480, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 31,914. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 37,535. There were no new cases acquired overseas.• Of the new cases: 467 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 119 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 442 Western Sydney LHD, 233 Sydney LHD, 38 Northern Sydney LHD, 60 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 11 Hunter New England LHD, 27 Western NSW LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 34 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 15 Central Coast LHD, and 20 were in "correctional settings". 25 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,136 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 194 in intensive care, 78 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 130,341 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,264,050 tests. • There were 31,064 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,889,178 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,799,942 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,689,120 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 9 September, there were 9 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 30s at Nepean Hospital 2 people, a woman in her 40s, and a man in his 50s, in Liverpool Hospital a man in his 60s at home a man in his 60s at Royal North Shore Hospital a woman in her 80s at Ryde Hospital a man in his 70s from at Prince of Wales Hospital a man in his 70s at home a woman in her 50s at Gosford Hospital The first was from Nepean Blue Mountains, next 2 from south western Sydney, next 3 from western, 1 each from south eastern and southern suburban Sydney, then 1 from the Central Coast. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 218 since the beginning of the pandemic, 162 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,075. By 9 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,405, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 33,296. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 38,919. There were 2 new cases acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 450 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 118 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 394 Western Sydney LHD, 211 Sydney LHD, 34 Northern Sydney LHD, 74 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 12 Hunter New England LHD, 24 Western NSW LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 23 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 22 Central Coast LHD, 3 Southern NSW LHD, and 9 were in "correctional settings". 27 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,175 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 202 in intensive care, 80 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 156,481 to 8pm for that day. • There were 27,871 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,917,049 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,876,369 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,793,418 vaccinations. On 9 September, the NSW state government announced that when full vaccination levels reached 70%, those who are fully vaccinated would have greater freedoms than others. This 70% level was predicted to happen in mid-October. Also on 9 September, the state government announced that NSW would be unable to host the 2021 NRL Grand Final, originally set for 3 October at Stadium Australia due to "the current Covid-19 situation in Greater Sydney and across the state". The event will instead be held in Brisbane, Queensland at Suncorp Stadium. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 10 September, there were 8 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 30s from western Sydney at home 2 men, one in his 50s, one in his 70s at RNSH a man in his 70s at Blacktown Hospital a man in his 40s at home a man in his 80s at Liverpool Hospital a woman in her 80s at Campbelltown Hospital a woman in her 80s at Sutherland Hospital The first 4 were from Sydney's west, 3 south west, and the southern suburbs. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 226 since the beginning of the pandemic, 170 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,084. By 10 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were at 1,542, another daily record, and brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the Delta outbreak, to 34,804. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 40,427. No new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 506 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 134 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 402 Western Sydney LHD, 199 Sydney LHD, 30 Northern Sydney LHD, 88 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 13 Hunter New England LHD, 28 Western NSW LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 38 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 26 Central Coast LHD, 3 Southern NSW LHD, and 49 were in "correctional settings". 21 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,156 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 207 in intensive care, 89 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 133,226 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,553,757 tests. • There were 27,871 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,948,884 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 4,953,385 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 7,902,269 vaccinations. Regional lockdown partially lifted On 11 September at 12:01am, many areas of regional NSW came out of lockdown (stay-at-home orders lifted) as planned, after the last extension. Those areas were ones which had no cases of COVID for 14 days, and were also deemed low-risk. Even 'out' of lockdown many restrictions will remain in effect. The lockdown started on 14 August, and was extended several times. Within a week Yass, Albury, Lismore, Hilltops and Glen Innes LGAs all had stay-at-home orders re-introduced, and by 21 September the Cowra, Kempsey, Byron and Tweed Shires' LGAs were also again under stay-at-home orders. On 28 September the Port Macquarie and Muswellbrook Shire LGAs were both placed back into lockdown. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 11 September, there were 7 more deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 20s at Nepean Hospital a man in his 50s at Westmead Hospital a woman in her 40s at Campbelltown Hospital a woman in her 50s at St George Hospital 3 people: a man in his 70s, a man in his 80s, and a woman in her 80s, all at Liverpool Hospital The first 2 people were from western Sydney, the last 5 all from south western Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 233 since the beginning of the pandemic, 177 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,091. By 11 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 rose to 1,599, a NSW and Australian record high, and brought total new cases reported, during the state's Delta outbreak (since 16 June) to 36,374. The record of 1,599 stood until 4 October when Victoria had 1,763 new cases. • The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 42,000. 4 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 490 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 177 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 444 Western Sydney LHD, 192 Sydney LHD, 57 Northern Sydney LHD, 94 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 10 Hunter New England LHD, 16 Western LHD, 13 Far West LHD, 37 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 27 Central Coast LHD, 2 Southern LHD, and 7 were in "correctional settings". 33 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,164 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 221 in intensive care, 94 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 147,975 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,701,732 tests. • There were 32,150 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 2,981,034 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,035,771 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,016,805 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 12 September, there were another 7 deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a woman in her 60s at Campbelltown Hospital a man in his 80s at Sutherland Hospital a man in his 90s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at St Vincent’s Hospital a woman in her 90s at Concord Hospital a man in his 80s at Nepean Hospital, who acquired his infection at Hawkesbury Living Aged Care - the second death linked to an outbreak there. a man in his 90s at St Mary’s Villa Aged Care, where he acquired his infection The first 3 people were from south western Sydney, then inner-, inner west-, and north west Sydney, lastly Dubbo. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 240 since the beginning of the pandemic, 184 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,098. By 12 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,262, which brought total new cases reported, during the state's Delta outbreak (since 16 June) to 37,621. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 43,247. No new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 399 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 161 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 336 Western Sydney LHD, 135 Sydney LHD, 25 Northern Sydney LHD, 80 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 7 Hunter New England LHD, 14 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 53 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 33 Central Coast LHD. None were in "correctional settings". 11 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,206 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 220 in intensive care, 92 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 105,505 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,807,237 tests. • There were 27,114 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,008,148 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,119,604 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,127,752 vaccinations. In the 24 hours up to 8pm on 13 September, there were 2 deaths of confirmed COVID cases: a man in his 50s at Concord Hospital a woman in her 80s at Ryde Hospital Both were from western Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 242 since the beginning of the pandemic, 186 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,102, as there were also 2 deaths in Victoria. By 13 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,257, which brought total new cases reported, during the state's Delta outbreak (since 16 June) to 38,856. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 44,485. 3 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 427 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 127 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 314 Western Sydney LHD, 181 Sydney LHD, 22 Northern Sydney LHD, 78 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 18 Hunter New England LHD, 12 Western LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 27 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 16 Central Coast LHD and 2 from Southern LHD. 8 were in "correctional settings". 18 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,189 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 222 in intensive care, 94 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 137,668 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 14,944,905 tests. • There were 21,892 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,030,040 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,159,600 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,189,640 vaccinations. On 14 September, there were 12 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm: a woman in her 30s at Royal North Shore Hospital 2 people, a man in his 50s, a woman in her 50s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 60s at Liverpool Hospital 2 women, one in her 70s, one in her 80s, at Campbelltown Hospital a woman in her 60s at home a woman in her 70s at Prince of Wales Hospital 2 men, one in his 60s, one in his 90s at Westmead Hospital a woman in her 80s at Blacktown Hospital a man in his 70s at Liverpool Hospital The first 6 were from south western, next 2 south eastern, the last 4 from western Sydney. The total number of COVID related in NSW was now 254 since the beginning of the pandemic, 198 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,114. By 14 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,127, which brought total new cases reported, during the state's Delta outbreak (since 16 June) to 39,954. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 45,593. 8 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 379 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 152 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 283 Western Sydney LHD, 148 Sydney LHD, 25 Northern Sydney LHD, 58 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 14 Hunter New England LHD, 14 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 17 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 9 Central Coast LHD and 4 from Southern LHD. 8 were in "correctional settings". 11 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,253 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 231 in intensive care, 104 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 114,084 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,058,989 tests. • There were 27,367 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,057,407 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,178,127 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,235,534 vaccinations. Yass lockdown On 14 September, Yass Valley Council LGA was placed back into lockdown, 3 days after the regional lockdown lifted there, with stay-at-home orders effective from 12:01am. This followed a local case of COVID-19, and also virus detection in sewage. This lockdown is due to last for 2 weeks and applied to all residents, and anyone who visited the LGA on, or after, 9 September. On 15 September, there was again 12 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm: a woman in her 60s at home a man in his 60s at Northern Beaches Hospital a woman in her 80s at Concord Hospital a man in his 70 at Campbelltown Hospital a woman in her 60s at Prince of Wales Hospital 2 people, man in his 40s and a woman in her 70s at Nepean Hospital a man in his 60s at Northern Beaches Hospital 3 people, a man in his 50s, and 2 woman in their 80s at Westmead Hospital a man in his 90s, also at Westmead Hospital, who was infected at Hardi Guildford Aged Care – the second death linked to an outbreak there The first 4 were from south western, 1 south eastern, and the last 7 from western Sydney. 10 of the 12 were not vaccinated. The total number of COVID related in NSW was now 266 since the beginning of the pandemic, 210 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,128. By 15 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,259, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the state's Delta outbreak, to 41,177. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 46,818. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 366 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 156 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 310 Western Sydney LHD, 172 Sydney LHD, 38 Northern Sydney LHD, 82 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 27 Hunter New England LHD, 6 Western LHD, 10 Far West LHD, 46 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 11 Central Coast LHD, 7 Southern LHD and 2 from Murrumbidgee LHD. 10 were in "correctional settings". 16 not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,241 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 234 in intensive care, 108 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 137,498 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,196,487 tests. • There were 30,776 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,088,183 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,263,946 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,352,129 vaccinations. Albury – Lismore lockdown On 16 September, the LGAs of City of Albury which borders Victoria, and City of Lismore in NSWs north-east, were both placed back into lockdown with stay-at-home orders effective from 6pm. This occurred less than 6 days after the regional NSW lockdown covering both areas was lifted on 11 September. It applied to all residents, and anyone who visited Albury since 10 September, and Lismore since 7 September. This step was due to what the NSW Health department called "an increased COVID-19 public health risk.". The lockdown was due to last for 7 days, but the stay-at-home requirement was lifted early, after midnight on 22 September. Also on 16 September, from 1pm stay-at-home orders were lifted in the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of: Bega, Blayney, Bogan, Cabonne, Dungog, Forbes, Muswellbrook, Narrabri, Parkes, Singleton, Snowy Monaro and Upper Hunter. On 16 September there were again 12 deaths, for the third consecutive day, of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 7 of the 12 were not vaccinated, 2 partly vaccinated, 3 were fully vaccinated. They included: a woman in her 20s at Nepean Hospital – She had received one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine and had underlying health conditions 2 people, a man in his 50s, a woman in her 80s (both unvaccinated) at their homes – Their COVID-19 infections were only diagnosed after their deaths a woman in her 20s (not vaccinated) at Gosford Hospital, residing at the Life Without Barriers group home where she was infected a woman in her 80s (fully vaccinated) at Holy Spirit aged care – the first death linked to an outbreak there 2 people, a woman in her 90s (fully vaccinated), a man in his 80s, (partially vaccinated), both at St Mary's Villa aged care – There are now 3 deaths associated with an outbreak there The first 3 were from western Sydney, 1 Wyong, the last 3 from Dubbo. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 278 since the beginning of the pandemic, 222 during the NSW Delta outbreak. Including a single death in Victoria, national deaths rose to 1,141. By 16 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,351, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the state's Delta outbreak, to 42,511. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 48,152. No new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 337 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 154 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 337 Western Sydney LHD, 163 Sydney LHD, 37 Northern Sydney LHD, 59 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 16 Hunter New England LHD, 27 Western LHD, 2 Far West LHD, 44 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 23 Central Coast LHD, 3 Southern LHD and 1 from Northern NSW LHD. 18 were in "correctional settings". 14 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,231 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 231 in intensive care, 108 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 129,266 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,325,753 tests. • There were 29,976 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,118,159 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,338,096 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,456,255 vaccinations. Also by 16 September at 11:59pm, more than 50% of the over-16 population in NSW were fully vaccinated. Over 81% had received one dose. Hilltops and Glen Innes lockdowns On 17 September the Hilltops Council and Glen Innes Severn LGAs were both placed back into lockdown with stay-at-home orders effective from 6pm. The lockdown was due to last for 7 days due to "an increased COVID-19 public health risk." The stay-at-home orders applied to residents, or visitors to Hilltops, including Young and adjoining areas since 3 September, and Glen Innes, since 13 September. The Hilltops lockdown was extended by 7 days on 23 September. On 17 September there were 6 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 3 of the 6 were not vaccinated, 3 were partly vaccinated. They included: 1 person in their 40s, 1 in their 60s, 2 in their 70s, and 2 were in their 80s a man in his 70s from western Sydney had acquired his infection overseas They were four women and two men, coming from south western and western Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 284 since the beginning of the pandemic, 228 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,148. By 17 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,284, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the state's Delta outbreak, to 43,779. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 49,422. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 429 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 141 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 322 Western Sydney LHD, 129 Sydney LHD, 36 Northern Sydney LHD, 60 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 24 Hunter New England LHD, 15 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 36 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 27 Central Coast LHD, 17 Southern NSW LHD and 1 from Murrumbidgee LHD. 11 were in "correctional settings". 31 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,245 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 228 in intensive care, 112 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 155,334 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,573,011 tests. • There were 32,804 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,150,963 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,452,497 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,603,460 vaccinations. On 18 September there were 13 deaths, the state's second highest COVID-19 death toll in a 24-hour period, of confirmed cases up to 8pm. 9 of the 12 were not vaccinated, 2 were partly vaccinated, 2 were fully vaccinated. They included: 1 person in their 40s, 2 their 50s, 2 their 60s, 5 their 70s, and 3 in their 80s a man in his 40s, at home – unvaccinated, his infection was diagnosed after his death a man in his 60s, at home, – had received one vaccine dose, and had underlying health conditions a woman in her 60s at Ryde Hospital – the first death linked to an outbreak at Gallipoli Home aged care a woman in her 70s at Holy Spirit aged care, Dubbo – the second death linked an outbreak there 2 people, a man in his 80s and a woman in her 70s – each had received two vaccine doses, and both with underlying health conditions There were 4 women and 9 men, 2 from south western Sydney, 5 western, 2 northern, 1 southern and 2 inner city Sydney, plus 1 from Dubbo. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 297 since the beginning of the pandemic, 241 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,162. By 18 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,331, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the state's Delta outbreak, to 45,085. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 50,730. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 400 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 164 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 326 Western Sydney LHD, 160 Sydney LHD, 40 Northern Sydney LHD, 47 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 30 Hunter New England LHD, 17 Western LHD, 6 Far West LHD, 75 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 29 Central Coast LHD, 8 Southern NSW LHD and 4 from Murrumbidgee LHD. 8 were in "correctional settings". 17 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,219 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 233 in intensive care, 123 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 120,954 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,693,965 tests. • There were 32,994 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,183,957 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,536,771 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,720,728 vaccinations. On 19 September there were 4 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. They were: 2 men in their 60s at Liverpool Hospital a man in his 80s at Nepean Hospital – the second death linked to Uniting Edinglassie Lodge Residential Aged Care in Penrith a woman in her 80s at Wollongong Hospital The first 2 were from south western Sydney, next western Sydney, the last from Wollongong. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 301 since the beginning of the pandemic, 245 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,166. By 19 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 1,083, which brought total new cases reported since 16 June, during the state's Delta outbreak, to 46,151. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 51,797. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 302 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 159 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 293 Western Sydney LHD, 115 Sydney LHD, 26 Northern Sydney LHD, 48 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 13 Hunter New England LHD, 8 Western LHD, 10 Far West LHD, 64 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 20 Central Coast LHD, 7 Southern NSW, 3 Mid North Coast LHD, and 1 Northern NSW LHD. 8 were in "correctional settings". 6 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,238 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 234 in intensive care, 123 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 99,782 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,793,747 tests. • There were 31,934 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,215,891 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,631,627 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,847,518 vaccinations. Cowra lockdown On 20 September, from 5pm the Cowra Shire LGA was placed back into lockdown with stay-at-home orders in place. The lockdown was due to last for 7 days and followed "an increased COVID-19 public health risk." The stay-at-home order applied to residents, or visitors to Cowra, since 13 September. On 27 September the lockdown was extended by 7 days. On 20 September there were 10 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. Of the ten, 6 were not vaccinated, 2 partly vaccinated. The last 2, a woman in her 90s and a man in his 80s were fully vaccinated, but both had serious underlying health conditions. The deaths included: 1 person in their 50s, 1 in their 60s, 2 in their 70s, 5 in their 80s and 1 in their 90s a man in his 80s at Hornsby Hospital, where he acquired his infection a man in his 80s at Concord Hospital, he was infected at Canterbury Hospital a woman in her 90s at Westmead Hospital – the third death linked to an outbreak at Hardi Guildford Aged Care 6 were from south western Sydney, 1 western Sydney, 1 south eastern Sydney, 1 northern Sydney and 1 north west Sydney. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 311 since the beginning of the pandemic, 255 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,178. By 20 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 935, the first time new cases dropped below 1,000 since 27 August. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 47,058. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 52,705. 1 new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 275 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 111 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 219 Western Sydney LHD, 102 Sydney LHD, 50 Northern Sydney LHD, 49 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 24 Hunter New England LHD, 10 Western LHD, 2 Far West LHD, 45 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 19 Central Coast LHD, 7 Southern NSW LHD, and 3 Murrumbidgee LHD. 10 were in "correctional settings". 9 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,207 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 236 in intensive care, 123 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 124,650 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 15,918,397 tests. • There were 23,156 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,239,047 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,683,302 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,922,349 vaccinations. On 21 September there were 5 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 2 of the 5, were not vaccinated, 2 partly vaccinated. The last, a woman in her 80s, was fully vaccinated but had underlying health conditions. The deaths included: 2 people in their 50s, 1 in their 60s, 1 in their 70s, and 1 in their 80s a woman in her 50s at home, her infection diagnosed after her death in western Sydney 2 were from south western-, and 1 western-, Sydney, 1 the Wollongong region and the last the Kiama region. The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 316 since the beginning of the pandemic, 260 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,186. Friends bubble From mid-day on 21 September, those aged 18 and less living in areas of concern, and areas under stay-at-home rules, can create a 3-person 'friends bubble' to visit each other for play activities. Rules to the bubble are: child can have 2 designated friends come to their home These 2 friends must always be the same 2 friends, creating a 3-person 'friends bubble' all adults (over 18 years) in all the households to be fully vaccinated friends must live within 5km of each other, or in the same LGA parents/carers dropping children off, may not interact with other parents/carers Kempsey - Byron - Tweed lockdowns Also on 21 September, from 5pm the Kempsey Shire, Byron Shire and Tweed Shire LGAs in the state's north were placed back into lockdown with stay-at-home orders re-implemented. The lockdown was due to last for 7 days and followed "an increased COVID-19 public health risk." The stay-at-home orders applied to residents, or visitors to: Kempsey LGA since 14 September Byron LGA since 18 September Tweed LGA since 18 September By 21 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were up again to 1,022. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 48,061. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 53,709. 1 new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 368 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 105 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 226 Western Sydney LHD, 102 Sydney LHD, 40 Northern Sydney LHD, 44 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 18 Hunter New England LHD, 7 Western LHD, 6 Far West LHD, 50 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 27 Central Coast LHD, 9 Southern NSW LHD, 5 Murrumbidgee LHD, 1 Northern NSW LHD. 5 were in "correctional settings". 9 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,266 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 244 in intensive care, 118 requiring ventilation. The number hospitalised was a record, until 3 January 2022, when 1,344 were hospitalised.• COVID-19 tests were 121,661 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,040,058 tests. • There were 35,216 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,274,263 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,706,925 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 8,981,188 vaccinations. On 22 September there were 6 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 4 of the 6, were not vaccinated. One, a woman in her 90s was partly vaccinated. The last, a woman in her 50s, was fully vaccinated but had significant underlying health conditions. The deaths included: 4 women and 2 men a woman in her 90s at St Mary's Villa Aged Care in Dubbo where she acquired her infection – the fourth death linked to an outbreak there 2 were from south western-, 3 western-, Sydney and the last from Dubbo The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 322 since the beginning of the pandemic, 266 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,196. By 22 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were up again to 1,035. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 49,082. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 54,730. No new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 312 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 126 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 211 Western Sydney LHD, 100 Sydney LHD, 41 Northern Sydney LHD, 62 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 45 Hunter New England LHD, 9 Western LHD, 3 Far West LHD, 62 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 35 Central Coast LHD, 5 Southern NSW LHD, and 1 Mid North Coast LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 20 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,232 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 242 in intensive care, 122 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 133,839 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,173,897 tests. • There were 34,848 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,309,111 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,797,457 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,106,568 vaccinations. On 22 September at midnight, stay-at-home orders were lifted in the Albury and Lismore LGAs, a day earlier than originally scheduled. Other rules remained in force. On 23 September there were 11 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 10 were not vaccinated, 1 was fully vaccinated. The deaths included: 1 person in their 40s, 2 their 50s, 1 their 60s, 6 their 80s, and 1 in their 90s – all had underlying medical conditions an Aboriginal man at Broken Hill Base Hospital – not vaccinated – close contact of a confirmed COVID-19 case 2 people, a woman in her 80s, a man in his 40s, at their homes – both unvaccinated – her infection was linked to an outbreak at a social housing complex The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 333 since the beginning of the pandemic, 277 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,208. By 23 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 rose again, to 1,063. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 50,123. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 55,773. One new case was acquired overseas, and one from interstate. • Of the new cases: 294 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 119 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 220 Western Sydney LHD, 139 Sydney LHD, 43 Northern Sydney LHD, 64 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 41 Hunter New England LHD, 11 Western LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 65 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 32 Central Coast LHD, 2 Southern NSW LHD, 1 Northern NSW and 1 Mid North Coast LHD. 9 were in "correctional settings". 13 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,244 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 233 in intensive care, 112 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 139,182 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,313,079 tests. • There were 35,121 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,344,232 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,889,831 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,234,063 vaccinations. On 23 September at midnight, stay-at-home orders were lifted in the Brewarrina Shire and Gilgandra Shire LGAs as they had been declared low-risk, and had no cases or sewage detection of COVID-19 for 2 weeks. Other restrictions will remain in force. The two LGAs had been locked-down since 11 August. Narromine Shire LGA has also been declared low-risk, and the lockdown there is due to be lifted on 25 September, provided there are no cases or sewage detection of COVID-19. Also on 23 September, the lockdown in Hilltops was extended by 7 days, according to NSW Health, "… due to ongoing transmission in the area". On 24 September there was again 11 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 9 were not vaccinated, 2 were partially vaccinated. The deaths included: 10 men and 1 woman 1 person in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 60s, 3 their 70s, 3 their 80s, and 1 in their 90s – 8 had underlying medical conditions 3 people, a man in his 40s, a man in his 50s, a woman in her 80s, at home – their COVID-19 infections were diagnosed after death a man in his 70s, a resident of Uniting Springwood Residential Aged Care – he was not vaccinated 5 were from south western-, 2 south eastern-, 1 western-, 2 -Sydney, 1 the Blue Mountains The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 344 since the beginning of the pandemic, 288 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths, including 1 death in Victoria, rose to 1,220. By 24 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were down to 1,043. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 51,148. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 56,799. One new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 256 were from South Western Sydney LHD, 123 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 211 Western Sydney LHD, 107 Sydney LHD, 44 Northern Sydney LHD, 58 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 38 Hunter New England LHD, 32 Western LHD, 11 Far West LHD, 103 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 35 Central Coast LHD, 3 Southern LHD, 5 Murrumbidgee LHD, and 1 Mid North Coast LHD. 4 were in "correctional settings". 12 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,186 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 232 in intensive care, 110 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 131,668 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,444,747 tests. • There were 32,275 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,376,507 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 5,979,932 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,356,439 vaccinations. On 25 September there were 9 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 8 were not vaccinated, 1 was partially vaccinated. The deaths included: 6 men and 3 women 1 person in their 40s, 2 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 4 their 80s 3 were from south western-, 4 western-, 1 inner west-, 1 inner city Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 353 since the beginning of the pandemic, 297 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,231 By 25 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were down to 1,007. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 52,143. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 57,794. No new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 308 (+14) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 82 (-41) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 214 Western Sydney LHD, 103 Sydney LHD, 56 (-12) Northern Sydney LHD, 66 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 31 Hunter New England LHD, 20 (-12) Western LHD, 6 Far West LHD, 70 (-33) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 31 Central Coast LHD, 4 Southern LHD, 3 Murrumbidgee LHD, and 1 Mid North Coast LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 9 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,187 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 229 in intensive care, 118 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 108,105 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,552,852 tests. • There were 36,426 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,412,933 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,076,367 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,489,300 vaccinations. On 26 September there were 12 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 6 were not vaccinated, 5 were partially vaccinated, 1 was fully vaccinated. The deaths included: 6 men and 6 women 4 people in their 60s, 2 their 70s, 4 their 80s, 2 in their 90s 5 were from south western-, 2 western-, 2 south eastern-, 1 inner west-, 1 eastern suburbs, of Sydney, 1 from Wollongong The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 365 since the beginning of the pandemic, 309 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,245, including deaths in Victoria and the ACT. On 26 September the 60% level of eligible residents being fully vaccinated was reached. By 26 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 in the prior 24 hours were down again, to 961. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 53,088. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 58,742. 3 new cases were acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 246 (-62) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 102 (+20) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 206 Western Sydney LHD, 96 Sydney LHD, 36 (-20) Northern Sydney LHD, 82 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 45 (-13) Hunter New England LHD, 21 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 75 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 30 Central Coast LHD, and 11 Southern LHD. 2 were in "correctional settings". 4 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,146 (-41) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 222 in intensive care, 117 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 106,451 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,659,303 tests. • There were 33,776 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,446,709 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,173,247 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,619,956 vaccinations. On 27 September there were 7 deaths of confirmed COVID cases in the 24 hours up to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 3 were partially vaccinated, 3 were fully vaccinated. The deaths included: 4 men and 3 women 1 person in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 70s, 2 their 80s, 1 in their 90s 2 were from south western-, 3 western-, 1 northern Sydney, and 1 from Dubbo The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 372 since the beginning of the pandemic, 316 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,256, including 4 deaths in Victoria. Also on 27 September, Cowra was due to come out of lockdown at midnight, but "due to the risk of ongoing COVID-19 transmission" it was extended to 12:01am on 5 October. By 27 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 787, down by 174 cases on the previous 24 hours. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 53,865. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 59,520. 1 new case was acquired overseas. • Of the new cases: 239 (-7) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 73 (-29) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 158 (-48) Western Sydney LHD, 74 (-22) Sydney LHD, 16 (-20) Northern Sydney LHD, 43 (-39) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 46 Hunter New England LHD, 24 Western LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 63 (-12) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 29 Central Coast LHD, 9 Southern LHD, and 1 Mid North Coast LHD. 4 were in "correctional settings". 4 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,155 (+9) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 214 in intensive care, 115 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 93,577 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,752,880 tests. • There were 19,184 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,465,893 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,228,106 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,693,999 vaccinations. Record daily deaths On 28 September there were 15 deaths of confirmed COVID cases to 8pm, the state's highest COVID-19 death toll in a 24-hour period. 9 were not vaccinated, 5 were partially vaccinated, 1 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 8 men and 7 women 2 people in their 40s, 2 their 50s, 4 their 60s, 3 their 70s, 1 their 80s, 3 in their 90s a man in his 40s at Nepean Hospital – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions 2 people, a man in his 60s, a woman in her 90s – both were infected at Liverpool Hospital 2 people at home: a man in his 40s, receiving community care from Hunter New England Local Health District – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions a woman in her 70s – had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, the second shortly before she died – underlying health conditions – diagnosed with COVID-19 after death 11 were from Sydney: 5 south western, 3 western, 1 inner west, 1 south eastern, and 1 eastern suburban Sydney 4 were from: Bateman's Bay, Dubbo, Lake Macquarie and Newcastle The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 387 since the beginning of the pandemic, 331 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,278, including 7 deaths in other states. Port Macquarie and Muswellbrook lockdowns Also on 28 September, the Port Macquarie-Hastings and Muswellbrook Shire LGAs were both placed back into lockdown with stay-at-home orders effective from 6pm. The lockdown is due to last for 7 days due to "an increased COVID-19 public health risk." The stay-at-home orders apply to residents, or visitors to Port Macquarie since 17 September, and Muswellbrook since 22 September. That same day the Byron, Kempsey and Tweed Shire LGAs came out of lockdown at midnight as scheduled. By 28 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 863, up by 76 cases on the previous 24 hours. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 54,714. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 60,372. 2 new cases were acquired overseas, and 1 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 241 (+2) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 98 (+25) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 161 (+3) Western Sydney LHD, 80 (+6) Sydney LHD, 31(+15) Northern Sydney LHD, 53 (+19) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 63 (+17) Hunter New England LHD, 21 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 62 Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 29 Central Coast LHD, and 14 (+5) Southern LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 2 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,155 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 213 in intensive care, 113 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 132,279 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 16,885,159 tests. • There were 25,942 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,491,835 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,250,994 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,742,829 vaccinations. On 29 September there were 6 deaths of confirmed COVID cases to 8pm, down from the previous days' record high of 15 deaths. 4 were not vaccinated, 2 were partially vaccinated. The deaths included: 4 men and 2 women 2 people in their 70s, 2 their 80s, 1 in their 90s 2 were from south western-, 1 western-, 1 inner west-, 1 south eastern-, and 1 north western-Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 393 since the beginning of the pandemic, 337 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to at least 1,289, including deaths in other states. Oberon lockdown Also on 29 September, Oberon Council LGA went into lockdown at 6pm for 7 days. The stay-at-home orders apply to residents, or visitors to Oberon, since 20 September. By 29 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 863, the same as in the previous 24 hours. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 55,570. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 61,231. 3 new cases were acquired overseas, none from interstate. • Of the new cases: 241 (+14) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 80 (-18) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 187 (+16) Western Sydney LHD, 80 (-12) Sydney LHD, 38 (+7) Northern Sydney LHD, 34 (-19) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 55 (-8) Hunter New England LHD, 24 Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 94 (+32) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 23 (-6) Central Coast LHD, 18 (+4) Southern LHD and 2 Northern NSW LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,082 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 212 in intensive care, 108 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 120,281 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,005,440 tests. • There were 26,002 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,517,837 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,349,648 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,867,485 vaccinations. On 30 September there were another 15 deaths of confirmed COVID cases to 8pm, matching the states highest 24 hour COVID-19 death toll 2 days earlier on 28 September. 9 were not vaccinated, 1 was partially vaccinated, 5 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 7 men and 8 women 3 people in their 50s, 2 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 6 their 80s, 2 in their 90s a woman in her 50s at home – diagnosed with COVID-19 after death 2 who acquired their infections in an aged care facility: a woman in her 80s at Uniting Springwood Aged Care a woman in her 90s at Hawkesbury Living Aged Care 2 who acquired their infections at a hospital: a man in his 80s at the Mater Hospital a woman in her 80s at Westmead Hospital 13 were from Sydney: 4 south western-, 5 western-, 2 inner west-, and 1 south eastern- 3 were from Nepean Blue Mountains The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 408 since the beginning of the pandemic, 352 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,307. Also on on 30 September by 11:59pm, at least 65% of the over-16 population in NSW were fully vaccinated. Over 87% had received one dose. Regional lockdown changes On 30 September there were multiple changes, including extensions and additions, to stay-at-home orders in NSW regional areas: Stay-at-home orders were put in place for 7 days from 3pm in Snowy Monaro LGA. The orders apply to anyone who was in the LGA since 22 September Stay-at-home orders were put in place until 11 October from 12 midnight in the Kyogle and Narromine LGAs. The orders apply to anyone who was in: Kyogle since 21 September Narromine since 28 September Stay-at-home orders were extended by 7 days in 18 LGA regions, "due to the ongoing COVID-19 public health risk." The areas' lockdowns were due to ease on 4 October, now they will extend to 11 October. The regional LGAs affected are: Bathurst Regional, Bourke, City of Broken Hill, Central Coast, City of Cessnock, Dubbo Regional, Eurobodalla, Goulburn Mulwaree, Kiama, City of Lake Macquarie, City of Lithgow, City of Maitland, City of Newcastle, Port Stephens, Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional, City of Shellharbour, City of Shoalhaven, and Wingecarribee Mid-Western Regional, Hilltops and Walgett LGAs Stay-at-home orders lifted on 1 October In Central Darling Shire Council, stay-at-home orders will mostly be lifted on 1 October The exceptions are two towns: Menindee extended for 7 days Wilcannia extended until 11 October By 30 September new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were up at 941. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 56,500. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 62,164. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 1 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 231 (-10) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 93 (+13) South East Sydney LHD, 177 (-10) Western Sydney LHD, 63 (-17) Sydney LHD, 42 (+4) Northern Sydney LHD, 45 (+11) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 82 (+27) Hunter New England LHD, 43 (19) Western LHD, 5 Far West LHD, 82 (-12) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 36 (+13) Central Coast LHD, 26 (+8) Southern LHD and 3 Northern NSW LHD. None were in "correctional settings". 12 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,090 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 213 in intensive care, 105 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 120,993 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,126,433 tests. • There were 26,504 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,544,341 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,444,398 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 9,988,739 vaccinations. October On 1 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 10 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was down on 15 the day before, which equalled the state's highest 24-hour COVID-19 death toll on 28 September. 4 were not vaccinated, 5 partially vaccinated, 1 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 6 men and 4 women 1 person in their 50s, 3 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 3 their 80s, 1 in their 90s 2 at home: a man in his 60s (inner Sydney) – not vaccinated – diagnosed with COVID-19 following his death a man in his 80s (Lake Macquarie region) – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions – under community care by the LHD a man in his 60s (western Sydney) – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions – acquired his infection at Mount Druitt Hospital 8 were from Sydney: 5 south western-, 2 western-, 1 inner city- Sydney 1 from Wollongong, 1 Lake Macquarie region The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 418 since the beginning of the pandemic, 362 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,321, including 5 deaths interstate. Casino lockdown Also on 1 October, the town of Casino in the Northern Rivers region went into lockdown at midnight until 11 October. The stay-at-home orders apply to residents, or visitors to Casino since 24 September. By 1 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were down to 864. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 57,357. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 63,023. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 1 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 188 (-43) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 83 (-10) South East Sydney LHD, 167 (-10) Western Sydney LHD, 45 (-18) Sydney LHD, 35 (-7) Northern Sydney LHD, 44 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 69 (-13) Hunter New England LHD, 48 (+5) Western LHD, 7 Far West LHD, 96 (+14) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 36 Central Coast LHD, 20 (-6) Southern LHD and 3 Northern NSW LHD. 4 were in "correctional settings". 7 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,055 COVID-19 cases in hospital, 210 in intensive care, 104 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 112,334 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,238,767 tests. • There were 26,530 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,570,871 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,531,099 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,101,970 vaccinations. On 2 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 10 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was the same as the day before, but down on the 15 before that, which equalled the state's highest 24-hour COVID-19 death toll on 28 September. 4 were not vaccinated, 4 partially vaccinated, 2 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 4 men and 6 women 2 people in their 50s, 4 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 2 their 80s 2 at home: a woman in her 50s (Eastern Suburbs) – had one dose of COVID-19 vaccine – diagnosed with COVID-19 after death a man in his 60s (Wollongong) – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions a woman in her 60s at Westmead Hospital – Her infection is associated with Mount Druitt Hospital, the second death linked to an outbreak there a man in his 80s (western Sydney) at Auburn Hospital – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions – acquired his infection at Hardi Aged Care, the fifth death linked to an outbreak there a woman in her 80s (western Sydney) at Campbelltown Hospital – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – acquired her infection at Northcourt Aged Care, the first death in an outbreak there 8 were from Sydney: 3 south western-, 1 south eastern-, 3 western-, 1 eastern suburban- Sydney 1 from Wollongong, 1 Nepean Blue Mountains region The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 428 since the beginning of the pandemic, 372 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,334, including 3 deaths interstate. By 2 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were down at 813. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 58,158. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 63,825. 1 new case was acquired overseas, none from interstate. • Of the new cases: 196 (+8) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 71 (-12) South East Sydney LHD, 155 (-12) Western Sydney LHD, 73 (+28) Sydney LHD, 29 (-6) Northern Sydney LHD, 42 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 65 (-4) Hunter New England LHD, 19 (-29) Western LHD, 6 Far West LHD, 72 (-24) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 30 (-6) Central Coast LHD, 27 (+7) Southern LHD and 8 (+5) Northern NSW LHD. 6 were in "correctional settings". 8 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 1,005 (-50) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 202 in intensive care, 99 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 98,266 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,337,033 tests. • There were 23,636 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,594,507 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,625,201 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,219,708 vaccinations. On 3 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 6 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was 4 less than the day before, and the day before that. 4 were not vaccinated, 1 partially vaccinated, 1 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 3 men and 3 women 1 person in their 40s, 3 their 60s, 1 their 70s, 1 their 90s a woman in her 90s at Hawkesbury Living Nursing Home – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – the fifth death linked to an outbreak there a man in his 60s (south-western Sydney) at Campbelltown Hospital – acquired his infection at that hospital, the third death in an outbreak there 5 were from Sydney: 3 south western, 2 western 1 Nepean Blue Mountains region The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 434 since the beginning of the pandemic, 378 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,344, including 4 deaths interstate. Lismore lockdown On 3 October, the City of Lismore LGA in the Northern Rivers region went into lockdown, again, at midnight until 11 October. The stay-at-home orders apply to residents who were in, or visitors to, Lismore since 28 September. By 3 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were down 146 on the previous 24 hours to 667. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 58,811. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 64,479. 1 new case was acquired overseas, none from interstate. • Of the new cases: 154 (-42) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 64 (-7) South East Sydney LHD, 109 (-46) Western Sydney LHD, 36 (-37) Sydney LHD, 36 (+7) Northern Sydney LHD, 15 (-27) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 82 (+17) Hunter New England LHD, 34 (+15) Western LHD, 4 Far West LHD, 49 (-23) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 43 (+13) Central Coast LHD, 27 Southern LHD and 6 Northern NSW LHD. 9 were in "correctional settings". 9 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 981 (-24) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 195 in intensive care, 93 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 88,210 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,425,243 tests. • There were 21,972 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,616,479 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,719,201 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,335,680 vaccinations. On 4 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 7 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was 1 more than the day before, 3 less than the day before that. 5 were not vaccinated, 2 partially vaccinated. The deaths included: 6 men and 1 woman 1 person in their 50s, 2 their 60s, 3 their 70s, 1 their 80s 5 were from Sydney: 5 south western-, 1 western 1 Dubbo The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 441 since the beginning of the pandemic, 385 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to at least 1,357, including 6 deaths interstate. By 4 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 623, down by 44 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 59,419. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 65,090. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 144 (-10) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 52 (-12) South East Sydney LHD, 103 (-6) Western Sydney LHD, 51 (+15) Sydney LHD, 18 (-18) Northern Sydney LHD, 25 (+10) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 59 (-23) Hunter New England LHD, 23 (-11) Western LHD, 1 (-3) Far West LHD, 77 (+28) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 32 (-11) Central Coast LHD, 21 (-6) Southern LHD, 4 Northern NSW LHD, 3 Mid North Coast LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 6 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 959 (-22) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 193 in intensive care, 97 requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 88,210 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,425,243 tests. • There were 13,045 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,629,524 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,763,470 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,392,994 vaccinations. Lockdown changes On 4 October there were several lockdown changes in regional NSW: Gunnedah Shire LGA in the North West Slopes region went into lockdown, again, at midnight until 11 October. The stay-at-home orders apply to residents who were in, or visitors to, Gunnedah since 27 September. in the Mid North Coast LGA postcodes 2430 (including Taree), and 2428 (including Forster and Tuncurry), went into lockdown at midnight until 11 October. The stay-at-home orders apply to residents who were in, or visitors to, those areas since 27 September. in Muswellbrook Shire LGA in the Hunter Region their lockdown was extended until 11 October. On 5 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 10 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was up on 6 the day before, 3 were not vaccinated, 4 partially vaccinated, 3 had received 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 7 men and 3 women 1 person in their 40s, 1 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 2 their 80s, 2 in their 90s 3 men, 1 in his 60s, 2 in their 80s, at Allity Beechwood Aged Care (Revesby) where they were infected – the first deaths linked to an outbreak there a man in his 70s at Westmead Hospital – linked to an outbreak at Northcourt Aged Care (North Parramatta) – the second death linked to this outbreak a woman in her 70s at The Alfred Hospital (Melbourne), acquired her infection in the community – transferred to Melbourne for specialist care 8 were from Sydney: 5 south western-, 3 western 1 from Wollongong, 1 Edward River region The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 451 since the beginning of the pandemic, 395 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,379, including 11 Victorian, and 1 ACT death. By 5 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 608, down by 15 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 60,016. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 65,687. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 183 (+39) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 50 (-2) South East Sydney LHD, 96 (-7) Western Sydney LHD, 40 (-11) Sydney LHD, 24 (+6) Northern Sydney LHD, 24 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 65 (+6) Hunter New England LHD, 8 (-17) Western LHD, 51 (-26) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 28 (-4) Central Coast LHD, 19 (-2) Southern LHD, 6 (+2) Northern NSW LHD, 2 Mid North Coast LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. 4 were in "correctional settings". 7 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 978 (+19) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 190 (-3) in intensive care, 94 (-3)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 85,642 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,587,777 tests. • There were 10,741 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,640,265 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,782,196 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,422,461 vaccinations. On 6 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 8 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was 2 down on the day before. 5 were not vaccinated, 1 partially vaccinated, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine and underlying health conditions.The deaths included: 5 men and 3 women 1 person in their 20s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 2 in their 80s 2 at home: a man in his 20s (western Sydney) a woman in her 80s (south eastern Sydney) – both were diagnosed as positive to COVID-19 after their deaths a man in his 70s at Campbelltown Hospital – the fourth death linked to an outbreak there 7 were from Sydney: 3 south western-, 1 south eastern-, 2 western-, 1 inner city, -Sydney 1 from Wellington (Western NSW) The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 459 since the beginning of the pandemic, 403 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,389, including 2 Victorian deaths. By 6 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 594, down by 14 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak rose to 60,596. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 66,267. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 144 (-39) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 55 (+5) South East Sydney LHD, 95 (-1) Western Sydney LHD, 44 (+4) Sydney LHD, 15 (-9) Northern Sydney LHD, 33 (+9) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 93 (+28) Hunter New England LHD, 8 (-17) Western LHD, 51 (-) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 30 (+2) Central Coast LHD, 12 (-7) Southern LHD, 3 (-3) Northern NSW LHD, 2 Mid North Coast LHD, and 1 Murrumbdgee LHD. 1 was in "correctional settings". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 959 (-19) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 188 (-2) in intensive care, 93 (-1)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 90,680 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,678,457 tests. • There were 22,987 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,663,252 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,795,836 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,459,088 vaccinations. Regional NSW lockdown extensions On 6 October there were several lockdown extensions in regional NSW LGAs. The areas affected are: Oberon Council Snowy Monaro Regional Council In the Central Darling Shire, the towns of: Menindee Sunset Strip Existing lockdowns in all these locations were extended until 11 October. On 7 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 11 in the 24 hours to 8pm. This was 3 up on the day before. 7 were not vaccinated, 3 partially vaccinated, 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 9 men and 2 women 2 people in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 4 in their 80s a man in his 80s at Allity Beechwood Aged Care, where he resided and was infected – the fourth death linked to an outbreak there all were from Sydney: 5 south western-, 1 south eastern-, 3 western-, 1 inner city-, 1 suburban Lower North Shore Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 470 since the beginning of the pandemic, 414 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,405, including 5 interstate deaths. By 7 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 587, down by 7 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 60,596. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 66,835. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 119 (-25) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 59 (+4) South East Sydney LHD, 105 (+10) Western Sydney LHD, 2 (+2) Far West LHD, 59 (+15) Sydney LHD, 22 (+7) Northern Sydney LHD, 20 (-13) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 83 (-10) Hunter New England LHD, 7 (-1) Western LHD, 60 (-9) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 21 (-9) Central Coast LHD, 15 (+5) Southern LHD, 7 (+4) Northern NSW LHD, and 4 Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in "correctional settings". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 911 (-48) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 181 (-7) in intensive care, 85 (-8)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 112,186 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,790,643 tests. • There were 22,609 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,685,861 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,903,516 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,589,377 vaccinations. On 8 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 11 in the 24 hours to 8pm, the same as the day before. 4 were not vaccinated, 4 partially vaccinated, 3 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 8 men and 3 women 1 person in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 2 their 80s, and 3 in their 90s a woman in her 80s at Allity Beechwood Aged Care, where she was infected – the fifth death linked to an outbreak there a woman in her 80s at Hardi Guildford Aged Care, where she was infected – the sixth death linked to an outbreak there all were from Sydney: 5 south western, 3 south eastern, 3 western The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 481 since the beginning of the pandemic, 425 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,421, including 6 interstate deaths. Also this day, 90% of the eligible population had received at least one vaccine dose. By 8 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 646, up by 59 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 61,808. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 67,480. 2 new cases were acquired overseas, none from interstate. • Of the new cases: 136 (+17) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 42 (-17) South East Sydney LHD, 119 (+14) Western Sydney LHD, 2 (+2) Far West LHD, 52 (-7) Sydney LHD, 20 (-2) Northern Sydney LHD, 35 (+15) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 97 (+14) Hunter New England LHD, 16 (-1) Western LHD, 5 (+5) Far West LHD, 48 (-12) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 31 (+10) Central Coast LHD, 25 (+10) Southern LHD, 9 (+2) Northern NSW LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. None were in "correctional settings". 7 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 856 (-55) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 170 (-11) in intensive care, 75 (-10)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 103,388 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,894,031 tests. • There were 23,101 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,708,962 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 6,998,187 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,707,149 vaccinations. On 9 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 6, down by 5 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 4 were not vaccinated, 1  was partially vaccinated. The deaths included: 6 men, no women 2 men in their 50s, 1 their 60s, and 3 in their 70s a man in his 50s at home (southern New South Wales) a man in his 50s at Canberra Hospital a man in his 70s at St George Hospital, where he was infected – the third death linked to an outbreak there a man in his 70s at Nepean Hospital, where he was infected – the eighth death linked to an outbreak there 4 were from Sydney: 2 south western, 1 south eastern, 1 western 2 from southern New South Wales The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 487 since the beginning of the pandemic, 431 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to at least 1,432, including 4 interstate deaths. By 9 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 580, down by 66 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 62,384. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 68,057. 1 new case was acquired overseas, none from interstate. • Of the new cases: 130 (-6) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 42 (-) South East Sydney LHD, 74 (-45) Western Sydney LHD, 6 (+4) Far West LHD, 42 (-10) Sydney LHD, 9 (-11) Northern Sydney LHD, 41 (+6) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 98 (+1) Hunter New England LHD, 17 (+1) Western LHD, 6 (+1) Far West LHD, 54 (+6) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 31 (-) Central. Coast LHD, 20 (-5) Southern LHD, and 7 (-2) Northern NSW LHD. 4 were in "correctional settings". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 812 (-44) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 163 (-7) in intensive care, 75 (-)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 79,894 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 17,973,925 tests. • There were 23,776 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,732,738 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,090,455 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,823,193 vaccinations. On 10 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 8, up by 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. Minimal information was published on their vaccination status. The deaths included: 6 men, 2 women 1 person was in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 3 their 60s, 1 their 70s, 1 their 80s, 1 their 90s a woman in her 90s at Liverpool Hospital – had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions – a resident of Allity Beechwood Aged Care where she was infected – the sixth death linked to an outbreak there all were from Sydney: 2 south western, 4 western, 1 inner west, 1 suburban north shore The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 495 since the beginning of the pandemic, 439 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,448, including 8 interstate deaths. By 10 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 477, down by 103 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 62,847. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 68,523. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 106 (-24) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 40 (-2) South East Sydney LHD, 77 (-3) Western Sydney LHD, 32 (-10) Sydney LHD, 20 (+11) Northern Sydney LHD, 20 (-11) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 56 (-42) Hunter New England LHD, 17 (+1) Western LHD, 1 (-5) Far West LHD, 58 (+4) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 25 (-6) Central. Coast LHD, 11 (+11) Southern LHD, and 5 (-2) Northern NSW LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. 0 were in "correctional settings". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 794 (-18) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 159 (-4) in intensive care, 76 (+1)  requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 86,155 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,060,080 tests. • There were 22,296 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,755,034 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,186,382 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 10,941,416 vaccinations. On 11 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 5, down by 3 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 3 were not vaccinated, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 4 men, 1 women 1 was in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 3 their 80s a man in his 80s at Campbelltown Hospital, a resident of Hawkesbury Living Aged Care, where he was infected – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions a woman in her 80s at Hawkesbury Living Aged Care where she was infected – the seventh death linked to an outbreak there – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions 2 were from Sydney: 1 south eastern, 1 western 3 from Nepean Blue Mountains The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 500 since the beginning of the pandemic, 444 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,461, including 8 interstate deaths. State lockdown eased On 11 October, which some news media dubbed "Freedom Day", the 107 day lockdown in NSW was eased, mostly for the fully vaccinated. Stay-at-home orders were removed for them; non-essential retailers, hairdressers, and hospitality venues were among those able to re-open to people who could prove their full-vaccinated status; masks were no longer mandatory in the open, though still required indoors in public places and on public transport. The same day, full COVID-19 vaccination reached 75.2%, and 90.8% had received one dose. By 11 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 496, up by 22 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 63,338. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 69,016. 2 new cases were acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 113 (+7) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 42 (+2) South East Sydney LHD, 94 (+17) Western Sydney LHD, 36 (+4) Sydney LHD, 13 (-7) Northern Sydney LHD, 23 (+3) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 82 (+26) Hunter New England LHD, 13 (-4) Western LHD, 4 (+3) Far West LHD, 38 (-20) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 21 (-5) Central Coast LHD, 6 (+5) Southern LHD, 4 (-1) Northern NSW LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in "correctional settings". 0 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 769 (-25) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 153 (-6) in intensive care, 71 (-5) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 83,498 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,143,578 tests. • There were 19,706 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,774,740 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,241,547 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,016,287 vaccinations. On 12 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, down by 1 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 2 were not vaccinated, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 3 men, 1 women 1 was in their 60s, 3 their 70s man in his 70s at home (south western Sydney) – not vaccinated and had underlying health conditions – tested positive to COVID-19 after death. 2 people who each had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine: a man in his 60s at Nepean Hospital – underlying health conditions a woman in her 70s at Allity Beechwood Aged Care, where she was infected – underlying health conditions – the seventh death linked to an outbreak at Allity Beechwood all were from Sydney: 2 south eastern, 2 western The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 504 since the beginning of the pandemic, 448 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,478, including 13 interstate deaths. By 12 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 360, down by 136 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 63,686. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 69,363. 0 new cases were acquired oversea or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 93 (-20) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 26 (-16) South East Sydney LHD, 53 (-14) Western Sydney LHD, 26 (-10) Sydney LHD, 8 (-5) Northern Sydney LHD, 13 (-10) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 47 (-35) Hunter New England LHD, 11 (-2) Western LHD, 1 (-3) Far West LHD, 38 (-20) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 22 (+1) Central Coast LHD, 10 (+4) Southern LHD, 4 (-) Northern NSW LHD, and 1 Murrumbidgee LHD. 3 were in "correctional settings". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 766 (-3) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 153 (+2) in intensive care, 74 (+3) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 88,988 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,232,566 tests. • There were 21,910 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,796,650 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,266,345 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,062,995 vaccinations. On 13 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 6, up by 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 3 were not vaccinated, 2 had 1 dose, 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 3 men, 3 women 2 were in their 60s, 2 their 80s, and 2 their 90s a man in his 60s at Campbelltown Hospital, where he was infected – the fifth death linked to an outbreak there – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions a man in his 90s at Hawkesbury Living Aged Care Facility, where he was infected – the seventh death linked to an outbreak there – 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions 4 were from Sydney: 1 south eastern, 1 western, 2 south western 1 from Wollongong, 1 the Nepean area The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 510 since the beginning of the pandemic, 454 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,496, including 12 interstate deaths. By 13 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 444, up by 84 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 64,125. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 69,804. 2 new cases were acquired oversea, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 108 (+15) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 14 (-12) South East Sydney LHD, 36 (-17)Western Sydney LHD, 34 (+8) Sydney LHD, 9 (+1) Northern Sydney LHD, 20 (+7) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 78 (+31) Hunter New England LHD, 14 (+3) Western LHD, 0 (-1) Far West LHD, 23 (-15) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 7 (-15) Central Coast LHD, nil (-10) Southern LHD, 12 (+8) Northern NSW LHD, and 2 (+1) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 2 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 716 (-50) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 150 (-3) in intensive care, 76 (+2) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 105,508 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,338,074 tests. • There were 20,677 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,817,327 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,361,395 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,178,722 vaccinations. On 14 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, down by 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 2 men, 2 women all had underlying health conditions 1 was in their 50s, 1 their 70s, and 2 their 80s a man in his 50s at St Vincent’s Hospital – not vaccinated a man in his 70s at Campbelltown Hospital, where he was infected – the sixth death linked to an outbreak there – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine a woman in her 80s at St George Hospital – resided at Allity Beechwood Aged Care, where she was infected – the eighth death linked to an outbreak there – had two doses of vaccine a woman in her 80s at Liverpool Hospital – had one dose of vaccine All were from Sydney: 1 western, 3 south western The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 514 since the beginning of the pandemic, 458 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,506, including 6 interstate deaths. By 14 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 406, down by 38 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 64,522. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 70,202. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 62 (-46) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 31 (+17) South East Sydney LHD, 62 (+26) Western Sydney LHD, 53 (+19) Sydney LHD, 9 (-) Northern Sydney LHD, 24 (+4) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 103 (+25) Hunter New England LHD, 8 (-6) Western LHD, 1 (+1) Far West LHD, 22 (-1) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 18 (+11) Central Coast LHD, 3 (+3) Mid North Coast LHD, 2 (+2) Southern LHD, 3 (-9) Northern NSW LHD, and 2 (-) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 711 (-5) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 143 (-7) in intensive care, 75 (-1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 85,133 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 8,423,207 tests. • There were 19,313 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,836,640 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,456,568 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,293,208 vaccinations. On 15 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 2, down by 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose. The deaths included: 1 man, 1 woman The man was in his 60s, the woman her 90s the man at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine the woman at St George Hospital both were from Sydney: 1 inner west, 1 south eastern The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 516 since the beginning of the pandemic, 460 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,515, including 7 interstate deaths. By 15 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 399, down by 7 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 64,911. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 70,592. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 92 (+30) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 28 (-3) South East Sydney LHD, 63 (+1) Western Sydney LHD, 31 (-22) Sydney LHD, 4 (-5) Northern Sydney LHD, 20 (-4) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 79 (-24) Hunter New England LHD, 8 (-6) Western LHD, 3 (+2) Far West LHD, 31 (-9) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 15 (-3) Central Coast LHD, 2 (-) Southern LHD, 4 (+1) Northern NSW LHD, and 8 (+6) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 677 (-34) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 145 (+2) in intensive care, 77 (+2) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 85,000 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,508,207 tests. • There were 20,877 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,857,517 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,539,312 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,396,829 vaccinations. On 16 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 10, up by 8 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 5 were not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, 4 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 5 men, 5 women 2 were in their 50s, 2 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 3 their 80s, and 1 their 90s a woman in her 80s at Liverpool Hospital, where she was infected – the 12th death linked an outbreak there – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions a man in his 80s at Prince of Wales Hospital, where he was infected – had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions a man in his 90s also at Prince of Wales Hospital – a resident of Southern Cross Care Daceyville aged care, where he was infected – the first death linked to an outbreak there – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions 7 were from Sydney: 2 south eastern, 3 south western, 2 southern 1 from Central Coast, 1 the Newcastle area, 1 Cessnock area The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 526 since the beginning of the pandemic, 470 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,531, including interstate deaths. 80% full vaccination reached On 16 October NSW reached 80% full vaccination. Because of this, for those who are fully vaccinated, from 18 October mask wearing requirements, among others, and restrictions on numbers attending gatherings were eased, allowing more people to visit at home, gather outside, and at "controlled" (seated, fenced or ticketed) outdoor events. Travel between Greater Sydney and regional NSW was not yet permitted. By 16 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 319, down by 80 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 65,228. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 70,910. 2 new cases were acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 89 (-3) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 22 (-6) South East Sydney LHD, 51 (-12) Western Sydney LHD, 25 (-6) Sydney LHD, 3 (-1) Northern Sydney LHD, 4 (-16) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 51 (-28) Hunter New England LHD, 10 (+2) Western LHD, 4 (+1) Far West LHD, 21 (-10) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 7 (-8) Central Coast LHD, 4 (+4) Mid North Coast, 7 (+5) Southern LHD, 1 (-3) Northern NSW LHD, and 18 (+10) Murrumbidgee LHD. Nil were in a "correctional setting". 2 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 652 (-25) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 138 (-7) in intensive care, 73 (-4) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 66,311 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,574,518 tests. • There were 20,460 COVID-19 vaccinations administered, for 3,877,977 doses total, by NSW Health, plus another 7,617,875 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,495,852 vaccinations. On 17 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 5, down 5 by on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 3 were not vaccinated, 2 had 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 1 man, 4 women 1 each was in their 30s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and their 80s a woman in her 30s at John Hunter Hospital – not vaccinated – underlying health conditions 2 people: a man in his 50s, a woman in her 70s at Concord Hospital – he was unvaccinated, she had one vaccine dose – both with underlying health conditions a woman in her 60s at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital – not vaccinated a woman in her 80s at Wollongong Hospital – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions 3 were from Sydney: 1 south western, 2 inner west 1 from the Wollongong area, 1 Cessnock area The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 531 since the beginning of the pandemic, 475 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to at least 1,543, including interstate deaths. By 17 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 301, down by 18 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 65,528. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 71,210. 0 new cases were acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 74 (-15) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 18 (-4) South East Sydney LHD, 33 (-18) Western Sydney LHD, 24 (-1) Sydney LHD, 2 (-1) Northern Sydney LHD, 6 (+2) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 73 (+22) Hunter New England LHD, 5 (-5) Western LHD, 1 (-3) Far West LHD, 26 (+5) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 14 (+7) Central Coast LHD, 1 (-3) Mid North Coast, 4 (-3) Southern LHD, 3 (+2) Northern NSW LHD, and 11 (-7) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 619 (-33) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 137 (-1) in intensive care, 71 (-2) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 69,107 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,643,625 tests. • There had been 3,897,451 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,694,069 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,591,520 vaccinations. On 18 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, down 1 by on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 2 were not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, and 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 3 men, 1 woman 3 in their 60s, and 1 in their 80s 3 were from Sydney: 1 south western, 1 inner city, 1 Northern Beaches 1 from the Wollongong area The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 535 since the beginning of the pandemic, 479 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,558, including interstate deaths. By 18 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 265, down by 36 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 65,786. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 71,469. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 65 (- 9) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 18 (-) South East Sydney LHD, 33 (-) Western Sydney LHD, 21 (-3) Sydney LHD, 4 (+2) Northern Sydney LHD, 5 (-0) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 63 (-10) Hunter New England LHD, 2 (-3) Western NSW LHD, 0 (-1) Far West LHD, 16 (+10) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 10 (-4) Central Coast LHD, 0 (-1) Mid North Coast, 5 (-1) Southern NSW LHD, 1 (-2) Northern NSW LHD, and 18 (+7) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 606 (-13) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 132 (-5) in intensive care, 71 (-) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 60,273 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,703,898 tests. • There had been 3,910,844 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,733,379 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,644,223 vaccinations. On 19 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 7, up by 3 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 4 were not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, and 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 5 men, 2 women 1 was in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 70s, and 3 their 90s a man in his 40s at Maitland Hospital – not vaccinated a man in his 50s died at home – tested positive to COVID-19 after death – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine 2 men in their 90s at Tarrawana aged care, where they were infected – both had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine a man in his 90s at Mercy Place aged care, where he was infected – the first death linked to an outbreak there – not vaccinated 3 were from Sydney: 1 south western, 2 inner city 2 from the Wollongong area, 1 Maitland area, 1 Albury area The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 542 since the beginning of the pandemic, 486 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,577, including interstate deaths. By 19 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 273, up by 8 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 66,051. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 71,734. No new case was acquired overseas or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 77 (+12) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 26 (+8) South East Sydney LHD, 48 (+15) Western Sydney LHD, 19 (-2) Sydney LHD, 1 (-3) Northern Sydney LHD, 27 (+22) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 35 (-28) Hunter New England LHD, 1 (-1) Western NSW LHD, 0 (-) Far West LHD, 9 (-7) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 11 (+1) Central Coast LHD, 0 (-1) Mid North Coast, 2 (-3) Southern NSW LHD, 1 (-) Northern NSW LHD, and 10 (-8) Murrumbidgee LHD. 2 were in a "correctional setting". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 589 (-17) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 128 (-4) in intensive care, 69 (-2) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 90,597 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,794,495 tests. • There had been 3,928,195 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,749,237 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,677,432 vaccinations. On 20 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 1, down by 6 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. The death was: 1 man who was in his 50s at Sutherland Hospital – had 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine came from south eastern Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 543 since the beginning of the pandemic, 487 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to 1,590 including interstate deaths. By 20 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 283, up by 10 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 66,330. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 72,013. No new case was acquired overseas or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 60 (-17) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 12 (-14) South East Sydney LHD, 43 (-5) Western Sydney LHD, 24 (-2) Sydney LHD, 6 (+3) Northern Sydney LHD, 13 (-14) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 62 (+27) Hunter New England LHD, 5 (+4) Western NSW LHD, 1 (+1) Far West LHD, 17 (+8) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 13 (+2) Central Coast LHD, 4 (+4) Mid North Coast, 3 (+1) Southern NSW LHD, 2 (+1) Northern NSW LHD, and 17 (+7) Murrumbidgee LHD. 0 were in a "correctional setting". 1 was not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 552 (-27) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 124 (-4) in intensive care, 66 (-3) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 88,664 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,883,159 tests. • There had been 3,942,283 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,809,384 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,751,667 vaccinations. On 21 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 6, up 5 by on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 2 had 1 dose, and 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths included: 2 men, 3 women 1 each was in their 30s, 50s, 70s, 80s, and their 90s a man in his 70s at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital – infected at the Greek Orthodox Community Home for the Aged in Earlwood – the first death linked to an outbreak there – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions a woman in her 90s at Prince of Wales Hospital, where she was infected – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine – underlying health conditions all were from Sydney: 3 south western, 2 inner west, 1 south eastern The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 548 since the beginning of the pandemic, 492 during the NSW Delta outbreak.National deaths rose to at least 1,611, including interstate deaths. By 21 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 372, up by 89 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 66,686. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 72,371. 2 new cases were acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 80 (+20) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 26 (+14) South East Sydney LHD, 24 (-19) Western Sydney LHD, 25 (+1) Sydney LHD, 16 (+10) Northern Sydney LHD, 6 (-7) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 74 (+12) Hunter New England LHD, 2 (-3) Western NSW LHD, 3 (+2) Far West LHD, 22 (+5) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 12 (-1) Central Coast LHD, 16 (+12) Mid North Coast, nil (-3) Southern NSW LHD, 4 (+2) Northern NSW LHD, and 51 (+34) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 10 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 523 (-29) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 124 (-) in intensive care, 64 (-2) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 86,235 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 18,969,394 tests. • There had been 3,956,157 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,866,007 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,822,164 vaccinations. On 22 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 2, down by 4 by on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, and 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 1 man, 1 woman the man in his 60s, the woman her 70s the man died at Mercy Place Albury Aged Care, where he was infected – the second death linked to an outbreak there – had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine the woman at Hornsby Hospital – not vaccinated she was from north west Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 550 since the beginning of the pandemic, 494 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to at least 1,622, including interstate deaths. By 22 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 345, down by 27 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 67,024. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 72,710. 0 new cases were acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 63 (-17) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 28 (+2) South East Sydney LHD, 40 (+16) Western Sydney LHD, 18 (-7) Sydney LHD, 11 (-5) Northern Sydney LHD, 15 (+9) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 61 (-13) Hunter New England LHD, 2 (-3) Western NSW LHD, 0 (-3) Far West LHD, 12 (-10) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 25 (+13) Central Coast LHD, 12 (-4) Mid North Coast, nil (-) Southern NSW LHD, 5 (+1) Northern NSW LHD, and 35 (-16) Murrumbidgee LHD. 3 were in a "correctional setting". 10 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 482 (-41) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 125 (+1) in intensive care, 67 (+3) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 76,594 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,045,988 tests. • There had been 3,968,352 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,920,067 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,888,419 vaccinations. On 23 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, up by 2 by on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 3 were not vaccinated, and 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 4 men, no woman 2 were in their 60s, 1 their 70s, and 1 their 80s all were from Sydney: 2 south western, 2 western The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 554 since the beginning of the pandemic, 498 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,637, including interstate deaths. By 23 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 332, down by 13 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 67,336. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 73,023. 1 new case was acquired overseas, 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 69 (+6) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 19 (-9) South East Sydney LHD, 37 (-3) Western Sydney LHD, 17 (-1) Sydney LHD, 12 (+1) Northern Sydney LHD, 6 (-9) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 78 (+17) Hunter New England LHD, 8 (-6) Western NSW LHD, 1 (+1) Far West LHD, 6 (-6) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 10 (-15) Central Coast LHD, 22 (+10) Mid North Coast, 5 (+5) Southern NSW LHD, 2 (-3) Northern NSW LHD, and 37 (-2) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 2 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 469 (-13) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 123 (-2) in intensive care, 66 (-1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 64,118 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,110,106 tests. • There had been 3,982,178 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 7,975,029 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 11,957,207 vaccinations. On 24 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, the same as the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 2 had 1 dose, and 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. All 4 had underlying health conditions. The deaths were: 3 men, 1 woman 2 were in their 60s, 1 their 70s, and 1 their 80s 3 were from Sydney: 1 south western, 2 inner western 1 from the Central Coast The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 558 since the beginning of the pandemic, 502 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,648, including interstate deaths. By 24 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 296, down by 36 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 67,625. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 73,311. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 62 (-7) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 12 (-7) South East Sydney LHD, 20 (-17) Western Sydney LHD, 12 (-5) Sydney LHD, 6 (-6) Northern Sydney LHD, 11 (+5) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 53 (-25) Hunter New England LHD, 10 (+2) Western NSW LHD, 5 (+4) Far West LHD, 17 (+11) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 4 (-6) Central Coast LHD, 23 (+1) Mid North Coast, 6 (+5) Southern NSW LHD, 2 (-4) Northern NSW LHD, and 47 (+10) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 5 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 480 (-11) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 119 (-4) in intensive care, 67 (+1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 66,740 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,176,846 tests. • There had been 3,994,205 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,026,902 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,021,107 vaccinations. On 25 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 1, 3 less than the previous 24 hours to 8pm. They were not vaccinated. The death was: 1 man in his 70s at Wollongong Hospital from Wollongong The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 559 since the beginning of the pandemic, 503 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,653, including interstate deaths. By 25 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 294, down by 2 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 67,910. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 73,596. No new case was acquired overseas, or from interstate. • Of the new cases: 54 (-8) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 18 (+6) South East Sydney LHD, 24 (+4) Western Sydney LHD, 10 (-2) Sydney LHD, 8 (+2) Northern Sydney LHD, 6 (-5) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 59 (+6) Hunter New England LHD, 6 (-4) Western NSW LHD, 5 (-) Far West LHD, 8 (-9) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 8 (+4) Central Coast LHD, 30 (+7) Mid North Coast LHD, 3 (-3) Southern NSW LHD, 1 (-1) Northern NSW LHD, and 46 (-1) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 7 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 474 (-6) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 116 (-3) in intensive care, 57 (-10) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 59,612 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,236,458 tests. • There had been 4,000,039 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,054,167 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,054,206 vaccinations. On 26 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 3, up 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 2 were not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 2 men, 1 woman 1 was in their 30s, 1 their 70s, and 1 their 80s the man in his 30s died at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital – before testing positive he had one dose of vaccine All 3 were from Sydney: 1 western, 2 inner western The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 562 since the beginning of the pandemic, 506 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,656 including interstate deaths. By 26 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 282, down by 12 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 68,180. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 73,868. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 41 (-13) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 28 (+10) South East Sydney LHD, 41 (+27) Western Sydney LHD, 12 (+2) Sydney LHD, 3 (-5) Northern Sydney LHD, 5 (-1) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 49 (-10) Hunter New England LHD, 7 (+1) Western NSW LHD, 1 (-4) Far West LHD, 7 (-1) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 2 (-6) Central Coast LHD, 33 (+3) Mid North Coast LHD, 6 (+3) Southern NSW LHD, 6 (+5) Northern NSW LHD, and 45 (-1) Murrumbidgee LHD. 1 was in a "correctional setting". 6 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 457 (-17) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 109 (-7) in intensive care, 57 (-) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 71,352 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,307,810 tests. • There had been 4,008,333 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,063,915 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,072,248 vaccinations. On 27 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 2, down by 1 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 had 1 dose, 1 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 1 man, 1 woman 1 was in their 70s, and 1 their 90s the man, in his 70s, at St. George Hospital – had one dose of vaccine the woman at Tarrawanna Aged Care, north of Wollongong, where she acquired her infection – the third death linked to an outbreak there – had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine 1 from south western Sydney 1 Wollongong The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 564 since the beginning of the pandemic, 508 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,696, including interstate deaths. By 27 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 304, up by 22 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 68,474. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 74,163. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 36 (-5) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 18 (-10) South East Sydney LHD, 18 (-23) Western Sydney LHD, 22 (+10) Sydney LHD, 13 (+10) Northern Sydney LHD, 6 (+1) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 83 (+34) Hunter New England LHD, 7 (-) Western NSW LHD, 1 (-) Far West LHD, 15 (+8) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 3 (+1) Central Coast LHD, 22 (-11) Mid North Coast LHD, 6 (+3) Southern NSW LHD, 11 (+10) Northern NSW LHD, and 38 (-7) Murrumbidgee LHD. 2 was in a "correctional setting". 8 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 418 (-39) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 97 (-12) in intensive care, 43 (-14) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 89,875 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,397,685 tests. • There had been 4,015,370 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,100,689 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,116,059 vaccinations. On 28 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 2, the same as the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 1 man, 1 woman 1 was in their 70s, and 1 their 90s the man in his 70s at Mercy Place Aged Care in Albury, where he acquired his infection– the third death linked to an outbreak– had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine the woman at Tarrawanna Aged Care, where she acquired her infection – the fourth death linked to an outbreak there – she was not vaccinated The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 566 since the beginning of the pandemic, 510 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,708, including interstate deaths. By 28 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 293, down by 11 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 68,756. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 74,445. 2 new cases were acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 51 (+15) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 14 (-4) South East Sydney LHD, 26 (+8) Western Sydney LHD, 22 (-) Sydney LHD, 9 (-4) Northern Sydney LHD, 11 (+5) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 79 (-4) Hunter New England LHD, 6 (-1) Western NSW LHD, 1 (-) Far West LHD, 12 (-3) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 4 (+1) Central Coast LHD, 18 (-4) Mid North Coast LHD, 5 (-1) Southern NSW LHD, 9 (-2) Northern NSW LHD, and 30 (-8) Murrumbidgee LHD. 0 were in a "correctional setting". 6 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 381 (-37) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 97 (-12) in intensive care, 38 (-5) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 89,678 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,487,363 tests. • There had been 4,022,792 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,140,155 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,162,947 vaccinations. On 29 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 3, up by 1 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 1 was not vaccinated, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The deaths were: 3 men, 0 women all had underlying health conditions 1 was in their 40s, 1 their 60s, and 1 their 80s man in his 40s at John Hunter Hospital– had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine man in his 60s at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital – had one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine man in his 80s at Liverpool Hospital, where he was infected – had two doses of vaccine 2 from Sydney: 1 south western, 1 western 1 Newcastle The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 569 since the beginning of the pandemic, 513 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,722, including interstate deaths. By 29 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 268, down by 25 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 69,008. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 74,698. 1 new case was acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 41 (-10) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 11 (-3) South East Sydney LHD, 21 (-5) Western Sydney LHD, 29 (+7) Sydney LHD, 3 (-6) Northern Sydney LHD, 12 (+1) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 54 (-25) Hunter New England LHD, 1 (-5) Western NSW LHD, 3 (+2) Far West LHD, 8 (-4) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 4 (+1) Central Coast LHD, 13 (-5) Mid North Coast LHD, 7 (+2) Southern NSW LHD, 1 (-8) Northern NSW LHD, and 52 (+22) Murrumbidgee LHD. 0 were in a "correctional setting". 8 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 363 (-18) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 82 (-15) in intensive care, 32 (-6) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 82,840 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,570,203 tests. • There had been 4,030,008 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,178,712 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,208,720 vaccinations. On 30 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 1, down by 2 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. They were not vaccinated. The death was: 1 woman in her 70s at Concord Hospital from south western Sydney The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 570 since the beginning of the pandemic, 514 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,735, including interstate deaths. By 30 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 236, down by 32 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 69,232. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 74,923. 1 new case was acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 24 (-27) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 17 (+6) South East Sydney LHD, 15 (-6) Western Sydney LHD, 23 (-6) Sydney LHD, 1 (-2) Northern Sydney LHD, 5 (-7) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 73 (+19) Hunter New England LHD, 5 (+4) Western NSW LHD, 0 (-3) Far West LHD, 8 (-) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 7 (+3) Central Coast LHD, 13 (-) Mid North Coast LHD, 1 (-6) Southern NSW LHD, 1 (-) Northern NSW LHD, and 33 (-19) Murrumbidgee LHD. 2 were in a "correctional setting". 8 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 343 (-20) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 81 (-1) in intensive care, 33 (+1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 77,271 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,647,474 tests. • There had been 4,038,573 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,218,032 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,256,605 vaccinations. On 31 October deaths of confirmed COVID cases were at 4, up by 3 on the previous 24 hours to 8pm. 2 were not vaccinated, 2 had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. All had underlying health conditions. The deaths were: 2 men, 2 women 2 in their 60s, 1 their 70s, 1 over 100 years of age a man in his 60s at Concord Hospital – infected at Parklea Correctional Centre a woman in her 60s at Prince of Wales Hospital a man in his 70s, a woman aged 101– both infected at Mercy Place aged care, Albury – the 4th and 5th deaths linked to an outbreak there 2 from Sydney: 1 south western, 1 south eastern 2 from Albury The total number of COVID related deaths in NSW was now 574 since the beginning of the pandemic, 518 during the NSW Delta outbreak. National deaths rose to 1,743, including interstate deaths. By 31 October new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 177, down by 59 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 69,397. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 75,089. 1 new case was acquired overseas. 0 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 25 (+1) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 14 (-3) South East Sydney LHD, 18 (+2) Western Sydney LHD, 17 (-6) Sydney LHD, 7 (+6) Northern Sydney LHD, 3 (-2) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 33 (-40) Hunter New England LHD, 18 (+13) Western NSW LHD, 1 (+1) Far West LHD, 9 (+1) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 6 (-1) Central Coast LHD, 13 (-) Mid North Coast LHD, 4 (+3) Southern NSW LHD, 7 (+6) Northern NSW LHD, and 22 (-11) Murrumbidgee LHD. None were in a "correctional setting". 3 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 340 (-3) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 78 (-3) in intensive care, 32 (-1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 75,378 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,722,852 tests. • There had been 4,045,698 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,258,696 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,304,394 vaccinations. November On 1 November the state government announced $130 million of funding, including for psychology and psychiatry services, to assist those who had been adversely affected mentally by the COVID-19 pandemic. By 1 November new locally acquired cases of COVID-19 were 135, down by 42 on the previous day. Total new cases reported during the state's Delta outbreak were 69,526. The total number of confirmed cases in NSW reached 75,218. No new case was acquired overseas. 1 from interstate. • Of the new cases: 23 (-2) were from South Western Sydney LHD, 2 (-12) South East Sydney LHD, 9 (-9) Western Sydney LHD, 11 (-6) Sydney LHD, 2 (-5) Northern Sydney LHD, 3 (-) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 30 (-3) Hunter New England LHD, 2 (-16) Western NSW LHD, 1 (-) Far West LHD, 3 (-6) Illawarra-Shoalhaven LHD, 1 (-5). Central Coast LHD, 14 (+1) Mid North Coast LHD, 5 (+1) Southern NSW LHD, 0 (-7) Northern NSW LHD, and 26 (+4) Murrumbidgee LHD. 3 were in a "correctional setting". 0 were not yet assigned to any LHD. • There were 349 (+9) COVID-19 cases in hospital, 77 (-1) in intensive care, 33 (+1) requiring ventilation. • COVID-19 tests were 62,857 to 8pm for that day bringing the state total to 19,785,709 tests. • There had been 4,050,714 total vaccine doses administered by NSW Health, plus another 8,278,417 doses administered by the GP network and other providers, for a state total to this date of 12,329,131 vaccinations. On 28 November, two cases of the Omicron variant were detected in Sydney. Both people landed in Sydney the previous day, and have travelled from southern Africa to Sydney via Doha, Qatar. The two people, who are fully vaccinated, entered isolation; 12 other travellers from southern Africa also entered quarantine for fourteen days, while about 260 other passengers and crew on the flight have been directed to isolate. On 29 November, two more passengers which arrived from southern Africa via Singapore tested positive for the Omicron variant. On 30 November, a positive case of the Omicron variant was recorded in Sydney. The person had visited southern Africa before arriving in Sydney prior to travel restrictions, and was subsequently active in the community in Sydney and the Central Coast. By 3 December, a cluster including Omicron variant cases had developed in western Sydney, in the suburbs of Regents Park and Villawood. December On 5 December, new daily case numbers dropped to a low of 208. On 16 December, due to the spread of COVID-19 Omicron variant in the area, NSW Health urged the Newcastle community to consider deferring social events till after Christmas. On the afternoon of 16 December the Lunar Electric Music Festival in Newcastle, scheduled for December 18, was cancelled by a Public Health Order. This was done because the ongoing spread of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 in that area was too high a risk. After falling as low as 208 then gradually rising, on 13 December new daily case numbers began to rise quickly again. By 18 December they had risen sharply for six consecutive days reaching what was then a new NSW state, and national, record of 2,566 new daily cases, before dropping slightly again to 2,501 on 19 December. By 22 December, great difficulties in finding rapid antigen tests (RAT) for COVID-19 became apparent. On 23 December, NSW single-dose vaccinations reached 95%, and 93.5% double dose, for the 16-years and older community and the NSW government announced that on 27 December until 27 January 2022, QR code check-ins would again be compulsory, including in hospitality and retail settings. Also, hospitality venues such as cafes, clubs, pubs and restaurants would return to a 1-person per 2 square metre rule indoors, but no density limit in outdoor settings. The same day, the state government also announced that they would source rapid antigen test (RAT) kits and distribute them for free. On 24 December, the states' new daily cases of COVID-19 rose to 6,288. Also on 24 December, mask wearing indoors again became mandatory. On 25 December, there were no deaths recorded, and new daily cases of COVID-19 rose to 6,394. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 458, 52 in intensive care, 15 on ventilation. On 26 December NSW had 3 deaths, including its first death related to the Omicron variant, raising to 654 the states' total official COVID deaths. All 3 people were in their 80s or 90s, had 2 doses of vaccine, and underlying health conditions. The Omicron death was a man from western Sydney, at Westmead Hospital. He was infected at Uniting Lilian Wells aged care in North Parramatta where he lived. New case numbers were down slightly at 6,324. Cases admitted to hospital were 520, with 55 in intensive care, 17 on ventilation, all more than the previous day. By 27 December, NSW pathology services processed more than 24 million PCR tests but, as in other states, resources were being strained by "tourism testing". Consequently, on 29 December the NSW Health Department asked that people getting tested to travel interstate for holidays avoid going to COVID testing sites unnecessarily as it was unlikely they would get test results within 72 hours. If travelling to Qld, this would be after that states' 1 January 2022 changes to test requirements became effective and only a RAT test needed. Priority for getting a PCR test was then given to those who: • had COVID-19 symptoms or – a positive rapid antigen test • were a household contact of a confirmed case • had been in a venue, for example a club, where there had been high transmission • had been in a setting with vulnerable people which was experiencing an outbreak, such as an aged care home On 28 December there were 3 more deaths, raising the state total to 658, and new case numbers jumped by about 85% in 24 hours to 11,201 from 6,062 on 27 December. On 30 December there were another 6 deaths raising the state total to 665. They were 4 men and 2 women aged in their 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s. 1 was not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, 4 had 2 doses of vaccine. New cases jumped sharply by over 70% to 21,151 from 12,226 on 29 December. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 832, with 69 in intensive care, 19 on ventilation, all above the previous day. On 31 December there were another 4 deaths raising the state total to 669. They were 1 man and 3 women aged in their 60s, 70s, and 80s. 1 was not vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, 2 had 2 doses of vaccine. New cases rose to 22,577. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 901, and to 79 in intensive care. 2022 On 1 January there were another 2 deaths raising the state total to 671. Both were men, aged in their 80s, and 90s. Both had 2 doses of vaccine. Daily new cases fell to 18,278 from 22,577. The majority were from the Sydney region: 3,740 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,336 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 2,961 Western Sydney LHD, 1,999 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1,918 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,342 from Hunter New England LHD, with lesser numbers in other health districts. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 1,066, with 83 in intensive care and 24 on ventilation, both slightly up. On 2 January there were another 4 deaths raising the state total to 675. They were 2 men and 2 women, 2 aged in their 70s, 1 each in their 80s, and 90s. Three had 2 doses of vaccine, one had received 3 doses. Daily new cases rose to 20,794 from 18,278. The majority were from the Sydney region: 3,966 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,576 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 4,047 Western Sydney LHD, 1,889 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,122 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,612 from Hunter New England LHD, with lesser numbers in other health districts. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 1,204, with 95 in intensive care and 25 on ventilation, all up on the preceding day.Confirmed state COVID-19 cases since the start of the pandemic reached 248,875. On 3 January there were another 2 deaths raising the state total to 677. They were 2 men, one aged in his 70s at Westmead Hospital in Sydney, the other his 90s at John Hunter Hospital in Newcastle. Each had 2 doses of vaccine. Daily new cases rose to 23,131 from 20,794. The majority were from the Sydney region: 4,258 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 4,602 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 3,680 Western Sydney LHD, 1,979 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,969 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,689 from Hunter New England LHD, with lesser numbers in other health districts. Cases admitted to hospital were 1,344, with 105 in intensive care and 27 on ventilation, all up on the day before. The number hospitalised was a new record, previously 1,268 cases set on 21 September 2021. On 4 January there were another 8 deaths raising the state total to 685. They were 6 men and 2 women. 1 was in their 50s, 2 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 2 their 80s, and 1 person their 90s. One death each was at Coffs Harbour Base Hospital, Gosford Hospital and Bupa Aged Care in Ballina. 2 were not vaccinated, 5 had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, and 1 person had 3 doses of COVID vaccine. Daily new cases rose markedly from 23,131 to 35,054, over 50% increase. The majority of new cases, over 70%, were from the Sydney region: 6,542 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 5,710 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 5,989 Western Sydney LHD, 3,667 Northern Sydney LHD, and 3,827 from Sydney LHD. There were another 2,961 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,502 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 1,496 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, with numbers below 600 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were 1,491, with 119 in intensive care and 32 on ventilation, all up on the previous day. The number hospitalised set another new record at 1,491, up on the 1,344 set the previous day, the record before that was 1,268 cases on 21 September 2021. Also on 4 January, booster shots of COVID-19 vaccine became available for those aged over 18-years, and whose last vaccination was at least 4 months prior. NSW Health also "strongly" recommended a third vaccine dose for those aged 12 years and over who were, severely immuno-compromised, and two months since their second dose. Shortage of some foods on supermarket shelves, such as fresh fruit, meat and vegetables, became apparent on 4 January as the effects of the pandemic on supply chains, such as staff shortages caused by transport and distribution centre workers having to isolate after COVID exposure, took hold. The problem is worse because of the extra demand during the Christmas/New Year holiday period coinciding with large increases in COVID-19 infections. On 5 January there were another 6 deaths raising the state total to 691. They were 5 men and 1 woman. 1 was in their 20s, others their 60s, 80s, and 90s. 3 were from western Sydney, 2 the Lake Macquarie area. The last 1 was from the ACT, the man in his 20s, at St Vincent's Hospital. He had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, no known underlying health conditions. Daily new cases fell slightly from 35,054 to 34,994, detected by 111,231 tests. The majority of new cases, were again from the Sydney region: 5,364 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 5,556 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 5,456 Western Sydney LHD, 3,538 Northern Sydney LHD, and 4,226 from Sydney LHD. There were another 3,424 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,452 (down slightly) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1,633 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD and 1,116 Central Coast LHD (up from previous days' 588), with numbers below 700 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were up to 1,609, with 131 in intensive care and 38 on ventilation, all up on the previous day. The number hospitalised set another state record, up on the 1,491 record set the previous day. Also on 5 January, Coles Supermarkets introduced limits on some food items. Chicken breasts, chicken thighs, mince and sausages were limited to 2 packs. Matthew Swindells, their chief operations officer, said that east coast stores will be affected the most, particularly NSW and Greater Sydney. Woolworths Supermarkets said it will not be limiting buying. On 6 January there was a jump up to 11 deaths that day, raising the state total to 702. They were 6 men and 5 women, aged in their 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s. 3 were from south eastern Sydney, 1 western Sydney, 1 south western Sydney, 1 northern Sydney. Another 3 from northern NSW, 1 from Port Stephens and 1 Lake Macquarie. Daily new cases rose again, to 38,625 from 34,994, detected by 112,725 tests. The majority of new cases, were again from the Sydney region: 6,076 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 6,444 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 6,968 Western Sydney LHD, 4,172 Northern Sydney LHD, and 4,162 from Sydney LHD. There were another 2,430 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,740 (up ~20%) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 1,606 (up ~25%) Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 1,000 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were up to 1,738, with 134 in intensive care and 33 on ventilation. The number hospitalised set another state record, up on the 1,609 record set the previous day. On 7 January there were 9 deaths, raising the official state total to 711. They were 4 men and 5 women, aged in their 50s, 70s, and 90s. 2 were from south eastern Sydney, 1 western Sydney, 5 south western Sydney, 1 northern Sydney. 1 was from Newcastle. Daily new cases rose again, to 45,098 from 38,625, detected by 116,915 tests. The majority of new cases, ~47%, were again from the Sydney region: 7,970 (up ~33%) South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 6,413 (down slightly) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 6,972 Western Sydney LHD, 4,392 (up ~5%) Northern Sydney LHD, 4,930 (up ~15%) from Sydney LHD. There were another 4,432 (up ~80%) from Hunter New England LHD, 1,788 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD (up again), 1,691 (up ~5%) Central Coast LHD, 1,154 (up ~70%) Northern NSW LHD, and 1,059 (up ~20%) from Western NSW LHD, with numbers below 800 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were up to 1,795, with 145 in intensive care and 40 on ventilation, both also up. The number hospitalised was another record, up on the 1,738 the previous day. Restrictions reintroduced Also on 7 January, the NSW government reintroduced some COVID safety measures. From 8 January, till 27 January: singing and dancing banned in: hospitality venues (including bars, clubs, nightclubs, pubs and restaurants) entertainment facilities major recreation facilities – weddings are exempted, as are performers, students and instructors in the listed settings non-urgent elective surgery will be paused (until mid-February) As a result, the Tamworth Country Music Festival, set to start on 14 January, was postponed to April. On 8 January there was a state record of 16 deaths (previously 15) in a 24-hour period, raising the official state total to 727. They were 8 men and 8 women, aged in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s. 14 were from Sydney: 2 from south eastern, 2 western, 7 south western, 1 northern, and 2 inner-west Sydney. 1 was from the central coast, and 1 the south coast. Daily new cases fell sharply, to 30,062 from 45,098, detected by 98,986 tests. The majority of new cases, ~75%, were from the Sydney region: 5,077 (down ~35%) South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 4,442 (down ~30%) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 5,077 (down ~40%) Western Sydney LHD, 2,505 (down ~45%) Northern Sydney LHD, 3,184 (down ~33%) from Sydney LHD. There were another 2,527 (down ~40%) from Hunter New England LHD, 1,535 (down ~15%) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1,121 (down ~33%) Central Coast LHD, 1,027 (down ~10%) Northern NSW LHD, 1,059 (up ~20%) from Western NSW LHD, and 1,386 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, with numbers below 600 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were up to 1,927, with 151 in intensive care and 38 on ventilation. The number hospitalised was a record, up on the 1,795 the previous day. On 9 January there was a state record of 18 (previously 16) deaths reported, raising the official state total to 745 deaths. They were 11 men and 6 women, 3 were aged in their 60s, 4 their 70s,7 their 80s, 2 their 90s, and a child under 5 years. 14 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 western, 4 south western, 1 northern, 2 southern, 2 inner-west, 1 the inner city, and 1 eastern Sydney. There was also 1 from Penrith, 2 the Hunter region, and 1 from the Riverina region. The deaths included: • a child from south western Sydney, at home, with "significant underlying health conditions" • man in his 30s, from eastern Sydney, at Prince of Wales Hospital.Daily new cases were 20,293 (only from PCR testing in the 24 hours to 8pm on 9 January). Total tests were down ~15% at 84,333. NSW Health stated: "As increasingly people follow NSW Health’s advice to use rapid antigen tests (RAT) for diagnosing COVID-19, the number of PCR tests will underestimate the true number of people who have tested positive for COVID-19. The majority of new cases were from the Sydney region: 3,230 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 2,660 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 3,654 Western Sydney LHD, 1,811 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,095 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,115 from Hunter New England LHD, and 1,231 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, with numbers below 900 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital were up to 2,030, with 159 in intensive care and 47 on ventilation. The number hospitalised was a record high, up ~5% on the 1,927 the previous day. On 10 January there were 11 deaths reported, raising the official state total to 756 deaths. They were 5 men and 6 women, 1 was aged in their 70s, 7 their 80s, and 3 their 90s. 8 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 western, 4 south western, 1 northern, 1 southern, and 1 eastern Sydney. There was also 1 from the Central Coast, and 2 the Hunter Region. Daily new cases were 25,870 (only from PCR testing). Total tests reported were down ~15% at 71,325. The majority of new cases were from the Sydney region: 5,014 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,319 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 4,345 Western Sydney LHD, 2,345 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,640 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,661 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,425 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1,448 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1,001Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 900 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,186, with 170 in intensive care and 51 on ventilation. The total of reported cases in NSW since the pandemic began there in March 2019 was 501,200. The number hospitalised was again a record high, up on the previous days' 2,030 admissions. On 11 January there were 21 deaths reported, 7 of the deaths were from 2021 in September (1 death), October (2) and December (4), and were added after the end of coronial inquiries. This raised the official state total to 777 deaths. They were 17 men and 4 women, 1 was aged in their 30s, 1 their 40s, 2 their 50s, 4 their 60s, 6 their 70s, 4 their 80s, 2 their 9s and 1 their 100s. 17 were from Sydney and suburbs: 2 western, 4 south western, 2 northern, 4 Northern Beaches, 4 south eastern, 1 the inner city,. There was also 2 from the Newcastle area, and 2 Wollongong. Daily new cases were 34,759 (only from PCR testing). Total tests reported were up 90% at 134,411 from 71,325. The majority of new cases were from the Sydney region: 7,350 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,911 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 5,394 Western Sydney LHD, 3,237 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,522 from Sydney LHD. There were another 3,410 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,345 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 2,169 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1,054 Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 1,000 cases in all other LHDs. 90% of the new cases were of the Omicron variant, the remainder Delta.Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,242, with 175 in intensive care and 54 on ventilation. Half those in ICU were not vaccinated and 67% were infected with Omicron. This contrasts to during the first week of December 2021, when Omicron was 10% of ICU infections. The number hospitalised was a new record high, slightly up on the previous days' 2,186 admissions. RAT (Rapid Antigen Test) reporting On 12 January, on-line reporting of RAT tests became available, and positive result reporting was made mandatory, backdated to 1 January. Failure to report positives, from 12 January onwards, can result in a $1,000 fine from 19 January After the reporting system went live at 9am that day, 53,909 positives were reported in less than 8 hours. On 12 January there were 22 deaths reported. 14 were vaccinated, 8 not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 799 deaths.There were 13 men and 9 women, 1 was aged in their 60s, 8 their 70s, 7 their 80s, 5 their 90s and 1 their 100s. 20 were from Sydney and suburbs: 7 south western, 7 Northern Sydney, 3 south eastern, 2 Inner Sydney, 1 from the Eastern Suburbs. There was also 1 from the Central Coast and 1 person the Cessnock area. Daily new cases were 30,541 (only from PCR testing). Total tests reported were down 34% at 88,164 from 134,411. RAT test positives reported that day totalled 61,387. These tests cover from 1 January. 50,729 positives are from the last seven days. Multiple positives by one person on different days are included. Most new cases, ~68%, were from the Sydney region: 6,080 (down~27%) South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,655 (down~7%) South Eastern Sydney LHD, 4,929 (down ~9%) Western Sydney LHD, 2,841 (down ~12%) Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,873 (up ~14%) from Sydney LHD. There were another 2,491 (down ~27%) from Hunter New England LHD, 1,506 (up ~12%) Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1,396 (down ~35%) Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1,424 (up ~40%) Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 800 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,383, with 182 in intensive care and 60 on ventilation. The 22 deaths was a new state high, and those hospitalised was also a new high, slightly up on the previous days' 2,242 admissions. On 13 January there were 29 deaths reported. 19 were vaccinated, 10 not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 828 deaths. There were 15 men and 14 women, 3 were aged in their 40s, 5 their 60s, 5 their 70s, 11 their 80s, and 5 their 90s. 25 were from Sydney and suburbs: 10 south western Sydney, 5 northern, 5 south eastern, 3 western Sydney, 2 Sydney's Inner West. There was also: 2 people from the Tweed Heads area, 1 Wollongong and 1 the Lake Macquarie area. Daily new cases reported were down at 63,018 from 88,164. PCR testing results were 25,080 cases, and RAT test positives reported that day totalled 37,938. Most new cases, were from the Sydney region: 4,599  South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,173 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 4,280 Western Sydney LHD, 2,157 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,480 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,554 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,249 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 1,289 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1,094 Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 1,000 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,525, with 184 in intensive care and 59 on ventilation. The 29 deaths was a new state high, and those hospitalised was also new high, up on the previous days' 2,383 admissions. On 14 January there were 20 deaths reported. 16 were vaccinated, 4 not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 848 deaths. There were 11 men and 9 women, 1 was aged in their 20s, 3 their 50s, 1 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 9 their 80s and 2 were in their 90s. 15 were from Sydney and suburbs: 7 south western Sydney, 3 south eastern, 4 western, 1 Sydney's Inner West. There was also: 1 from the Mid North Coast, 2 Wollongong area and 2 the Riverina. One death was a man in his 20s at Albury Base Hospital who had two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, and serious underlying health conditions.Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down again at 48,768 from 88,164. PCR testing results were 27,020 cases, and RAT test positives reported that day were 21,748. Most new cases were from the Sydney region: 5,143 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 3,072 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 3,805 Western Sydney LHD, 2,483 Northern Sydney LHD, and 2,013 from Sydney LHD. There were another 2,334 from Hunter New England LHD, 1,221 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, 2,196 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, and 1,166 Central Coast LHD, with numbers below 900 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,576, with 193 in intensive care and 58 on ventilation. The hospitalisations were a new high, up on the previous days' 2,525 admissions. On 15 January another 20 deaths were reported. 14 were vaccinated, 6 not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 868 deaths. There were 12 men and 8 women, 2 were aged in their 50s, 6 their 70s, 7 their 80s, 4 their 90s, and 1 was in their 100s. 18 were from Sydney and suburbs: 6 south western Sydney, 2 south eastern, 4 western, 4 Inner West, 1 northern, 1 Northern Beaches. There was also: 1 from the Wollongong area and 1 the Tamworth area. The 2 deaths in their 50s had serious underlying health conditions. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down again at 34,660 from 48,768. PCR testing results were 20,978 cases, and RAT test positives reported were 13,682. Most new cases were from the Sydney region: 4,063 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 2,336 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 3,139 Western Sydney LHD, 1,875 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1,858 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,755 from Hunter New England LHD, 989 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 1,458 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, with numbers below 700 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,650, with 191 in intensive care and 61 on ventilation. Numbers hospitalised were a new high, up on the previous days' 2,576. On 16 January another 17 deaths were reported. 14 were vaccinated, 1 had 1 dose, 2 were not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 885 deaths. There were 12 men and 5 women, 1 was aged in their 60s, 4 their 70s, 9 their 80s, and 3 in their 90s. 13 were from Sydney and suburbs: 7 south western Sydney, 2 south eastern, 2 western, 1 northern, 1 south Sydney. There was also: 1 from the Newcastle area, 1 Central Coast, 1 Wagga Wagga, 1 the Tweed Heads area. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down again at 29,504 from 34,660. Of those, 17,646 cases were from PCR tests, 11,858 RAT tests. Most new cases were from the Sydney region: 3,279 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 1,888 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 3,234 Western Sydney LHD, 1,669 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1,613 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,365 from Hunter New England LHD, 845 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 1,058 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, with numbers below 700 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,776, with 203 in intensive care and 61 on ventilation. Numbers hospitalised were a new high, up on the previous days' 2,650. On 17 January another 36 deaths were reported. 33 were vaccinated with at least 2 vaccine doses, 3 were not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 921 deaths. There were 22 men and 14 women, 1 was aged in their 40s, 2 their 50s, 1 their 60s, 11 their 70s, 12 their 80s, and 9 in their 90s. 27 were from Sydney and suburbs: 9 south western Sydney, 8 western, 2 northern, 5 Sydney, 3 Northern Beaches. There was also 9 from regional NSW: 1 the Newcastle area, 1 Coffs Harbour area, 1 Lake Macquarie area, 1 New England area, 1 Northern Rivers area, Shellharbour area, 1 Bega Valley Shire area, 1 Southern Tablelands area, and 1 from the Taree area. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 29,830 from 29,504. Of those, 16,067 cases were from PCR tests, 13,763 RAT tests. Most new cases were from the Sydney region: 2,594 South Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD), 2,100 South Eastern Sydney LHD, 2,868 Western Sydney LHD, 1,489 Northern Sydney LHD, and 1,312 from Sydney LHD. There were another 1,035 from Hunter New England LHD, 878 Nepean Blue Mountains LHD, and 928 Illawarra Shoalhaven LHD, with numbers below 900 cases in all other LHDs. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,850, with 209 in intensive care and 63 on ventilation, all up. The 36 deaths was a new state high, and numbers hospitalised were also a new high, up on the previous days' 2,776. On 18 January another 32 deaths were reported. 23 were vaccinated with at least 2 doses of vaccine, 1 had 1 dose, 8 were not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 953 deaths. There were 20 men and 12 women, 3 were aged in their 40s, 3 their 60s, 8 their 70s, 11 their 80s, and 7 in their 90s. 28 were from Sydney and suburbs: 11 south western Sydney, 2 western, 9 south east, 4 northern Sydney, 1 inner west, 1 from the Northern Beaches. There was also 4 from regional NSW: 2 from the Illawarra Shoalhaven region, 1 the Central Coast and 1 New England area. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 32,297 from 29,830. Of those, 19,847 cases were from PCR tests, 12,450 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 10,417 were from the previous seven days. Cases admitted to hospital rose to 2,863, with 217 in intensive care and 66 on ventilation, all up. The numbers hospitalised set a new record high, slightly up on the previous days' 2,850. On 19 January 25 deaths were reported. 16 were vaccinated with at least 2 doses of vaccine, 1 had 1 dose, 8 were not vaccinated. This raised the official state total to 978 deaths. There were 16 men and 9 women, 1 was aged in their 30s, 2 their 50s, 5 their 60s, 5 their 70s, 7 their 80s, 4 in their 90s and 1 over 100 years old. 17 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 south western, 6 western, 5 south east, 3 inner west, 2 Northern Beaches. There was also 8 from regional NSW: 1 the Illawarra Shoalhaven region, 2 the Central Coast, 2 Lake Macquarie area, 1 Newcastle area, 1 Queanbeyan, and 1 Albury. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 30,825 from 32,297. Of those, 17,647 cases were from PCR tests, 13,178 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 11,034 were from the previous seven days. Cases admitted to hospital fell to 2,781, down to 212 in intensive care, and up slightly to 68 on ventilation. Over 1,000 deaths total On 20 January 46 deaths were reported, a new state record. These deaths raised the official state total to 1,024 deaths. 7 were from 29 December 2021 to 13 January 2022, and were included after coronial enquiries were finished. 1 had 3 doses of vaccine, 29 had 2 doses, 2 had 1 dose. 14 were not vaccinated. There were 33 men and 13 women, 1 was aged in their 30s, 1 their 40s, 4 their 50s, 8 their 60s, 12 their 70s, 13 their 80s, 7 in their 90s. 35 were from Sydney and suburbs: 20 south western, 5 western, 1 inner west, 2 Eastern Suburbs, 1 inner west, 2 Northern, 1 Northern Beaches, 3 Sydney's south. There was also 11 from regional NSW: 1 Port Macquarie, 1 Coffs Harbour, 1 Bega Valley area, 1 Singleton, 1 Jervis Bay area, 1 Wollongong, 1 the South Coast and 1 the Tweed Heads area, 2 Newcastle area, 1 Queanbeyan. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 25,168 from 30,825. Of those, 15,153 cases were from PCR tests, 10,015 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 8,774 were from the previous seven days. Cases admitted to hospital fell again to 2,743, down to 209 in intensive care, and unchanged at 68 on ventilation. On 21 January 30 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,054 deaths. 4 had 3 doses of vaccine, 16 had 2 doses, 1 had 1 dose. 9 were not vaccinated. There were 18 men and 12 women, 1 was aged in their 50s, 7 their 70s, 15 their 80s, 7 in their 90s. 23 were from Sydney and suburbs: 10 south western, 1 inner Sydney, 5 Eastern Suburbs, 2 inner west, 2 north west, 3 Sydney's south. There was also 7 from regional NSW: 2 Northern Rivers, 1 Coffs Harbour, 2 Central Coast, 1 Dubbo, and 1 Wollongong. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 20,148 from 25,168. Of those, 11,582 cases were from PCR tests, 8,566 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 7,687 were from the previous seven days. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 2,743 to 2,762, down to 204 in intensive care, and up slightly to 70 on ventilation. On 22 January 34 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,088 deaths. 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 23 had 2 doses, 3 had 1 dose. 6 were not vaccinated. There were 26 men and 8 women, 1 was aged in their 40s, 5 their 50s, 5 their 60s, 9 their 70s, 10 their 80s, 4 in their 90s. 23 were from Sydney and suburbs: 11 south western, 4 western, 4 south eastern, 2 north west, 1 northern, 1 inner west Sydney. There was also 10 from regional NSW: 2 Northern Rivers, 3 Newcastle area, 1 Mid North Coast, 1 South Coast, 1 Riverina, 2 Wollongong area. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 20,324 from 20,148. Of those, 13,620 cases were from PCR tests, 6,704 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 6,165 were from the previous seven days. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 748,995. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,762 to 2,712, down to 189 in intensive care, and up slightly to 72 on ventilation. On 23 January 24 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,112 deaths. 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 16 had 2 doses, 3 had 1 dose. 3 were not vaccinated. There were 16 men and 8 women, 2 were aged in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 12 their 80s, and 7 in their 90s. 22 were from Sydney and suburbs: 10 south western, 3 western, 5 south eastern, 4 inner west. There was also 2 from northern NSW. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 15,091 from 20,324. Of those, 8,190 cases were from PCR tests, 6,901 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 6,336 were from the previous seven days. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 757,386. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 2,712 to 2,816, up to 196 in intensive care, and down slightly to 69 on ventilation. On 24 January 29 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,141 deaths. 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 21 had 2 doses. 6 were not vaccinated. There were 16 men and 13 women, 5 were aged in their 60s, 3 their 70s, 14 their 80s, 6 their 90s and 1 more than 100 years. 21 were from Sydney and suburbs: 10 south western, 6 western, 3 south eastern, 2 northern Sydney. There was also 8 from regional NSW: 4 the Shellharbour area, 1 Wollongong area, 1 New England region, 1 Broken Hill, and 1 the Central Coast. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 18,512 from 15,091. Of those, 9,422 cases were from PCR tests, 9,090 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 8,242 were from the previous seven days. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 766,996. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 2,816 to 2,943, down to 183 in intensive care, and up slightly to 72 on ventilation. Also on 24 January, the restrictions in NSW regarding QR code check-ins, venue capacity, singing, dancing and mask wearing, all due to expire on 27 January, were extended by a month to 28 February. On 25 January 29 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,170 deaths. 6 had 3 doses of vaccine, 16 had 2 doses, 7 were not vaccinated. There were 17 men and 12 women, 2 were aged in their 50s, 3 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 16 their 80s and 6 in their 90s. 19 were from Sydney and suburbs: 8 south western, 3 western, 4 northern Sydney, 2 Northern Beaches, 1 Eastern Suburbs, 1 Inner West. There was also 10 from regional NSW: 2 the Shellharbour area, 2 Wollongong area, 1 Mid North Coast, 1 the Mid Coast area, 1 Griffith area, 1 Northern Rivers region, 1 Tamworth region and 1 the Central Coast. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 21,030 from 18,512. Of those, 12,918 cases were from PCR tests, 8,112 RAT tests. Of the RAT positives, 7,416 were from the previous seven days. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 780,467. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,943 to 2,794, down to 175 in intensive care, and up slightly to 75 on ventilation. On 26 January another 29 deaths were reported. This raised the official state total to 1,198 deaths. 4 had 3 doses of vaccine, 16 had 2 doses, 2 had 1 dose, 7 were not vaccinated. There were 19 men and 10 women, 2 were aged in their 60s, 8 their 70s, 13 their 80s and 6 in their 90s. 23 were from Sydney and suburbs: 9 south western, 2 western, 2 south eastern, 1 northern Sydney, 2 Northern Beaches, 2 Inner Sydney, 2 Inner West, 3 Southern Sydney. There was also 6 from regional NSW: 2 Lake Macquarie area, 1 the Tweed area, 1 Batemans Bay, 1 Northern Rivers region, and 1 the Central Coast. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 17,316 from 21,030. Of those, 9,934 cases were from PCR tests, 7,382 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January, 229,793 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 780,467. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,794 to 2,722, up to 181 in intensive care, and fell slightly to 72 on ventilation. On 27 January 35 deaths were reported in the preceding 24 hours, plus another 35 deaths (19 men and 16 women) from 2 to 20 January, all aged care facility residents in south western Sydney. This 70 dead raised the official state total to 1,268 deaths. Of the 35 most recent deaths, 8 had 3 doses of vaccine, 15 had 2 doses, 12 were not vaccinated. There were 20 men and 15 women, 1 was aged in their 40s, 2 their 60s, 6 their 70s, 11 their 80s, 14 their 90s and 1 was more than 100 years old. 27 were from Sydney and suburbs: 12 south western, 7 western, 1 Eastern Suburbs, 2 northern, 1 Northern Beaches, 1 Inner West, 3 Southern Sydney. There was also 8 from regional NSW: 3 Lake Macquarie area, 1 the Tweed Heads area, 1 Northern Rivers region, 1 the Central Coast, 1 the Southern Tablelands, and 1 from Maitland. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were down at 13,333 from 17,316. Of those, 6,256 cases were from PCR tests, 7,077 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 236,350 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 797,566. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 2,722 to 2,737, up to 189 in intensive care, and up to 78 on ventilation. On 28 January 49 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 8pm. This raised the official state total to 1,316 deaths. Of them, 11 had 3 doses of vaccine, 24 had 2 doses, 2 had 1 dose, 12 were not vaccinated. There were 28 men and 21 women, 2 were aged in their 60s, 10 their 70s, 17 their 80s, 19 their 90s, and 1 aged 100 years old. 40 were from Sydney and suburbs: 25 south western, 7 western, 1 Eastern Suburbs, 2 northern, 3 Inner West, 2 Southern Sydney. There was also 9 from regional NSW: 1 Newcastle area, 1 Lake Macquarie area, 1 Tamworth region, 1 northern NSW, 1 the Riverina, 1 Central West, 1 the Mid Coast area, 2 the Mid North Coast. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 13,354 from 13,333. Of those, 7,928 cases were from PCR tests, 5,426 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 241,034 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 806,133. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,737 to 2,693, down to 186 in intensive care, and down to 73 on ventilation. On 29 January a record 52 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 8pm. This raised the official state total to 1,368 deaths. Of them, 6 had 3 doses of vaccine, 32 had 2 doses, 2 had 1 dose, 12 were not vaccinated. There were 33 men and 19 women, 3 were aged in their 60s, 11 their 70s, 26 their 80s, 11 their 90s, and 1 aged over 100 years old. 44 were from Sydney and suburbs: 26 south western, 5 western, 2 south eastern, 2 northern, 6 Inner West, 2 the Northern Beaches, 1 southern. There was also 8 from regional NSW: 1 Newcastle area, 1 Lake Macquarie area, 1 northern, 1 the Wollongong area, 1 Central Coast, and 3 from Dubbo. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported were up at 13,524 from 13,354. Of those, 7,492 cases were from PCR tests, 6,032 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 246,427 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 814,161. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,693 to 2,663, down to 182 in intensive care, and unchanged at 73 on ventilation. On 30 January 27 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 8pm. This raised the official state total to 1,394 deaths. Of them, 8 had 3 doses of vaccine, 16 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. There were 17 men and 10 women, 5 were aged in their 60s, 6 their 70s, 10 their 80s, and 16 were in their 90s. 17 were from Sydney and suburbs: 6 south western, 2 northern, 2 Inner West, 1 Northern Beaches, and 6 southern Sydney. There was also 10 from regional NSW: 2 Maitland, 2 the Riverina region, 1 the Northern Rivers region, 2 Wollongong, 2 Central Coast, and 1 from the Tweed Heads region. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 13,026 from 13,524. Of those, 7,362 cases were from PCR tests, 5,664 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 251,530 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 821,946. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 2,663 to 2,779, up to 185 in intensive care, and down to 67 on ventilation. On 31 January 30 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 8pm. This raised the official state total to 1,424 deaths. Of them, 5 had 3 doses of vaccine, 19 had 2 doses, 6 were not vaccinated. There were 21 men and 9 women, 1 was aged in their 30s, 1 their 50s, 5 their 70s, 19 their 80s, and 4 were in their 90s. 20 were from Sydney and suburbs: 8 south western, 2 northern, 4 Inner West, 3 western, and 3 southern Sydney. There was also 10 from regional NSW: 2 Shellharbour area, 1 Dubbo, 1 Central Coast, 1 Hunter Region, 1 South Coast, 1 Mid North Coast, 1 from the Mid Coast, and 2 Tweed Heads region. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 12,818 from 13,026. Of those, 4,905 cases were from PCR tests, 7,913 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 258,867 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 827,141. Cases admitted to hospital fell 2,779 to 2,749, up to 186 in intensive care, and up to 70 on ventilation. On 1 February 27 deaths were reported in the 20 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,451 deaths. Of the new deaths, 4 had 3 doses of vaccine, 14 had 2 doses, 9 were not vaccinated. There were 15 men and 12 women, 1 was aged in their 50s, 3 their 60s, 3 their 70s, 11 their 80s, 8 their 90s, and 1 aged 100. 21 were from Sydney and suburbs: 12 south western, 1 northern, 2 Inner West, 3 western, 1 Eastern Suburbs and 2 southern Sydney. There was also 6 from regional NSW: 1 the Riverina region, 1 Port Macquarie area, 1 South Coast, 1 Tamworth area, 1 Singleton, and 1 Newcastle. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 11,807 from 12,818. Of those, 5,493 cases were from PCR tests, 6,314 RAT tests.Since reporting started on 12 January 264,463 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 833,283. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,749 to 2,622, down to 170 in intensive care, and up to 72 on ventilation. On 2 February 38 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,489 deaths. Of the new deaths, 4 had 3 doses of vaccine, 24 had 2 doses, 1 had 1 dose, 9 were not vaccinated. There were 22 men and 16 women, 2 were aged in their 50s, 4 their 60s, 9 their 70s, 13 their 80s, and 10 in their 90s. 27 were from Sydney and suburbs: 9 south western, 2 northern, 1 Inner West, 3 western, 8 Eastern Suburbs, and 4 southern Sydney. There was also 11 from regional NSW: 1 Riverina region, 1 Albury, 1 Central West, 1 Snowy Mountains, 1 Southern Highlands, 2 Coffs Harbour area, 3 northern, 1 Newcastle region.Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 12,632 from 12,818. Of those, 5,485 cases were from PCR tests, 7,147 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 270,874 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 839,412. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,622 to 2,578, down to 160 in intensive care, and to 68 on ventilation. Over 1,500 deaths total On 3 February 31 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,520 deaths. Of the new deaths, 10 had 3 doses of vaccine, 18 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. There were 21 men and 10 women; 1 was aged in their 60s, 7 their 70s, 12 their 80s, 10 their 90s, and 1 aged 100. 20 were from Sydney and suburbs: 9 south western, 1 northern, 1 Northern Beaches, 1 north west, 1 Inner West, 4 western, and 3 southern Sydney. There was also 11 from regional NSW: 1 Riverina region, 2 Shellharbour, 2 Wollongong, 2 Central Coast, 1 Hunter region, 1 South Coast, 1 Northern Rivers, 1 Clarence Valley region.Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 10,698 from 12,632. Of those, 4,576 cases were from PCR tests, 6,122 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 276,418 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 844,422. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,578 to 2,494, unchanged at 160 in intensive care, and up to 75 on ventilation. On 4 February 18 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,538 deaths. Of the new deaths, 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 14 had 2 doses, 1 had 1 dose, 1 was not vaccinated. There were 11 men and 7 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 3 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 6 their 80s, and 4 their 90s. 11 were from Sydney and suburbs: 4 south western, 1 northern, 2 north west, 3 western, and 1 southern Sydney. There was also 7 from regional NSW: 1 Port Stephens, 2 Central West, 1 Central Coast, 1 South Coast, 1 Coffs Harbour region, 1 Macarthur region. Daily new cases (positive test results) reported fell to 8,389 from 10,698. Of those, 5,300 cases were from PCR tests, 3,089 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 281,289 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 847,873. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,494 to 2,337, down to 152 in intensive care, and fell to 70 on ventilation. On 5 February 28 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,566 deaths. Of the new deaths, 5 had 3 doses of vaccine, 20 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. There were 17 men and 11 women; 2 were aged in their 40s, 3 their 60s, 6 their 70s, 10 their 80s, and 7 their 90s. 20 were from Sydney and suburbs: 6 south western, 3 northern, 4 south east, 1 north west, 2 western, 3 Inner West, and 1 southern Sydney. There was also 8 from regional NSW: 3 Newcastle area, 2 Central Coast, 1 Mid North Coast, 1 Wagga Wagga area and 1 the Lower Hunter area. Daily new cases reported fell to 7,893 from 10,698. Of those, 3,556 cases were from PCR tests, 4,337 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 285,053 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 851,913. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,337 to 2,321, down to 147 in intensive care, and fell to 66 on ventilation. On 6 February 14 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,580 deaths. Of the new deaths, 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 7 had 2 doses, 1 had 1 dose, 4 were not vaccinated. There were 9 men and 5 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 60s, 5 their 70s, 3 their 80s, and 2 their 90s. 10 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 south western, 1 northern, 4 western, and 2 Inner West. There was also 4 from regional NSW: 2 Shellharbour region, 1 Wollongong area, and 1 the Central Coast. Daily new cases reported fell to 7,437 from 7,893. Of those, 3,520 cases were from PCR tests, 3,917 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 288,513 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 855,741. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,321 to 2,099, down to 137 in intensive care, and fell to 60 on ventilation. On 7 February 18 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,598 deaths. Of the new deaths, 3 had 3 doses of vaccine, 10 had 2 doses, 5 were not vaccinated. There were 12 men and 6 women; 2 were aged in their 60s, 5 their 70s, 6 their 80s, and 5 their 90s. 8 were from Sydney and suburbs: 2 south western, 1 northern, 2 western, 2 Eastern Suburbs, and 1 Inner West. 10 deaths, the majority, were from regional NSW: 3 Coffs Harbour region, 2 Port Macquarie region, 1 the Blue Mountains, 1 Albury, 1 Hunter region, 1 Newcastle, and 1 the Central Coast. Daily new cases reported rose to 9,690 from 7,437. Of those, 2,880 cases were from PCR tests, 6,810 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 294,959 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 858,886. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,099 to 2,068, down to 132 in intensive care, and up by 1 to 61 on ventilation. On 8 February 20 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,618 deaths. Of the new deaths, 8 had 3 doses of vaccine, 9 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. There were 11 men and 9 women; 4 were aged in their 60s, 2 their 70s, 8 their 80s, and 6 their 90s. 13 were from Sydney and suburbs: 4 south western, 1 south, 1 northern, 4 western, 2 Eastern Suburbs, and 1 Inner West. The other 7 were from regional NSW: 1 Central West, 1 northern, 1 Albury, 1 Hunter Valley, 1 Newcastle, and 2 the Central Coast. Daily new cases reported rose to 10,312 from 9,690. Of those, 4,351 cases were from PCR tests, 5,961 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 300,353 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 863,703. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 2,068 to 1,906, steady at 132 in intensive care and 61 on ventilation. On 9 February 24 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,642 deaths. Of the new deaths, 8 had 3 doses of vaccine, 9 had 2 doses, 7 were not vaccinated. There were 15 men and 9 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 1 their 60s, 5 their 70s, 9 their 80s, 7 their 90s, and 1 over 100 years. 10 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 south western, 1 south, 1 north shore, 1 western, 1 south eastern, 1 inner Sydney, and 2 inner west. The other 14 were from regional NSW: 1 Central West, 1 Northern Rivers, 1 Coffs Harbour, 2 the Hunter region, 1 Shellharbour, 2 Central Coast, 4 Port Macquarie, 1 Tweed Shire, 1 the mid coast. Daily new cases reported fell to 10,130 from 10,312. Of those, 4,306 cases were from PCR tests, 5,824 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 305,722 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 868,335. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,906 to 1,795, down to 121 in intensive care and 55 on ventilation. On 10 February 19 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,661 deaths. Of the new deaths: 2 were aged under 65, 1 had 3 doses, 1 had 2 doses of vaccine (each had underlying health conditions); of those over 65, 3 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 5 had 2 doses, 9 were not vaccinated. There were 14 men and 5 women; 2 were aged in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 7 their 70s, 5 their 80s, and 4 their 90s 15 were from Sydney and suburbs: 6 south western, 1 south, 3 northern suburbs, 3 western, and 2 inner west. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Coffs Harbour, 1 the Upper Hunter, 1 the Shellharbour region, 1 Queanbeyan. Daily new cases reported fell to 8,950 from 10,130. Of those, 3,661 cases were from PCR tests, 5,289 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 310,556 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 872,355. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,795 to 1,716, down to 108 in intensive care and 48 on ventilation. On 11 February 32 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. 11 of the deaths occcured from 22 January to 5 February, and were included after the end of coronial inquiries. This raised the official state total to 1,693 deaths. Of the new deaths: 8 were aged under 65, 3 of them had 3 doses, 3 had 2 doses of vaccine; 2 were not vaccinated. 7 had underlying health conditions. There were 25 men and 7 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 2 their 50s, 7 their 60s, 11 their 70s, 6 their 80s, and 5 their 90s. 23 were from Sydney and suburbs: 6 south western, 7 south eastern, 1 northern Sydney, 7 western, and 2 inner west. The other 9 were from regional NSW: 1 Mid North Coast, 1 the Lower Hunter, 1 Newcastle area, 1 Riverina, 4 Central Coast, and 1 Western NSW. Daily new cases reported fell to 8,183 from 8,950. Of those, 3,288 cases were from PCR tests, 4,895 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 314,988 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 876,020. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,716 to 1,650, down to 104 in intensive care and slightly down to 47 on ventilation. On 12 February 22 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. 1 of the deaths, a man in his 40s, occurred on 26 January at Junee Correctional Centre. This raised the official state total to 1,715 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 were aged under 65, all 3 had 2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine and underlying health conditions. Of those over 65: 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 9 had 2 doses. 8 were not vaccinated. There were 13 men and 9 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 1 their 50s, 2 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 9 their 80s, 4 their 90s, and 1 over 100. 13 were from Sydney and suburbs: 4 south western, 5 western, 3 south eastern, 1 inner Sydney. The other 9 were from regional NSW: 2 Shellharbour region, 1 Lower Hunter region, 1 Taree region, 1 Port Stephens region, 1 Tweed region, 2 Central Coast, and 1 in a correctional setting (Junee). Daily new cases reported fell to 6,686 from 8,183. Of those, 2,385 cases were from PCR tests, 4,301 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 318,945 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 878,638. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,650 to 1,614, down to 93 in intensive care and down to 44 on ventilation. On 13 February, 14 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,729 deaths. Of the new deaths: 4 had 3 doses of vaccine, 6 had 2 doses. 4 were not vaccinated. There were 9 men and 5 women; 1 was aged in their 60s, 4 their 70s, 4 their 80s, and 5 were in their 90s. 10 were from Sydney and suburbs: 2 south western, 2 western, 2 Eastern Suburbs, 2 Inner West, 1 northern Sydney, 1 southern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 2 the Riverina, 1 Lower Hunter, and 1 southern NSW. Daily new cases reported fell to 6,184 from 6,686. Of those, 2,144 cases were from PCR tests, 4,040 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 881,121 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 322,610. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 1,614 to 1,649, up to 100 in intensive care and up to 47 on ventilation. On 14 February, 16 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,745 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 had 3 doses of vaccine, 7 had 2 doses. 1 had a dose, and 5 were not vaccinated. There were 12 men and 4 women; 3 were aged in their 70s, 7 their 80s, and 6 were in their 90s. 9 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 south-western, 1 western, 1 Inner Sydney, 2 Inner West, 2 southern Sydney. The other 7 were from regional NSW: 3 Shellharbour region, 1 Newcastle area, 1 Port Macquarie area, 2 northern NSW. Daily new cases reported rose to 8,201 from 6,184. Of those, 1,460 cases were from PCR tests, 6,741 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 329,141 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 882,737. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,649 to 1,583, down to 96 in intensive care and stayed at 47 on ventilation. On 15 February, 27 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,772 deaths. Of the new deaths: 8 had 3 doses of vaccine, 13 had 2 doses. 1 had a dose, and 5 were not vaccinated. There were 19 men and 8 women; 3 were aged in their 60s, 2 their 70s, 10 their 80s, 11 their 90s, and 1 was in their 100s. 18 were from Sydney and suburbs: 5 south-western, 4 western, 1 Inner Sydney, 1 Inner West, 2 southern, 5 Northern Beaches.The other 9 were from regional NSW: 4 Shellharbour region, 1 Newcastle area, 2 Mid Coast area, 1 Central Coast, and 1 Central West. Daily new cases reported rose to 10,463 from 8,201. Of those, 4,068 cases were from PCR tests, 6,395 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 334,802 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 887,470. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,583 to 1,478, down to 92 in intensive care and down slightly to 46 on ventilation. On 16 February, 14 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,786 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 had 3 doses of vaccine, 6 had 2 doses. 1 had a dose, and 4 were not vaccinated. There were 10 men and 4 women; 2 were aged in their 60s, 4 their 70s, 5 their 80s, and 3 in their 90s. 10 were from Sydney and suburbs: 5 south western, 3 Inner West, 1 south eastern, 1 northern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Shellharbour area, 1 Wollongong area, 1 Central Coast, and 1 Albury area. Daily new cases reported fell to 9,995 from 10,463. Of those, 4,248 cases were from PCR tests, 5,747 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 339,815 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 892,366. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,478 to 1,447, static at 92 in intensive care and up slightly to 47 on ventilation. On 17 February, 15 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,791 deaths. Of the new deaths: 2 had 3 doses of vaccine, 8 had 2 doses, and 5 were not vaccinated. There were 8 men and 7 women; 1 was aged in their 50s, 2 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 5 their 80s, and 3 in their 90s. 7 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 south western, 2 Inner West, 1 inner Sydney, 1 north west Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 4 Port Macquarie area, 1 northern NSW, 2 Central Coast, and 1 the South Coast. Daily new cases reported fell to 9,243 from 9,995. Of those, 3,867 cases were from PCR tests, 5,376 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 344,762 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 896,628. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,447 to 1,381, static at 92 in intensive care and unchanged at 47 on ventilation. On 18 February, 12 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,813 deaths. Of the new deaths: 2 were aged under 65, 1 had 2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 1 was unvaccinated, both had underlying health conditions. Of those over 65: 1 had 3 doses of vaccine, 8 had 2 doses. 1 was not vaccinated. There were 6 men and 6 women; 1 was aged in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 2 their 70s, 4 their 80s, and 4 in their 90s. 5 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 south western, 1 inner west, 1 western, 1 southern, 1 south eastern. The other 7 were from regional NSW: 1 Port Macquarie area, 1 Wollongong area, 1 Central Coast, 1 South Coast, 2 Western NSW, and 1 the Riverina. Daily new cases reported fell to 7,615 from 9,243. Of those, 4,768 cases were from PCR tests, 4,768 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 349,111 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 899,804. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,381 to 1,297, down to 81 in intensive care and fell to 40 on ventilation. On 19 February, 21 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,834 deaths. Of the new deaths: 2 were aged under 65, 1 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 1 had 2 doses, both had underlying health conditions. Of those over 65: 9 had 3 doses of vaccine, 7 had 2 doses. 3 were not vaccinated. There were 15 men and 6 women; 1 was aged in their 50s, 3 their 60s, 5 their 70s, 11 their 80s, and 1 in their 90s. 17 were from Sydney and suburbs: 5 south western, 3 inner west, 3 western, 3 south eastern, 1 north west, 2 northern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Grafton area, 1 Wollongong area, 1 Central Coast, and 1 Tamworth region. Daily new cases reported fell to 5,582 from 7,615. Of those, 1,716 cases were from PCR tests, 3,866 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 352,703 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 901,751 Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,297 to 1,280, down to 77 in intensive care and fell to 35 on ventilation. On 20 February, 7 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,841 deaths. Of the new deaths: 5 had 2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 2 were not vaccinated. They were all men; 1 was aged in their 60s, 2 their 70s, 3 their 80s, and 1 in his 90s. 3 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 inner west, 1 western, 1 northern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 the Hawkesbury region, 1 Riverina region, 1 Central Coast, and 1 Mid Coast region. Daily new cases reported fell to 4,916 from 5,582. Of those, 1,259 cases were from PCR tests, 3,657 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 356,176 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 903,138. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 1,280 to 1,288, down to 74 in intensive care and fell to 33 on ventilation. On 21 February, 14 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,855 deaths. Of the new deaths: 4 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 7 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. They were 11 men, and 3 women; 4 were aged in their 60s, 1 their 70s, 5 their 80s, and 4 in their 90s. 10 were from Sydney and suburbs: 5 south-western, 2 Inner West, 2 south-east, 1 southern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Northern Rivers region, 1 the Central Coast, 1 Cessnock, and 1 from Wollongong. Daily new cases reported rose to 8,752 from 4,916. Of those, 2,716 cases were from PCR tests, 6,036 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 361,695 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 906,286. Cases admitted to hospital rose from 1,288 to 1,293, down to 71 in intensive care and fell to 31 on ventilation. On 22 February, 6 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,861 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 2 had 2 doses, 1 was not vaccinated. They were 2 men, and 4 women; 3 were aged in their 80s, and 3 in their 90s. 2 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 south-western, 1 southern Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Shellharbour region, 1 Mid North Coast, 1 Riverina region, and 1 from southern NSW. Daily new cases reported rose to 8,931 from 8,752. Of those, 3,270 cases were from PCR tests, 5,661 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 366,921 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 909,972. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,293 to 1,246, down to 69 in intensive care and fell to 29 on ventilation. On 23 February, 12 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,873 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 8 had 2 doses, 3 were not vaccinated. They were 7 men, and 5 women; 5 were aged in their 70s, 5 their 80s, 1 their 90s, and 1 over 100 years. 6 were from Sydney and suburbs: 3 south-western, 2 south eastern, and 1 southern Sydney. The other 6 were from regional NSW: 1 Newcastle area, 1 the Central Coast, 1 Grafton, 1 Inverell area, 1 Moree area, and 1 from Queanbeyan. Daily new cases reported fell to 8,271 from 8,931. Of those, 3,021 cases were from PCR tests, 5,250 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 371,730 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 913,382. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,246 to 1,211, down to 59 in intensive care and fell to 27 on ventilation. On 24 February, 6 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,879 deaths. Of the new deaths: 2 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, and 3 had two doses. They were 6 men, and 1 woman; 1 was aged in their 50s, 1 their 70s, 4 their 80s. The man in his 50s had 2 doses of vaccine and significant underlying health conditions. 5 were from south-western Sydney, 1 from the Northern Rivers region. Daily new cases reported fell from 8,271 to 7,583. Of those, 2,809 cases were from PCR tests, 4,774 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 376,089 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 916,503. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,211 to 1,144, rose to 64 in intensive care and up to 28 on ventilation. On 25 February, 11 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,890 deaths. Of the new deaths: 4 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 6 had two doses. 1 was unvaccinated. They were 7 men, and 4 women; 1 was aged in their 40s, 1 their 60s, 4 their 70s, 3 their 80s, and 2 their 90s. The man in his 40s had 3 vaccine doses, and significant underlying health conditions. 7 were from Sydney and suburbs: 2 south-western, 2 south-western, 1 western, 1 Sydney's Inner West. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 the Tamworth region, 1 the Central Tablelands region, 1 Shellharbour region, and 1 Northern Rivers region. Daily new cases reported fell from 7,583 to 7,017. Of those, 2,621 cases were from PCR tests, 4,396 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 380,090 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 919,471. Cases admitted to hospital fell to 1,130 from 1,144, down to 59 in intensive care and fell to 24 on ventilation. On 26 February, 7 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,897 deaths. Of the new deaths: 5 had 2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 1 had 1 dose. 1 was unvaccinated. They were 6 men, and 1 woman; 2 were aged in their 60s, 3 in their 80s, 1 their 90s, and 1 was aged over 100. 3 were from Sydney and suburbs: 1 south-western, 1 northern beaches, 1 eastern suburbs. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 the Shoalhaven region, 1 the south coast, 1 Newcastle area, and 1 from north western NSW. Daily new cases reported fell from 7,017 to 6,014 Of those, 2,198 cases were from PCR tests, 3,816 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 383,612 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 921,933. Cases admitted to hospital rose slightly to 1,146 from 1,144, down to 58 in intensive care and fell to 21 on ventilation. On 27 February, 6 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,903 deaths. Of the new deaths: 3 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 1 had 2 doses, 1 had 1 dose. 1 was unvaccinated. They were 5 men, and 1 woman; 1 was aged in their 50s, 1 their 60s, 2 their 70s, and 2 in their 90s. 2 were from Sydney: 1 south-western, 1 Western Sydney. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Dubbo, 1 Wollongong area, 1 Northern Rivers, and 1 Queanbeyan. Daily new cases reported fell from 6,014 to 5,856. Of those, 1,794 cases were from PCR tests, 4,062 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 387,479 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 923,888. Cases admitted to hospital fell to 1,136 from 1,146, down to 55 in intensive care and fell to 16 on ventilation. On 28 February, 9 deaths were reported in the 24 hours to 4pm. This raised the official state total to 1,912 deaths. Of the new deaths: 4 had 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, 4 had 2 doses. 1 was unvaccinated. They were 4 men, and 5 woman; 1 was aged in their 60s, 1 their 70s, 4 their 80s, and 3 in their 90s. 5 were from Sydney: 2 south-western, 1 Inner Sydney., 1 Northern Sydney, 1 Northern Beaches. The other 4 were from regional NSW: 1 Goulburn, 1 Kiama, 1 Nowra, and 1 Orange. Daily new cases reported rose to 8,874 from 6,014. Of those, 2,286 cases were from PCR tests, 6,588 RAT tests. Since reporting started on 12 January 393,803 positive RATs have been reported. Total cases detected by PCR tests since the pandemic began reached 926,387. Cases admitted to hospital fell from 1,136 to 1,098, down to 49 in intensive care and up to 18 on ventilation. Statistics Plot of COVID-19 cumulative cases in New South Wales Plot of COVID-19 daily cases in New South Wales Plot of COVID-19 cumulative deaths in NSW • 11 July 2021 in above graph was first death in Sydney's Delta outbreak Note: Death plot data up to 28 February 2022 Event cancellations As a consequence of social distancing requirements, lockdowns, travel restrictions, and state or national border closures implemented when the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, numerous events in 2020 and 2021 were cancelled, rescheduled, postponed, reduced in size, or changed location. Some went to an online or streaming format. Some events, such as Vivid Sydney were cancelled for the second year in a row. Into early 2021 some events, such as Skyfire, regional agricultural shows, and music festivals (Byron Bay Bluesfest and Groovin the Moo) were cancelled. twenty regional town shows scheduled for January or February 2021 had been postponed or cancelled in New South Wales. In 2020, the Sydney Royal Easter Show, the largest ticketed event in Australia, was cancelled only for the third time in its 197-year history. The 2021 Easter show went ahead with restrictions such as limits on patron numbers. Vivid Sydney was cancelled in 2020 for the first time in its history, then cancelled again in 2021. The 2020 Sydney Writers' Festival suspended ticket sales and are expected to cancel their seasons. The Festival of Dangerous Ideas 2020 was cancelled on 16 March. The 2020 Byron Bay Bluesfest was cancelled due to the introduction of 14-day self-isolation for anyone entering Australia. The 2021 Bluesfest scheduled for 1–5 April, was also cancelled, one day before it was to commence, by a public health order signed by the Minister for Health Brad Hazzard. A case of community transmission was found in Byron Bay after people linked to the Brisbane 'nurse cluster' visited venues in Byron Bay while unknowingly infectious. In 2020, Hunter Valley Steamfest was cancelled, and cancelled again in 2021. Splendour in the Grass 2020 was first postponed from July until 23–25 October 2020, then postponed again to 2021.'' The 2020 Sydney Film Festival was cancelled on 18 March 2020. The 2021 "67th Sydney Film Festival: Virtual Edition and Awards" were to be run "virtually" on 10–21 June 2021 via the festival website. On 17 March 2020, the Canowindra International Balloon Challenge, due to be held in April, was cancelled due to concerns about "the spread of coronavirus". The 2021 event was held as scheduled on 26 April to 1 May. On 8 September 2020, Tamworth Regional Council voted to cancel the 49th Tamworth Country Music Festival. The Country Music Awards of Australia (Golden Guitar Awards), an annual awards night held during the Festival, is planned to proceed via online streaming. On 19 December, the 2020 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was cancelled due to an outbreak in the Greater Sydney region. Crews, officials and supporters would have had to quarantine on arrival in Hobart. The 2020 City2Surf 50th-anniversary run was pushed back from 9 August until 18 October, and the live event was cancelled. The event was run as a virtual event where participants ran the length of the course on their local streets using an app. The same happened in 2021, when Sydney was in another lockdown. Under the Southern Stars music festival was cancelled in 2020, and in April 2021 that years' was postponed to 2022. An alternate 2021 National NAIDOC Awards event was planned for 3 July 2021 at the Sydney Opera House after the awards ceremony in Alice Springs (Mparntwe) was cancelled. After Sydney went into COVID lockdown on 23 June, the Sydney ceremony was postponed as rules for travellers returning to the Northern Territory meant that most people could not attend the Sydney event without a 14-day quarantine. On 9 September 2021, the 2021 NRL Grand Final, set for 3 October at Stadium Australia was moved interstate to Suncorp Stadium in Queensland due to "the current Covid-19 situation in Greater Sydney and across the state". The Numeralla Folk Festival was cancelled in 2020 due to the pandemic, and in mid-January 2021 the 2021 event was also cancelled after the state government again tightened restrictions, extending a ban on indoor live singing to outdoors. See also Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic Notes References External links COVID-19 pandemic in Australia Health in New South Wales

68080144

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20House%20Divided%20%28Person%20of%20Interest%29

A House Divided (Person of Interest)

"A House Divided" is the 22nd episode of the third season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 67th overall episode of the series and is written by co-executive producer Amanda Segel and directed by co-executive producer Chris Fisher. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on May 6, 2014. The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "The Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, the team must find Finch while at the same time protecting five numbers vital to Samaritan's development. Flashbacks explore Collier's life before the events of the series. Despite being credited, Kevin Chapman does not appear. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 10.50 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received very positive reviews, with critics praising the flashbacks and character development, although the pace of the episode received criticism. Plot Flashbacks In 2010, Peter Brandt (Leslie Odom Jr.) is dining with his brother Jesse (Marc Damon Johnson) when the police arrives to arrest Jesse for unknown motives. Jesse entrusts Peter to take care of his son. Peter confronts Assistant United States Attorney Langdon (Kelly AuCoin) about the arrest and Langdon states that Jesse was associated with a terrorist organization, which Peter refuses to believe. A few months later, Jesse commits suicide in prison. Peter receives a visit from a man whom Jesse met at Alcoholics Anonymous as a sponsor. He gives him a chip, telling him that it's thanks to his brother that he is alive. All the events cause Peter to question the government, especially blaming them for Jesse's death. He later receives a text from an unknown person who claims to know what happened to Jesse. Present day Reese (Jim Caviezel) and Shaw (Sarah Shahi) are pursuing Decima agents but all the agents commit suicide, partly for their insurance policy for their families. Root (Amy Acker) reveals she has been working with Daniel Casey (Joseph Mazzello) and Jason Greenfield (Michael Esper) on finding more information on the Samaritan servers. Throughout the episode, Finch (Michael Emerson) and Greer (John Nolan) talk about their respective opinions on Samaritan and the Machine. Greer later meets with Senator Garrison (John Doman) to discuss Samaritan and Greer refuses to sell Samaritan. The team has followed the Machine to the Carlton Hotel where they receive 5 numbers. One of the numbers belongs to Control (Camryn Manheim). Shaw infiltrates the hotel and finds that Garrison is also at the hotel and is their second number. Control and Garrison meet with Presidential assistant Manuel Rivera (Joseph Melendez) and General Kyle Holcombe and convince them to participate in the program. The team finds that Rivera and Holcombe are two of their numbers and set to find the fifth number. Root and Reese intercept a Vigilance agent who carries a USB flash drive that contains a computer worm. Shaw enters the room where Control, Rivera and Holcombe are staying to help them. However, the city suffers a major blackout propelled by Vigilance. Vigilance hitmen, including Collier, infiltrate the hotel and kill Holcombe. Shaw and Reese fight against Vigilance and Hersh (Boris McGiver), who was sent to save Control. However, Root reconnects with the Machine and discovers that the fifth number belongs to Greer as Finch is in danger. Root takes Casey and Greenfield out of the city and gives them fake IDs to flee. It's revealed that the work on the servers allowed her to find Samaritan's location. Reese and Shaw use Hersh to find Decima's location but Vigilance arrives first. By the time Reese, Shaw and Hersh arrive to the building, they find it empty except for a TV. It turns on to reveal Collier and Vigilance holding a trial while showing Rivera, Control, Garrison, Greer and Finch as their kidnapped detainees. Reception Viewers In its original American broadcast, "A House Divided" was seen by an estimated 10.50 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 8% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 11.31 million viewers with a 1.9/6 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, Person of Interest was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, behind NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS, second on its timeslot and sixth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Chicago Fire, NCIS: Los Angeles, NCIS, and The Voice. With Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 14.48 million viewers with a 2.7 in the 18-49 demographics. Critical reviews "A House Divided" received very positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8.8 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, "'A House Divided' actually felt a bit dizzying at times. That is until Vigilance took the reins. Then this installment really came together in ways that I really enjoyed. Plus, it's hard to think of a scenario where the show could actually have Samaritan be activated on a large scale for real. It just seems like there'd be no way back from that. So it might have to just exist only as this big doomsday threat. And that being the case, the show would then have to figure out a completely different way to end the season. And I loved the direction this episode took and how Collier came back around as a vital character." Phil Dyess-Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A-" grade and wrote, "Having gone that extra mile in establishing Greer as this season's man you love to hate, Person of Interest flips the script, so that the real threat to Finch's life is shown to be the terrorist group Vigilance and its leader, Peter Collier." Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote "There's so many possibilities that the anticipation for next week has me formulating various scenarios how it could all go down. But if anything, we all know that with Person of Interest, it's going to go out with a solidly, well-crafted bang of story, action and character." References External links Person of Interest (TV series) episodes 2014 American television episodes

68198857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20New%20York%20City%20riot

1967 New York City riot

The 1967 New York City riot was one of many riots that occurred during the Long, hot summer of 1967. The riot began after an off-duty police officer, Patrolman Anthony Cinquemani shot and killed a Puerto Rican man named Renaldo Rodriquez who he claimed was carrying a knife while trying to break up a fight. Background Puerto Rican migration and conditions Between 1943 and 1960 over 1/3 of Puerto Rico's population would move predominantly to the Northern United States cities of New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Puerto Ricans along with their descendants born in the US would face poverty and over policing in the urban areas they often lived in. The descendants of original migrants would be influenced by several factors such as: the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, the urbanized environment and industrial decline along with increased levels of racial and economic segregation. With deindustrialization, many jobs would be lost. 47% of Puerto Ricans would be considered as being unemployed or underemployed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. By the time the 1960s had been reached, Manhattan had two sizable Puerto Rican communities located in East Harlem and the Lower East Side. During the 1960s and 1970s many cities with large amounts of Puerto Rican populations would experience riots in them. In Harlem the police were used to experiencing conflicts with crowds. Usually crowd responses led to riots themselves. Earlier incidents in Harlem Tensions in the neighborhood involving Puerto Ricans increased after two incidents that happened in the neighborhood. The first being when a police officer killed two Puerto Ricans, Victor Rodriguez and Maximo Solero on November 15, 1963. The two were arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and the police would claim that one of them would pull out a gun while under arrest in their car. The police would say that this justified the usage of lethal force towards them. The two officers would not be charged in response to this incident. Skepticism was encountered with the story and protests happened afterwards and the Upper West Side's New York City Police Department (NYPD) would be picketed. During January 1964, the NYPD would announce that they would intensify anti-bias programs relating to minorities and especially Puerto Ricans for there officers. The second major incident in the area involving Puerto Ricans being killed by the police that led to raised tensions was on February 17 1964. An off-duty police officer would intervene in a fight happening outside a bar and ended up shooting and killing 18-year-old Puerto Rican, Francisco Rodriguez Jr. who had fled from the scene after the police officer intervened. Sometime afterwards a petition would circulate. During February 23, the East 104th Street NYPD station would be picketed that was sponsored by the East Harlem Tenants Council, a rent strike group that was created 5 days prior. The following day, a funeral march would be held for Francisco at 9 AM with 5 East Harlem protestant churches giving out leaflets urging them to attend a day before the march was held. Gilberto Gerena‐Valentin, a member of the steering committee of the National Association for Puerto Rican Civil Rights would say that his association was considering a rent strike that would be citywide on February 29 as a way to call attention towards slum conditions along with rat and cockroach infestations. Inciting incident Just after midnight on July 23, 1967; two plainclothes white off-duty police officers, Thomas Ryan and Anthony Cinquemani were cruising the Spanish Harlem neighborhood. They encountered a brawl where Renaldo Rodriguez was fighting another man with a knife; at the time these fights were common in the neighborhood and fatal shootings by police officers were common. According to a police report on the incident, when Cinquemani and his partner arrived at the scene one of the men involved named Rodriguez would approach him with a knife. Cinquemani claimed he felt threatened and as a result drew his revolver and identified himself. He killed Rodriguez after repeatedly shooting him in his chest. Riots July 23 A crowd of about 400 Puerto Ricans and African Americans formed at Third Avenue and 111th Street where the shooting took place. Soon after the crowd formed, the New York Police Department (NYPD) sent the Tactical Patrol Force (TPF) to where they had gathered. The TPF were disliked by minorities in the city and when they arrived it started a clash with the crowd. Mayor John Lindsay would visit the area where the riots happened at that day as he was legally mandated to by state law and would attempt to cool down the violence by talking to the crowds that had gathered. During the times he visited the area he urged the local Puerto Rican community to create committees where they would meet at the Gracie Mansion to hear their issues. During the meetings later toward the day, an agreement was reached that said local leaders would restore in the area if the TPF was temporarily decommissioned. Also, during that day two people, Emma Haddock and Luis Antonio Torres would be killed by the police after being shot by them which angered residents further. The police would attempt to cover up their own deaths. Evening of July 23 and 24 However, the victories made at the Gracie Mansion were short-lived as rioting resumed during the evening. At 10 PM a group of teenagers would construct a barricade that consisted of overflowing trash cans on Third Avenue and 111th Street and would light it on fire. The cops would disperse the crowd temporarily before regathering again. This time, they would march on Third Avenue to the 126th Street NYPD police precinct. Along the way they would break windows and loot stores they went by. Police forces would attempt to create barricades at major intersections on Third Avenue but let them walk between 111th and 125th Streets. 250 police officers would guard the outside of the 126th Street precinct. When the crowd had come, the police would start hitting them with their batons and 1,000 officers would respond to the situation. Fighting between the police and the crowd would last throughout the night. The police themselves would even break windows claiming they only did them because rioters had damaged them. The police would exchange gunfire with snipers on top of the rooftops of 111th Street from 2-2:30 AM. 22-year-old Luis Torres, a drug dealer who was released on probation 2 weeks earlier would be killed during that night. The police would say at first that he had died after having suffering a fall and breaking his neck. When New York City's Medical Examiner, Milton Helpern would arrive he would say that the cause of his death was from a .38 caliber bullet when he was shot in his ribs. Evening of July 24 and 25 Riots would continue and during the second night it spread over into the South Bronx after a rumor turning out to be false that Mayor Lindsay would visit the area. Violence would begin after a crowd of 1,000 would "attack" a Gulf Oil gas station on 109th Street which they falsely thought was a shelter for the police who were incited by a man giving speeches in Spanish nearby on Third Avenue and 111th Street about Puerto Ricans serving in the Vietnam War. The police would try to appease the crowds during that night on 109th and Third Avenue by not using sirens, helmets, and helicopters. At some point during the rioting that night, a group of youths would draw a chalk line across Third Avenue at 110th Street in Manhattan and wrote that it was the "Puerto Rican border." Over 1,000 police officers would be dispatched to deal with the 2,000 people who were involved in the unrest that happened that night. The crowd was dispersed after a heavy rainstorm happened at 3 AM. The mayor would be clueless as to how to respond towards the situation. A 19-year-old would be shot at his arm along 139th Street in the Bronx. Youths would set fire to trash cans in the Bronx and 2 stores would be looted. The police would assign 70 officers to the area. During the unrest occurring that night in the Bronx, the police would shoot and kill Jose Rodriguez. Jose was fighting 18-year-old Alfredo Feliciano over "a girl" at Longwood Avenue and Fox Street according to the police. Police would also state that Felicano stabbed Rodriguez in his stomach and that Rodriguez himself had a pistol. Feliciano would be arrested in connection to the stabbing. The police would say at first that he was killed after being stabbed by a knife on July 24. Rodriguez would fire one shot at Patrolman Granville Watson. However on July 25, the police would change their story saying that Patrolman Watson would fire a warning shot as the two had run off; and during his second shot he would end up hitting Rodriguez in his shoulder. July 26 and 27 Although during the daytime hours of July 26 the city was described as being at a sense of peace. Also during July 26 the city's Police Commissioner, Howard R. Leary would order the entire patrol force to be on a six day work week and give a 60% increase towards the number of officers available for anti-riot activities in an attempt to prevent any unrest in East Harlem from happening. In addition to the unrest in Harlem and the Bronx, new violence would hit other parts of the city as looting and vandalism erupted along in Midtown during the night of July 26 and 27. At 11:30 PM during July 26, officers at a station on 51st Street would report that a crowd that was disorderly consisting of 100-150 youths leaving Central Park from a Rheingold Festival. The crowd would go southwards along Broadway and turn eastwards toward 46th Street heading onto Fifth Avenue. Once at Fifth Avenue, they would smash the windows of a men's clothing store along the northeastern corner of Fifth Avenue and 46th Street. A shoe store was also looted that night along 38th Street. In response to this outbreak of violence, the police would response quickly. Officers would be placed in pairs on the corner of Fifth and Madison Avenues running from 42nd to 50th Street. Commissioner Leary would and Chief Inspector Sanford D. Garelick would go to the scene from their command post located in East Harlem. At 1:30 AM Jacques Nevard, the deputy police commissioner who was the head of press relations would say the unrest midtown was under control. By 2:20 AM the unrest was reported by the police as having ended with 32 arrests happening that night. July 29 and 30 Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood would see unrest in it during July 29 and 30 as well. During the night of July 29, 100 police officers would be sent into an area centering around Nostrand Avenue and Fulton Street. Windows would be broken over the course of several hours before the crowd stopped and instead yelled insults at the police. The police did not retaliate and order would return to the area by dawn that day. The Brooklyn disturbances would see 32 arrests in total over the course of two days. However, it is unknown what specifically caused it. Aftermath, legacy and results Following the riots a consensus would form from civic groups, the mayor, media and parts of the police department that the riots themselves weren't only an explosion of lawlessness in the area like how they were often viewed during the 1960s. The general image instead that was formed by them was that they were fueled by isolated incidents and their demands were created spontaneously. Mayor Lindsay would be asked by US President Lyndon B. Johnson to join the Kerner Commission on July 27, 1967. After being asked, Mayor Lindsay would accept the offer by President Johnson and served as the vice chair of the Kerner Commission. Another riot would happen in the neighborhood of Brownsville in Brooklyn after an African-American police officer had killed a 14-year-old African American who was attempting to mug a Jewish man. A false rumor would spread that it was a white police officer who had done it which lead to inciting residents in the area with 3 consecutive nights of disturbances happening along Ralph Avenue going from Bergen Street to Eastern Parkway. What happened that year would be one of many incidents of civil unrest during Mayor Lindsay's term as mayor. The following year in 1968, a brief period of unrest would begin after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. during April 1968. The riots occur in close to the same locations as they had the year prior. Also in 1968, two incidents of unrest not connected to the King assassination riot would happen during July in Coney Island and the Lower East Side at close to the same time. The Young Lords would begin having a presence in the city during 1969 establishing chapters in: East Harlem, Brooklyn, the Bronx and the Lower East Side. They would have fast paced campaigns and be media-savvy as well. Some Puerto Ricans would turn to the Young Lords as they felt more moderate forces like Mayor Lindsay could not solve their problems adequately. See also Harlem riot of 1935 Harlem riot of 1943 Harlem riot of 1964 1968 New York City riot References Riots and civil disorder in New York City 1967 in New York City African-American riots in the United States New York City 1967 riots

68246176

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limeslade%20Mystery

Limeslade Mystery

The Limeslade Mystery or Madame X Mystery was a murder which occurred in Wales in 1929. The crime was never solved. Background Kate Jackson (1885–1929) was a mysterious woman who claimed to be born in India and told her husband she was the author Ethel M. Dell. A birth certificate gave the name Kate Atkinson, born in Lancashire the daughter of Agnes and John Atkinson. She said she had purchased this from a girl, but this appears to be her true identity. In her teens around 1904 she went to London hoping to become an actress. She lived as common law wife to a Leopold le Grys and styled herself "Mollie le Grys". In 1914 she began a con trick on a George Harrison which began with her fainting in his presence after a minor car accident at Charing Cross Road she got him to take her to lunch. This turned into an affair. She told Harrison she was pregnant and asked £40 for an abortion. He paid this, but she began repeatedly asking for sums and it effectively turned into blackmail. A weekly payment of £30 became normal. However, Harrison paid this by embezzling funds from his workplace. She married Tom Jackson, a war veteran, in Cardiff around 1919. It is unclear how they met. She gave multiple stories of her origins. They initially lived in Kate's property: a farmhouse in Surrey. They had an adopted daughter, Betty. Around 1927 they moved to a small remote bungalow in the Mumbles in south Wales. She told the neighbours her name was Kate but Tom and close friends still called her Mollie. Kate lived quite extravagantly for a fishmonger's wife and appeared to live beyond her theoretical means, indicating some hidden wealth or unknown income. Every Wednesday she received a letter containing £30 cash from a source unknown to her husband - George Harrison. This long-running blackmail was revealed in 1927 when Harrison was put on trial for embezzling £19000. He claimed £8000 of this was to supply the regular payments to the woman he knew as Mollie le Grys. Whilst this did not bring her a fortune, it was far above the average weekly wage, and it allowed her many additional comforts. However, as with any crime of this nature, it had a potential to backfire, and Kate lived in fear of this. The Incident On Monday 4 February 1929, on Plunch Lane, in the tiny hamlet of Limeslade on the edge of The Mumbles in south Wales, an attack took place on Mrs Kate Jackson. Just after 10pm neighbours Olive Dimick ("Dimmy") and her friend Kate Jackson ("Molly") were returning from the Tivoli Cinema in Mumbles having left home together at 6pm. Olive has only just said goodbye to Kate when she heard her scream. She went outside and found Kate near the back door of Kate's neighbouring bungalow "Kenilworth", with her husband Thomas (Tom) Henry Jackson, a fishmonger, bent over her. She was bleeding from the head and barely conscious. They moved her to the back door. Olive saw that tom was in his underwear and told him to get dressed. Olive's husband Sydney arrived, as did another neighbour, Rose Gammon. Mr Jackson reappeared with clothes on and Mrs Gammon offered to call for a doctor, but he declined saying he would fetch someone if she got worse. As Kate was bleeding from the head this was strangely complacent. Tom eventually went to another neighbour Mrs Janet Philips and phoned Dr Neil Seddon Taylor of the Mumbles who agreed to come out. They met at Boyle's Garage, 100m from their house. Tom told Mrs Philips that Kate had recently received threatening letters regarding an embezzlement trial two years previously. The doctor arrived and found that Kate's wounds were very serious. He shaved back her hair and stitched the more serious wounds. She complained that this hurt. She did not reply when questioned who did it, but then uttered a single, but inexplicable word: "gorse". She repeated this three or four times. The doctor told Tom to call the local hospital, call a taxi to get there, and call the police to report the incident. He went to Mrs Philips, but only called a taxi. On return the doctor said the hospital would only admit her with prior notification. This time Tom went to a different neighbour (perhaps not to disturb Mrs Philips a third time): John Skidmore who lived at Marydale bungalow to the south. He told Skidmore that his wife had been attacked on her way back from the pictures (i.e. Cinema). The taxi arrived and the driver helped get Kate onto the back seat then drove with Tom to the hospital. The doctor followed in his own car. They went to Swansea General Hospital. Tom did not stay at the hospital, but went back to Limeslade with the taxi driver. He had gone by the time hospital staff arrived to interview him about the incident. They informed the police a little after 3am and they then called Dr Taylor for more details. They went to the hospital then to Limeslade to interview Tom, arriving a little before 5am. Tom was slow to answer the door. The police found broken glass in the pool of blood near the back door. Tom claimed he heard a noise at 10.45pm and found Kate near the back door just as Olive ran up. Mrs Philip only became aware of the seriousness of the attack through the police. Olive said Kate had a fear of strange cars and there was one opposite their house on the night in question. Superintendent Harry Fox of Mumbles arrived later in the morning and was joined by Detective inspector Frederick William Gough and the Chief Constable, Captain Thomas Rawson. Revelations An x-ray revealed Kate had a fractured skull. There were at least nine separate wounds on her head. Press descending on Limeslade quickly discovered that Kate was "Madame X" a mystery witness in a London embezzlement trial involving a man called Harrison who had embezzled the money on her behalf. Both Tom and the neighbour Olive confirmed that Kate had a deep fear of being discovered and had wanted to live in Limeslade due to its remoteness. Police guards stayed with Mrs Jackson in the hospital hoping she would recover enough to name her assailant. On Saturday 9 February she became lucid and was able to answer questions. The police interviewed her at noon but gleaned no useful information. Her condition deteriorated overnight. A final attempt was made to interview her. She died just after noon on 10 February. The official cause of death was a heart attack brought about by the trauma. As the only suspect, Tom was charged with murder two weeks after the death and put on trial in July. A tyre lever had been found concealed in the kitchen but there was no positive evidence whatsoever to link Tom to the crime nor was any motive evidenced. The judge told the jury he saw no evidence of a third party involvement. Tom's nonchalant attitude did not help things and is not easily explained. However he had nothing to gain by her death. He was found not guilty in July 1929. The media generally supported this viewpoint. The word "gorse" was never explained. In terms of the story as a whole it may have been "grys" rather than "gorse". Perhaps Leopold Le Grys also held a grudge. Leopold le Grys certainly existed: he was born in 1876, lived and worked in London as a portrait artist and died in Kensington in 1971. He married Adal Collins in 1922. See also List of unsolved murders in the United Kingdom References 1929 crimes 1929 in Wales 1929 crimes in the United Kingdom 1929 murders in Europe 1920s murders in the United Kingdom Female murder victims Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom Murder in Wales

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20investigations%20into%20Donald%20Trump%20and%20Russia%20%28July%E2%80%93December%202019%29

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2019)

This is a timeline of major events in second half of 2019 related to the investigations into links between associates of Donald Trump and Russian officials that are suspected of being inappropriate, relating to the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. It follows the timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections before and after July 2016 up until election day November 8, and the transition, the first and second halves of 2017, the first and second halves of 2018, and the first half of 2019, but precedes that of 2020 and 2021. These events are related to, but distinct from, Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections. Relevant individuals and organizations January–June 2019 July–December 2019 July July 1: Judge Friedrich rules that the Mueller Report and government public statements about it violate a standing court rule against prejudicial public statements and could unfairly prejudice a jury in the Concord Management and Consulting case, but also says that time will cure the injury. He issues an order limiting further government public statements about the case. July 2: Kogan drops his March 15 defamation suit against Facebook in order to avoid the high costs of lengthy litigation. July 8: The White House blocks former chief of staff to ex-White House counsel McGahn Annie Donaldson, whose contemporaneous notes are cited 65 times in the Mueller report, from answering 212 questions about potential obstruction of justice by Trump. July 9: It is reported the DoJ is attempting to discourage Aaron Zebley and James L. Quarles, two of Robert Mueller's deputies, from testifying before Congress. July 11: The House Judiciary Committee is scheduled to vote on authorizing subpoenas for 12 of Robert Mueller's witnesses; including Kushner, Sessions, Rosenstein, Flynn, Kelly, Lewandowski, as well as Dylan Howard and David Pecker, two executives at American Media, Inc., and Keith Davidson, an attorney who previously represented Stormy Daniels. July 12: The FTC fines Facebook $5 billion for mishandling users' personal information, including missteps involving Cambridge Analytica. July 15: The trial of Bijan Kian, Flynn's business partner, begins in federal court in Alexandria, Virginia. Kian is accused of acting as an unregistered agent of the Turkish government while a member of the Trump transition team. The Senate Intelligence Committee interviews FBI special agent in charge at the Mueller investigation David Archey. July 16: Former Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa tells CNN that his government knew in 2016, that Assange was interfering in the U.S. election. The Ukrainian Sixth Administrative Court of Appeals overturns the December 12, 2018 ruling by the Kyiv Administrative District Court, that National Anti-Corruption Bureau director Artem Sytnyk and member of the Ukrainian Parliament Serhiy Leshchenko acted illegally when they revealed that Manafort's name and signature were in Yanukovych's "black ledger". July 18: ABC News reports that the Trump administration is again invoking executive privilege to block intelligence committees from seeing classified Mueller documents. July 21: On Fox News Sunday, Chairman Nadler says: "The [Mueller] report presents very substantial evidence that the president is guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors ..." July 22: In a phone call, Giuliani and Volker pressure Ukrainian President Zalensky adviser Andriy Yermak to get Zelensky to announce investigations into claims that Ukraine interfered in the U.S. 2016 presidential election to hurt Trump, as well as corruption claims involving Joe Biden. July 23: Kian is found guilty of illegally lobbying for Turkey and conspiring with Flynn and Alptekin to cover up his activities. Federal Judge Anthony J. Trenga announces he will rule on September 5 whether he will throw out the convictions for lack of evidence. Sentencing is set for October 18. July 24: Mueller testifies before the House Intelligence and Judiciary Committees. Mueller reiterated his concern over foreign interference in U.S. elections, which he considered a serious threat. Senate Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith blocks two election security bills and a cybersecurity measure. Mitch McConnell blocks the two election security measures. July 25: House Oversight and Reform Committee votes to subpoena senior White House officials' communications via private email accounts and messaging applications. Senate Intelligence report on Russian interference in the 2016 election made public. The report found the Russian government directed extensive activity, beginning in at least 2014 and carrying into at least 2017, against U.S. election infrastructure at the state and local level. The report recommends additional funding through Congress for states to improve election security once the $380 million appropriated in 2018 is spent. Trump calls President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, which later in September sparks the Trump–Ukraine scandal. Vice President Mike Pence's representative Keith Kellogg, and US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo were on the call. Approximately 90 minutes after Trump's call, senior budget official Michael Duffey tells Pentagon officials that Trump is personally interested in the Ukraine aid and has ordered the hold himself. In the phone call, Trump asks Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike, the company that investigated the 2016 DNC server break-in by the GRU, and makes reference to a server allegedly located in Ukraine. He tells Zelensky to contact Barr for more details. This is widely interpreted by the press as a reference to debunked conspiracy theories propagated by Russian media and Roger Stone, among others, that say the reason the DNC didn't give the server to the FBI for analysis is because it is located in Ukraine. The same conspiracy theories also claim the company is owned by a wealthy Ukrainian. July 26: Senate Intelligence Committee's new report on election interference concluded Russia probably targeted the election systems in all 50 states in the 2016 elections. House Judiciary Committee asks judge Beryl Howell to unseal Mueller's secret grand jury evidence. Trump calls Boris Johnson to congratulate him on becoming the new Prime Minister of the UK. On the call, he asks Johnson to help him discredit the Mueller investigation. July 30: U.S. District Judge John Koeltl dismisses the DNC's April 20, 2018, lawsuit accusing the Trump campaign and WikiLeaks of working with Russia to disseminate stolen DNC documents. Judge Koeltl said the dissemination was protected by the First Amendment because they were not involved in stealing the material. The DNC suit alleged that only Russia was involved in the theft. August August 2: Giuliani meets with Zelensky aide Andrey Yermak in Madrid to discuss the investigations of Zlochevsky and of Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election that Trump wants the Ukrainian government to pursue. August 6: Judge Jackson dismisses one of the charges against Gregory Craig. She writes that there is ambiguity over whether the FARA statute applies to a document Craig wrote in 2013 that contains materially false information. Strzok files suit against the FBI and the DOJ over his firing. His complaint asserts that he was denied due process under the 5th amendment because he wasn't given the opportunity to appeal his discharge, and that the release of his text messages violated the Privacy Act. The complaint argues that his firing was politically motivated because it ignored a recommendation from the Office of Professional Responsibility that he be demoted or suspended without pay for 60 days. August 7: House Judiciary Committee sues McGahn to testify before Congress, claiming he is the "most important witness, other than the president," regarding their investigation into possible obstruction of justice by Trump. McCabe files suit against the FBI and the Justice Department over his firing. His complaint asserts that he was illegally demoted and fired as part of a plan by Trump to remove people who are not loyal to him. August 8: Per the request for House Financial Services and the House Intelligence Committees; Bank of America, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank AG, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Wells Fargo turn over documents relating to Russians who may have had dealings with the Trump Organization, and/or Trump and his family. Some of the banks also turned over documents to New York state investigators. For the first time publicly, Nadler states the panel is conducting an impeachment inquiry into Trump. The FBI releases its 302 reports on interviews with Bruce Ohr. The interviews were conducted from November 21, 2016, through May 15, 2017. August 12: A whistleblower in the U.S. intelligence community files a complaint alleging "the President of the United States is using the power of his office to solicit interference from a foreign country in the 2020 U.S. election." August 13: Around this date, US ambassador to the European Union Gordon D. Sondland and U.S. State Department special envoy to Ukraine Kurt D. Volker work on drafting a statement for the Ukrainian president that commits Ukraine to investigating Hunter Biden and interference by Ukrainians in the 2016 U.S. election. Giuliani and a top aide to the Ukrainian president are aware of the statement. The Ukrainian government never releases the statement, and it is unclear whether they received it. August 15: The House Judiciary Committee issues subpoenas to Lewandowski and Rick Dearborn to testify before the committee on September 17. It is reported Trump is considering invoking executive privilege again, despite Lewandowski having never worked in the White House. Gregory B. Craig's trial begins in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. He is accused of lying to federal investigators about the work Skadden performed for Manafort and Viktor Yanukovych. August 22: Giuliani confirms the State Department assisted his efforts in pressing the government of Ukraine to probe Democratic opponents of president Trump, regarding Manafort information release. August 26: The House Judiciary Committee subpoenas Rob Porter. August 27: Intelligence Community Inspector General Michael Atkinson summarizes the whistleblower complaint to Paul B. Murphy, Wray's chief of staff at the FBI. September September 4: Craig is acquitted on all counts. Atkins sends deputy assistant director of the FBI Stacey Moy a criminal referral alleging Trump committed crimes related to the July 25 Ukraine phone call. Nunes files a racketeering lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against the Campaign for Accountability and Glen Simpson. The suit claims that they conspired to ruin his reputation by filing an ethics complaint against him in retaliation for his work on the House Intelligence Committee in which he impugned the integrity of Simpson's firm, Fusion GPS. September 9: The House Judiciary committee releases formal parameters of its impeachment investigation. It is reported the House Intelligence committee is accusing Flynn of failing to comply with its subpoena. It is reported the House Intelligence, Oversight and Foreign Affairs committees are investigating reported efforts by Trump and Giuliani "to pressure the government of Ukraine to assist" Trump's re-election campaign. It is reported a former senior Russian official, who was a top CIA asset, and was instrumental to the agency's conclusion that Putin orchestrated the interference in the 2016 presidential election, was extracted from inside Russia in 2017, due to concern over Trump's disclosures of classified information, possibly endangering the asset. September 11: The House Judiciary Committee approves a resolution defining the rules for its impeachment investigation into Trump. September 12: Judge Trenga considers ruling on Kian's convictions for lack of evidence. Funding was released to Ukraine. See Trump–Ukraine scandal. September 17: Trump orders Dearborn and Rob Porter not to testify at a House Judiciary Committee hearing about Trump's possible obstruction of justice. Lewandowski refuses to answer dozens of questions about potential obstruction of justice during the House Judiciary Committee hearing "Presidential Obstruction of Justice and Abuse of Power." September 18: The House Intelligence committee has demanded Flynn provide requested documents by this date. September 19: After repeatedly blocking Democratic efforts to bring election security legislation to the floor, including a measure that would have authorized funding to update voting equipment, McConnell says he will now back a measure to provide states with an additional $250 million in election security funding. Giuliani tells Chris Cuomo on CNN's Cuomo Prime Time that he asked the Ukrainian government to investigate Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election to benefit Clinton. He denies asking Ukraine to investigate Hunter Biden, then admits doing so after further questioning. September 20: It is reported Trump pressured the President of Ukraine eight times to investigate Hunter Biden. September 23: Flynn's lawyer Powell informs the House Intelligence Committee that Flynn will invoke his Fifth Amendment rights instead of testifying before the committee. She writes, Flynn "will not appear before your committee on September 25, 2019 to be paraded, harassed or disparaged for doing so." Bolton tells House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Eliot Engel in a phone call that he should "look into the recall of Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch." Later, Engel informs his colleagues on the Oversight, Intelligence, and Foreign Affairs Committees of the conversation. September 24: Judge Trenga overturns the jury verdict against Kian. He rules that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict. On March 18, 2021, a three-judge panel of the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals reinstates the conviction. Speaker Pelosi announces the initiation of formal impeachment proceedings by the U.S. House of Representatives against President Trump. September 25: The House Intelligence committee has demanded Flynn appear to testify this day, prior to September 23 pleading the Fifth. It is reported Trump urged President Zelensky to "do us a favor" and "look into" potential corruption by Trump's political opponent's son per the White House readout of the July 25 call. Trump responds to an AP reporter at a press conference at the U.N. that he believes Clinton's "missing" emails could be in Ukraine. The White House releases a "rough transcript" of the July 35 Trump–Zelinski phone call. September 26: Acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire testifies before the House Intelligence Committee about why he blocked the whistleblower complaint from being delivered to Congress. The House Intelligence Committee releases an unclassified version of the whistleblower complaint. September 27: The Democratic minority of the Senate Finance Committee releases a report which finds that the NRA acted as a "foreign asset" to Russia ahead of 2016 election. The report presents detailed evidence of NRA officials' interactions with Russian nationals that bring into question the tax-exempt status of the NRA, including many details of the December 2015 Moscow trip that internal documents show was an official NRA function despite subsequent public denials. House Democrats decide on a strategy to narrow the impeachment inquiry to focus on Donald Trump's phone call with Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelensky. Three House committees (Intelligence, Oversight and Foreign Affairs) issue subpoenas to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and five other State Department officials to produce documents relating to the Ukraine phone call. Senators Grassley and Ron Jonson send a letter to the Justice Department as a followup to Grassley's July 20, 2017, letter calling for an investigation into alleged coordination between Alexandra Chalupa and the Ukrainian government to interfere in the 2016 election. They again cite the January 11, 2017 Politico report on alleged Ukrainian interference as evidence. Barr and Durham have at least two meetings with Italian intelligence officials in Rome. They are shown evidence on Mifsud and listen to a recording of him being deposed when he reportedly applied for police protection. Public records show Mifsud gave a deposition to justify his application for police protection after he left Link Campus University, but after Barr and Durham's meetings, two intelligence sources tell ANSA that Mifsud did not apply for police protection. September 29: El País reports that Undercover Global S. L. owner David Morales, whose company provides security for the Ecuadorian embassy in London, spied on Assange for the CIA, including handing over audio and video of Assange's meetings at the embassy. September 30: The House Oversight Committee issue a subpoena to Trump's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, as well as to three of Giuliani's associates, for documents relating to the Ukraine call. It is reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaign's contacts with WikiLeaks, citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report. October October 1: Washington, DC federal judge orders the DoJ to produce 500 pages of memos documenting what witnesses told Mueller's office and the FBI during their investigation, requiring the DoJ to produce their first set of documents by November 1. Italian newspaper il Foglio publishes a photo of Mifsud in Switzerland with a copy of the Swiss newspaper Zürichsee-Zeitung dated May 21, 2018, as proof that he is still alive. Mifsud has not been seen since October 2017. Pompeo informs the chairmen of the House Foreign Affairs, Intelligence, and Oversight and Reform committees that the five State Department officials scheduled to be deposed in the House impeachment inquiry over the next two weeks will not appear. He characterizes the depositions as "an attempt to intimidate, bully, and treat improperly, the distinguished professionals of the Department of State." October 2: Senator Graham sends an official letter to Prime Ministers Scott Morrison of Australia, Giuseppe Conte of Italy, and Boris Johnson of the U.K. asking them to assist Barr in his investigation of the Trump–Russia dossier (Steele dossier), Mifsud, and Australian diplomat Alexander Downer. Australian ambassador to the U.S. Joe Hockey responds that his government already offered assistance to Barr in May and strongly rejects Graham's characterization of Downer as working for the FBI to spy on Papadopoulos. State Department Inspector General Steve Linick delivers a "packet of propaganda and disinformation" to House impeachment investigators promoting conspiracy theories about former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovich. The State Department received the packet in the Spring, allegedly from the White House. Giuliani tells CNN that he is the source of the material. October 3: House impeachment investigators depose Volker. He tells the investigators that he warned Giuliani that Ukrainian claims about Bidens' alleged misconduct were not credible. October 4: Pompeo misses the deadline for providing documents to the House impeachment inquiry. At a press conference with the foreign minister of Greece, he tells reporters that he sent a letter as "our initial response to the document request. We’ll obviously do all the things we’re required to do by law." House impeachment investigators depose Intelligence Community Inspector General Michael Atkinson. October 7: U.S. SDNY Federal Judge Victor Marrero rules that the President is not immune from investigation and prosecution by state prosecutors while in office regardless of any legal opinions by the Justice Department. Marrero calls Trump's argument "repugnant to the nation’s governmental structure and constitutional values." This is considered to be the first ruling on the Justice Department memos that claim the President is immune from prosecution while in office. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George P. Kent fails to appear for his scheduled voluntary deposition with the House impeachment investigators. John Dowd, in is capacity as legal counsel for Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, tells the Miami Herald that his clients will ignore House subpoenas for documents and skip their scheduled voluntary depositions with House impeachment investigators. October 8: The Senate Intelligence Committee releases volume two of its report on Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. The report finds that the majority of the IRA's social media postings targeted African-Americans. Cipollone sends a letter to Speaker Pelosi, Chairman Schiff, Chairman Cummings, and Chairman Eliot Engel informing them that the White House will not cooperate with the House impeachment inquiry. The White House blocks Sondland's voluntary deposition with House impeachment investigators hours before the scheduled time. State Department counselor T. Ulrich Brechbuhl fails to appear for his voluntary deposition with House impeachment investigators. October 9: Parnas and Fruman are arrested at Dulles International Airport holding one-way tickets to Frankfurt on Lufthansa Airlines. October 10: The Washington Post reports that former Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi and Link Campus University are both suing Papadopoulos for libel because of his public statements accusing Renzi and the university of helping Obama orchestrate Mifsud's activities. Renzi is asking for $1 million. Federal prosecutors unseal an indictment accusing Parnas, Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin of violating campaign finance laws in 2018 to funnel money from a Russian national to political action committees (PACs) and campaigns supporting Trump, West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, and state and federal candidates in Nevada, New York, and other states. The indictment alleges a contribution to one Congressman was made in exchange for pressure to remove Ambassador Yovanovitch from her post in Ukraine. In the indictment, Yovanovitch is identified as "Ambassador", Nevada gubernatorial candidate Adam Lexalt as "Candidate-1", Nevada state attorney general candidate Wes Duncan as "Candidate-2", Trump's main super-PAC America First Action as "Committee-1", Morissey's PAC 35th Inc. as "Committee-2", House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy's joint fundraising committee Protect the House as "Committee-3", and U.S. Representative Pete Sessions as "Congressman-1". Parnas misses his voluntary deposition with House impeachment investigators. The White House tells Yovanovitch not to appear for her House deposition. Career diplomat Michael McKinley resigns from the State Department over Trump's attacks on Yovanovitch. His latest position was senior advisor to Secretary of State Pompeo. October 11: House impeachment investigators depose Marie Yovanovitch. Trump repeats his assertion that because he is president, he cannot be investigated by any prosecutor. Fruman skips his voluntary deposition with House impeachment investigators. October 14: House impeachment investigators cancel Giuliani associate Semyon Kislin's scheduled deposition after he reaches a cooperation agreement with the House Intelligence Committee. Sondland misses the deadline for providing subpoenaed documents to House impeachment investigators. His attorneys say he us unable to produce the documents without permission from the State Department. House impeachment investigators depose former National Security Council official Fiona Hill. October 15: Deadline for Giuliani to comply with House Oversight Committee subpoena, passes with Giuliani stating he won't comply with a congressional subpoena. Pence says he will not comply with a document request regarding Trump's July 25 call with Zelensky from House impeachment investigators. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) states it won't comply with a congressional subpoena over documents, which were requested October 7, about withholding military aid to Ukraine. The acting budget director Russell Vought refuses to testify on October 25. House impeachment investigators depose senior State Department official George Kent. October 16: House impeachment investigators depose McKinley. October 17: Acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney tells reporters at a White House press conference that Trump withheld $400 million of military aid to Ukraine in order to force them to investigate "corruption related to the DNC server." He defends the move as "absolutely appropriate." House impeachment investigators depose Sondland. House Oversight and Reform Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings dies from "complications concerning longstanding health challenges." He chaired one of the three House committees conducting the impeachment inquiry. October 18: Kian is scheduled for sentencing, prior to September 24 overturning. Assistant Secretary of Energy Melissa F. Burnison informs House impeachment investigators that the Department of Energy will not produce the documents subpoenaed from Secretary Rick Perry, citing Cipollone's October 8 letter calling the subpoenas invalid. October 21: House impeachment investigators postpone the depositions scheduled for October 24–25 because of a scheduling conflict with Congressman Cumming's memorial services. October 22: House impeachment investigators depose William B. Taylor Jr. October 23: House Republicans barge into the secure room in the basement of the Capitol building used by the House committees conducting the impeachment inquiry to depose witnesses. They refuse to leave for five hours as they protest the deposition process. There presence violates House rules because they bring electronic devices into a room secured for discussing highly sensitive or classified information. House impeachment investigators depose deputy assistant secretary of defense for Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia Laura Cooper after the unauthorized Republican protesters clear out of the secure room. October 25: Butina is released from federal prison in Florida and deported to Russia. Judge Howell orders the Justice Department to hand over to the House Judiciary Committee all of the grand jury materials referenced in the Mueller report, as well as any grand jury redactions in the Mueller report itself, by October 30. She rules that an impeachment resolution voted on by the full House has never been required for House committees to perform an impeachment investigation. The House subpoenas OMB officials Michael Duffey and Russell Vought, and Brechbuhl to testify in the impeachment inquiry on November 5 and 6. Former Deputy National Security Advisor Charles Kupperman files suit asking for guidance from a federal court on whether he should comply with a Congressional subpoena issued by the impeachment inquiry or follow the White House's instructions to ignore it. October 26: House impeachment investigators depose Philip T. Reeker, the acting under secretary in charge of European and Eurasian Affairs. October 27: Kupperman skips his scheduled deposition with House impeachment investigators. October 28: Alexander Vindman releases his opening statement for his deposition the next day. October 29: House impeachment investigators depose Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman. October 30: The Court order to turn over Mueller's secret grand jury evidence to the House Judiciary Committee, which Attorney General William Barr had withheld, is stayed during appeal. House impeachment investigators depose State Department Ukraine expert Catherine Croft and foreign service officer Christopher Anderson. Acting assistant secretary for international security affairs Kathryn Wheelbarger misses her rescheduled deposition. October 31: House impeachment investigators depose National Security Council Russia and Europe Director Tim Morrison. The House passes a resolution putting in place formal rules for the impeachment process. In a hearing on McGahn's challenge to a Congressional subpoena for testimony, Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson calls the Trump administration's claim that McGahn cannot be compelled to testify a "peculiar" argument threatening the checks and balances in the Constitution. In the Kupperman case, Judge Richard J. Leon sets December 10 as an expedited hearing date. Senior U.S. District Judge Ellen Huvelle dismisses Corsi's December 9, 2018, lawsuit against Mueller based on the merits of his arguments, his lack of standing to sue Mueller for Fourth Amendment claims, and his serving Mueller over a month after the deadline to do so. November November 1: The OLC issues an opinion stating that Executive Branch employees cannot be compelled to testify before Congress without the assistance of counsel from the agencies for which they work. U.S. Department of Energy press secretary Shaylyn Hynes announces that Secretary Rick Perry will not participate in impeachment depositions, saying he "will not partake in a secret star chamber inquisition where agency counsel is forbidden to be present." November 2: The DoJ starts to produce memos documenting what witnesses told Mueller's office and the FBI during their investigation. November 4: Four White House officials fail to appear to give subpoenaed Congressional testimony for the impeachment inquiry: John Eisenberg, Michael Ellis, Robert Blair, and Brian McCormack. The four were ordered not to testify by the White House, which claims the subpoenas are not valid. The White House also claims Eisenberg has blanket immunity from being forced to appear. Parnas's attorney Joseph A. Bondy announces that Parnas is ready to assist the House impeachment inquiry with testimony and documents. November 5: Trial of Roger Stone begins. Duffey and National Security Council (NSC) director of international energy and environment Wells Griffith fail to appear for their depositions in the impeachment inquiry. November 6: Opening arguments in the Stone trial. Under Secretary of State David Hale is deposed in the impeachment inquiry. Vought and Brechbuhl fail to appear for their depositions. November 7: Credico testifies for the prosecution in the Stone trial. National security aide to Pence and State Department employee Jennifer Williams is deposed in the impeachment inquiry. John Bolton skips his voluntary deposition. November 8: Credico and Bannon testify in Stone's trial. Mulvaney refuses to testify before Congress for the impeachment inquiry. His outside counsel William Pittard informs the investigating committees one minute before his scheduled deposition that he was directed by the White House not to testify. Bolton's attorney Charles Cooper informs House general counsel Douglas Letter that Bolton has a lot to tell about Ukraine but will not testify unless he receives a subpoena. OMB official Mark Sandy fails to appear for his deposition in the impeachment inquiry. November 12: Gates testifies in Stone's trial. The prosecution rests its case before lunch. The defense plays one hour of a recording of Stone's testimony before the House Intelligence Committee, then rests without calling any witnesses. The Republican staff of the House Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs Committees circulates a memo among Republican members of the committees to update them on "key points of evidence" from the closed-door impeachment hearings that bolster Trump's defense. A subsection of the background information section discusses what they describe as interference by senior Ukrainian government officials in the 2016 U.S. election. November 13: The prosecution and defense make closing arguments in the Roger Stone trial. Taylor and Kent testify in the first public impeachment hearing before the House Intelligence Committee. November 15: The jury convicts Stone on all seven counts brought by Special Counsel Robert Mueller of lying to Congress: obstruction of proceedings, five counts of false statements, and one count of witness tampering about his efforts to learn about the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks' release of hacked Democratic emails in the 2016 presidential election. Former Ambassador Yovanovitch testifies in a public impeachment hearing before the House Intelligence Committee. House impeachment investigators depose U.S. Embassy in Ukraine official David Holmes. The White House releases a "memorandum of telephone conversation", also referred to as a "rough transcript," of the July 25 phone call with Zelinski. November 16: House impeachment investigators depose OMB official Mark Sandy. November 18: It is reported that the House of Representatives is investigating whether Trump lied to Special Counsel Robert Mueller. The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals schedules arguments for access by House for unredacted Mueller Grand Jury materials. House counsel Douglas Letter argues that the House needs it immediately for the impeachment probe. Paul Erickson pleads guilty to federal wire fraud and money laundering charges. One charge includes transferring $1,000 of an investor's money to Maria Butina. November 19: U.S. District Court Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson announces that she will issue a ruling on November 25 on whether McGahn must honor a subpoena and testify before Congress. The announcement comes after House counsel Doug Letter files a request to expedite the decision so that McGahn's testimony can be used in the impeachment investigation. Vindman, Williams, Volker, and Morrison testify in public impeachment hearings before the House Intelligence Committee. November 20: Speaking at an economic forum in Moscow, Putin says, "Thank God nobody is accusing us anymore of interfering in U.S. elections.... Now they're accusing Ukraine. Well, let them sort this out among themselves." Sondland, Cooper, and Hale testify in public impeachment hearings before the House Intelligence Committee. November 21: According to a leaked copy of the justice department Inspector General's report on the origins of the Russia investigation, a former low-level FBI lawyer is under criminal investigation by the Justice Department for allegedly altering documents in 2016 related to the FISA Court-approved surveillance of Carter Page. In the same leaked document, the Inspector General's report exonerates the FBI of any possible wrongdoing in the origin of the Russia probe. David Holmes and Fiona Hill testify in a public impeachment hearing before the House Intelligence Committee. Hill tells the Committee that the narrative pushed by its Republican members that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the 2016 U.S. election "is a fictional narrative that has been perpetrated and propagated by the Russian security services themselves." November 25: Judge Jackson rules that McGahn must testify. November 26: Nadler invites Trump or his counsel to participate in the House Judiciary Committee's first impeachment hearing scheduled for December 4. November 27: Federal appeals court stays Judge Jackson's ruling regarding whether McGahn must comply with a House subpoena. Schedules oral arguments for January. November 29: Nadler informs Trump that he must decide by December 6 whether or not to participate in the House Judiciary Committee's impeachment hearings after that date. December December 1: Cipollone rejects Nadler's offer for Trump or is attorneys to participate in the December 4 House Judiciary Committee impeachment hearing, calling the entire impeachment process unfair. December 2: The House Intelligence Committee circulates among members its draft report on the impeachment investigation. Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson refuses to extend stay on the McGahn case. Republican members of the House Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs committees release their own report on the impeachment inquiry that calls Schiff unfair and claims that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. Politico reports that the Senate Intelligence Committee was unable to find any evidence that the Ukrainian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election. December 3: The House Intelligence Committee votes 13–9 along party lines to release the report on their impeachment inquiry. The DoJ unseals an indictment against Nader and several American straw donors for 2016 donations to Clinton, other Democrats, and the Trump inauguration on behalf of U.A.E. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan (MbZ). The indictment alleges Nader reimbursed the others for $3.5 million in donations in their names. December 4: Leaked IG report draft shows that U.S. Attorney John Durham, who had been conducting an investigation into the origins of the Russia probe told Horowitz that he had found no evidence of any wrongdoing and that right-wing conspiracy theories were merely that. The House Judiciary Committee holds its first impeachment hearing. The hearing focuses on what is considered impeachable, with testimony provided by four constitutional law professors: Noah Feldman, Pamela Karlan, Michael Gerhardt, and Jonathan Turley. December 5: Pelosi asks House committee chairs to prepare articles of impeachment against President Trump. December 6: Cipollone rejects Nadler's invitation for Trump or his attorneys to participate in the House Judiciary Committee's impeachment hearings, writing, "House Democrats have wasted enough of America’s time with this charade. You should end this inquiry now and not waste even more time with additional hearings." Senators Grassley, Graham, and Johnson, in their respective roles as chairs of the Senate Finance, Judiciary, and Homeland Security and Government Affairs committees, jointly send requests to Chalupa and Andreii Telizhenko to produce documents and appear for staff-level interviews about their alleged roles in alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 presidential election. The FTC unanimously rules that Cambridge Analytica, its CEO Nix, and Kogan deceived Facebook users about the nature of the app Kogan wrote to harvest user data from Facebook in 2015. December 9: The DoJ Inspector General Horowitz's report on the Russia investigation is released, confirming previously leaked exonerations. Among the report's conclusions is a finding that Mifsud was never an FBI source, contrary to assertions by Papadopoulos. House Intelligence Committee staffers present to the House Judiciary Committee the case for the impeachment of the President. During the hearing, Daniel S. Goldman claimed "Trump's persistent and continuing effort to coerce a foreign country to help him cheat to win an election is a clear and present danger to our free and fair elections and to our national security." December 10: House Judiciary Committee introduced two articles of impeachment against Trump, charging him with abuse of power and obstruction of the impeachment inquiry. Trump castigates FBI Director Wray on Twitter for supporting the conclusions of the DoJ IG report. At a hearing in the Kupperman case, House lawyers move to dismiss his lawsuit asking for guidance on whether he should comply with Congressional subpoenas. They assure Judge Leon that they have dropped his subpoena and will not be calling him to testify in the future. Kupperman's lawyer asks the judge to continue the case so that Kupperman can get a definitive answer. December 11: The Senate Judiciary Committee holds hearings on the DoJ IG report. IG Horowitz tells the committee that the investigation into the New York FBI field office leaking information about the Clinton email investigation to Giuliani in 2016 is still underway. The House Judiciary Committee begins debating the articles of impeachment. December 12: The House Judiciary Committee continues debating the articles of impeachment for 14 hours, with the Democratic majority voting down Republican amendments that would have diluted the articles. December 13: House Judiciary Committee approves articles of impeachment against President Trump on a partisan vote. The Supreme Court grants certiorari on Presidential immunity in criminal cases. December 16: Mike Flynn's sentencing is rescheduled after U.S. District Judge Emmet G. Sullivan D.C. dismissed Flynn's motion to find prosecutors in contempt. The House Judiciary Committee files a supplemental brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit regarding the committee's suit to access Mueller grand jury material. December 17: Rick Gates sentenced to 45 days in jail and three years probation. The House Rules Committee debates and approves the rules for the House impeachment debate and vote. December 18: The House votes to pass both articles of impeachment against President Trump, making him only the third President in American history to have been impeached. New York state judge Maxwell Wiley rules that the March 13 state charges brought against Manafort violate the state's double jeopardy law, which prevents someone from being prosecuted under state law for crimes they were already convicted of in federal court. The FTC approves a settlement agreement with Nix and Kogan that prohibits them "from making false or deceptive statements" about their collection of Facebook user data, and requires that they destroy any data they retained. December 20: Justice Department claims that McGahn case is moot now that impeachment has been done. December 23: In reply, the House's counsel states that further impeachment articles are possible and thus the suit "In re: Don McGahn" is not moot. December 24: Deadline for written arguments in the Justice Department's appeal of the lawsuit over access by House impeachment investigators to the Mueller Grand Jury evidence and to force the testimony of McGahn. December 30: The Bolton/Kupperman case is dismissed as moot. 2020–2021 See also Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) Foreign interference in the 2020 United States elections Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections Trump–Ukraine scandal References Further reading External links 2019 in the United States Contemporary history timelines Russian investigations 2019-07 2019 2019-related timelines Political timelines by year

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20Australia%20%28January%E2%80%93June%202021%29

Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)

This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia during the first half of 2021. January 2021 New Year celebrations, such as the fireworks on Sydney Harbour, when they were held, were mostly considerably reduced due to restrictions introduced to prevent crowds gathering. Melbourne, Canberra, Brisbane (and the Gold Coast), and Adelaide cancelled their official New Year's fireworks. In Sydney, access to the city, and the CBD in particular, was restricted, foreshore access was not permitted. The 9 pm display was cancelled, the usually boat crowded harbour was largely empty, and the midnight fireworks were reduced to seven minutes. Those attending hospitality venues required a pass to access harbourside areas. At homes, only five visitors were allowed. In regional South Australia firework displays were still held in Victor Harbor, Port Lincoln and Murray Bridge. In Brisbane some hospitality venues hosted private fireworks, but they were paid, ticketed events. As the Northern Territory made it through the year with no community transmission, Darwin celebrated with some of the "most relaxed coronavirus restrictions" in Australia. Two 10-minute firework shows were held at the Darwin Waterfront Precinct. Patrons had to register on-line, pay A$20, and there were no door sales. About 10,000 people attended the waterfront. Organisers claimed that, as more NT residents were holidaying locally, and interstate tourists had travelled north to avoid interstate restrictions, the event was bigger than previously. Perth also enjoyed a relatively normal New Year's Eve due to Western Australia's, then, community transmission free status. There was a 9 pm family display, and 5 minutes at midnight. People were encouraged to follow normal COVID safe rules, and register on the SafeWA app at events. In Hobart, the Taste of Tasmania food and wine festival had been cancelled, so the usually busy CBD was unusually quiet. Two firework displays were still held on the Derwent River. Large crowds could not congregate as outside gatherings were restricted to 1,000. In early 2021 in Canberra, that years previously postponed National Multicultural Festival, was cancelled entirely. On 2 January, NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian announced that face masks would become mandatory in many indoor venues in Greater Sydney, Central Coast and Wollongong, including supermarkets, places of worship and public transport, from 3 January. A$200 on-the-spot fines were given to non-compliant individuals from 4 January. People exempt to the mandate included children under the age of 12. Berejiklian also announced that gym classes must have a maximum size of 30 people, places of worship must only welcome a maximum of 100 worshippers and one person every four square metres, and weddings and funerals limited to 100 attendees or one person per four square metres. She also said that outdoor performances must only have 500 people in attendance while events which were "seated, ticketed and enclosed" were reduced back to a maximum capacity of 2,000. Night clubs were not allowed to operate. On 3 January, NSW Chief Health Officer Dr Kerry Chant revealed that results of genomic testing concluded that cases in Berala were not linked to cases in the Northern Beaches. Also on 3 January, an anti-mask protest was held inside Westfield Bondi Junction. This was the first day that new mask wearing requirements, including venues like shopping centres, came into effect. On 5 January, NSW Acting Premier John Barilaro warned that an individual diagnosed with COVID-19 had travelled to Orange, Broken Hill and Nyngan. He urged people who attended certain venues in those towns to monitor for symptoms and to get tested. On the same day, Qantas announced that it had moved the resumption date of ticket sales for international flights to 1 July. Transport Minister Michael McCormack responded by saying that "decisions about when international travel resumes will be made by the Australian government". On 6 January, NSW Health Minister Brad Hazzard announced that all spectators of the Third Test at Sydney Cricket Ground would have to wear a face mask, except when consuming food or drink. On the same day, some health experts called for Australia's international borders to be strengthened or even closed again due to increasing concern about a COVID-19 strain, the Variant of Concern 202012/01, which was first identified in Kent, United Kingdom. Victorian Deputy Chief Health Officer Allan Cheng had raised the issue with the Australian Health Protection Principal Committee. Dr Tony Blakely, an epidemiologist from the University of Melbourne said Australia needed to "close the border or strengthen it as much as we possibly can". Professor Damian Purcell from the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute, said Australians "don't need to be terrified" of expected coronavirus mutations. After the strain was found in quarantined travellers in Melbourne, the Victorian Government said it was considering banning travellers from the UK. That afternoon, Prime Minister Scott Morrison posted on Facebook to announce that he would "convene a special meeting of National Cabinet" on 8 January. He said that it would be to discuss a proposal to strengthen international travel procedures, "particularly in the context of the UK strain". Victorian Acting Premier Jacinta Allan announced a "pause" in changes to workers returning to the workplace. Up to 50% of Victorian employees were initially planned to be allowed to work in the office. On 7 January, Australian Prime Minister Morrison announced that they would bring forward the rollout of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to February. He said workers dealing with international arrivals, hotel quarantine workers, frontline healthcare workers, and workers and residents in aged care and disability care would receive the vaccine first. Meanwhile, Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk announced that a hotel quarantine cleaner had contracted COVID-19. It was later confirmed that she was infected with the Variant of Concern 202012/01. In response, Queensland Chief Health Officer Dr Jeannette Young announced immediate restrictions to visitors to certain facilities, including aged care and hospitals, in the Metro North, Metro South and West Moreton Hospital and Health Service regions. On 8 January, National Cabinet met and agreed to major changes to international air travel arrangements. These included halving the weekly cap of international arrivals to 1,500 in NSW and 500 in WA and Queensland until 15 February, as well as mandating that all international travellers test negative for COVID-19 before flying to Australia. Masks were also made mandatory for all passengers and crew on domestic and international flights and in airports, with few exemptions. On the same day, Queensland Premier Palaszczuk announced a three-day lockdown for all of Greater Brisbane. In response, NSW told Queenslanders to isolate while SA declared Greater Brisbane a hotspot. Tasmania declared Greater Brisbane as "high risk" while WA implemented a hard border with Queensland. On 13 January the cancelled Summernats "replacement" event, the Summernats Rev Rock ‘n’ Roll festival that was planned to run over the 5–7 March 2021 Canberra Day long weekend, was also cancelled. On 15 January the airline Emirates announced it was indefinitely suspending all flights to, or from, Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. However, within a week Emirates announced that it would resume the cancelled routes. In the interim, cargo operations to all Australian airports, and flights between Dubai and Perth, continued. On 16 January the Federal government announced 20 repatriation flights to return Australian citizens stranded overseas. The flights will be from 31 January to 31 March. The number of people returned will be in addition to existing caps on international flight arrivals. over 37,000 Australians were stranded abroad. On 23 January an anti-mask protest was stopped by police from entering the Westfield Parramatta shopping centre. Warning was given to the group to obey public health orders, and follow social distancing guidelines. One man was arrested when he did not comply with the police directive when the group dispersed after they were given a move-on direction. A protest group was also turned away a week earlier. On 25 January, the Federal government suspended the trans-Tasman travel bubble operating since 16 October 2020. This removed the ability of New Zealanders to travel to Australia, without quarantining, for at least 72 hours. This followed the discovery of a NZ resident with the South African COVID-19 variant. The woman was not known to be infectious, having twice tested negative to COVID-19 before leaving quarantine, then visited many places in northern NZ, but was then found to have the new strain. On 28 January the ban on travel from NZ without quarantine was extended for 3 more days. On 29 January 2021, the ability of Australians stuck overseas to fly back to Australia was further hampered when the UK banned direct flights from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) over the possible spread of the South African COVID-19 variant. Both Etihad and Emirates airlines are UAE based, and major carriers between the UK and Australia. Western Australian lockdown On 31 January, a quarantine hotel security guard at the Four Points by Sheraton in Perth tested positive. A five-day lockdown, from 6 pm on 31 January (Sunday) until 6 pm on 5 February (Friday) was declared. Schools remained closed for another week after being scheduled to resume on 1 February. The guard's infection ended a ten-month period of no community transmission in Western Australia (WA). Approximately 2 million people in WA were affected by the lockdown. Federal politicians from WA flying into Canberra had to quarantine for five-days when the lockdown was declared. Parliament was to resume on 2 February, so some MPs were unable to physically attend the first week. In response to the lockdown, health authorities in the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, the Northern Territory and Victoria declared the affected areas to be COVID-19 hotspots. The ACT ordered anyone who had been to Perth's metropolitan area since 25 January to get tested, and enter a five-day self-quarantine. Queensland required 2 weeks of hotel quarantine for any new arrivals who had been in the locked down areas. Those already in Qld, but were in a WA hotspot area since 26 January had to be tested, and isolate until receiving a negative result. Travellers to the NT from WA hotspots underwent 14 days of mandatory supervised quarantine. Victoria did not allow entry to anyone who was in any of the WA red zones since 25 January without an exception, exemption or permitted worker permit. South Australia did not immediately close its border with WA, but airline passengers from WA arriving in Adelaide were told to self-quarantine, and get a COVID-19 test on days one, five and twelve. The lockdown was lifted on 5 February, but some rules, such as mandatory mask wearing, were maintained in the Peel and Perth regions. The last lockdown specific restrictions were lifted at 12:01 a.m. on 14 February. February 2021 On 1 February, Queensland opened its border to all states except Western Australia. Since border closure 6,855,750 border passes were issued. On 2 February, responding to the WA lockdown, New South Wales ordered more than 1,100 people who had visited affected areas in WA since 25 January into five days of lockdown. They had to adhere to the same restrictions as if they had stayed in WA. Any arrivals from WA must have a COVID-19 test within 48 hours, or undergo 14 days of quarantine. Also on 2 February the Ellume company of Brisbane received a contract worth A$302 million (US$230 million) from the United States Department of Defense to provide at-home COVID-19 testing kits. The "Ellume COVID-19 Home Test" is the first at-home COVID-19 test to get emergency approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. The company claims its test can be done in 15 minutes and is around 95% accurate. On 3 February in Victoria, a quarantine hotel worker at the Grand Hyatt Melbourne, a "resident support officer" involved in the Australian Open tennis quarantine program, was found to have COVID-19. From 11:59 pm Victoria immediately reintroduced some rules, tightened some, and put off imminent easing of some restrictions. The plan to, from 8 February (Monday), allow up to 75 per cent of office workers back into their workplaces was put on hold. Masks were mandatory inside, and only 15 persons are allowed at private events. The man visited a number of businesses from 29 January to 1 February, but was able to give contact tracers a detailed list of places and times. Anyone who was at those places at those times, must be tested, and isolate for 14 days. Testing site hours were extended from 4 February, opening at 8 am. More drive-through lanes were added, and additional testing sites opened. On 4 February, the Northern Territory declared ten suburbs in Melbourne to be hotspots. Arrivals into NT from Melbourne, West Melbourne, Noble Park, Keysborough, Springvale, Brighton, Wheelers Hill, Clayton South, Heatherton or Moorabbin will be required to go into mandatory quarantine for 14 days. Those already in NT who have been in any of the hotspots since 29 January will also have to self-isolate until their COVID-19 testing is negative. By 5 February, genomic sequencing confirmed that the Melbourne Grand Hyatt worker was infected with the more contagious "UK strain" of COVID-19. Also on 5 February 2021, National Cabinet decided to increase the number of international passenger arrivals to Australia as from 15 February. New South Wales will return from 1,505 to a weekly cap of 3,010 people and Queensland from 500 to 1,000. South Australia has increased from 490 a week to 530, and Victoria from 1,120 to 1,310. Western Australia will remain at a reduced arrival cap of 512. The total national weekly cap of 4,127 will increase to 6,362. It was 6,645 on 15 January, when the cap was cut as a response to the UK strain of coronavirus. Repatriation flights to: the Howard Springs facility in the Northern Territory; Canberra; and Hobart are additional to the caps. Also on 5 February, the WA lockdown was lifted, though some rules such as mandatory mask wearing were kept. Travel restrictions also still applied to Peel and Perth, but not the North Western region. That day, Premier McGowan also announced a A$43 million package to assist small businesses and charities who suffered financially during the lockdown in the form of a A$500 offset on their electricity bill. Chief executive of The Australian Hotels Association (AHA) WA, Bradley Woods said: "We estimate over $100 million revenue and sales has been lost as a result of this shutdown …". Plans to increase WA's weekly international flight arrival cap were postponed to the end of February. Holiday Inn outbreak On 10 February, a quarantine hotel at Melbourne airport was evacuated. The Holiday Inn was emptied after hotel quarantine workers were found to have been infected with COVID-19, though no breach of protective equipment use or procedures was found. It is believed that an returned traveller, with pre-existing health conditions, used a nebuliser, which increased the chance of the virus spreading by air. By 12 February, the cluster had grown to 14, by the 16th the cluster had increased to 19. By the 19th the outbreak had increased to 22 and one person was in intensive care. That morning, about 3,515 "primary close contacts" that are linked to the outbreak were in quarantine. On 11 February, the airline Cathay Pacific decided that, excepting Sydney, from 20 February it would temporarily cease all flights to Australia until the end of the month. This was a response to the Hong Kong government's new COVID restrictions requiring Hong Kong based aircrew to quarantine. Also on 11 February, trials of the "Dine and Discover NSW" economic stimulus vouchers began in Broken Hill, and The Rocks in Sydney. Full roll-out is scheduled for March. On 12 February Victoria announced that it would again enter lockdown across the entire state for 5 days from 11:59 pm that night. This was in response to the Melbourne Airport Holiday Inn quarantine hotel outbreak. By 12 February, the Holiday Inn cluster had grown to 14. The Australian Open tennis competition continued, but without any spectators. This will apply to all professional sporting events. In response all other states and territories placed travel restrictions upon Victoria. The same day the new Victorian lockdown started, in Melbourne the Moomba Festival was cancelled for the first time. However within a week an alternative event, "Moomba 2.0", was created. Instead of the usual attractions, Lord Mayor Sally Capp said Moomba 2.0 will be: "... a series of fun, family friendly events and attractions across the city that will help bring the buzz back to Melbourne." Also on 12 February 2021, the 16th World Solar Challenge, due to run from 22 to 30 October, was cancelled by the SA Government. On 14 February, the final WA post-31 January lockdown restrictions, including mandatory masks, were lifted in the Perth and Peel regions after 14 days. WA Premier McGowan said since January more than 102,000 COVID-19 tests had been done. There were no new COVID-19 cases detected overnight in WA, and only 5 cases in hotel quarantine. On 15 February, the first 142,000 doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine arrived in Australia. The first doses were due be administered on 22 February. The Australian Government has purchased 10 million doses of this vaccine. By 16 February, the number of confirmed infections linked to the Melbourne Holiday Inn outbreak had increased to 19. The same day, the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, was approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) "… for use in people aged over 18 years". Also on 16 February, the first vials of COVID-19 vaccine produced in Australia came off the production line at the CSL Behring plant in Broadmeadows, Melbourne. On 17 February Canberra's public health emergency declaration was extended 90 days to 18 May 2021. Also on 17  February the 5-day lockdown in Victoria was lifted at 11:59 pm. Despite this, Victoria will not allow any incoming international flights "indefinitely". On 18 February, there were no new locally acquired COVID-19 cases in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia or Victoria. By 19 February, the Melbourne Holiday Inn outbreak had increased to 22. One person was admitted to intensive care and about 3,515 contacts were quarantined. Also on this day, after the Moomba Festival was cancelled on 12 February, the replacement Moomba 2.0 events were announced. On 20 February anti-COVID-19 vaccine rallies were held in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There were a few hundred people at each. Also on 20 February, New Zealanders were again able to come to Australia without needing to quarantine on arrival. If they have been in Auckland in the 14 days before travelling they will need a negative COVID-19 test less than 3-day before travelling. The "travel bubble" only applies to entry to Australia. Vaccinations start On 21 February, the first public COVID-19 vaccinations in Australia, with the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, were administered in Sydney. An 84-year-old aged care resident was the first Australian to receive the vaccine. To show confidence in the national immunisation vaccine rollout, Prime Minister Morrison, and Australia's Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly, also received vaccinations. Up to 6:00 pm on 23 February in NSW, 3,200 people were immunised across three state-run hospitals. On 22 February 2021, the first Canberran received a COVID-19 vaccination. She was a 22-year-old registered nurse, and a member of a COVID-19 testing team. The same day the first Queenslander received a vaccination at Gold Coast University Hospital. She was a nurse who works in that hospitals COVID-19 ward. On 23 February 2021, 166,000 more doses of the Pfizer vaccine, Australia's second shipment, arrived at Sydney airport. 120,000 more doses are due to arrive in the following week. On 24 February, further restrictions eases were announced in NSW. From 12:01 am on 26 February (Friday): Dancing and singing will be allowed at gatherings At weddings, up to 30 people, including guests, can dance at one time. (currently, only the wedding party, a maximum of 20 people. The 300 person limit for wedding guests remains for now) Up to 50 people at their home (up from 30) Visitor number includes adults and children. Up to 50 people allowed in gym classes (4-square metre rule applies) Up to 30 singers allowed in choirs and religious congregations. Masks required, place of worship must adhere to the 4-square metre rule Also, as of 24 February, there has been no transmission of COVID-19 in the community in NSW for 38 days. On 17 March restrictions will be "revisited". The same day, 24 February, Queensland State Chief Health Officer Jeannette Young announced that the state had halted its travel bubble arrangement with New Zealand in response to a recent community outbreak in South Auckland. From 9 pm (NZ time), New Zealanders traveling to Queensland would have to enter quarantine. On 25 February, Qantas said it intends to resume international Qantas and Jetstar flights on 21 October, which was originally planned for July. Qantas also reported a half-year revenue loss of A$1.08 billion. Revenue fell by 75 per cent to A$2.3 billion, passenger numbers fell by 83 per cent. On 26 February the Chief Executive of the Australian Airports Association, James Goodwin, said that Australian airports had been losing A$320 million every month during the coronavirus pandemic. He also said over the past 12 months, job losses amounted to 25 per cent of the airports' workforce. On 28 February 2021, 300,000 doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine arrived at Sydney airport. The same day in Queensland the "Check in Qld" QR code sign-in/contact tracing app was launched by the Minister for Health and Ambulance Services, Yvette D'Ath. Use of the app is not mandatory. March 2021 On 2 March, the general closure of Australia's international borders to travel was extended to 17 June 2021. Australia's borders have now been closed for 12 months. Despite the border closure, between 25 March and 31 December 2020 over 105,000 exemptions were approved for people to leave Australia. On 4 March a health worker in Queensland experienced a serious anaphylactic reaction after receiving the Pfizer vaccine and was admitted into intensive care. The person had a history of anaphylaxis. They made a full recovery on the same day and were discharged from hospital. On 5 March 250,000 doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine from Italy headed to Australia, were not permitted to be exported by Italy and the European Union. The same day, the first Australian to receive that vaccine was at Murray Bridge, South Australia. The recipient was a doctor in regional South Australia. On 10 March 2021 the Federal Government announced steps worth A$1.2 billion to encourage Australians to holiday within Australia to assist ailing tourist destinations. Between April and July, up to 800,000 airfares to 13 regions normally favoured by international tourists will be halved for domestic travellers. On 12 March Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane went into lockdown after a doctor tested positive for COVID-19. Queensland had gone 59 days without any locally acquired COVID-19 infections. On 17 March Prime Minister Morrison proposed that one million of Australia's doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine be diverted to Papua-New Guinea (PNG) as that neighbouring country was under an "... out-of-control second COVID-19 wave, " and "... facing a humanitarian crisis". Other measures include sending personal protective equipment and suspending flights from Cairns to PNG. On 21 March production of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in Australia was approved by Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration. On 29 March at 5 pm Greater Brisbane went into a 3-day lockdown. The step was taken when a cluster of the UK strain of COVID-19 grew to 7 people. The lockdown ended early at midday on 1 April. Also on 29 March, the JobKeeper wage subsidy ended. By 30 March in Queensland, another 8 locally acquired cases were reported for a total of 10 new cases in the preceding 24 hours, and 2 separate clusters, both of the UK strain were identified. As of this date Queensland had 78 active cases in hospitals. On 31 March in Queensland 34,711 coronavirus tests and 7,596 vaccinations were conducted. April 2021 On 1 April in Brisbane, the "3 day" lockdown from 29 March, due to end at 5 pm, was lifted at midday. Ten new cases were recorded in the previous 24 hours, but only one case of community transmission, which is linked to a cluster from an infected nurse at the Princess Alexandra Hospital. This cluster now numbered 12, up from 7 on 29 March. Some restrictions introduced for the lockdown will be maintained: all Queenslanders will have to carry a face-mask outside their home until 15 April. patrons at food or beverage venues must stay seated, no dancing allowed 30 person limit at private gatherings at homes statewide. Businesses and churches can open, but must have only one-person-per 2-square-metres of floor area. Visitors are not permitted for 2 weeks at: aged or disabled care facilities, hospitals and prisons. On 2 April a 44-year-old Victorian man was admitted to Melbourne's Box Hill Hospital when he developed serious thrombosis and a low platelet count after receiving the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine on 22 March. He developed blood clots in his spleen, liver and gut. The Therapeutic Goods Administration warned anyone who experienced persistent headaches or other worrying symptoms 4 to 20 days after receiving the vaccine to seek medical advice. Another case of clotting linked to this vaccine was reported on 13 April. On 5 April, Malcolm Kela Smith, a British born Papua New Guinean, businessman, aviator and politician died aged 77-years from complications of COVID-19 while under treatment in the intensive care unit at Redcliffe Hospital in Queensland, Australia. On 8 April 2021 the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) and the TGA met to review concerns over the AstraZeneca vaccine. Australia's Chief Medical Officer, Paul Kelly, reassured about the safety of the vaccine, but it was being reviewed. ATAGI advised the Federal Government to use the AstraZeneca vaccine only for those over 50-years-of-age as they confirmed the rare side-effect of blood clotting could occur in younger people. On 12 April an 80-year-old Australian man, who had been living in the Philippines but returned to Australia, died from COVID-19 in Queensland. It was the seventh death of a person who had been diagnosed with the virus in the state, and first COVID-19 death recorded in the state since an 83-year-old cruise ship passenger died in April 2020 in a Sydney hospital. On 13 April a second case of blood clotting, in a Western Australian women in her 40s, was linked to the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. On 15 April, a diabetic 48-year-old New South Wales woman died in John Hunter Hospital after developing thrombosis with thrombocytopenia 4 days after being vaccinated with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. The TGA said it was "likely" her death was linked to the vaccination. On 19 April, a 'travel bubble' between Australia and New Zealand opened. Australians are able travel to New Zealand and not have to quarantine on return, for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. On 21 April a 40-year-old man was admitted to a private hospital in Queensland with blood clots, the fourth reported case, after he was vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine on 18 April. Investigations are underway to confirm the link between the vaccine and the clotting. On 23 April, Prime Minister Morrison announced that travellers to Australia from "high risk" countries, in particular India, were to be reduced by 30 percent. This decision is based on an increase in positive results for COVID-19 among travellers from India at the Howard Springs, Northern Territory quarantine facility. Travel to such countries is also to be limited. On 27 April, due to an ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 in India, all incoming flights from there were "paused" until at least 15 May. Also on 23 April in Western Australia, Perth city and the Peel region went to into a 3-day lockdown from midnight after two cases of COVID-19 transmission inside the Mercure quarantine hotel. The outbreak originated from a man who quarantined after he travelled to India to get married. Anzac Day services in the affected areas were cancelled. In response to the lockdown, Air New Zealand canceled a flight between Auckland and Perth. The lockdown ended on 26 April. Still on 23 April 2021, 3 more cases of blood clotting were reported that are believed to be linked to AstraZeneca vaccination. A 49-year-old Queensland man, an 80-year-old Victorian man and 35-year-old NSW woman all had suspected thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). The TGA said there was a "likely link" as all three had received the AstraZeneca vaccine. All were in a stable condition and recovering. On 26 April the lockdown in WA ended as scheduled with no new case of community transmission. Travel beyond the Perth and Peel areas was allowed but for the following four days, some restrictions remained in force: Mandatory face masks in public Indoor fitness venues, nightclubs and the casino remained closed, Venues including restaurants, pubs and cafes reopened, however: The four-square-metre area capacity rule applied, A limit of 20 patrons, not including staff. Private gatherings, both indoor and outdoor were limited 20 people. Visits to hospitals, aged care and disability care facilities were restricted to compassionate grounds only. Community sport allowed, but: Without spectators, Capacity limits for indoor venues. Universities will only be open for online learning. On 27 April, due to the "record breaking" outbreak of COVID-19 in India, with 323,000 new infections that day after five days with new cases peaking above 350,000, and another 2,771 COVID deaths there, the Federal Government "paused" all incoming flights from there until at least 15 May. The pause includes repatriation flights into the Howard Springs quarantine facility near Darwin with more than 9,000 Australians in India at this date wanting to come to Australia. Australia will send medical aid to India in the form of ventilators, surgical masks, P2 and N95 masks, goggles, gloves and face shields. By 28 April more than 2 million COVID-19 vaccinations had been administered, but this was 3 million short of original plans. On 29 April a report was released on a review of at-border delivery of human biosecurity functions in regard to the Ruby Princess incident. Following a NSW Police Force investigation, and a NSW Special Commission of inquiry, the Commonwealth Inspector-General of Biosecurity also conducted a review of biosecurity functions in regard to the incident. His report found, among other findings, that inspection protocols were not followed as unwell passengers on the Ruby Princess should have been screened individually by following a checklist, but this was not done. The report made over 40 recommendations to improve Australias' human biosecurity management on ships. On 30 April in South Australia, a COVID-19 mass vaccination hub opened at Adelaide Showground. May 2021 On 1 May, a male guard at the Pan Pacific quarantine hotel in Perth, tested positive to COVID-19. He had already received his first dose of COVID vaccine. 2 of his 7 housemates, both food delivery drivers, then tested positive. While likely to have been infectious the guard visited several locations in the community, raising the possibility of another lockdown in Western Australia. It is not known how the guard became infected, but he worked at the hotel on 24, 25 and 26 April, including on the same floor as two returned travellers who were COVID-19 positive. One result was that spectators were not allowed at the Western AFL Derby on 2 May at Optus Stadium. Prior to the guards' infection, up to 45,000 people were to be allowed to attend. On Sunday 2 May, WA Premier McGowan also announced a number of new restrictions, including that nightclubs were to be closed immediately. Those and the casino gaming floor remained shut until at least 12.01am on Saturday May 8. Under the restrictions, masks remained mandatory indoors and outdoors in the Perth and Peel regions, unless people had a medical exemption, or were doing vigorous exercise outside. This included those who had been in Perth or Peel since April 17. On 3 May another lockdown was still a possibility. On 5 May in Sydney, a case of COVID-19 in a man in his 50s was detected with no known physical link to travel or border control/quarantine hotels or workers. Genomic testing provided a link to an overseas (US) acquired infection at the Park Royal in Darling Harbour. The new case is believed to have been infectious while visiting at least 20 locations in Sydney from 30 April to 4 May. His wife also tested positive to COVID-19. Owing to these new cases, COVID related restrictions in Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains and Wollongong, were tightened, initially for 3 days from 5 pm on 6 May (Friday), to 12:01 am on 9 May (Monday). Mask-wearing was made mandatory at indoor places for three days, including: Public transport Supermarkets Other indoor events Hospitality staff at front of house also had to be masked Patrons drinking had to be seated. No singing or dancing allowed at indoor venues, including, Places of worship and Entertainment venues. Exemptions included weddings, and dancers or singers performing in shows. Only 20 visitors allowed at private homes Maximum 2 visitors at aged care facilities Most of these restrictions were later extended to 17 May. Also on 5 May, in Victoria, the COVID-19 Quarantine Victoria general manager of infection control, Matius Bush, was stood down by the Minister for Government Services Danny Pearson pending a conduct review. Bush breached infection controls twice by: refusing a COVID test at a quarantine hotel when requested by Defence personnel; and failing to sanitise or change his mask when returning to a quarantine hotel from a coffee shop. By 6 May, another 5 cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) linked to AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination had been reported, bringing the total to 11. On 9 May in NSW, because the "missing link" in two infections there had not been located, most of the restrictions tightened on 5 May were extended another seven days until 12:01 am on 17 May. The main change was mask wearing was not required indoors by patrons of shops and hospitality venues, except for gaming areas where masks were still needed. On public transport and other indoor public venues masks remained mandatory. Also on 9 May, Victoria had 72 days of no recorded cases of community transmission of COVID-19. In NSW, 13,768 tests were undertaken in the 24 hours to 8:00pm on 9 May, but NSW recorded no locally acquired COVID-19 infections. On 10 May in NSW, a mass vaccination hub opened at Sydney Olympic Park. The same day, registrations began for NSW residents aged 40 to 49 to receive the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. On 13 May, it was announced that the US Moderna company had an agreement with the Australian Federal government to provide 25 million doses of its COVID-19 vaccine 'mRNA-1273', subject to TGA approval. On 17 May in Sydney, the temporary restrictions introduced on 5 May were removed. The missing link in the 2 cases of community transmission that led to these restrictions had not been located by this day. On 23 May, an expanded ChooseCBR voucher scheme was announced in the ACT. Bigger discounts were offered and more money was allocated. The new scheme proved popular when launched on 9 June, but its website crashed and the scheme was suspended a week. On 24 May in northern Melbourne, 4 cases of COVID-19 in the community were reported. Another 5 community cases, for a total of 9, were reported on 25 May. 4 of them are family contacts of a man, who may be the source of the outbreak, who tested positive on 2 May. As a result, restrictions in Greater Melbourne were again tightened from 6pm on Tuesday, 25 May, to at least Friday, 4 June. Restrictions included: mandatory wearing of masks indoors (children under 12 exempted), private gatherings limited to 5 people, public gatherings limited to 30 people, limits on visitors to hospitals and aged care reinstated, Melbourne residents were allowed to travel out of the city but had to observe restrictions as if they were still in Melbourne. No changes were made to the number of people allowed in workplaces, shops, bars, or beauty services. Relaxation of "density caps" in hospitality venues had been planned, but was put on hold. Cultural and sports event were still allowed, but the AFL "paused" ticket sales for Victorian-based games. By 27 May the Victorian outbreak had risen to 26 cases. There were over 150 exposure sites across Melbourne, and 11,000 contacts had been linked through contact tracing to the outbreak. As a result of the growing outbreak Victoria entered its fourth lockdown, statewide, as of 11:59 pm on 27 May, initially for seven days until 11:59pm on Thursday 3 June, but the lockdown was later extended another 7 days. Owing to the outbreak, all Australian states imposed a range of restrictions on travellers from Victoria, either banning entry, only allowing state residents back in, requiring home isolation for 7 days under Victoria's rules, 14 days hotel quarantine, or other measures. New Zealand paused the travel bubble with Victoria from 7:59pm on 25 May. On 10 June, at 11:59 pm, the lockdown ended though some restrictions, such as travel limits (though expanded to 25 km), remained in force. On 28 May there were anti-lockdown protests in Melbourne. June 2021 By 1 June the number of cases in the Victorian outbreak had reached 60. The same day, it was found that a now confirmed COVID-19 case from Melbourne had travelled to New South Wales (NSW), before the 27 May lockdown, while possibly infectious. Possible exposure sites included venues in Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Hyams Beach and Vincentia. On 2 June the 7 day Victorian lockdown was extended for another 7 days. Some restrictions were eased, the 5 km limit was extended to 10 km, school attendance allowed for years 11 and 12, authorised work included some outdoors work. Use of the Service Victoria QR code check-in required across Victoria for places like supermarkets and shops. On 3 June the Federal Government announced that people who lose work as a result of lockdowns, of at least 7 days length, may be eligible for a A$325 or A$500 per week Temporary COVID Disaster Payment. Also on 3 June, the Victorian outbreak rose to 63 cases, all in Greater Melbourne. From 11:59pm that day some lockdown restrictions in regional Victoria were eased, movement in regional areas was unrestricted. The same day the stay-at-home order from NSW Health, for anyone who has been in Victoria since May 27, was extended by a week. By 6 June, over 5 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine had been administered across Australia. Approximately 4.45 million were first doses, and nearly 570 thousand were second doses. By June 7, there were 81 active COVID cases in the Victorian outbreaks. There were also 3 separate clusters with unknown sources in the state by then: 32 cases in Whittlesea; 9 at the Arcare aged care centre in Maidstone; and 14 at a cluster in West Melbourne. The West Melbourne cluster was found to be of the fast spreading delta COVID variant, raising the possibility the fourth Victorian lockdown could be extended again. Also on 7 June, the Victorian government announced A$30 million of financial support for residents "locked out of work" by COVID lockdowns. They also extended their emergency "hardship support payment" to October. This helps those on temporary or provisional visas who are not able get income from the Commonwealth. On 9 June, the New South Wales Dine & Discover NSW voucher scheme was extended by a month to 31 July 2021. The same day in Canberra the expanded ChooseCBR voucher stimulus scheme was launched. The new scheme proved popular but its website crashed after two days and the scheme was suspended a week to fix "technical issues". By 10 June a second Australian had died of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). The 52-year-old NSW woman had a blood clot in her brain, a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis before she died. There had been 3 more new cases of TTS in the preceding week, for a total of 48. Also on 10 June, at 11:59 pm, Victoria's fourth lockdown ended, with some restrictions remaining: no visitors in the home; people must wear a mask both indoors and outdoors; travel for Melbourne residents limited to 25 km (16 mi) radius of home. By mid-June COVID-19 digital vaccination certificates became available through Medicare linked myGov accounts, or the Express Plus Medicare smartphone app. Also in mid-June, Labrador sniffer dogs were deployed by Australian Border Force on a trial basis at Adelaide Airport as part of a feasibility study into using the dogs to detect people with COVID-19 infections. Previous trials were carried out at Sydney Airport in March. From 16 June 2021, NSW residents aged over 50 were able to get an AstraZeneca vaccination from selected pharmacies. The NSW health department approved 1,250 pharmacies to administer the vaccine under strict regulations. It was also on 16 June 2021 that a case of the Delta variant of COVID-19 was confirmed in Sydney; in a Bondi limousine driver who transported international flight crews. On 17 June, on the advice of ATAGI, Health Minister Greg Hunt said the federal government would only recommend the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine be administered to people aged 60 years and over. Everyone under 60 will be offered the Pfizer vaccine. Hunt stated that about 815,000 Australians between ages 50 and 59 had received a first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Bondi cluster On 18 June in NSW, masks were again made mandatory on public transport in Greater Sydney from 4pm that day. A COVID-19 cluster in Sydneys' Eastern Suburbs had grown to 4 cases. This cluster was later found to be of the delta variant of COVID-19. On 19 June, there were 6 cases in the emerging Bondi cluster. By 22 June the cluster in Bondi had increased by 10 to 22 cases, and 31 cases by 23 June. New movement restrictions were enacted from 4pm that day. People from the NSW LGAs of Bayside, Canada Bay, Inner West, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra were not permitted to leave the Sydney metropolitan area, except for essential purposes. The cluster increased to 65 by 25 June, 80 by 26 June, 124 by 28 June, 160 cases by 30 June, and 175 by 1 July. On 23 June, tighter social distancing restrictions were also enacted covering residents of Greater Sydney, Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong, and Shellharbour. Also on 23 June, the Federal government released vaccine allocation projections and forecast that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine would be in "little need" past October 2021 when all Australians over 60 years were expected to be fully vaccinated. Owing to the growing Bondi cluster the other States and Territories reacted: Australian Capital Territory: from 4pm on 23 June, the ACT Government placed restrictions on recent travellers from Sydney, Bayside, Canada Bay, Inner West, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra. Unless they have an approved exemption, non-ACT residents who have been in any of the listed LGAs in NSW will find the border, in effect, closed to them. ACT Health Minister, Rachel Stephen-Smith, advised against travel to the Greater Sydney area. Northern Territory: from 6pm (local) on 24 June, NT declared all of Greater Sydney a hotspot. Any person entering NT from Sydney will have to quarantine for 14 days. Queensland: from 1am on 24 June, all of Greater Sydney was declared a hotspot. Border entry will be refused to anyone who lives in, or has visited: Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong or Shellharbour. Residents returning will be quarantined for 14 days. Everyone entering Queensland will have to complete a border declaration. South Australia: on 23 June, "immediately" reinstated a hard border with NSW. No one who has been in NSW in the past 14 days will be allowed entry to SA. A border buffer of 100 km is in place. Exemption are available for residents returning to SA, essential travellers, and special cases. Tasmania: from 4pm on 23 June, declared the City of Sydney, Bayside, Canada Bay, Inner West, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra as high-risk. Entry will not be allowed to anyone who was in those areas, on or since, 11 June without approval from the Deputy State Controller. Victoria: from 11:59pm on 24 June, entry will be barred to non-Victorian residents who have been in Greater Sydney and Wollongong in the last 14 days as those areas were considered to be red zones. Victorians will have to get a red zone permit and quarantine at home for 14 days. Western Australia: from 11am on 23 June, a hard border with NSW was reinstated. Special exemptions are required for border entry, and 14 days quarantine is required. On 24 June in Western Australia, the death of a 61-year-old woman at Royal Perth Hospital from immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) wa reported, which was later linked by the TGA to her Astra-Zeneca vaccination. As of 24 June in NSW, the Bondi cluster had grown to 36 cases. Restrictions in force in NSW as of 24 June were scheduled to remain so until 1 July at 12:01am. On 25 June in NSW, after 22 new cases of the delta variant brought infections linked to the Bondi cluster to 65 total, a lockdown was announced for four Sydney LGAs. The City of Sydney, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra are the affected places. From 11:59pm on 25 June those who live there, or have worked there in the past 14 days, have to isolate at home until at least 11:59pm on 2 July (Friday). The usual 'essential reasons' for leaving home apply. Up to 1 million people may be affected. Current NSW restrictions like mandatory masks indoors and on public transport have been extended to the same time and date. Also on 25 June, an alternate National NAIDOC Awards event due on 3 July 2021 at the Sydney Opera House, planned after the 2021 National NAIDOC Awards ceremony in Alice Springs (Mparntwe) was cancelled, was itself postponed. As Sydney went into a COVID lockdown on 23 June, rules for travellers returning to the Northern Territory meant that most people could not attend the Sydney event without a 14-day quarantine. By 26 June, infections linked to the Bondi cluster rose to 80. Of these, 20 were also connected to a birthday party in Hoxton Park. At 6:00pm on 26 June the lockdown area in NSW was extended to Greater Sydney, the Blue Mountains, Central Coast and Wollongong, until 11.59pm on 9 July. Social distancing restrictions for the rest of NSW were also tightened, only 5 visitors allowed in homes (includes children), masks became mandatory in indoor non-residential settings, the 4-square-metre space rule applies again for indoor or outdoor settings, drinking while standing at indoor venues not permitted, dancing not permitted at indoor hospitality venues and nightclubs, dancing is allowed at weddings for the wedding party (20 people maximum), dance and gym classes - 20 people maximum per class - masks mandatory. People in NSW who had been in the Greater Sydney region (including Blue Mountains, Central Coast, Wollongong) on, or after, 21 June must adhere to stay-at-home orders for 14 days after they left. Weddings were permitted on 26 – 27 June, but then banned until 9 July. The later inclusion in the lockdown of Shellharbour, which has had no local cases of COVID-19, was questioned by local residents and the Mayor Marianne Saliba. According to Saliba there has been no adequate explanation given by the NSW Government for the lockdown of Shelharbour. On 26 June in the Northern Territory, The Granites gold mine went into lockdown after a worker tested positive for COVID-19. The mine is north-west of Alice Springs. About 750 FIFO (fly-in/fly-out) workers onsite were affected, while 900 who left the site recently had to go into isolation. Also on 26 June, New Zealand paused trans-Tasman travel with Australia from 8:30pm (AEST), until 10pm (AEST) on 29 June, due to multiple outbreaks across Australia of the delta variant. On 27 June, at 1pm, Darwin went into a 'snap' lockdown, for at least 48 hours, after more COVID-19 cases were confirmed that were linked to the Granites gold mine case. They were believed to be of the delta COVID-19 variant. The affected areas are the Darwin, Palmerston and Litchfield council areas. During the lockdown people may only leave their homes for "essential" reasons: essential work, medical treatment, essential goods and services, exercise, give care to people who cannot to support themselves. Masks are mandatory outside the home. The next day the lockdown was extended to 2 July. Also on 27 June, at mid-day in Western Australia restrictions were tightened for at least 3 days in the Perth and Peel regions after a woman tested positive 2 weeks after she visited a known COVID-19 hotspot in Sydney. Measures included, masks became mandatory on public transport and indoors, private gatherings at home-restricted to 30 people. 14 days quarantine was required for any border entry from the ACT, NT or Queensland. 28 June By 28 June in New South Wales, the outbreak in Sydney had increased to 130 cases, 124 of them linked to the cluster in Bondi. On 28 June in the Northern Territory, as The Granites mine COVID cluster there had grown to 7 cases, the lockdown in Darwin was extended by 72 hours to 1pm on 2 July. The same day, the Northern Territorys' 1 July celebrations for Territory Day, were postponed due to the outbreak at The Granites goldmine and the resulting lockdown till 2 July in Greater Darwin. On 28 June, Queensland recorded 3 new COVID-19 cases overnight. 2 locally acquired, one from overseas. A miner had the delta variant after returning to Qld from the Northern Territory. As a result, from 10pm on 29 June, masks were mandatory in the local government areas of: Brisbane, Ipswich, Logan, Lockyer Valley, Moreton Bay, Noosa, Redlands, Scenic Rim Region, Somerset and the Sunshine Coast Region. In addition, masks must be worn in Qld workplaces when another person is present, dancing was again banned and no more than 30 people allowed inside homes. On 29 June the lockdown was greatly expanded. On 28 June, in South Australia from midnight, the state pre-emptively re-introduced a number of restrictions for at least 7 days including: masks were mandatory in high-risk settings such as aged care facilities, hospitals and similar, and in indoor entertainment venues. Masks were not required, but highly recommended on public transport. On 28 June, at midnight in Western Australia, a 4-day lockdown was declared in the Perth and Peel regions after a third case of the delta variant was detected. Residents were required to stay home except for essential work, shopping, an hour of daily exercise, or medical appointments. Community sport was not permitted. Schools and day care centres remained open. Restaurants, bars, hotels and similar venues remained open for takeaway food only. 29 June On 29 June in Queensland from 6pm, the existing lockdown in Brisbane was expanded to new areas. All of South East Queensland plus Townsville city, Magnetic Island and Palm Island went into lockdown for 3 days, till 6pm on 2 July. This was because a casual clerical worker from Prince Charles Hospital in Brisbane became infected and travelled from Sandgate in Brisbane to Magnetic Island and Townsville. With lockdowns in Sydney, Darwin, Perth and Brisbane, on 29 June more than 12 million of Australia's population was in lockdown. By 30 June, the 'Bondi cluster' of delta variant COVID-19 reached 160 cases, which began on 19 June 2021, became Sydney's largest cluster to this date. The previous high was 151 in the 'Northern Beaches' or 'Avalon cluster', in December 2020–January 2021. The next largest was the 116 cases of the Wetherill Park cluster of July–August 2020. Sydney has had 18 clusters as of this date. See also Chart of COVID-19 cases in Australia (template) COVID-19 clusters in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Australia COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (timeline) COVID-19 vaccination in Australia Chart of COVID-19 cases in Australia (template) COVID-19 pandemic by country COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania Biosecurity in Australia National Cabinet of Australia National COVID-19 Coordination Commission National Security Committee (Australia) Coronavirus Australia Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Australia Notes References 2021 A

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%20Probinsyano%20%28season%209%29

Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

The ninth season of Ang Probinsyano, a Philippine drama action television series, premiered on August 23, 2021 on Kapamilya Channel, A2Z, TV5, The Filipino Channel and the Kapamilya Online Live. The series stars Coco Martin as P/Cpt. Ricardo Dalisay, together with an ensemble cast, following the celebration of 6th anniversary on air. The ninth season of Ang Probinsyano focuses on Cardo and the Task Force Agila hiding in the North, President Oscar Hidalgo going on the run with the help of his two friends to warn Cardo, Armando's plan to kill the kingpin responsible for the massacre of his fellow farmers, the Black Ops deal with the high-value targets under the supervision of Arturo Padua, Lito's illegal drug transactions, Renato's hunger for power, and Lily's plan to bring down Renato for the next election. Plot Cardo Dalisay and Task Force Agila found their hiding place in the North while the enemies – such as First Lady Lily Hidalgo, Secretary Arturo Padua, Defense Secretary Renato Hipolito, Black Ops led by Albert de Vela, and druglord Lito Valmoria – still hunted for them. Having recovered from the induced coma, Oscar escapes from the palace to warn Cardo to stop their evil intentions while both Lily and Renato separately deploy his men to find Oscar. Oscar is replaced by an ignorant decoy Mariano, who is busy focusing on craving both Cassandra and Ellen. Albert and the Black Ops, under the supervision of Arturo, focus on dealing with the high-value targets until Padua runs out of patience when Albert fails to catch Cardo. Albert later allies with Lito to work together for hunting drug competitors. Renato plans to allow the international drug syndicate to operate in the country if he becomes the president, while Lily also plans bring Renato down for the next election. Armando, his wife Lolita and daughter Mara plan to kill the powerful business tycoon Don Ignacio, who runs illegal business in the North such as mining and drug trading, who perpetrated the killing of his farmers to claim Armando's land. Eventually, Cardo and Agila are eventually found by the local police, leading to the ensuing shootout. Armando and his group cross paths with Cardo during the chaos and they form alliance after they seemingly killed Don Ignacio; however, Armando has a secret motive to use Cardo as an opportunity for his wealth and power. Don Ignacio survives the bullet by Mara but in critical condition, leading the arrival of estranged daughter Aurora in the country. Don Ignacio's estranged brother Eduardo is only interested in taking the family's wealth after hearing his brother's condition. Cast and Characters Main cast Coco Martin as P/Cpt. Ricardo "Cardo" Dalisay Julia Montes as Mara Silang / Maria Isabel G. Hidalgo Susan Roces as Flora "Lola Kap" S. Borja-de Leon Sharon Cuneta as Aurora Guillermo Lorna Tolentino as First Lady Lily Ann Cortez-Hidalgo John Arcilla as Secretary Renato "Buwitre" Hipolito Angel Aquino as Diana T. Olegario Jaime Fabregas as Delfin S. Borja John Estrada as Armando Silang Rosanna Roces as Lolita Silang Richard Gutierrez as Angelito "Lito" Valmoria Val Iglesias as Turo Malou Crisologo as Yolanda "Yolly" Capuyao-Santos John Prats as PC/MSgt. Jerome Girona, Jr. Michael de Mesa as Pat. Ramil "Manager" Taduran Raymart Santiago as P/Maj. Victor A. Basco Shaina Magdayao as P/Maj. Roxanne Opeña Geoff Eigenmann as P/Maj. Albert de Vela Tirso Cruz III as Executive Secretary Arturo "Art" M. Padua Tommy Abuel as Don Ignacio Guillermo Rowell Santiago as Pres. Oscar Hidalgo and Mariano Ara Mina as Ellen Padua Joseph Marco as Lucas Catapang Roi Vinzon as Eduardo Guillermo Recurring cast Vangie Labalan as Lucia Bueñas Marela Torre as Thalia Gonzales Dax Augustus as Augustus Danny Ramos as Winston Cabral Maika Rivera as Cassandra Jose John Medina as P/Cpt. Avel "Billy" M. Guzman Marc Solis as P/MSgt. Rigor Soriano Bryan "Smugglaz" Lao as Pat. Marsial "Butete" Matero Lordivino "Bassilyo" Ignacio as Pat. Dante "Bulate" Villafuerte CJ Ramos as Pat. Patrick Espinosa Sancho delas Alas as Pat. Gregorio "Greco" Cortez Jay Gonzaga as James Cordero Michael Flores as Samuel Catapang Chai Fonacier as Cheche Elora Españo as Aira Paolo Paraiso as P/Cpt. David Alcantara Mark McMahon as P/Cpt. Cris Fabia Nonong Ballinan as Ambo Whitney Tyson as Elizabeth John Wayne Sace as Omar Hernandez Noel Colet as Senate President Camilo Edades Episodes <onlyinclude> </table> </onlyinclude> Notes References External links 2021 Philippine television seasons 2022 Philippine television seasons

68608166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole%20in%20the%20Wall%20%28Justified%29

Hole in the Wall (Justified)

"Hole in the Wall" is the first episode of the fourth season of the American Western crime drama television series Justified. It is the 40th overall episode of the series and was written by series developer Graham Yost and directed by executive producer Michael Dinner. It originally aired on FX on January 8, 2013. The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly "Fire in the Hole", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan begins unconvering a 30-year-old mysterious case that may trace back to his jailed father. Meanwhile, Boyd's business is threatened by the arrival of a new church and he also reconnects with an old friend. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 3.59 million household viewers and gained a 1.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. These numbers were higher than any episode of the second and third season and is the second most watched episode in the series. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the lighter tone, new characters and new direction for the series. Plot In January 21, 1983, a man picks up his newspaper in front of his house in the suburbs. As he is about to enter, he heads back outside when he hears a noise. He finds a dead parachutist in the street, with packages of cocaine surrounding him. The man tells his wife to call the police. In the present day, Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) receives a phone call from a former acquaintance/romantic partner, Sharon Edmonds (Aja Evans), who is now a bail bondswoman in Knoxville, Tennessee. She enlists Raylan's help in finding a fugitive named Jody Adair (Chris Chalk), who is hiding out in Lexington and wanted by the Knoxville police. Raylan finds Jody at his wife's house after she refuses to let him and he prepares to take a gun from his car. He takes him into custody after a standoff in which Raylan subdues Jody by shooting the airbag in his Jeep, making it blow up in Jody's face. Boyd (Walton Goggins) confronts Oxy dealer Hiram (David Ury) as he owes him money. Hiram claims that a newly-arrived preacher motivated him to turn religious and abandon his criminal life. Boyd causes an explosion outside and threatens Hiram to get the money or he will kill him. In Harlan, two teenage burglars, Benny (Casey Brown) and Roz (Alexandra Kyle), invade Arlo Givens' old house and start breaking into a wall. They see the bag with an ID for a "Waldo Truth" in the wall, and are about to take it when they see a car with police lights approaching. They run out of the house without the bag. Constable Bob Sweeney (Patton Oswalt) sees them but fails to catch them. Bob alerts Raylan, who shows up at the house with Jody in the trunk of his car. He and Bob find the bag, which contains an ID for someone named "Waldo Truth", and Raylan stashes it in his trunk along with Jody. They leave the house, unaware that Benny and Roz are watching them. Raylan goes to a hardware store to inquire about Arlo's work on the house. He runs into Roz, who flashes him to distract him. She escapes and Raylan discovers that this was a distraction so they could steal his car. Meanwhile, Ellen May (Abby Miller) is visited by a constant client, Arnold (Brian Howe), who gives him an undisclosed drug. Arnold dresses in a bear costume, but Ellen May, under the influence of drugs, shoots him when she mistakes him for a real bear. Ava (Joelle Carter) reprimands Ellen May for her actions, although Arnold won't press charges. Ava shares this information with Boyd and Johnny (David Meunier), whose condition has improved although he still needs to use a cane. At the bar, a client named Colton "Colt" Rhodes (Ron Eldard) arrives asking for Boyd. Ava and Johnny feign ignorance but Colt sees through their lies. He attacks Johnny and heads for Boyd's office, prompting Ava to take a shotgun. But when they enter the office, they find Colt and Boyd happily reunited as friends, as Colt worked on the military police and even arrested Boyd a couple of times before they turned friends. Raylan, with Bob's help, tracks his car to a scrapyard, where Benny and Roz were headed to dispose of the car. They find the car but Jody is not in the trunk. Bob provokes a scrapyard worker who gets the upper hand on him while Raylan is gone to check on the whereabouts of Jody and the teens, who are hiding in a nearby shed. They release Jody from his handcuffs just as Raylan enters and Roz targets a gun at him while Jody tells her to kill Raylan. The situation escalates when Jody puts a gun to Roz' head. Bob stabs Roz in the foot and Raylan is able to get his gun and the bag back and arrests Jody once again. Raylan visits Arlo (Raymond J. Barry) in prison to ask Arlo about the bag in the wall, as the teens were hired to retrieve it for him. Arlo claims not to know anything about the bag and leaves. Meanwhile, Boyd and Colt decide to visit Hiram once again for the money. They tie him at a chair with dynamite just as a fuse is about to kill him unless he gives them the money. Hiram finally gives the location of the money, which he intended to donate to the Last Chance Holiness Church. Boyd then tells Colt to "take care of him" and Colt kills Hiram. Boyd is surprised, as he meant that he would just untie him. Boyd hides the money in the bar's ceiling. At the Last Chance Holiness Church, preacher Billy St. Cyr (Joe Mazzello) dances in front of the crowd with a snake in hand. One of the attendees is revealed to be Ellen May. In prison, Arlo is visited by an inmate, who is curious about the bag after overhearing Raylan. This prompts Arlo to kill the inmate for his knowledge of the bag. Production Development In March 2012, FX renewed Justified for a fourth season. Nick Grad, FX Executive Vice President of Original Programming, said "Justified is one of television's best series and this season has reinforced that excellence. Graham Yost and his writing team continue to deliver compelling material and richly drawn characters brought to life by the brilliance of Timothy Olyphant and our terrific ensemble cast. Their work is validated by universal acclaim, awards, and ratings that have grown every year. We look forward to many more seasons to come." In December 2012, it was reported that the first episode of the fourth season would be titled "Hole in the Wall", and was to be directed by executive producer Michael Dinner and written by series developer Graham Yost. Writing The opening scene and mystery of the episode was inspired by the true story of Andrew C. Thornton II, a former narcotics officer and lawyer who became the head member of "The Company", a drug smuggling ring in Kentucky. While jumping out of a plane, he was caught in his parachute and ended up in a free fall to the ground. His body was found in the driveway of a Knoxville, Tennessee resident. The idea of a mystery was brought by the writers, instead of focusing on another "Big Bad" season. Waldo Truth's name was conceived by Yost "from a bad pitch" on 2012. The writers laughed at the name but eventually decided to use it. Series developer Graham Yost previewed that Arlo would do something "shocking, and that it would set the mystery in motion." Yost said, "So if Arlo does something like that, it's probably not to save Raylan. I had originally pitched that Arlo would grab the guy and slashed his femoral artery, and Michael Dinner said, 'Yeah, that's pretty hard to read, I need him to go for the neck', and I said, 'Okay' and it became very bloody." Yost also teased the involvement of snakes in the episode, "Maybe this year, it would be fun to do something with a real backwoods snake-handling church. So the writers went to a church. The minister didn't feel a call that night to pull out the snakes, but there they were in the boxes on the side of the church." Casting Despite being credited, Nick Searcy and Jacob Pitts do not appear in the episode as their respective characters. Starting with this episode, Natalie Zea is no longer credited as part of the main cast for the season, now deemed "recurring guest star". This was due to Zea's commitment to new series The Following. Recurring cast actor David Meunier, who plays Johnny Crowder was announced to return to the series in September 2012 despite his commitment to the new series Revolution. In October 2012, it was announced that Patton Oswalt was cast in the recurring role of Bob Sweeney, "a local constable who went to high school with Raylan and has been hired by the lawman to watch Arlo's house." Oswalt viewed the character as "a guy that basically sorta wants to be Raylan Givens, but is not, which I think most men can relate to" On the same month, it was announced that Ron Eldard was cast in the recurring role of Colton "Colt" Rhodes, "a violent, dark-humored and rule-bending sergeant with the military police." Joseph Mazzello was also announced to join the series in the recurring role of Billy St. Cyr, "a preacher who has saved the lives of drug addicts." Filming Due to director Michael Dinner's unavailability but wanting to direct the first episode, this episode was the second episode filmed for the season. Reception Viewers In its original American broadcast, "Hole in the Wall" was seen by an estimated 3.59 million household viewers and gained a 1.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1.3 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 34% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.66 million viewers with a 1.1 in the 18-49 demographics. This was also a 16% increase in viewership from the previous season premiere, which was watched by 3.07 million viewers with a 1.0 in the 18-49 demographics. Critical reviews "Hole in the Wall" received positive reviews from critics. Seth Amitin of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8 out of 10 and wrote, "So 'Hole in the Wall' was our little preview into Season 4. It was cool, calm, collective, well-written and showed we're in for some bigger things. This is gonna be a great season." Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A-" grade and wrote, "Justified is coming off of a very good third season that suffered mainly in comparison to the show's even better second season, and it's continuing what I found to be one of the strongest elements of last season: the willingness to show Raylan as an entitled, exploitative son of a bitch." Kevin Fitzpatrick of Screen Crush wrote, "It's a relatively simple outing for Raylan Givens in Justifieds season 4 premiere 'Hole in the Wall', but one we have every confidence in the series to expand and deliver upon." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, "This is mainly a set-up for the many stories Yost will be telling this season, with the story of Raylan's bounty gone wrong to provide us some standalone satisfaction. That's the way Justified seasons tend to begin, and this was a very entertaining start." Chuck Bowen of Slant Magazine wrote, "Justified is the strongest, liveliest, and most tonally accurate adaptation of the writer's work to date, and the latest season bracingly suggests that isn't likely to change anytime soon." Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "The last-minute shanking Arlo performed in the closing seconds — this is one old coot who gives better than he gets — and I'd say Justified is off to a very good start." Joe Reid of Vulture gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "So Boyd's set up against the drug-dealing preacher boy. Raylan's got Arlo Givens Mystery Adventure to solve. And Ava's going to have to keep Ellen May from fucking it all up for everybody. Welcome to season four!" Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Over the past couple years Justified has been my favorite drama on television. With its riveting performances, exciting story lines and endless charm, the series has received equally high praise from critics across the country. But if the Justified Season 4 premiere is any indication, this intense drama is likely to have a bit of a lighter feeling to it. There have always been comedic moments spread sporadically through Justified but with Patton Oswalt joining the fold, loads of comedy is likely to ensue." Jack McKinney of Paste gave the episode a 9 out of 10 rating and wrote, "In the end, the fourth season of Justified managed to start off with an effective blend of instant familiarity and an appealing freshness. That's a tough tightrope to walk. But, when you're talking about one of the best shows on television, more of the same is exactly what you want." References External links Justified (TV series) episodes 2013 American television episodes

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Peisley%20%28bushranger%29

John Peisley (bushranger)

John Peisley (1834 – 1862), known informally as Jack Peisley, was an Australian bushranger who is believed to be the first bushranger born in Australia. He was a skilled bushman and horse-rider. While serving time at Cockatoo Island in the late 1850s for horse-stealing, Peisley became acquainted with Frank Gardiner. Peisley was granted a ticket-of-leave in December 1860 and soon afterwards commenced armed robberies in the Goulburn, Abercrombie, Cowra and Lambing Flat districts. He was highly mobile, riding well-bred horses and operating in districts familiar to him. Peisley’s criminal accomplices were often unnamed in newspaper reports, though Gardiner was a known associate. In December 1861 Peisley was involved in a drunken altercation, culminating in the shooting of William Benyon, who died from his wound. After his capture in January 1862 he was tried for Benyon’s murder and hanged at Bathurst in April 1862. Peisley achieved considerable notoriety within a short period and his activities and methods foreshadowed the spate of bushranging in the following years. Biography Early life and family John Peisley was born in 1834 on the O'Connell Plains, south-east of Bathurst, the son of Thomas Peisley and Elizabeth (née Clayton). His father had arrived in Sydney as a convict in September 1820 aboard the Agamemnon. His mother Elizabeth arrived in Australia as an infant, born in 1812 aboard the ship Minstrel during her mother’s transportation as a convict. Thomas Peisley was living in the Bathurst district when he received his certificate of freedom (free by servitude) in December 1826. After Thomas Peisley and Elizabeth Clayton were married in 1830 they lived on the O’Connell Plains. By the mid-1840s the family was living on a farm at 'Little Forest' near Carcoar. There were seven children in the family, four daughters and three sons, of which John Peisley was the third eldest. In the period 1846 to early 1848 a series of incidents occurred that resulted in the father of the family, Thomas Peisley, being sentenced to seven years hard labour and incarceration in Darlinghurst Gaol. The consequences of the prolonged absence of their father, husband and provider, and the perceived injustice of the events, had a profound effect on the Peisley family, particularly young Jack who was in his mid-teens at the time. Thomas Peisley's farm at 'Little Forest' was "nearly adjoining" Thomas Icely's pastoral property 'Coombing Park', south-west of Carcoar. Icely was a wealthy landholder and stockbreeder, who had been appointed to the Legislative Council in 1843. He was often absent from his property for extended periods of time, leaving its running in the hands of his overseer and station-hands. In the 1840s wages were low and fencing was expensive, so paddocks were often unfenced and the control of the cattle was left to stockmen. The Peisley farm also ran cattle and there was occasional intermixing of stock from the nearby ‘Coombing Park’, with the distinct possibility that one or more of Icely’s prized bulls would have occasional opportunities to inseminate cows within Peisley’s herd. Straying stock was common in the general district, with animals often ending up in the nearest Government pound. It was claimed that Thomas Peisley lost a young bull of the Durham breed from his farm in January 1846, supposed to be unbranded and being saved for a man named Thomas Pye. After searching for the animal, in October 1846 he enquired of the poundkeeper at Carcoar, Charles Spink, who told him he had a young bull answering the description which had been impounded from Icely’s 'Coombing Park' property by the overseer, John Kater. Of the cattle advertised as impounded at Carcoar, the following bull, received at the pound on 21 September 1846, seems most likely to be the animal at issue: "one red bull, small horns, spot of white on forehead, white belly and white hind legs, brand on off rump not legible; damages £5". Peisley paid the poundage charge, returned with the animal to his farm and had branded it with his ‘TP’ over ‘TP’ mark. In about mid-1847 Thomas Peisley was informed that Kater, Icely’s overseer, had sent some strayed cattle to the pound, but had detained one of their number (the young bull in question). When Peisley went to Kater to enquire why he was holding the bull, Kater replied that he was detaining it “because Mr. Icely had lost a bull of the same description, and he suspected this to be the bull lost”. When asked if it had been branded, Kater replied it was branded 'TI' on the hip and shoulder. When Peisley objected that there was “no other brand upon it but his own”, Kater responded “that he did not care, but that he would detain the beast until the arrival of Mr. Iceley”. After Icely’s return from Sydney two months later, Peisley went to ‘Coombing Park’ to claim his property and was apprehended on a warrant Icely had procured from his brother-in-law, William Rothery, a local magistrate. Thomas Peisley was subsequently committed to stand trial for cattle stealing. At the Bathurst Circuit Court on 23 February 1848 Thomas Peisley was charged with having stolen a young bull from Thomas Icely’s property in mid-1846. Peisley was defended by Arthur Holroyd. During the selection of the jury twenty-one were challenged, “mainly magistrates and wealthy stockholders – to whom the prisoner seemed to express a natural objection”. The newspaper report commented that “we noticed a greater attendance of wealthy stockholders and graziers than we have witnessed for a long time past”. Icely gave evidence that the animal was the progeny of “two valuable animals” imported from England, a Devonshire cow and a Durham bull, and had been branded with 'TI' on the off (right) shoulder and the near (left) rump. Twelve months later the same animal, as claimed by Icely, was found with another brand ('TP' over 'TP'), one of the brands used by Thomas Peisley. In summing up, the judge “occupied the attention of the Jury for nearly two hours and a half” and after an absence of only five minutes the jury returned a verdict of guilty. The next day Peisley was sentenced to seven years hard labour “on the roads”. In April 1848 a notice was published advising that an auctioneer in York Street, Sydney, had received instructions to sell Thomas Peisley’s cattle, “said to muster about 600 head, now running in the district of Carcoar”, which were forfeited to the Crown after Peisley’s felony conviction. On 18 April 1848 a letter from Elizabeth Peisley, wife of Thomas, was published on page one of the Sydney Morning Herald. Mrs. Peisley described herself as “a lonely and desolate woman, deprived by the interference of the law of the aid and support of a husband” and claimed to set forth in her letter “a plain and simple statement of facts connected with the conviction of my husband”. The letter sets out in detail the sequence of events leading to Peisley’s conviction, paying particular attention to the question of whether Icely’s brand was on the young bull that was the subject of the trial. The point was made: “I should here remark that upwards of two hundred individuals examined the bull during the course of the trial, none of whom could discern Mr. Icely’s or any other brand than my husband’s thereon”. According to the letter, the only witnesses to swear at the trial that Icely’s brand was present were Icely himself, John Kater (Icely’s overseer), William Rothery (Icely’s brother-in-law) and the poundkeeper, Charles Spink. Mark Mills, stockman at ‘Coombing Park’, attested to taking the young bull, which he described as “strange and unbranded”, to the Carcoar pound, and furthermore, that he had “seen Mr. Icely’s bull two days previous to impounding the bull in question”. Two other witnesses, former employees, gave evidence to having seen Icely’s bull “plainly branded”. Elizabeth concludes by imploring that the public make up their minds “whether justice has been done or not”. In September 1851 the father of the family, Thomas Peisley, was granted a ticket of leave for the Yass district. Horse-stealing In February 1852 John Peisley was indicted on two charges of horse-stealing carried out the previous year when he was aged seventeen. On Thursday, 19 February 1852, at the Bathurst Assizes he was charged with stealing a horse belonging to Thomas McKell of Grubbingbong, 14 miles from Carcoar, for which he pleaded not guilty. The horse was found to be missing in March 1851 and had been sold through an auctioneer in Goulburn. Peisley’s solicitor "made a very able defence for the prisoner" by showing there was "considerable doubt as to whether the prisoner at the bar was the man who commissioned" the auctioneer to sell the horse. The jury were divided and ended up being locked up for the night, but next morning they told the judge they could not come to a decision and were unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, Peisley was remanded in custody to face a further charge, which he did later that day. On the second charge Peisley was indicted for stealing two horses in April 1851 from Thomas Weavers’ ‘Mount Macquarie’ station near Carcoar, for which he also pleaded not guilty. Several witnesses for the prosecution, in describing the brands on the horses, gave conflicting accounts and in the end the jury acquitted the prisoner of the charge “without leaving the box”. After that Peisley was again brought forward, and discharged “upon his own recognizances” to appear when called upon, to answer the charge for which the jury were unable to make a decision about his guilt or innocence. In December 1852 a pastoralist named Patrick Kurley near Bigga found that two of his horses were missing from his paddock. The horses were both black and branded ‘JC’. Kurley later testified he had noticed John Peisley and a man named Cooke “about the neighbourhood”. Several weeks later Peisley and Cooke approached an auctioneer in Bathurst to arrange the sale of the two horses. The mail contractor, Joseph Matthews, was approached and after some negotiations Matthews purchased the horses from Peisley and Cooke. Soon afterwards Kurley found that his horses were in the possession of Matthews (who purchased them again from Kurley for £20). Peisley was eventually apprehended by the police in mid-1854 at the house of a man named Richards on the Abercrombie River. On Thursday, 13 July 1854, at the Bathurst Quarter Sessions Peisley was indicted for stealing Patrick Kurley's two horses in December 1852. After hearing the evidence the jury retired for only a short time, and returned with a verdict of guilty. Peisley was sentenced to five years hard labour, to be incarcerated on Cockatoo Island. On the night of 30 July 1854 while en route from Bathurst to Sydney, a group of prisoners, including Peisley, were housed in a weatherboard lock-up at Hartley. During the night Peisley and four other prisoners escaped from the lock-up. Each of the escapees had their hair cut short and were wearing prison clothing. A £5 reward was offered for their apprehension. Peisley was probably apprehended within a short period of time; in September 1855 it was recorded that he had received a further sentence of one month "in Parramatta Gaol at the expiration of his former sentence" for the crime of "escape from custody". Peisley was sent from Parramatta Gaol to Cockatoo Island in February 1855. While he was incarcerated at Cockatoo Island Peisley met another prisoner called Frank Clarke, alias Frank Christie, known as ‘Darkie’. In later years Clarke would be achieve considerable notoriety as the bushranger Frank Gardiner, but in the mid- to late-1850s he was serving time at Cockatoo Island for horse and cattle stealing. Clarke had been convicted at Goulburn in March 1854 on two cases of horse-stealing and sentenced to seven years’ hard labour on the roads. While in prison Clarke “was exceedingly reserved and distant in his manner” and Peisley was “the only prisoner on the island who appeared to be familiar with him”. Peisley was discharged in 23 April 1857 from Parramatta Gaol. In April 1857 Peisley, described as “a ticket-of-leave holder for the District of Goulburn”, was apprehended at Goulburn with five horses in his possession which were “supposed to have been stolen”. On 10 September 1857 Peisley was re-admitted to Darlinghurst Gaol. Bushranging In December 1860 Jack Peisley was granted a ticket-of-leave for the Scone district, conditional on him remaining in the district. The description of Peisley printed in the Police Gazette was as follows: “26 years of age, 5 feet 8½ inches high, pale complexion, flaxen hair, bluish grey eyes, long featured, nose a little pockmarked with scar on bridge, … top of middle finger of left hand disfigured, … arms and legs hairy”. Soon after Peisley was released on a ticket-of-leave he left the Scone district, by which action he was deemed to be illegally at large. He was reputed to have embarked on a series of robberies on the roads in the Goulburn, Abercrombie, Cowra and Lambing Flat districts, the victims being mainly travellers. Although the identity of the perpetrator was often not established, Peisley’s name was frequently invoked, to such an extent that he achieved considerable notoriety in a short space of time. Robberies may have been carried out by one man or at other times, by three or four. The bushrangers were well mounted, and managed to evade the police by constantly moving from place to place. By early March 1861 local newspapers had begun to use the term “notorious” to describe Peisley. In mid-February 1861 Sergeant Middleton and Trooper Hosie of the Mounted Patrol, stationed at Tuena in the Abercrombie district, received word that Stapleton, a publican at Trunkey Creek, had been robbed, as had some Chinese miners on the Abercrombie River. The policemen had earlier encountered two men, who now came under suspicion. In endeavouring to find the men, they took possession of three horses and swags which the men had left. They were taken to Carcoar where goods stolen from a hawker were found wrapped in the swags. Furthermore, one of the horses was found to be “the one lately ridden by the notorious Peisley, who is still at large to the great terror of settlers and travellers”. In early March Middleton and Hosie again came across the two men and took them into custody. The correspondent from Tuena to the Goulburn Herald commented that "the district around is… in a state of more insecurity, than at any previous period for some time past, bare-faced robberies, and sticking up, seem to be the rule and not the exception"; Jack Peisley "in concert with other villains been robbing right and left". On Saturday, 23 March 1861, Richard Cox, an officer of the Bank of New South Wales, while travelling from Louisa Creek to Tambaroora (north of Hill End), was fired upon by two armed men and robbed of his horse, together with £565 in £5 and £1 notes as well as silver and gold coins. The bushrangers were supposed to be John Peisley and William Campbell (alias McKenzie, alias Scotchy Hand, alias Big Mouthed Scotchy). The Government offered a reward of £50 for information leading to the apprehension of the offenders. In early April 1861 it was notified that Peisley’s tickets-of-leave had been withdrawn by the Police Magistrate at Scone because of the convict’s absence from the district. In mid-July 1861 Troopers Evans and McBride captured John Cosgrove, whose name had been “mentioned freely for some time in connexion with the notorious Peisley and there can be no doubt that they are mixed up in some way or another”. Cosgrove was found “lying half drunk before the fire” at the house of a man called Clayton at Long Range near Rockley (west of Oberon). Gardiner's capture and escape Peisley’s companion while on Cockatoo Island, Frank Clarke, had been granted a ticket-of-leave in December 1859, conditional on him staying in the Carcoar district. Calling himself Frank Jones he opened a butcher shop at Spring Creek, Lambing Flat, but was arrested in May 1861 on a cattle-stealing charge and committed for trial but allowed bail. He then absconded, after which it was discovered he was a prisoner absent from his district. Mid-morning on Tuesday, 16 July 1861, Sergeant John Middleton and Constable William Hosie, who were stationed at Tuena, arrived at William Fogg’s hut near Bigga in the upper Lachlan River district, having received intelligence that Fogg was harbouring one or more bushrangers. As they approached the hut Mrs. Fogg appeared and, seeing the policemen, “threw up her arms in alarm”. Middleton entered the hut, where Frank Gardiner was hiding in an inner room behind a calico screen. As the sergeant approached the screen Gardiner warned “I’ll blow out the brains of the first man that comes in here”. Disregarding the warning Middleton lifted the cloth and the two men fired at each other at close range. Middleton, with a single-shot pistol, reloaded but his pistol then mis-fired. Gardiner, with a five- or six-shot revolver, repeatedly fired at the policeman who received a bullet in the mouth, another that went through his left hand and lodged in his thigh and yet another hit the inside of his left knee. He staggered outside and ordered Constable Hosie to look for a way to enter the house at the rear. This was not possible so Hosie then entered the hut and fired at Gardiner, “cutting him across the mouth”; the bushranger returned fire, the bullet flattened against Hosie’s temple, which felled him. Gardiner, now out of ammunition, then attacked Middleton with the butt-end of his gun. Suddenly, to Middleton’s “utter astonishment and joy”, Hosie recovered from being stunned by the bullet and seized Gardiner from behind. After a desperate struggle, during which Middleton joined in by repeatedly striking Gardiner’s head with the end of his whip, Hosie managed to take possession of Gardiner’s revolver and the bushranger was handcuffed. During the fight Fogg had repeatedly intervened, staying Middleton’s hand and imploring him “not to kill the man”. With Gardiner restrained Middleton demanded a horse from Fogg to transport the prisoner to Bigga, but Fogg either refused or "said there were none", so the sergeant proceeded to Bigga alone to seek assistance, leaving Hosie to guard the prisoner. Weak and faint from loss of blood, and in severe pain, Middleton lost himself in the bush and took nearly four hours to reach Bigga. What happened after Sergeant Middleton left for Bigga was the subject of much subsequent speculation and rumour: Hosie's version: After several hours had elapsed, and Gardiner had made an escape attempt, fearing Middleton had died of his wounds Hosie asked Fogg to assist him to get Gardiner to Bigga. On this occasion Fogg was more compliant; finding horses they set off, Fogg leading Gardiner’s horse and Hosie riding behind. After a couple of miles on the road "Peisley and another mounted man suddenly came up out of the bush", covering Hosie with their revolvers. The two armed men grabbed the bridle of Gardiner’s horse "and rode off with him, followed by Fogg". By his account, Hosie was "determined not to let them go without another shot" and fired at Gardiner as he departed, claiming he saw him fall forward in the saddle. Peisley then returned fire at the trooper; in Hosie's words: "and the bullet whizzed by my head". Peisley was about to fire again when Fogg said to him: "Don’t kill him, or you will get me in for it". Hosie then made his way to Bigga, where he found Sergeant Middleton, and the policemen's wounds were attended to. Peisley's version: Fogg offered Trooper Hosie a bribe of £50 if he would let Gardiner go free. Peisley was very specific, claiming on the scaffold that Hosie's bribe included a cheque for £2 10s, so the total he received was £50 10s. Peisley denied he had rescued Gardiner from police custody in a letter written to a Bathurst newspaper in early September 1861 and again on the scaffold prior to his death by hanging. The suspicion of corruption thus became associated with the trooper and Hosie was eventually dismissed from the police force “amid the execrations of the majority of the people of the Western districts”. Gardiner's version: John Vane, who rode with Ben Hall’s gang in mid-1863, was serving time at Darlinghurst Gaol when he met Gardiner, describing him as his “yard mate for some time”. Vane claimed that, during their time together, Gardiner described what had happened that day at Fogg’s house. Gardiner recounted that after Middleton had left for Bigga, Hosie fainted from his wound and subsequent exertions, giving the bushranger the upper hand. As the policeman lay helpless on the floor, Gardiner told him "if he moved he would kill him". Hosie replied that "he had had enough of it and that Gardiner could go free if he liked". Before leaving Gardiner claimed to have "borrowed some money – he didn’t say how much – and made Hosie a present". Gardiner related that while the police were searching the bush for him, he was hiding in a cave "near Teasdale" (between Newbridge and Trunkey Creek) where he remained until his wounds were healed. On July 23 the colonial government offered a reward of £50 for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of the bushrangers Gardiner and Peisley, “and three others whose names are unknown”, who were involved in the “affray” with Sergeant Middleton and Trooper Hosie a week earlier. On August 12 the reward offer was amended to £100 for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of John Peisley, and a further £50 for each of the four other bushrangers. By early January 1862 the rewards offered had been amended once again. On January 9 a notification was published giving full descriptions of both Gardiner and Peisley, and a less detailed description of a third man. A reward of £20 was offered for Gardiner’s apprehension and £50 for Peisley’s. A further £100 was put forward for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of Peisley and £50 for the apprehension and conviction each of Gardiner and the other man. The description of Jack Peisley contained further details not previously revealed: “stout and well made, fresh complexion, very small light whiskers, quite bald on top of head and forehead, recent marks on face, and a mark from a blow of a spade on top of head; puffed and dissipated looking from hard drinking; invariably wears fashionable Napoleon boots, dark cloth breeches, dark vest buttoned up the front, large Albert gold guard, cabbagetree hat, and dark coat; sometimes wears a dark wig, and always carries a brace of revolvers”. It was further disclosed that Peisley was in Sydney “some weeks ago, in company, it is supposed, with Zahn, alias Herring, of the Abercrombie”. Zahn (alias Charles Herring) was an associate of long-standing of Gardiner's, from when the two of them succeeded in escaping from Pentridge Prison in March 1851. Zahn was probably an accomplice to at least some of Peisley’s armed robberies during the latter half of 1861. An article in the Bathurst Times after Peisley’s capture in January 1862 lamented that many persons in the Abercrombie and Lachlan districts had harboured, or at least tolerated, Peisley and his criminal activities. The article includes the following: “It is evident that they have harboured Peisley and his mate Zahn; and I only trust some of them may come to trouble for doing so”. 'The notorious Peisley' Mid-afternoon on Sunday, 28 July 1861, two men name Charles Blatner and George Jones were held up by three men, masked and armed with revolvers, on the road to Goulburn, near Paddy’s River. The taller of three (possibly Peisley) ordered the men to “stand and strip”, forcing the travellers to remove their clothing from which the bushrangers gathered £12 in notes, £5 in gold and a 15 shillings in silver. As they departed the robbers returned the silver coins to the men. On August 2 a large group of Chinese were stopped and robbed about two miles from Bigga on the road to the Fish River by four armed men, one of whom was identified as Jack Peisley. The bushrangers stole £124 as well as a horse, saddle and bridle and a swag containing blankets and coats. On 4 September 1861 Peisley wrote from the Fish River district to the editor of the Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal (published in mid-September). The letter-writer was clearly vexed at being held in disrepute and claimed to have been mis-represented. Peisley asserts that “never, in no instance, did I ever use violence, nor did I ever use rudeness to any of the fair sex, and I must certainly be the Invisible Prince to commit one-tenth of what is laid to my charge”. In reference to the allegation that it was he who had rescued Gardiner from police custody, Peisley enigmatically declared that he "will never be tried" for that act, "in the light in which it is represented", adding "nor did I ever fire at Trooper Hosie". The bushranger proclaimed, “I love my native hills, I love freedom and detest cruelty to man or beast”, signing off, "Your much harassed Writer". On the morning of 14 September 1861 Mr. O’Sullivan, on his way from Marengo to Cowra, was bailed up by armed men, one of whom was “supposed to have been the notorious Peisley”. O’Sullivan was taken into the bush and robbed. Early on the morning of 12 October 1861 a mail coach was bailed up by Jack Peisley, three miles from Cowra on the road to Carcoar. The coach, driven by John Taylor, had eight passengers, five men and three women. The bushranger was well-mounted and had a piece of crêpe covering his face; he was described as being “remarkably cool and civil, and did not interfere with the females”. Peisley robbed the male passengers of a total of £14 9s. and a gold ring. He cut open the mail-bags with a knife, borrowed from one of the passengers, and opened a selection of letters he considered most likely to contain cash. Before leaving, Peisley returned the silver portion of the passengers’ money. On Wednesday evening, 30 October 1861, two masked and armed men, the taller of whom was later identified as Peisley, entered the house of James Eldridge at Cook’s Vale, on the road from Goulburn to Tuena, demanding money. They tied his hands behind him and strapped his legs, saying to him “he was not the first man they had killed, and it was only a hanging matter after all”. They took £22 and other articles from Eldridge, after which they proceeded to Mr. Laverty’s house where they stole £45 and some of Laverty’s wife’s jewellery. The two bushrangers next arrived at Thomas Vardy’s Limerick Races Inn, where they demanded money. After Vardy refused they threatened violence and to burn some deeds they had found. A total of £21 was eventually given up to the men, after which they “proceeded coolly to divide the result of the night’s plunder on the counter”. The smaller of the two bushrangers then left, and the taller man remained at the public-house for a further two hours, during which Peisley disclosed his identity to Vardy. The shooting of Benyon On 27 December 1861 Jack Peisley looked up an old acquaintance, James Wilson, who operated a store on the Abercrombie River. The pair went to McGuinness’ public-house at Bigga, where they spent the evening drinking. The next morning Peisley and Wilson, both of them drunk, went to William Benyon’s farm about a mile from Bigga where they began drinking with Benyon and his brother Stephen. At length William Benyon and Peisley began to quarrel and went outside to fight. Benyon found “he was getting the worst of it” and called out to his brother to assist him, at which Stephen Benyon came and struck Peisley over the head with a spade, knocking him to the ground, at which the brothers “began to knock him about”. They left him bushranger lying on the ground. When he recovered, Peisley made his way to Bigga to buy a new shirt, as the one he had on was torn and bloodied. He then returned to the farm where he found William Benyon and several others reaping in a paddock. When he saw his adversary approaching, Benyon went to meet him, at which Peisley drew his revolver and shot the settler in the throat, with the ball lodging in his spine. Stephen Benyon then came from the house armed with a gun, but as he drew near Peisley knocked the gun aside and shot him in the arm. Peisley bailed up all those present, waiting to see if Benyon would die, but eventually he departed. Benyon lingered for seven days before he died. Pursuit and capture On Wednesday, 15 January 1862, constables Morris, Murphy and Simpson, who had been “scouring the Abercrombie country in search of Peisley” were heading towards Bigga when the bushranger met them, mounted on a well-bred horse. Peisley “told them at once he was the man they were looking for”. After an exchange of words between the outlaw and the troopers, Peisley suddenly turned his horse’s head, dug in his spurs in and galloped away. Several shots were fired in his wake, one of which passed between the reins and the horse’s neck, prompting Peisley to call back, “that was a good one” as he rode away. The troopers gave chase but Peisley’s superior mount enabled him to easily escape. In January 1862 it was reported that Jack Peisley was still at large, “and is like to remain so for some time, as neither constables nor troopers seem able to apprehend him, although he is seen daily not many miles from the scene of the murder”. On January 25 “several constables gave chase to him but did not succeed in taking him”. On January 26 Peisley left the districts with which he was most familiar. Heading south from Lambing Flat and leading a pack-horse, he crossed the Murrumbidgee River between Wagga Wagga and Gundagai and arrived at McKenzie’s inn at Mundarlo. He remained there while both horses were shod, and “after liberally treating every one about the place, left without the slightest suspicion being excited”. From Mundarlo Peisley continued heading south. About two miles from Tarcutta, on Wednesday, 29 January 1862, he met Corporal John Carroll of the Southern Gold Escort on the road and had a brief conversation. After they parted Carroll, suspecting “all was not right”, examined the description of Peisley in his copy of the Police Gazette and, realising the rider he had met fitted the description, started in pursuit. On coming up to him Carroll presented his revolver and said, “I believe you are Peisley, the bushranger”. After some evasive comments Peisley suddenly let his pack-horse go and started off at full gallop for the distant hills. Carroll set off in pursuit, but the bushranger had a superior horse; as he began to lose ground the policeman discharged his single-shot pistol, without effect, but continued the chase. The bushranger then stopped and turned and levelled his Colt revolver at his pursuer, “threatening to shoot him if he advanced”. Carroll retired from the action and returned to Tarcutta for assistance, taking charge of Peisley’s discarded pack-horse and swag. It was believed Peisley was making his way to Victoria, but rather than heading south towards the border he turned back through the ranges to Mundarlo, arriving there in the early afternoon. Arriving again at McKenzie’s Inn Peisley claimed he was in search of a lost pocket-book and that he had left his pack-horse tied up in the bush. He stayed at the public-house, drinking with the other clientele and sheltering from a heavy thunderstorm. McKenzie the publican observed that Peisley was attempting to conceal a pistol in his waistband. McKenzie sought the assistance of Beveridge, the superintendent of nearby ‘Wantabadgery’ station, who observed Peisley and became convinced “that some villainy was a-foot”. Beveridge decided to ride to Tarcutta to alert the police, while McKenzie kept “a sharp look-out in the meantime”. At Tarcutta Beveridge found the police were out searching for Peisley, so he took a pair of handcuffs and returned to Mundarlo, and planned with McKenzie how next to proceed. While Peisley “was taking his tea” McKenzie, Beveridge and McKenzie's groom overpowered Peisley and secured him by a chain to a heavy table. During the night while he was briefly unguarded, Peisley jumped up, overturned the table and made frantic efforts to wrench the leg off the table, which proved to be too strong. The next day McKenzie, “not relishing the company of his guest any longer”, escorted the prisoner on the mail-cart to Gundagai with the assistance of Beveridge and Mr. Stephen of Tarcutta. Peisley was handed over to the police and placed in the Gundagai lock-up. The next day he was examined by the Police Magistrate and remanded to Carcoar. Trial and execution At the Carcoar Court House on Wednesday, 12 February 1862, Jack Peisley was brought before the Bench of Magistrates, charged with the wilful murder of Thomas Benyon at Bigga. The courtroom was “more crowded than it has been for many years”. Evidence was given by witnesses to the events leading to Benyon’s shooting, at the conclusion of which the prisoner fully committed for trial. The next morning Peisley was transferred to Bathurst Gaol under a strong escort. The Police Magistrate at Carcoar, Owen Beardmore, had persistent doubts about Hosie’s story regarding Peisley's involvement in Gardiner's escape in July 1861. Rumours that Hosie had been bribed prompted him to make enquiries and even took a statement from Peisley when he was in custody. Beardmore wrote to the authorities in Sydney to request a pardon for Peisley, which was refused. Another source claims that “almost superhuman efforts were made to save [Peisley’s] life; but they failed”. Beardmore resigned soon afterwards and had left the district by mid-year 1862. On Thursday, 13 March 1862, at the Bathurst Assizes John Peisley was indicted on the charge of William Benyon’ s murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. The court was “crowded to excess during the whole of the trial”. Peisley was tried before Justice Wise. After the evidence was given the judge summed up the case “at considerable length”. The jury retired for about ten minutes and then returned to the court with a verdict of guilty. Justice Wise then pronounced a sentence of death upon the prisoner. As he was led from the court one of Peisley’s friends called out “Well Johnny, what is it?”, to which said, “Oh, it’s a swinger”. John Peisley was hanged on the morning of 25 April 1862, within the Bathurst Gaol precincts before about fifty inhabitants of the township. It was said that the condemned man “manifested the coolness and determination of a man of the strongest nerve”. An Aboriginal man, Jackey Bullfrog (alias Flash Jack), was hanged alongside Peisley for the murder of William Clarke in December 1861 at Condobolin. After Peisley had ascended the scaffold, he was given an opportunity to speak. He recounted at length the events leading to his fight with Benyon, as well as more general comments about his bushranging career, claiming that “he looked upon himself as the most honorable man that ever took [to] the bush under arms”. He asserted as false a number of accusations made against him, including that it was he who had freed Gardiner from police custody. He concluded by hoping “God would forgive all his enemies”, maintaining that “he forgave them freely and fully”. His final words were “Good bye gentlemen, and God bless you”. The ropes were then adjusted and white caps drawn over the heads of the two men; at a signal from the Acting-Sheriff the drop was released. For John Peisley death came quickly, “but the poor blackfellow was for several minutes frightfully convulsed”. References Notes Sources 1834 births 1862 deaths Bushrangers People from Bathurst, New South Wales

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlemaine%20Art%20Museum

Castlemaine Art Museum

Castlemaine Art Museum is an Australian art gallery and museum in Castlemaine, Victoria in the Shire of Mount Alexander. It was founded in 1913. It is housed in a 1931 Art Deco building constructed for the purpose, heritage-listed by the National Trust. Its collection concentrates on Australian art and the museum houses historical artefacts and displays drawn from the district. The Museum is governed by private trustees and managed by a board elected by subscribers and provided with state and local government funding and support from benefactors, local families, artists and patrons. It oversees the management of Buda, a heritage-listed villa and garden 1.3 km across Castlemaine in Hunter Street, which houses its own collection of art and artefacts associated with the Leviny family, and is also open to the public for exhibitions, events displays and garden tours. Collection Museum collection The museum, housed in the basement, presents the history of Castlemaine and its region in objects, maps, models, photographs and prints, including a large group of hand-coloured lithographs from watercolours by S. T. Gill; pithy vignettes of life on the goldfields. Historical glassware and ceramics, much brought to Castlemaine by its European immigrants, extends from the Roman era. Local fauna is represented by taxidermy specimens. Items of Victorian-era fashion are also displayed, and arts and crafts is represented in early-to-mid century enamelware and silver. Gallery The gallery has always specialised in Australian art as the gallery's constitution stipulated in 1913, emphasising "... the cultivation of a taste for the Fine Arts by the collection and exhibition of works of especially Australian Artists..." Accordingly, at its opening in 1931 it held 155 pictures, 26 added only the year prior, and the total predominantly Australian, and now the collection spans the periods Colonial, Impressionist, Early Twentieth Century Modernism, Mid-Century Modern, Postmodernism, and Contemporary in varieties of media. Earlier artists include Louis Buvelot, Fred McCubbin, Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Violet Teague, May Vale, Walter Withers, Ethel Spowers, David Davies, Rupert Bunny, Max Meldrum, Ethel Carrick, E. Phillips Fox, Jessie Traill, John Russell, Christian Waller, Hugh Ramsay, Clarice Beckett, A.M.E. Bale, Arthur Lindsay and John Longstaff. Modernists include Margaret Preston, Clifford Last, Ola Cohn, Roland Wakelin, Joy Hester, Russell Drysdale, Judy Cassab, Fred Williams, Klytie Pate, John Brack, Albert Tucker, John Perceval, Clifton Pugh, Lloyd Rees, Danila Vassilieff, and Roger Kemp. More contemporary artists include Rick Amor, Ray Crooke, Rona Green, Betty Kuntiwa Pumani, Peter Benjamin Graham, Fiona Orr, Robert Jacks, Jeffrey Smart, Diane Mantzaris, Ian Armstrong, Jenny Watson, and Brian Dunlop. Indigenous art First Nations art is progressively being transferred from the Museum to the walls and display cases of the Gallery, and its collection is being actively expanded. In 2019 Tiriki Onus, of Yorta Yorta and Dja Dja Wurrung heritage and University of Melbourne Associate Dean Indigenous Development and Head of the Wilin Centre for Indigenous Arts and Cultural Development, became the premier First Nations appointment to the CAM Board. The Art Museum's Strategic Plan released in 2019 and current until 2023 declares;During the life of this Plan, CAM will consult with Traditional Owners towards increasing its engagement with and relevance for Traditional Owners and other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists and audiences. Portraits of Australian artists Portraits of Australian artists by Australian photographers Max Dupain, David Moore, Richard Beck, Jack Cato, Pegg Clarke, Connie Christie, Sonia Payes, Michel Lawrence, Joyce Evans, Mina Moore, Jacqueline Mitelman and Olive Cotton and others form another specialist concentration in the collection initiated by previous Director Peter Perry. Buda Historic Home Separate from the Art Museum, but under its auspices, Buda holds on display domestic items, decorative art, furnishings, artworks, books and personal effects of the Leviny family from the 1850s up until 1981, after Hilda Leviny's death, when the home and garden were opened to the public.Clothing and accessories, documents, correspondence, diaries and photographs preserve the family's history and the eras in which they lived. Hungarian Ernest Leviny, a practicing gold- and silversmith, arrived on the Castlemaine goldfields in 1853 and the collection of his work is notable. Arts and Crafts style articles of embroidery, woodcarving and metalwork on display throughout the house and garden were produced by the Leviny daughters. Also in the Buda collection are original artworks by mostly early twentieth century Australian artists including William Blamire-Young, Margaret Preston, Lionel Lindsay, Mildred Lovett, Ursula Ridley Walker and Alice Newell, studio pottery from the 1920s and 1930s by Klytie Pate, Philippa James and John Campbell, and hand-printed textiles of Melbourne artists Michael O’Connell, Frances Mary Burke and Lucy Newell. History The founding of Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum was preceded by four other public regional galleries in the state of Victoria: Ballarat in 1884, Warrnambool in 1886, Bendigo in 1887 and Geelong in 1900, but its significance, by comparison, was that it was in a small town, not a regional city like its forbears. A cultural precedent was the 1855 Castlemaine Mechanics Institute which included a library; and numbers of artists, including S. T. Gill, Samuel Calvert, George French Angas, and early photographers Antoine Fauchery and Richard Daintree, had visited to document the swarming goldfields. Castlemaine Past and Present The Castlemaine Progress Association's display of items of a 'novel and interesting nature', Castlemaine Past and Present, the town's first major exhibition, running 18–20 August 1910, celebrated the commercial, civic and cultural achievements of the town with "a collection of geological specimens and curios from the Government collection," photographs of historical interest, maps, furniture, applied art, books and artefacts, as well as landscapes by local artists intended to "popularise our town as a resort for artists and painters." The committee included a "special feature" of "modern art, the only stipulation being that works of art, as well as all other exhibits, must relate in some way to Castlemaine or its district," and called for "historical curios, weapons, maps, manuscripts, medals, trophies, or any other article of local significance." An early supporter was Elioth Gruner. The exhibition thus established the principle of collecting of Australian art and of looking locally, for works connected to Castlemaine in some aspect, in contrast to a policy of concentrating on British and European art that was pursued by most Australian galleries of the period, in particular the National Gallery of Victoria purchases in Europe by L. Bernard Hall through the Felton Bequest. Public meeting Two years later, in October 1912, the first solo exhibition of paintings by a local resident, Elsie Barlow, wife of a Castlemaine police magistrate, was held in the reading room of the Mechanics Institute, raising hopes "that the Castlemaine public will have the same opportunity in this matter as is afforded to the Melbourne public, which now-a-days is rarely without an Art Exhibition." Subsequently, a meeting at Barlow's home on 9 July 1913 proposed the creation of a permanent gallery for Castlemaine and approached the Mayor to "affirm the advisability of establishing a Museum and Art Gallery in Castlemaine" at a public meeting of Mayors and Councillors from Chewton, Maldon, Metcalfe, Newstead and Mount Alexander with Col. Davies, Secretary of the Bendigo Art Gallery, Mr A T Woodward Director of the Bendigo School of Arts, Mr Bernard Hall, Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Trustees of the National Gallery and Museum and the Old Pioneers Association, and with support of the local High School committee. Winifred Brotherton, who took the minutes, emphasised the imperative of establishing a museum in which to preserve the heritage of the town, and the museum was later to be given her name in her honour. Colonel Davis spoke from the experience of Bendigo Art Gallery where he was secretary, advising not to expect government funds such as they had received as the grant was only £2,000 to be divided amongst all the arts organisations, but to secure donations of pictures, be prepared to go into debt, and make use of loans from the National Gallery of Victoria. The housing of the gallery was considered and proposals included the cooking classroom of the Technical High School, the Market Building, the Town Hall, and the School of Mines. Realisation The gallery became a reality when Bertha Leviny of Buda homestead provided use of a room in a shop in Lyttleton St. for one year free of charge, and Bendigo Art Gallery offered a loan of paintings. A loan exhibition of 30 works in the Stock Exchange Room of the Town Hall launched the Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum on 24 October 1913. Significant exhibitors who made donations of their work included Harold Herbert and Jessie Traill. When the gallery moved into the room offered by Leviny in Lyttleton St., more donations were made, and loans by artists including Alexander Colquhoun, and by the National Gallery of Victoria which contributed Franz Courtens' Morning, David Wynfield's Death of the Duke of Buckingham, Robert Dowling's Sheikh and His Son Entering Cairo; Hermann Eschke's Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight; Cave Thomas' Canute Listening to the Monks at Ely; and Louis Buvelot's Summer afternoon, Templestowe. The 1914 annual report recorded 30 memberships and a collection of 23 pictures with others on loan and a balance of £75. Initial opening hours in 1914 were daily from 3 to 5 p.m., and Wednesday and Saturday evenings from 7.30 to 9.30, changed later to weekdays 10 am-12 pm and 2-5 pm, and Sundays 2-5 pm. The next home of the gallery and museum, by June 1915, was in the rooms above the Castlemaine Post Office which it rented for £1 per annum, and where it remained until 1931 in three well-lit rooms: two small ones, and one measuring which served as the main gallery. Nevertheless, the Victorian Government rejected their grant application of 1915 because the Gallery's tenure of its premises was not secure. Electric lighting was added in 1927. The facility, proved popular, with attendances rising from 800 in 1920 to 3,600 in 1923. Many in 1928 came for a series of talks by John Shirlow intended to boost interest in the Gallery. Artists too were noticing it, as The Age reported in November 1923;'Tis said that the reputation of this gallery is such that every artist of note throughout Australia has heard of the little gallery which so cherishes and encourages the work of Australian men and women that a renaissance of effort has been brought about among Australian painters.The insurance value of the collection rose in 1925 to £2,000, with a further 37 paintings gifted in 1926 by, among others, Arthur Streeton, George Coates, Dora Meeson, Jo Sweatman, and A.M.E. Bale, etchings by Martin Lewis, and purchases including The Dark Horse by George W. Lambert, and The Coming Storm by Blamire Young, as reported by Lieut. Col. Francis S. Newell, then President of the Castlemaine Art Gallery in Art in Australia of December 1926. Newell also commented on attendance by 5,248 visitors; "When it is remembered that the population of this town is about 7,000, the progress of this gallery is remarkable. The committee has now purchased a site for a new building, but more funds are needed before the project can be carried out." Building Since 17 November 1983 Castlemaine Art Museum is classified by The National Trust (revised 3 August 1998), which notes its significance as; … an exceptional building in its intent and execution and … historically important as one of the earliest examples of the "modern movement" in provincial Victoria. A building fund was set up in 1923 using a donation of £100 by Sir John and Lady Higgins. A site in Templeton Street was purchased for £1200 but later sold to acquire the present block in Lyttleton Street in 1927 for about £300. That year in a visit to Castlemaine the Hon George Prendergast enabled a deputation to seek a grant to augment the building fund, to which he offered £1000 on the basis of £1 for every £2 raised locally. Walter J. Whitchell promised £500 for the building fund should the balance be found when the fund held only £760. With the building costed at £3,500, an appeal for funds from the public was launched. Despite the onset of the Depression, £3,250 was raised in only six weeks from private individuals and companies the Bank of Australasia, Ball and Welch and Bryant & May, augmented by the promised State government grant of £1,000, and afterward a further £500. With furnishings, the total cost was £4,132. Architect Percy Meldrum, who trained in the United States presented to a reluctant management committee a "modern and artistic" design for the Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum (as it was then named) in an American Art-deco style. The main gallery walls and those of both additional gallery spaces were naturally and indirectly lit from the concealed windows of a saw-tooth roof above suspended ceilings. The entry steps were Harcourt granite, the parapet of Malmsbury bluestone, and Barker's Creek slate paved the forecourt, on which rest two planters by Michael O’Connell decorated with panels in a sympathetic style. A "Jazz" style frieze decorates the parapet, front wall and tympanum over the central front door, itself recessed behind ornate wrought-iron grille gates. The symmetrical facade includes a bas-relief in artificial stone featuring a female figure that symbolises Castlemaine surrounded, on the right, by two attendant gold-miners of the past, and artist and sculptor at left. It was designed and carved by H. Orlando Dutton (1894-1962), an English artist working in Melbourne. Builder Frank Pollard completed construction between June 1930 and April 1931 for the Gallery and Museum's official opening, free of debt, It consisted of a main gallery for the display of oil paintings, behind two smaller galleries for prints and water-colours flanking the entry, each approximately and with the museum in the basement with storerooms. on the 18th of that month by the Governor of Victoria Lord Somers at a ceremony conducted in front of a crowd at the entrance to the Gallery that flowed across the street. It was reported as far away as Canada thatIn opening the art gallery, in the presence of a very large gathering, Lord Somers said that he had been amazed at seeing a gallery and a collection so fine. He did not suppose that a gallery of those dimensions would be found in a town of that size anywhere else in the British Dominions. Extraordinary enthusiasm must have been shown to make the gallery possible.Visitor numbers during 1933 increased to 10,000. P. S. Markham and Professor Henry C. Richards, touring Australia on behalf of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, reported that the Gallery was "a credit to all concerned ... After Port Sunlight, where Lord Lever's art collection is housed, this small town has probably a better art gallery than any comparable town in the British Empire." Additions By 1938 space proved insufficient for special exhibitions and to accommodate the program of public galleries lending artworks and circulating exhibitions amongst them. At Castlemaine that necessitated dismounting the existing collection and storing while a temporary exhibition was on display. The burgeoning collection posed storage problems; in 1942 Sir John Higgins' bequest of his pictures, china, glassware and furniture, could not be housed and the committee was forced to make plans for extensions to be part-funded by his sister Catherine's bequest of £8,300. However, it was not spent due to war and post-war impediments to building. 1960 Impetus for a new extension did not gather until 1956, when the possibility of an internal paved courtyard for sculpture was considered. But only in 1959 was a decision reached to complete the project though the cost had risen to £16,000, beyond the means of the Gallery. The Bolte ministry promised a subsidy on a pound for pound basis and in late 1960 the adjacent Presbyterian Church donated a strip of land for driveway access to the rear of the building, enabling work to commence. The resulting Higgins Gallery was opened on 23 September 1961, by Dr Leonard Cox, Chairman of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria, and it included storerooms, work areas, and shelving and sliding racks for storage of artworks. 1973 A third space for special and temporary exhibitions was funded by a gift of $12,500 from the Stoneman Foundation after which it is named, and a State Government grant of $26,000 and was opened by Premier Rupert Hamer on 14 September 1973, on the occasion of the Gallery's sixtieth anniversary. 1987 Renovations and additions completed since include a storeroom and workspace areas, added in 1987 and named the A & B Sinclair Building Extensions, after inaugural Director Beth Sinclair and her husband, and were opened by the Hon Race Matthews MLA, Minister for the Arts. This renovation included an extension to the Museum below, named the Percy Chaster Building for his bequest to the gallery. 2000 Grants from the Department of Communication, Technology and the Arts were distributed by the Federal government for the Centenary of Federation in 1999, denounced by some commentators as pork-barrelling, from which Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum received $2,000,000 for upgrades and redevelopment by architect Allom Lovell. The 1973 addition at the rear of the building was gutted and turned into the temporary exhibitions gallery with international museum standard climate and lighting controls, and security systems enabling Castlemaine to borrow major national and international works and travelling exhibitions. The high vaulted ceiling naturally lit via UV-filtered skylights has a hidden shutter system to permit blacking out for exhibitions that require artificial lighting only. An artificially lit small prints and drawings gallery is, since 2020, set aside for CAM's Orbit program; a series of exhibitions by artists who live and work in Central Victoria. Other works included a conservation studio for the treatment and restoration of works of art and historical documents, renovation of the Gallery and Museum shop, and a substantial mezzanine at the rear of the building for new offices, and a research library, the latter named after A. G. Lloyd-Stephenson whose bequest added substantially to its collection of art books. During these year-long renovations, the Gallery and Museum were temporarily relocated to the Gallery's old quarters above the Post Office. Completed in late 2000, the extensions were opened on 6 October by the Hon Peter McGauran, Federal Minister for the Arts and Centenary of Federation. Forming the collection Policy While its building was assertively Modern, attitudes prevailing during the 1930s and 1940s meant that the collection of works within remained conservative. One artist, and one of the wealthiest, associated with the Gallery, A.M.E. Bale was vehement in her distaste for anything 'modern,' echoing the views of then National Gallery of Victoria director James Stuart MacDonald who, of the 1939 Herald exhibition of contemporary French and English painting sponsored by Sir Keith Murdoch, proclaimed, 'They are exceedingly wretched paintings ... putrid meat ... the product of degenerates and perverts ... filth'. A demonstration of these conservative values was the Gallery's 1933 commission to have painter W B Mclnnes travel to England to paint a portrait of the Duke of York (later King George VI). It was not until 1946 with the purchase for 175 guineas (A$13,000 in 2020) of Desolation, painted the same year by Russell Drysdale, a dark expressionist work, that this attitude changed. When added to existing holdings of 105 oils, 57 water colours and 76 etchings, drawings and prints, the purchase was welcomed by Clive Turnbull, since 1942 the Murdoch-appointed art critic at the Herald, who considered the cost ... ... a good price by any Australian standards. The gallery's committee has shown its enterprlse and the courage of its convictions in buying what ranks as a "modern" work. "Desolation," as this large oil is called, is one of the series painted by Russell Drysdale — in some peoples' view the most significant of all contemporary Australian artists — after his visit to the erosion country of New South Wales last year. In rich, dark colors, it is typical and good Drysdale of this period. The foreground is dominated by a huge twisted tree form. A picture of the power and quality of this one obviously presents considerable difficulties in hanging in a small gallery it is destructive of neighboring works which are merely pretty or superficially representational, and one hardly supposes that the placing of it will be entirely satisfactory until there are enough works of kindred character and quality to keep it company [...] Castlemaine is to be congratulated on having obtalned this picture. Even so, the purchase coincided with that of Rupert Bunny's semi-allegorical 1932 Stepping Stones, and the policy remained still to prefer figurative studies, landscape and portraiture, but to permit semi-abstract works. Funding Lack of funds has historically handicapped the Gallery's acquisitions of significant works of art. After WWI it survived on subscribers, door takings and a government grant of £20 per annum, and finances were particularly strained when it had found a permanent home during a period coinciding with the Great Depression, when all government funding was withdrawn until 1935. Nevertheless, bequests were forthcoming, such as that for the portrait of Edna Thomas, by John Longstaff, funded from the will of F. McKillop, editor of the Castlemaine Mail. It relied also on direct donations of works, such as Billy McInnes's large canvas Ploughing and etchings by Norman Lindsay given by Sir Baldwin Spencer, and Dame Nellie Melba's gifts of a portrait of her father David Mitchell by Hugh Ramsey and Frederick McCubbin's Golden Sunlight. Locals contributed to special subscription funds in order to secure desirable works unlikely to be donated, as they did in 1925 for Charles Wheeler's The Last Ray. Other works have been acquired by exchange; for example The Australian War Memorial's provision of duplicates of two Will Dyson lithographs in return for an Eric Kennington portrait of Hughie Edwards, the highly decorated Second World War airman. The Australian Government's Taxation Incentives for the Arts Scheme provided for other donations. In 1916 an annual state government grant of a mere £30 ($2,836.00 value in 2020) was " ... to be spent on pictures, and pictures only." By 1937 this had been raised to £100, with the municipality contributing only £6. In 1980, former Director Perry wrote in complaint to James Mollison of the National Gallery of Australia objecting to one of its purchases at auction when both galleries were the only bidders beyond $11,000 for Margaret Preston's 1925 Still Life, which went to Canberra for a record price of $17,000. Perry felt the richer rational gallery should have withdrawn to let the work through to a less prosperous smaller institution. Government funding tended to be piecemeal; deputations to MPs during the war years and another during the Depression received minor dispensation, $319 from the Australia Council in 1985 was given for "purchase of crafts for public display and permanent collection", and in 1987 Minister for the Arts, Race Mathews, announced minor capital grants including $60,000 approved to enable the Castlemaine Art Gallery to extend its storage space. The Gallery and Museum received $2,325 in 1988, and then two years later a further $6,000, from the Australia Council for the Arts Visual Arts/Crafts Board for collections development, and in 1997, part of $2.5m through the state government's Victoria Organisations Funding program, shared with seven other arts institutions. Management Volunteers administered and managed the Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum for the first six decades of operations, opening Monday-Sunday 1-5pm and 2.30-5pm Sunday, but for a period having to close for lack of a caretaker. In 1962, the requirements of the Regional Galleries Association of Victoria necessitated the appointment of professional staff. This transition to being a managed cultural organisation was handled largely by Beth Sinclair (1919–2014) who, when she moved to Castlemaine in 1953, was introduced to the Gallery by her husband Alec who was on its committee. As reported in 1948 by Castlemaine Technical School lecturer in Art Colin Hunt to an audience at Horsham interested in repeating the success of Castlemaine Art Gallery and Museum;Women have been active in their support of the movement from its inception. They have contributed substantially to its success during the formative period, and are still active in committee. One holds the office of vice president and another leads the selection committee.Using her background in secretarial work she volunteered to catalogue works and organize the office systems. In 1963 Castlemaine hosted a meeting of the Victorian Public Galleries Association, and in May, Sinclair was able to announce that Castlemaine had secured its rating as one of four 'A' class regional galleries and would retain its government funding. Sinclair was appointed the Gallery's first Director in 1969, and was the first woman to be a public gallery director in Australia. She was rigorous in her management of the collection and the daily running of the Gallery, and established a network of individuals and organisations all over Australia for purchases and loans of artworks and a regular schedule of exhibitions. A significant acquisition of contemporary art, made in her first year as Director, was Fred Williams' Silver Landscape, painted 1968 In 2000, after her retirement in 1975 and in celebration of the extensive renovations Sinclair donated her personal collection of Australian art, including watercolour landscapes by Reginald Sturgess, works by Rick Amor, E. W. Syme and other painters, which was presented in the inaugural exhibition The Beth Sinclair Donation of Australian Art in the new temporary exhibitions gallery. When Sinclair retired, and on her recommendation, after he and his twin brother John, who had been collecting since their teens, held a 1974 exhibition of their collection of Australian paintings, the committee appointed Peter Perry as the next Director, at 23 years old the youngest in Australia, into the role he was to serve for thirty-eight years before his retirement in 2014. He was assisted by the Gallery's first curator Lauretta Zilles from 1986 to 1995 and Kirsten McKay, 1995 to 2014. In interview, Perry acknowledged the importance of women in the history of the gallery and its collection; "The gallery was founded by women in 1913. They were women artists here or wives of local dignitaries and their war cry was 'No art, no culture; no culture, no nation'. We also had the first woman director appointed to an Australian public gallery: Beth Sinclair. It's not that we've pushed women artists. We just have that tradition and it's always been there. I've tended since my earliest days in the '70s to support research of women artists." Perry also introduced musical recitals in the Gallery, and talks with presenters including James Mollison, then director of the National Gallery of Australia; and Dr. Eric Westbrook, then Director, Ministry of the Arts, for a champagne brunch talk on appreciation and enjoyment of art. List of Directors 1969 to 1975: Beth Sinclair 1975 to 2014: Peter Perry 2014 to 2017 Jennifer Kalionis 2019: Naomi Cass (Director, CAM Renewal) Renewal In 2015, gallery members, for the purpose of accountability and compliance voted for the gallery to become incorporated. However a consequence was that income from the SR Stoneman Foundation a major annual philanthropic endowment, which had been worth $30,000 per year over 13 years, was lost due to its condition that the Gallery remain unincorporated. Thus, due to lack of funds, the Art Museum faced a forced closure on 11 August 2017. It was saved when a town hall meeting in Castlemaine on 2 August announced a $50,000 gift from the Macfarlane Fund, launched concomitantly in honour of the late businessman Don Macfarlane, for whom the gallery was his favourite, and given on the condition of greater support from Mount Alexander council. Combined with a $250,000 donation by an anonymous couple, by fundraising efforts amongst local supporters, and a government grant, the money meant the gallery would remain open to the public giving time for sustainable revenue to be sourced, though difficulties, as identified by The Institute of Community Directors Australia, remained. Naomi Cass, previously director of the Centre for Contemporary Photography, was appointed Director, CAM Renewal, in January 2019, reopened the gallery, free of charge to visitors at the request of the benefactors and, after some refurbishment in November, in December launched the Strategic Plan for Castlemaine Art Museum 2019-2023 — connecting people through Art, History and Ideas In the 2019-20 financial year the budget returned to surplus. Outreach In 2019, CAM commenced a pilot inclusivity program to engage with three communities impeded in attending and enjoying CAM; First Nations young people, people with disability, and young people at risk. Participants were recruited through Nalderun, the Mount Alexander Shire Disability Advocacy Group, the local hospital and local school teachers. Ideas were received concerning solutions to increasing accessibility and relevance. In 2021 the Art Museum updated its website, including online access and searching of its collection. Reflections, a series of commentaries on works from members of the gallery's community is included. Awards and Prizes As early as 1928 Castlemaine Art Gallery offered a generous acquisitive prize of 40 guineas (A$3,484.70 value in 2020) for "the best oil or watercolour painting submitted, the works to be judged by Sir John Longstaff." The biennial $3,000 James Farrell Self Portrait Award was founded in 1991, but is longer being held. The biannual Clunes Ceramic Award, jointly offered by the Art Gallery of Ballarat and the Castlemaine Art Museum with a total prize money of $5000 was last opened in 2019 and was postponed until 2022. In 2021Castlemaine Art Museum continued to encourage artists with the following awards: Experimental Print Prize Established in 2019, a biennial, non-acquisitive prize. Open to Victoria-resident artists resident in Victoria, an anonymous local donor provides three prizes: $10,000, $5,000 and $3,000 for an emerging artist. Len Fox Painting Award The Len Fox Painting Award is the Castlemaine Art Museum $50,000 biennial acquisitive award and among the richest in the nation. It is awarded to a living Australian artist to commemorate the life and work of Emmanuel Phillips Fox, the uncle of Len Fox, partner of CAM benefactor Mona Fox. Associations CAM is a member of the Public Galleries Association of Victoria and is accredited by the Australian Museums and Galleries Association. Exhibitions 1913–1920 1913, 22–25 October: Loan Exhibition, Castlemaine Town Hall 1914, October: Fifty Medici Society coloured photographic reproductions of Old Masters 14th–19th century, on loan from Bendigo Art Gallery 1915, from 2 November: Watercolours by Reginald Sturgess and Miss M. Townsend 1921–1960 1926, June: 21 recent acquisitions and 25 works on loan 1928, 22 October: Art Prize: 51 entries in watercolour or oil, winner William Rowell 1933, 3 December: Unveiling of W. B. Mclnnes portrait of the Duke of York officiated by General Sir Henry Chauvel 1935, June: Exhibition of Prints 1946, June: Contemporary Sydney Painters 1947, January: British contemporary paintings, loan from National Gallery of Victoria 1948, 6–27 November: Contemporary Art of South Australia : Exhibition of Paintings 1951, 21–30 August: DUNLOP PRIZE WINNING COLLECTION OF AUSTRALIAN ART 1952/3, 9 December–3 February: Castlemaine Residents' Art Exhibition: 40 paintings from 38 district homes 1961–1970 1963, July: Junior Art Prize 1963, 1 September: Prints '63, Studio One Printmakers, Tate Adams, Barbara Brash, Janet Dawson, Grahame King, Hertha Kluge-Pott, Jan Senbergs, Fred Williams 1963, November: Exhibition of Religious and Applied Art 1964, 5–7 November: First Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1966, 3–5 November: Third Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1967, 19–21 October: Fourth Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1968, 7–9 November: Fifth Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1969, 6–8 November: Sixth Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1971–1980 1971, 15–31 March: Rosemary Fazakerley 1971, 6–8 May: Seventh Castlemaine National Exhibition of Photography 1972, 29 April–21 May 1972: An exhibition of fifty chairs of the 19th and early 20th centuries 1974, September: Die Basler Fasnacht: A collection of drawings on the theme of the traditional March carnival in Basel, Switzerland 1975, 24 March–15 November: Arts Victoria Statewide Festival 1975, 2 May–22 June: Artists and Central Victoria, for Arts Victoria '74 1975, 15 August–22 September: The Meldrum School 1975, 7 November – 5 December: Crafts Victoria 75: a survey of contemporary crafts in Victoria 1976, 12 March–12 April: Cartoons Political + Non Political 1976, 14 April–5 May: Erica Beilharz and Helen Harrison: Fibre and Form 1976, 16 May – 27 June: Self portraits 1976: Reginald Sturgess, 73 works 1976, 16 October–28 November: A.E. Newbury 1977, 13 Apr–1 May: The Callow Collection: Watercolours by Constable, Turner, Cox, Rowlandson and Sandby 1977, 7 May-29 May: Dora Serle: an exhibition of paintings and drawings 1977, 12 June–3 July: Elsie Barlow 1876 -1948 1977, 11 September-30 October: A.M.E. Bale 1978, 5–31 March: The Leviny Family, an early craft family of Castlemaine: silver, jewellery, design, embroidery, enamelling 1978 10 June-1 July: Marc Clark: sculptures 1968-78 1978, 22 August–4 September: Tribal And Traditional Textiles. The 1978 National Gallery of Victoria Travelling Exhibition 1978, 10–29 September: The Newell family 1978, 1–29 October: The Colquhouns: a creative and productive family 1978, 4–26 November: Fibre craft work by local artisans 1979, to 3 June: Art metal craft by S. J. Ellis, craftsman and teacher 1979, 12 September-10 October: Aspects of Australian Art 1900-1940: Australian National Gallery Touring exhibition 1980, 13 April–25 May: James McNeill Whistler:Notes, nocturnes & harmonies 1980, 3–24 August: 20th Anniversary Exhibition of the Embroiderer's Guild 1981–1990 1981, 8 March–5 April: Merryle Johnson 1981, to 10 May: Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum 50th Anniversary: Royal Doulton Ceramic Ware 1981, 19 July–23 August: Five Australian Expatriates: Bunny, Coates, Longstaff, Meldrum & Quinn 1981, 6 September-4 October: Two centuries of Australian bird illustrations 1981, 25 October–23 November: Aspects of Castlemaine, 1854-1980 1982, 24 March–2 May: Twenty years of acquisitions, 1962-1982 1982, 8 May- 27 June: Pictures from Private Collections 1982, 12 August–5 September: E. Phillips Fox and Ethel Carrick: An Exhibition of Impressionist Landscapes 1983, June: Frater and Shore: Pioneer Modernists 1983, 22 August–12 September: Print Council Exhibition 10 1983, 18 September–23 October: Polly Hurry, 1883-1963: a retrospective 1983: David Chapman 1927-1983: works on paper 1984, to 1 April: Works by Edward B. Heffernan 1984, 6 May–2 June 1984: Kathlyn Ballard, 1946-1984 1984, 1 November–2 December: Russell Drysdale 1985, 2 March–31 March: Selected Works from the Diamond Valley Art Collection 1985, 21 July-11 August: Sydney: a frame of mind: photographs by Graeme Dawes 1985 18 August–15 September: Fifty Chairs of the 18th, 19th and 20th Centuries 1986: Victoria, views by contemporary artists 1986, 13–30 July: Margaret Pestell 1894–1984 1986, 13 September–5 October: Painters, Potters, Printmakers & Photographers from Castlemaine and District 1986, to 7 December: R. W. Sturgess, Watercolorist 1892-1932 1987, 5 April – 3 May: Pubs and breweries of Castlemaine and district 1987, 20 September–25 October: Harley C. Griffiths, 1908–1981 1987, 12 October – 31 October: Trefor Prest: Sculpture 1987, December: Central Victorian Sculptors 1988, 16 September - 23 October: An Aspect of Australian Art: Three Private Collections in Central Victoria 1988, September: Selection from 30 years of acquisitions 1988, 29 October - 20 November: Shotei lbata 1988, 29 October–4 December: Miles Evergood, 1871-1939: retrospective 1989, January: Percy Leason, 1889-1959: centenary exhibition 1989, 5–27 August: 9x5 CENTENARY EXHIBITION 1990, 13 July–5 August: The Sybil Craig Bequest 1990, 10 August–2 September: Iskustvo: Recent Soviet painting 1990, November: Aspects of France: the Australian Artists View, 50 works by Australian artists from John Peter Russell to Lloyd Rees 1990, to 2 December: Annemieke Mein: Textiles 1991–2000 1991, April: Maladies, medicos & miracle cures: a guide to the history of medicine in Castlemaine and district from 1851- c.1950 1991, 16 June–7 July: Harley Griffiths Snr. (1878-1951): works on paper 1991, 14 July–11 August: Rupert Bunny's Landscapes of the South of France 1991: 25 August–15 September: Arthur J. Lindsay, 1912-1990: retrospective 1991, 13 October–3 November: Ten regional artists: Steve Beckley, Liz Caffin, Paul Cavell, Ian Drummond, John Gleeson, Craig Gough, Douglas Green, Juliana Hilton, Ken Killeen, Vicky Taylor 1991, November: Nature's Inspiration: Arts in the Garden 1992, to 3 May: A history of horticulture in Castlemaine and district 1992, 13 July–20 August: Completing the picture: women artists and the Heidelberg era 1992, 20 September – 25 October: The Art of Christian Waller 1992, 31 October – 6 December: Gwyn Hanssen Pigott: ceramics 1992, 31 October – 6 December: Harold Herbert, Watercolours 1918-44 1993, March–April: Religion in the Goldfields 1993, 18 June–17 July: Wendy Stavrianos 1993 to 29 August: Ray Taylor: Ceramic Artist 1993, to 12 September: Greg Stirling: Enchanted Wood 1994, 6 March – 10 April: Flynn silver, past and present 1994, 15 May-12 June: Wendy Stavrianos: Mantles of Darkness 1994, to 2 October: Charles Bush: Self Portraits 1936–1986 1994, 29 October-4 December: John Dent: retrospective 1973-1993 1995, 5 March–30 April: Australian Women Printmakers 1910–1940, curated by Kirsten McKay of the Castlemaine gallery, touring exhibition 1996: Historic wallpapers in Australia, 1850-1920 1996, 30 March–5 May: Rosemary Fazakerley 1941-1992: A memorial exhibition 1996, 2 November – 8 December: Tony Lloyd-Stephenson: 1921-1994 1997: Mt. Alexander Printmakers' Show 1997: 2 February–30 March: Sculpture by Fiona Orr, 1979-1997: a journey, abstraction to figuration to landscape 1997, 12 October – 23 November: Australian artists influenced by Rembrandt 1998: Jan Lancaster: Bloodlines- The Coliban 1998 Janet Goodchild-Cuffley, Women of History 1998, 9–30 August: Achievement Through Art, Student Art Exhibition Regional Tour, works of students in Years 4-10 1999, to 11 April: The Private Eye A Foreigner's Power of Observation: contemporary artworks by Vicki McConville sourcing the cultural and historical archives of Central Victoria 1999, 24 April–4 May: Ian Armstrong Retrospective 1999, 27 June – 2 August: Pam Hallandal: drawings 2000, 4 October – 10 December: The Beth Sinclair Donation of Australian Art 2001–2010 2001, 24 March to 29 April: Fraser Fair retrospective 2001, 27 May to 1 July: Murray Griffin – the journey: a retrospective 1922-1980 2002, 9 March-7 April: Peter Wegner: sitting still, portrait studies of Graeme Doyle 2002, 6 April – 19 May: Martin Lewis: stepping into the light 2002, 28 July – 25 August: A tribute to June Davies 2003: David Tatnall, Seeing the Forest for the Trees 2003, 29 March-4 May: Highlights from the Stuart R. Stoneman art collection 2003, 10 May – 8 June: Basil Eliades: Isolated connections: the landscape politic 2003, 6 July – 24 August: John Julian Gibbs, 1859-1887 2004, 1 May–6 June: As time goes by: Prints by Marc Clark 2004, 3 October–21 November: Alexander Colquhoun: 1862-1941: artist and critic. 2005: Gus Cohen 2005, 2 April–1 May: Venezia Australis. Australian artists in Venice: 1900-2000 2006, 4 March–2 April: Eric Thake 1904–82: Works from the Permanent Collection 2006, 4 March–2 April: Tom Roberts: 150th birthday anniversary 2006, 2 April–28 May: Australian Printmaking, 1960s to the Present Day 2006, 4 June–30 July: Sybil Craig 1901-89: Modernist painter 2006/7, 19 November–21 January: Dorothy Mary Braund: retrospective 2007, 17 February–18 March: Robert Clinch: Urban Myths 2007, 31 March–27 May: The Art of the Dog 2007, 9 June–29 July: European sensibilities: George Baldessin and his circle 2008, 5 April–18 May: Deborah Klein: Out of the past, a survey of works 1995-2007 2008, to 31 August: Dick Turner : Cross Sections Layering Land and Culture 2008, 4 October – 2 November: Donald Ramsay, artist in a landscape: a survey exhibition 2008, 8 November to 14 December: Jock Clutterbuck: Sculptures & drawings 1990-2008 2009, 24 January–1 March: Clifton Pugh: printmaker 2009: Jack Courier (1915–2007): lithographs 2010, 28 February – 4 April:Associates of Rupert Bunny 2010, from 23 April: Archie & Amalie Colquhoun 2010, 11 September–3 October: Annette Edwards ... a lifetime of mark making 2010, 13 November—19 December: Mount Alexander Shire artists represented in the permanent collection 2011–2020 2011, 15 January – 27 February: Imagining the Orient: A National Gallery of Victoria Touring Exhibition 2011, 2 April – 8 May: Touring exhibition Scottish painters in Australia 2011, 18 June – 24 July: Douglas Watson (1920–72) Works from the Permanent Collection 2011, 18 June – 24 July: Victor Majzner: Location watercolours from Australia and Overseas 2011, 10 September – 23 October: Greg Moncrieff: now and then – : a survey exhibition of selected paintings, screen prints and mixed media works from 1974 to the present 2012, 14 January—26 February: Peggy Shaw: A Retrospective 2012, 10 March—29 April: Ray Pearce: Bite 2012, 5 May—24 June: Max Middleton: Painter of Light 2012, 1 July—29 July: Richard Crichton Profile: Selected Works 2012, 4 August—2 September: Jeff Makin: Drawings 2012, 9 September—28 October: John Borrack: Selected Paintings and Drawings 1970-2012 2012, to 9 December: Susan Weste: Elements of Nature; Meanderings With a Camera 2013, 5 January—3 February: Director's Choice: Thirty-eight years of collecting 2013, 9 February—10 March: R W Sturgess (1892–1932) Works from the Permanent Collection 2013, 16 March—26 May: Barry Singleton: A Survey from Public and Private Collections and an Exhibition of Current Work 2013, 16 March-26 May: Mediterranean Summers: Australian Artists along the French and Italian Coast 2013, 1 June—28 July: Rick Amor, from Study to Painting 2013, 3 August–15 September: A collective vision: prints from the Castlemaine Art Gallery permanent collection 1970–2013: a selection of works from the 1970s to 2013 celebrating the role of artists, collectors and benefactors 2013, 21 September—10 November: Shimmering Light: Dora Meeson and the Thames 2013, 16 November—31 December: 2013 Len Fox Painting Award 2013, 3 November—9 December: Ray Stanyer and Ellen Hansa- Wither shall I wander? 2013, 23 November—15 December: The Art of Jock Clutterbuck 2104, 1 January—23 February: Acquisitions 2014, 1 January—23 February: Dorothy Braund 1927-2013: Gouaches from the Permanent Collection 2014, 2–21 August: Ray Hearn: A Survey 2004 – 2014 2014, 1 Mar–13 Apr: Wayne Viney, Singular Impressions 2014, 26 Apr–1 Jun: Ann Geroe: Ceramics Survey 2014, 3 May–7 Jun: Jennie Stewart: Works on Paper 2014, 7 June–27 July: Dean Bowen Day by Day – Paintings, Sculpture, Prints and Drawings 2014, 2–31 Aug: Ray Hearn: A Survey 2004 – 2014 2014, 2–31 Aug: Peter Wegner: 1000 Years- 10 Drawings of Centenarians 2014, 6 Sep–26 Oct: Ludmilla Meilerts Retrospective 2014, 2 Nov–14 Dec: Bill Meyer: Nurturing the Place 2015, 15 January—8 March: Ginger Riley: The Boss of Colour 2015, 28 February: Catherine Pilgrim. Making history: Hidden world of the Leviny women. 2015, 13 March – 22 March: Patrick Pound: The Museum of Holes 2015, 2 May – 28 June: EARTH, FIRE AND WATER: 50 years of shaping the elements. Ceramics from the Castlemaine Art Gallery & Historical Museum permanent collection. 2015, 2 May – 28 June: Recent Drawings: Christine Hooper 2015, 4 July – 23 August: "Jeremy Barrett: Survey Exhibition" 2015, 17 July–31 August: ST Gill: Life on the Goldfields 2015, 29 August – 18 October: Inking Up | Rona Green, Deborah Klein & Clayton Tremlett 2015, 29 August–18 October: Contemporary Australian Silver & Metalwork Award 2015 2015: 31 Oct–31 Dec: David Moore: Glimpses of Chewton 2015: 31 Oct–31 Dec: Women of Gold 2016, 15 Jan–15 Apr: Ben Quilty: After Afghanistan 2016 2016, 30 Apr–30 Jun: Bill Henson: Landscapes 2016, 10 Jul–15 Aug: Clayton Tremlett: Beard and Influence 2016, 21 Aug–25 Sep: Slipstitch 2017, 15 Jan–26 Feb: Michael Doolan: World Without World 2017, 15 Jan–26 Feb: Minna Gilligan: Groove is in the Heart 2017: 19 Mar–25 Jun: John Nixon: Experimental Painting Workshop 2017, 15–22 July Oct: Gifted: The Kohane and Moore donations of Australian studio ceramics 2017/18, 11 November—5 February: Daughters of the Sun: Christian Waller and Klytie Pate 2019, 8 June—1 September: 2019 Len Fox Painting Award 2019/20, 6 December—1 May: Experimental Print Prize 2020, 27 —29 November: the Way-the Water-the Walk (Reserved for the Convenience or Pleasure of the People) 2019/20, 11 October—11 October: The Unquiet Landscape 2021 onwards 2020/21, 1 May – 9 March: Cast Recast: Damon Moon 2020/21, 17 May – 9 March: Janina Green in conversation with the Collection 2020–2022, 31 May–1 Jan: From the Land: Peter Banjurljurl (Jinang), Batumbil Bararrwanga (Gumatj), Gabi Briggs (Anaiwan and Gumbangier)and Arika Waulu (Gunai and Gunditjmara), Alvin Darcy Briggs (Yorta Yorta, Taungwurrung), Blackgin (Wurundjeri), John Hunter Kerr, Nonggirrnga Marawili (Madarrpa, Yithuwa), Malalakpuy Munyarryan (Wanggurri) Baluka Maymuru (Manggalili, Belang group), Lorna Fencer Napurrula (Warlpiri), Betty Kuntiwa Pumani (Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara), Charlie Marabinyin, Ginger Riley Munduwalawala (Marra), Tashara Roberts (Dja Dja Wurrung, Yorta Yorta), works by unknown makers from the Castlemaine Art Museum, Mulkun Wirrpanda (Dhudi-Djapu, Dha-malamirr), Yumitjin Wunumurra (Dhalwangu, Narrkala) 2020/21, 23 Nov–24 November: Cloudy – a few isolated showers: Lyndell Brown and Charles Green, Mira Gojak, Katrin Koenning, Vipoo Srivilasa, Will Ashton, Ros Bandt, W Rubery Bennett, Lina Bryans, Ernest Buckmaster, Rupert Bunny, Louis Buvelot, Murray Griffin, Hans Heysen, Frederick McCubbin, W B McInnes, Dora Meeson, Robert Vere Scott, Vipoo Srivilasa, Munuy'gnu Marika (Rirratjigna), Naminapu #2 Maymuru (Mangalili), Edwin Stocqueler, R W Sturgess, Verey & Co, Roland Wakelin. 2020/21, 26 December —31 January: Kylie Banyard – Holding Ground, Orbit Gallery 2021, 19 March–19 September: James Henry: 18 Families 2021, 19 March—17 October, #Perempuan 2021 – Contemporary Indonesian Art 2021, 19 March—2 May: Harry Nankin – The Fall, Orbit Gallery 2021, 4 February—7 March: Ilka White – here now, Orbit Gallery 2021–2022, 19 March–17 February: Melinda Harper: In Conversation with the Collection 2021, 6 May—30 May: Minaal Lawn – 173 Forms, Orbit Gallery 2021, 10 June—4 July: David Frazer – Wood Engravings, Orbit Gallery 2021, 8 July—22 August: Orbit: Tashara Roberts – Your Skin My Skin, Orbit Gallery 2021/22, 13 November-28 February: 2021 Experimental Print Prize 2022, 12 March—13 June: Len Fox Painting Prize 2022 Publications References Art museums and galleries in Victoria (Australia) 1913 establishments in Australia Art museums established in 1913 Art Deco architecture in Australia Australian art

68802412

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh%20Town%20House

Fraserburgh Town House

Fraserburgh Town House is a municipal building in Saltoun Square, Fraserburgh, Scotland. The building, which was the headquarters of Fraserburgh Burgh Council, is a Category B listed building. History The first municipal building in the town was a early-17th century tolbooth commissioned by the local laird, Sir Alexander Fraser. It was primarily used as a prison and a local meeting place: latterly referred to as the town hall, it was a building with a gable and an external staircase facing Saltoun Square. Following significant population growth, largely associated with the status of the town as a seaport, the area became a police burgh in 1840. By the mid-19th century the old building was dilapidated and the new burgh commissioners decided to demolish it and to replace it with a more substantial structure. The foundation stone for the new building was laid on 13 April 1853. It was designed by Thomas Mackenzie of Matthews and MacKenzie in the Renaissance style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1855. The design involved a symmetrical rounded frontage at the junction of Saltoun Square and Kirk Brae; it featured a doorway, with two sash windows on either side, which were flanked by Doric order columns supporting a rounded entablature. There was a rotunda with Corinthian order columns supporting a dome at roof level. The other bays were fenestrated by round headed sash windows on the ground floor and by pedimented sash windows on the first floor. Internally, the principal room was the council chamber. An aedicula containing a statue, depicting Lieutenant-General Alexander Fraser, 17th Lord Saltoun, and sculpted by Edward Bowring Stephens, was installed on the corner of the building at first floor level in December 1859. The statue commemorated the life of the local laird who had seen action as a junior officer at the Battle of Waterloo and as a senior commander in the First Opium War and who had died just after construction work on the new town house had started. The town house was the venue where, at a meeting in February 1875, local dignitaries agreed to raise the 24th Aberdeenshire Rifle Volunteers, which later became G Company, the 3rd (The Buchan) Volunteer Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders. Civic leaders hosted a banquet in the town house in August 1905 to recognise the achievements of the locally-born banker, Sir George Anderson, who served as treasurer of the Bank of Scotland. The building, which had originally involved a frontage of five bays on the Kirk Brae elevation, was extended by extra four bays to create a police station to a design by Reid and McRobbie in 1906. The building continued to serve as the headquarters of Fraserburgh Burgh Council for much of the 20th century but ceased to be the local seat of government after the enlarged Banff and Buchan District Council was formed at Banff in 1975. The police service moved to new premises in Finlayson Street in the late 1990s leaving the Kirk Brae police station vacant and deteriorating. An extensive programme of restoration works, which included the construction of a modern steel-clad extension behind the town house to a design by Moxon Architects, was completed in May 2018. The works also involved the creation of a modern registrar's office on the ground floor, the establishment of an enterprise hub on the first floor and the adaption of the council chamber for use as a venue for weddings and civil partnership ceremonies. Works of art in the town house include portraits by of John Shirreffs of the former provost, John Park, and of the former baron bailee, Sir George Anderson. See also List of listed buildings in Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire References Government buildings completed in 1855 City chambers and town halls in Scotland Buildings and structures in Fraserburgh Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire Renaissance architecture in Scotland

68951138

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Margoshes

Samuel Margoshes

Samuel Margoshes (October 21, 1887 – August 23, 1968) was a Galician-born Jewish-American Yiddish journalist, newspaper editor, and Zionist. Life Margoshes was born on October 21, 1887 in the village of Józefów, near Tarnów, Galicia. He was descended from Maharsha and Rashi. His grandfather Shmuel-Arye Margoshes edited the Maḥazike Hadat (Strengthening the Faith), a Hebrew periodical from the court of the Belz Rebbe, in the 1860s. He was the son of Joseph Margoshes and Lea Rachel Stieglitz. Margoshes attended the cheder and yeshiva, after which he went to the gymnasium in Tarnów. He immigrated to America in 1905. He entered the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1907, graduating from there as a rabbi in 1911. He studied philosophy and sociology at Columbia University from 1908 to 1911, graduating from there with an M.A. in 1911. He also studied education in Teachers College, Columbia University. In 1917, he received the degree of Doctor of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary. In 1910, Margoshes wrote "Curriculum of the Jewish Schools in Germany, 1648 to 1848." From 1912 to 1917, he was director of the text-book department of the Bureau of Jewish Education. He was then director of education for the Jewish Welfare Board from 1917 to 1918. He was president of the Federation of Galician Jews of America from 1916 to 1920. He was also a member of the board of governors of the American Jewish Congress and a member of the administrative committee of Zionist Organization of America. From 1920 to 1921, he executive director of Keren Hayesod in Canada. Margoshes began writing in 1904, when he wrote a Hebrew sketch of David Frischmann's Hador (The Generation). When he initially arrived in America, he spent his evenings with the group of writers known as Di Yunge, which included his friend from Tarnów Reuben Iceland. In 1907, he published a story in Yankev Fefer’s Yidisher Vokhnblat (Jewish Weekly Newspaper). A year later, he became a regular contributor for the newspaper. In 1907, he and Iceland also bought out Di Yidishe Shtime (The Jewish Voice). In 1919, he travelled to Poland to distribute food parcels. When he returned to America, he became a founder of the People's Relief, the Joint Distribution Committee, and the American Jewish Congress. In 1922, Margoshes began working for Der Tog. He served as editor for the paper from 1926 to 1942, and was also an English columnist and a commentator on Jewish events for the paper. An active Zionist, he participated in World Zionist congresses and served on the Zionist General Council for many years. He was vice-president of the American Jewish Congress from 1935 to 1939, the Zionist Organization of America from 1950 to 1952, and the Jewish Writers Union. He was public relations director of the JNF. In 1929, he wrote a series of dispatches in Der Tog about the 1929 Palestine riots. His dispatches appeared in the New York Herald Tribune and other newspapers, described Arab attacks on Jewish communities in Palestine, repeatedly charged British officials of being responsible for the attacks, and claimed British policemen remained in their garrisons during the outbreak. Margoshes visited the Soviet Union in 1931, and his subsequent articles on Jewish life in that country sparked sharp debate in the Yiddish press. In 1934, he organized a Jewish mass march in New York to protest Nazi violence. He worked with Abraham Coralnik to establish a boycott of Nazi goods. The Danish king awarded him the Medal of Merit for his service on Denmark's behalf during World War II. His volume, In Gang fun Doyres (In the Course of Generations), was published after his death. In 1904, Margoshes married Rose Kirschenbaum. Rose wrote for the Jewish press in Yiddish and English under the pen-name Kirschenbaum-Margoshes, worked as a translator on Ellis Island to help Jewish immigrants, and did social work in the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side. Their son Adam was an associate professor of psychology at Shippensburg State College. Margoshes died after a long illness on August 23, 1968. He was buried in Montefiore Cemetery. References 1887 births 1968 deaths Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria American people of Polish-Jewish descent Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States 20th-century American rabbis Rabbis from New York City Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients Teachers College, Columbia University alumni Yiddish-language journalists Jewish American journalists 20th-century American newspaper editors Journalists from New York City Editors of New York City newspapers American male journalists American Zionists Recipients of the Medal of Merit (Denmark) Burials in New York (state)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization%20of%20homosexuality

Criminalization of homosexuality

Criminalization of homosexuality is the classification of some or all sexual acts between men, and less frequently between women, as a criminal offense. Most of the time, such laws are unenforced with regard to consensual same-sex conduct, but they nevertheless contribute to police harassment, stigmatization, and violence against homosexual and bisexual people. Other effects include exacerbation of the HIV epidemic due to the criminalization of men who have sex with men discouraging them from seeking preventative care or treatment for HIV infection. The criminalization of homosexuality is often justified by the now scientifically discredited idea that homosexuality can be acquired or by public revulsion towards homosexuality, in many cases founded on the condemnation of homosexuality by the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). Arguments against the criminalization of homosexuality began to be expressed during the Enlightenment. Initial objections included the practical difficulty of enforcement, excessive state intrusion into private life, and the belief that criminalization was not an effective way of reducing the incidence of homosexuality. Later objections included the argument that homosexuality should be considered a disease rather than a crime, on the human rights of homosexuals, and the belief that homosexuality is not morally wrong. In many countries, criminalization of homosexuality is based on legal codes inherited from the British Empire. The French colonial empire did not lead to criminalization of homosexuality, as this was abolished in France during the French Revolution in order to remove religious influence from the criminal law. In other countries, the criminalization of homosexuality is based on sharia law. A major wave of decriminalization started after World War II in the Western world. It diffused globally and peaked in the 1990s. In recent years, many African countries have increased enforcement of anti-homosexual laws due to politicization and a mistaken belief that homosexuality is a Western import. , homosexuality is criminalized de jure in 67 UN member states and de facto in two others; at least six of these have a death penalty for homosexuality. History Ancient through early modern world The Assyrian Laws contain a passage punishing homosexual relations, but it is disputed if this refers to consensual relations or only non-consensual ones. The first known Roman law that touched on same-sex relations was the Lex Scantinia. Although the actual text of this law is lost, it likely prohibited free Roman citizens from taking the passive role in same-sex acts. The Christianization of the Roman Empire changed social mores to be increasingly disapproving of homosexuality. In the sixth century, Byzantine emperor Justinian introduced other laws against same-sex sexuality, referring to acts "contrary to nature". The Syro-Roman law book, influential in the Middle Eastern legal tradition especially in Lebanon, prescribed the death penalty for homosexuality. In medieval Europe, sodomy was punishable in various jurisdictions especially after the year 1000 based on the diffusion of Roman law. In some cases it was punished by investigation and denunciation, in others by fines, and in some cases by the burning of the location where the act had taken place or the participants. The death penalty was common in early modern Europe. Some Ottoman criminal codes called for fines for sodomy (liwat), but others did not mention the offense. Sodomy was one of the offenses punishable by the Inquisition. It is unclear how much sodomy laws were enforced; one theory is that enforcement was related to moral panics in which homosexuals were a scapegoat. In 15th-century central Mexico, homosexual acts between men could be punished by disembowelment and smothering in hot ashes. In medieval England, sodomy was punishable by ecclesiastical law since the 10th or 11th century but not secular law. English monarch Henry VIII codified the prohibition of homosexuality in England into secular law with the Buggery Act 1533, an attempt to gain the high ground in the religious struggle of the English Reformation. This law, based on the religious prohibition in Leviticus, prescribed the death penalty for buggery (anal sex); the law was repealed multiple times and reenacted, the last time in the reign of Elizabeth I. The law was included in Blackstone's Commentaries and has had influence on much of the world because of British colonialism. During the French Revolution in 1791, the National Constituent Assembly abolished the law against homosexuality as part of adopting a new legal code without the influence of Christianity. Although the assembly never discussed homosexuality, it has been legal in France ever since. Previously it could be punished by burning to death, although this was infrequently enforced. The abolition of criminality for sodomy was codified in the 1810 penal code. Impact of colonialism and imperialism Many present-day jurisdictions criminalize homosexuality based on colonial laws, especially the British Empire. Codifications of British common law, including the Indian Penal Code, the Fitzjames Stephen Code, the Griffith Code, and the Wright Penal Code, were adopted in British colonies, spreading the criminalization of homosexuality. The Indian Penal Code and its Section 377 criminalizing homosexuality were applied to several British colonies in Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Wright's code was drafted for Jamaica and ultimately adopted in Honduras, Tobago, St. Lucia, and the Gold Coast. The Stephen Code was adopted in Canada (and in a modified form in New Zealand), expanding the criminalization of homosexuality to cover any same-sex activity and making a life sentence a possible punishment. The Griffith Code was adopted in Australia and several other Commonwealth countries including Nauru, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea, Zanzibar and Uganda, and in Israel. Once established, the laws against homosexuality are often maintained by inertia and even their inclusion into postcolonial criminal codes. Some states adopted British-inspired laws criminalizing homosexuality not on the basis of formal imposition, but informal influence, such as Bhutan. Many Middle Eastern countries, although former British colonies, did not have British law imposed because of more hands-off governance. Criminalization of homosexuality in these countries is not because of British influence, but for other reasons such as the influence of sharia law. Both China and Japan criminalized homosexuality based on Western models and later decriminalized it. The decriminalization of homosexuality was spread across Europe by Napoleon's conquests and the adoption of civil law and penal codes on the French model, leading to abolition of criminality in many jurisdictions and replacement of death with imprisonment in others. Via military occupation or emulation of the French criminal code, the Scandinavian countries, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, Japan, and their colonies and territories—including much of Latin America—decriminalized homosexuality. It is the exception rather than the rule that civil law systems criminalized homosexuality. Former French colonies are less likely than British ones to criminalize homosexuality, although such laws have been added in some colonies that adopted French criminal codes, including Egypt, Tunisia, and Lebanon. The Ottoman Empire is often considered to have decriminalized homosexuality in 1858, when it adopted a French-inspired criminal code, but Elif Ceylan Özsoy argues that homosexuality was already decriminalized and this change of law actually penalized homosexuality more harshly than before because it introduced higher penalties for public displays of same-sex affection. However, some Ottoman men were executed for sodomy including two boys in Damascus in 1807. The unification of Germany reversed some of the gains of the Napoleonic conquests as the unified country adopted the Prussian penal code in 1871, re-criminalizing homosexuality in some areas. Both Germany and Austria-Hungary considered and rejected decriminalizing it entirely. The rise of nationalism meant that countries such as England began to take pride on prosecuting homosexuals. In Germany, the prohibition on homosexuality was not frequently enforced until 1933. In Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, an estimated 57,000 men were convicted of violating Paragraph 175. Never before in history or since have so many homosexuals been convicted in such a short period of time. Thousands of men were imprisoned and killed in Nazi concentration camps. West Germany convicted about the same number of men under the same law until 1969, when homosexuality was partially decriminalized. In the Russian Empire, homosexuality was criminalized in 1835. The Russian Revolution abolished the tsarist-era laws against homosexuality in 1917. The criminalization was reinstated in 1934, with a harsher penalty than before, amid a Soviet propaganda campaign claiming that homosexuality was a fascist perversion. Post-World War II decriminalization trend By 1958, Interpol had noticed a trend towards the partial criminalization of homosexuality with a higher age of consent than for heterosexual relationships. This model was recommended by various international organizations. Convergence occurred both through the partial decriminalization of homosexuality (as in the United Kingdom, and many other countries) or through the partial criminalization of homosexuality (such as in Belgium, where the first law against same-sex activity came into effect in 1965). In the decades after World War II, anti-homosexuality laws saw increased enforcement in Western Europe and the United States. Overall, there was a wave of decriminalization in the late twentieth century. Ninety percent of changes to these laws between 1945 and 2005 involved liberalization or abolition. One explanation for these legal changes is increased regard for human rights and autonomy of the individual and the effects of the 1960s sexual revolution. The trend in increased attention to individual rights in laws around sexuality has been observed around the world, but progresses more slowly in some regions, such as the Middle East. Eighty percent of repeals between 1972 and 2002 were done by the legislature and the remainder by the laws being ruled unconstitutional by a court. The 1981 ruling in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom by the European Court of Human Rights was the first time that a court called for the decriminalization of homosexuality. Unlike earlier decriminalizations, repeal was not coincidental with the adoption of a new system of criminal law but rather by means of a specific law to repeal criminal sanctions on homosexuality, beginning with Sweden in 1944. Decriminalization, initially limited to Europe and the Americas, spread globally in the 1980s. The pace of decriminalization reached a peak in the 1990s. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many former Soviet republics decriminalized homosexuality, but others in Central Asia retained these laws. China decriminalized homosexuality in 1997. Following a protracted legal battle, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the criminalization of homosexuality violated the Constitution of India in the 2018 Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India judgement. In 2019, a plan to punish homosexuality in Brunei with a death sentence met with international outcry; as a result, there is a moratorium on the use of the death penalty. Most Caribbean countries are former British colonies and retain the criminalization of homosexuality; Belize was the first to decriminalize it after the law was ruled unconstitutional in 2016. Adherence to Islam is a major predictor of maintaining laws criminalizing homosexuality and the death penalty for it. The majority of studies have found no association for Christianity even though some Christian religious leaders advocate the criminalization of homosexuality. In some countries, criminalization of homosexuality derives from the application of sharia law. State interference in religious matters, for example religious courts having jurisdiction beyond family law or bans on interfaith marriage, is strongly correlated with maintaining the criminalization of homosexuality. Studies have found that modernization, as measured by the Human Development Index or GDP per capita, and globalization (KOF Index of Globalization) was negatively correlated having laws criminalizing homosexuality over time. LGBT movements often developed after the repeal of criminal laws, but in some cases they contributed to repeal efforts. Although British colonization is associated with the criminalization of homosexuality, it has no effect on the likelihood of decriminalization. In 1981, the Council of Europe passed a resolution urging the decriminalization of homosexuality and the abolition of discriminatory age of consent laws. Following the Dudgeon case the Council of Europe made decriminalization of homosexuality a requirement for membership, which in turn was a prerequisite for membership in the European Union; several European countries decided to decriminalize homosexuality as a result. The Council of Europe admitted Lithuania in 1993 a few months before the country had repealed the criminalization of homosexuality; Romania was admitted the same year after promising to repeal its law but was still enforcing it in 1998. Russia gave up its sodomy law in 1993 in part because of an aspiration to join the Council of Europe. The last jurisdiction in Europe to decriminalize homosexuality was the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 2014. Resistance to decriminalization In Africa, one of the primary narratives cited in favor of the criminalization of homosexuality is "defending ordre public, morality, culture, religion, and children from the assumed imperial gay agenda" associated with the Global North; homosexuality is seen as an "un-African" foreign import. Such claims ignore the fact that many indigenous African cultures tolerated homosexuality, and historically the criminalization of homosexuality derives from British colonialism. In the Middle East, homosexuality has been seen as a tool of Western domination for the same reason. The Obama administration's policy of supporting the decriminalization of homosexuality forced African politicians to take a public stance against LGBT rights in order to retain their domestic support. The application of international pressure to decriminalize homosexuality has had mixed results in Africa. While it led to liberalization in some countries, it also prompted public opinion to be skeptical of these demands and encouraging countries to pass even more restrictive laws in resistance to what is seen as neocolonial pressure. It has therefore been argued by some scholars such as Joseph Massad that the international LGBT movement does more harm than good in Africa or the Middle East, while some African LGBT organizations have urged Western countries not to leverage donor aid on LGBT rights issues. In 2015, African academics launched a petition calling for the decriminalization of homosexuality and criticizing several common arguments against this move. Politicians may also use homosexuality to distract from other issues. Following decolonization, several former British colonies expanded laws that had only targeted men in order to include same-sex behavior by women. In many African countries, anti-homosexuality laws were little enforced for decades only to see increasing enforcement, politicization, and calls for harsher penalties since the mid-1990s. Such calls often come from domestic religious institutions. The rise of Evangelical Christianity and especially Pentecostalism have increased the politicization of homosexuality as these churches have been engaged in anti-homosexual mobilizations as a form of nation building. Cameroon had an anti-homosexuality law since 1962, but it was not enforced until 2005. That year both the Roman Catholic Church (especially Archbishop and Cardinal Christian Wiyghan Tumi) and the media began to make homosexuality a political issue. As of 2020, Cameroon "currently prosecutes consensual same sex conduct more aggressively than almost any country in the world". In Uganda, proposals to deepen the criminalization of homosexuality such as the so-called "Kill the Gays" bill have gained international attention. Other African countries such as South Africa, Angola, Botswana, and Mozambique have decriminalized homosexuality. Current status In its December 2020 report, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) found that homosexuality is criminalized in 67 of 193 UN member states and one non-independent jurisdiction, the Cook Islands, while two UN member states, Iraq and Egypt, criminalize it de facto but not in legislation. In at least six UN member states—Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria (only northern Nigeria), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen—it is punishable by death. All of the countries that use the death penalty base it directly or indirectly on sharia law. In 2007, five countries executed someone as a penalty for homosexual acts. In 2020, ILGA named Iran and Saudi Arabia as the only countries in which executions for same-sex activity have reportedly taken place. In other countries, such as Yemen, Somalia, Iraq, and Libya, extrajudicial executions are carried out by militias such as Al-Shabaab, Islamic State or Al-Qaeda. In 2021, Téa Braun of the Human Dignity Trust estimated that more than 71 million LGBT people live in countries where homosexuality is criminalized. Scope of laws Laws against homosexuality make some or all sex acts between people of the same sex a crime. While some laws are specific about which acts are illegal, others use vague terminology such as "crimes against nature", "unnatural offenses", "indecency", or "immoral acts". Some laws exclusively criminalize anal sex while others include oral sex or mutual masturbation. Some sodomy laws explicitly target same-sex couples, while others apply to a set of sexual acts that might be performed by heterosexual couples, but either way they are usually understood and enforced against same-sex couples only. It is more common for men who have sex with men to be criminalized than women who have sex with women, and there are no countries that only criminalize female same-sex activity. This has been due to a belief that eroticism between women is not really "sex" and that it does not have the power to tempt women away from heterosexuality. Unlike other laws, which criminalized specific sexual acts, the British Labouchère Amendment in 1885 and the 1935 revision of Germany's Paragraph 175 simply criminalized any sexual act between two men. Both laws made it much easier to convict men for homosexuality, leading to an explosion in convictions. In the Soviet Union, the law technically only criminalized anal sex between men, but even those who had not committed such acts were brought to court and convicted of sodomy. Penalties vary widely, from fines or short terms of imprisonment up to the death penalty. Some laws target both partners in the sex act equally, while in other cases the punishment is unequal. In the Weimar Republic, the "passive" partner was often considered innocent and exempt from punishment. Under the 2013 Iranian penal code, the passive partner in anal sex is liable for more severe punishment than the insertive partner. While in many countries the criminalization applies to the country's entire territory, in other countries specific states or local government passes their own criminal law against homosexuality, such as Aceh province. Most laws criminalizing homosexuality are codified in statutory law, but in some countries such as Saudi Arabia it is based on the direct application of Islamic criminal jurisprudence. In Egypt, there is no law specifically against homosexuality, but gay and bisexual men, most notably the Cairo 52, are prosecuted under another law targeting "debauchery" (fujur). According to case law, women can only be accused of "debauchery" if they accept money for sex, but men who have sex without exchanging money can be convicted. Historically, only the passive partner in intercourse was punished but in recent years that has changed with both men being convicted. Even in countries where there are no specific laws against homosexuality, homosexuals may be disproportionately criminalized under other laws, such as those targeting homelessness, prostitution, or HIV exposure. One analysis of the United States found that, instead of being directly arrested under sodomy laws, "[m]ost arrests of homosexuals came from solicitation, disorderly conduct, and loitering laws, which were based on the assumption that homosexuals (unlike heterosexuals), by definition, were people who engaged in illicit activity". In 2014, Nigeria passed the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013, criminalizing people who have a same-sex marriage ceremony with five years' imprisonment. Although homosexuality was already illegal, this law led to increasing fear among Nigerian homosexuals. Enforcement Laws criminalizing homosexuality are inherently difficult to enforce, because they concern acts by consenting individuals done in private. In Nazi Germany, the site of the most severe persecution of homosexual men in history, only about 10 percent of the homosexual male population was ever convicted and imprisoned. Enforcement varies from active persecution to non-enforcement; more often than not, they are nearly unenforced for private, consensual sex. In some countries, there are no prosecutions for decades or even a formal moratorium, for example in Israel and South Africa before repeal. In Iran, the 2013 penal code forbids authorities from proactively investigating same-sex acts unless kidnapping or assault are suspected. In some countries such as India and Guyana, the laws are not commonly enforced but are used to harass LGBT people. Indian police have used the threat of prosecution to extort money or sexual favors. Arrests, even without conviction, can often lead to publicity causing the accused to lose their job. States including Nazi Germany and Egypt commonly use torture to extract confessions from men suspected of being homosexual. In Egypt, possession of condoms or sexual lubricant or stereotypically feminine characteristics are cited as circumstantial evidence that the suspect has committed sodomy. Online dating apps have also been used to identify and target men for prosecution. Physical examinations purporting to detect evidence of homosexual practices have been employed since at least 1857, when the French physician Auguste Ambroise Tardieu published a book claiming to identify several signs that a person had participated in passive anal intercourse. , at least nine states, including Tanzania, Egypt, and Tunisia, use medically discredited anal examinations in an effort to detect same-sex acts between men or transgender women. There is no evidence that such tests are effective at detecting whether the victim has taken part in homosexual activity. This practice is considered a form of torture constitute acts of torture under the jurisprudence of the United Nations Convention against Torture. Effects The criminalization of homosexuality is often seen as defining all gays and lesbians as criminals or outlaws. Even when not enforced, such laws express a symbolic threat of state violence and reinforce stigma and discrimination. Homosexuals may fear prosecution and are put at risk of blackmail, arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, police beatings, and involuntary medical interventions. The criminalization of homosexuality in some cases pushes LGBT culture and socialization to the margins of society, exposing LGBT people to crimes such as assault, robbery, rape, or murder from other citizens. They might be afraid to report these crimes or could be ignored by the authorities. Such realities lead to severe psychological harm. The laws also prevent LGBT people from exercising their right to freedom of expression and freedom of association. The laws are also cited to deny child custody, registration of associations, and other civil rights. Reactions of homosexuals to the laws range from internalizing stigma to losing respect for the laws and civic community in general. Historian Robert Beachy argues that a confluence of factors including the criminalization of homosexuality meant that Germany was the place where a sense of homosexual identity was developed in the decades around 1900, and ultimately catalyzed the first homosexual movement. This movement never achieved its goal of decriminalizing homosexuality in Germany. A 1986 study found that the decriminalization of homosexuality in South Australia did not lead to an increase in undesirable effects (such as child abuse, public solicitation, or disease transmission) as claimed in parliamentary debates, and in fact "there are few if any negative consequences of decriminalizing homosexuality, and a number of positive consequences". The criminalization of homosexuality has been identified as an exacerbating feature of the HIV epidemic in Africa and Central Asia, because it dissuades many people at risk of HIV infection from disclosing their sexual behavior to healthcare providers or seeking preventative care, testing, or treatment. Criminalization both reinforces societal disapproval of homosexuality, which is another factor in decreasing the effectiveness of anti-HIV efforts, and is independently associated with less access to HIV services. UNAIDS set a goal to reduce by half the number of countries with "punitive laws and practices around HIV transmission, sex work, drug use or homosexuality that block effective responses" to the pandemic by 2015. Support and opposition Abrahamic religions The Abrahamic religions all have traditionally held negative attitudes towards homosexuality. The Hebrew Bible prescribes the death penalty for "lying with another man as with a woman" (Leviticus 20:13) but does not directly address lesbianism. It is disputed if the biblical prohibition was originally intended to prohibit temple prostitution or particular sexual acts between multiple men, particularly those that are seen as compromising a man's masculinity. The total prohibition of homosexual behavior is considered to have evolved relatively late in the Jewish tradition. Some Christians cite various Bible passages in order to justify the criminalization of homosexuality. Although the Holy See officially opposes the criminalization of homosexuality, in 2014 Roman Catholic bishops from Malawi, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Eritrea, Zambia, Uganda, and Ethiopia united to demand criminal punishment of homosexuals, saying that it is unnatural and un-African. According to sharia law, liwat (anal intercourse) and sihaq or musahiqa (tribadism) are considered sins or criminal offenses. The Sunni Hanafi school, unlike other Islamic schools and branches, rejects analogy as a principle of jurisprudence. Since there is no explicit call for the punishment of homosexuals in the accepted statements of Muhammed, Hanafi jurists classified homosexuality as a sin rather than a crime according to religious law and tazir offense whose punishment is left to the discretion of secular rulers. According to the Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali (Sunni), and Ja'afari (Shia) schools any penetrative sex outside of marriage or a man with his female slave is zina, a more serious crime. Zina is punishable by lashes or death by stoning; whether the death penalty is allowed depends on the school, whether the man has been married, and whether he is the active or passive partner. However, in order to apply the death penalty it requires a confession, repeated four times by the accused, or testimony by four witnesses. All Sunni schools, but not the Shia Ja'afari, consider non-anal sex between men to be a tazir offense. In recent times, some progressive Muslims have argued for a new interpretation of liwat (which is never defined in the Quran) to mean something other than consensual homosexual acts. Arguments for A prominent reason cited for criminalizing homosexuality is the claim, made without evidence, that it could be spread as a result of "seduction" or "recruitment", and that laws against it would prevent homosexuals from recruiting children. This rationale was later proved wrong by scientific research showing that sexual orientation was fixed by a young age. Both Philo of Alexandria and Heinrich Himmler believed that if allowed to spread unchecked, homosexuality would lead to depopulation; therefore they advocated harsh punishments. The belief that the West is conspiring to depopulate Africa using homosexuality is also a common argument for retaining the criminalization of homosexuality in Africa. Supporters of paternalism argues that the state can interfere in citizens' private lives to secure a vision of the common good. A common argument is that criminalization of homosexuality is necessary to maintain public morality, "traditional values", cultural or social norms. Anxieties around public morality gained prominence in nineteenth-century Western Europe and North America. Before the medicalization of homosexuality in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was commonly seen as a vice, similar to drunkenness, that occurred as a result of moral degradation rather than being an innate predisposition. Soviet officials argued that homosexuality was a "social danger", that it contravened "socialist morality", and that criminalization was an essential tool to lower its prevalence. Some countries have cited the perception that the criminalization of homosexuality would prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, in particular HIV/AIDS, as a reason to keep their laws. Another reason cited in favor of criminalizing homosexuality is disapproving public opinion. In 2014, a Cameroonian representative told the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women that "homosexuality would surely come to be accepted eventually" in her country, but that the law could not be changed until Cameroonian people changed their opinion on the matter. The rarity of prosecutions is cited as a reason not to repeal the laws. Arguments against Criticism of the criminalization of homosexuality began to be expressed by Enlightenment thinkers such as legal philosopher Cesare Beccaria in his 1764 treatise On Crimes and Punishments. Early objections concerned the practical difficulty of enforcing the law concerns of excessive state intrusion into private life, and the belief that criminalization was not an effective way of reducing the incidence of homosexuality. For example, Napoleon believed that "The scandal of legal proceedings would only tend to multiply" homosexual acts. In 1898, socialist politician August Bebel argued in the Reichstag that Paragraph 175 was a failure as there were too many men practicing homosexuality for the law to be enforced except arbitrarily; in practice, working-class men were criminalized for actions that were ignored among the upper class. One argument leading to the decriminalization of homosexuality in countries such as Canada, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Bulgaria is that homosexuality, as a pathological disease, is inappropriate as an object of criminal sanctions. Another argument cited for the decriminalization of homosexuality is that morality is distinct from law, which should concern itself only with the public good. The proposal for decriminalizing homosexuality in the United Kingdom in the Wolfenden Report in 1957 sparked a famous debate between Lord Devlin, H. L. A. Hart, and others about whether the law is a suitable instrument for the enforcement of morality when the interests of non-consenting parties are not affected. Based on the work of John Stuart Mill, the harm principle posits that conduct can only be considered criminal if it harms people other than those performing the action. According to this principle, homosexuality should not be criminalized. In 2015, Tunisian justice minister was sacked after arguing for the decriminalization of homosexuality because he believed it contravened the Constitution of Tunisia's protections for private life. Many of these justifications are consistent with a strong moral condemnation of homosexuality and are disputes over how best to handle the perceived social problem of homosexuality, rather than being based on the inalienable rights of LGBT people. Another line of reasoning argues that homosexuality is not morally wrong. Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham wrote the first systematic defense of sexual freedom, arguing that homosexuality and other forms of consensual sex were morally acceptable as they were pleasurable to their participants and to forbid these acts destroyed a great deal of human happiness. In 1860s and 1870s, the German Karl Heinrich Ulrichs was the most prominent critic of the criminalization of homosexuality. His demand for equality before the law and in religion on the basis of an innate, biologically based sexual drive—beginning with the decriminalization of homosexuality and ending with same-sex marriage—are similar to those sought by LGBT rights organizations in the twenty-first century. As a result of social changes, in the twenty-first century, the majority of people in many Western countries believe that homosexuality is morally acceptable or not a moral issue. Human rights The criminalization of homosexuality is a violation of international human rights law. The European Court of Human Rights found that laws criminalizing homosexuality violated the right to private life guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom (1981), Norris v. Ireland (1988), and Modinos v. Cyprus (1993). In the 1994 case Toonen v. Australia, the Human Rights Committee ruled that the criminalization of homosexuality in Tasmania violated the right to privacy and non-discrimination guaranteed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, even though the applicant was never arrested or charged with violating the law. While Tasmania argued that the law was necessary to protect traditional morals and prevent the transmission of HIV, the Human Rights Committee found that arguments about morals are not insulated from international human rights norms. In 2014, the African Union's Commission on Human and People's Rights issued a landmark resolution calling for the decriminalization of homosexuality. In 2020, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights found in Gareth Henry and Simone Carline Edwards v. Jamaica that Jamaica's laws criminalizing same-sex activities violated the applicants' right to privacy, right to humane treatment, freedom of movement, and principle of legality guaranteed by the American Convention on Human Rights. The commission recommended that Jamaica repeal the laws against same-sex activity in order to guarantee the non-repetition of similar human rights abuses in the future. Persecution on the grounds of sexual orientation is a reason to seek asylum in some countries, including Canada, the European Union, and the United Kingdom, although depending on the case the mere existence of criminal sanctions may not be enough to be granted asylum. Public opinion According to a 2017 worldwide survey by ILGA, the criminalization of homosexuality is correlated with more negative views on LGBT people and rights in public opinion. Overall, 28.5 percent of those surveyed supported the criminalization of homosexuality, while 49 percent disagreed. In states that criminalize homosexuality 42 percent agree and 36 percent disagree, compared with non-criminalizing states where 22 percent agree and 55 percent disagree. Knowing someone who is gay, lesbian, or bisexual is correlated with less support for criminalization. The number of Americans who agree that homosexuality should be a criminal offense has dropped from 56 percent in 1986 to 18 percent in 2021. Public opinion surveys show that while 78 percent of Africans disapprove of homosexuality, only 45 percent support it being criminalized. Another poll found that 98 percent of religious leaders in Africa are opposed to homosexuality. References Sources Books Journal articles Reports Criminalization of homosexuality Sex crimes Violence against LGBT people

69812106

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieting%20Opera%20House

Wieting Opera House

The Wieting Opera House was a performance hall in Syracuse, New York, that hosted operas, films, and other performances from 1852 to 1930. Initially built by John Wieting in 1852 as Wieting Hall, the building burnt down in 1856. He rebuilt it that year, and in 1870 renovated the hall into an opera house. Towards the end of the 19th century, the opera house was a major theater in the Eastern United States, and held test performances of shows that were bound for performance on Broadway in New York City. The opera house burnt down in 1881 and 1896, and was rebuilt both times, the second time by Wieting's wife, Mary Elizabeth Wieting. The opera house began showing movies in the early 20th century, and closed in 1930, when it was replaced with a parking garage. History The block in Syracuse on which the Wieting Opera House was located, near Clinton Square, was initially a hardware store, shoe store, and "granite hall", a performance hall. The block burnt in 1849 or 1851, and was rebuilt shortly afterwards, as a large building with a hall on top by Charles A. Wheaton and Horace Wheaton. Their hall was the city's first to have a gallery. Wieting Hall The building was purchased by John Wieting in 1850. Wieting, who had made a fortune in lecturing, felt that Syracuse did not have a public hall that was proportionally large enough for the city. He either funded improvements or the building of a new hall in 1852. The hall was opened on December 16, 1852. Wieting had plans to develop his building further, but before he could, it burnt down on January 5, 1856. The fire almost razed the whole building; just the left wall was left standing. Firefighters who responded were unable to contain the fire at first as the water they were attempting to use froze. The damages were estimated at $200,000. No notable performances had been held in the hall at that point. Wieting oversaw the building of the second Wieting Hall in its place. Construction was completed in around 100 days and the hall opened on December 9, 1856. The hall was one story above the street and had an entrance on Salina Street, while the stage was to the west. A gallery went from the stage around the hall. Seating was first interlocked wooden chairs, but these were later replaced with "opera chairs". This hall became known for hosting various speakers. It held lectures from figures including Charles Dickens, Thurlow Weed, Dean Richmond, John Kelly, Charles Sumner, Henry Ward Beecher, Roscoe Conkling, Horace Greeley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Buffalo Bill, Peter Cagger, Wendell Phillips, Samuel J. Tilden, Henry Jarvis Raymond, Stephen A. Douglas, John Albion Andrew, John Brough, Edwin D. Morgan, Roscoe Conkling, John Sherman, Gerrit Smith, William Lloyd Garrison, Hannibal Hamlin, Samuel Joseph May, Chester A. Arthur, John Van Buren, Horatio Seymour, and Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. The hall also held performances, with singers such as Adelina Patti, Christina Nilsson, and Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa. Others who performed include Edwin Booth, Edwin Forrest, Joseph K. Emmett, Charlotte Cushman, Harrigan and Hart, Ellen Terry, Lillian Russell, Sarah Bernhardt, Fanny Janauschek, John McCullough, Lawrence Barrett, Joseph Jefferson, and Henry Irving. During the 1860s, Wieting Hall hosted many minstrel shows by performers including Lew Benedict, Primrose and West, and Charles, Daniel and Gus Frohman. The hall was regularly the site of state conventions for political parties; the historian Franklin H. Chase stated that it held more conventions than any other American hall. Wieting Hall held the New York State convention of the Democratic Party in 1858; after beginning at noon the party could not resolve existing divisions and a disagreement arose over who should chair the meeting. Tensions rose high, and one chair was forcibly removed from his role. It was the site of pledges to the Union during the American Civil War, and a two-lecture series on November 14 and 15, 1861, by Frederick Douglass, titled "The Rebellion, its Cause and Remedy". In anticipation of Douglass's arrival, some Syracuse residents protested his visit; a handbill was circulated advocating for citizens to "drive him from our city!" Syracuse's mayor, Charles Andrews, fearing a mob might attack Douglass, deployed the police and drafted 50 additional men. He was joined in his efforts by the county sheriff and soldiers training at a nearby camp. Wieting refused to cancel Douglass's performance, and he arrived to a hall that was protected with soldiers and greeted by Andrews himself. The 1861 convention of the New York State Teachers Association was held at the hall, with speeches from figures including Susan B. Anthony. Dickens visited Syracuse in 1868 and read from A Christmas Carol and The Pickwick Papers for a reported two hours. In September 1871 Roscoe Conkling took leadership of the New York State Republican party at a convention at the Wieting. One of the last conventions held there was of the Liberal party in 1872. Wieting Opera House Twenty-four years after it opened, in 1870, Wieting had the building renamed the Wieting Opera House as part of a series of renovations. The building opened under its new name on September 19, 1870. It had a seating capacity of 1,017, and, despite its name, did not have a true opera performance until an 1886 performance by the American Opera Company. Foster Hirsch notes that opera was "not intended to be the theatre's staple" and the name merely offered a "respectable cover". In 1878 the hall hosted a convention of the National Liberal League. One of the last performances was Sarah Bernhardt, who appeared in March 1881 in Camille. The opera house caught fire on July 19, 1881, and was again burnt to the ground. Losses from the fire were estimated at $400,000, and it was again rebuilt, with the purchase of additional land. The new opera house was the first building in Syracuse to have incandescent lighting. It opened on September 18, 1883. Upon Wieting's death in 1888, his wife, Mary Elizabeth Wieting, inherited his estate and began managing the opera house. This hall burnt down on September 3, 1896, and Mary Wieting funded a rebuilding, which opened on September 16, 1897. She had been involved in the reconstruction, attempting to make the opera house "absolutely fire-proof" and offering suggestions to Oscar Cobb as he designed the new building. It was sometimes referred to as the "New Wieting Opera House". The building was heavily decorated, colored gold and rose, with chandeliers, floors made from Italian mosaic, silk and velvet drapes, and doors made from bronze. The Shubert brothers managed the opera house for almost 25 years beginning in the early 1900s. In September 1918, Lee and J. J. Shubert, attempted to file a legal suit in order to force the name of the building to be changed to the "Shubert–Wieting Opera House", which Wieting had her agent respond to by saying that such a change would be in "violation of the theatre lease and will not be countenanced". Notable performances and reputation At its peak, the Wieting was considered "one of the premiere theaters in the East". Its construction and the presence of several similar theaters developed the city into a place to try-out plays that would later go to be performed on Broadway. The theater was a member of The Theatrical Syndicate, which gave it "first claim" on a number of Broadway shows and revivals in the area. In 1889 Mary Wieting hired Sam S. Shubert as a treasurer, and two years later made him house manager. He in turn hired his brother, Levi. Sam progressed his career here for a time, producing his first show circa 1896 with a production of A Texas Steer. However, he left to manage the Bastable Theatre, a local competitor to the Wieting, in December 1897. Shubert led the Bastable in competition with the Wieting and the greater Theatrical Syndicate. According to the 2008 book Our Movie Houses, "all the big stars of the Broadway stage performed at the Wieting during the later decades of the nineteenth century." A 1930 article in the Syracuse Herald claimed that "[e]very theatrical star of any consequence in America since 1850 has appeared at the Wieting." Notable actors and lecturers that performed at the Wieting Opera House during this era include Lillian Russell, Victor Herbert, Helena Modjeska, Ellen Terry, and Mark Twain. The hall hosted a popular series of Gilbert and Sullivan shows. The first performance in the Wieting Opera House in 1870 was The Lancers. The first performance in the Wieting after it was reconstructed in 1882 was Romeo and Juliet starring Hortense Rhéa. In 1883 the Wieting held a performance The Maid of Arran, musical by Syracuse native L. Frank Baum. The stop was very successful; a local paper described a "very large and fashionable audience." Baum had the Wieting give out free copies of the musical's sheet music to attendees. The following year an October 4 performance of Prince Methusalem by the New York Opera Company began late after the company was unable to pay for transport to Syracuse due to a poor reception in Elmira, New York. The audience, described in The New York Times as a large one, had become impatient and "noisy demonstrations" broke out before the opera company emerged and the show began, belatedly. In December 1895 The School Girl starring Minnie Palmer came to the United States for a tour. It began on December 23 at the Wieting; shortly before the performance Richard Golden, a co-star, fell ill and the show's director William B. Gill was forced to take his place. The Wedding Day, starring Lillian Russell, opened its touring season on September 15, 1896, in what was also the newly rebuilt Wieting's first performance. The stop kicked off a tour that was described as having "exceptional success". In January 1899 the theater showed chronomatograph videos in an event kicked off by Burton Holmes. During Theodore Roosevelt's 1900 campaign for the presidency he spoke at the Wieting and nearby Clinton Square. An estimated crowd of slightly under 15,000 people heard him speak. On September 7, 1900, the Wieiting hosted a performance of Anthony Hope Hawkins to raise funds in the aftermath of that year's Galveston hurricane that ran from 11 am to 11 pm. On November 29, 1902, smoke from a nearby fire filled the opera house, but the company finished their performance. In 1905 the theatre advertised that Ida Tarbell would be performing there for twenty weeks, but this did not happen. The operetta Naughty Marietta was first run for a week at the Wieting beginning October 24, 1910, and it premiered on Broadway the following month. The New York Philharmonic Orchestra performed several times at the Wieting, first in 1896. A 1910 rendition of The Bohemian Girl put on by the orchestra was well received critically, but somewhat poorly attended. Later history The New Wieting Opera House added movies to its offerings in the early 1900s. The Wieting showed a premiere of the 1921 film The Right Way, which advocated for prison reform. The estate of Mary Wieting, who had died in 1927, held the opera house until they sold it to the Hemacon Realty Corporation for $1 million in July 1929. In May 1930 the Syracuse Herald described the building as probably "the outstanding relic of the past still existent in modern Syracuse". That year, the Shuberts's lease on the theater was set to expire on August 1, and the owners were unwilling to undertake reconstruction and expansion projects. The company's head said "There will be no theater on the Wieting site after Aug. 1. That much can be said with assurance." It was reported that the theater would likely be replaced by a garage, although a local theater owner, Nathan Robbins, was working to finance a reconstruction project. It was announced on June 21 that the Opera House had been purchased to be made into a parking garage that connected to the Lincoln Bank. The cost of purchase was later disclosed to be $200,000. By the time it was sold, the theater was in very poor condition, with water damage and unstable walls. The seats were removed, and the walls were reinforced, with one being completely reconstructed. At one point the land was occupied by Syracuse's E. W. Edwards department store. The current plot is occupied by the Atrium at Clinton Square, redeveloped in 1972. Footnotes References Historical buildings in Syracuse, New York Demolished theatres in New York (state) Theatres that have burned down

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Australia%20Day%20Honours

2022 Australia Day Honours

The 2022 Australia Day Honours are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 2022 by the Governor General of Australia, David Hurley. The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June. 1,040 people have been recognised in this honours list with 732 going to civilians and 47% of the list are women. Order of Australia Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) General Division Distinguished Professor James Langham Dale, – For eminent service to agricultural science, particularly through biological and biotechnological research and development, leadership, and to gene technology. Dr Alan Simon Finkel, – For eminent service to science, to national energy innovation and research infrastructure capability, to climate change and COVID-19 response initiatives, and to science and engineering education. Distinguished Professor Jennifer Marshall Graves, – For eminent service to science, particularly through leadership and research in evolutionary genetics, to international and national professional societies, for science education in schools, and as a mentor and role model for women. Professor Ary Anthony Hoffmann – For eminent service to science, particularly evolutionary biology and ecological genetics, through research, mentoring and education, and to professional scientific organisations. Dr Graeme Moad – For eminent service to science, particularly polymer design and synthesis and radical polymerization, education through mentoring, and to professional scientific organisations. Dr Helen Marion Nugent, – For eminent service to people with disability through leadership of social and economic policy reform and implementation, to business, to the arts, and to the community. John Malcolm Wylie, – For eminent service to the community through leadership in the sporting, cultural, philanthropic and business sectors. Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) General Division Dylan Martin Alcott, – For distinguished service to paralympic sport, particularly to tennis, and as a role model for people with disability, and to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Susan Lesley Barrell – For distinguished service to earth science through meteorology and research organisations. Maggie Beer, – For distinguished service to the tourism and hospitality industries as a cook, restaurateur and author, and to aged welfare. Dr Tom Beer – For distinguished service to science, particularly environmental risk, climate processes and sustainability, through research organisations. Professor Julie Ellen Byles – For distinguished service to medical research, to gerontology, and to professional scientific organisations. Professor John Alexander Church – For distinguished service to climate science through oceanographic and sea-level research and publications. Andrew Alexander Colvin, – For distinguished service to law enforcement, to counter terrorism initiatives, and to bushfire recovery programs. Professor Sandra Jean Eades – For distinguished service to medical research, to Indigenous health, and to professional organisations. Commissioner Shane Alan Fitzsimmons, – For distinguished service to the community through leadership roles within fire and emergency response organisations. Deborra-Lee Furness – For distinguished service to children as an adoption advocate, to not-for-profit organisations as an ambassador, and to the arts. Dr John Sylvester Gladstones, – For distinguished service to primary industry, particularly agriculture and viticulture, and as an author. Dr David William Gruen – For distinguished service to public administration, to economic research, to business, and to education. John Kenneth Hartigan – For distinguished service to the media industry, to Indigenous welfare, and to sport. Eve Kantor – For distinguished service to the community through philanthropic support for a range of organisations, and to the environment. Professor Geoffrey Richard Lancaster, – For distinguished service to the arts, particularly music, through education, performance, research and philanthropy. Elizabeth Honor Lloyd, – For distinguished service to the community, particularly to women and refugees, through a range of social welfare initiatives. Lena Nyadbi – For distinguished service to the visual arts as a contemporary Indigenous artist. Georgina Hope Rinehart – For distinguished service to the mining sector, to the community through philanthropic initiatives, and to sport as a patron. Rodney Graham Sims – For distinguished service to public administration in economic policy and regulatory roles. Mark Sullivan – For distinguished service to medical research, to business, and to education. Graham John Tuckwell – For distinguished service to the community through philanthropic support of education scholarships, and to business. Louise Tuckwell – For distinguished service to the community through philanthropic support of education scholarships. John Ernest Walsh, – For distinguished service to public health through leadership and advocacy roles. Dr Jane Elizabeth Wilson – For distinguished service to business, to government, to health and aged care, and to education. Mark Wootton – For distinguished service to the community through philanthropic support for a range of organisations, and to the environment. Military Division Rear Admiral Jaimie Charles Hatcher, – For distinguished service to the Australian Defence Force in senior command roles. Major General Matthew William Hall, – For distinguished service and exceptional leadership as Chief of Staff, Headquarters Joint Operations Command, the Director Defence Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Military Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Air Vice Marshal Catherine Jane Roberts, – For distinguished service as Head Aerospace System Division and Head Air Force Capability. Member of the Order of Australia (AM) General Division Peter Grant Airey – For significant service to engineering, and to professional organisations. Allan Anforth – For significant service to the law, to social welfare, and to education. Alan-Roy Bakamumu Marika – For significant service to the Indigenous community of North East Arnhem Land. Dewani Bakkum – For significant service to migrant and refugee services, and to the community. Associate Professor Kristine Kay Barlow-Stewart – For significant service to medicine in the field of human genetics, and to education. Professor Amanda Barnard – For significant service to computational science, to medical research, and to education. Catherine Bartolo – For significant service to youth, to social welfare, and to the community of Logan. Hugh Gordon Bateman – For significant service to business through real estate, and to the community. Dr Graeme Edward Batley – For significant service to environmental toxicology and chemical science. Virginia Mary Baxter – For significant service to the arts through performance, production, writing and publishing. Helene Flora Bender, – For significant service to the community through health, education, not-for-profit and sporting organisations. The late Cindy Joy Berwick – For significant service to the Indigenous community of New South Wales, particularly through education. Professor Prithvipall Singh Bhathal – For significant service to pathology, to education and mentoring, and to medical research. Associate Professor Eleanor Anne Bourke – For significant service to Indigenous heritage, to justice, and to education. Susan Jennifer Boyd – For significant service to international relations, to tertiary education, and to women's affairs. Melanie Brock – For significant service to Australia-Japan relations. Dr Cuong Trong Bui, – For significant service to multiculturalism, and to the Vietnamese community of Queensland. Professor Leslie Burnett – For significant service to pathology, to medical research, and to professional societies. Dr Andrew Edward Cattermole, – For significant service to dentistry through periodontics education, and to professional organisations. Denise Chalmers – For significant service to tertiary education, and to professional associations. Cathy Chye Yah Chong – For significant service to multiculturalism in South Australia, and to the community. Dr Deborah Jane Cockrell – For significant service to dentistry, to professional organisations, and to education. Dr Mimi Colligan – For significant service to community history, and heritage preservation. Catherine-Anne Cox – For significant service to netball as a player and coach. Professor Gregory Brian Crawford – For significant service to palliative care, and to tertiary education. Helen Rosemary Crowe – For significant service to urology and oncology nursing, and to professional societies. John William Curtin – For significant service to oral and maxillofacial surgery, to dentistry, and to professional associations. Professor Geoffrey Paul Delaney – For significant service to oncology and cancer services, and to tertiary education. Professor Heather Anne Douglas – For significant service to tertiary law education, and to the community. The Honourable Samuel Sydney Doumany – For significant service to parliament and politics in Queensland, and to the community. John Michael Dowling – For significant service to intellectual property law, and to professional associations. Professor Brian Michael Draper – For significant service as a psychiatrist to tertiary education, to medicine, and to the community. Mary Duffy – For significant service to medicine in the field of lung cancer. Emeritus Professor Maxine Duke – For significant service to education, to nursing, and to professional associations. Dr Catherine Mary Duncan – For significant service to medicine in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, and to professional associations. Professor Emerita Andrea Durbach – For significant service to the law, to human rights, and to tertiary education. Associate Professor Robert Housley Farnsworth, – For significant service to medicine in the field of urology, and to professional associations. Professor Prudence Ann Francis – For significant service to medical research in the field of oncology, and to education. Thomas James Fricke – For significant service to engineering, to professional societies, and to the community. Keith Gallasch – For significant service to the arts though performance, writing and production. Daniel Gauchat – For significant service to tertiary education, to cultural organisations, and to business. Delta Lea Goodrem – For significant service to the not-for-profit sector, and to the performing arts. Associate Professor Leeanne Grigg – For significant service to cardiology, and to professional societies. Rachel Mary Grimes – For significant service to business in the field of accountancy, and to professional associations. Kenneth Ian Guthrie – For significant service to conservation and the environment, particularly to the solar energy sector. Stephen Charles Hains – For significant service to local government, to education, and to the community. David Antony Haintz – For significant service to financial planning, to business, and to the community. Professor Roslynne Elizabeth Hansen – For significant service to urban planning architecture, and to educational, professional, and heritage conservation organisations. Dr Richard Wayman Harper – For significant service to cardiology, to medical research, and to professional associations. Professor S. Alexander Haslam – For significant service to tertiary education, particularly psychology, though research and mentoring. Professor William Frederic Heddle – For significant service to cardiology, to tertiary education, and to professional associations. Dr Geoffrey Kenneth Herkes – For significant service to medicine as a neurologist, to medical research, and to professional associations. Professor Mark Stephen Hertzberg – For significant service to haematology, to tertiary education, and to research. Noel Jeffrey Hicks – For significant service to the Parliament of Australia, and to the community of the Riverina. Martin Andrew Hill – For significant service to business, to sailing, and to the community. Meredith Maxwell Hinchliffe – For significant service to the arts through a range of roles and organisations. Judith Anne Hogben – For significant service to people with disability, to seniors, and to children. Roderic (Rick) Holliday-Smith – For significant service to business through a range of roles and organisations. Valerie Hoogstad – For significant service to the not-for-profit sector, and to tertiary education. Professor Virginia Gail Hooker – For significant service to tertiary education, and to Asia-Pacific relations. Susan Elizabeth Horwitz – For significant service to the community, and to sport. Jill Iliffe – For significant service to nursing through leadership roles with professional organisations. Dr Lawrence Ingvarson – For significant service to education, to research, and to pedagogy. Carol Innes – For significant service to the Indigenous community of Western Australia. Emeritus Professor Leslie Michael Irwig – For significant service to tertiary education, and to medicine as an epidemiologist. Professor Ross Anthony Jeffree – For significant service to conservation and the environment, to nuclear science, and to education. Charles Ross Johnson – For significant service to town planning, and to the community. Dr Robert Johnson – For significant service to veterinary science, and to professional societies. Dr Sharann Heather Johnson – For significant service to community health as an occupational hygienist, and to service groups. Dr Margaret Patricia Kay – For significant service to medicine, to medical education, and to migrant health. Gabrielle Mary Kelly – For significant service to business, and to film and television. Dr Lynne Kelly – For significant service to science education as a writer and researcher. Professor Farees (Fary) Khan – For significant service to rehabilitation medicine, to research, and to professional societies. Dr Alice Ruth Killen – For significant service to medical administration, and to healthcare delivery. Dr James Humphrey La Nauze – For significant service to ophthalmology, and to not-for-profit organisations. Professor Alfred King-Yin Lam – For significant service to tertiary education, to research, and to pathology. Professor Barbara Anne Leggett – For significant service to gastroenterology and hepatology, and to medical research. Margaret Elizabeth Lehmann – For significant service to the community of the Barossa through a range of roles. Austrelle Susan (Sue) Lennox – For significant service to water conservation and the environment through education and networks. Lee Liberman – For significant service to the Jewish community through not-for-profit and education organisations. Dr Michael Liffman – For significant service to tertiary education, the not-for-profit sector, and visual arts. Professor Hua Kun Liu – For significant service to the scientific research sector, and to tertiary education. The late Professor John Duncan Love – For significant service to tertiary education, particularly physics. Dianne Lucas – For significant service to women through sexual assault, domestic and family violence support organisations. Peter McGrath – For significant service to rugby union as an administrator, and to tertiary education. Elizabeth Ann MacGregor, – For significant service to museums and galleries through leadership roles with arts institutions. Christine Mary Mackenzie – For significant service to librarianship, and to professional associations through leadership roles. Emma Jennifer McKeon – For significant service to swimming as a Gold Medallist at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Stephen John Macliver – For significant service to the law, to human rights, and to the community. James Francis McMahon – For significant service to veterans and their families, and to the community. The late Pamela Hope Mam – For significant service to the Indigenous community of Queensland through nursing. Victoria Fay Marles – For significant service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Professor Helen Siobhan Marshall – For significant service to medicine in the field of vaccinology and public health, to research, and to education. Norma Lynn Mason – For significant service to local government, and to the community. Patrick Sammy Mills – For significant service to basketball, to charitable initiatives, and to the Indigenous community. The Honourable Maxine Veronica Morand – For significant service to the Parliament of Victoria, and to community health. Dr Graeme William Morgan – For significant service to medicine through radiation oncology practice and research. Jennifer Margery Morison – For significant service to business in the field of accountancy, and to professional associations. Professor Peter Thomas Morley – For significant service to intensive care medicine, to professional societies, and to tertiary education. Paul Murnane – For significant service to the not-for-profit sector, the performing arts, and to business. Professor Tuan Van Nguyen – For significant service to medical research, to osteoporosis and fracture prevention, and to tertiary education. Professor Paul Norman – For significant service to medicine in the field of vascular surgery. Ian David Nosworthy – For significant service to the law, particularly arbitration, and to professional associations. Kevin George Owens – For significant service to sailing through a range of organisations and roles. The Honourable Gaetano (Tony) Pagone – For significant service to the law, to the judiciary, and to professional associations. Dr Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli – For significant service to the LGBTIQ community, and to education. Nicolas Ernest Parkhill – For significant service to community health, particularly to people living with HIV/AIDS, and to healthcare delivery. Jan Elizabeth Phillips – For significant service to palliative care and oncology nursing. The Honourable Bronwyn Jane Pike – For significant service to social welfare and not-for-profit organisations, and to the Parliament of Victoria. Dr Rosalie Barbara Pockett – For significant service to the community through social welfare education and initiatives. Richard Bruce Porter – For significant service to business, and to education through leadership and advisory roles. Professor Robert Michael Power – For significant service to medicine in the field of international development and research, and to education. Kathryn Anne Presser – For significant service to business in the field of accountancy, and to the community. John Hunter Ralston – For significant service to international human rights law. Robert William Reid – For significant service to international criminal investigations. Daniel Joseph Ricciardo – For significant service to motor sport as a competitor and ambassador, and to the community. Joseph Toufic Rizk, – For significant service to the not-for-profit sector, and to banking and commerce. Annette Susan Roberts – For significant service to the community through life saving and water safety organisations. Emeritus Professor Timothy Roberts – For significant service to environmental and life sciences, and to tertiary education. Professor Colin Frederick Robertson – For significant service to medicine, to research, and to professional organisations. Emeritus Professor Arie Rotem – For significant service to tertiary education, and to public health. Sally Ruston – For significant service to primary education, and to professional associations. The late Susan Margaret Salthouse – For significant service as an advocate for people with disability, and to the prevention of family violence. John Lewis Schumann, – For significant service to the veteran community, to music, and to the community. Dr Raymond Neil Shuey, – For significant service to road safety organisations and initiatives. The Honourable Justice Michael John Slattery, – For significant service to the law, to the judiciary, and to professional legal associations. Graham Sydney Smith – For significant service to the community of the Newcastle region through a range of organisations. Clinical Associate Professor Saxon Donald Smith – For significant service to medicine as a dermatologist and researcher, and to professional societies. George Stamas – For significant service to the community through the not-for-profit sector, and to business. Wendy Maree Steendam – For significant service to the community through emergency response organisations. Professor Elsdon Storey – For significant service to medicine in the field of neurology, and to professional associations. Morris Stuart – For significant service to the Indigenous community, and to choral music. Professor Bronwyn Gwenneth Stuckey – For significant service to medical research, to endocrinology, and to women's health. Laurie Frederick Sutton – For significant service to the not-for-profit sector, and to business. The late Dr Geoffrey Symonds – For significant service to medical research, particularly through gene therapy. Professor Marc Tennant – For significant service to tertiary dental education, and to professional associations. David Emlyn Thomas – For significant service to the arts, particularly through the museums and galleries sector. Patricia Thompson – For significant service to Indigenous community through governance roles. Professor Sandra Claire Thompson – For significant service to tertiary education, to rural and regional health, and to Indigenous health. Professor Margaret Jane Turner – For significant service to medical research, to psychiatry and to psycho-oncology. Antony Howard Walker – For significant service to the media as a journalist, and to the community. Caroline Margaret (Lyn) Walker – For significant service to the community through domestic violence, sexual assault and health promotion initiatives. Emeritus Professor Marianne Clare Wallis – For significant service to tertiary education, to nursing, and to research. Alison Mary Watkins – For significant service to business through leadership roles with a range of organisations. The Honourable Garry Allan Watts – For significant service to the law, and to the judiciary, particularly to the Family Court. Dr Arthur Charles Webster – For significant service to veterinary science, to business, and to tertiary education. Alan David Wein – For significant service to business, and to the community. Vicky Lee Welgraven – For significant service to women through social welfare organisations, and to Indigenous health. Andrew Geoffrey Wheeler – For significant service to the community through charitable organisations. Shayne Joan Wilde – For significant service to the LGBTQIA and differently-abled communities through a range of roles and reforms. David Jon Williams – For significant service to people with disability, and to education. Professor John Matthew Williams – For significant service to tertiary education, to the law, and to professional organisations. The Very Reverend Father Peter Gregory Williams – For significant service to the Catholic Church in Australia, and to tertiary education. The late Terrance John Willis – For significant service to rugby union, particularly through judicial roles. Military Division Navy Commodore Donald Leslie Dezentje, – For exceptional service to the Royal Australian Navy in senior command positions in the fields of aviation and personnel management. Commodore Braddon John Wheeler, – For exceptional service to the Royal Australian Navy in senior command positions. Army Major General Susan May Coyle, – For exceptional performance of duty as the Commander Joint Task Force 633 on Operation ACCORDION from January to November 2020. Brigadier Gavin Harrower Duncan, – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in the fields of organisational change and cultural reform, and strategic military responses development. Brigadier Nicole Longley – For exceptional service as Director Logistics – Army, Director General Supply Chain Branch and Deputy Head of Joint Support Services Division. Warrant Officer Grant Stephen McFarlane, – For exceptional service in senior Regimental Sergeant Major appointments, particularly as Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army. Colonel Penelope Anne Saultry, – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in law and international jurisprudence. Colonel Griffith Charles Thomas – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in people capability development. Air Force Air Commodore Davin James Augustine, – For exceptional service in training development, organisational reform, and strategic workforce management for the Australian Defence Force. Group Captain James Philip Badgery – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in aerospace capability development. Air Commodore Jacqueline Elissa Churchill – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in aerospace acquisition and sustainment. Wing Commander Michel-Louise Devine, – For exceptional service in aviation medicine and in the health intelligence response to COVID-19. Air Commodore Gregory John Frisina – For exceptional service in flying training, aviation training implementation, and personnel administration for the Australian Defence Force. Group Captain Adrian Bernard Maso – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in air combat capability development. Warrant Officer Raylee Sue Scott – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in personnel and cultural development, change management and executive support. Warrant Officer Stephen Francis Weaver – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in physical training development and Indigenous cultural advancement. Honorary Professor Xinhua Wu – For significant service to manufacturing science, to tertiary education, and to engineering. Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) General Division Colonel Ian Francis Ahearn – For service to veterans. Kazi Khalequzzaman Ali ­ – For service to the Islamic community. The late David William Allen – For service to veterans, and to the community. The late Kerry Marie Allen – For service to the arts through music education. Kerry Anderson – For service to business, and community development. Sunil Arachchi – For service to the Sri Lankan community of Victoria. Jared Archibald – For service to the museums and galleries sector. Rachel Argaman­ – For service to the tourism and hospitality industry. Margaret Joy Baker – For service to conservation and the environment. Elizabeth Ann Barraclough – For service to the community of Terrey Hills. James John Barkell – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Lisa Barron – For service to the fashion industry. John Frederick Beare – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Kerrie Beauglehall – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Ross Thomas Beckley – For service to community health. Margaret Vona Beiers – For service to tertiary education, and to the community. The late John Robert Bell – For service to veterans and their families. Margret Bell – For service to the community of Camden. Dr Faye Bendrups – For service to the performing arts, particularly through music. Alan Charles Bennett – For service to the community through St John Ambulance. Otway Geoffrey Benson – For service to the community of Tenterfield. Dylys Elizabeth Bertelsen – For service to community health, and to charitable organisations. Dr Deborah Kathleen Beswick – For service to education. Dr Christine Elizabeth Biggs – For service to the international community through diplomatic service. Colleen Anne Billows – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Clinical Professor Catherine Stella Birman – For service to medicine through otolaryngology. Janice Patricia Blackford – For service to the arts, and to the community of Brisbane. Cheryl Anne Blackwell – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Sharon Patricia Blain – For service to the retail industry. Gregory Errol Blashki – For service to the Jewish community. John Michael Blaxland – For service to the performing arts, particularly to theatre. Philippa May Bloomfield – For service to youth through Girl Guides. Kay Christine Bolton – For service to landcare management. Campbell Robert Bolwell – For service to mechanical engineering. Adrian Boss – For service to the community, particularly through cycling programs. Niels Bowen – For service to the pharmacy profession. Anthony Boyce – For service to Australian rules football. Terence Barry Bracken – For service to the motorsport industry. Jo-Anne Bragg – For service to environmental law. Vincent Branigan – For service to the community of Benalla. Michael Leon Brannock – For service to surf lifesaving. Dr Peter Daniel Braude – For service to medicine as a physician. James Brice – For service to music education and performance. Claire Lynette Brittain – For service to the community of Claremont, and to the environment. Robert McDonald Brown – For service to the community through history preservation organisations. David Bryar – For service to youth through Scouts. Janet Alexandra Bryar – For service to youth through Scouts. Michael Robert Bryce – For service to urban design. Nola Buck – For service to people with disability, and to the community. Dr Laurence Eames Budd – For service to medicine as a paediatrician. Dr Marie-Frances Burke – For service to medicine as an oncologist. Margaret Helen Burns – For service to the community of Lithgow. Evelyn June Bury – For service to country music. Derek Butcher – For service to bromeliad horticulture. Margaret Butcher – For service to bromeliad horticulture. Elizabeth Violet Butterworth – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Trevor Buzzacott – For service to the Indigenous community of South Australia. Robert Grant Cairney – For service to cricket. Criss Canning – For service to the visual arts. Dianne Cant – For service to the fashion industry, and to the community. Lesley Jacqueline Carlsen – For service to the community through a range of roles. Tim Carroll – For service to the community of Bankstown. Malcolm David Carson – For service to veterans and their families. Bonnie Jennifer Carter – For service to community health. Paul Carter – For service to swimming. Paul Lewin Carter – For service to the community through a range of roles. Brian Eric Carthew – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Malcolm James Cash – For service to veterans, and to the community of Launceston. William Kendle Chappell – For service to veterans and their families. John Szaja Chaskiel – For service to the community through Holocaust education and understanding. Yu Lan (Leila) Chin – For service to the Chinese community of Darwin. Mavis Isobel Chugg – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Charles Quinton Clark – For service to the community through a range of roles. Lorna Russell Clayton – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Pamela Brannan Cohen – For service to community health, and to the social work profession. Kate Cole – For service to workplace health and safety. Dr Lenore Marcella Coltheart – For service to community history. Professor Barbara Comber – For service to education. Pamela Esther Comerford – For service to community health. Anthony George Comley – For service to veterans and their families. Valerie Constable – For service to the pharmacy profession. Nathalie Carmen Cook – For service to dietetics. John Robertson Coppock – For service to the pharmacy profession. John Christopher Cornish – For service to youth through Scouts. Charles Maxwell Cornwell – For service to community health as a psychologist and social worker. David Michael Cottee – For service to the community of Talgarno. Vicki Lorraine Cottee – For service to the community of Talgarno. Mark Clifford Cotter – For service to surf lifesaving. Simon Patrick Cowland-Cooper – For service to the irrigation industry. Peter Reginald Cox – For service to the community through a range of organisations. The late Dennis Patrick Crane – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Rowan Crothers – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Dr Robert John Cruise – For service to athletics. Barbara Carroll Cullen – For service to Australian rules football history. Peter Curtis – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Peter Joseph Daley – For service to rugby union. Patricia d'Apice – For service to education for people with vision impairment. Wellsley Thomas Darby – For service to the community of Brisbane. Helen Darch – For service to community health. Graham Claud Dark – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Greg Davies – For service to recreational flying. Garry Owen Davis – For service to the community through a range of roles. Ian Russell Davis – For service to the community, and to the law. Dr Susan Elizabeth Davis – For service to education, and to the performing and regional arts. William George Davis – For service to the Indigenous community of Queensland. Mary Elizabeth Dawes – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Susan Kathryn Day – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Anthony De Luca – For service to motoring clubs, and to the community. Kay Frances De Luca – For service to motoring clubs, and to the community. Madison De Rozario – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Michael Debinski – For service to the community through a range of roles. Leslie Allan Dennis – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Frederick Francis Denny – For service to veterans and their families. Kellie Maree Dickerson – For service to the performing arts. Elizabeth Jan Dickeson – For service to the community of the Hunter. Dr John Edward Dickeson – For service to the community of the Hunter. Ian Barry Digby – For service to the community, and to the motor industry. John Clarence Dobson – For service to the legal profession. Anthony Ian Dodemaide – For service to sports administration, and to cricket. Graham Doherty – For service to the church. Dr Michael Jon Donaldson – For service to the Indigenous community of Western Australia. John Samuel Donnelly – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Jane Doyle – For service to the broadcast media, particularly to television, and to the community. Peter Dunn – For service to the road transport industry. David Anthony Dunworth – For service to rugby union. Louise Dyskin – For service to the Jewish community. Claire Luize Eardley – For service to youth, and to the community. Malcolm Leslie Edward – For service to the stud merino industry, and to the community of Wagin. Claire Olivia Edwardes – For service to music. Douglas William Edwards – For service to radio as a comedy writer and creator. Nigel Edwards – For service to the community through a range of roles. Dr Robert Leslie Edwards – For service to medicine as a thoracic physician. Margaret Rita Eichholzer – For service to education. George El Khouri – For service to architecture, and to the community. Patricia Judith Elkin – For service to the arts in the New England region. Dr Peter Stephen Joseph Ellis – For service to medicine as a forensic pathologist. Roger Mallory Emmerson – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Roslyn May English – For service to the community of the Central Coast. The late Jakob (Kuba) Enoch – For service to the community through education. Patricia Mary Evatt – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Louise Farrell – For service to medicine in the field of oncology. Valerie Fay Fewster – For service to community health. Valda Elaine Finn – For service to the community of Goolwa. Martin Fisk – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Dr Criena Fitzgerald – For service to community history. Gary Bruce Fleetwood – For service to law enforcement agencies. Leonie Fleming – For service to aged welfare, and to education. Lynn Joan Fletcher – For service to the arts through children's literature. Graham Fredric Foard – For service to the community of Balwyn North. Gwenda Elizabeth Foard – For service to the community of Balwyn North. Lynne Folster – For service to the community through a range of organisations. The late Alister John Forsyth – For service to the community of Wollombi Valley. Anthony Arthur Fowler – For service to conservation and the environment. Jessica Fox – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Ian Robert Frame – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Linley Margaret Frame – For service to swimming, and to the community. The late Roger Charles Frankel – For service to public administration and international relations. Warwick Edwin Franks – For service to cricket, and to sports history. Peter Anthony Frazer – For service to the advancement of road safety, both nationally and internationally. Alan Peterson Frees – For service to education administration, and to the law. Elizabeth Joy Freier – For service to the Anglican Church of Australia, and to education. Robert Michael Freshfield – For service to veterans and their families. Pauline Claire Frost – For service to the community of Playford. Meredith Louise Fuller – For service to community health as a psychologist. Charmian Gadd – For service to music. Silvana Gaglia – For service to the community, and to people with disability. Norma Jean Gallagher – For service to the community of Dunedoo. Ronald Gallagher – For service to the community of Dunedoo. Professor Cherrie Ann Galletly – For service to medicine as a psychiatrist. Beverley Gail Garside – For service to community health. Professor Kurt Aaron Gebauer – For service to dermatology. Peter Kenneth Geiger – For service to the community of Canungra. Dr Peter Gianoutsos – For service to medicine as a respiratory physician. Graham Stewart Gibson – For service to cycling, and to the community. Andy Gild – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Kenneth John Gillman – For service to veterans and their families. Robyn Marie Glenn – For service to the community, and to children. Dr Stephen John Godfrey – For service to medicine as an ophthalmologist. Ted Goodacre – For service to the community of Lismore. Philip Hooper Goode – For service to the community in a range of roles. Dr Denis Hugh Gordon – For service to the community of Belmont. Donald Thomas Gore – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. James William Gough – For service to the livestock industry. Philippa Dion Graham – For service to the creative arts, particularly as a sculptor. Dr Matthew Gray – For service to community health. Paige Greco – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Kimberlee Green – For service to netball. Thomas Anthony Green – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. David John Gregory – For service to the small business sector. Sandra Louise Grieve – For service to community health. Roger Bartram Grund – For service to conservation and research as a lepidopterist. Dr Harold Gunatillake – For service to medicine, and to the Sri Lankan community of New South Wales. Susan Jane Gunn – For service to equestrian sport. Deepak-Raj Gupta – For service to the community of Canberra. Daniel Ange Hakim – For service to the international community through a range of roles. Margaret Helen Hall – For service to the community of Emerald. Patricia Hall – For service to the community of Liverpool. Benjamin Hance – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Dr Kerry Lyn Hancock – For service to medicine through a range of roles. Matthew Peter Hansen – For service to recreational fishing, and to conservation. Jack Hargreaves – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Meg Harris – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Pamela Brawdley Harrison – For service to palliative care, and to community history. Rosemary Ann Harrison – For service to equestrian sport. Dr Patricia Jean Hart – For service to the community of Armadale. Desmond John Harvey – For service to the community of the Clarence Valley. Anne Haycock – For service to tennis. Belinda Hazell – For service to primary industry. Dorothy Jean Heard – For service to the community of Numurkah. Peter Graham Heard – For service to the community of Numurkah. The late Kenneth Charles Heddle – For service to the community through emergency response organisations. Edward Anthony Helm – For service to veterans and their families. William Glenn Herbert – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Francis Oswald Herd – For service to the meat processing industry, and to the community. Myer Chil Herszberg – For service to the Jewish community. Sister Rosalie Anne Hetherington – For service to the Catholic Church of Australia. Donald Arthur Hewitt – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. William Roy Heycox – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Darren Hicks – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Alexander Hill – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Edwin Robert Hill – For service to the community of Taree. Chelsea Mae Hodges – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Pamela Jill Hodgson – For service to the communities of Boorowa and Grenfell. Roz Holme – For service to wildlife conservation. Beverley Holmes – For service to the community of Walhalla. Sharon Louise Hoogland – For service to the community, particularly through the church. Rebecca Hooke – For service to community health. Dr Simon Hooton – For service to swimming, and to the community. William Jack Horsfall – For service to the pharmacy profession. Ruth Jean Hosking – For service to the community of Bendigo. Andrew Houston – For service to music. The late Brett Ian Howard – For service to power boating, and to the community. Irma Howell – For service to youth through Scouts. Bruce William Hudgson – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Judith Hugo – For service to the visual arts. Ngaire Margaret Huston – For service to softball. Caroline Marcelle Hutchinson – For service to the radio broadcast media. Jamie Hyams – For service to local government, and to the community of Glen Eira. Patricia Mary Irving – For service to the community of Warren. Lorraine Marshall Irving-Gormly – For service to ballet. Roma Beryl Ivetic – For service to the community of Castlemaine. Jyllie Jackson – For service to the community of Lismore. Allison Jenvey – For service to vocational education, and to the community. Stephen Craig Jermyn – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Alan Frederick Jessop – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Alan David Joffe – For service to the Jewish community. Martin Ronald Johnson – For service to the community of Gawler. Josephine Louise Jones – For service to conservation and the environment. Phillip Sydney Jones – For service to oenology. Jane Margaret Jose – For service to the community through cultural and charitable organisations. John Clark Just, – For service to the community through a range of roles. Beverley Anne Kable – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Alice Guay Kang – For service to veterans, and to community health. David John Kelly – For service to cricket, and to education. Janice Margaret Kelly – For service to the community through a range of organisations. John Lochwood Kent – For service to the community of Nambucca Heads. Samantha Kerr – For service to football. Terence Carson Keys – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Ante Kilic – For service to the Croatian community of South Australia. Jennifer King – For service to music education. Lorraine Florence Kinrade – For service to the community of Drouin. Debra Knight – For service to community through charitable organisations. Douglas Alexander Knight – For service to rugby league. Dr Bartlomiej Piotr Kolodziejczyk – For service to science in the field of hydrogen energy. Robert Arthur Krause – For service to the community of Marburg. Julie Kulikowski – For service to community health. Brian Peter Landers, – For service to the community of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Murray Vincent Lanyon – For service to horticulture. Tasma Lorraine Lapham – For service to Australian rules football. Betty Patricia Laverty – For service to music through pipe bands. Joseph Bernard Lavery – For service to the community through emergency response services, and to veterans. Desmond Graeme Lawson – For service to the community through a range of organisations and initiatives. Nicholas Lee – For service to the community through the not-for-profit sector. Leonard Thomas Leete – For service to the community through emergency response organisations. Lina Lei – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. The late Albert Leslie Le-Merton – For service to veterans, and to the community. Elisabeth Claire Lenders – For service to education. Dr Milton Lewis – For service to community health. Stephen John Loane – For service to the livestock industry, and to local government. Walter John Lord – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Vanessa Low – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Adrienne Louise Lowe – For service to surf lifesaving. Wayne Aden Lyne – For service to the community through emergency response organisations. Janet Lesley MacFadyen – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Andrew Donald MacGregor – For service to the community of Break O'Day. Donald Rees Magarey – For service to the law, and to music. Keran Thomas Maguire – For service to the community of Rockhampton. Louise Mahoney – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Mary Mangos – For service to the Greek community of South Australia. The late Laurence Hedley March – For service to surf lifesaving. Mei-Lin Marlin – For service to the multicultural communities of New South Wales. Nicholas Marshall – For service to surf lifesaving. John Martin – For service to radio broadcast media. Logan Martin – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Ross Alexander Martin – For service to cricket. William Michael Martin – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Kevin Charles Mason, – For service to conservation and the environment. Wayne Leslie Mason – For service to the community in a range of roles. Emeritus Professor Laurence Edward Mather – For services to anaesthesia and pain management as a research scientist and educator. Brian Leslie Matthews – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Carol Matthews – For service to community mental health. Marion Matthews – For service to the visual arts. Marjorie Eleanor Maxwell – For service to the community of Finley. John Winston May – For service to the community of Townsville. John Clyde Mayo – For service to surf lifesaving. James Robert McClelland, – For service to the Royal Life Saving Society. Professor Elizabeth Anne McCusker – For service to medicine as a neurologist, particularly in the field of Huntington's disease. The late Allan Edward McDonald – For service to the community through a range of roles. Anthony Peter McDonald – For service to engineering, and to the community. Sister Barbara McDonough – For service to education, and to the church. Malcolm John McEachern – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Robert Paul McFarlane – For service to the community of Grafton. Helen Jean McIntosh – For service to the community of Beechworth. Annabelle Karri McIntyre – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Major Kenneth John McKay, – For service to veterans, and to history preservation. Mary Carmel McKenna – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Sharlene McKenzie – For service to the Indigenous communities of South East Sydney. Kaylee Rochelle McKeown – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Margot Eileen McKinney – For service to the arts as a designer and through charitable organisations. Dr Robin Clifford McLachlan – For service to the community of Bathurst. Lesley Margaret McNee – For service to the community of Koorda and surrounds. Douglas Philip Melville – For service to education, and to youth. Detective Sergeant Mark Anthony Meredith – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Cornelia Sjannete (Connie) Merritt – For service to the community of New South Wales. Dr Anthony Michaelson – For service to the community through alcohol and drug use prevention programs. Lindy Jane Milburn – For service to fashion sustainability. Robert Ian Millar – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Lynette Millett – For service to animal welfare. Brian John Milner – For service to veterans and their families. Doreen Mina – For service to the community through hospital auxiliaries. Geoffrey Lynn Minett – For service to the community of Nambucca Valley. Barbara Joy Morris – For service to softball. Christine Elizabeth Morris – For service to the community, particularly through the church. Robyn Valerie Morris – For service to music through a range of organisations. Jessica Elizabeth Morrison – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Dr Ann Morrow – For service to the community through a range of organisations, and to local government. Lauretta Morton – For service to the museums and galleries sector. Dr Bradley Charles Murphy – For service to community health. Carol Ann Murphy – For service to netball. Lesley Murphy – For service to community health. Rosemary Nater – For service to landcare management, and to the community of Moyston. Professor Bronwyn Glynis Naylor – For service to tertiary education, and to the law. Robert James Newton – For service to the communities of the West and Central West of New South Wales. Associate Professor Mehrdad Nikfarjam – For service to medicine in the field of pancreas and biliary surgery. Barbara Dawn Norrish – For service to horse sports. Peter Nosow – For service to horticulture, and to the community. Carmel Bernadette O'Brien – For service to nursing. Mollie Grace O'Callaghan – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Vicki O'Donnell – For service to the Indigenous community of Western Australia. Terence Michael O'Grady – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Desmond O'Keeffe – For service to horse racing. Ken William Oliver – For service to lawn bowls. Pam O'Neill – For service to horse racing as a jockey. Susan Jane O'Neill – For service to the international community through medical and humanitarian programs. Lawrence William Orchard – For service to music as an educator, and to the community. Kevin John O'Rourke – For service to the law. Barbara Geraldine Osborne – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Rosemary Osman – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Hilkat Ozgun – For service to the Turkish community of Victoria. Keegan Christopher Palmer – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. The late Leonie Palmer – For service to the Indigenous community of Alice Springs. Angela Pangallo – For service to people with neuro-developmental disorders. Robert Pataki – For service to the design industry. Simone Suzanne Patterson – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Raymond John Pearson – For service to veterans and their families. Dr Gino Pecoraro – For service to medicine as a gynaecologist. Ren Michael Pedersen – For service to the community through charitable organisations. The late Beverley Julia Pepper – For service to the local community of Coleraine. Edward Perati – For service to the community through music. Marija Perejma – For service to Latvian community of South Australia. Elizabeth Beatrice Perkins – For service to the community through a range of roles. Monica Leith Perry – For service to youth, and to the community. Peter Warren Perry – For service to the museums and galleries sector. Joan Peters – For service to the performing arts, particularly to film. Judith Ann Peters – For service to local government, and to the community of Bundaberg. Emily Petricola – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Carol Pettersen – For service to the Indigenous community of Western Australia. John Brendon Phillips – For service to the finance sector, and to the community. Billy Pinnell – For service to radio broadcast media. Ann Elizabeth Pioro – For service to veterans and their families. Peter Pioro – For service to veterans and their families. Colin James Piper – For service to music. Silvio Pitruzzello – For service to dairy and primary industry. Adrian Robert Pobke – For service to tennis, and to the community. Peter Hamilton Polain – For service to the community through a range of roles. Dr Susan Jennifer Pollard – For service to the Catholic Church of Australia. Rosemary Popa – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Dr Harald Alexander Pope – For service to medicine through a range of roles. Ben Popham – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Cheryl Porter – For service to Indigenous community of New South Wales. Leslie James Power – For service to motor sports. The late Brian Powyer – For service to the community through history preservation organisations. William Mathew Pratt – For service to the community of Geelong. Graham Frederick Priestnall – For service to the defence industry. Heather May Prior – For service to horticulture, particularly through floral art. Elizabeth Helen Pullar – For service to the performing arts, particularly to theatre. Alice Pung – For service to literature. Wendy Joan Purkiss – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Alexander Richard Purnell – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Vicki May Purnell – For service to the community. Louise Anas Quinn – For service to the community through a range of roles. Professor Helge Hans Rasmussen – For service to medicine as a cardiologist. Julius Caesar Re – For service to football. Mark Reay – For service to music through marching and brass bands. Amanda Reid – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Joan Reid – For service to conservation and the environment. David Sinclair Renton – For service to surf lifesaving. Helen Margaret Rhoades – For service to the law, particularly to policy reform and legal research. Kim Beresford Rickards – For service to rugby union. Heather Maree Ridge – For service to the community through a range of roles. Robert James Riordan – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Shirley May Rixon – For service to the community of the Sapphire Coast. Dominique Francoise Robinson – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Jann Robinson – For service to education. The late Hugh Arthur Rogers – For service to aged welfare. Virginia Rogers – For service to the community through a range of roles. Barry Edward Roots – For service to secondary education. Dr Walter Geoffrey Roper – For service to the community through a range of roles. Brian Rudder – For service to rugby union. Allison Blanche Rumble – For service to the community of Bathurst. Neil Rumble – For service to the community of Bathurst. Reverend Colin William Rush – For service to the community of Wagga Wagga. The late Leslie David Russell – For service to the community of Whittlesea. Patricia Elvie Russell – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Peter McKay Russell – For service to the community through asbestos awareness. Peter Ryan – For service to the broadcast media as a journalist. William Ryan – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Dr Ramin Samali – For service to medicine as a urologist. Rowan Sawers – For service to Australian rules football. Wolfgang Schoch – For service to people living with cancer, and to the community. Michelle Scott – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Lynette Joan Serventy – For service to conservation and the environment. Moya Sharp – For service to community history. Lydia Sharpin – For service to the community through a range of organisations. David Shepherd – For service to secondary education. Lynette Joy Shepherd – For service to secondary education. Elizabeth Anne Shepherdson – For service to the community of Margaret River. Mark Aloysius Sheridan – For service to community health. Neil Ernest Shields – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Dr Arnold Shmerling – For service to the Jewish community. Helena Lane Shmerling – For service to the community through a range of roles. Dr Deborah Simmons – For service to medicine through a range of roles. Mary Louise Simpson – For service to conservation and the environment, and to the arts. Pamela Jean Simpson – For service to the community of Bourke. Robert John Sinclair – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Fay Pamela Skuthorpe – For service to the community as a hospital volunteer. Michael Francis Slocum – For service to the performing arts as an entertainer. James Danforth Small – For service to surf lifesaving. Charles David Smith – For service to commercial forestry sector. Juliet Maree Smith – For service to the community through emergency response organisations. June Montgomery (Monty) Smith – For service to the community through history preservation organisations. Robyn June Smith – For service to people with disability through sport. Ronald Charles Smith – For service to the media and communications sector. The late Sidney Lionel Smith, – For service to emergency response organisations, and to the community. Sophie Alice Smith – For service to the community through charitable organisations. Benedict Soler – For service to the Maltese community. Heather Spence – For service to nursing. Julia Spicer – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Edmund Bruce Spork – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Caroline Fiona Stacey – For service to the performing arts through administrative roles. The late David Hugh Stacey – For service to veterans, and to the community of Strathalbyn. Dr Brian Laurence Stagoll – For service to medicine as a psychiatrist. Dr Harry Stalewski – For service to medicine as a paediatrician surgeon and urologist. Clive Alfred Stebbins – For service to the international community, and to youth. Leone Dean Steele – For service to the community of Bathurst. Lucy Stephan – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Shirley Stephen – For service to swimming. Dr Ian Stewart – For service to medicine through a range of roles. Juliana Elsie Stonor – For service to swimming. Izaac Keith Stubblety-Cook – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Denise Elizabeth Sullivan – For service to the community of Tamworth. Edmund John Sullivan – For service to Australian rules football. Julie Sutton – For service to the community of the Northern Beaches. Dr Jillian Claire Tabart – For service to the Uniting Church in Australia. Ian Arthur Tate – For service to historic motor sports. Gary Thomas Taylor – For service to veterans and their families. Dr James Taylor – For service to emergency medicine, and to the community. Faye Maree Temple – For service to sonography. John Ronald Thomas – For service to rugby league. Lynette Kae Thomas – For service to hockey. Jennifer Mary Thompson – For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Kay Thompson – For service to softball. Merridy Gaye Thompson – For service to youth through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Judy Elizabeth Thonell – For service to music through education. Pamela Zoe Thorman – For service to the community of Albury. Margaret Ruth Thorsborne – For service to education. Brianna Throssell – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Clive Tilsley – For service to literature. The late David Timms – For service to the minerals sector. Ariarne Elizabeth Titmus – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Stephen James Toomey – For service to the community, particularly through the church. Madeline Jane Townsend – For service to conservation and the environment. Heather Tredinnick – For service to music through choirs. Douglas Weymouth Treloar – For service to music through community bands. Lynda Jane Trembath – For service to community health. Helen Joy Trigg – For service to the community through a range of roles. Annette Turner – For service to the community through a range of roles. Spencer Turrin – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Nicholas Gordon Underwood – For service to the community, and to travel writing. Henk Van Den Heuvel – For service to the building industry. Jude Van Der Merwe – For service to the visual arts through administrative roles. Jean van der Westhuyzen – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. Bastiaan John Van Dongen – For service to the Dutch community of Sydney. Pauline June Venning – For service to the community of Burra. Mark Vergano – For service to sport as an administrator. Pamella Vernon – For service to social welfare. Dr Furio John Virant – For service to medicine through a range of roles. Mark Wainwright – For service to veterans. Peter John Walsh – For service to the community through social welfare organisations and initiatives. Dr John William Wamsley – For service to conservation and the environment. Lynette Wilma Warren – For service to the Indigenous community of Bendigo. Pamela Dawn Watkins – For service to the community through a range of organisations. Karen Waud – For service to sport as an administrator and player. Matthew Wearn – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. The late Lyndon Meredith Webb – For service to local government, and to the community of Sale. Jarrod Linkston Wheatley – For service to youth. Brian Allan Wheeler – For service to veterans and their families. Janice Whelan – For service to music as an accompanist. Antony Alfred White – For service to the community of the Hunter Valley region. Peter Michael White – For service to public administration. Mervyn Stuart Whiting – For service to veterans and their families, and to the community. Janice Whyte – For service to the community of Marree. Jennifer Anne Williams – For service to women's sport, and to sports psychology. Jillian Gwyneth Willoughby – For service to the community through police organisations. Jennifer Ann Wills – For service to local government, to gender equality, and to the community. Elizabeth D'arcy Wilson – For service to public administration in South Australia. Elizabeth Jean Wilson – For service to the community through hospital auxiliaries. John Cunningham Wilson – For service to social welfare organisations. Stephen Karl Wilson – For service to herpetology. Dr Conrad Edward Winer – For service to musculoskeletal medicine. John David Winning – For service to sailing. Margaret Anne Winterfield – For service to veterans and their families. Bruce Geoffrey Wood – For service to cricket. Frantisek Jan Wositzky – For service to the performing arts, particularly through theatre. Angela Wright – For service to sport and outdoor recreation. Qian Yang – For service to sport as a gold medallist at the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Gary Young – For service to the performing arts, particularly to theatre. Alan Young Najukpayi – For service to the Indigenous community of Yarralin. John Francis Ziesing – For service to hockey, and to the community. Dr Lois Beverly Zweck – For service to community history. Military Division Navy Warrant Officer Chad Buhlmann – For meritorious performance of duty in the fields of Maritime Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Clearance Diving. Warrant Officer Dane Lawson Field – For meritorious performance of duty in the field of Naval Engineering. Chief Petty Officer Janelle Margaret Scrase – For meritorious service in the field of personnel management in the Royal Australian Navy. Captain Troy Van Tienhoven, – For meritorious service to the Royal Australian Navy in the fields of Maritime Command and Training. Warrant Officer Tagan James Wright – For meritorious service in the field of maritime Communications and Information Systems capability support. Army Warrant Officer Class One Bradley Norman Foster, – For meritorious service in Instructor and Company Sergeant Major appointments at the Royal Military College Duntroon; the Officer Cadet School of New Zealand; and the 6th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Captain Dennis Ralph Magennis – For meritorious service as the Manager of the Australian Army Military Intelligence Museum, and as the Regimental Sergeant Major. Warrant Officer Class One Lee Maloney – For meritorious service in support of the Australian Army CH-47 Chinook capability. Warrant Officer Class One Mark Jason Newell – For meritorious service as a Warrant Officer Class One, Operator Unit Supply serving in Special Operations Command and Army Headquarters. Warrant Officer Class One David Carl Poulsen – For meritorious service as the Artificer Sergeant Major of the 7th Combat Service Support Battalion and Artificer Sergeant Major for the Land Maintenance System within the Directorate of Technical Regulation and Evaluation - Army. Warrant Officer Class One Andrew Stephen Remin, – For meritorious service in ab initio Officer Training for the Australian Defence Force. Honorary Douglas Roy Denby – For service to people with disability through sport. Nicholas Duncan – For service to animal welfare. Sandra Trimingham – For service to the community through alcohol and drug use prevention groups. Paula Denise Wagg – For service to horse racing. Alexandra Charlotte Watson – For service to information technology. Meritorius Service Public Service Medal (PSM) Federal James Victor Baxter – For outstanding public service as Australia's chief negotiator for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Free Trade Agreement. Michelle Frances Baxter – For outstanding public service to the health and safety of Australian workplaces and the community, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Shona Jane Blewett – For outstanding public service to education and teacher training in Earth Sciences, and for leadership in education innovations. Caragh Maria Cassoni – For outstanding public service through leadership in the Australian Government's response to COVID-19, particularly in residential aged care. Kylie Maree Crane – For outstanding public service through contributions to the Disability Taskforce, and to the Early Childhood Education and Care Relief Package, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Paul Jason Creech – For outstanding public service to community health, particularly through ensuring access to telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tracy Creech – For outstanding public service in establishing survivorfocussed support services for the National Redress Scheme and for guiding instrumental improvements. Kim Ann Crimmins – For outstanding public service through support for victims of crime and Australians impacted by disaster. Justine Nicole Curnow – For outstanding public service in leading the assistance packages to sustain and revive the arts and entertainment sectors through the COVID-19 pandemic. Bronwyn Louise Field – For outstanding public service managing national collaboration to ensure hospital capacity and industry viability, and a leading role in the return of Australians from overseas. Travis William Haslam – For outstanding public service managing the National Medical Stockpile particularly in ensuring sufficient PPE for Australian health care workers. Dr Stephanie Elizabeth Hodson, – For outstanding public service through the provision of mental health counselling services to the veteran community. Vanessa Jane Holben – For outstanding public service through leadership of the National Coordination Mechanism as part of the Australian Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nicole Jarvis – For outstanding public service through contributions to the successful establishment and operation of the Victorian Aged Care Response Centre. Megan Lees – For outstanding public service leading Defence's national response to COVID-19 and the provision of policy and communications advice to the Australian Defence Force community. Alice Ruth Linacre – For outstanding public service in the provision and management of legal services and resources to support the Government's response to critical events, including the COVID-19 pandemic. David Anthony Luchetti – For outstanding public service to science and industry policy in Australia, particularly in the Square Kilometre Array project. Sonja Marsic – For outstanding public service to the Commonwealth through the provision of legal services, particularly in relation to anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing legislation. Ivan Roger Neville – For outstanding public service in improving labour market policies and responsiveness to labour market developments, particularly to address unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic recovery. Kathryn Louise Paton – For outstanding public service through developing the policy and processes that enabled critical income support payments to Australians impacted by COVID-19 restrictions. John William Shepherd – For outstanding public service through the development, design and implementation of the Single Touch Payroll program. Andrew Edward Snashall – For outstanding public service to the Defence Community, particularly in delivering improvements of military justice processes for Australian Defence Force Members. Christopher Hayden Teal – For outstanding public service in developing and establishing globally recognised best practice guidelines to counter foreign interference in the Australian university sector. Dr Stephanie Alice Williams – For outstanding public service in planning and implementing the Australian Government's vaccine response in the Indo-Pacific region. New South Wales Stephanie Barker – For outstanding public service to urban planning in New South Wales. Kathryn Teresa Boyd – For outstanding public service in the provision of legal advice as General Counsel in New South Wales, particularly during the 2019–2020 bushfire season and COVID-19 pandemic. Gemma Anne Broderick – For outstanding public service to legal and regulatory services in public health in New South Wales. Carmel Mary Donnelly – For outstanding public service to regulatory reforms in New South Wales. Professor Dominic Edmund Dwyer – For outstanding public service as an infectious disease expert and public health advisor in New South Wales. Mark Patrick Greentree – For outstanding public service to improved digital learning and innovation to support education in New South Wales. Noelene Fay Hyde – For outstanding public service to local government in New South Wales. Matthew John McFarlane – For outstanding public service to emergency management in New South Wales, particularly in response to the 2019–2020 bushfires. Dr Judith Perl – For outstanding public service to drink and drug driving research and road safety in New South Wales. Sandra Lee Rothwell – For outstanding public service to Revenue New South Wales, particularly through the COVID-19 pandemic. Margaret Ann (Anne) Skewes – For outstanding public service to the New South Wales Government and people of New South Wales. John James Tansey – For outstanding public service to building regulation in New South Wales. Victoria Margaret Joan Allan – For outstanding public service to policy and program delivery in regional Victoria. Terence George Bennett – For outstanding public service to education in Victoria. Rosa Billi – For outstanding public service to community health in Victoria, particularly in the area of gambling harm. Colin James Dobson – For outstanding public service to education in Victoria. Dr John Desmond Koehn – For outstanding public service to conservation and freshwater management in Victoria. Lee Alexander Miezis – For outstanding public service to policy, regulation and service delivery in Victoria, particularly in the area of environmental sustainability. Sarah Jane Stephen – For outstanding public service to strategic policy reform and delivery in Victoria, particularly in the areas of climate change and energy. Elizabeth Anne Williams – For outstanding public service to electoral management in Victoria. Queensland Dr Gordon Paul Guymer – For outstanding public service in the areas of scientific investigations, botanical research, policy reform relating to biodiversity conservation and natural resource management. Jasmina Joldic – For outstanding public service through delivery of critical functions and health policies that have contributed to the successful COVID-19 response in Queensland. Paul Thomas Martyn – For outstanding public service in the areas of Queensland export, global investment opportunities and leading the Queensland Government COVID-19 Response and Recovery Taskforce. Lyndell Sellars – For outstanding public service to education in Queensland, particularly in response to COVID-19. Julie Steel – For outstanding public service through court innovations for Queensland. Jeffrey Donald Stewart-Harris – For outstanding public service to local and state government in Queensland. Western Australia Anthony Michael Kannis – For outstanding public service to transport and infrastructure reform, particularly through METRONET. Dr Mark William Sweetingham – For outstanding public service to scientific research and development of the grains industry in Western Australia. Anna Maria Wyatt – For outstanding public service to improving education and health outcomes for Aboriginal people and the state of Western Australia. South Australia Mark Joseph Connelly – For outstanding public service to achieving outcomes for the Anangu communities. Sara Elizabeth Fleming – For outstanding public service to the development and provision of Paediatric Palliative Care Services. Kirk Richardson – For outstanding public service in developing and implementing key projects for the City of Onkaparinga. Australian Capital Territory Sara White Burns – For outstanding public service, in particular to improving cross border governance and the modernisation of cabinet processes. Mary Louise Toohey – For outstanding public service to law reform in the Australian Capital Territory and supporting the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Northern Territory Kathleen Robinson – For outstanding public service to the Northern Territory Public Sector. Dr Ian Richard Scrimgeour – For outstanding public service to geoscience in the Northern Territory. Australian Police Medal (APM) Federal Detective Sergeant Louise Margaret Denley Detective Superintendent David Roland Nelson Detective Superintendent Anita Maree Van Hilst New South Wales Detective Inspector Patrick Joseph Crass Detective Superintendent Robert Anthony Critchlow Inspector Tina Frances Davies Detective Senior Sergeant Stephen John Day Detective Superintendent Jayne Doherty Detective Superintendent Paul Jonathon Glinn Superintendent Andrew James Holland Inspector Terry John Holt Sergeant Lawrence George Lucas Victoria Detective Inspector Anthony Carluke Cecchin Commander Michael Joseph Frewen Superintendent Simon David Humphrey Inspector Mark Anthony Keen Superintendent Kelly Anne Lawson Superintendent Sharon Aileen McKinnon Senior Sergeant Bradley John Mason Leading Senior Constable David Anthony Rook Inspector Caroline Peta West Queensland Assistant Commissioner Brian Desmond Connors Inspector Michael William Dowie Assistant Commissioner Katherine Louise Innes Senior Sergeant Peter Calvin McFarlane Senior Sergeant Craig James Shepherd Senior Sergeant Heather Anne Wallace Senior Sergeant James Charles Whitehead Western Australia Inspector Jeffrey Victor Andrijasevich Sergeant Rulan Kate Carr Commander Darren Francis Seiveright Inspector Dean Trovarello Detective Superintendent Rodney James Wilde South Australia Chief Superintendent John De Candia Detective Chief Inspector Denise Kaye Gray Senior Sergeant First Class Craig Gregory Wolfe Tasmania Detective Sergeant Shane Anthony Sinnitt Commander Debbie Jane Williams Northern Territory Sergeant Ian Davie Commander Matthew Wayne Hoollamby Australian Fire Service Medal (AFSM) New South Wales David Ian Bosworth Donald Stuart Farleigh Jane Louise Hollier Peter Craig Jacobs Tara Jane Lal Jennifer Joy Lawther Brian Edwin McKenzie Jonathon Stuart McKenzie Christopher Ronald Nolan David James O'Donnell Christopher Helmut Petrikas Victoria Ernest John Clarke Graeme William Higgs Gillian Teresa Metz Brad Quinn Wayne Andrew Rigg Queensland William Robert Brand Assistant Commissioner David Vincent Hermann South Australia Malcolm Alan Amos Timothy Cooper Fiona Le Nore Dunstan Andrew James Higgins Guy Stephen Uren Tasmania Matthew James Buck Graeme Cedric Jones Ian Charles Sauer, Australian Capital Territory Brendan Lyal Cross Ambulance Service Medal (ASM) New South Wales Gary William Hendry Kirsten Michelle Linklater Wayne John McKenna Brett Kristian Standaloft Victoria Josephine Mary Brookes Ian James Dunell Bernard Dominic Goss Gavan John Keane Dr Ziad Nehme Frances Lorraine Scott Glenice Ann Winter Queensland Rita Joy Kelly Crad Richard Smith South Australia Nichole Bastian Lawrence Sylvester Tomney Western Australia Sarel De Koker Clifford Leonard Fishlock Jacqueline Louise Mackay Tasmania Samantha Louise Allender Vicki Anne Knowles Dr Peter Frederick Mulholland Northern Territory Dr Felix Ho Lam Ho Emergency Services Medal (ESM) New South Wales Stewart Andrew Bailey William James Blakeman John James Keough Richard Arthur Lissenden Sonya Maree Marks Garry Meredith Anthony Brian Rettke Wayne Gregory Rizzi Mark Wayne Spencer Victoria Raelene Billingsley Ronald John Fitch Russell Lyle Lemke Paul James Lunny Keith George O'Brien Anthony John White Howard Willoughby Queensland Jason Tony Daniels Keith Peter Williams Tasmania Rose-Anne Maree Emmerton Graydon Carl O'Halloran Adrian Robert Webster Northern Territory Seth Colby Dugdell Australian Corrections Medal (ACM) New South Wales Derek Thomas Brindle Evan Douglas Dougall John Martin Harrison Cathy Petrovski Sara Wilcher Victoria Assistant Commissioner Jennifer Ann Hosking Megan Kathryn McClelland Acting Commissioner Larissa Jane Strong Queensland Cassandra Cowie Bernard Krushe Western Australia James Hosie Christine Anne Laird Timothy Louis Sanders James Anatoli Schilo South Australia Jamie Edward Goldsmith Troy Procter Tasmania Rebecca Jane Devine Australian Intelligence Medal (AIM) Federal Catherine H Mike Hughes Joseph K Kitamura Shigeru John M Dr John Moss Michelle P Dr Catherine Willis Distinguished and Conspicuous Service Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) Major General Chris Field, – For distinguished command and leadership in warlike operations as the Deputy Commanding General – Operations, United States Army Central and on operational service in the Middle East Region over the period March 2020 to October 2021. Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) Lieutenant Colonel M – For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as a Task Force Commander on Operation OKRA from July to December 2020. Brigadier Edward John Smeaton – For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Deputy Branch Head Operational Sustainment, Resolute Support Mission and Commander Task Group Afghanistan from December 2019 to October 2020. Captain T – For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as the Special Operations Advisory Team Commander, enabling the 1st Iraqi Special Operations Forces Brigade, while part of a deployed Task Force on Operation OKRA from June to December 2020. Commendation for Distinguished Service Major A – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as Deputy Commander and Director of Operations of a deployed Task Force in support of Operations AUGURY, OKRA, and HIGHROAD from April to December 2020. Colonel Anthony Gawain Duus, – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike conditions while as the Chief of Current Plans, Combined Joint Task Force Headquarters of Operation INHERENT RESOLVE, while force assigned to Operation OKRA from 18 November 2019 to 14 October 2020, Iraq and Kuwait. Major General Stephen John Jobson, – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Chief Combined Joint Operations (CJ3), Resolute Support Mission on Operation HIGHROAD from December 2019 to October 2020. Brigadier Simon Timothy Johnstone, – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Director of Strategy and Plans Combined Joint Force Operation Inherent Resolve and the Australian Senior National Representative on Operation OKRA from November 2019 to December 2020. Lance Corporal M – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as a lead advisor within the Special Operations Advisory Team, enabling the 1st Iraqi Special Operations Forces Brigade, as part of a deployed Task Force on Operation OKRA from June to December 2020. Colonel M – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Director of Logistics, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Special Operations Component Command – Afghanistan, Operation HIGHROAD from September 2019 to September 2020. Colonel Eric Matheus Modderman – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Senior Advisor to the Deputy Minister of Support in the Ministry of Interior Affairs, Kabul, Afghanistan during Operation HIGHROAD from September 2019 to September 2020. Colonel James Howard Murray – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Deputy Commander Train Advise and Assist Command – South, Kandahar, Afghanistan on Operation HIGHROAD from January to October 2020. Colonel Spencer Norris – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the staff officer Combined Joint Operations, Plans and Training, Combined Security Transition Command – Afghanistan in Kabul, Afghanistan on Operation Highroad from January to December 2020. Private O – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Intelligence Plans Manager and Targets Manager of a deployed Task Force under Operations AUGURY and OKRA from April to December 2020. Brigadier Jane Maree Spalding, – For distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations as the Commander Task Group Afghanistan on Operation HIGHROAD in Afghanistan from August 2018 to March 2019. Bar to the Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC and Bar) Captain Simon John Bateman, – For outstanding achievement in the development of the Australia-India bilateral defence relationship as the Australian Defence Adviser to India. Commodore Craig Douglas Bourke, – For outstanding devotion to duty to the Royal Australian Navy in the management of major shipbuilding programs. Major General Kathryn Jane Campbell, – For outstanding achievement as the Commander of the 2nd Division Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC) Captain Dean Robert Commons, – For outstanding achievement in reforming intelligence support for Australian Defence Force operations. Commander Kelly Anne Hayward, – For outstanding achievement as the Navy Women's Strategic Advisor. Commander Michael John Holman, – For outstanding achievement as the Senior Health Intelligence Analyst, Department of Defence. Captain Katherine Ella Tindall, – For outstanding achievement in Australian Defence Force strategic health policy and leadership of the Defence coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic response. Lieutenant Colonel Tracy Merlene Allison – For outstanding devotion to duty in the personnel management of Army's Senior Officers. Lieutenant Colonel Jeremy Bechtel – For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Current Networks. Captain Jyra Ayita Blake-Waller – For outstanding achievement as a Nursing Officer deployed with Joint Task Unit 629.2.3 Health Support Unit 1 during Operation COVID-19 ASSIST. Lieutenant Colonel Gareth Richard Bowering – For outstanding achievement as the officer in charge of the Operation Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2018 ASSIST Liaison Advice and Assistance Joint Task Group. Major General Jake Ellwood, – For outstanding achievement as Commander of the 1st Division, Commander Joint Task Force 637 and Commander Deployable Joint Force Headquarters. Lieutenant Colonel Dean James Falvey – For outstanding achievement in the development of armoured fighting vehicle capabilities in the Australian Army. Lieutenant Colonel Damon Carl Higginbotham – For outstanding achievement as Commanding Officer Health Support Unit 1 deployed to Victoria during Operation COVID-19 ASSIST. Colonel David Graham Hughes – For outstanding achievement as the Colonel Plans of the 2nd Division from January 2018 until December 2020 and as Commander Joint Task Group 629.5. Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Royston Martin – For outstanding achievement as Deputy Director Preparedness Requirements in the reform of Defence preparedness policy, direction and governance. Colonel Roger James McMurray – For outstanding achievement as the Colonel Operations of the Headquarters Forces Command Operations Branch. Major O – For outstanding achievement in Counter Weapons of Mass Destruction capability development for the Australian Defence Force. Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Keith Padman – For outstanding achievement as the Staff Officer Grade One, Centre for Australian Army Leadership, Headquarters Royal Military College of Australia. Major General Cheryl Ann Pearce, – For outstanding achievement as the Force Commander, United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus from 2019 to 2021. Colonel Robin Charles Smith – For outstanding achievement as the Staff Officer Grade One and Director Robotic and Autonomous Systems Implementation and Coordination Office, Future Land Warfare Branch, Army Headquarters. Colonel Edmund Francis Wunsch – For outstanding achievement as Commandant Defence Command Support Training Centre. Squadron Leader Melita Helen Beachley – For outstanding achievement in professional military education, training development, and implementation for the Royal Australian Air Force. Pilot Officer Valdi Chain – For outstanding achievement in capability development for the Australian Defence Force. Sergeant Taran Robert Diamond – For outstanding achievement in air combat armament development for the Australian Defence Force. Squadron Leader Kenneth John Edwards – For outstanding achievement in the infrastructure redevelopment of Royal Australian Air Force Base Tindal. Flight Sergeant Edward Mark Harvey – For outstanding achievement in international relations as the Assistant Air Force Attache – Jakarta. Squadron Leader David John Savina, – For outstanding achievement in E-7A Wedgetail airborne early warning and control capability development for the Australian Defence Force. Conspicuous Service Medal (CSM) Chief Petty Officer Bradley Francis Bessell – For meritorious achievement and contributions to the Marine Technician Initial Employment Training Project Team, HMAS Cerberus. Lieutenant Commander Kate Carriage, – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Naval Aviation Systems Program Office Deputy Chief Engineer between January 2019 and December 2020. Lieutenant Commander Katey Ann D'Costa, – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Executive Officer of HMAS Harman during Operation Bushfire Assist and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Leading Seaman Paul Anthony De Keizer – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Propulsion Supervisor for HMAS Choules. Petty Officer Thai-Britney Jade Demos – For meritorious devotion to duty during the establishment of the Navy Cryptologic Operator workforce capability within Fleet Command. Petty Officer Christopher David Gamble – For meritorious devotion to duty as an instructor in the field of Navy Survivability and Ship Safety. Commander Brandon Justin Ikimau, – For meritorious devotion to duty in the fields of Navy Health and Amphibious Task Group operations. Lieutenant Michael David Loring, – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Staff Officer Safety in Shore Force. Lieutenant Sarah Rachael Lucinsky, – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Intelligence Officer in HMAS Parramatta. Petty Officer Douglas Kristan Rowan – For meritorious achievement in project management at Fleet Support Unit – South East. Leading Seaman Tenielle Katherine Walter – For meritorious achievement as the Catering Supervisor and Victualler in HMAS Sirius during REGIONAL PRESENCE DEPLOYMENT 2020. Sergeant Paul Andrew Burgan – For meritorious achievement as Sergeant Incident Management, Headquarters Forces Command. Warrant Officer Class Two Ian Robert Clapson – For meritorious achievement as a Range Control Officer and Technical Warrant Officer, Directorate of Operations and Training Area Management South Queensland. Major James Rohan Eling – For meritorious achievement as a Joint Task Group 629.2 Strategic Planner supporting Emergency Management Victoria State Control Centre during Operation COVID 19 ASSIST. Warrant Officer Class Two Graham Douglas Grieshaber – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Operations Warrant Officer of the Royal Military College of Australia. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Peter Hauser – For meritorious achievement as the Assistant Defence Adviser Singapore and Brunei and Defence Adviser Brunei which significantly advances Australia's defence relationship with Brunei. Warrant Officer Class Two Danny Trevor Jacobsen – For meritorious achievement in the performance of duty as the Company Sergeant Major, Charlie Company, 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment. Warrant Officer Class Two Samuel Anthony Jenkins – For meritorious achievement in the design and development of digital safety processes for Army's current and future land-based fires. Warrant Officer Class Two Aaron Robert Johnston – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Senior Instructor and Subject Matter Expert Army Combative, Headquarters 7th Combat Brigade. Captain Cameron Alexander Laing – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Project Engineer for Fiji Projects at the 19th Chief Engineer Works. Lieutenant Colonel David Laurence Marshall – For meritorious devotion to duty in engineering and airworthiness management for the MRH90 helicopter at the Army Aviation Systems Program Office. Colonel John Marton Molnar – For meritorious achievement in the state emergency response to the Coronavirus pandemic in Victoria as the Senior Australian Defence Force Advisor to the State Control Centre. Warrant Officer Class Two David Andrew Owen – For meritorious devotion to duty as the Artificer Sergeant Major of the 4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery. Signaller P – For meritorious devotion to duty as a Communications Technician in Theatre Communications Group Rotation Ten on Operation ACCORDION from March to September 2020. Warrant Officer Class Two Joseph Howard Pedler – For meritorious achievement leading Indigenous Engagement within the Australian Army while serving at the 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, in 2018 and 2019. Lieutenant Colonel Samuel James Waite – For meritorious devotion to duty as Commander Australian Contingent Operation MAZURKA and Chief of Operations of the Multinational Force and Observers, from 21 January 2020 to 8 February 2021. Squadron Leader Daniel James Bailey – For meritorious devotion to duty in P-8A operational mission system management for the Royal Australian Air Force. Wing Commander Callum Ross Carmichael – For meritorious achievement in cyber operations in Headquarters Joint Operations Command for the Australian Defence Force. Flight Sergeant Damian Andrew Gardiner – For meritorious achievement in F-35A Lightning II stealth fighter maintenance management at Number 3 Squadron for the Royal Australian Air Force. Wing Commander Samuel Ian Harkiss, – For meritorious achievement in enhancing the Australian Defence Force's future maritime strike capability. Wing Commander Lynette Jayne Horne – For meritorious achievement in support of development and management of the Delamere Air Weapons Range. Squadron Leader Kathleen Maree Kennedy – For meritorious devotion to duty in development and implementation of the Royal Australian Air Force's professional development portal as the inaugural Content Manager. Wing Commander M – For meritorious devotion to duty during introduction of F-35 Lightning II air combat training operations at Number 2 Operational Conversion Unit for the Royal Australian Air Force. Squadron Leader Rebecca Lynette Olsen – For meritorious achievement as the Staff Officer Grade Two Satellite Operations at the Defence Network Operations Centre, Chief Information Officer Group. Sergeant Peter William Owens – For meritorious achievement in radio frequency countermeasures development and electronic warfare specialist support for Australian Defence Force airborne platforms. Wing Commander Howard Roby – For meritorious devotion to duty in aeromedical evacuation for the Royal Australian Air Force. Squadron Leader Breanna Sharp – For meritorious achievement in F-35A Lightening II Joint Strike Fighter logistics management and governance for the Royal Australian Air Force. Sergeant Jason Wayne Thomas – For meritorious devotion to duty in sustainment of Air Traffic Management systems at the Surveillance and Control Systems Program Office. References External links 2022 awards 2022 in Australia Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia